What's going on infinite fam welcome back to another video if you guys are new to the channel make sure you guys hit that subscribe button Turn on your post notification bell leave a positive comment down below for chance to get a For chance to get a shout out in the next video. That is right babe So um if you guys notice we are wearing the same clothes as the previous video And that is because today we have a doctor's appointment for baby girl over here So babe let him know what's going down today because we are currently on the way guys today I am going to my gyno because I have some concerns with As you guys know I have endometriosis So I am basically going to ask the doctor. What are my chances of being able to get pregnant last time? I went to the doctors They did an ultrasound on me and they found a lot of scar tissue and they pretty much Gave me medication for it to basically I guess help the situation When I asked a nurse practitioner if like I can have a baby She was kind of just like that is more so for the actual doctor to answer And I've been on this medication for about a month now so I just want to see like what are my options and What are my chances as well and yeah, that's pretty much what I am going to tackle today And I wanted to bring you guys with us because Obviously, this is a big deal and we don't want to like leave you guys out of it So what all that being said guys, we are going into everything with a positive mindset All right everything that we do we always leave it up to God and God's hands and all that so Irregardless of what the doctor says Ultimately, I leave everything up to the man above and that's just how I like to live my life Anything else you want to say? Nope, so we'll catch you at the doctor's office Made it we are actually in the waiting room right now baby Why you're nervous I got like a slow zoom going on right now This stress Yeah, guys, we're just waiting right now for him to come in and then We're gonna ask him if he wants to be on camera because we want to ask him if this whole conversation If he's like comfortable with just it being on camera and whatnot, you know Obviously, we like to ask people before putting them on camera any last words All right, love what is Tell me what's going on. I mean I read about you. I know about your history of Endo, right? And I actually read your Ultrasound lap was it last week? Yeah. Yeah last week But tell me what this is about what's going on. Come here. So this business is pretty much pertaining to just like my I guess if I'm able to get pregnant and kind of just like If it is going to be difficult What are going to be my options as far as being able to have a baby? Also, just like my timeline because when I got my surgery They had told me that it's gonna be harder for me to get pregnant and I would have to get immediately after surgery Just in general. Oh, okay And like the average person as well as like if I do want to get pregnant that I should start now because if I Want to wait a couple years. I won't be lucky That last sentence I don't understand What they meant by that unless they're just saying that if you're going to have trouble you should start sooner rather than later Maybe that's what they meant So I mean the true true true nitty gritty of it is no one can tell you Whether you can get pregnant or not With you having all of your parts intact We can we know that you have an ametriosis your ultrasound Showed and suspected that you still have either some scar tissue or New scar tissue because it looked like on the ultrasound that your ovaries were kind of stuck behind your uterus Now that again, that's just an imaging. That's not me live inside of you knowing, right? And so there's no way to really know your fertility state 100% Unless you're going to go through a full fertility workup Which is possible, although I am not a fertility specialist per se I know how to do a lot of the lab work that they do I can order a lot of the tests that they order, but I am not a true fertility specialist So if you want the best of the best which would be a fertility specialist And they can take you through that and what that's going to look like is it's going to be a decent number of visits with blood work It's going to be a analysis from this young man. It is going to be potentially a saline sauna where they inject your uterus with some saline to see whether there's any Pollups or anything like that sitting in the cavity. It will be potentially what's called an HSG which stands for a histro-supingogram That's where they see whether your tubes are open So I mean it's an it can be an extensive workup And each one will give them information now what one of those things can I do? I don't do saline saunas, but I do histaroscopy. So to me it's actually a little step above I actually can put a camera inside of your uterus and see is there something there that doesn't belong and you can get a Tissue sample to say hey look her endometrium is healthy I Can order a histro-supingogram? Instead of doing it with them you can do it at a radiology facility So there are things that we can order without them I can give you an order for analysis for him to get his sample to make sure because 33% of the time It's male factor induced If all of that comes back as normal Then it's you know then the blood work that is more in their realm So I know how to do some of the blood work and I know what blood work they're looking for But there's very specifics when it comes to that some of the labs I can't even draw here. You have to have them done at the lab Okay Because they have to be immediately frozen So saying can I get pregnant is kind of a Loaded question because Anything is possible But you need to you know unless you guys are just going to dive into it and try the definition of infertility is one full year of actively trying to get pregnant without Getting pregnant That is when most at your age will say that warrants a fertility work up Now you should not be trying to get pregnant while you're on the medication that you're So remind me when was surgery a Year ago, okay, okay, but and you started feeling things kind of flare back up immediately after Do you know Like how well or not well they were able to clean Things up. I was told that my surgery was very difficult What was it done at remind me it was in New Jersey, okay, and it was in New York City But that's all that they really told me was that they have to get a general surgeon to help. Oh Because it was like it was my colon and everything was like mixed in Yeah, but that's pretty much all that they told me okay, okay So, you know without that operative report to see how much they did or didn't do or could or couldn't do It's impossible for me to know what your baseline was I mean if your colon was involved Do you remember them ever giving you a stage of your endometriosis Joe before okay? Okay, so your colon was 100% of all yeah And it basically means that the area underneath your uterus, which is called the cul-de-sac is gone It means that your colon likely was just stuck to your uterus. So you were the case that I had yesterday I mean it is unfortunately endometriosis is a it's a nasty beast Yeah And so that's why they probably need a general surgery to kind of push down your colon and detach it from the uterus Yeah, I think that's what he said actually and so then you know the The downside to any surgery is that with each surgery with each tissue that you touch This you can stick back together So whether your ovaries were stuck where they look like they're stuck on ultrasound now or whether they Restuck there is impossible to know but if they stuck With the tubes then it can be blocking your tubes That's where the HSG would come into play But they inject you someone to die and see whether the die comes out the tubes to see whether the tubes are open or not The tubes aren't open then you can't get pregnant without IVF That's where that those brilliant fertility doctors come into play So you guys have to make the decision of when are we going to try and whether you want to do the conservative route and Not do all of this crazy testing come off the my femur II Try and if you'd hit pregnant great, then who gives her then you know, right? Yes And actually getting pregnant helps and be sure this is what keeps it quiet Which is a great which is a great thing Or you don't get pregnant and you're ready for the work up Or you can stay on the my family and we can do some of the work up so that you know Exactly what's going on so that you know You know when you come off my family how difficult or not difficult it may or may not be questions Does that all make sense? Yes, everything makes sense. I'm very informative Incited a lot of like my worries and questions I Feel like the only question that I have is if I do have another surgery would that help me or harm me? It depends on what we find when we go in to do the other surgery You know sometimes doing surgery can cause harm, okay, right if I I may have to damage your tube in order to detach it from something You know and whether it was damaged already before we start versus not is going to always be a mystery With each surgery just like I said it create it can create new scar tissue Which can actually make you worse than you were before surgery. So I'm not opposed to surgery I do surgery all the time every week but Patients with endo you have to be very careful and weigh the risks and the benefits to taking them to surgery every six months to a year Versus knowing when to say you really should stop and see if the medication will treat you and see if we can do a Non-surgical approach first because if not before you know it you're 40 years old and you've had 40 surgeries And each one gets more and more potentially complicated I guess um, I'll just continue to take the myfembrie How are you doing on it? I actually like it. It's helped a lot with my pain. Awesome. I'm glad it's helping your pain Yes. All right, love. We are not going anywhere. We are always here for you Um, I'm sure you're following up when it comes to the myfembrie Yes, um, if you guys get home and you have questions or you change your mind about anything I'm always here. We can start to work up Whenever you want we can refer you whenever you want. It's easy peasy. Okay. Thank you so much for Pleasure. Do you have any questions, sir? Um, actually one. Yes, if we did want it to start trying to get her pregnant How soon would she have to stop the medication? I would probably recommend three months three months. Okay. Gotcha All right, that's all I have for three months for her Um, but I mean, you know we want there is no real hard fast rule But three months not only gives time for the medication to be out of her system But it also gives time for your body to kind of reregulate itself Because one of the very important things in dating a pregnancy and figuring out how far along you are is what your last menstrual period was So if you're just like constantly spotting And we don't really know when your last menstrual period was. Yes We can eventually figure out how far along you are by ultrasound We're accurate to know it based on your last menstrual period that it is to date you by song note. Okay. Gotcha. Okay. Thank you What other questions sir? That's it. I'm good All right team. Thank you so our infinite fam So that was probably the most personal. I think we've ever gotten on this channel as far as like In depth with my I guess endometriosis Definitely don't want to put everything that was said in there because I'm a little embarrassed Not gonna lie talking about all my surgery and all this stuff But I feel like after that conversation. It's definitely a lot to think about. Um, man, I'm ready to start Are we trying tonight?  You hear me off of my medication I see where my brain's at. Um, okay, so let's go home. Let's throw out your medication We're not gonna throw it out. Let's like put it in the back of the cabinet where it's not seen All right, and then we'll wait three months and then you know, we'll get the we'll get the party started Absolutely not. That's crazy. Um, I have to give myself three months get used to the meds I'm on And I've only been on it for like a month and a half. So I have to like get on that Hopefully it'll help Like I said, um, everything's still up in the air With as far as my timeline. So I don't know. I think I just have a lot to think about and yeah What do you have to say about all of that? You learn something new every day when he said 33% of the time infertility is caused is because of the man I was like, wow I was actually very surprised with that. Yeah, I know every day. So 33% of the time is the guy's fault. See 66 67% it's always the females right you guys you guys just always causing problems.   Yeah Anyway, yeah, so we'll just wait it out and uh, see what's gonna happen from here Do you think he was judging our lisp? Yes, I could tell he was looking at me while I was talking and I could tell like he was looking at my lisp But I was getting like mad self-conscious about it. Bro. I hate this lisp so much. I hate it too Like I don't I don't want to wear liners anymore I don't I honestly just want to get veneers, but I'm scared with veneers because like sometimes I don't know it just doesn't end up going well, but I rather just go the natural way So we're gonna go the natural where we already started. Yeah, we already started. It is what it is came back out now All right guys, so we finally made it home fast forward about a half hour that traffic was insane Florida is becoming more and more populated. I don't know how I feel about that I think it's the area that we're in honestly. I feel like I think it's just florida in general everyone wants to come down to florida because everyone just hates the cold Yeah, pretty much, but all that being said guys, that is the end of today's video So overall a pretty much positive outlook on everything that went on today Anything else you want to say before we close it? Nope, I think that's it. Um, he answered a lot of my questions very informative and concerns and yeah, that's pretty much it So overall that being said guys, it is not time for today's post notification shout out today's post notification shout out goes That's who Amy Hernandez shout out to you girl. Thank you so much for the love and support If you guys want to post notification shout out all you guys got to do is like comment share and subscribe Turn on those post notification bells So you notified whenever we post a new video and with all that being said we will catch you in the next video


This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Alarms and Discursions by G. K. Chesterton Section 13, Chapters 37-39 The High Plains By high plains I do not mean table lands. Table lands do not interest one very much. They seem to involve the boar of a climb without the pleasure of a peak. Also they are vaguely associated with Asia and those enormous armies that eat up everything like locusts, as did the army of Xerxes, with emperors from nowhere spreading their battalions everywhere, with the white elephants and the painted horses, the dark engines and the dreadful mounted bowmen of the moving empires of the east, with all that evil insolence, in short, that rolled into Europe in the youth of Nero. And after having been battered about and abandoned by one Christian nation after another, turned up in England with Disraeli and was christened, or rather pagan, imperialism. Also it may be necessary to explain, I do not mean high plains, such as the Theosophists and the Higher Thought Centers talk about. They spell theirs differently, but I will not have theirs in any spelling.  Sometimes they will almost tell you what plain, as in 5994, or plain F sub-plain 304. I do not mean this sort of height, either. My religion says nothing about such plains, except that all men are on one plain, and that by no means a higher one. They are saints indeed in my religion, but a saint only means a man who really knows he is a sinner. Why then should I talk of the plains as high? I do it for a rather singular reason, which I will illustrate by a parallel. When I was at school learning all the Greek I have ever forgotten, I was puzzled by the phrase, oinon milan, that is, black wine, which continually occurred. I asked what it meant, and many most interesting and convincing answers were given. It was pointed out that we know little of the actual liquid drunk by the Greeks, that the analogy of modern Greek wines may suggest that it was dark and sticky, perhaps the sort of syrup always taken with water. That archaic language about color is always a little dubious, as where Homer speaks of the wine-dark sea, and so on. I was very properly satisfied and never thought of the matter again until one day, having a decanter of cleric in front of me. I happened to look at it.  Very thin, diluted, or held up abruptly against a flame, red wine is red. But seen in body, in most normal shades and semi-lights, red wine is black, and therefore was called so. On the same principles I call the plains high because the plains always are high. They are always as high as we are. We live climbing mountain crest and looking down at the plain, but the phrase is an illusion of our arrogance. It is impossible even to look down at the plain, for the plain itself rises as we rise. It is not merely true that the higher we climb, the wider and wider is spread out below us, the wealth of the world. It is not merely that devil or some other respectable guide for tourists takes us to the top of an exceedingly high mountain and shows us all the kingdoms of the earth. It is more than that, in our real feeling of it. It is that in a sense the whole world rises with us, roaring, and accompanies us to the crest like some clanging chorus of eagles. The plains rise higher and higher like swift grey walls piled up against invisible invaders, and however high a peak you climb, the plain is still as high as the peak. The mountain tops are only noble because from them we are privileged to behold the plains, so the only value in any man being superior is that he may have a superior admiration for the level and the common. If there is any prophet in a place craggy and precipitous, it is only because from the veil it is not so easy to see all the beauty of the veil, because when actually in the flats one cannot see their sublime and satisfying flatness. If there is any value in being educated or imminent, which is doubtful enough, it is only because the best instructed man may feel most swiftly and certainly the splendor of the ignorant and the simple, the full magnificence of that mighty human army in the plains. The general goes up to the hill to look at his soldiers, he withdraws himself, not because his regiment is too small to be touched, but because it is too mighty to be seen. The chief climbs with submission or goes higher with great humility since, in order to take a bird's eye view of everything, he must become small and distant, like a bird. The most marvelous of those mystical cavaliers who wrote intricate and exquisite verse in England in the 17th century, I mean Henry Vaughn, put the matter in one line, intrinsically immortal and practically forgotten. O holy hope and high humility. That adjective high is not only one of the sudden and stunning inspirations of literature, it is also one of the greatest engraveous definitions of moral science. However far aloft a man may go, he is still looking up, not only at God, which is obvious, but in a manner at man also, seeing more and more all that is towering and mysterious in the dignity and destiny of the lonely house of Adam. I wrote some part of these rambling remarks on a high ridge of rock and turf overlooking a stretch of the central counties. The rides were slight enough in reality, but the immediate ascent had been so steep and sudden that one could not avoid the fancy that on reaching the summit one would look down at the stars. But one did not look down at the stars, but rather up at the cities, seeing as high in heaven the palace town of Elford, like a lit sunset cloud, and away in the void spaces like a planet in eclipse, Salisbury. So it may be hoped, until we die, you and I will always look up, rather than down, at the labors and the habitations of our race. We will lift up our eyes to the valleys from whence cometh our help. For from every special eminence and beyond every sublime landmark it is good for our souls to see only vaster and vaster visions of that dizzy and divine level, and to behold from our crumbling turrets the tall plains of equality, the chorus. One of the most marked instances of the decline of true popular sympathy is the gradual disappearance in our time of the habit of singing and chorus. Even when it is done nowadays it is done tentatively and sometimes inaudibly, apparently upon some preposterous principle, which I have never clearly grasped, that singing is an art. In the new aristocracy of the drawing-room a lady is actually asked whether she sings. In the old democracy of the dinner-table a man was simply told to sing, and he had to do it. I like the atmosphere of those old manklets. I like to think of my ancestors, middle-aged or venerable gentlemen, all sitting round the table and explaining that they would never forget old days or friends with a rumpty itty-itty, or letting it be known that they would die for England's glory with their tour-oil braille, etc. Even the vices of that society, which sometimes I fear rendered the narrative portions of the song almost as cryptic and inarticulate as the chorus, were displayed with a more human softening than the same vices in the saloon bars of our own time. I greatly prefer Mr. Richard Swiveller to Mr. Stanley Ortheris. I prefer the man who exceeded in rosy wine in order that the wing of friendship might never molt to feather to the man who exceeds quite as much in whiskies and sodas, but declares all the time that he's for number one and that you don't catch him paying for other men's drinks. The old men of pleasure with their tour-oil orail at least got some social and communal virtue out of pleasure. The new men of pleasure, without the slightest vestige of a tour-oil orail, are simply hermits of irreligion instead of religion, anchorites of atheism, and they might as well be drugging themselves with hashish or opium in a wilderness. But the chorus of the old songs had another use besides this obvious one of asserting the popular element in the arts. The chorus of a song, even of a comic song, has the same purpose as the chorus of a Greek tragedy. It reconciles men to the gods. It connects this one particular tale with the cosmos and the philosophy of common things. Thus we constantly find in the old ballads, especially the pathetic ballads, some refrain about the grass growing green or the birds singing or the woods being merry in spring. These are windows opened in the house of tragedy, momentary glimpses of larger and quieter scenes of more ancient and enduring landscapes. Many of the country's songs describing crime and death have refrains of a startling joviality like cock-crow, just as if the whole company were coming in with a shout of protest against so somber a view of existence. There is a long and gruesome ballad called the Berkshire Tragedy about a murderer committed by a jealous sister for the consummation of which a wicked miller is hanged, and the course which should come in a kind of burst runs, and I'll be true to my love if my love will be true to me. The very reasonable arrangement here suggested is introduced, I think, as a kind of throwback to the normal, the reminder that even the Berkshire Tragedy does not fill the whole of Berkshire. The poor young lady is drowned, and the wicked miller to whom we may have been affectionately attached is hanged, but still a ruby kindles in the vine and many a garden by the water blows. Not that Omar's type of hedonistic resignation is at all the same as the breezy impatience of the Berkshire refrain, but they are alike insofar as they gaze out beyond the particular complication to more open plains of peace. The chorus of the ballad looks past the drowning maiden and the miller's gibbet and sees the plains full of lovers. This use of the chorus to humanize and dilute a dark story is strongly opposed to the modern view of art. Modern art has to be what is called intense. It is not easy to define being intense, but roughly speaking it means saying only one thing at a time and saying it wrong. Modern tragic writers have to write short stories. If they wrote long stories, as the man said in reality, cheerfulness would creep in. Such stories are like stings, brief but purely painful, and doubtless they bore some resemblance to some lives lived under our successful scientific civilization, lives which tend in any case to be painful and in many cases to be brief. But when the artistic people passed beyond the poignant anecdote and began to write long books full of poignancy, then the reading public began to rebel and to demand the recall of romance. The long books about the black poverty of cities became quite insupportable. The Berkshire tragedy had a chorus, but the London tragedy had no chorus. Therefore people welcomed the return of adventurous novels about alien places and times. The trenchant and sword-like stories of Stevenson. But I am not narrowly on the side of the Romanics. I think the glimpses of the gloom of our civilization ought to be recorded. I think that the bewilderments of the solitary and skeptical soul ought to be preserved. If it be only for the pity, yes, and the admiration of the happier time. But I wish that there was some way in which the chorus could enter. I wish that at the end of each chapter of stiff agony or insane terror the choir of humanity could come in with a crash of music and tell both reader and author that this is not the whole of human experience. Let them go on recording hard scenes or hideous questions, but let there be a jolly refrain. Thus we might read, as Anoria laid down the volume of Ibsen and went weirdly to her window, she realized that life must be to her not only harsher, but colder than it was to the comfortable and weak. With her to ral or ral, etc., or again, the young currant smiled rimly as he listened to his great-grandmother's last words. He knew only too well that since Fogg's discovery of the hereditary herriness of goat's religion stood on a very different basis from that which he had occupied in his childhood, with his rumpity, rumpity, and so on. Or we might read, Uriel Maybloom stared gloomily down at his sandals as he realized for the first time how senseless and antisocial are all ties between man and woman, how each must go his way or her way without any attempt to arrest the headlong separation of their souls, and that would come in one deafening chorus of everlasting humanity, but I'll be true to my love, if my love will be true to me. The records of the first majestic and yet fantastic developments of the foundations of St. Francis of Assisi is an account of a certain blessed brother Giles. I have forgotten most of it, but I remember one fact, that certain students of theology came to ask him whether he believed in free will, and if so, how could he reconcile it with necessity? On hearing the question, St. Francis' follower reflected a little while and then seized the fiddle, and began capering and dancing about the garden, playing a wild tune and generally expressing a violent and invigorating indifference. The tune is not recorded, but it is the eternal chorus of mankind that modifies all the arts and mocks all the individualism, like the laughter and thunder of some distant sea, a romance of the marshes. In books, as a whole, marshes are described as desolate and colorless, great fields of clay or sedge, vast horizons of drab-a-grey, but this, like many other literary associations, is a piece of poetic injustice. Monotony has nothing to do with a place. Monotony, either in its sensation or its infliction, is simply the quality of a person. There are no dreary sites, there are only dreary-site seers. It is a matter of taste, that of personality, whether marshes or monotonous, but it is a matter of fact and science that they are not monochrome. The tops of high mountains, I am told, are all white. The depths of primeval caverns, I am also told, are all dark. The sea will be gray or blue for weeks together, and the desert I have been led to believe is the color of sand. The North Pole, if we found it, would be white with cracks of blue, and endless space if we went there, would I suppose be black with white spots. If any of these were counted of a monotonous color, I could well understand it, but on the contrary they are always spoken of as if they had the gorgeous and chaotic colors of light of scope. Now exactly where you can find colors like those of a tulip garden or a stained glass window is in those sunken and sodden lands which are always called dreary. Of course the great tulip gardens did arise in Holland, which is simply one immense marsh. There is nothing in Europe so truly tropical as marshes. Also now I come to think of it there are a few places so agreeably marshy as tropics. Baitswamp and Fenlands in England are always especially rich in gay grasses or gorgeous fungoids and seem sometimes as glorious as a transformation scene but also as unsubstantial. In these splendid scenes it is always very easy to put your foot through the scenery. You may sink up to your armpits but you will sink up to your armpits in flowers. I do not deny that I myself am of a sort that sinks except in the matter of spirits. I saw in the West Counties recently a swampy field of great richness and promise. If I had stepped on it I have no doubt at all that I should have vanished.  I only claim that it would be found in some attitude of energy or even a joy. This point is the most important of all for as I imagine myself sinking up to the neck in what looked like solid green field I suddenly remember that this very thing must have happened to certain interesting pirates quite a thousand years ago. For as it happened the flat Fenland in which I nearly sunk was the Fenland round the island of Athelmi which is now an island in the fields and no longer in the waters. But on the abrupt hillock a stone still stands to say that this was that embattled island in the parrot where King Alfred held his last fort against the foreign invaders in that war that nearly washed us as far from civilization as the Solomon Islands. Here he defended the island called Athelmi as he afterwards did his best to defend the island called England for the hero always defends an island a thing beleaguered and surrounded like the Troy of Hector and the highest and largest humanitarian can only rise to defending the tiny island called the earth. One approaches the island of Athelmi along a long low road like an interminable white string stretched across the flats and lined with those dwarfish trees that are elvish in their very dullness. At one point of the journey I cannot conceive why one is arrested by a tollgate at which one has to pay three pence. Perhaps it is a distorted tradition of those dark ages. Perhaps Alfred with his superior science of comparative civilizations had calculated the economics of Denmark down to the half-penny. Perhaps a dane sometimes came with two pence sometimes even with two pence half-penny after the sack of many cities even with two pence three farthings but never with three pence. Whether or no it was a permanent barrier to the barbarians it was only a temporary barrier to me. I discovered three large and complete coppers in various parts of my person and I passed on along that strangely monotonous and strangely fascinating path. It is not really fanciful to feel that the place expresses itself appropriately as the place where the great Christian king hid himself from the heathen. Though a marshland is always open it is still curiously secret. Fens like deserts are large things very apt to be mislaid. These flats fear to be overlooked in a double sense. The small trees crouched and the whole plains seemed lying on its face as men do when shells burst. The little path ran fearlessly forward but it seemed to run on all fours. Everything in that strange countryside seemed to be lying low as if to avoid the incessant and rattling rain of the Danish heroes. There were indeed hills of no inconsiderable height quite within call but those pools and flats of the old parrot seemed to separate themselves like a central and secret sea and in the midst of them stood up the rock of the Thelny as islet as it was to Alfred. And all across this recumbent and almost crawling country there ran the glory of the low wet lands. Grass lustrous and living like the plumage of some universal bird the flowers as gorgeous as bonfires and the weeds more beautiful than the flowers. One stoop to stroke the grass as if the earth were all one kind beast that could feel. Why does no decent person write an historical novel about Alfred at his fort in Thelny in the marshes of the parrot? Not a very historical novel not about his truth telling or his founding the British Empire or the British Navy or the Navy League or whichever it was he founded not about the Treaty of Wedmore and whether it ought as an imminent historian says to be called the Pact of Chippenham but an aboriginal romance for boys about the bare, bold, beatific fact that a great hero held his fort in an island in a river. An island is fine enough to be conscious or piratic unconsciousness but an island in the river sounds like the beginning of the greatest adventure story on earth. Robinson Caruso is really a great tale but think of Robinson Caruso's feelings if he could have actually seen England and Spain from his inaccessible isle. Treasure Island is a spirit of genius but what treasure could an island contain to compare with Alfred and then consider the further elements of juvenile romance in an island that was more of an island than it looked. If helmy was masked with marshes, many a heavy harnessed viking may have started bounding across a meadow only to find himself submerged in a sea. I feel the full fictitious splendor spreading round me. I see glimpses of a great romance that will never be written. I see a sudden shaft quivering one of the short trees. I see a red-haired man waiting madly among the tall gold flowers of the marshes leaping onward and lurching lower. I see another shaft quivering in his throat. I cannot see any more because as I have delicately suggested I am a heavy man. This mysterious marshland does not sustain me and I sink into its depths with a bubbling groan.


Good morning and welcome you all to this session of the course. Now, today we will be solving some problems relating to axial compressors. Last class we discussed in brief the principle of operation and the degree of reaction of an axial compressor. Now, today we will see that how we can solve problems and so that our understanding becomes much better. Now, let us concentrate on one problem. This is the problem number one which we will be solving. The conditions of air, let me read out the problem first. The conditions of air at the entry of an axial flow compressor stage are P 1 is given, the inlet pressure and temperature is given. The air angles are beta 1. So, this nomenclature is known to us. This is the blade angle and inlet and beta 2, the blade angle at the outlet that is the rotor blade angle at the inlet and outlet that is 51 degree. Both are 51 degree and alpha 1 is alpha 2 is 8 degree. This is given alpha 1 at the angle of the absolute velocity at the inlet and alpha 2 is the angle of the absolute velocity at the outlet of the rotor blade. The mean diameter and peripheral speed are 0.5 meter is the mean diameter and this is the peripheral speed respectively. That means the peripheral speed at the mean diameter. The mass flow rate through the stage is 30 kg per second. The work done factor is 0.95. All these things are known to us. Mechanical efficiency is 90 percent. Assuming an isentropic stage efficiency of 85 percent, what are to be found out? We have to find out blade height at entry, stage pressure ratio and the power required to drive the stage. This is given for air, the characteristic gas constant 287 joule per kg k and the ratio of specifically to 1.4. Now, sorry to find out the blade height at entry, first of all we have to understand that it is the geometry blade height, which is basically related to the area at the inlet. So, therefore, if we write the equation of mass flow rate that thing we can we have to select this equation to find this. We can write that rho 1 inlet density and the area at inlet and the velocity of flow which is same throughout. Now, here first of all we have to find out rho 1. Now, within a that is the annulus area the blade height is there. The blade height can be found out from the annulus area a. Now, let us find out rho 1. So, rho 1 at the inlet can be found out from the equation of state as P 1 by R T 1 well. So, P 1 is what P 1 is given as 100 kilo Newton per meter square. So, therefore, 100 into 10 Newton per meter square 100 kilo Newton into 10 to the power 3 p and if you write the value of R 287 and T is 300 we get the value of rho 1 and rho 1 comes out to be 1.16 kg per meter cube alright. We get rho 1 how to get V f the flow velocity is it giving assuming an isentropic state air the flow velocity is not given, but we can find out the flow velocity from the expression.  So, that we can find out the flow velocity and u what is u is given 150 meter per second. So, 150 divided by tan alpha 1 plus tan beta 1 that means tan of 8 degree plus tan of 51 degree and if you solve for it you will get a velocity 109.60 meter per second. So, therefore, you can get the annulus area, but before that you put annulus area in terms of this blade height annulus area is pi into the mean diameter into blade height true where from does it come it comes that annulus area is pi into outer diameter square minus inner diameter. If you consider the inner diameter as the diameter of the drum or disc and the outer diameter is the diameter of the casing then this is the annulus area this can be written as pi into d 0 plus d i sorry by 4 d 0 plus d i by 2 and d 0 minus d i by 2. Now, it is this is the mean diameter d 0 plus d i by 2 and this is the blade height. So, therefore, this can be expressed in terms of the mean diameter and blade height that area.  So, therefore, pi into 0.5. So, only unknown is your blade height h which gives h equals to rather h 1 the blade height at the inlet. So, I write h 1 blade height at the inlet. So, h 1 is 0 equals to 0.15 meter. So, the first part is over the h 1 blade height at entry how to find out stage pressure ratio stage pressure ratio is simple to find out stage pressure ratio to find out what you have to do you have to find out the static temperature the stagnation temperature ratio or the stagnation temperature difference otherwise you cannot find out the static pressure ratio. So, each one is known now let us find out write this formula that C p into delta t s t that means the stagnation temperature is equal to today last class we have discussed that it is the work done factor into u v f by C p is always there u v f into tan beta 1 minus tan where from it comes that this is the work done per unit mass this is equal to C p delta t s t. So, therefore, this is multiplied with a work done factor. So, here what we have we have u we have v f we have beta 1 we have beta 2. So, we can find out delta t s t we can write this what is the value of lambda here lambda is 0.95 it is given well then the u is 150 meter per second v f we have calculated just now 1 190 I am sorry v f is 109 v f will come out as 109 yes yes v f is 109.6 0.  So, this is the value of 10 degree divided by C p. Now, C p value you can calculate here C p is not given even if it is not given you can take that in this problem gamma and characteristic gas constant is given C p can be found out as gamma by gamma minus 1 that means 1.4 divided by 0.4 into 287 that is the joule per kg k. That means if you find out C p it will be 1005 joule per kg this is the standard value of C p for here. So, C p then you can find out delta t s t and that becomes delta t s t becomes equals to if you calculate it I tell you the value 16.37 degree. Then you can find out the pressure ratio R s as I have told that this is the nomenclature and this is the formula again and again we tell this will be 1 plus the isentropic stage efficiency that is eta s is the isentropic stage efficiency delta this formula I have told inlet temperature divided by gamma by gamma minus. So, this can be written as 1 plus the substituted value substitute if you can substitute the value delta t s t 16.37 divided by 300 and if you put the value of gamma then you get the value of the stage pressure ratio as 1.17. Third one is that what is the third one the power required to drive the stage power required is very simple because this is the C p delta t s t C p delta power required is what power per unit mass into the mass flow rate mass flow rate into C p delta t s t. So, delta t s t we know this already we have found out multiply with the C p that means this part that means actually this part. So, this part we know and mass flow rate already we know 30 kg given in the problem 30 kg per second. So, therefore, if we put the value C p this one delta t s t 16.37 degree Celsius and mass flow rate 30 kg per second you get a value of 548.39 kilowatt if you consistent in the unit finally, you get a value of 548.39 you will get this result this is the power. So, this is one example that we can work with next another problem I will tell you where you have some idea about the degree of reaction. So, this problem is this the preliminary design of an axial flow compressor is to be based upon a simplified consideration of the mean diameter conditions. Suppose that the characteristics of a repeating stage of such a designer as follows that means a particular stage these are repeated for different stages stagnation temperature rise is given. That means indirectly the work done on the fluid is given degree of reaction is given flow efficiency is given 0.5, but this is actually not flow efficiency I think it will be better if you write it as flow number V f by u is actually flow number sometimes they write at flow efficiency. However, flow number blade speed that means it is the ratio of flow velocity to the peripheral speed peripheral speed is also separately given 300 that means we get V f multiply 0.5. Then what is the problem assuming constant axial velocity across the stage and equal absolute velocity that inlet and outlet that means V 1 is equal to V 3 that we have already done determine the blade angles of the rotor for a shock free flow that means there is no incident loss. So, how to find a work out this problem now this problem if you work out you see that the degree of reaction is given. Now first of all we know the stagnation temperature rise. So, first of all we find out the work per unit mass is equal to is known that is what that is C p into delta T s t and what is C p? C p is 1 0 0 5 joule per kg k and that is 30 and finally this becomes equal to your work per unit mass. Now how to find out beta 1 and beta 2 so what we have to find out we have to find out beta 1 we have to find out beta 2 the two angles you remember that beta 1 beta 2. So, I tell you again that this one we have to find out we have to find out beta 1 beta 2. So, what we will do we will take some of this relationship tan beta 1 minus tan beta 2 tan is equal to work done where you will get that formula that V f ok I am coming to it again it was done earlier. If you remember that W by M is V W 2 minus V W 1 into U and that becomes is equal to U into V f into tan beta 2 minus tan beta 1. Now, we know U we know V f V f is 300 into 0.5 U is 300 U is 300 meter per second well and you can see I think you can see very well and V f is 300 into 0.5 that is 150 meter per second tan beta 2 tan beta 1 beta 2 and beta 1 we have to find out W by M we know. So, therefore, if we put this here and this value here we get a relationship tan beta 2 minus tan beta 1 equals to what tan beta 2 minus 0 point you get everything is known. Now, we have to get another relationship relating beta 2 and beta 1 that will come from the relationship of degree of reaction. Now, degree of reaction if you remember is given by U by V f degree of relation is V f by U V f by 2 U if you remember that today we have done it or last class we have done it tan beta 2 tan beta 1 plus beta 2. So, we have done this thing. So, here all we know V f by U V f by U is 0.5 that means 0.6 that means rather I write here I write here it will be better 0.6 is 0.5 V f by U is 0.5 it is given in the problem by 2 into tan beta 1. So, it is a simple problem which gives a relationship tan beta 1 plus tan beta 2 is it is what 1.2 to 2.4 it is very simple. So, this is one relation and this is one relation. So, as simple as this and finally, if you solve for tan beta 1 and tan beta 2 finally, you get beta 1 is 56.92 degree and beta 2 is 40.86 degree these are the answers you can check. So, therefore, with the degree of reaction you can that is only that we have to deal with the equations which equations will be required depending upon the parameters given. So, these are the problems which clear makes your concept more clear. Now, after this I will start the fans and blowers. So, fans and blowers there is nothing much different from that of compressor. The different is like this as I told earlier at the beginning of my fluid machines class that the when the output for a compressible flow for example, that handling air at the outlet of a machine where energy is given and we get the fluid at the outlet of the machine having higher energy acquired stored energy. If that is mostly in the form of high pressure static pressure, but less velocity we call it as compressible whether it is centrifugal it is a pressure, but when the basic purpose is to have fluid with very high velocity where we have to deliver high rate of flow with high velocity of flow. Therefore, they are the machine must deliver the fluid with higher energy by absorbing energy from outside mostly in the form of the kinetic energy with high velocity, but relatively much less pressure static pressure those machines are known as fans and blowers. So, fans and blowers and compressor of same kind in a sense that they take energy from outside and the fluid flowing through it gains its internal energy, but for fans and blowers these energies mostly in the form of kinetic energy rather than pressure static pressure is more of essentially rather than static pressure. Now, amongst fans and blowers fans are those machines where the static pressure at the outlet of the machine is few millimeter of water gauge you can understand that atmospheric pressure is 10 meter of water gauge it is so less few millimeter of water gauge whereas in case of blowers it is something more than 1000 millimeter of water gauge it is very less 10 meter of water gauge is atmospheric pressure. So, this is the pressure gauge pressure that means above the atmosphere at the outlet why this pressure is so low and why the pressure is required first of all pressure is required because these machines deliver air for some purpose that means air has to flow it may be required that to make to supply the air through a duct. So, therefore, we have to overcome the friction of the duct that means this flow has to take place through a duct it has to overcome the frictional resistance not only through a duct through a room. So, therefore, downstream resistance has to be frictional resistance has to be overcome to deliver that flow. So, these machines develop that pressure sufficient to overcome the resistance now in case of blower it handles more amount of air where less amount of air is handled and the circulated or being sent through a duct we employ fans for which the frictional resistance is less. So, therefore, a relatively less static pressure is required at the delivery end of the machine whereas in case of blowers which handles more air and at a high velocity it may have to be conveyed or transported through a long duct the frictional resistance is much more that means it has to overcome more frictional resistance so that the pressure drop is more as a consequence the static pressure at the outlet of the machine has to be higher this is the reason for which blower for blower static pressure is higher because it handles more amount of air. So, this is the difference between blower and a fan. So, fan and blower are basically the compressors, but in this case the static pressure at the end of the machine is much lower as compared to its velocity. So, you see a typical centrifugal fan or blower here I will show you simultaneously I do not know it may be little difficult I will try it yes this is the thing. So, let me show you this is the thing let me just a minute let me make these things let me show you like this let this is a typical centrifugal fan or blower now centrifugal fan or blower consist of an inlet this is the impeller the same principle impeller which imparts the energy to the fluid then after the impeller there is a spiral casing known as volute chamber spiral or scroll casing this is the volute where this gains the energy in terms of both velocity and pressure rise at the end of the impeller high velocity and high pressure some of the velocities are then converted in the volute chamber to static pressure depending upon the requirement at the outlet of the machine. So, this is the picture this can be shown if we take a section like this then it is this is the impeller you see it. So, this is the inlet the flow at the inlet takes place through a nozzle that means there is a little acceleration of the flow before it enters into the impeller. Now, impeller it goes radially in the same way that it happens in a centrifugal compressor that means it is shock or it is induced the axial direction then the flow change in the radial direction. So, this is the radially outward flow then it comes out and this is the volute casing and this is the outlet. So, this is the main component of a centrifugal fan and compress a centrifugal fan or blower. So, after this I will tell you about the typical type of blades in the in a blower or fan. Now, blower or fan both are the same machines as I have told only the static pressure rise is different for blower and fan and depending upon the flow rate required the fan blade shape is different. Now, three types of blade shapes from the fluid mechanical principles are used I tell you one is known as forward swept blade you see this left one what is that if you consider the motion in this direction that means this is the direction of rotation that means the peripheral speed is in this direction the tangential. So, curvature of the blade is in the direction of the motion this is known as forward swept blade another type of blade is this is known as radial blade this is known as this is known as this is forward swept blade forward swept blade forward swept blade forward swept blade. So, this type of blade is known as radial blade radial blade what is the radial blade radial blade they are outlet that means at the outlet the blade is radial, but at the inlet there is a curvature and this curvature is forward swept why because this is the direction of the motion the curvature in the direction of the motion. So, radial blades are radial outward flat, but it is curve at the inlet which is forward swept another is the backward swept that means is curvature this is the direction of the motion its curvature is in the opposite direction of the motion. So, velocity triangles will immediately change that I will tell you you can understand because the direction of velocity and the curvature of the blades are in the opposite direction or relative directions are changed. Now, before that I tell you the forward swept blades are used where large flow rates are required relatively large flow rates and higher pressure rises required as compared to backward swept blade whereas radial blades are preferred where the fluid that is air used contains more impurities and dust this is because of the fact that these are less prone to the blockage and they work more efficiently with the dust laden gas. So, therefore this radial blades are preferred for that now if you see the velocity triangle. So, velocity triangle at the inlet for example in the radial you see this is same for all the blades what is that there is the inlet velocity is axial absolute velocity direction this is the axial direction axial this has got no component in the tangential direction that is v w 1 component is 0 v w 1 is 0 everything that is the problem here v w 1 is 0 v w 1 is 0 ok v w 1 is 0 you see that can be seen v w 1 is 0 can be seen it seen v w 1 is 0. So, radial blades so entry for all blades are same that is v w 1 is axial this is the relative velocity which matches the angle of the blade this is the peripheral velocity this makes the vector diagram that is the velocity triangle. Now, at the outlet also you see this is the peripheral speed this is the direction of the flow a direction of the rotation speed this velocity that is the relative velocity matches the blade angle that means it is radially outward and this is the absolute velocity alpha 2 is the absolute velocity angle v w 1 is the angle of the blade at the inlet and this is alpha this is 90 degree this is the beta 2 which is radial this is alpha 2 is the angle of the absolute velocity. Now, let us see the velocity triangle for the forward swept blade the velocity triangle for the forward swept blade is this one is this one this is the it is visible it is visible velocity diagram let me draw the velocity diagram here I think for you it will be forward swept blade I write. So, this is the inlet diagram it is already same as that that means there is no tangential component it is axial and this is the now here forward swept this is the u the direction of u is this.  Now, at this end what will happen this will be my radial flow sorry relative velocity directions and this will be the diagram will look like this.  So, this is the simple diagram because the velocity is in this direction. So, it has to be like that in this case this is defined as the this is defined as the beta 2 that means in the positive sense u 2 is this direction with this is an obtuse angle this is this angle beta 2 with the tangent and this angle is alpha 2. So, this is the velocity triangle which is shown here like this I think you can see, but this diagram I think is very difficult to see the things are not properly shown not legible however. Now, for a backward swept backward swept this can be visible now backward swept 1 I again draw it here for the backward swept what will be that. So, this curvature is in the opposite direction that means this is like this this is in the opposite direction, but the direction of peripheral velocity is like this. So, here also. So, this is the same thing that this is the inlet velocity triangle this is the inlet velocity triangle this is v r 1 this is v 1 let this is this is u 1 sorry u 1 and this angle is beta 1. So, the outlet angle for example, here or here I can draw the velocity this relative velocity is this then what is this velocity relative velocity is this direction that is v r 2 then this velocity is in this direction this velocity is in this direction. So, therefore, the absolute velocity will be. So, this looks very odd. So, little more the relative this is u 2 this will be v 2. So, this will be now if you draw it in scales for a given value of u 2 at the outlet and for a fixed value of v f you will see that for forward swept blade the component that v 2 is more and the component that v w 2 that this one v w 2 is much more compared to this this is v 2 this v w 2.  So, therefore, in this case this is understandable. So, in this case v w 2 is more than this and that is the reason that forward swept blade is used where we require more work and more flow will be available and more static pressure rise will be there. So, more work will be imparted to the can be imparted to the fluid flowing through it. So, three types of possible blade configuration forward swept radial blade and backward swept blades are possible. So, with this now other treatments I tell you in the axial flow fans and compressors are almost identical to that of the centrifugal compressors which I have told in case of centrifugal blowers and centrifugal fans. Now, with this I will go on solving a problem let us see this problem is centrifugal fan a centrifugal fan running at 1500 that is 1500 rpm has inner and outer diameter of the impeller as 0.2 meter and 0.24 meter that is the inner diameter of the impeller outer diameter of the impeller the absolute and relative velocities of air at entry are 20. So, absolute and relative velocities of air at entry are this respectively and those that means exit entry and exit absolute and relative velocities are given. The flow rate is 0.6 kg per second the motor efficiency is 80 percent determine the stage pressure rise degree of reaction and the power required to drive the fan assuming the flow to be incompressible with density of air as 1.2 kg per meter.  So, let us must see that what this problem tells now this problem tells that velocity absolute and relative is given. Now, if you recall this type of problem what you will do first you have to find out the stage pressure rise. So, how to find out the stage pressure rise? So, you have to find out. So, first of all you find out the stage pressure rise by which expression you have to find out the stage pressure rise stage pressure rise means what the total pressure rise in the stage. So, total pressure rise in the stage depends upon the work done total work done if you first find out the work done per unit mass what is the work done per unit mass. Now, if you remember the work done per unit mass is V w 2 u 2 minus V w 1 u 1 without going for a change in temperature stagnation temperature. So, far we did this is because this problem is told that assuming the flow to be incompressible. So, for an incompressible flow better we do this type of analysis that this is the this is true for any fluid incompressible or compressible if you remember that this work done per V w 1 u 1 that is work done that is w by m can be written as different components if you remember that is V 2 square that is work done on the fluid minus V 1 square by 2 plus u 2 square minus u 1 square by 2 plus V r 1 square minus V r 2 square by 2 this I explained in details in one earlier class of our fluid machines that this can be a split like this from the geometry of the velocity triangles why it is required because this gives a very clear understanding this is the gain in kinetic energy where the absolute velocity here in terms of compressor in terms of pump in terms of fans blowers where the fluid gains energy V 2 is always greater than V 1. So, this is the gain in the kinetic energy this is the gain in the kinetic energy or dynamic we sometimes tell as dynamic head it is per unit mass usually energy per unit mass or unit weight we call it as head and this two is the gain in the static head why it is called static head or static energy which is not very much used that means this is manifested in terms of the increase in the pressure of the fluid this is because of the change in this is the change in the peripheral velocity at outer radius and inner radius and the fluid therefore when it reaches at outer radius from inner radius gains in static pressure and that change in the pressure energy is given by u 2 square minus u 1 square by 2. Similarly, the change in static pressure because of the change in the relative velocity this is again another part of the diffusion that means change in the relative velocity takes place where V r 1 is more than V r 2 that means V r 2 is less than V r 1. So, passage is made in such a way that V r 2 is less is a diverging passage for which the pressure is gained. So, this pressure is gained out of the momentum change or the change in the kinetic energy relative to the blade passage. So, this two this is due to the centrifugal action the radial pressure gradient is imposed I told many times and this is because of the diffusion from the change in the kinetic energy V r 1 is higher V r 2 is lower. So, therefore pressure is lower and pressure is higher at the outlet. So, the combination of this two is the static head static energy and in this connection I like to tell you again this is a very important concept for all of you that in a radial flow machine. So, that it is outward or inward even if the passage is uniform there is no change in the relative velocity still there is a change in the static pressure rate because of the change in the u the peripheral velocity in case of a turbine there is a loss in pressure in case of a pump or compressor there is a rise in pressure. So, therefore any radial flow machines outward or inward has to have some pressure change in the rotor at least by this one, but along with that if you make a diffusing passage in case of compressor there will be an additional pressure rise. So, this two sum up give the static head or static energy this is very important I want to repeat it again. So, here what happens I know V 2 I know V 1 I know V r 1 I know V r 2 because all the relative velocities and inlet and outlet is given and again I know u 2 u 1 because the impeller diameters are given and this speed are given I am not solving this problem. So, I just write u 2 is pi d 2 n and u 1 is pi d 1 n n is given rotational speed 1 500 1500 r p m. So, that we can 1500 r p m so that we can do this thing better I write here. So, that u 1 u 2 I find out u 1 this way u 2 this way we can find out and then what we do we can find out the work done. Now, if we know this work done for an incompressible situation we can write that delta p stage is nothing, but rho times this work done per unit mass work done per unit mass. That means, you just multiply with rho this with rho you get the delta p per stage total in the stage you find out the delta p fine. Now, static pressure rise is this one so delta p static in the rotor because this is in the rotor delta p static in rotor is equal to rho into let this part I denote at x rho into x. So, this part is denoting at x rho into x. So, if you find out this by putting this value you get delta p total stage that means impeller and the diffuser total delta p stage because the work is done only in the impeller delta p total is 221.11 Newton per meter square and delta p in rotor or static pressure rise static ok. So, that is static pressure across the stages 110.71 Newton per meter square. Now, here this delta p static divided by total one is known as this is the static pressure rise in the rotor and this is the total pressure rise this is the total energy given. So, therefore the degree of reaction in this case we define as delta p stage sorry delta p static this already I did earlier delta p stage. Now, one thing just 221.11 divided by 110.70 oh sorry it is just reverse 110.71 by 221.11 this will be roughly 0.5. Now, here this is very simple this is numerical, but thing is that what is the concept earlier also if you recall the earlier discussions that the degree of reaction was defined in terms of the total pressure change in the machine that is change in the total pressure in the machine divided by the change sorry change in the static head or the static pressure in the machine divided by the total head or the total energy given in the machine. And this definition holds true for every machine in case of centrifugal compressor and axial flow compressor this was manifested in terms of the enthalpy change where you consider along with the temperature change. But here what happens when you consider the flow to be incompressible with a constant density of air and there is no change in temperature. So, therefore this degree of reaction is better to be estimated by that definition which we discussed in case of hydraulic machines that delta p static divided by delta p stage. So, this is the same. So, therefore we find this now next is the power required what is the next one the and the the stage pressure rise degree of reaction and the power required to drive the fan how to find out the power required power required is very simple power required we can write here power required is the mass flow rate into work per unit mass that means work per unit mass is this one. And you can find out the mass flow rate what is the mass flow rate the flow rate is 0.6 kg per second. So, therefore 0.6 kg per second you know mass flow rate W by M that divided by the mechanical efficiency probably there is a motor efficiency of 80 percent. That means you write the motor efficiency that means you write the motor efficiency in the denominator that means you did the mass flow rate is given as in this problem 0.6 kg per second. Now, W by M which is calculated I have only calculated here I have told you the value of delta p stage actually W by M here W by M calculated will be 184.26 joule per kg. So, therefore this will be 0.6 into 184.26 divided by 0.8 which is ultimately you know 138.19 watt. So, this is the thing that means this problem is looked from a different angle that work done per unit mass is true that is the Euler's equation this can be splitted in this term for an incompressible flow with a constant density it is better to looked upon this way that this is the static head rise and this is the kinetic energy. Some of all these three is the energy input to the machine and that is the total head that is raised in the fluid. So, this is the denominator there per stage and this is the numerator. So, therefore the degree of reaction is this divided by this it was discussed earlier when I discussed the hydraulic machines in general this is the degree of reaction. So, this is worked out to be this numerically delta p stage which is found out rho times the work done per unit mass that is the total pressure change in the machine and the static pressure change in the machine is rho times this part this is x again I repeat this part the static head that means this is the energy per unit mass this into rho is the delta p static. So, delta p static by delta p stage is this one is 0.5 clear now after this I will tell you something else that what is fan loss because sometimes you will see that people tell about fan loss what is fan loss this is a terminology actually. Now, in general for any fluid machines when I discuss the similarity principles one of the earlier lectures in fluid mechanics from all the variables involved in a fluid machines in the physics of fluid machines rather I will tell we derived by application of Buckingham's pi theorem the different pi terms as the criteria of similarity parameters. If you recall that see my earlier lecture note then you will find these terms are like this q by one term is like this n d q another term is g h by there are five terms n square d square another term is rho n d square by mu another term is p by rho n q d phi another term is e by rho divided by n square d square. Now, these are all pi terms this is let phi one this is pi two this was told at length in one of the earlier class there are five four and five. Now, when we derived the pi terms for centrifugal compressors we had four pi term this is because this term we neglected the effect of viscosity we did not take. In fact, the viscosity has less effect in fluid machines why I will tell you now earlier also I told, but this four terms we got, but not in this fashion in a different fashion I told you earlier in last classes this is an essence or corollary of pi theorem that depends upon the choice of the repeating variable you arrive number of terms are same you arrive some pi terms which may not match exactly the pi terms you want or the way you express the result then a combination of the pi terms is also a pi term. So, different combinations can be made by making the numbers same so that you arrive at different pi term. So, therefore, the pi terms of centrifugal compressors which we derived can be recoupled or rearranged to get the similar type of thing.  So, it can be changed to Reynolds number based on other flow velocities also physically it represents a sort of Reynolds number. Now, in fluid machines the flow is highly turbulent so in those turbulent flow the Reynolds number has got very less influence on the flow parameter mainly in the pressure loss or any other parameter the Reynolds number does not have much influence. So, therefore, in centrifugal compressors also we have not included the property mu to find out the dimensionless term. So, therefore, in the fluid machines earlier I also told this term is not of that relevance. So, only these terms are relevance. Now, if you take this term now you see it is not only for fan for any fluid machines that if you now this term is a non dimensional power rho in cube d phi this term you know that e by rho is the square of the acoustic speed or speed of sound in the fluid medium relative to the fluid and this is the square of the peripheral velocity. So, therefore, this is some sort of square of the Mach number Mach number square type of thing. So, therefore, you see that now if you see all this pi terms now you see that for any fluid machines if we make the fluid machines same machines of same size machines of same size machines of same size machines of same size then we can tell that q is proportional to n because d is same from this pi term first pi term which gives q 1 by n 1 is q 2 by n 2 this is school level things from the second pi term we see that head because flow and the head is very important what is head this is g h that means energy per unit mass head means energy per unit weight that means this is the energy either gain by the fluid or developed by the fluid or given away by the fluid depending upon whether is a compressor pump or turbine h is proportional to n square that means h 1 by n 1 square is h 2 by n 2 square similarly now if we take this term then we can write power is proportional to n q which means that p by p 1 by n that means this is the scaling law p 2 by that means we are interested in three quantities q h and p and multiplication of this two is this one. So, if it is proportional to n this is n square it has to be n q that means power is proportional to n q head is proportional to n square q is proportional to n for same side and machine of different sizes, but at same speed different sizes sizes, but at same speed one can derive from this formula that q is proportional to d q h is proportional to d square obviously if you know these two you do not have to see the pi term otherwise pi term is wrong that means it has to be d 5 that means q 1 by d 1 q is q 2 by d 2 q h 1 by d 1 5 is h 2 d 1 square is h 2 by d 2 square and similarly p 1 by d 1 5 is p 2 this is so simple d 2 5 that means the scaling laws with speed for the same size and with size which is represented by the impeller diameter as a representative characteristic size for the same speed is known as this is the scaling based on the similarity parameters of fluid machines and valid for all fluid machines, but usually because this grew like this that initially the fans and blowers when they were designed to make the prototype they use this type of scale. So, till date this scaling laws are known as fan laws in designing the fans. So, therefore while studying the fans we must know what is fan law, fan law is nothing but the scaling laws for the volumetric flow rate the head that means the energy per unit weight or energy per unit mass you can take g h does not matter g is constant and the power with the speed for the same size and with the size for the same speed and known as fan laws. So, I think today we will stop here and we have I like to close the lecture on these fans blowers and last class we discussed the axial flow compressor before that we discussed the centrifugal compressors and including all today I will stop or I will close my lecture series on fluid machines initially hydraulic machines basic principles of fluid machines hydraulic machines and then centrifugal compressors axial flow compressors and the fans and blowers. So, next class we will start the compressible flow. Thank you.


How to Make a YouTube Thumbnail in Photoshop. Okay, so you want to make these engaging thumbnails and you don't quite know what to do. In this video, I'm going to show you the exact steps to creating really cool thumbnails that get engagement and get people to watch your videos. And we're going to do that right now. Hey, I'm JR Fisher. Welcome to my channel and if you're new to this channel, don't forget to subscribe. Go down there to the bottom, click that big subscribe button that's right down there. Now next to it, there's this thing called a bell. It goes like this, don't forget, ring that bell, smash that bell. When you click that bell, you become part of my family, the Fisher family, and you can turn on all notifications and when you do that, you are VIP.  Now you don't want to miss that. Now I've been selling online since 2009 and I've sold millions of dollars worth of physical and digital products. Now in this channel, all I do is I show you what I did to get those results. I made a lot of mistakes along the way but you don't have to. You can pick up all these points and tips that I give you on this channel to start, run and grow your online business and be successful that much faster. Now have you already tried to do thumbnails? Have you not done thumbnails? Here's what we found is thumbnails will get you more clicks, more clicks will get you more views, more views, get you more subscribers and it's a big circle. So you really got to do good thumbnails. If you have tried to do it or you have issues, put those comments in the section below. Let me know what you're working on on your thumbnails. Let me know what issues you've come up with and I'll be happy to help you out. Okay, so let's get going. At the end of this video, I'm also going to give you a free e-commerce course valued at $97, absolutely free. All you have to do is click the link. Okay. So the purpose of this demonstration, I'm going to be using Photoshop, but a lot of these things you can do on Canva or whatever graphic software you have, so don't worry about that. It's just the steps that I'm going to take you through that are really important that I want to show you.  Now we found that most thumbnails do a whole lot better if there's a person's face on there. And preferably if you're doing the video, your face will work on there. So what you want to do and I forget to do this a lot too, but I'm starting to do it a whole lot better is to take a picture during the filming of your particular videos. And you're going to have a lot of different emotions for a lot of different videos and you want to kind of plan it out a little bit. You want to plan out, you know, what you're doing and what you could be doing. So maybe you're going to have some words over here. So maybe you want one where you're pointing this way, maybe you're going to have words down here. So maybe you'll want to put your hands like this, maybe you're going to have something over here. So you want to be pointing to that or holding your hand out or holding your hand this way so that you can actually put words there on the thumbnail. You want to think of all this in advance and don't just shoot one picture per thumbnail. You know, shoot five or six different ones. You can set the timer on your camera if you're doing it by yourself. If you can enlist and some assistance from somebody, of course that would be better. But if you can't, you can still do it. And remember to just try to do a lot of different expressions, surprise and happy and sad and angry and whatever you want. And that way you'll have a lot of choices when you're actually building your thumbnail. The second step is to format it to match your particular usage. Now on YouTube, you're going to have a 1920 by 1080. So number two is set it up that way. So we're going to upload that image into our software and we're going to set it to that 1920 by 1080 size so that it fits YouTube perfectly. Okay, let's go over to Photoshop now and let me show you how to do some of this so you can kind of see how we work through it. Okay, so let's go ahead and click new and we're going to start a new project right here. And let's see here, it's supposed to be set for 1920 by 1080, which it was because I previously was working on something like this. So right now we've got this blank background here. So what do we want to do? Let's think about this. We can do a colored background or we could actually use the background of the picture I took. You know, it's entirely up to you and what you want to do and both work well. It doesn't really make a whole lot of difference which one you pick. It's just a matter of preference more than anything else. So let's work with what we've got here right now and we're going to put a little bit of color in it. So let's do that. Okay, I'm going to pick this yellow right here and then we're going to go ahead and just fill in the background with that color that I selected. Grab a little photo bucket there. There we go. So we got that yellow background going on there. It's nice and bright. You know, it'll probably stand out. That's what I'm trying to get done here is make it stand out. So now we're going to go ahead and add an image. We're going to place embedded, which means I'm going to grab an image. It will stay the same size. I can adjust it, slide it around, do whatever I want with it. So let me find an image here that'll work. It's not bad. Not bad. What else do I have here? That would be good. That shirt doesn't look like it's going to show up that well. That looks like it's going to show up well because it's got that black shirt there. So I think that'll be better on this yellow background. Let me put him right here and slide myself down there. So I'm pointing at something. OK, so now I've got this big area here that I could put some text in if I want to. So let's check it out and see what I've got there. And, you know, when you do text, don't do plain, ordinary text. You have something that has got a little bit of character to it. You know, it's a little bit of style to it. So let me find something there and do a little drop down. Cool thing about Photoshop and, you know, most programs nowadays is you can see the font off to the right so you can see what it's going to look like. You don't have to change it first. So let me scroll through here and I'll find something super cool to use for my first word. All right, let's see what I find here. Looking, looking, looking. And that's kind of cool. I kind of like that. So I've got to obviously change it so it's going to show up because it's yellow right now. So let me type in here and I'll change the color of it. I'm going to change it to what would work here. Put that red. Yeah, I kind of like that. So let me make that a little bit bigger. First off, 180. That looks good to me. And slide that over a little bit. There we go. Looking good. And what else do I want to do here? Now, this is not an actual title I would use. Though I may watch my, I don't know, if it could lead to something, couldn't it? So let me see what else I can do with this. Let's make it stand out. Maybe we'll do like a warp. That's what we'll do. We'll pick some kind of warp text right here and we'll apply it, see what that looks like, the little arc looking thing. And let's see what that looks like. I think it's a little bit too much. I think I'm going to make it a little bit less of an arc. Yeah, felt like that. Yeah, that looks good. All right, so we're going to leave it like that and we can take it and adjust it, move it around depending on where we want it on the screen. So let me just move my cursor so that it will allow me to do that. I need that little plus thing. Yeah, there we go. I can slide it down right to here. That's good. All right, so we need to add a little bit more to it. Watch my, what am I going to put here? Let's see, what can I put? Let me grab a little bit more text and I'll stick it right down here, right below that. Watch my, I think I'm going to put a little bit more text. Okay, so let me grab some more text and we're going to stick something below this right here. Let me drag that down, get it all centered up so that I'm pointing at it. Kind of cool. And I'll put my new right there.   How about that blue? Kind of doesn't look bad. It makes it pop a little bit with that yellow in the background. So there we go. And I'm, you know, not a professional at this at all. You know, this is my way of doing it. I make it a little bit wider to make it look standing out a little bit more. And then I'll put something down here. How about videos? Or what else? Now. Okay, make them do it now. All right, there we go. So watch my new videos now. I'm commanding them to do it and I'm pointing at it. And maybe I want to change the color of that. It seems like it blends in a little too much. What else could I do here? Maybe back to that red. Does it look too bad? So yeah, I could do that. Maybe black. See what that looks like. Watch my new videos now. So, so it does stand out. That's what I'm going for, right? I want it to stand out. So there I go. Alrighty, what else do I want to do with this? Let's see here. I think I'll go ahead and do another one. And this time, what we'll do is we'll grab one of my images that already have a background in them. So we don't have to, you know, colorize that background. So let me grab one. Got my new, got the same size in there. Got to open up an image. Let me find one down here that I want. And I took a bunch of them when I was shooting these videos. Let me see what else I've got down here. Okay. See how I hold my hands in different positions? This is really helpful. If you want to put some words on the screen later on, it kind of looks like you're holding the words. So let's do one like that, where it looks like I'm actually holding the words and people can actually see the words I'm holding. So let's go ahead and do that. So let's stick some stuff in here. There we go. The best we'll put at the top here. Let me slide that down just a touch. And we'll change the color of that to a fond of that color. Make it look brighter. Kind of like this yellow color. There it goes. It looks like it stands a little bit more against that great background. It's not too bad. Let me put something here between my hands. Grab a little bit more text. Stick that in there. We'll say the best videos to watch. That's a little bit too wide for my hands. So I'm gonna bring that font down a little bit right here. Just a touch, not a whole lot. Maybe 140. Looks like that would work in my hands there. There we go. Not bad, not bad. Getting there. Color wise, we probably ought to make a couple little changes here. We're gonna change that to, we'll try that red. That's not too bad. It shows up, get as bright as we possibly can. See what it looks like. Okay, the best videos to watch. We need to make it look a little fancier somehow. What can we do here? Let's take that best there. We'll do some little bending of the text. We'll make it bulge. Yeah, that bulge is kind of cool. And let's bring that down a little bit.  I don't care. I mean, it doesn't matter to me. Kind of makes it look cooler. I think there's a little bit too much bulge to that though. Maybe I wanna bring that bulge down some so that it's not as big. So let me change that to maybe 30, 40. I don't know, 30% maybe would work. Let me try that and see if that looks better. I think I'm gonna like that better. Yeah, yeah, I like that a lot better. So yeah, the 30 works real well there. So now I've got this other one and I've got, let me slide that a little bit, just a touch. So now I've got one with a yellow background. I've got one with my real background here. You can do all kinds of stuff. I'm not a professional any stretch of the imagination like I told you at Photoshop. And I can do enough to get by. And the whole point in doing these thumbnails is just to get people to click. So you just want something bright, something that's gonna stand out, something that's gonna give them a little hint as to what is gonna be in your video. And of course, this is a terrible title right here. The best video is to watch. Nobody's gonna click on that. But if you have something about credit, it could be about credit. If you have something about making money, it could be that. If they're gonna learn something, if they're gonna get something, there's just all kinds of different things you can do to make this stuff stand out. There, I'm gonna put a little wave in that. There we go. Got a little wave going on. Looks a little bit different. So added that wave there. Makes it stand out a touch more. So there's plenty of things you can do, guys. You can play around with this all day long. Don't make a career out of this, right? You just wanna get your thumbnail done. You wanna get it done pretty quick. But you do wanna have thumbnails. You gotta have thumbnails. People won't click otherwise. They just won't do it. So let me just look at some of the other stuff I had in here. You know, I had all these different images. I wanted to show you. I mean, just all these different expressions. This is what you wanna do because you never know, you know, once you're done with the video, this could be a secret one right here. You never know once you're done with the video, how are you gonna use it? So taking all these different pictures and having all these possibilities are very handy. And you can always delete them.   So I would suggest you do them while you're doing the video. You can blow out the background and use a color background or you can use the actual background that you took the picture against. Either way, make sure you do some different things with your hands and facial expressions. Your emotions so that you can use these to your advantage and make some really cool thumbnails. So here's the deal. If you employ all those things that I just showed you in the video and you work through all that and you get your colors right and you get your image right, you're gonna get more clicks. I mean, that's just a fact.  Please do not skip the step of doing thumbnails. It's so, so important. You can also go to other channels that are getting a lot of subscribes, a lot of watch, all that type thing. And you can see what they did on their thumbnails.  So you may want to look at that. They don't copy somebody else's, but it will give you a good indication. Now, the one thing I'll tell you is a lot of people will do a title for the video and they try to put the same title in the thumbnail. And you don't need to do that. In this particular one, the title was kind of long. And if I put all of those words on the thumbnail, it would be something that would be hard to read. So I just pick two or three of the words and chop out the extra words. And keep in mind, YouTube does not optimize the words on your thumbnail. In other words, they don't even look at the words on your thumbnail. They could say something entirely different. YouTube doesn't know that. And you don't want to do that because that would be incorrect, that would be misleading. However, what I'm telling you is, it doesn't have to match. Please don't worry about that. Some of our titles are super long and that would be the worst thing you could do to put a super long title on a thumbnail. Now, I hope you enjoyed this video. And if you did, make sure you subscribe down there. Hit that subscribe button. Next to the subscribe button is a bell like this. And if you smash that bell, guess what? You'll be notified when I do new videos, but only if you turn on all your notifications. It'll ask you for that option. You can become part of the Fisher family and a VIP on this channel so you know about these videos before anybody else does. That's pretty cool stuff. Don't forget, put your comments below. If you've been working on thumbnails, if you had issues with thumbnails, what software are you using, any questions you have, please put it in the comments section below. Don't forget, I've got a $97 Ecommerce course. You can get absolutely free. There's a link in the description down there. Grab that link, click on it, go off and learn and become more successful online. Thank you so much for listening to this video and I'll see you in the next one. Hey, thanks for watching my video. Don't forget to subscribe to my channel and click that little bell right here and you can be notified every time I do a new video. Also, click on one of those videos there. Keep watching on my channel.


What is going on guys and welcome back to another I just created an NFL player in a rugby game video today's video is the first of 15 a rugby player well not a rugby player a rugby team has 15 rugby players on a team on the field at any one time now you can associate that with football a football field you know an NFL field is slightly smaller and lo and behold they have slightly less players on the field they've got 11 players on the field at once so guys it's my mission and my duty to today begin this new video series which is going to include you know the closest way theoretically to see how an NFL player with their current size stats speed strength all that stuff if you literally pick them up from a football field toggle their pads off helmet off put a mouth guard in put some rugby shorts on and plucking them back down on a rugby field that's what we want to find out what would happen with so so unless the rugby community and the NFL community come together for some sort of cross code you know exhibition match this is going to be the only way that we see this thing happen so with that being said Aaron Donald is the first player off the block he's going to be playing number one he's going to be playing left prop right at the front of the scrum and uh well the the way that we're going to do this guys is i've got each of these 15 players i've got their current madden 2020 stats we've only got five stats though we've got awareness speed acceleration agility and strength and then it gives them an overall rating so for each of these players including Aaron Donald we've got all of those five stats from the madden 20 ratings and following that i've gone to the NFL website and looked up their player profile to get their height weight and age and so with all those statistics together i feel like we're going to be able to create a pretty a pretty complete player to then be able to use on the game of rugby challenge three so with that being said guys i'm going to roll the intro and i'll see you back here shortly okay so let's see if i can work this out easily here customize players create player okay we're in um right so i'm going to go through all this stuff we've got first name surname commentary name which is extremely important because when we actually put these players into the game their names are going to be called by the commentators which is which is going to make it that much better age footedness nationality ethnicity with primary secondary and tertiary position choice um so i'm going to fill all this in and with the magic of youtube in just a nick minute um i'll see you at the attributes tab nick minute okay so as far as his statistics are concerned we've got an age of 29 we've got a footedness of i'm not sure but we're going to go right we're going to go nationality we're going to go usa nationality we're going to go pacific island african asian european well there's only four choices so i'm going to go regardless of uh of of what the actual ethnicity is called we're going to go by shade and i'd have to say it's it's going to be pacific island primary position lucid prop attributes this should be good okay so aron donald is actually a 99 overall player in that game so you know here we've got 99 awareness 83 speed 90 acceleration 86 agility and 99 strength well this is the oh this is interesting okay so the presets they've got preset stats for a lucid prop okay so what we're going to do we're going to use the preset stats for all of these players and then and then customize the numbers as to what i see here so this is aron donald so far fitness 65 um you know what i'm going to bring that up to i'm going to bring that up to 80 we've got speed 83 acceleration 90 for a prop wow we yeah you put aron donald in a fucking props jersey he is just gonna go crazy aggression i think he can turn it on we're gonna go 80 agility 86 wow for a prop that's that's fairly decent strength or break tackle 99 fuck it we'll go 99 no we won't no he doesn't know how to break too many tackles he's a defender i'm gonna go 80 tackling 100 passing well i'm gonna leave that at 40 offloading once again on offense i'm gonna leave that at 24 general kicking no he doesn't kick goal kick no he doesn't he doesn't kick he doesn't kick for goal catching i'd say he's probably got pretty good hands we're gonna put that up to yeah if he's on the burst outside someone grabs the ball we don't want him dropping a cold because he's probably got you know good enough handles to to catch fairly decent balls so we're gonna we're gonna leave that at 80 strength 100 mental agility well that's interesting we'll leave that at 50 jumping what was his vertical probably got at least 30 so we're gonna bring that up to at least 50 and discipline i feel like he's the the ultimate professional so we're gonna go 90 on discipline and there you go we've got the details and we continue um well we have to have a look at Aaron Donald yet uh you guys are gonna see the picture that i'm using too so um well he's got a fucking big neck you know what we can probably make this guy um big neck a bit of a fade um a bit of a beard here we go okay okay so we go overall width definitely wide skull width i think we go a bit narrower head shape no i don't need to do that face shape flat back of skull no idea neck angle neck width this is what we want let's see what happens here hey there he is and finally neck shape up like that have we got traps what are the traps looking like yeah they're pretty fucking decent um all right um go that one that's him i color i would have to say is light brown headgear we're gonna put him in headgear nah well maybe we could maybe we could pick colors from the rams let's see if they've got blue and yellow oh look at that yeah definitely yeah absolutely that looks fantastic okay here length well we don't know anymore actually you know what all the forwards we're going to use a headgear the backs are going to be without the headgear and we're going to be able to set their hairstyle um because that's you know that definitely happens in the game rugby we've got a dark brown here facial hairstyle here we go full beard chin curtain circle beard um oh going on that photo that we've seen i'd have to say it's that one let's see what he looks like without the headgear yeah nah yep that's him height and weight okay this is interesting here we go six foot one which is 185 if i can get it 185 there we go perfect 280 280 pounds now that is now that is going to increase the width of this player considerably um 280 pounds 127 kilograms currently this guy is 92 so we need to add on 35 kgs let's go can you see any difference i can't actually they're not actually changing the shape of his body that's okay okay so 180 127 that's perfect there you have it guys 185 and 127 is a beast torso right i think we're going to go upper everything torso stomach he's no actually i've seen a i've seen a shirtless picture of Aaron Donald he is he's ripped at 127 kg um definition defined yeah spine shape um let me see if we can and there we go um i'm gonna give you a straight spine arms well yep big legs well yep big leg shape knock knee or bowed um we're gonna go half and half right now what accessories does he need strapping nah he's playing rugby no strapping no strapping left arm no strapping right arm no strapping shirt untucked or tucked we're gonna go tucked sleeve well that actually looked pretty sweet hmm they do wear sleeves in american football don't they but this is rugby um club boots what do we got international boots here we go some of these look pretty nice actually but we're gonna go the classic black classic black adidas three stripes white and black boom tattoos no right guys i think i think we've actually i think we've actually finished this is our first player of the block number one playing prop Aaron Donald there we go here we go okay say 29 right footed from the usa uh loosehead prop we've got a fairly decent profile when it comes to attributes um obviously passing and kicking and jumping are his worst attributes but things like strength tackling speed acceleration and breaking tackles are his strengths that's what he looks like that's what he looks like we'll do a bit of a uh a bit of a rotate that's i don't know he doesn't look doesn't look as big as Aaron Donald but he's gonna play just as effectively there he is guys so as far as i'm aware i feel like we can save this by going exit would you like to save your changes yes i would sweet okay now how can i okay i'm gonna try and edit how do i oh there he is boom Aaron Donald value at 230 000 and with those stats we put in he's got an overall rating of 91 not bad there he is guys so what i'm gonna do i'm gonna go through and create all the players and then we're gonna create a team and set them against the all blacks the mighty all blacks that's gonna be fun man i love this shit but he's in there the first player of the team Aaron Donald 91 overall playing prop for the usa and with that being said guys i want to wish you a fantastic day in the next video we're coming back with the hooker or number two and uh well the front row is rounded off with a hooker and another prop and uh they are in no particular order Von Miller and Khalil Mack both at six foot three around 250 pounds and they're both going to be complete and utter beasts and with that being said i'll see you in the next one peace out