nanohub.org. You can follow along with this presentation using printed slides from the Nanohub. Visit www.nanohub.org and download the PDF file containing the slides for this presentation. Print them out and turn each page when you hear the following sound. Enjoy the show. So let me begin with lecture three. We are trying to understand some basics today, very basic, of quantum mechanics in order to understand what fraction of the total number of electrons available are available for conduction. Not all of them, as I mentioned in last class, that not all of them are available for electronic conduction. So let me explain a little bit about why do you need quantum physics and what the basic quantum concepts are. Now this will be very elementary, very practical, nothing complicated. And so we'll go through them real fast, because at the end we'll not really be using a lot of information from here. Just the basic few concepts, and that I will show. And let me, and then eventually we'll conclude. Now remember the original problem shown here in the left, a semiconductor in between two electrodes. And we are trying to find the number of electrons, free electrons available for conduction going from one contact to the other. Now if you could zoom in inside, which is the middle panel, I have shown here in yellow circles at the position of the atoms. And let's assume the red point is an electron. As you realize, when an electron is far from any of the atoms, the attractive potential it sees from the atoms is very small. As it goes closer to the atoms, then because the electron is negative and the core is positive, there will be a strong attraction. As it passes the atom, then again the potential will gradually go up. And so there is, as the electron goes through, there is this periodic potential going down, bobbing in and out.  And that's what I have shown on the right in an idealized manner by a series of sort of rectangular potential. In actual, it will be Coulombic potential, slightly more complicated, an idealized version. Now you can immediately see from here that not all electrons are equal. I mean, they are created equal, but they are not functionally equal because some electrons which are sort of sitting on the right, let's say, inside the potential, that means very close to the core of the atom, they will be just circling around the atom. They will not go anywhere. If you apply a field, they will not go anywhere. These are valence electrons inside the core shell. You remember 1s, 2s electrons, they don't go anywhere. So you cannot count them for electronic transport property. But the other one you see which is sort of above the potential, well, if you apply a field, they can go. So our whole purpose for next three lectures will be to calculate how many electrons do I have sort of are available for conduction, not tied down to individual atoms. You see? So we'll like to solve that problem. Now in solving that problem, this sort of the outline that what we'll first like to calculate that how many states do I have for electrons to sit, right? That will be chapter two and three in your book. And then how many, what fraction of them are occupied? Because if I multiply those two, then I will know how many are available for conduction. Now you see, number of states is like the number of chairs in this room. That means where electrons can sit, but doesn't necessarily mean that electron is there. And then the fraction means that the fraction that are actually occupied. For example, here you can see there are lots of chairs in this room, of course quantized, one chair for one person, but it's not all full. A fraction of them are full, some of them are empty. So when I want to know electronic transport, we are only interested in the fraction that are occupied. So those two information we'd like to calculate, but first the chairs or the places where the electrons can sit. And that's what quantum mechanics will give you. Quantum mechanics will not tell you where, what fraction of the states are occupied. It will simply tell you where electrons can sit and the rest will follow. Now this is a old version of quantum mechanics. This is how people teach things in high school and for us, or maybe in the college, this will be sufficient for our purposes. Now the quantum mechanics came about because a set of experiments could not be explained very simply. They tried, you know this history that in the beginning of the 20th century, there was a series of complicated experiment that could not be interpreted. And as a result by 1925, this quantum mechanics was born. And there are really four experiments or four ideas that leads to this. The first one is a blackbody radiation. And I'll explain what it means for electric effect. Einstein won the Nobel Prize for this work. Bohr-Atom, Niels Bohr work, and the wave particle duality. These four concepts will lead us to something called Schrodinger equation. And from Schrodinger equation, we'll be able to calculate how many places the electrons have for them to sit, like the counting of the number of chairs. So we'll see that. So the first experiment about blackbody radiation is the following. So if you take, let's say a sphere, a hollow sphere and a little opening from one side and increase its temperature, then and notice the light that is coming out of that little opening on the side, shown here, for example, in the red. Now these colors don't take it seriously. It is just for illustrative purposes, but essentially some wavelength is coming out at some wavelength you may or may not be able to see. Some let's say in the infrared, some in the ultraviolet, but the point is the wavelength or the corresponding color is shifting as you increase the temperature. And what people have noticed for a long time that as you increase the temperature, the wavelength of the light that is coming out of that box or that sphere gradually decreases. So the x-axis is wavelength, but you can see this is in micrometer and log scale and the y-axis is the amount of light that is coming out per unit wavelength at a given temperature. So let's say you have a vertical thing at 10 micrometer, that is how much light is coming out. If you raise the temperature to a thousand degree, well, the wavelength shifts to a lower value, the color changes, but the intensity might also go up. 2000 degrees, very hot, most silicon and other materials will melt at that point, but the wavelength has shifted downward and the intensity has gone up. Intensity going up, we sort of understand, right? It's getting heated. Of course, the intensity will go up, but the wavelength shifting down is not yet clear, but that will come a little bit later. Now, although we saw in the last slide that one wavelength was associated with every temperature, but if you looked a little bit carefully, you would see that that wavelength, that single wavelength I showed at a given temperature, let's say at 2000 degree, that single wavelength is not really one wavelength. If you look at finally, you see it's primarily looking great, let's say, but if you looked carefully, you would see a little bit of the infrared and a little bit on the other side also, and this is the spectrum, this almost like a parabolic structure, that is what you will get. That is that, yes, this is a log plot on the y-axis. So yes, there will be one dominant color, right? That's dominant one, but there is also a little bit of other colors mixed in. And one of the challenges in the beginning of the 20th century was that people couldn't explain how this shape comes about. They could explain almost everything, but they couldn't explain the shape, and that is when people began to realize that there is something wrong in the theory. So they could do almost, but not quite. So one group of people could explain why the higher wavelength part behaves in this particular way. So for example, the higher wavelength part, they said they made a calculation, very simple calculation, and they said that it should be going as KT, T is the temperature, K is the Boltzmann constant, KB is the Boltzmann constant divided by lambda over four. That's what they said, and you can see that that's about right because if you take a log on both sides, it says the log of U, which is the energy that is coming out part unit wavelength, that should have a slope of minus four on a log-log plot. And you can easily check that for one order of magnitude change in the lambda axis, you indeed have four orders of magnitude change in the y-axis. So this equation is indeed right. But what is it that it cannot explain? It cannot explain the turning over. It says as the wavelength is getting smaller and smaller, your energy will keep getting bigger and bigger. That's obviously not true. So that's wrong. And so there's another experiment or another theory, which is in fact a little bit earlier in 1888. That was this Wayne's formula. He said, well, the lower part, you can explain by this formula. And again from pure thermodynamics, you could get this formula. Now, you don't have to really know the derivation of it. You will learn it in other courses. That's not the point. But the point is that again, you could explain the lower part in this particular fashion and what Planck did. Planck was a young person at that time, relatively young person. What he simply did? He said, well, I know the high energy part or high wavelength part. I know the answer for the low wavelength part. Well, I'll make up a formula. No theory, nothing. I'll make up a formula that sort of interpolates between the two. And that's exactly what he did. He was at a conference and one morning in the conference, he simply proposes this formula. It's a pure fitting formula, no physical content in it when he proposed. That sort of goes in the right limit to either of these things. And I will ask you to check. For example, when lambda is very large, when lambda is very large, you can see that beta to the power lambda t, beta to the power lambda t, will it be? It'll be a small quantity, right? Small quantity. And when you have a small quantity, then you can expand it as one plus lambda, beta divided by lambda t. What is beta? Beta is, by the way, is for the time being, it's just a constant. We're just assuming it as a constant. And from that, you can easily get the religion's formula in one end. And similarly, you can get the vanes formula at the other end if lambda is small. You see, if the lambda is small, then the exponential term in the bottom is very large, much bigger than minus one. So get rid of minus one. The exponential goes up and you are set. You find the vanes formula. But this was a fitting formula. He didn't really understand that what it means. But within a few months, he was able to come up with an explanation. And the explanation was the following. What I'm doing that is easier to work often in terms of frequency rather than the wavelength. So you can simply do a conversion between frequency and the wavelength because these are related, right? These are related by the fact that the velocity of light, remember we are talking about light, right? Light emission that is given by lambda, the wavelength is inversely proportional to the frequency because lambda multiplied by F is the velocity of light. You can simply do a conversion and you can find that how per unit frequency rather than per unit wavelength, how the energy changes. Okay. Now then that formula that you have over there, he interpreted it in the following way. He said, in order to understand what that formula means, that why the light is coming out with this strength at this wavelength, let's interpret it in the following way. He said there is three pieces. One piece is the number of modes you have in that cavity. Remember that was a spherical box. So number of standing waves that you can have in the cavity. That's number one. Goes as F square. The second piece was that of all those modes, one-year fraction are occupied. So for example, the mode, let's say the red one on the left, that has the lowest energy, right? Because that's the simplest mode and that will have a certain occupation probability because this is the lowest energy on the right side. The blue one is again, there is a corresponding occupation probability for that one because it's a little bit higher energy because it has more modes, more oscillations. And the final he said, the remaining piece that remains, which is HF, H is Planck's constant because he's doing the derivation. So it's better associate his name. So H is Planck's constant and F, so he says that piece must be because this is the total energy. If I know the number, F square is the number of modes, the fraction occupied, so that gives me the total number of modes that are available. If I wanted to get energy, then the remaining piece must be energy per unit, per unit of those photons. So that is what he said, that energy per mode. So what this derivation at the end, you don't really have to remember any of this. The bottom line is this.  If I see a particular frequency coming out, there must be a photon correspondingly with energy, HF. That's it. It cannot come in, let's say, 2 third HF. It cannot do that. It has to be HF or 2 HF for 2 photons, 5 HF for 5 photons. Light coming out in a quantized form. It is a completely different idea compared to before. But then came along Einstein and he said something which is the complementary part of it. That not only light comes out when you hit something up, not only light comes out as a quanta, but light also gets absorbed as a quanta. That is the second experiment. Oh, by the way, so before I get there, this information is, although it's old derivation, is often used. For example, people often say that, you know, this big bank theory, how to prove it, and then the background temperature of the universe is some three degrees or so. How do they know those things? Like how do they know the temperature of the sun? I cannot go there and actually put a thermometer in the thasan, obviously. How do they know that? They exactly use this formulation. So they take the spectra. You can see the intensity as a function of wavelength here shown in millimeter. You can immediately see that the same bell shaped curve or similarly parabolic curve, you fit this curve and then once you fit this curve, you backstrike the temperature. And once you backstrike the temperature, you actually know what the temperature of the original object was. That is how people still use it all the time. It's a very recent. This is a Kobe satellite data, very recent, but you see that that formula is used all the time. By the way, this you cannot see because this is in microwave range. Now the second experiment was this photoelectric effect. What is photoelectric effect? If you take a semiconductor and then shine a flashlight on it, you'll see that electrons like popcorns is getting out of that material. So these are electrons getting out in response of photon, photoelectric effect. Now, what was the amazing thing is that these electrons that come out have very specific energy. Given that you shine a light of a given frequency or given energy, if you shine it, it will come out always the very specific energy. And this is how it works. Assume this is a material, the top surface is the vacuum level, meaning that's where an electron can become completely free. And let's say all the electrons are pulled down somewhere minus W, my W is a work function. Because of course, if the electrons didn't have lower energy compared to vacuum, all the electrons will simply go out, dissolve out. So they are being confined in sort of a container with this potential of minus W. Now when light comes in, light of 8F when that comes in, then electrons are pumped out of the material.  So electron is pumped out. Now what would be the energy of those electrons? You see, it came in with HF, that was the total amount of energy, in order to jump to the top floor, or so from the basement to the ground floor, you lost minus W or W. So HF minus W would be the available energy for the electrons that are coming out. Now how would you measure that velocity, half V square? So people had this ingenious idea. So what they did was they put a cathode nearby, and when the electrons came, it's like a break. So if you apply a negative voltage, and the electrons is coming with a certain velocity V, for right voltage, so it is going to break the electrons. Because it's moving, coming close with a velocity V, and you are putting a negative potential for the electrons, which is negatively charged. So it's going to break it, and if the potential is just right, the retarding potential is just right, it will just come and stop. And at that voltage, you can say what the original velocity was, right? So that is how they measured for every photon coming in at a certain frequency F, what the corresponding velocity V is, by measuring the retarding potential that is required to slow them down to velocity zero. And this is the expression you can easily see, that this is how it should work out. And experimentally, this is indeed how it worked out. That is that if your wavelength of the light is less than W, nothing is going to come out. It's going to jump up, but this doesn't have enough energy to be free, it will then go down. So you do not get anything below W, and above W, then it's going to come out linearly. And so this experiment proved conclusively that indeed light is absorbed as a quanta also. Last experiment, blackbody, it says light is coming out of a quanta, this one is saying light is being absorbed by a quanta, right? Now, if something is being emitted as a quanta and something is being absorbed as a quanta, there must be something inside that material that is saying that why it is quantized, always is quantized. And so the idea is the following, that that must mean that in the surface of that volume, there must be the atoms must be doing something. It must be absorbing things in quanta and emitting things in quanta. And the only way it can do so, if the individual levels in the atom itself are somehow quantized. Remember, that's what we're trying to get, right? Not all electrons are the same, they sit at a particular place. So we are getting in that direction because now we are seeing that electrons cannot sit arbitrarily at any place. There are specific chairs for the electrons to sit and that is what we are going to discuss now. So the solution came not from the atoms of the black body, which is too complicated, but from the analyzing the spectra of hydrogen, which is a simple atom and that is where we'll pick up the story. So what people often saw, that in the hydrogen spectra, then certain lines are missing. If you look at the transmission, certain lines are missing and they could fit it with this formula, you can see em sub n is em comma n proportional to a constant and that constant is called a Riedberg constant because here's the first person to actually fully explain this. One divided by m square minus one over n squared, m and n are two integers. It cannot be 3.2. It has to be one, two, three, four, whatever that number is. And that is explained by the following relationships. So you have let's say e one, if you have e one and if you have e two, then e two one. So m equals one and n equals two. If you insert it in this formula, you can say explain why the light that is coming out has this quantized energy. And similarly when light is coming in, it will promote a carrier, let's say for electron from e one to e two. So this is explaining why things get absorbed in a quanta and also emitted as a quanta. Now one thing I want you to remember here, for hydrogen, look at this number minus 13.6 and in a few minutes, we'll see why the constant is also minus 13.6. So let's explain this one, how it comes about. So this was explained by Bohr, you know. This is a very simple old quantum mechanics. He simply said the following. He just made up this assumption that if something is going around a atom, then only orbits that are allowed are quanta that has quantized angular momentum. So angular momentum is ln and angular momentum is given by m naught v and rn. Now hopefully you haven't forgotten about angular momentum but you can always look it up in a high school or college physics book. And he says that it has to be quantized, n h bar. And n can only be one, two, three and those values, it cannot be a fraction. And from that, you can easily calculate from that relationship that the velocity at which an electron goes around the core is inversely proportional to r. That farther out you are, it will go with a smaller velocity. Let's say. And m naught is the mass of the free electron. Now from that, you can also have a second relationship. No, not from that, you can also have a second relationship that the velocity at which the energy at which electrons are trying to go away or tear away from this attractive potential is m naught v squared divided by rn. You have seen this expression before. And that must be equal to the Coulomb potential between the two. Now why Q squared? Because proton has a Q, electron has a Q. Because it is hydrogen, one proton. So therefore you have Q squared. If it was something else, let's say helium, then it would be two Q squared, right? Because two Q from the proton and one Q for the electron. And four pi epsilon rn squared. This is Coulomb's law. Now this relationship, if you combine, insert the velocity v from the previous relationship in here, you immediately get an amazing relationship. Which says that as soon as angle is quantized and energy is conserved, then the orbit around which electrons can go, r sub n, is quantized as well. Look at this formula. Except for n, everything is a constant. Epsilon naught is a dielectric constant. H bar is a Planck's constant. Q and m naught, of course, all constants. So rn, for n equals one, rn will have a value. n equals two, rn will have four times the value, right? Because it goes as n squared and so on and so forth. But we are not interested in rn. We want to know what the energies are. So we'll have to work a little bit more. So that was the rn from the previous one. Now you know the kinetic energy is half mv squared and from the last relationship of energy conversion, you can always express it in terms of the Coulomb energy as well. You can do it just two lines. I didn't repeat it here. And you also know the potential for an electron bringing from the infinity to any this point r away from the center is given by q squared divided by four pi epsilon rn, right? This is something we also know. What is the total energy? Well, it's the sum of the potential and the kinetic energy. And if we sum them, we'll get this explicit relationship. And then finally, you have the rn you can see. Let me go back. The rn you see in this expression, that is the only unknown, but we have already calculated rn on the top. You put it in and you get an expression for energy which has a bunch of constant but goes as one over n squared. And do you see the 13.6? The 13.6 was the first level. So that is what this energy level is. And if you wanted to know how much energy difference there is between two steps, two layers, you will take this one en and you will take em, subtract them and that will give you this formula, right? Now I want you to remember one thing from here that we'll use later on. Most of this information we'll not use later on is that this formula had an m naught free electron mass. Later on we'll see that this formula will be modified for some other cases. And I also want you to see the presence of epsilon naught because this is sort of in vacuum. Electrons going around in vacuum. But we'll later see when electrons go around in a solid, of course you cannot take epsilon naught, this is a solid. And so these two numbers will change later on and without these two numbers changing, most of the computers that you use today wouldn't be usable. And so we'll see how these two numbers are changed and how they affect device performance. Okay, so you know why then electrons are absorbed and emitted as quanta. The last thing before we get to Schrodinger equation and that's where we'll end is this notion of a wave particle duality. Now the first expression I have written is something E equals square root of this entire expression you may or may not have seen this before. But you actually know this one very well. This is simply and this I haven't written is E equals MC squared. You know the Einstein's famous relationship, the atom bomb and everything. That relationship written out in a long hand because you can see that this M that we have for electrons is not really the rest mass. This is the mass the electron has when it's moving at a velocity. If you wanted to relate that electron mass with the rest mass, then you should have use this formula. Do you remember that when electron moves close to the velocity of light, then its mass begins to be very high. And so you can see from this expression that the denominator will actually blow up if you get close to zero when V approaches C. This is that expression you should check it out. So it's E equals MC squared written in a slightly different form. Now let's first think about photons. So let's think about photons. Now photons you remember is emitted as HF, right? It's quantized, emitted as HF. Free F is a frequency. So the left hand side I should replace it at HF. On the right hand side, photon doesn't have any mass, rest mass. It doesn't have any rest mass because it's always moving at a velocity of C. So it's M naught is zero. And so if you take under the square root, you'll see HF is equal to P. P is the momentum, C is the velocity of light. And then you can easily express P by using this relationship by noting that that F divided by C is the wavelength because that's the velocity of light is constant. And this lambda, one over lambda, you can also express it in terms of wave vector K. Wave vector K, right? It's two pi over lambda. These are some, no physics here. Just some redefinition. But what it is saying that photons move, the photon that moves with a momentum P is related to its wave vector because we know about the wave vectors of a wave. We generally don't talk about the momentum. Of a wave. But these two are nice related. P equals H bar K. Let's say that's one relationship we will use in the next few minutes. So let's try to derive, Quoton could derive the Schrodinger equation. This is how it works. Remember that original relationship is equal to MC squared written in this strange form. Now we are not talking about photons. Two slides ago, we had been talking about photons. Now we are talking about electrons. Now the electrons, the momentum is very small. Now in that case, an M naught is not equal to zero. MC squared is a very big quantity. So if you expand under this square root, let's say, this you should check that you can expand it in this particular form. M naught C squared, you can see the first term and the rest of the terms can be expanded in this particular form. Check it out when you go home. I can take that M naught C squared multiplied by one to the left hand side and that gives me E minus M naught C squared. And on the right hand side, I have that M naught C squared multiplied by P squared C squared, the second term. And that's the second term you can see P squared divided by two M naught. And I have added a V, arbitrarily added a V. But apart from that, I haven't done anything from the first line to the second line. Now that extra energy beyond the rest mass will say that that's equal to HF to the left hand side. And to the right hand side, do you see? YP should be replaced by H bar K, right? That was the last slide. So I replace that with H bar K squared divided by two M. And that's what I have. This is a relationship I have for electrons. Previous one is for photons, this for electrons. So that's it. One more slide and we'll be done. We'll be in good shape. Now, the first thing is that, remember, I have just copied the last equation from last slide, H omega is H squared K squared divided by two M naught plus V. Now let's assume, and this is out of the blue, no reason for this particular assumption. But let's assume that there is a function called psi and whose name is a wave function. That is given by, that's like a wave, electron wave, is given by e to the power i omega t minus Kx. This is the equation of a plane wave. When a wave goes from one point to the next for electromagnetic wave, this is what we write generally. But we are writing it this time for electrons, which is supposed to be not a wave, but we are writing it anyway. Now you can see that if I take a first derivative of that function, then, sorry, then I will have, I will pick up a i omega, because with respect to time, I will pick up i omega in front. If I take derivative with respect to x, what should I pick up? Not i omega, I will pick up a i K. And if I do it twice, then I will do i K squared. And so you can see that minus sign in the second derivative for the wave function. Now look at this. On the left-hand side, I have an expression for omega. And on the right-hand side, I have an expression for K squared. If I plug it back in in the top equation, lo and behold, this is an equation you get, which is, do you see this? You simply have to multiply the top equation with psi throughout, left and right, and then replace these identity identities. And you get a Schrodinger equation out of relativity and out of this wave particle duality. It's a very simple way to get the full Schrodinger equation. And this equation is going to tell us where the electrons sit and how many chairs I have in a semiconductor. And then I will fill it up later on in chapter four. So I will end here. So what I've tried to do is this is, I've tried to mention that this is a part of three lectures on trying to find where the electrons sit. And it came about because, because when you try to multiply the total number of electrons with the density of the particles or density of the atoms we have per centimeter cube, the result didn't make any sense. So we are looking for the fraction of electrons that actually contribute to the transport. And we are beginning, this is the first class for Schrodinger equation you can already see that electrons don't sit everywhere. They have a specific place to sit. And this is solution of the Schrodinger equation will tell us where they sit. And so in the next class, we will see how to solve Schrodinger equation for toy problems in a small potential. But the real interesting thing, as I mentioned, and that's how we'll conclude, is this Schrodinger equation, if we have to solve for the real crystal with 10 to the power 20, 10 to the power 21 atoms, no computer in the whole world will be able to solve that problem. Impossible, no computer. And not only now, I cannot even imagine that any time, even in the next 200 years, there'll be a computer so we can solve it. But because of the periodicity of the crystal, you see, what we'll be able to do, we'll be able to solve that problem in essentially two slides. The solution of all the electrons in 10 to the power 20 electrons, where they sit. And that will be something very interesting. And once we get that conclusion, then we'll be able to apply it to all the materials that are of interest, crystalline, amorphous, polycrystalline, all those materials, we should be able to use them for. Okay, all right. Thank you.


We're talking about physical touch and the importance of this a good example of a modality that uses a lot of this is something like EFT and EFT if you're if you're not familiar with it It uses various points around your body where you just start to tap onto these points You move around very very slowly and you start to Talk to the fear or maybe the anxiety or distress that's there And it's a way to kind of gradually wind down the nervous system, which is aggravated To calm it down very very slowly, but touching this is very very important now a lot of these EFT for instance there has been some kind of questioning about well why these specific points? Why do we touch these points and not different points? That's a big question, but there has been a lot of research done on it That has shown that it's very very effective this this treatment or this approach to kind of self soothing came about as a treatment measure for sufferers of PTSD so these were war veterans for instance and they would come back and talk therapy was not all that helpful for them So this was kind of a modality that has been very very useful for PTSD now What I would say about this the way I kind of explain why it's helpful for people as a Thing to add to maybe talk therapy or something like that is well How do we calm down the nervous system once it's aggravated? And the way I put it to them is well, how would you calm down a dog? let's say you had a pet dog right and There's a thunder and lightning storm outside now that the dog is terrified the dog runs in under the table And you're trying to get the dog out now you don't Look at the dog in that situation and explain look statistically speaking. It's very unlikely There's going to be any danger here. The dog won't respond to that. It doesn't respond to words It doesn't respond to working with the thoughts right what you do with the dog hopefully is you use soothing tone of voice and You may be pet the dog very slowly and eventually it feels safe enough to come back out again The other question I usually add to that is well How would you how would you calm down an angry crocodile if you came across one? if you're unfortunate enough to come across an angry crocodile, how would you how would you calm it down and The correct answer to that is you wouldn't you wouldn't even try because there's a difference between the reptile and the mammal and humans are mammals We have the same limbic system as As the dog and this is where all our emotions are. It's very much pre-verbal so Touch for mammals is essentially important. Okay? We're this is kind of above the old the very old ancient reptilian brain that we have and It's before the the neocortex where all our language capacity is in that center that midbrain It's the the limbic system which we're trying to kind of soothe and it responds very very well to touch So EFT you can there's loads of resources on that you can look up EFT as As a way to kind of calm down any Aggravated emotions within the nervous system even trauma or PTSD or anxiety things like that but also Just I found in in therapy Touch beyond even EFT is very important So let's say you're able to start to feel into your body more now and you're doing more body work And you're you're finding out where the sensations are arising. Maybe old traumas are located in certain areas just to actually start to lay your hands on The areas in which you're feeling it strongly and made it may feel like there's something Constricted or it may feel like there's a block there or something very very intense in a particular specific area of your body to start laying your hands on that is very very soothing and very very helpful and you'll often see people who are very much sort of dissociated from their body and And Maybe the render their head a lot is that they very rarely do that. So it's a very interesting thing to become aware of but to integrate that into our practice into our healing and our recovery is Hugely hugely helpful. Also, even, you know, if you're in a relationship with somebody it can be very helpful to To ask that person to give you more physical touch. It can be really really helpful to calm down the nervous system Also, other things that can be helpful for that too are when you're doing this is any of the soothing tones that I mentioned before Particularly for old traumas that we're carrying. So any kind of relaxing music that you could use or something like that could be really good also so This is I guess an invitation for you if you've noticed that you're Certainly if you have an aversion to physical touch It's something to go very very gently with and very slowly with but it can be really one of those things that helps you kind of Unblock a lot of the things that are in the body Again, it's not it doesn't have to make sense to us, you know intellectually or logically or rationally. This is pre-logic and rationality. So Maybe if you're in therapy talk to your therapist about that as an option and also Even if you're doing work on yourself by yourself try to incorporate that You know try to get into a place where you're really relaxed where you feel safe and Start to incorporate some touch into your practice So it's a little tip for today guys. Hope it's helpful and I will see you again soon. Bye for now


My name is Dr. Ravishankar Swamy. I'm a senior consultant, a neonatologist at Manipal Hospital, Whitefield.  These are the testing times where we have multiple brains, multiple people coming together, brainstorm and come to a diagnosis. That is one of the most important reasons for being in a tertiary centre where teamwork plays a huge role. We have something called as Manipal Advanced Children's Centre where various specialties are available. So I can briefly tell about the various specialties which we have. For example, in the neonatal intensive care unit, myself and Dr. Guru Raj lead the team of young and energetic junior doctors. We also have the pediatric intensive care which is led by Dr. Guru Raj. The pediatric emergency where we have 24 bar 7 cover for pediatrics which is led by Dr. Anand Ditta and team. In general pediatrics, we have pediatricians, Dr. Guru Raj, myself, Dr. Usha, Dr. Rajiv and also Dr. Anand. So who all cover general pediatrics where we provide outpatient services from morning 8 o'clock to 8 p.m. in the evening. Following which if there are any cases then you are more than welcome to come to the pediatric emergency. We also have additional allied specialties which are super specialties which is pediatric neurology which is led by Dr. Usha Malinath. We have pediatric pulmonology which is basically looking into breathing difficulties. Those children who have got persistent cough and so these are looked after by Dr. Aileen Khilmi. For eye problems we have Dr. Jalpa in pediatric ophthalmology. If we have common problems are people who come back and tell me that my child snores at night time. He has mouth breathing at night time. Sometimes he has nasal twang and persistent rhinitis or allergic rhinitis. These are dealt by our pediatric team. We have multiple pediatric ENT specialists led by Dr. Vijay Rangachari, Dr. Selena Ray, Dr. Anitha Kumari and Dr. Alok Banka.  These are all looked after by our pediatric urology team led by Dr. Srinivasa and Dr. Gokul Krishna. The heart is the most important aspect and whenever the fetal medicine scans are done there is a separate time allocated for looking at the fetal heart and babies who are born with heart conditions or those babies who are admitted to ICU will require cardiac monitoring and we have Dr. Kavya Mallikarjun who is in pediatric cardiology. And for pediatric cardiothoracic surgery if those babies who are detected with antinatal problems we have Dr. Mukundan and Dr. Arun looking into pediatric cardiovascular surgery. The other common problem which people come back is that they look for the child has hypothyroidism, the child is not growing well, the child is not eating well, the child is losing weight and these are all usually after excluding the common issues are related to hormonal issues and for that we need pediatric endocrinology services and Dr. Aditya Hegade heads the team for this pediatric endocrinology services. Sometimes babies come or children come with fever, persistent cough and things are not getting better after seeing multiple doctors and have been on multiple courses of antibiotics, have tried various investigations and still the child seems to continue with the infection which the child has acquired and such cases we require an expert opinion in form of pediatric infectious diseases and here Dr. Archana is the right person to deal with children where we have problems of infection persisting for a while or some unique problems which has not been diagnosed and this is where pediatric infection disease plays a huge part. So skin, skin is one of the most important protective organ of the whole body and skin rashes, dry skin and various forms of problems associated with skin are usually dealt with the general pediatrician in the first instance but when things are still persisting then we refer to the pediatric dermatologist Dr. Praveen Bharadwaj who heads the team here at Manipal Hospital in Whitefield. Plastic surgery is another department so these children who have got minor cuts on the face, sometimes in the tongue and various parts of the body where sutures are required which are sort of does not leave a long term scar and various other indications where our plastic surgery team led by Dr. Sunil and Dr. Ramini will be at an excellent hand in this team. So there are children who for various reasons are depressed or have a lot of burden in form of school bullying or find it difficult to go to school or have got various issues such as the autism have attention deficit hyperactive disorder and so on psychological issues and for these cases we have Dr. Neetu Tiwari who is available at Whitefield and she is the right person to look into these issues. Children do come with knock knees, difficulty to walk, sometimes limping some bone problems, bone knee pain, fracture and for all these things we have Dr. Prashant Inna who is a pediatric orthopedician. Other common causes include babies who have persistent diarrhea, blood in the womb it and they are not gaining weight and what diet to be used and so on. So for this we require a pediatric gastroenterologist and Dr. Srikanth is the right person for this. As I had mentioned earlier on one of the most common things what babies expect at the time of birth or mothers expect at the time of birth is poor feeding and for poor feeding lactation counseling is one of the important things. We have Mrs. Anita who is the lactation counseling and we also have sister Usha who is the nurse who is there throughout your stay in the hospital will help you with the feeding. Apart from that all our nurses in the postnatal wards are trained to help mothers in lactation. The last and most important thing comes for babies who are born in an ICU and for unfortunate events do develop the brain hemorrhage or develop something called as Perimentary Clalocomalacia and these are the babies who will require some form of support and for this we have an entire system headed by Dr. Rashmi in the pediatric rehabilitation. Here we have physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech and language therapy and also psychologist work as a part of the same team. All the babies in the NICU are routinely screened to see if they have any form of behavioral or developmental problems This is called as the neurodevelopmental clinic. So all the babies from the NICU are seen several times once at 6 weeks, once at 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12, 18 and 24. This visits you are not only screened for just your vaccinations and general health but you are also looked at how your growth is at, how your developmental milestones are achieved. We use special scales called as the daily scale or sometimes the Denver development scales. These are the scales which help to detect if children are not developing at the right pace and so if we identify these children who are having some neurodevelopmental delay then these children are picked up so that early interventions are started so that the brain plasticity improves and we limit the damage which occurs in these children. So apart from that in the NICU itself we have early intervention treatment in the form of our neurodevelopmental team which will look into early interventions so that the sucking is helpful and the suck and swallow is achieved at an early age. So these are all the various specialties which are available at the Manipal Hospital.


Welcome to Toffy TV, it is the Everton News Daily. Henry on Y Curu has joined Monaco. We have signed a five-year deal with the French club, never played a game for Everton Football Club, signed under Steve Walsh and Ronald Cooman for around £7 million and it's thought the deal to join Monaco is worth around €15 million when the add-ons are in as well. I suppose it's one of those deals, this one way, there's a little bit of frustration that we never got to see him play for Everton. Obviously the work payment issue complicated everything and only playing 12 minutes at this summer's African Nations didn't help his cause in terms of a work payment. He has moved on, he thanked Everton, said he thanked them for giving him the opportunity to play for Galatasarai last season, thanks for everything they've done and he wishes them well in the future. The same from Everton to Henry on Y Curu. So there you go, that saga is over, is it a saga? It brings down Everton's net spend as well, Marco Silva spoke about that last week said it was at £28 million so reduced down to around £25 million, £24 million once the add-ons are there, sorry £23 million, £13 million rather. There you go, a more maybe to follow. Yannach Balasi has been linked with a move to Celtic, they're a good move for Yannach. Obviously it was tipped to join CSK in Moscow so we say last week reports of a payment deal level given the treatment Malcolm has had going over to play in Russia. Balasi said no, basically was out on social media and said he wouldn't be going there especially after what's happened to Malcolm but Celtic now credited with an interest in the wide player so remains to be seen whether or not Yannach Balasi moves there but doesn't look like he's got any future at Everton. John Philip Goodbaman has been speaking about his debut, he said he enjoyed it but it was faster than he thought and realised that he'd got to get up to speed quickly. He said he will be training hard, he said he'd only had eight weeks training and was thrown into a big and intense game but now that I have to get up to speed and he wants to give everything to repay the faith that Marcel Brands and Marco Silva have in him and he'll be working hard to do so. It's right listen, he came on, made a couple of mistakes in terms of getting caught in possession but his stats for the game were too bad at all and his passion was up around 77%, made some good forward runs with the ball as well. It is a case of trying to get him as fit as we can, as quick as we can and get him used to playing in the Premier League because we've got a lot of hope for him and the fitter he is and the more settled he is the better for us. Javier Gracie spoke about Abdul-Aide de Coray ahead of this week's game against Wofford, he said he's still fully committed to Wofford despite Everton having a bid turned down to take them afield at the goodness and park. He's got no doubts about his commitment to Wofford at the moment the transfer window is shut. He said they took our best player last season in the Charleston and we still managed to take four points off them so let's see how this weekend goes. There you go, having a little bit of fuel to the fire, it's about time Everton be Wofford, let's be honest, we've found the tricky opponents of late and there's a big opportunity at the weekend, the first home game of the season to go out and get those three points. Lee Mason has been named as the referee for that game at the weekend and I hear loads of Evertones cheering because Mason is an excellent referee, said no one ever. Let's see what happens at the weekend and that is if for your news daily, if you haven't subscribed please do so, it takes a second, if you want more videos get over join us on page and don't forget to give the video a like, thanks for watching, see you tomorrow.


So originally I was going to do like a talk about kind of how to segue from classical pen testing into industrial control systems and specializing in industrial control systems. But I'm going to go over one of the software defined radio tools that I've been developing and things along those lines. So it's basically yeah it's it's an amazing industry to get into and it feels like the early 2000s. How many people in here are pen testers? Or do pen testing for a living? And then how many people are in like IT positions for companies that are ship systems or anything along those lines? Yeah so like either of those are like segue points and I was going to kind of go into how because I started out you know doing classical pen testing or actually started doing terrible job which is server migrations and then I was scripting and doing two to three times as much as everybody else so it's something where you know you segue into actual pen testing and then from doing classical pen testing and exploit development and into actual industrial control systems and one of the the biggest things is like the it's just weird because it feels like you know the windows XP days like when you used to go pen testing and some people wouldn't even have you know patches fully aligned and things along those lines and just very very easy exploits to pull off and things along those lines so yeah and a little bit about me so a majority of the oil rigs and cruise liners and you know actual ship systems I've done and aircraft systems and things along those lines have all been for a company called MSI or Mission Secure and a little bit on myself I'm 33 years old I've been doing pen testing I live in North Dakota and it's nice and cold up there I spoke in a DEF CON main track talks 22, 3, 4, 5, 27 this is the village talk I'm doing this year so I've done a black cat, hardware IO, ICS security, enterprise yeah there's tons of speaking event, I've done over 60 speaking engagements so and yeah 15 years of pen testing more than that about 18 years of programming so and hacking ATMs point of sale systems everything IoT eventually got it originally got into actual industrial control systems by reverse engineering some malware that was going after oil rigs and they were actually stealing drill stem testing information so they could tell if the well is productive before the actual people who drilled it which is kind of crazy so and yeah going into hacking oil tankers and just pass passenger vessels aircraft systems so a lot of the air INC 429 and some of the specifics about it and that's one of the things I love about it like if you get burned out on actual classical pen testing you can get into some of the actual offshore rigs and yeah so I'm gonna go over a little bit of the actual pen testing as a profession and then that level of skills how to transition because you wouldn't believe how much you know it's kind of like a game of world warcraft like where you specialize in something so somebody's a web app guy or they're known as a web app guy or sequel or just certain people go into exploit development things along those lines how to actually segue into that a little bit I'm gonna go over some of the tools I developed because there's literally no tools for you can't just go buy metasploit for you know a caterpillar engine diagnostic system you literally have to listen to it find out what the hell it's saying and then try to say something back to it or see what it doesn't post like when it's doing its power on self testing and things along those lines so and yeah I'm gonna go into the actual protocols and equipment research and exploit development so you know some of the more advanced exploits and things like that if you can get unsigned code to run on a similar device sometimes there's a trust between things along those lines so yeah I'm just looking at the actual attack surface of the yeah and automating the actual testing of it because it's as fun as it sounds like you know going to Brazil or in the middle of the ocean several times a year is not how it's cracked up to be so it's something where yeah I'm going to go over some of the like the ways that you can actually segue into the actual testing purposes so yeah and different kinds of pen testing like I said there's classical hacking that's what everybody you know like when a bank or a hospital gets a pen test and there's web mobile and app application testing and then this is the usual progression somebody you know plays around with a lab or you know hacks their friends on i cq or something like that you know then it leads into you know actual web app mobile testing and then most likely into physical testing and then you then you get specialized you get your final spec and that's i'm going to use a couple outdated world warcraft analogies but that's pretty much the only easy way to explain it so and I highly recommend it because of any questions at all feel free to reach out to me and I will like go over in four hours just somebody how to you know actually do the attack surface of a ship it's very easy to do like a you know server 2012 or whatever and like some of that does tie into this like people always ask like how to get into pen testing that's like one of the biggest like when I would talk to college students and stuff and it's like you have to start out with some of the systems administration stuff you need to know what a lazy sys admin does because you're going to eventually have to exploit it and with some of the networking like some of the recent really really crazy ones where you can you know get in from a guest network and be on a ship like you know 12 hours later or something a lot of that requires networking it requires a device exploitation and things along those lines that you do learn from a life of actually doing just normal penetration testing and then physical stuff you know everything I use in my house my internet of things I always do do my own physical pen testing so like I pen tested my ring system just you know tore bot second system and just ripped total apart and yeah there's a couple other iot devices that I've torn apart and things along those lines but I've done a lot of a vehicle control area networks so I was a specializing in that a little bit before so but I always recommend it especially when people get burned out if they're in an overhead position or you aren't billable it's something where you have tons of time to do research and things along those lines you can specialize in this and I just would if anybody has any questions at all about that that's that literally hit me up on Twitter and I will take the time to go through some of the attack surface and how to build that up so it's at a tipping point for maturity it literally feels like 2002 2003 every single month and sometimes there are operating systems running from those years so that's kind of the the funny parts of it but it's looking at the actual wireless attack surface and I'm gonna get some of the automation and like even on airtight systems they're using a wireless keyboard that's exploitable or they'll use you know something that is specific down the road and it wouldn't you wouldn't believe if you know the resolution of a screen and you can actually you know connect a device you could start clicking things so and it's a pretty interesting group of concepts and I'm automating it like I was saying is like one of the main purposes that I was developing the wireless tools for it so yeah web application testing so all the HMI's majority of them are web based some of them have gotten a lot better about locking things down and there's certain systems where you can actually get that get their hardened system so there's an HMI in a control room or something like that I've actually you know tapped on the command prompt went to the info button I then got to pop up an internet explorer browser visited a local device on the network ran a internet explorer exploit oh it's like that's a chain of attacks that you have to do to you know actually execute some of that stuff so it's something where if you can get something local on the network you know that's that's one finding right there there's another finding second finding and it's more above and beyond just writing reports it's about actually taking that attack surface like understanding how some of the waitlisting and some of the other pen testing I've done in the past it's something where you know if you're able to do um cell side emulation legally like where you can you know spoof onto a network sometimes you get hit a four-year-old Cisco device that's unpatched and you know things along those lines and you can get past access controls and things like that so it's definitely something we're taking into consideration your previous experience with pen testing you can definitely get into ship systems and it's amazing how many ship systems have operating systems running on them or just normal off-the-shelf operating systems so and yeah classical pen testing so just on top of all the exploits you know there's all the named ones nowadays oh that is your phone I was like what happened to my phone I thought anyways sorry about that yeah but basically going into the actual remote code execution exploit development understanding how the exploits work because a lot of the systems they try to lock them down or harden them so it's something that looking into like I have I did several years of etm pen testing before I got into some of the more industrial control systems and it's something that uh yeah it's just taking a look at an approach at how people try to harden things and the majority is the security through obscurity so taking into consideration classical pen testing you definitely need to develop those skills you definitely need to pull those exploits off on the boxes also so the iot and smart smart stuff is basically yeah just doing manuals on phones I've done several cvs I think I have a 22 or 23 under my belt some of them internally disclosed a lot of them are with cell phone manufacturers things along those lines and some of those have just been found by tinkering with you know doing a web map test on a phone and then all of a sudden you see you know some sort of traffic that you're not supposed to so and yeah it's I definitely recommend getting as many devices as you can in understanding how they work and just start digging into a tax surface of them because once you have that analytical thought process where you can go through and see exactly how these systems interact with each other and how they refer certain interfaces so what happens when a cellular interface goes down or when a device is inside of a room that they assume can't connect to the internet but it still is a cellular interface on it it's still looking for cellular towers that's an attack surface that you're able to detect with the right wireless equipment you can see the beaconing information and you can actually sensor in international water you don't have to have a 50 foot Faraday cage you have to pull it all off and so it's really really fun stuff and I highly recommend yeah getting into tractor systems car systems definitely go over to the old villages around here guys there's a wealth of information these people are amazing and like most people are pretty approachable so it's definitely a good industry to reach out on so and if you're not confused you're not learning that's what I've learned over the years I got a there's one year where I didn't like learn anything and I just use like the exact same stuff over and over and over and if you guys ever get that you get this this learning curve that you have to work through once you get back to actually trying to learn things so if you want to start you know getting into like vehicle systems like I was doing some autonomous vehicle stuff I had to read the rfc for 802 11p and then you know find out what wave communication vehicle to infrastructure stuff is so there's all these things out there that aren't your classical pen testing and you'll feel like an 11 year old when you're doing it so that's the thing I can recommend for you guys is go out and buy like an 11 dollar pal tuner burned out and then find out why it burned out and then you know get like the actual you can work into some of the scots gadgets for the sdr's and some of them aren't technically software defined radios but you're able to listen to different frequencies and spectrums like a lot of the software defined radio automation I'm doing I literally have so it's a scott hack rf and then I have a edis n2 10 with a specific daughter board so I'm going to actually have like a smaller radios looking for frequencies it's going to be looking for just broad spectrum so it's a spectrum analyzer that basically looks all what's talking over a day period and then it'll pass off and then it'll capture huge spectrums of that and it's all all about automating it because it is expensive to fly people out to a ship in the air you know ship yard in the middle of nowhere and things like that so it's something we're especially if you know there's light plant switch at you know midnight every night it's you know some people don't want to be up at those hours so they don't want to send technicians out there so that's why I'm kind of working on automating it and going through the process of it so it'll basically do everything that I do on a pen test it'll tell me if there's pager traffic and then if there's pager traffic the next day it'll listen to that pager traffic it'll sample it and then you know you can actually go further with that you can port some of it's just raw serial communication when you actually break down the actual communication of it so but yeah yeah talk to people in the industry it's amazing like when I wanted to get into oil field hacking like I did a reverse engineering the malware it was geared at oil rigs in the Balkan that's where I'm from up in North Dakota and I just went to a bar and just chatted with like a bunch of MWD which is like measure wall drilling people and directional drillers and it's amazing you know like they have a you know dirty you know fire is it or fire-resistant gear and you just chat them up a little bit and people love talking about their jobs and that's definitely something I recommend and especially if you have the opportunity to be in an overhead position just try to learn as much as you can if you know wanting to get into some kind of consulting basis so and yeah like I said you can't be a master at everything unless if you literally dedicate your entire life to it like you know you guys all know that one friend that you go to with like the Linux questions and stuff like that yeah there are some people that do dedicate and but you need to specialize in four or five fields and then just become a master in those and like for three years I did telecom stuff and then I went on to other stuff and then I've ended up using my telecom stuff for base station hacking with site to site you know like these rigs they'll have a site to site and if you actually you know have an actual cpe or customer premise equipment you can pop up in between there and oh they're not using hardware encryption or they are using hardware encryption but there's some kind of spectrum you can listen to there so and there's always a lot of uh information you can do um just by learning how those actual systems work so and yeah levels of skills uh be enough okay there's several levels of it and what I recommend for people is be a good enough to sell it or quote it on everything like be able to you know talk about WAFs and you know and I'm not saying become a salesperson I would never recommend that to anybody but it's definitely something enough to self-study is the next step enough to hack enough to script and then enough to make exploits and uh enough to actually research and reverse engineer so just work your way through those uh levels and like I was saying this is pretty much an untouched industry I would say it's five years mature right now which is you know literally puts us in the early 2000s so first far as um opening up uh if you guys anyone if anyone a segue into that kind of industry or if you're in that kind of industry and they don't let you touch those systems if you can throw some of the lingo around enough to quote it type situation they might actually allow you to have access to some of those systems and then hopefully not brick them but yeah you can play around with them and learn them because some of these systems are you know a four hundred thousand dollar propulsion system you can't just buy that on ebay so and yeah having a broad skills is always positive um being able to know at least you know what the device is trying to do um is the level that you want to get to for all of it and then you can kind of go over the actual attack surface of the vessels themselves and when you get married or have kids uh your time does go away and uh there's this uh stopping point like when you turn 28 so like uh mentally after 28 it becomes impossible to pick up on new stuff so so for all the 30-year-olds in the room it's I think you guys you know or above you kind of feel that it's kind of hard to uh to learn things or pick them up as fast as you used to be able to so but uh yeah and uh also yeah just getting into actual uh software to find radios like I said is the biggest thing um uh I started uh tinkering with them you know just bought a paddle tuner and then I ended up um uh doing some work with the university and we ended up buying like four of the best uh us rps the edis n2 tens and then I ended up uh doing uh a man the middle attack on a uh a jeep key like actually starting a jeep a quarter mile away from its key and I did uh responsible discosers with um uh yeah chrysler and like just you know just starting from the bottom and you know like moving up and just wondering how stuff works in curiosity and for a while there I was I was getting bored I was like you know how many times can you get domain adamant in four hours or you know like something it just becomes a little bit repetitious and it's really really nice to be able to mix these kind of things into the mix so and background and transition like I said um you need to have um pretty much all these skills and all these skills are really good to work into um if you are like a mechanic or a technician as long as you have analytical thought they make some of the best people for actually doing this kind of stuff so and uh yeah actual student perspective uh yeah like I said you're young learn everything you can and uh listen to as many videos as you can on double speed and uh yeah and uh programming is a must uh at a certain point you're gonna hit some kind of wall that's something I always like to go through with people uh you don't necessarily need to be able to program but you need like a you know you can't really modify a metasploit pilot if you don't know ruby or if you can't uh you know come up with a proof of concept if you can't modify the python so yeah stuff is something to look into so and then a permapentesters perspective is the way that I went so I went through uh networking and the pentesting and then I back filled all my systems administration stuff so I definitely recommend learning a little bit about everything and then getting specialized into the actual sips ship systems and like I said the exact same way you look at the attack surface and want to learn this stuff you have to look at the sales materials first because like when I was doing aircraft hacking what does an aircraft use and then you look at like people were selling aircraft stuff and they're just bragging about how their product does this this and the other thing then you read a couple rfcs and then pretty much you're at the point where you can at least talk the talk and then you start actually diving into some of the actual testing and things along those lines so and yeah overhead versus consulting like I said um uh an overhead position you're not billable that's just what I mean by that um I would recommend that it's something where you have tons of free time to be able to learn things uh they'll pay for training things along those lines so and then consulting uh if you're young and want to travel a lot that's definitely a good field to get into so and yeah and some of them are um there's trap positions to watch out for like where they'll promise one thing and then it's another thing so I just have your eyes out for that kind of stuff but if it's something where you want to work into one of those positions from the current position you're in that's why I kind of asked how many people were in actual pen or in pen testing or consider themselves uh even doing light um exploit you know testing or stage one exploit testing if you've run running scanners and improving that they're working and stuff like that so you can still segue into one of these fields and like I said this is one of the growing industries if you have the background knowledge you'll be able to yeah definitely get positions in this so but how to learn all this um yeah practically every machine is a root you know has some kind of operating system running on it so just understand how exploit exploits work uh I can't stress enough and you guys can tell by how fast I talk I listen to everything on double speed so and uh setting up a lab and understanding the exploits um old phones car parts like literally everything you have I everything I get I desoderate like even have some weird thing I bought at rummage sale I don't know what it does I'll google everything that's on it I don't have as much time to do that anymore but I like knowing what every single uh piece of a device does because I do a lot of hardware hacking and uh like when I used to do a lot of cell phone exploitation you had to actually pull everything off the chip everything's gotten a little bit more advanced nowadays but it's definitely something still worth checking into so and like I said um being able to program um is really really nice because you can take somebody's github project that they you know forgot about while they're going to college and then you can basically uh turned it into something else which is an actual tool um like I said it's a I call it like a weaponized spectrum analyzer which is basically going through um all those frequencies and just being able to you know not burn out the radios and understanding how radios work and actually tinkering with some software to find radios I can't stress enough how much it how young you feel like just playing around with those radios I feel like you know when I tore my dad's VCR apart when I was little or something you know it's like that kind of enjoyment so I can't stress that enough and yeah getting as many devices as you can setting up the labs um reverse engineering uh started out cracking video games uh back when I was in junior high that's how I got into C++ and assembly level languages so it's something where if it's you can take one of your loves and integrated into another one and if you guys want to get into heavy duty programming I recommend at least programming an hour a day and uh do all the languages you hate or the really hard ones and the it's like playing Resident Evil on really really hard I think going back on easy and you just breeze through it so using video game analogies but that's what I like to do I like to confuse the crap out of myself and one of my bosses used to call it invidious Reese which means he like to throw me in the middle of things and then have me like learn both ways and it's if you when you learn the hardest stuff you can where you're hardly confusing yourself uh all the other stuff just comes naturally because you're googling this that and the other thing and once you're going over the actual attack surface of a ship or a boat or anything along those lines like some of the cruise liners I've done like I remember you know uh it just being able to find the specific system of those systems and not having internet is like you know because I'm the kind of guy all Google in front of a customer it doesn't scare me you know some people are like I'm a no doll I never you know Google no all Google stuff but sometimes you can google stuff and you need to know at least the basics of everything like some of the encrypted traffic I did on one of my first ship systems I basically was sniffing out a lot of this industrial space wireless spectrum and I was like I have no idea what this is and then I got it homeless encrypted but I was able to repeat it and be able to see that it was you know speaking some of the preambles and stuff like that so to know that it was a legitimate ship system so and yeah like I said the walls uh people who can't program uh like that's something I thought I couldn't program because they tried to you know I got this uh visual basic book and it was you know make a calculator and I'm like I don't want to do that so what I did was I got a bunch of c code and I just literally read it confused myself and then I started programming at least an hour a day and like I said even if you're confusing yourself and you're literally just reading for that hour a day do it as uh you will run into a wall and it's not as hard as you think once you've actually been in it like you'll it's that thing that you've done for three years that you can't realize how hard it was at one time that's exactly what programming is and uh if you don't feel like you don't like programming it's something that you learned it the wrong way or there's so many teaching methods especially in universities now um where they're teaching it what I would consider the wrong way so and yeah people who uh stagnate at one company I've seen or or there's the opposite of that the guy who hops in between companies every two years when their renewal bonuses up or you know things along those lines so and yeah and that's a good way to burn out HDMI so but yeah uh yeah and like I'm saying I don't don't feel bad googling things uh google as much as you can um yeah and fear uh yeah yeah as far as work face anti-os like some people are like I'm never going to do anything with this that or the other operating systems and some of the real-time operating systems are really really dry and a lot of them are repetitive and there are some recent exploits and things along those lines so staying on top of those exploits in addition to a 40 hour work week which none of us probably have it's all you know more hours than that but I spend at least eight hours researching exploits looking on github uh finding out how things work and if I don't understand them I have to find the mechanics behind the other thing and it's it's amazing like when you can you know uh basically you know like I could talk some crazy crazy things you can pull off but it's like chaining together six or seven things and some of them don't seem to be big things you know what I mean like if you can deactivate a windows license what does that do it's like I know the next time that machine boots up what page it's going to try to go to and if I'm in a man in the middle I can basically run a server by our uh web browser exploit so there's lots of cool ways to do sandbox escapes from hardened systems like that be it an hd or you know hmi or some other system like that so and we are running out of time so yeah just uh I think I have one more slide here so yeah this custom space um for custom start to find radios uh get into the get into their untouched uh wireless findings like I I can't believe how many people don't like if you guys are classical pen testers at least start doing this start uh looking at how many bluetooth there's bluetooth wireless um a hack uh crazy rf radio things been out since like 2016 so there's no excuse for not knowing that there's wireless keyboards and if you can literally sniff up people's passwords you can and I've done that in the wild like I've uh done that I've done that before I've paired with devices and done keystroke injection and sometimes that's good enough to showing them the proof of concept on that like even if they're one of those customers you're you know they they have a really hard end surface you might not be able to get in exactly you might be able to actually still show them that there's weaknesses with some of the wireless keyboards and things like that so yeah and as far as that spec uh uh spectrum tool I have like yeah I got two minutes left so but I'm gonna go into a little bit about the actual device itself and uh yeah so it basically has three radio antennas so it has Edison 210 as a scott scott and has a crazy rf on it so basically um scans for bluetooth traffic and then I have an uber tooth one on there also but so if you want to start getting into heavier payload sampling and things like that or if you want to start de-offing stuff or doing two-way communication you can um but it basically is a way to automate some of the wireless testing so because like some if some people do pen testing they like to send a box onsite and things like that and I think it would make a really great addition um to onsite pen testing like how many hospitals uh have people pen tested and they don't realize their pager traffic is unencrypted and they're leaking pii information like it's it's amazing like room numbers in a name or room numbers in a kind of medication you know then you can literally say you know it's so and so it's it's it's an amazing thing to be able to add to the deliverables I don't want to get all project mandatory but it's definitely something that people will enjoy and I think your customers will enjoy it so like I was saying yeah thanks thanks and I've opened the questions I honestly love my job and I literally will talk all day about it so yeah if you guys have any questions hit me up on twitter it's weston hecker at twitter so and yeah so open up to questions which I have like a minute left probably so awesome well I appreciate you guys taking the time and uh like I said um feel free to like literally approach me I I know a lot of people say that like I genuinely mean that like hit me up on twitter I have a lot of criminals hit me up on twitter too so if you're wanting me to you know let's hijack a ship of Mercedes vehicles or something I probably won't do it with you but if you guys want to learn some stuff like definitely let me know I love chatting with people and learning and seeing enthusiasm it makes me more enthusiastic because when you get burned out on something it's really nice to be able to you know see people with passion so so I appreciate it guys and yeah weston hecker at twitter feel free to hit me up and I'll get in contact with you otherwise I'll be right outside here and we can chat also so thank you guys


Welcome back to the School of Castellanx TV, it's Tim and Jaco and now they're setting this month's graduates. It's a little bit different, isn't it, to the news desk. Timbo, tell them why we are in the sun riding on this bad boy. Well we decided that we'd better go on a couple's retreat because the news centre was getting a little bit heated. It was, wasn't it? We came out to my ex, Jim Marbay, and we actually invited a load of other people to come with us. So we've had an amazing weekend workshop with a group of guys and girls absolutely smashing it in the sunshine. We've been out on a world famous obstacle course. We've been in Ninja Alley and it's been absolutely legendary. Jetski. Yeah. We went Jetski paddle boarding and all the calisthenic stuff as well. And actually, next, if you want to come next year in May 2020, we are going on another trip and the details for that are available in the description below. And you can book your place for that on the website, but do be quick because last year the trip we were on now was sold out in, I think, less than a week. So you need to be quick if you want to get on it. Yeah, it's a great experience. Yeah. And Tim, I do like your new vest you seem to have on. Yes, these are the new 2019 Scala Calisthenic Vest Edition with a little bit of this, the reminder of redefining possible. These are available in the shop if you want to get yourself a little bit of Scala Calisthenic Stash. I'm going to say that I'm very happy rocking it how well these came out. All right, less enough of us. I've just had it in my ear that the boys in the studio, the analysis studio of the graduates are ready. Yes, they are ready. So over to Tim and Jaco for this month's graduates. Cheers for that, boys. Nice to see you having a good time in Marbella. I mean, the closest we're getting to Beach is Jaco's photo. Is it a photo or a painting? Well, that, yeah, it's a beach behind here. Beautiful. Looks like it. Have a cocktail on me. Yeah, don't because you're supposed to be working. Anyway, Jaco. What have you got in store for us this month on a graduates role? We have the May graduates. There may be some awesome people doing some awesome things. No, there is. And we've got a, yeah, there's actually the first one that's going to kick off at the beach as well. Probably we could do that. Shall we go? Yeah. We talk about Scala Calisthenics. You can train anywhere.  This embraces, I think, everything that is cool about what we try to do with the Scala Calisthenics. Okay. I'm just going to make those a little bit bigger so you can see us. Right. Ready? Yeah. Hit it. Oh, yeah. Can't support. This is why I love it. I know this pain with Jaco. I'm trying to train Jaco. Get out of the way. Oh, he's just trying to get a graduation video. Left his shoes on, which is confident. Oh, he's ready. Yes. Amazing. And I think wife, I'm assuming they're married, is a partner, is a lot more impressed than the kids. Kids can get less.  Get out of the way. On a climb. And a human flag is of no mean feet and very nicely polished. And they had a lot of things to deal with there, including children getting in the way. Yeah. Onward. Well done, Aaron. Love that one, mate. Well done. Nosebleed. Yeah. So Bucky, he's done a couple of the Instagram lives and he's just been, he'd been working on his circle, you know, and how blended. Holding, just go back here. Holding, like, so this, that middle section being of that. So frog to handstand this, this being that, that's middle transition phase. I'm just getting good and confident there. And it was, you know, it wasn't long ago that it was, that was completely impossible for him. And so the, like Tim says, that alignment, how long he may hold that, if that becomes a stable position, just like your frog stand, you work between the position between the two, plenty of all handstand work, you are laughing. Yeah. That is such, if you can get strong in that position, you've got, you've got so much more capacity to have some fun because you just, yeah, you've got always got some go-to to anchors in there to get pushing. I like that. It's really nice, isn't it? And he's, Bucky, he's nosebleed on Instagram. He's done a few of the Instagram lives with us. So I would appreciate it. Expert coaching, largely. Well done. Right. Next one up, I saw a little bit of a glimpse of who this one might be. We'll just enjoy it. Oh, then the grunting. I know, the effort noises were there. Good grunting. Now Jenny. Jenny came to Marbella in September last year. 2019. Absolute legend and came, and what I was so trough about with Jenny is she literally came and she's like, I'm just here to learn. Like I haven't really done a lot. I'm trying to get back into my training. And this was something that she's been working on for a while. And the, the, the sense of achievement and what it, it's like, this is all about her expression at the end. Which I remember reading this and she's like, I've been working on this for ages. Let's have a look. The bar pullover. So proud. Yeah. And that's what it's about. Learning to move in a new way, having fun whilst doing it. And then what, what other things is she going to go on and do now?  So it's not always about the full final thing. It's, it's sometimes it's about with those little wins along the way. And actually who doesn't want to do a bar pullover. And Jenny made that look pretty easy. But that's for another video of her trying some reps and she could see how frustrated she was, get it. But again, like confidence to go and do some other stuff and to play around with that. I mean, you've got that in the lock of your skin. The cat's going to start to get a little bit easier. It's all just like building towards something. So massive congrats on that, Jenny. These wins are super significant. And then it just goes onwards to the next little challenge you set yourself. Good job. Claire Clark, actually just done an analysis on this on that webinar, haven't we? And for our virtual classroom, we did a video analysis session today. So we, we actually be able to give Claire a bit of breakdown and technique. But this is looking nice. So super high frog stand position. And it's the high, the strength to maintain that high position when she takes those knees off, no dropping up. And then the last bit is just a little bit more slowly to just push out into that shape. So she's been doing some, she's been doing some work on that and getting straighter through in that arm position. But this is the one of those steps along the way of going like, I actually got both knees off. I rotated, I got my hips stacked into the showers and I'm pressing out into that full handstand and it's just polishing off that final little bit of straightening up through there and finally getting that full graduation in the locker. And she's making that look really easy. She pushes up this little bit here where it's almost that last little connection you've got to push with that shoulder to get vertical. You got to bring the torso line up to get a nice straight body position, but you can't go too far. So it has to be done with some real like precision. So that's just a little bit more time on learning where too much is and just doing that extra bit of confidence with that strength. That's a great position to start from. And actually just a little tip because we get a lot of questions about sometimes around, do I need to straighten my arms before straightening the legs? And the reality is you can, it's up to you, you can do what you want. But in terms of maintaining that bit of being easy to maintain a balance, if we keep the legs in closer in that tuck position, the balance is much easier because you haven't got to manage those legs all the way up here. So we bring them down. If we can straighten the arms out at that position and get them locked out, then it's less, there's a lot of strength going on to hold that position because we're not actually locking those joints out. So if we do, and then straighten the legs last, you're going to have more success in the long term, but in the short term, it's going to be a little bit more harder and more frustrating. But that makes the journey all the more enriching when you finally do, redefine your impossible. Well said. I like that enriching. Steven Morton, online client. Come on, Steven. He's been working with Seth, who's a judge about online. Easy, float it. Boom, nailed it. All day. All literally. He's going for the world record. One minute and six seconds is the world record. Look at that. I don't know you're moving the shoulder. Rock solid. I was like, he's holding his legs. Unbelievable. That's really good. That's longer than mine. The only thing that beats that is he's got one of the scorecards next rigs and when he does it on that, that's anything. So online coaching, that's what you get. Yeah. That's what you're saying. He's been, he's done, I think, two of the full programs all the way through, getting one-on-one feedback with Seth, our online coach. And yeah, the results, I think, speak for themselves. Marvelous work there. Is it just the strength to go to hold that position for that long without moving? It's some good work there. Right. Reads the jack from the virtual classroom. This was his first kick-up to holding his handstand. And as I always say, a second upside down, the first time you're holding a handstand feels like a lifetime. So again, you can talk about how straight we are, but the thing about being able to get that first bit of time upside down a significant amount of time like it was there, not just like one or two seconds. And actually being able to make some corrections and when it just got too much and too far over then, I wasn't able to bring it back. But is there for time? And from that, you've got so much confidence to go on for the rest of things. If you want to do a frog to handstand, you better be able to hold that handstand at the end. So it's important to be able to have that in the locker. Yeah, I think it's just a continual process then of just tidying things up. That's just how your handstand goes. It's, you've got to get onto that point where you can balance the start off. Yeah, no one's first ever handstand is perfect. And what is perfect anyway? Let's save that for another day. Trevor Sexton came on the Tough Mudder event with us just recently. Trevor's been in Riddles at the School of Casting since the beginning. Literally day one. Great to hang out with him at the Tough Mudder very recently. And this has actually been one. I know I can see what he's been doing behind him. I'm thinking it's a human black handstand. And he's been working on this for some time as well. So this is going to be a victory. So this is the first time he'd managed to get both legs off in his frog stand, which for some people, he takes one off and then brings it a bit.  Like why do mine feel like they're glued to, and I think a lot of people then feel like there's, the reason it is, is because there's something around their hips and their core that's not strong enough to lift them off, rather than actually the shoulders not being strong enough, the brain knowing they're not strong enough and just going, well, I'm not going to give you that option because we're just going to fall down. The interesting thing is everyone is, well, I say everybody, the majority of people are strong enough in this portion of their body to be able to lift their lower body weight. You could lie on the floor in a number of different positions, you could do that. It's not that you're lacking particularly strength here, it's that you're lacking the neural connection and the strength to be able to do that whilst you're in this position. So it's a combination of things and just goes to highlight the way that the body works as a complete system. It knows it's unstable here, taking those knees off, the brain is going to go, why would you want to do that? But if you've got the strength there, you then start to be able to go, do you know what? Let you play. Let you play, yeah. Great work Trevor, that's looking good mate and onwards it was from there. Yeah, you can see them starting to go up and then it's just a case of getting into that inverted chair position from that. And then balancing that shape because you see the body weight is behind and stuff all starts again to put, just getting those off is a massive way and it just shows you've done some decent work on your strength development. Yeah. Good job mate. Sat well though. Yeah, it's a flagship. Lowering it, I don't have a lot of flagships this month. Nice. He's got, we've got a couple of options. A couple of options the way he likes to get into these, which is nice.  Let's have a quick look at that bit again. This is where people have got so much of opportunity to nail the human flag. He's getting this bit here, you're going to watch him as you come through. Watch that bottom shoulder. Yeah. He just moves it into a good position and locks it in and then that's creating a stable foundation from that bottom arm push. Here he goes there, pump and it's locked in there. Push away. And there you get it up. Nice. If you can get into some tuck positions, you're almost there, but like pulling up into that his shoulder, some of that strength in that bottom arm shoulder is going to, it's going to pay you in good stead for lots of stuff that you're going to do because you've got to, you've got to have that like rear delt like locked on and he's got to be firing white to be able to even like dang his head in that shape let alone fully push out. Jackie, you're doing well this month. I'm enjoying the variety. There is a huge variety. We've got on a show today. Mason Martinez. It's a muscle up. He's in the virtual classroom and he is a bossing tidy. Them out reps tops off obviously. Look at that. Crack him. I'm going to that's good. There's a couple of things on that. Here, look at the smile on his face. One thing I wanted to just say is a really nice example of like maintaining straight body line, getting all the way down to full extension of the elbow and into full flexion of the shoulder and then actually being out and allowing himself to then spring out of that bottom position. Then also as he's coming down you see as he gets tighter he needs more and more and more of that shoulder mobility there at the top but to actually get that he's actually got really good his range to get into that transition is great and he's got good mobility of the shoulder and he's a super happy chapter for that and rightly it should be. Yeah, there's looking great. Right. I've been to Albuquerra, Tim. Have you? And that is what the sky is like the entire time. I didn't see a cloud for two weeks. Is it as good as Marbella? Well, I was camping and we had a lot of we had an ants problem. Imagine camping for two weeks and scorching hot. With ants. With ants. And my wife making us do like some sort of warm weather running, training. That might be by Friday afternoon that that is preferable to two hours with Mike. Yeah, it's the same thing we were running around that. I'm ready for the assault course anyway, Stephanie Lee.  Again, happy chapter. We'll bust out some dips in the top. Just dips in front of top job. More muscle ups. Yeah. So this chap is from South rugby player from South Africa. And he is making those look easy. You can talk about your faux pas position. I want to do that. Watch one. It's like it was interesting of rugby player in South Africa and how calisthenics using calisthenics as part of a training program for developing here upper body power. Like does he need to be able to do a muscle up for him to be good at rugby? Well, not necessarily, but is it giving him an outcome to train for that's developing his upper body power at the same time making sure that he's got good shoulder range of motion and good body control? Well, yeah. And do we want good shoulder range of motion body control in a sport? That will be a course we do. So I'm not going to add anything about that. No, fine. Just fine. Fine. Just a little bit of space between the rings or between the bar makes it more akin to a ring muscle up because you've got some space to move into.  It's still having to work hard and the shoulders are looking good in terms of that rotation position. Sees a pop. So just getting the elbow stacked on top of the wrist to be able to provide a stable foundation for the dip. Like it. That is our graduates for the whole of May. Excellent. I've been, as I said, I've enjoyed the variety. Yeah. I enjoyed the competency. And that people, what I enjoy the most is actually people take the effort to send us their examples of what they've been working on. Yeah. They're really finding their impossible because it does make us feel very warm and fuzzy to see people out there absolutely smashing it. And sometimes way better than what we're doing. Well, and we know that like seeing those winds along the way and we know that when you share that and we're just like a medium for you to be able to share that through that that is going to, I know that that's going to inspire not just like one person but potentially hundreds or maybe even thousands of people that are working on, they might have been working on one of those things that you were getting or they're stuck on one of those things that was just done where there was a bar pullover where there's a full muscle of more where they were just taking the knees off in the frog stand. And actually that's just going to spur them on and give them some hope that, okay, it feels pretty difficult at the moment, but I've seen that person do it and I know that if they can redefine their impossible, so can I. So keep sending them in. And I think the one of the things that I'm enjoying the most more recently, maybe I don't know if it's a season, but whether it's going to be ongoing. I like the, I'm almost enjoying the little winds along the way rather than like the full wave. Because I think that you see more you see more of the vulnerability. I think in halfway there. Yeah, it is, but I'm waiting and sometimes I'm like that I'm going to wait until I can do it properly before I start put some stuff out and share it. But there's those pictures on the way that give you, they're the ones that give you hope. Yeah. And give you actually that you know they are important. Because a big, so trying to get a perfect handstand for graduation is going to be a really long process. I don't think we need to wait. Don't wait ten years to send the video working on mine and it's not perfect, but especially on some days it's terrible. But through the thought, but we enjoy the little winds. I don't feel like you're going to send us a graduation video that has to be the perfect thing. Send it in. If you're happy with it, we're happy with it. We'll share it and encourage others. And that impossible might just be one of the steps along the way.  Yeah. And that's cool if that is. That's what my wife is, it's just on that. Corrin says literally she came in from the gym of the week and taken one knee off. Absolutely, it was it. She moved, it moved. And even if that your goal is literally like one of those things what will happen is as soon as you get to that, well actually now I did think two was impossible but I'm going to go for that and once you do that then you're going to go I'm going to do the fourth thing too. That's what it's all about. Really finding impossible. Right guys, thank you for stopping by. That is signing off from the graduation studio for today. We'll see you next month. Until next month.