Hello, everyone, and welcome to today's webinar on Introduction to Internet of Things. I, Dr. Barnally Varman from BC Department of Tetsuo College, would like to introduce our today's invited speaker, Dr. Najjul Haug. Dr. Najjul Haug has been working as an assistant professor in Manipur University. He has also worked as an assistant professor in Kajiranga University, Tetsuo University, and Romiya College. His research interests are network security, machine learning, and Internet of Things, that is IoT. He has done his MTech and PhD from Tetsuo University and also qualified NIT. He has published several journal and conference papers with more than a thousand citations. He is a reviewer of several reported journals. So I just welcome Dr. Najjul Haug to this webinar and would like to hear about this Internet of Things from Dr. Najjul Haug. Sir, please, you can start your presentation. Thank you so much, Barnally, for your nice introduction. And good morning, everyone, your participants. And first of all, I am very much thankful to the organizing committee for giving me an opportunity to deliver a lecture on this event. And I will try my best to give a brief overview on Internet of Things. So during my presentation, basically I am providing the basics things on IoT network. And it is quite fundamental, only fundamental things or the basic things I am covering in my presentation. And if you have any doubt related to this presentation or if you have any query, you please ask me at the end of the presentation. I will give you some time to discuss some issues or some doubts or some project related information we can discuss. Okay. And I am sharing my streams. I have prepared some PPTs. And with the help of this PPT, I am just discussing about the IoT network. Okay. So can I start now? Everything is fine? Yes, sir. Yes, sir, please. Yeah. Okay. So I am Dr. Najjul Haug from the Department of Computer Science. And as already Bonali has mentioned that I am working on machine learning and network security and a little bit about the IoT. And in my today's lecture, basically I will be discussing on IoT, fundamentals on IoT. And already you know, probably all of you know the IoT is a widely used technology, separation technology. And in most of the areas, the IoT Internet of Things technologies are used. But especially this IoT is getting lots of popularity in different fields like healthcare. Okay. Nowadays our healthcare system is automated. Okay. So people can get services, healthcare services from IoT applications. Similarly, this IoT is widely used in agriculture also. Smart farming, smart precision agriculture in those things, in those areas, people are using Internet of Things. Okay. In smart cities, okay, to make a city more and more smart, now technology is used. Okay. In smart cities, suppose the traffic management, route traffic management is controlled by IoT. Okay. Car parking system, garbage system, power transmission systems in everywhere, in case of smart cities, Internet of Things are used. All right. Then suppose in industries, different industries, they are using Internet of Things for their own functionalities to conduct different, different operations. They are using IoT technology. Then power grid, electric power grid. The power corporation, they are using IoT based technology to provide services. Electric, that means electricity service management is controlled by the IoT. Even meters, that means electric meters that you are using in every stakeholders, those electronic meters are also controlled by some IoT technology. And most easily understandable application is home appliances, home smart home application. In smart home application, people use different, different components, appliances. And those appliances are part of the IoT network. And with the help of those appliances and source and actuators, they control the home automation. Switch on the lights to open the door, to switch off the AC, to switch off the refrigerator. So those things are controlled by IoT network. I found a very interesting application of IoT, especially in health care and that is related to very remote area. Okay. So one project, one project is being started in our, that means in my, in my Monipur district where there are, there are some remote areas in Monipur as well as suppose in Nagaland or in Ornasa, that means especially in the Delhi areas. In Delhi areas, there are some remote places and they are too far from the cities. And suppose for health care management in the remote areas, it is very difficult due to communication problem. Okay. The communication may be, that means the remote places may be far away from the city. So for health care from the city to those areas, it may take significant amount of time or the road may be hilly or there may be some lots of terrains. So there are some lots of issues in the communication. But in modern era of technology, we should get the sufficient health facilities. Even if we are living in the remote areas, but the government should provide some sufficient health facilities that is health facilities are fundamental things now. So everyone should get the fundamental services from them. That means we should get the fundamental services anyhow. And that's why the government of India has started some initiation so that IoT based health monitoring or health care services can be provided to every citizen. And that's why the government is initiating some unique health card. With the help of the unique health card, they can get the services or they can, that means the hospitals or the government can manage all the data in a systematic way. So that type of works have already been started and many researchers, many researchers are also working on IoT. This is a very, that means a very fragile and very important area of research. Although lots of works have already been done on IoT, but still there are lots of scopes of research. There are lots of securities just involved in IoT technology. So if there is many organizations, many ill-prisoned institutes, they are starting some IoT related projects and government is also giving lots of funding to start the IoT related projects so that everyone can gain the interest of IoT and also the benefits from IoT technology. Okay. So now I am going to the outline of my presentation. So in my presentation, basically I'm giving you an idea about the IoT network. What is IoT network? How we can form an IoT network? What are the architectures? Different architectures are used in IoT network. Those architectures give idea about the architectures. Then the most important parameter is the protocols. Different protocols are developed, different protocols are used to operate on the IoT network. Okay. So a little bit about the protocol's information. I will be sharing. Then there are some real applications where we can apply the IoT network in what scenario we can apply those things I am covering. And finally, security issues. What will be the security issues of IoT network? So now I am moving to the introduction part. So in this introduction slide, if you look at the right side diagram, then different things or devices or objects are connected to the internet. And very simply it forms an network and that is called IoT network, internet of IoT networks. But the important thing is that this is a very layman definition.  But the thing is that in all these devices, there should be some electronic seats. And with the help of the electronic seats, it can communicate. It can, it can be identified. First thing is that it should be identifiable. Anything, even if it is an animal also, it should be identified. It should have an address, unique address. And with the help of that unique address, you can identify the object. So objects may have same name, but the object should have unique address. And that is called unique identifier. With the help of the unique identifier, you can communicate to the device. These devices should have the capability to set as well as receive some information from the applied environment.  And the sensor should have the capability to receive some data from your body. And once it receives the data, the data will be transmitted to some other storage. I will come to that one later. But the thing is that whatever sensors or things or objects you are using, the object should have the capability to receive some data or it should have the capability to send some data with its unique identity. And that's why this IoT system is defined as an interrelated computing devices. The devices are computing devices or it may be a mechanical or digital machine, or it can be some objects or any man or people that are provided with unique identifiers. These objects or any man, whatever, maybe they should have some unique identifier. And most importantly, the devices should have the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. Without being human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction, the devices should operate among themselves. Now, what will be the size of the IoT network? Because if we can connect anything, any of say, any device to the IoT, then definitely the size will be bigger. How much the bigger the size of the IoT network? Since IoT network connects devices, things beyond laptop and smartphone, although you are thinking that only laptops or smartphones can be part of the IoT network, no, that is not correct. You can connect any thing, any object having some electronic components and as reported by Gardner, it's expected that by 2025, more than one trillion devices will be connected to the network. Just imagine, one network, if we can connect more than one trillion devices, what will be the size of the network? And these devices may be anything. It may be your refrigerator, it may be CCTV camera, it may be your washing machine, it may be your any device, any appliances you can connect to the IoT network. And in the electronic area, that means electrical field, lots of sensors are coming up, modern sensors are also coming up based on our requirement. And especially the sensors in healthcare applications are growing, lots of healthcare sensors are coming there by day. Next, when you are defining an IoT, it has some elements together with all those elements and protocols you can define the IoT. So, basically an IoT is a collection of some elements. The first element is identification. As I have already said, identification means whatever objects, whatever things, people, animal, whatever you are connecting to the IoT network, things or objects should be identifiable by some unique address. And identification is most important, especially suppose I want to define an animal. The animal doesn't have any electronic component in his body. But you have to explicitly have to place somewhere in the body of the animal an RFID tag for example. If you put a tag, then tag has some, that means that RFID tag has some electronic chips with some antenna and it has some reader. So, when the reader gives a signal or scans something, from that electronic chip and information is sent back to the reader and reader can identify that okay, this animal is in that location. That way you, with the help of some electronic chips or RFID tag, you can identify the animal. So, identification is the first component. Then the device says or the thing should have the sensing capability. It should have sense the environment and it will have the capability to collect some data. It is called sensing. Your sensing is something from the environment and science information will be used for further processing. So, after collecting the data, the next component is communication. You have to communicate the data to the required component. The required component may be some application. Suppose I am using some IoT application for my home appliances, home motivation. The sensor device will give some sensing information or data and those data from the device will be communicated to some other storage unit. And in the storage unit, we can perform many operations, including analysis. So, communication is another important. You have to communicate. That means data will be communicated to some other storage unit or to some other component. Then computation. The system, the devices should have the computing capability, like data processing. You want to, after getting the data from the IoT devices or things, you have to compute something. The computing capability should be there. And with the help of computing, you can gain some knowledge or you can gain some, we can take some decision. Then services. Another important element, why you are using the IoT technology? Definitely, the technology should provide some services to the end user. You want to take some health services. Then according to that health depends requirement, there will be some services. And with the help of those services, you will get the required information. And finally, the semantics. Semantics means, you can represent, you can represent the data, gather data in a meaningful way or you are extracting knowledge from the, from the data. Or it semantics means you are applying some decision-making process. And you are taking some action, you are taking some decision. So, with these six different elements together, you can define the IoT. So, as I already said, the IoT, in IoT network, we can connect millions, billions or trillions of objects. Now, if you connect millions of objects in IoT network, and interestingly, those devices or the things are heterogeneous in nature. Heterogeneous in nature means, they are all, they are functionality or the devices, electronic structure or their data chips are in format, data delivery format may be different. How do, it depends the components or objects or things will be different in nature. Because imagine, if you are connecting billions of objects in a network, and those objects are heterogeneous in nature, during communication, there will be lots of issues. There is a critical need for flexible layered architecture. To operate smoothly on the IoT network, the services of the whole system will be divided as layers. And each layer will perform its own tasks. And it will provide some services to other layers, so that together they can perform the operations in a mesh way. And that's why different organizations, they are using different different IoT layered architecture, different different layer architectures of IoT. For example, there may be three layered architecture, four layered architecture or middle layer architecture or five layer architecture, these type of layered architecture we can use. Importantly, not yet converts to a reference model. Till now, as far as my knowledge is concerned, no standard reference model is developed, so that everyone can use that only reference model like our traditional computer networks, PCPIP reference model. For IoT network architecture, till now, no SAS reference model has been developed, as far as my knowledge is concerned. So now I am just giving you an overview about the three layered architecture. So in this diagram, you have seen three different layers. The first layer is the perception layer, network layer and application layer. So in perception layers, different or it is also called object layer or sensing layer. That means in perception layer, only the objects or only the objects or things will be connected. Only the things or devices will be used. Here if you see CCTV camera or surveillance camera, some sensors will be used in the perception layer and these objects are very smart. Whatever sensor or devices or objects will be used, the devices are smart objects. Why it is called smart objects? Because they have some capabilities. Capabilities like they are aware of context. If the environment is safe, their behavior will also same. They have the adapting, self-adapting capability. I will discuss self-adapting, self-configuration, those things. So perception layer will be basically the object layer where different devices or objects will be connected and the main purpose of these objects or the things is to collect information from the environment or from the applied area and those information will be forwarded to the other part. And the next layer is the network layer. So the network layer is solely responsible for communicating the data from one place to another place like computer networks. So different wired or wireless networks will be used in the network layer so that whatever information the perception layer has received, those information will be transferred to other part. And that communication or routing will be performed by the network layer. And their different protocols will be used in the network layer so that the communication can be, that means data can be sent securely to other parts like the application. So the network layer, different networking protocol services will be used. And in the application layer, as you have seen, there are different applications like smart home application, wearable device application, hospital application. So different according to the requirement of back users or the customer different applications will be used in the application layer. And the user will get the services from the whole IoT system with the help of this application. This is called the basic architecture, three layer architecture of IoT network. Perception layer, network layer and application. There is service oriented architecture because as I have mentioned that many business purposes in many business purposes people are using IoT. Because if IoT network you can be connected to the, it can be collaborate with the cloud network. So there is some communication, good communication, good relationship between IoT and the cloud.  You just take the cloud services and cloud services you can run different. If you have an IoT application, then you can integrate the IoT and the cloud for smooth running of your so service oriented or architecture is also used where different service layers will be used. And with the help of the service layer, those services will be managed service repository will be used and from the service repository, different application can take the services from using different application interfaces. Similar to the, that means previous layer only some services or middleware based services will be used so that they will gather the information from the changing layer with the help of the network layer and then the services will be used on the data and the required service will be provided to the user. Then basically the object layer or in the architecture of three layer, architecture or four layer, architecture or five layer architecture, the object layer is most important. It is a fundamental layer. It represents the physical censures. All the physical censures or devices will be used in the object layer as I have said. And these layer basically collects and process information from the environment. As I have already mentioned, it will collect and process information from the applied area order from the environment and then the censures and actuators perform different functionalities. So also basically it will collect the information in the form of electric signal and the signal will be passed to the actuators. So actuators basically they perform some action once it receives some signal from the sensor. For example, it can identify the location. It can identify that the sensors can be used to measure the temperature, to know the temperature or humidity or motion. So all those things you can be, this information you can collect from the, using the sensors and when this sensing information is passed to some actuator, then the actuator will perform some action. For example, suppose at your home, the temperature is suppose decreasing. If the temperature is decreasing, automatically the SC will be. So temperature sensor is used at your home and when the sensor receives the room temperature and it sent to that information to other entity like actuator, then actuator will perform some actions and due to that actions, the SC switch may be off. That type of operations are being controlled by the sensors as well as the actuator. But then most importantly, the configures heterogeneous objects through a plug and play. The object layer or perception layer uses different plug and plays so that the heterogeneous objects, as I have told that the objects may be definitely the objects of the heterogeneous in these cells. The architects are, they have come to component method or data encoding method or data collection format. Everything will be different. So different plug and play will be used so that the devices can communicate among themselves without any critical issues, without generating any critical issues. They will interoperate. I will explain what is interoperate. That object abstraction layer, second layer is object abstraction layer. So object abstraction layer is simply transfer the data whatever is sensed by the sensor sensing devices. Those data will be transferred to some storage or to some other layer to a secured senate. And during transmission of the data, different technologies, communication technologies will be used like RFID, 3Z, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth. All of your using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, those things. With the help of Bluetooth, you can send your document one, four to a document from one device to another device which has limited range of area. So same thing in IoT devices also that when a device or object receives some data to send the data to a network or to some storage, it needs some bandwidth or some communication technology like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi. With the help of those communication technology, the devices can send data to the server or some other component. It can also send cloud, that means this abstract layer. The abstract layer also handles the cloud computing or data management processes. So you can store your data directly in the cloud. If you are connected to some cloud services, whatever data is collected by the perception layer, the data you can directly send to the cloud, send it to some age network also. For some, suppose in some application, see in some application, real-time processing is required. So real-time processing means you are sending the data and immediately you should take some decision. So in that case, if you send, if you communicate your data to the cloud, then definitely it may take some time. So instead of that, if you can store the data locally in some age network, and you are applying all your services or the analysis methods in the age network, and with the help of the age network, you are getting the response immediately. So for those type of real application, instead of sending the data to the cloud, what you are doing, you are storing in the cloud network or age network. So that type of functionalities are also available. Then in service management layer, this is important layer because users generally use application. So with the help of the application, it will try to get some information or some services. So this service management layer, it combines the services available, services that are available in your IoT system, those services will be paired with the user. If I am a user, I want to take some services from the IoT system, then the service management layer will integrate the user with the services. The system will try to provide the services, required services to the user. But if I am a user and I want to know a specific device parameter or some specific information I want to know, so how can I get the information from the system, IoT system? So it enables IoT application programmers to work with heterogeneous object without considering details about the hardware platform. That means the service management layer doesn't consider, it is actually it's working as a middle layer where the hardware platform details will not be exposed to the client or the user. Only it will communicate the required information to the user and that type of management will be handled by the service management layer. Apart from that, it can perform data processing, decision making or delivery of services. Then application layer, so this application layer provide application based services to the user. If I am using whom application, only whom application related services will be provided by the application layer. For example, if application layer, application layer can provide humidity and temperature to customers. Suppose I want to know the humidity and temperature of a location, so I will simply use that application, available application and with the help of the application I will get the information about the humidity and temperature. The application layer is the interface by which the end user can interact with device inquiry for interesting data. That means if you want to ask some information from the IoT system, that means the information or data will be given by the sensing layer, the perception layer or device layer. So if you want to get some data, you have to use some application and with the help of the application only you can say some query, you can put some query and according to your query the system will give you the response. Some well known application is smart home, smart building, transportation, healthcare. These are the very widely used applications and there may be some in near future lots of other applications who will also come to the IoT network. Really the business model, I have mentioned many times that for business purposes people are using IoT. They need to take some business decision in a very short period of time. So instead of applying their own technique they are using existing IoT techniques, process IoT methods. With the help of this business model, they can gain some knowledge about one environment. They can take decision making process. They can take some action. Everything business related operations can be performed with the help of this business model. So basically the business is that is if manages the overall IoT system activities and services, all services, business related services, order services will be managed by the business model. It builds the business models, graphs, flow sorts, etc. based on the received data from the application layer. Whatever that means business model can communicate to the application model and application model will give some data and based on the data given by the application layer the business model will take some action or it can take some business decision. And also it can perform some decision that means data analysis operation using machine learning or data science approach. So till that I have discussed about the IoT architectures. So this whole IoT architectures we can visualize in three angles. The first angle is things oriented. Second vision or second angle is internet, internet or communication area, communication oriented. And third is semantic oriented. So things oriented means whatever objects or devices or things are connected in the perception layer from that perspective we are visualizing the IoT. Second communication technologies, what are the existing communication technologies because the perception layer will simply collect the data. And this data will be most important part is the data. And that is why IoT is getting popularity. As I have already mentioned in the beginning that in remote areas generally doctors they don't like to visit the remote areas very frequently. But if some critical presence are there how can we treat? So for those applications for those type of problems we can use IoT. Simply we will build some IoT technology using Raspberry Pi or different hardware components and in those components we can simply connect the sensors. So when a patient comes the system will automatically receive the different body parameters of the patient. And in the system different sensors are connected like temperature sensor, glucose level monitoring sensor, oximeter that will give you heart rate or what is called oxygen level. Then for brain signals also you can collect ECG signal also with the help of sensor. So all those body parameters you can collect with the help of sensors and those sensors is not required that it will be physically that means with the help of where you will connect to the hardware or the Arduino board with the help of wireless also you can connect. So in these three angle you can say object oriented, communication oriented and semantics oriented. Semantics oriented means that the analysis that our visualization decision making the less extraction all those operations will be performed under semantic analysis. Okay so after discussing this architects are a well defined form of IoT architects are defined by turning bound is that a dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on standard and internal variable communication. Dynamic and global network infrastructure why this called dynamic because the network may be sense as required. Global networks because the IoT network is connected to the internal so that is global. With self-configuring capabilities self-configuring means the devices can configure itself based on the context. Based on the environment awareness they can configure itself and they will use some standard or protocols will be used so that with the help of the protocols the devices can interoperate they can communicate among themselves. Now I am giving you an idea about the IoT functional block very briefly. So devices already you know so I will not discuss more about the devices it can sense data it can perform exchange equation control monitoring collect or exchange data or they can send the data or centralized store or cloud. There will be different in the devices there will be different interfaces when with the help of the interfaces they can connect to the internet they can send data to some storage everything. Then communication different communications protocol like one sensor network Bluetooth Zigbee those communication protocols will be used services different services like data controlling data management data analytics or data device modeling those type of services can be provided and security another most important aspects of IoT is security that means when you are sending some data the data should be received by the receiver in a sequered way. During transmission if some intruder receives the data then that will not definitely that will create lots of problems. So authentication operation privacy message integrity are most important components for security whenever you are sending some data or whenever you are using some application IoT technology you should that that technology should be secure enough so that everyone can believe if everyone has the trust that if I use this application or IoT application then no security harm will be there. So that type of that means security aspect should be there so that everyone can rely everyone can believe that okay this is very reliable and finally the applications allows you that must have apart from security different applications will be used and those applications allows the user to visualize data analyze data and then can predict some future prediction. So in this basically this slide shows you the previous things for identification sensing communication competitions are these semantics for identification naming and then this will be used for sensing smart sensor wearable sensing device embedding sensor actuator RFID takes will be used I have already discussed then communication for communication you can take RFID near field communication UWB Bluetooth low energy I2Pulli 802.15.4 ZigBee Z-Wave Wi-Fi different standard these are technology communication technology communication practical you can use two times for data then hardware hardware means what type of hardware platform you are using suppose popularly use hardware platforms are Arduino then Intel Galileo Raspberry Pi this type of IoT that means micro microcontrollers you can use for connecting the sensors okay and along with the hardware you have to use software so different IoT specific software or operating systems are available there those are tiny us contiki light ways riot ways android iol android or cloud-based iot you can also use like hardware then services identity related services identity related services means it is the services given by the objects then information aggregation once you get the information or data from the objects you have to integrate you have to take some decision on those objects and then collaborative ever that means the the collected information will be analyzed in a collaborative way so that an application get the actual services from the system that semantic the data will be represented in different format using all language or rdf language so that unique format can be used in the in the semantic layer and with the help of this semantic layer you can take some final decision based on the data so now I am discussing the utilities of iot so iot utilities have already I say some words about the self adopting self-configuration those are actually utilities so dynamic and self-adopting the devices should have the dynamic capability and self-adopting capability that means dynamically it should adopt the sensing environment okay if the environment is sense or it is uh fluctuated then the devices should operate on the environment on the sense environment for example surveillance camera can adopt their modes based on day or night day or night that is environment if it is day according to that day day or according to that environment daytime environment the camera will work if the environment is sense to night then accordingly it will it's very common the camera smart camera they they can have the capability to self adopt then self-configuration many times the devices need to update itself the configuration can be done automatically it has the capability to do set up the network perhaps latest software upgradation those things the devices can perform and allows a large number of devices to work together in many times to interoperate the devices that means if one device is heterogeneousness or with the others so with the help of self configuration all devices can configure in such a way that they can communicate in a unique way they can operate in a unique way that's why the self configuration is most important and if the same configuration is done then it can perform interoperable interoperable means the heterogeneous devices can communicate among themselves without any issues and they can take some consensus decision and they can they can send the data together to the story that is called that means interoperable communication means the devices will communicate among themselves without creating any issue so other utilities lie in unique identity all devices would have the identity integrated to information network the devices will be connected to some information network and the information network will gain all the information from the those things then context awareness context awareness means sense or no gains knowledge about the surrounding context if the surrounding context is sense accordingly the devices will adopt and it can predict something that means it can that means sense or notes has the ability to know about that context and that's why they are also smart intelligence decision making capability the devices sometimes multiple nodes collaborate among themselves and collaboratively they can take final decision and in communication different wireless communication protocols or standard will be used and remember this communication standard or the communication protocols are the backbone for any IP system without having communication protocol we cannot transmit data to the system if the communication protocol enables connectivity and coupling to application definitely we are using some application the application needs some data so how that data will be collected by the sense or layer sensing layer so how we can transmit the data to applications with the help of different communication protocols available in different different abstraction layer so communication protocols allows devices to exchange data with the help of communication protocol only you can perform the sensing okay they are different protocols that are used for data exchange format because devices are heterogeneous in this area so one device that the collection format may be different from the other device different protocols will be used to exchange the data format that are including addressing routing for all those things different communication protocols are used similarly sequence control flow control intense mission of loss packet during transmission of data some packet may be lost sequence need to be maintained first packet second packet third packet or if you are sending a flow the flow information needs to be maintained so all these things operations will be performed by some wireless communication standard oh sorry so this in this slide i am just giving you some communication standard like wi-fi wi-makes lr w-pan mobile communication Bluetooth LRA so these are basically wireless communication technologies and with the help of this communication technology one device can communicate with other device or the devices can communicate with some storage or some other component or application and they are i i have shown here only limited but there are lots of communication technology but among all those communication technologies whose communication technology or which protocol you are going to use it's based on your requirement if you are communicating your data in a very short range of area then you can use bluetooth or you can use wi-fi wi-fi as as as you have seen here the transmission range for wi-fi is 2200 meters within this communication range if you want to transmit data you can use wi-fi or what may be your speed base that means if you want to take speed in a very high speed then you can use some other technologies similarly suppose the cost if you are giving some importance to cost based on the cost also you can decide which technology you are using low cost communication technologies like bluetooth even use the some applications i am just mentioning the applications no details discussion will be done on iot application so smart environment smart environment means now we are we are we are polluting the environment in different way garbage we are throwing our garbage in any place so garbage management we can use iot smart home as i have already said many people they are they are using smart home with the help of smart home they make the home so smart so that remotely one person can control the operation healthcare that means in the application of healthcare iot is widely used smart transportation and logistic domain transportation traffic management party in those cases iot is smart cities for smart cities you can make everything smart your water supply it may be smart electricity management smart technicals are people are using different different sensors or monitoring the soil parameter whether it will be rained today or not or what will be the humidity what will be the temperature for those those cases different sensors are used and according to the information the actions will be performed if it is not raining from last 15 days then drainage system that means the water management system will flow water to the agricultural system so that way integrating services will be used to perform everything in a smart way then all green management and industries all those applications people are using the smart parking as you have seen it here so these cars are parked in designated places and these cars have some sensors okay parking space with sensors they're connected with the sensors and all the cars are or the sensors are sending some information into the gateway and the gateway will send the steps about the parking system to the data center or the cloud and in the data center or the cloud lots of applications are used or services are used now you can if you are if you are going to park in the car designated places then before going to the parking place with the help of the services available at the center you can say whether there are three slots for the parking space or not with your application in your mobile phone that application is there so with the help of the application you can search whether in this place your slots are available or not okay that type of systems are also available so there are lots of security issues in IoT the security issues may be on the device itself because the device as you know the device are very tiny okay the battery power is very less they are computing power is also very less okay and memory power is also very less so we cannot use we cannot patch some security or mechanism on those devices because they are they are over less sensor devices so their battery power is very limited and that's why those security that makes the devices are very vulnerable to the attack and interestingly if the device is compromised there are lots of issues nowadays that means network attacks are growing day by day and especially IoT networks why the IoT networks are increasing day by day only because of the devices are not so secure anyone can compromise and there are some attackers who always try to make us greedy okay and due to the greediness we will share lots of sensible information to those unknown persons suppose they are sending a mail that you have on your mobile number or your mail as own one billion dollar or something like that and some people they will feel that yeah if my mobile number has own one billion dollar or some amount of money then definitely you should take that advantage and that way the person will reveal all the information and if it reveals the information then those sensitive information will be used to compromise your machine or your mobile phone or something and if it can compromise those tasks those mobile phones or the machine then that can be a part of an attack network and with the help of the attack network it can be identified so we should be very careful when you are using our laptops or mobile phones so then you should not trust other person easily if you trust the other persons very easily it may create lots of problem to your personal okay if you are using mobile phones in the mobile phones there are lots of sensors okay and the sensors are giving information to you in different application so if your mobile phone is compromised then you are exposed so so you should be very careful so there are lots of security issues in perception layer like e-vase dropping nodecaps are fact node militia or and fact node and militias that means attack are always try to try to add some fact nodes and if it can add the fact nodes in the network then the fact nodes will send some sensitive information to the whole application and the application will be will provide some wrong services wrong information to the client similarly in the network layer as I have already mentioned there are different issues in the network layer like the nail of service attack suppose some unknown person is sending too much information to your too much data to your or mobile phones and as a result your mobile phone is not able to provide services it is hanged and that type of attack is also possible many middle attack means the attack are secretly intercepts it try to suppose you are sending some information through your phone and there is an attack are in the middle and if your communication is not secure then the attacker will try to get the information during transmission and it may sense the actual content and the modified content it may send to the receiver once the receiver will receive the message definitely it will found that the messages received from the original operation but actually that is not true so the attacker can perform lots of lots of malicious operations in the network to storage attack if storage device or cloud is compromised then user information may be sent definitely if you are using your data in the cloud and cloud storage is itself compromised then what will happen to your data so that type of issues are available so I will stop here thank you so much thank you so much for listening listening my talk so now it's it's open to you all if we have any query if you have any doubt thank you all thank you Nazrul sorry sorry thank you doctor for enlightening the informative presentation on internet of things on internet of things we appreciate having this mysterious area terrified for this talk will motivate the students will motivate the students in this current technical trend technical trend so if the students having any having any areas they can ask they can ask students you can ask you can ask if you have any doubt I think there is no doubt from the audience so I want to thank Dr. Nazrul and also thank the audience for participating in this event thank you everyone who are connected directly and indirectly to this event this event and making this event successful thank you all thank you