Good afternoon, and thanks for being here. My name is Moises Naim. I work at the Carnegie Endowment, I think, in Washington. It's my honor and my privilege to introduce President Peña Nieto from Mexico, with whom we are going to have an open-ended conversation. As most of you speak Spanish, we are going to have the conversation in Spanish. You have, of course, the simultaneous translation equipment in your chairs. President, bienvenido. Welcome, President Peña Nieto. It's a pleasure being with you. Thank you. Some of the questions everyone here is asking, what will happen to Chapo in Mexico? And President Peña is going to give us an answer to that, but this will be at the end, so that you can stay and wait for his answer at the end. Well, President Latin America, which is the main subject matter of this afternoon in Mexico, as well, there are winds of change in the economies, for instance, in Latin America, and winds of change also in politics. Could you tell us a little bit about your vision about these changes that are taking place in Latin America? Yes, it's a great pleasure to have this opportunity to be with you today. And this was the meeting of heads of state of the Latin American region. However, let me talk about this region and how, really, we are going through so many changes in recent years. Latin America, for instance, has been known for now 20, 30 years for being a convulsed region politically and economically. And however, there is no doubt that this is a region of the world with great changes. This is a region of the world which practically 10% of the population lives. And this is also a region in which we can see different variables, variables that are positive for the development of this region. The first variable is politics. The Latin American region countries have been consolidating their democracies. They've been adopting models and political models of transparency, of openness. And today, well, the problems that we were saying in the past are not being seen anymore right now, especially in this region. And perhaps with some very particular elements here, but these are democracies that are now being consolidated. This is, of course, a case in point. Mexico would be a case in point now. The consistent problem that we still have in this region, which is a big challenge, of course, is poverty and inequality. And on the other hand, according to ACLAC data, poverty and extreme poverty have fallen in recent years. And here, I have some figures that I wanted to share with you only on this item of 2012, 2014. In the region, poverty went down from 4% to 28% extreme poverty from 19% to 11%. So the Latin American region has also had growth, a constant sustained growth, higher than the rest of the world. Let me share with you some data on this. And average growth, 2010, 2014, 3.7%. Vis-a-vis growth that has a marked contrast with the European Union is just 1% growth. Countries like Japan, 1.5%. And even the United States, 2.1% growth. Now, these are just some of the figures and data, as well, of the Latin American region, which make Latin Americans such a different region right now, a region which is growing, of course, and a region which is now facing different challenges. The challenges of our times, of course, challenges we're going to be talking about here today. And countries with more consolidated democracies that have allowed for precisely this constant, and especially this very particular feature and characteristic of it being a region of less problems, less crisis, and more development, and more progress being made in terms of the challenges we face regarding poverty and equality in Latin America. Mr. President, could you tell us about Mexico, talk to us about Mexico, especially help us understand the good and the bad Mexico, the Mexico with great potential, the size, the dynamism, the people in Mexico, and the connected to the US economy, of course, different free trade agreements, members of OECD. And many important steps you have taken, the reforms, for instance, you have undertaken. But this is a contrast with the bad Mexico in the newspapers, the cartels, the murder in Mexico, the chapel, and the drug situation in Mexico. Could you help us understand the coexistence of those two Mexicas? Well, let me tell you something, Moises. I think there's only a good Mexico, a good Mexico. But however, we are a country that is not exempt, like any other country in the world, of course, except from having problems, from having our own challenges. And the subject matters. And the topics you have presented, you have discussed, the insecurity, especially in some parts of our territory. And we also have problems. We are a platform for drug trafficking to arrive in the most important consuming market, which is North America. And we do have our own problems, of course. I insist, like any other country has its own problems. However, we are a good country. We are a country that is really differentiated in the region. It is really distinguished in itself because of everything that has been able to accomplish in recent years. The Mexico of today is a very different Mexico. The Mexico we had some 30 years ago, for instance, a very much known, because of the current economic crisis in the past, and also the economic problems that, unfortunately, have made us have so many setbacks in social development, for instance. Nonetheless, today, I think that we have overcome all these very adverse scenarios. Now, something that's really noteworthy here. We have great institutional stability for 80 years in Mexico, for instance. We've had political stability. And since then, we've also had every six years a renewal in the executive branch. And this has been done within a climate of political stability. And we've also consolidated our democracy. And we've given room and space and margins so that the different voices and the different ideologies, as well as the different ways of thinking among Mexicans may be politically expressed throughout the country. And we've stopped living under a regime with the hegemony of a single political party. And we're now open, authentically very open, to a full democracy, a democracy that is increasingly consolidating every day in Mexico. Within this scenario and with democracy, we've been able to reach a great political agreement. This is something that I would really like to highlight here. This was accomplished three years ago when I started my administration, December 2012, yes. And in this case, together with a participation of the different political forces of my country, we're able to establish an agenda of changes and agenda of transformations. And this had been postponed for many years. The topics that I remember that were being discussed in the electoral political campaign of 2012 that I participated in, where I became the president of Mexico, all these are topics that were unthinkable in the past. We never thought they would materialize. These were reforms and structural changes.  And this, undoubtedly, of course, gives us a condition of greater strength vis-à-vis this scenario of the world of high volatility uncertainty and also risk aversion. And the face of the scenario, Mexico is better prepared. And the reforms are not in theory. Reforms are not just saying the benefits eventually. And, actually, there are going to be benefits, even more benefits, as the implementation reforms mature. But, right now, we are seeing very important benefits. Let me just tell you about some of the variables that are showing this condition that I'm talking about. Last year, for instance, in Mexico, we broke record of the number of jobs generated. Over 1.8 million jobs created in Mexico. This is the highest figure of jobs generated in Mexico. The unemployment rate, which is low in Mexico if we compare it to other countries of less than 5%. And we were able to have the lowest inflation rate ever in the history of Mexico since inflation is being measured, and this is 45 years now, 2.13%. And these are, therefore, indicators that are showing the strength of our country. And consumption, domestic market is also moving. And if we add the fact that we are a country with a privileged geographic condition and position-report of Latin America and also North America, we are the bridge between these two regions of the world. We are proud to say that we're Latin Americans. But we also have endowed integration with North America. Our main trade ally is the United States, of course. We have trade with North America of over $520 billion. And on the other hand, this is growing. The reforms we've implemented, we have them political in the political arena and also in what society is going through right now. And we also have reforms at the economic level. And let me also say something about at least three reforms that undoubtedly give us this armored characteristic in the face of the world situation. We have energy reform, for instance, that is breaking away from the model Mexico had in the last 50 years. And we are opening the energy sector, yes, rotation of our underground resources, hydrocarbons, for instance. And the energy sector, the electric energy sector, we are promoting competition. So this will benefit users. Users will be benefited. Society at large will benefit install. This input may be acquired under better conditions at lower prices. And the same for the families, as for businesses and the industry. And the telecommunications reform opens this sector to greater competition so that we may supply telephony, mobile, fixed telephony services, internet services, to increase our situation of competitiveness, especially through all this means. And the financial reform as well. This financial reform is the scaffolding process. And it is really highlighting a need we had. Although we did have a financial system as the one we have, which is a robust system. Undoubtedly the credit level we had in our country was still well below the level of other economies. And today the credit level in Mexico is growing. We went from having a credit level of about 25% vis-a-vis the GDP. Now it is about 32% vis-a-vis the GDP. And the credit level is also growing at higher rates than the economy. I'm talking about 3.5%. Well, in this consistency, we are going to be very close at the end of my administration 2018. Very close to reaching the goal we have set out to accomplish to reach credit levels of about 40%. This is what is happening now in Mexico. This is the armoring process we have in Mexico, the structural reforms that give us more solidity, and soundness, and better preparation to face challenges. And so that we can, of course, face this very convulsed scenario in the world. Yes, President, you know that people were really supporting you. People were welcoming all your reforms. But at the same time, there's concern on the sustainability of those reforms you've launched. The energy reform is the case in point, Mr. President, with the fall of oil prices. For instance, people are wondering if that is going to be undermining the viability of your energy reforms, Mr. President. Well, this dialogue gives me the opportunity to give you more precise information of the path, the route, the path that we have set out to accomplish from here till the end of my administration in 2018. First of all, preserving our strength and our macroeconomic fundamentals. This is our main priority, maintaining this condition. Second, implementing the due and efficient implementation of the structural reforms among them. And let me mention the energy reform. And we have set out, and we are very clear on this, beyond the juncture of this scenario of the fall in oil prices throughout the world, we are resolved and determined to implement, in a timely manner, the energy reform. This has been very successful. We've had different rounds, round one. The different bidding processes that have taken place have been quite successful. Let me just tell you that in December, the 25 fields that were included in the bidding process, they were fully placed with the offering of the participating companies, the national and the foreign companies as well, over and beyond the expectations we had. Now we have the following bid of round one, which would be the one that has to do with deep waters. And I believe that towards the second semester of this year, we are opening the information data. The data room is now open for those companies that will eventually be participating in the bidding process. But I insist, beyond this juncture, well, I can assure you that we're determined to implement the reform and to accomplish the implementation of this reform. Obviously, it will be the responsibility of the regulating institute, the regulating commission that will be deciding the aspects on the bidding of these fields, because it has to be under conditions of advantage and benefits for Mexico. But the fact we now have low oil prices right now does not prevent us, does not limit, does not stop the implementation of the energy reform in Mexico in the corresponding stage that we should be implementing. Another threat for the reforms is, of course, all the wins that are against all the countries from the world economy, of course. It's easier to reforms when you have an economic boom than when you're having economic problems. The emerging countries are now facing very turbulent waters precedent. And Mexico belongs to the emerging countries section. But you say that Mexico is better positioned than the other emerging countries to face up to this difficulties. Could you explain? Yes, well, look, I would like to reiterate what I have already said, Moises. I think the strength of Mexico is precisely, well, first of all, the fact that in a very timely opportune fashion, we've made decisions precisely preventive decisions regarding government expenditure without really knowing which was going to be the horizon vis-a-vis the raw material prices, especially oil prices. With also in a very timely position, 2015, we decided to take preventive measures to cut our expenditure. And we have kept this scenario. We are maintaining it with the commitment of maintaining this exercise in a multi-annual fashion to increasingly reduce deficit in Mexico and thus be able to have less expenditure beyond any scenario that we might have at the international level. With the purpose of maintaining our macroeconomic strength. And this fundamentally depends on having a responsible public finance management in our country, highly respectful of the monetary management done by the central bank of our country. Now, on the other hand, another very important condition, another reason for our being better prepared is that we've done our structural reforms in a very timely manner. This gives us this solidity. And I think the elements I've given you in terms of employment, inflation, and also the domestic consumption we have in the performance of our economy. Well, this all shows, and they bear testimony, a very faithful testimony, timely testimony in how this very adverse scenario that we have in the world, even under those circumstances, Mexico is moving forward, it's still growing. When we see, on the other hand, in other countries' economic slowdown, but in Mexico we are growing, we're not reaching the desired levels, of course, but undoubtedly our economic growth is a big contrast with the growth of other parts of the world, particularly the Latin American region. And of course, this also constitutes great strength for Mexico. I'm talking about our integration with North America. I insist our main trade partner is the United States, and we are now working to accomplish a greater productivity in the North American region. And we are also in a very joint manner with the U.S. administration. We're establishing mechanisms for better logistics for the trade exchange that we already have now. We've implemented a pilot plan for the pre-clearance and customs of the United States and also our country. This is a project, a pilot program for three customs, two are already operating. So our trade will be more agile, more efficient, and this is part of the agreement that we have signed and that we have made with the United States. Of course, there we see great strength. And I think the free trade agreement that we've signed with the United States and Canada now our participation is well in the TPP, which is already going in the stage of being signed and passed by Congresses. But it's strong countries that are part of this great free trade agreement between America and the Asia-Pacific region. And undoubtedly, this gives us a horizon of great potential and greater strength in the face of this such a rapidly moving sea that the world is going through. Yes, Mr. President, you've gone through a very complex stage with a lot of surprises and certain turbulences. Now, what do you know now that you didn't know when you took over the country? Well, I think being in the presidency has undoubtedly given me the opportunity to see and feel in a more direct fashion the great strength of Mexico and the great potential of Mexico. And I can now know better the different regions of the country. And I can also see on the other hand this great renewed spirit in the Mexican youth. Let me also tell you that more than half of the population, practically half of the Mexican population, mainly very young people, youth, 27 years of age is an average. And now we're seeing in entrepreneurship of our young people in their capacity, their creative capacity, they're all wanting to participate in productive activities. We can see how they are becoming part of this. That's why the government has already designed mechanisms to fund, to finance different projects for youth without any credit history. They may be able to participate in productive programs. And we're also promoting through what we see in Mexico. We have created the National Entrepreneurs Institute. We're creating the environment to encourage young people to participate and to be able to develop their own projects. And they're being very successful right now. And we are supporting, accompanying this with voices and benchmarks and preferences. A very successful businessman in Mexico that have decided to participate in all these efforts. It is clear that today governing is, we can see it throughout the world, this is not an easy task. This is quite a complex task. We are seeing political scenarios with great convulsions. And however, I do see it, everything with great optimism. Is it with optimism? Because Mexico has shown, and it is also showing itself as a country, that as of these strengths, of these conditions, well, that democracy, where you can put and include the different expressions and visions on the development of Mexico, and you see political plurality in our country, it is therefore possible to materialize agreements. It is possible to reach agreements on what the country needs. For those that are supposing, assuming that democracy and our democratic consolidation is an obstacle for the country to have a scenario of greater development, I believe that these recent years, especially, what we have shown, and what we have shown ourselves, and what we have shown the world, is that we can transform ourselves. We can transform ourselves positively. And this is the path we're on. This is exactly what we're doing. I'm truly a very optimistic person in seeing how Mexico is transforming itself and I see highly promising arising for a country in the years to come, especially as of everything we've built among the Mexican citizens. This is the importance I see. This is the way I see it. I insist I'm not alien from the difficulties today in terms of ruling, governing in a democratic system. And this is our condition. This is our very particular situation. This is a strength, and I'd rather see it as a great opportunity to continue growing in our country. You belong to a generation of heads of state, heads of state ruling with an activated society, a society that is awake, very much awake, and it knows it has more rights and more individual instruments that it may use, social networks, for instance. And the middle class in Mexico is growing in your country. This is a more connected, educated, and well-trained middle class with new demands on the state and the government. One of those demands, Mr. President, is, of course, they renewed tolerance against corruption. Corruption in Mexico, as you know, this is an everyday issue, topic, and this is part of the national, international discussion. People are going out on the streets in Mexico, Guatemala, and Brazil, chilling in many other countries, where there is a new intolerance against corruption. Now, this hasn't been a surprise to you. How corruption has become a topic of social activism that was never present in Mexico before? I think, first of all, that for those of us that have been working in Mexico, well, in terms of the reforms, changes, and political policies we're promoting in my country and the different infrastructure plans we're also promoting and developing, I believe the superpose for all of this, the purpose is for us to generate in Mexico a bigger middle class, and for us to continue generating a Mexico society with better conditions, with better revenues, better income, and more opportunities. And, of course, today there is a society which is fortunately very active with great participation. I believe the challenge is being able every day to have greater empathy between the acting government which is a performing government and demanding society. How do we find this points of encounter and communication and dialogue? And also, how can we really make effective or pay attention, rather, effective attention to many of the demands in our society? In the very particular issue you're mentioning on corruption, I have dared say that from Mexico, not only from Mexico, really, I think this is not only an issue for Mexico. I think this is taking place in many societies and practically of all the latitudes. I think this was a problem of a cultural order. And, however, today I can tell you that I would dare say that this is even, that when we were talking about the structural changes, we are implementing especially to fight corruption in Mexico. And for that purpose we created a national anti-corruption system which is now being consolidated. We still need secondary legislation for it. But it is clearly defined in our constitution, as well as a national transparency system which is also going through the stage of implementation in the country. These are two very important mechanisms of high relevance to fight corruption in Mexico. I think, therefore, that today what we're doing, and this is something that I've said, is we're trying to control the human condition. This is what we're trying to control. We're trying to, this is the taming process. And I've said this before, this is cultural. Perhaps I've said it once. But I think it was rather more of a topic related to human condition. And today, in the face of this demand made by society and rightly so, I believe that it's a matter of establishing more controls. The way we're doing in Mexico, we're doing this in Mexico taming, taming this human weakness that has to be set within the process of an orderly process. And this is what we have opted in Mexico among other important instruments. This is having open governments that are increasingly transparent governments and their performance, their actions, what they spend, the money on, how they're spending, and how much they spend. And accountability, of course, and an anti-corruption national system which sets forth greater controls, not only for the federal branch. Because in Mexico, we have three different government levels, the federal, the state, and the municipal. So that this audit, this inspection models are not just taking place at the federal level. We do have different control mechanisms there. But for this to be permeating, especially where we find greater levels of corruption, which is right at the base of the pyramid, so that we can make sure that there's a system that will be enforced at three levels of government. I'm running out of time as president. We had promised you're going to tell us, are you going to be extraordinary in chapel? Well, on this question, let me first of all tell you that I have made great recognition and acknowledgement of the public security institutions in my country. Because really, what happened was that they were able to re-apply and chapel Guzman. And for us, this was undoubtedly a difficult moment of stress, of tension when he fled, when he escaped from prison for the reasons. And according to the investigation that's taking place on his escape from jail, in terms of the enforcement agencies, we would have to still make those conclusions. But the important thing is that we re-apprehended him. He was one of the most important criminals in the world. He was being sought for throughout the world. And this has been done through the public security areas in our country. It is very clear today, and this is something that I've also said publicly, the Attorney General's office in Mexico, which is the instance responsible for all this. It is now working to continue the process, the due process, according to the crimes that he's being accused for. We are working for extradition. Yes, we are working on this. Of course, this has to go through a process with the Judicial Branch of Mexico participating as well. But the indication of the Attorney General's office right now is to be working and to speed up its work so that as soon as possible, we can extradite this criminal, which is highly dangerous. After this session, I have been asked to let you know that after the session, we're going to have Professor Klaus Schwab and Bono here, commemorating, celebrating an anniversary of the Red Campaign. So I was asked to ask you to please stay seated when we finish the session. Let us conclude the session, President. Let me thank you so much for such an interesting conversation. Thank you, I also am very grateful. Thank you so much for having me. Thank you. Good afternoon.


Thank you! We're here. Why? You thought about that? Take a deep breath and think about why you're here for just a second. Beyond your personal reasons, there's a very good possibility that we share in common a vision that might include something like this. How many of you are on board with the idea that we're making a big difference in human well-being? Not on board? Okay, so let's think about where we are for a minute. And first let me give you a quick disclaimer. This is a huge fascinating topic that I'm going to skim coarsely through and you may end up a little confused and that's why we're going to have Q&A. Feel free to interact with me before Q&A but we'll try to clean up any leftover confusions and Q&A. So here we are at a state of time where we're living the future that was not conceived by our forefathers in the middle of a big health crisis. But it turns out that we were living sort of good enough long before antibiotics, long before snack wells, long before bread and farming. And that's what we're trying to look into. What was it that made all that good enough and why are we far afield? How can we turn things around? Well, we have to deal with toxicity. That's the essential issue with oxalates. If we don't deal with toxicity, illness is not going to stop. We looked at that in this last session. Some of you may have heard the last session so we've been warmed up for this topic. But let's keep in mind that a fundamental principle in paleo and ancestral thinking is that constant exposure to toxins, which is our current reality, is harmful. That's the whole point of this topic. So the solution is we need to stop poisoning ourselves. It's very easy to overlook subtle, slow grade, everyday toxicity. Although today it's so obvious and under our noses we can see it. But if you're living it, it's easy to overlook it. And certainly our science and our medical approaches are overlooking low-grade toxic effects and low-grade toxic illnesses. But we know in paleo that toxins really do matter. And we know that plants have toxins. And one of the ones we're not paying enough attention to is oxalate. So let me quickly introduce you to oxalate. There's a lot more than we can cover today. We do recognize in this room, I believe, that plants fundamentally, for their own survival, for their own metabolism, are toxic. Try eating the landscaping. Mom told you when you were three to not do that, right? Here's an example of being maimed by a plant. One second, one drop of sap from the stem of a house plant that you all seen in the mall. Spit out instantly. Put the span in the hospital for nine days. If he wasn't smart enough to spit it out he might have been more severely injured.  So plants can be maimed. Now, we're going to talk about awareness for a minute. How many of you know which plate is safer? A, B, who has no idea? Right? That's the issue. We have no idea. We look at that plate, we see nothing. One has, let me tell you what's on the plate and I help you. Okay? We have chicken hearts cooked with Swiss chard and onions. We have sweet potato and lots of butter. We have squash, cauliflower, broccoli boiled, beef liver and bacon, which is safer. We don't know. So this awareness issue is what we've got to tackle. Everybody's confused and lost in the woods when it comes to oxalate. We've known that oxalic acid and oxalate is completely poisonous and can kill you when it's purified since the early 1800s. And we've known that people die from oxalate in foods and still do. But we don't know what foods have it and we're not really paying attention to a dietitian or whatever fields you're in. And unfortunately, we're confused because a lot of the data that's out there, even lists of food presented by urology offices, are full of errors. They're incomplete and they're going to misguide you and confuse you. And a lot of people just throw up their arms when they think about oxalate because nothing is making any sense. But we need to recognize that oxalate can be and is affecting deficiency and toxicity. That's the fundamental basis of health. No amount of exercise is going to correct deficiency and toxicity. So let's figure out what is oxalate.  It's very reactive. It's acid. It drops its protons and has strong charge. It's attractive to metal cations. The oxalic acid is there on the, is this point working out? Up here. And this is in its ionic form. That's ionic oxalate. Do you realize how tiny a molecule that is? It can move around in biology and does. That's the oxalate ion and then it attracts cat ions. Its favorite form in plants and in biology ultimately ends up as calcium oxalate, but it can form any kind of iron oxalate, you know, heavy metal oxalate. And that's considered an insoluble oxalate or is insoluble. And in foods we're getting it both in calcium oxalate, oxalic ions, and we're getting it as potassium oxalate, sodium oxalate, and so on. But you'll see the word oxalic acid and oxalate, they sort of mean the same thing most of the time. Oxalate is so famous to the world of toxicology because the very first experimental study was published in 1823 by Robert Christensen and his partner, Fantastic Study, that was stimulated because in England there had been at least 20 fatal or overdoses of oxalic acid accidentally. And it was so amazing that it was hard to tell what was going on that it became clear to him as a medical jurisprudence guy that this was the perfect murder weapon.  So we've got to know how you were killed if that's going to happen. Let's learn about its forms. Crystals is commonly where it ends up. It's crystallizing. In plants this is a very normal part of structure and biology. There's some blocks and these are the diamond-shaped crystals. Those are pretty big. They belong there in the plant. But remember oxalate doesn't have to get that big. It starts off as a molecule that builds up to many molecules become a nanocrystal, which is still invisible to us until very recently. And then nanocrystals can grow into these micro crystals, which are essentially whales in a cell. Most of oxalate is a plankton size nanocrystal relative to the whales. These are mega whales. These are gigantic in plants. In plants they belong. In human tissue that's a pathology. See the bars and chunky stuff in here? That's human tissue. Where is it in our foods? Super high oxalate foods include things you know about. They happen to be the same foods that we are promoting as super fabulous super heroes that are saving our health. Super popular nuts and seeds. Extremely high in oxalate. And some more super foods. High enough in oxalate to cause illness. Anybody eat any of these things? How often? Every day. Now probably in paleolithic times that wasn't happening every day. So what is oxalate toxicity? Too much in the body. Now we expect to see it in the urine because it's technically, although insoluble, it's technically water soluble salt. And that all water soluble toxins are the job of the unsung hero of your life. The kidney. Kidneys, we'll talk about them in a minute. But they're not some kind of basket that we're throwing oxalate in and washing right out. But we tend to think about that in the literature. You look in the literature and say, really you eat it? It goes straight to the kidney and the kidney just right away it's gone. That's not how biology works. Too much oxalate in the body can cause mayhem. And there's lots of different factors that are going to change what kind of mayhem it can cause. Definitely that reactivity affects membranes. You're going to change what's in the outer membrane and depolarize the membrane. Production of free radicals which also causes the death and malfunction of mitochondria.  Changes neurological function first and foremost. You're going to see neurological things happening. Connective tissue loses its integrity. Its ability to recover and maintain itself can become severely retarded. It depletes nutrients, changes the flora that's growing in the colon, and triggers inflammatory reactions. Causes epigenetic effects, anemia, scarring and poor healing, and communication problems with cells. So our vulnerability to oxalates, what's going to make it likely that we end up toxic with oxalate, involves three major factors. One is repeated and continuous exposure. Kidney's ability to clear it out matters a lot, but even more important is our gut health because the way the gut is functioning is going to affect how much that you ingest ends up in your bloodstream and into your system. But the main issue, number one, hands down stratifically more important than anything else is how much you're exposing yourself to day in and day out. Oopsie. But a lot of people are eating high oxalate foods as if they're in some kind of food contest and looking to win a prize. We believe, we're told that spinach and greens are full of these phytonutrients that are saving the day, and we're teaching this. We're teaching this unknowingly, possibly making the next big mistake. So our path to the big health crisis we're on now involves some probably good intentions and some interest in profitability, but no one recognize where we'd end up. So we want to kind of turn that ship around, but what are we going to do? Make the next big mistake? We have to recognize our mistakes quicker and correct them more quickly. Promoting high oxalate vegetables is hands down a mistake. And their availability is unsurpassed now. Walmart, here we have now elevated to the status of produce is chocolate covering almonds. That's in the produce department at Walmart. Hip and eye level, you will find alternative milks featuring almond milk. And now even organic peanut butter, the peanut butter section is tremendous in Walmart available whenever you need it. We are taking staple foods like milk and bread, so on, and now making them with super high oxalate nuts and seeds. The health food stores are now featuring these as the answer to your casein problem, right? This has never been done before. We carry these around thinking we're doing ourselves a favor and going low carb, but that's not necessarily safe for everyone or for anyone because oxalate is universally toxic. Anybody can die or get injured from the toxicity of oxalate. This is not a sensitivity or an allergy. This is strictly poisoning. Now our bodies have coped with oxalate forever. We've been working out with plants forever. We have been eating plants with oxalate forever, but not quite the way we do now. The kidneys normally pretty much cope. And there's a whole story in here. I wish we had time to discuss. The truth, though, is that oxalate kidney stones make up 80% of all kidney stones. They're made of calcium oxalate. 70 years ago, only 30% were. That tells us a lot about what's been changing. And what's the number one fastest growing disease we've had for the last 25 years? Chronic kidney disease and kidney stones. It's like this quiet problem that doesn't get as much funding and attention. Big problem with the kidneys. So today, our kidneys are overwhelmed. We live in a sea of toxins. Look at the carpeting, the padding, the plastic you're sitting on, the perfumes, the pesticides. It's endless. Little 10 year olds now self medicate with cold medicine when they're not in school and are given allergy medicine and so on.  The inflammation caused by the continual use of sugar. Very hard on the kidneys, probably just eating all the time is never giving the kidneys a little bit like a nap, or time to recuperate and recover. And too much oxalate gets stuck in the kidneys. You don't always get a kidney stone. And this is happening without you being aware of it until suddenly you're in the emergency room with the most awful pain you've ever had. Now there are, we used to, many of us, they say, have bacteria, particularly one that eats oxalate for lunch and dinner and nothing else. And some of more diverse microbes can eat some oxalate, but too much oxalate in the colon and in the system obliterates them. So does antibiotics. Compromise gut health. Ever heard of that? Super big problem right now, right? Our food, our emulsifiers, antibiotics, the anti-nutrients and plant, and certainly oxalate. We're going to talk about that in a minute. Chances are we didn't used to chow down on Swiss chard, spinach, almonds, cashews like we're doing right now, and like we're recommending right now. This is a wild experiment that's going to go bad. So why is oxalate toxic to us? Number one, it's reactive. It causes all kinds of mayhem. If the cells are sturdy and strong enough and they can work up their own antioxidant response, they can handle oxalate and do. But not every cell is in good shape. We have some capacity to eliminate oxalate, mostly through the urine, also through sweat and other kinds of glands, the colon, and maybe even attempts at the lung in the lung. Let's look at oxalate crystals from plants. Over here on the left, you get a double sided sort of diamond-esque crystal that's in a developing soybean seed. And this is some broken apart crystals from the kiwi. These are long toothpicks with pointy ends. These crystals come in many other shapes. There's a disco ball called a druse and all kinds of other shapes. There's very small crystal sand. This stuff is harder than your teeth and simply just causes just abrasive problems. That's called a rapide, these long toothpicks. The plants make them in bundles. And some plants have ejector cells around their bundles and can propel these blowguns into tissues that can go down the depth of two cells and penetrate cells. This is what happened to our guy who ate or let one drop of sap on his tongue from the Diffenbachia plant. That rapide crystal, those needles, have blowgun ejector cells that inject into your cells and bring along with it soluble oxalate proteases and other toxins and help to stimulate that huge immune system response and all that inflammation and abrasion damage in his mouth from one drop. Turns out that the thing that caused that reaction is oxalate. Oxalate in its ionic form but oxalate in that rapide shape, that double ended blow dart or toothpick. The difference being is that Diffenbachia has fancier ways to bundle. The grape leaf, okay, the grape leaf is just doing this straight up bundle. We got to move fast. Kiwis, Diffenbachia man. These crystals are so durable that they're used in lots of research. And we've seen, oh, this is cool stuff. You have heard that if you cook your food, you've eliminated oxalate. Not if it lasts for tens of thousands of years in his heart of sand. That's not how you eliminate oxalate through heat. It's their heat stable. Let's look at this study real quick about accumulation. Really the best study going so far looking at accumulation found that even oxalate consumption at normal garden variety levels are impacting human health. That's news to the kidney world. That you can easily exceed your tolerance for oxalate even though it looks like your kidneys are just fine. And that 4% of what you're eating is being retained in tissues left behind causing issues. Here's some pictures of extreme examples. They see it in the breast all the time. Radiologists are constantly trained to ignore oxalate crystals in the breast. But in fact, we have a new study that demonstrates that the ionic oxalate, the non-crystalline form that you don't see in the mammogram is promoting cancer. This is an example of sort of a non accumulative toxicity. You don't have to accumulate it even though this breast probably has, the breast with cancer has those crystals that they say are not malignant promoting. I see that it is. If you're over 50, 85% of us have crystals in our thyroid gland. That's normal now, accumulation of oxalate in the body, but not good. We've known about oxalate toxicity as a disease syndrome since the mid 1800s. It was called the oxalic acid diethesis. And it was defined as evidence of oxalate crystals in the urine going along with digestive problems and also either neurological problems or pain and rheumatic problems known to have a dietary connection. Wherever oxalates are moving around, they have the potential to be causing trouble. So if it's encountering membranes, blood vessels, neurons, glands and connective tissue, there are some acute toxic effects possible. It can be one toxin affecting any tissues it can get a hold of, including your immune system. And unfortunately, those of us with oxalic acid toxicity have been being ignored from the very beginning. Even the most brilliant leader in medicine, Dr. Golding Bird, who was killed by oxalate toxicity at age 39 from complications of kidney stone problems, implored his followers. He was the expert in urine analysis. He said, this really matters. Even though you always see oxalate in the urine, too much oxalate in the urine is evidence of a pathology in many people. And yet, it's a treatable, simple problem to fix if you catch it early enough, we can reverse a lot of the problems that oxalate causes. But people are being ignored. This is not a diagnosed condition anymore. Have you? Are you aware of how much oxalate you're eating? What if you were a sincere reader of Paleo Magazine and decided to really, you know, do it? And you set up your chia pudding the night before, split it with your partner. You got 220 milligrams of oxalate. You packed your soup for lunch and got 65 milligrams of oxalate. You came home hungry because the soup just didn't hold you. And you needed a little shake so you could make a fabulous dinner and got another 150 milligrams of oxalate. And you made the fantastic roasted chicken with a Swiss chard bed and got yourself another 2200 milligrams of oxalate for a day total of 2.6 grams of oxalate. Is that too much? Or is it okay? Well, this man died from sorrel soup, a big meal of sorrel soup, probably ate under twice the amount that we just ate on our Paleo menu. Now, he was metabolically challenged person. Those are the people who can least afford to eat Swiss chard. Diabetic, obese, alcoholic. Big bat of sorrel soup to compensate for a bad lifestyle, two hours after you arrived at the emergency room, flat line. So, here we are. In the literature, we are told that we all eat 125 milligrams of oxalate a day. That's normal and that's the story we're sticking to in the literature. That normal is 125, maybe 150. But in this very narrow range, we just live down here in this narrow range of consumption oxalate. That's what everyone tells us in the literature. But in fact, your snack after work blew that out of the water already. And this is why you're not hearing about oxalate. Why medical researchers think it's not a big deal? So, now do you know the difference? Which one is safer? What do you think? Can you imagine the difference here number wise? Did anyone have guessed the difference? So, what is a low oxalate diet, 50 milligrams a day? You split that up into three meals. You've got to be under, you know, 15, 20 milligrams per meal. Now, let's talk real quickly about maintenance and triggering. If you're eating a dose that's way out here past the 200s, you're eating enough because it's a spiked dose, right? One meal happens in 15 minutes for a lot of people. A spiked dose, that's a trigger. That triggers accumulation in tissues. Then you continue to eat some oxalates in the 100, 200 range. That maintains that accumulation process, keeps it in place. If you go low, you're going to be in a position to start destabilizing this accumulation that's going on here. We're living in trigger land and maintenance land all the time. If you move somebody down to 50 and below, then you've got something going on that's not always pretty. But it's very interesting, all the benefits that you're going to see. Kidneys cleaning up and then the kidneys are happier, more clearance from the tissues, obviously less coming in, harming your circulatory system. And you're going to salvage all these nutrients that this stuff destroys, especially B6, other vitamins and so on. Calcium, your electrolytes go wacky when you've got too much oxalate in the system. We are getting more and more mineral deficient by over-consuming oxalate. The most high oxalate foods primarily have no calcium available for use because it's all been tied up by calcium oxalate. Even though you get credit in the nutrition tables for having calcium, even though it's all just oxalate. This is big deal. Connective tissue recovery. Now it can maintain and repair itself because oxalate destroys the building blocks of connective tissue. Alright, we're running out of time. Another point of confusion. You go on a low oxalate diet and maybe 20%, especially those who've been really accumulating oxalate for a long time. You're going to have funky reactions, some of these folks, including crystals popping out on nail beds and skin peeling off because accumulation happens in tissues that can't defend themselves. Those flagging proteins, those membrane fragments, those fragments of mitochondria become a lovely ground for a crystal to attach to. And once the crystal's hanging out, the crystals can grow as more comes by. So wherever you've had injury, this woman had severe frost by several years before, maybe 10 years before she went on the diet. It's not true, no matter what the urology office says, that greens need to be eliminated on a low oxalate diet. Here's an example of a bunch of lovely, low oxalate greens, very low, super low in oxalate. So if you've got a lot of chia seeds sitting around, I recommend making some chia pets, giving away some chia pets. Go for it. The myth of the normal range, I think you can imagine that we're not really in the normal range anymore of consumption. And this is a problem. So we're just reviewing here. Let's not let the superfood frenzy be our next big mistake. Let's not be pushing Swiss Chard, spinach, almonds, and cashews and chia. That's my suggestion to us all. I'll take some questions. How much time do we have for questions? Okay, Popeye, this is not a complete list. This is just a superficial overview.  People love their peanut butter and celery snack, not necessarily a great idea than the nuts and seeds. So one that's low in the nut to seed department is the pumpkin seed, very low, and sunflower not too bad, chocolate, teas, turmeric, whole root. And there's lots of ways. This is not a how to and how to do the diet in the least. If you want how to, we need another session about an hour and a half long. But isolated extracts of turmeric is perfectly low, almost no oxalate, but whole root problem. Remember, if you want to ask questions, the easiest way is to line up over here so that you can speak into the microphone. And I do have a question. And that is, if oxalates can be so damaging, but we do have systems like the kidney defense system, the hindgut defense system, microbiota that handle them, are those the systems that, how do those systems work in animals that are largely herbivorous, like great apes, ruminants, other animals that forage a lot, like deer, and probably do consume a lot more on a daily basis than we do, or that's healthy for us. Do they have, is it the longer colon, they have more microbiota that are designed to take care of that excessive load? I have not looked at a dose per pound kind of tolerance level for the large grazers, but there's lots of research of grazers getting terminally ill from oxalate poisoning.  Lots of it, and sheep, and cattle, and so on. Yeah. Hi. I'm really interested in the digestive health issues associated with oxalate toxicity, and I was wondering if you could briefly speak to that more specifically, like what kinds of issues could arise from that. Inflammatory bowel disease can both be a product, create more vulnerability for absorption of oxalate, but also be the product of oxalate exposure. It's very possible that overexposure to oxalate crystals is creating the expression of celiac disease and these kinds of gut health problems. I have a client who had 13 years of fecal incontinence, and three days she was better. She went through so much pain and agony with lozing her gallbladder to surgery she didn't need, and so on and so forth. She ended up, this went on so long with her almond. She ate almonds twice a day, peanut butter at breakfast time, and spinach at lunch that she developed calcifications in her pelvis and eventually end up in the emergency room with kidney stones, but none of her GI doctors would ever connect oxalates to her fecal incontinence. A follow-up question. I eat almonds and spinach every day, and I have, well, digestive issues, and I'm wondering if I could, if I tried taking those out, if you think that might help. I don't, I know it's hard to say. Absolutely. Your gut would prefer to not have all this nasty sand and abuse to the tissues. If you're going to get healing and recovery, you do need to remove the oxalates from the system, and you need to do it wisely, and this isn't, you haven't yet been shown the path for how to really do it. And people who are eating a lot of oxalate, there's a possibility, without any real research, that the stuff that you've eaten recently is in a kind of bio- available kind of place. It hasn't said a lot of it eventually migrates to the bones where all that calcium is, and it's slower to upheave, but the newer stuff may start moving suddenly, and it's almost like eating all that almonds and spinach all at once, and you can get feeling pretty bad and toxic if you go too fast. Thank you. Thank you for such great talk. What can you tell us about clostridia and oxalates? Clostridia? Clostridia, clostridium. Probably not much. Go. But let's talk about it later. Thank you. Thanks. A lot of us are here as practitioners focusing on weight loss or general health for clients, and I have noticed even in the low-carb world that a weight loss stall can be broken by cutting out nuts, specifically all the almond flour that's used. So I'm wondering is that from downstream effects or do you have any direct correlation or information about oxalates potentially being why the weight loss is stalling? I've seen it in my clients, but not the literature. I had one client who had been stuck with an overeating disorder and an alcoholism disorder her whole life, and at 72, suddenly after learning which vegetables she could eat, she lost 50 pounds and felt like she's completely recovered from being an addict. And now, was that from cutting out just oxalate? Yes, the low oxalate diet just after 72 years. That's a neurotoxicity. And the weight loss thing, I really think so much of weight retention is the body protecting itself from toxicity. And if you reduce the toxic load in your diet, the body takes a breath and really starts cleaning up. It's quite amazing. So I'm personally on an all animal product diet except for coffee, which I don't see on that list. No, coffee's low, you're good with coffee. Okay, good. So that's the number one myth that has everybody afraid of low oxalate is, oh, no coffee, not true. Okay, good, good, good. Okay. So my question is about, I'm trying to group this into one question, but how many, how much oxalate is in medicine or is it different? Does it depend? And also perfume. That was just interesting to me that that was up there. And then I guess this is really three questions. Meat, I'm assuming cows aren't grazing on a Swiss chard, but do they accumulate anything in their tissues? Do you get oxalate from eating meat, from wearing perfume, or taking any medicine? Nutritionally speaking, meat and animal products are free of oxalate, you know, not 100% technically, but in terms of nutrition, just zero. There are medicines that are high in oxalate, and there's certainly a lot of herbs that are high in oxalate, including a slippery elm is terrible. But bigger exposures to oxalate that we're not paying attention to is polluted air, because the burning of petrochemicals creates oxalic acid in the air. And so in Beijing and any kind of polluted area, their oxalic acid is the number one thing in the air. And lung disease very much is connected to oxalate over exposure. And perfume, is that an issue? Not that I know of. Okay. But any kind of, if you're already toxic, thanks to your almond habit, any other toxins, I mean, you're heading for chemical sensitivity. Okay. Okay. Thank you. All right. Well, I'm just gonna assume that most of us are exposed to a lot of oxalate, because we all eat probably a lot more spinach or all these other things. And so we're accumulating these oxalic crystals in our kidneys and bones. Are there anything like supplements like citrate, I know is helpful for, you know, preventing the formation of kidney stones. Would this be helpful for also maybe dissolving some of these oxalic crystals that have been, you know, in already sedimented in bone or other tissues? Yes. Yes, as far as, yes. And we are, this is not a session on how to do it. But citrates are really critical that keeps the nanocrystals from growing and growing. And it helps the system through anywhere, I believe, break them back down, although in cells, it's liposomes doing that work. I'm not quite sure how that mechanism work, but I highly recommend lemon juice and that kind of thing. And the metallic citrates, calcium citrate, magnesium citrate and potassium citrate, all great medicine and considered the number one co therapy that goes with the diet is doing that calcium citrate. And that same line. So if we're trying to, if we want to eat our foods that have some oxalate in there, are there anything that we could like supplement in addition to the meal, like if, you know, there's some calcium, if we add calcium into the meal, could we just chelate our oxalate? Yes, to take your calcium citrate before your meal, reconsider yogurt and cheese in your diet, add a little cheese to your salad or be willing to pick the spinach out of the salad at the restaurant. I mean, it takes about six leaves of spinach to get to your 50 milligrams a day. Six leaves, that big. All right, thank you. Great. And I put about a handful of spinach in my smoothie this morning, so feeling good. So I'm wondering about the foods that also that are high oxalate, but also have health benefits of their own like beets, for example, which can be really good with stimulating bile and kind of liver detox. So would there ever be a case where those foods that are high oxalate those benefits would kind of outweigh the oxalate or could you speak to that? I do not believe that there's a good enough trade off for eating the whole beetroot because the oxalate. But if you can get an extractive beet to get your goodies out of it, that's perfect. Just like with the turmeric, go for the extract, not the whole root, and you down to the no oxalate. The oxalates hang around in the vacuoles and get clinging to fibers and they stay in the aqueous layer. So peanut oil, not that you're eating it, but peanut oil has no oxalates even though peanuts are really high. None of the oils, olives are pretty high in oxalate, but olive oil, nothing. So there's ways of extraction and preparing plant foods that allow you to get what you want without the poison. Okay, got it. Thank you. Going along those lines, would doing like beetroot juice increase the oxalates or does it decrease and generally juicing increases the bioavailability of oxalate. So juicing is supercharging your vegetables for absorption and then you're also breaking out those rapid crystals. I've seen posts online where people use the Vitamix to make a dressing with Kiwi and she heard her mouth. She and her friend heard her mouth so bad eating this Kiwi dressing made through the Vitamix because she liberated all those rapid crystals in the key. Nobody knows that's why that happened, but that's exactly why. So the blender preparation just increases your exposure to the oxalates. Okay, empowering would be the same. So you would have to do an alcohol tincture? Is that when you were talking about? Yeah, I'm not a plant extract expert. Okay. But there's so much research to do. It's phenomenal. There's a lot out there, but we are not paying attention to this scientifically. Thank you.


Hello everyone, Myself , Mr Sunil the working of electro lux refrigerator and also explain working of lithium-romide water vapor absorption system. The contents of this video session are the working of electro lux refrigerator and working of lithium-romide water vapor absorption system. Now in previous session we have seen two fluid vapor absorption system. For example in case of aqua ammonia we have seen that the ammonia is used as refrigerant and water is used as an absorber. So there were only two fluids but in case of electro lux refrigerator it is also called as three fluid vapor absorption refrigeration system. So why it is called as three fluid vapor absorption system? Which is the third fluid? Let us think for a while. Now in case of electro lux refrigerator it is called as three fluid absorption system because we use three fluids. Like ammonia used as refrigerant, water is used as an absorber and hydrogen gas which is inert gas which does not take part directly into the refrigeration system but it is used as a carrier gas. We will see in detail why we use hydrogen particularly in electro lux refrigerator and how it helps to make the system pump less. Now let us see the main purpose of this electro lux refrigerator is to make the machine noiseless by eliminating the moving part that is pump. So our objective is to remove the pump from vapor absorption system so that the system will become totally quiet noiseless. Now let us see as I have told you ammonia is used as refrigerant and water is used as absorber because water has ability to absorb the ammonia readily which we have already seen in the principle of vapor absorption system. The hydrogen gas is used because it is being the lightest gas. It is used to increase the rate of evaporation of liquid ammonia passing through the evaporator and this is used in low pressure side of the system. So ammonia gas is used only in the evaporator part. So we will see how it circulates where it moves. So let us see the figure of now electro lux refrigerator. It is a schematic diagram. Now we will see now if you see this figure okay the basic vapor absorption system which we have studied that is aqua ammonia vapor absorption system that is same as electro lux refrigerator or electro lux refrigerator is same as vapor absorption system but only major change in this electro lux refrigerator is that we are adding one more fluid that is hydrogen okay. Now let us see how this particular system will work. So first of all I will like to tell you is that the basic components of electro lux refrigerator are evaporator, absorber, generator and condenser. These are the major components of this system as they are for other system. Now here we have added the hydrogen in the evaporator along with the refrigerator and that is ammonia. The hydrogen gas is also added in the evaporator or it is you can say so in the evaporator we will have two fluids ammonia plus hydrogen. So total pressure in the evaporator will be partial pressure of ammonia plus partial pressure of hydrogen. Now what why what is the use of this here the main objective of putting ammonia in the evaporator is that when you add the hydrogen in the ammonia okay. So we can boil off the ammonia at low pressure corresponding to its partial pressure and we can achieve the low temperature in the evaporator. But at the same time the total pressure in the evaporator maintain is more because hydrogen but however remember hydrogen does not absorb any heat okay. So when the ammonia liquid will enter into the evaporator where hydrogen is already present okay. So it will mix with the hydrogen and this ammonia liquid will absorb the heat and mixture of ammonia and hydrogen is carried due to the pressure difference okay to the absorber. And here now only the ammonia vapor are absorbed by the water whereas the hydrogen gas which is lighter gas it flows back to the evaporator okay. Now whatever strong solution is formed it will be going to the generator. Now this is carried by gravity no pump we are using in earlier figures we have seen the pump is used but in this electrolysis refrigerator we don't require any pump as such okay. It flows by gravity the strong solution of ammonia and water and in the generator we can use small lamp even okay. Small spirit lamp or electrolysis refrigerator was basically a sort of domestic refrigerator which was developed long back okay. So by electrolysis company so small lamp is sufficient to supply the heat in the generator where ammonia vapor will be separated. Now of course along with ammonia vapor some water may also be there. So we are separating the water vapor by using analyzer and rectifier combination which is called as water separator okay. So here analyzer rectifier are shown as water separator. So this water after separation the weak solution will go back to the absorber through this pipeline and only ammonia vapor will go to the condenser where it will get condensed and this liquid will now go to the evaporator okay. Now only important thing in case of electrolysis refrigerator which we should remember is that we do not want hydrogen gas to flow to the condenser or it should flow to the this particular water separator. So these pipelines here I have shown one small okay. These pipelines are made given little bend. So this acts as a you may say liquid seal. So liquid will be always present in the bend so that there are no chances that ammonia vapor ammonia sorry hydrogen gas I mean hydrogen gas will enter over here either to the water separator or condenser or even generator. As well as it will only go back to the it will also not go to the absorber because here it is separated and it will go to the evaporator. So hydrogen moves only from evaporator to absorber okay here from evaporator to absorber and absorber to evaporator that is the only limited circuit for hydrogen okay. Only ammonia and water they will be moving through other components. So if you see the explanation which are working simply gas burner is used here for supplying the heat in the generator and this particular ammonia vapors are sent to the condenser via rectifier analyzer or water separator. And then if you don't remove the water vapor they will enter into the evaporator and cause freezing and choking of the machine. So we separate them and we pass only the ammonia vapor to the condenser where it is condensed and this weak solution which is left in the generator flows back to the absorber through the heat exchanger which we have seen where it gets cooled away by heat to the strong solution going to the generator okay by giving away the heat. So return weak solution is hot which will give the heat to the strong solution going to the generator so that the amount of heat required in the generator will be less okay. So now let us go to the important point okay that is next part lithium bromide water vapor absorption system. Now the major difference between aqua ammonia and lithium bromide water vapor absorption system is that in case of aqua ammonia system we are using water as absorbent and ammonia as vapor whereas in case of lithium bromide water vapor absorption system lithium bromide salt solution okay which is highly hygroscopic is used as an absorbent whereas water is used as refrigerate in case of this system. So this is a small beautiful line diagram schematic diagram of lithium bromide system. The working of this system is exactly same as that of earlier system but the only important point in case of lithium bromide water vapor absorption system is that here we are using water as the refrigerate. So you cannot use this system for producing temperatures less than 0 or 0 degree Celsius because water will freeze. So usually this system is used in case of large air conditioning application where the required temperatures are ranging from 10 to 20 degree Celsius. Now let us see the construction of this lithium bromide vapor absorption system and working in short. So in case of lithium bromide water vapor absorption system as you can see here the absorber and evaporator they are placed in the single shell low pressure side whereas the condenser and generator they are also placed in the single shell okay though they are shown separately here they are also contending. Now let us see the working so from the evaporator okay whatever liquid refrigerant coming from the condenser is spread on the evaporator okay coil in the evaporator through which the chilled water which is to be chilled. I mean the water which is to be chilled is supplied is circulated through the coil and the chilled water is sent for air conditioning purpose or any other application. So this liquid refrigerant is spread over the water coil in the evaporator where this water which is spread as a refrigerant will absorb the heat it will vaporize and then it will go to the absorber and here in the absorber okay this particular water vapor will be absorbed by solution of lithium bromide salt. This lithium bromide salt which is coming back from the generator is again spread over this so this will be absorbed. So here we will get now weak solution because after absorbing the water vapor we get the weak solution which is pumped with the help of absorbent pump in the generator. So just like simple aquamania we need to remove the heat from this absorber to keep intact the water against absorption capacity and then in the generator we supply the heat with the help of some heat source. So again the water vapors are separated that is refrigerant is water and lithium bromide solution is sent back to the absorber. So then this water vapor will go to the condenser where it is contained and then it is spread over the evaporator coil. So this completes the working of lithium bromide water absorption system. Now these are the working which I have already explained this is for your reference these nodes. Normally this system is only used for air conditioning application where you require the positive temperatures okay. So now these are the references thank you.