Three people were killed and three were missing after a landslide barreled down a heavily forested, rain-soaked mountainside and smashed into homes in a remote fishing community in southeast Alaska. The slide, estimated to be 450 feet wide, occurred it on Monday night during a significant rain and windstorm near Rangel, an island community of 2,000 people some 155 miles south of the state capital of Juneau rescue crews found the body of a girl in an initial search and late Tuesday the bodies of two adults were found by a drone operator searchers used a cadaver sniffing dog and heat-sensing drones to search for two children and one adult unaccounted for after the disaster while the Coast Guard and other vessels looked along a waterfront littered with rocks, trees and mud Alaska State troopers spokesperson Austin McDaniel said a woman who had been on the upper floor of a home was rescued. She was in good condition and receiving medical care. One of the three homes that was struck was unoccupied, McDaniel said. There were three structures directly in the path of this landslide, two houses on the mountain side of the highway and one house on the water side of the highway. A geologist from the Alaska Department of Transportation has conducted a preliminary assessment of the slide zone and has cleared areas of that slide zone for ground searching to resume today. U.S. Coast Guard as well as volunteer search and rescue team vessels and Good Samaritan vessels are actively searching the water side of the slide area. Sometime between last night when the hasty search was paused to when ground searchers returned today was when the adult female was located alive. The perspective of the Alaska State troopers, I can say this is very much still a search and rescue operation. I don't have a lot of detail, but we are estimating it's about just a little under 500 feet across where it crossed the road. We do know that the risk of landslides, specifically this type of landslide known as a debris flow, the risk of a debris flow is present throughout Southeast Alaska where we have steep slopes and we know that heavy rainfall or rapid snow melt or otherwise putting lots of moisture into the soil makes those risks greater.


This is ephemeral, just a blouse, girlfriend's wardrobe. It has a neck in the shape of a V. It was the most ab about Shakespeare. It's some general interest. I think this is very, very this. And then perhaps get to Roanoke. So, yeah, there's just so, so, so many different bits of this book. I really didn't know which is the most interesting one. In 1587, a colony of 123 English men, women, and children was founded on Roanoke Island, Virginia. And three years later, their settlement had disappeared without a trace. Now, one historian believes that they were the victims of an English court conspiracy, led by one of the most powerful men of that. The sad, the sad, the sad. Seafarer and artist John White is the primary source for piecing together the events that doomed the colony of Roanoke. White was the governor of the first English colony in America, which was established on Roanoke Island. It was to be named Raleigh after the expedition's sponsor, Sir Walter Raleigh. A favorite of England's Queen Elizabeth I, Raleigh expected to make his fortune from the colony, but he was to finish up, destitute, imprisoned, and finally executed. John White's account of the 1587 voyage to Roanoke and the subsequent disappearance of 115 men, women, and children on the face of it, a plain narrative of a failed expedition. Now, scholars are arguing that a closer reading divulges secret evidence of sinister scheme. The tragedy was a personal one. He sailed back to England, leaving his daughter and newborn granddaughter with the rest of the settlers on the tiny island. But it was to be three years before he could return. The threat of a Spanish invasion kept English ships in port, trapping White on the wrong side of the Atlantic until finally in 1590. Raleigh persuaded Queen Elizabeth to allow his relief ships. As White really reached the treacherous shallows that guarded the Roanoke Island, he may have hoped for a happy reunion, but could hardly have failed to harbor misgivings about the fate of the vulnerable settlers. He knew that local warriors to be hostile. The week before he left, one colonist had even been shot. And White, of course, found the settlement deserted. The single clue to the settler's fate was a lone word carved into a wooden stake. Croatoan, croatoan, over here. So over here we have charting a disaster. The man-made governor of Roanoke was the artist John White. He had mapped the coastline earlier expedition, indicating Roanoke Island in Croatoan, both circled. Mystery. Roanoke was meant to be the first permanent English colony in America 33 years before, yet the colonists disappeared and were never seen by Europeans again. Now historians argue that they may have been pawns sacrificed as part of an English conspiracy that permeated the high echelon of power. Throughout the 16th century, the 1500s, the thought of conquering North America captivated English traders and inventive mineral riches. The Great American Settlement also had the potential, should an inland passage to the Pacific be found, of becoming the great mercantile gateway. Raleigh had won from the queen of eight and a half million acres of American land, but he was undecided about which land to choose. One explorer, Captain Arthur, had written of Roanoke that it was plentiful, sweet, and bringeth forth all the things in abundance without toil or labor. But Raleigh's first attempt to set a colony on Roanoke had actually failed, with the settlers giving up after just ten months. The Native Americans withdrew food supplies, forcing the settlers to hunt. Raleigh and his backers decided to move the settlement some 50 miles north to a sheltered, deep water port of the Chesapeake Bay. A small garrison remained at Roanoke to guard the old site, but the island was deemed too risky for civilians, unless of course the Secotan tribe were brought under control. In John White, the prospective governor was charged 150 colonists, each of whom would receive 500 and time was pressing, were to reach Chesapeake for the planting season. Under the strength with only 115 recruits, the ships set sail at the end of April 1587, nearly a hundred years after Columbus had landed. White's account of the voyage shows that they were immediately beset by puzzling difficulties. It is clear that in White's opinion these all stemmed. Fernandez was a former pirate. His navigational skills and knowledge of the eastern seaboard of America were undoubted. There was even a stretch of coastline named after him. His judgment was less assured. White wrote in his diary about Fernandez, ludely, that is deliberately, abandoned the fly boat that carried shore stores for the settlement as it foundered in the water of Portugal. In the Caribbean, White recorded the crew failed to take unnecessary supplies of water and salt because of Fernandez's obstruction. The expedition made slow progress and in mid-July, ships that such was Fernandez's carelessness and ignorance that he nearly ran the boat aground on the Cape of Fear. These delays had desperate consequences. For the settlers, they had reached land too late to plant the grain and while the failure to stock up on food meant that supplies were running low. Worse was to come. Raleigh had instructed White to go ashore at the Roanoke for a conference concerning the state. But as White and 40 of his men were being rode ashore, one of Fernandez's deputies shouted that they would not be let back on board. The ship would only stay at Roanoke long enough for all the settlers to be ferryed ashore. And White was dumbfounded. His pilot had overruled the orders of Sir Walter Raleigh himself. Fernandez refused to take the con. Near the original settlement was the village of Pomuoke, populated by the Secotin. At first, relations were good and there was trading. The potato was not introduced to Europe. It grew only in South America at that time. So alone and with their only source of advice and protection, the garrison at Roanoke, the settlers' next discovery was a chilling one, all that remained of the 15 soldiers who destroyed the village. And the colony's salvation appeared only with the late arrival of their next fly boat. Garing surplus provisions, the settlers decided to send White back to England to seek assistance for their predicament. Fernandez's ship's lock, meanwhile, shows that he idled on the American coastline for 30s. Why did Fernandez, an investor in the expedition, choose to abandon the colonists? The answer appears to lay across the Atlantic woman, jostling for position at favor and favor at court. Sir Walter Raleigh stood out. Not only a courtier, but possessed the wardrobe and demeanor of a prince. A particular favorite of the queen, the darling of the English Cleopatra, as one Flemish visitor. There's as deadly enemies there were, there was a great rivalry between Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Francis Walsingham left at the court of Elizabeth I. His policy, his buccaneering style, often held sway with Raleigh's. Overrolling her more cautious advisors such as the Secretary of State, Sir Francis Walsingham, Raleigh was well rewarded for his loyalty to the lesson of Anthony Bavington to assassinate the queen. Raleigh was given Bavington's sizable estates, and Raleigh's power and influence ensured that he was a target for others with ambition. Few men, but one certainly did, Sir Francis Walsingham. Sir Francis Walsingham, hello there, had both motive and means. He was a, he was facing financial ruin, one, and as the mastermind behind the exposure of the Bavington conspiracy had expected to be rewarded with the estates that were in fact given to Raleigh. Walsingham knew that the Roanoke settlement was Raleigh's long held, as weakest spot. Its failure would lead to his ruination. American historian Lee Miller has argued that the loss of the colonists stems from Walsingham's plot to bankrupt, and Miller found evidence of a vital connection between Walsingham and Fernandez. So the Portuguese pirate Fernandez should have gone to the gallows, but Walsingham signed papers that released him. Could Fernandez have repaid this debt by sabotaging the Roanoke colony in order to ruin Raleigh? He could, of course, have been referring to rival entrepreneurs, aiming to discredit. When John White was eventually authorized, the missing clue is that John White never found his family or other settlers. In his first, second, rescue ship, the Hopewell White, wrote he's thought to have died in Ireland at around this time. By the time never have learned of the vital Croatone by the settlers and found by John White, not the rescuers would have searched in vain at Chesapeake Bay or on Roanoke instead of Croatone, which is an island 50 miles. Raleigh's legal right to the title of the land was in jeopardy. It depended on having settled a permanent colony within seven years. As the former favorite descended into ruin and disgrace, Walsingham's old allies, Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex and Robert Cecil, following the death of Elizabeth I, the new king James I, was soon convinced of Raleigh's disloyalty for treason and imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1606. Soon after, his land title was won by Robert Cecil, along with these two men responsible for the charges against him. The Attorney General, Sir Edward Coke and Chief Justice Papa so epilogue to the mystery, it was reported that in 1608, the chief of the Powhatan tribe had told settlers in Jamestown, Virginia that the Roanoke survivors had been slaughtered. Historians then in 1701, the English surveyor John Lawson wrote of an unusual group of light-skinned American Indians he had met on the dunes of Croatones. As far as he could comprehend, several of their ancestors were white and could talk in a book as we do. Could the settlers have survived to be the first European colonists in America after all? That mystery is one that may never be solved. The Roanoke settlers may have been massacred by the American Indians or they may have integrated into one of the tribes that John White painted a decade before their disappearance.


Yes, what if your employer does not fulfil what we call his obligation? Yes, we've come to these companies or we've come to some of these companies where we are. It may be a security company, it may be a cleaning company, it may be a housekeeping company. These are all not the same companies or they are not the same management. What happens or what do you do if your employer fails to fulfil what is his obligation? What obligation am I talking about? I'm talking about the obligations as they are signed or what was actually agreed upon in the contract. Yes, so most of the times or most of us or you may be out there, you've gotten into this kind of situation whereby either you are not paid in time, either you are demanding more salary or more marks, either the living conditions are not good, either you are not being compensated for your food or you have even denied what you call medical. Yes, we get through all this when we are in these companies. But remember when you came to this company you signed what you call a contract and that contract has terms and conditions of what you call the terms that you are supposed to bind you and the employer or your sponsor in one world or the other that I can say. Something that you need to remember. If something like for that situation gets a little bit higher on you, let's say for example your employer or your sponsor is bleaching what was agreed upon in the contract. My humble advice or my advice to you is do not gradually take up the matter very fast on fire. Talk to the human resource or talk to the people responsible in that company. Express or how what is your complaint to them. That complaint can be in writing or can be even what you call the immediate supervisors. What I used to do myself, I used to write and I would co-abolate everyone that I think is supposed to supervise me. I don't know how many of you you have but I had a chain of five from one supervisor until you can reach the final person. So what I used to do is I used to draft a late and carbon copy each one I would give a copy. Such as at the end of it no one says I do not have a copy for that. But when you think of situations by whereby you want to take up what you call the legal matter against your employer. Most of the time you may end up failing. First of all if you fail to a situation that you failed at most you fail to get help. That is when you can go to another level of taking up what you call the legal matter.  Otherwise when we are taking what you call the legal actions something that needs to come into your mind you must have enough evidence for that. You must have supporting document that are going to crew up and take you on. Which you must remember in one of them. But again also as you are taking up the legal matters to your sponsor who gave you the visa to come. Something that you need to understand is what you want as a person that is one. What is going to be the cost. The cost we are looking at in very many times or very many situations. We may look at the transportation. We may look at the time that will be wasted. But does that legal action against your employer lead to financial distress? That is a question that you need to ask yourself. There are what you call the cold damages. What you call the cold damages. Yes. If you take up that legal action against your sponsor and there will be what you call cold damages. What you call the financial damages. And you have enough supporting document or evidence to back you up. Then you have a like to go ahead. But if you feel you don't have enough supporting document. You may not end up. You may end up not winning.  So most of the time let us try to think about such kind of situations. When we have this. Can this make me move here? Can this make me do this? This is what they will be up to. Hope I try to share something with you. Thank you so much. See you again in the next video. It makes creation TV at Instagram. A link. Summary makes Jazzy. A Tik Tok account. Don't forget to follow.


Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar A.S. Academy, displayed on the list of news articles taken for today's analysis and their page numbers in different editions of the newspaper. The link for the handwritten notes is given in the PDF format, in the description box, and also in the comment section for the benefit of mobile phone viewers. Now let us move on to the analysis of first news article. These news articles are with reference to the ongoing process in the United States with respect to the impeachment of US President. According to the news article, the House of Representatives, which is one of the two houses of US Parliament, which is also called as US Congress, has impeached the US President Donald Trump. In India, the National Legislature is called as Parliament. It has two houses, that is, it is a bicameral legislature. In the United States, the National Legislature is called as Congress, which also has two houses. One house is called as House of Representatives. Another house is called as Senate. In this context, we will be discussing the procedure to impeach the US President, and we will also compare the way in which an Indian President can be impeached. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. We will be comparing the procedure for impeachment in US and in India based on a request made by one of our viewers on 16th November, 2019. Let's see the ongoing issues that initiated the impeachment against the US President, Mr. Donald Trump. See, the present US President belongs to the Republican Party, which is one of the two major parties in the United States. The other major party is the Democratic Party. And the Democratic Party, it is the important opposition political party at present in the United States. See, the US presidential election is said to happen in the year 2020. And with respect to the Republican Party, Mr. Donald Trump is seen as the most probable candidate. Whereas in terms of Democratic Party, Mr. Joe Biden is seen as the leading candidate. It is alleged that Mr. Trump has misused his power as President against one of the probable candidates for 2020 elections, Mr. Joe Biden. So what did Mr. Trump do? See, son of Joe Biden had served on a board of a Ukrainian energy company. It is said that Joe Biden, during his tenure as Vice President of the United States from 2009 to 2017, has allegedly visited Ukraine to save his son from a lot of corruption charges and allegations. The right way to handle this issue would have been through legal mechanisms or formal mechanisms that are available in the United States. Whereas Mr. Trump has been criticized that he has pressurized the Ukrainian president to look into the allegations of wrongdoings by Joe Biden and also his son. And to get this activity done by the Ukrainian president, it is reported that Mr. Trump has stopped a White House meeting with the Ukrainian president. Actually, he has withheld a White House meeting with the Ukrainian president. And it is also reported that the US president has offered that he will be releasing $391 million as security aid to Ukraine to combat Russia-backed separatists. Would be released to Ukraine, provided the job is done as required by US President Trump in an informal manner. Now this means Mr. Trump has misused the power of his office to solicit interference from a foreign country in the US elections in 2020 for the office of president. And it is also alleged that Mr. Trump has used his official position to block the investigation by US Congress or US Parliament or US National Legislature by directing the administrative officials and administrative agencies not to comply with the National Legislature of the United States. So there are two articles of allegation against Trump, one is abuse of power and second one is the obstruction to the probe by the US Congress. So therefore the speaker of US House of Representatives has launched the impeachment process against President Trump. Now let us discuss the process of impeachment of US President. See impeachment is a provision that allows US Congress to remove the President of United States. The US Congress or US National Legislature is similar to Indian Parliament. It has House of Representatives and the other House is the Senate. So the impeachment process should be carried on in two chambers. Now let us see the grounds of impeachment. See under Article 2, Section 4 of the United States Constitution. It mentions that President, Vice President and all civil officers of the United States can be removed from office if convicted for treason, bribery or high crimes and misdemeanors. Now what do we mean when we say misdemeanor? See generally criminal acts fall into two categories, felonies and misdemeanors. Felonies or offenses that may result in present sentences of more than one year while misdemeanors they carry out sentences of a period of one year or less. So this is the definition within the jurisdiction of United States. In India we have the category of cognizable offenses, non-cognizable offenses, heinous offenses, serious offenses and also petty offenses. See the impeachment process in United States, it begins in House of Representatives. Any member of House of Representatives can introduce an impeachment resolution on the grounds that are treason, bribery, high crimes and misdemeanors. Now with the present impeachment process in United States on September 24, 2019 the Speaker of House of Representatives has announced that the House of Representatives will move forward with an official impeachment inquiry against the US President. This announcement alone is enough to begin official impeachment proceedings in the United States. Once the announcement is made, six House committees continue their investigations of the President under the umbrella of impeachment inquiry. One of the important committee in this matter is the House Judiciary Committee. This committee along with the other committees will conduct an investigation into the impeachment. After investigating, the committees will report their findings to the House where in the House Judiciary Committee can recommend whether there should be impeachment and it will report an impeachment resolution with specific allegations of misconduct. Each investigating committee may report separate findings based on their investigation. Finally an impeachment resolution would be made and this resolution will have articles of impeachment. These are nothing but charges of misconduct. From Mr. Trump there are two charges abuse of power and obstructing the US Congress. A voting process will happen in House of Representatives on this impeachment resolution. See here in the voting process it requires only a simple majority for passing this impeachment resolution. Once the impeachment resolution is passed in House of Representatives, it means the matter of impeachment is now referred to the Senate. So here we have to note that with respect to investigation it is in the House of Representatives. With respect to trial for impeachment it is with the Senate, the second House that is involved in the impeachment process. The news is that the House of Representatives has passed the vote on impeachment with simple majority. If you see the US House of Representatives, the strength of the House is 435. So the simple majority will be 218. We can find that the House of Representatives has majority of its members from the Democratic Party. This is one of the main reasons why the vote on impeachment is made quite easily. The trial for impeachment will begin in the Senate to determine whether the President is guilty or not. The House of the Senate will select managers to present evidence to the Senate and it will also summon the witnesses and the Senate will also issue a writ of summons to the impeached President to appear. Then the trial will be carried out in Senate. The House managers will be playing the role of prosecution. The Senate will play the role of jury and the Chief Justice of Supreme Court of United States will act as the judge and the impeached official will be the defendant. Here the standards for evidence and conviction are up to the Senate with respect to the trial. We saw about vote of impeachment with respect to House of Representatives in United States. Now with respect to Senate, it is vote on conviction. So once the deliberation is completed in Senate, the Senate will vote on each article of impeachment separately. And here it requires two-third majority for conviction that will result in removal from the Presidential Office. So we know that the Senate in United States has two members from each state of U.S. Therefore it has 100 members. Here we can see one of the House in U.S. National Legislature has membership which is equal membership for all states, two members from each state. If you see Rajesh Saba in our country, here the membership is not equal with respect to states. There is variation. The variation in seats in Rajesh Saba is on the basis of the population in each state. So once the Senate passes vote on conviction with two-third majority, the President stands removed from the office. If it is not passed with two-third of majority in Senate, then the President stays in the office. Here two-third of majority means it requires the support of 67 members in Senate to favor the vote of conviction. Now it is reported that since Senate has a Republican majority to which Mr. Trump belongs, the chances of impeachment or chances of the vote of conviction getting passed in Senate is very less. Note that no United States President has been removed by this impeachment process till date from their offices. But the House of Representatives has impeached two presidents, Mr. Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Mr. Bill Clinton in 1998. Then Mr. Trump has become the third president to be impeached by this House of Representatives. Earlier in 1974, former President Mr. Richard Nixon has resigned, fearing the impeachment proceedings. According to the United States government, after passing the vote on conviction, the Senate may also vote on whether the convicted president stands disqualified from holding a government position again or not. However, for voting with respect to this matter, only a simple majority is required, whereas we saw that two-third majority is required for the vote on conviction. So determine the future course of the convicted president as simple majority is enough. And according to the US government, the impeachment proceedings have been challenged in the US federal court on many occasions and it is unlikely that after impeachment by the US Congress, that there will be an appeal in the US Supreme Court. And based on various case laws in the US, courts have said that the power of Congress to impeach is broad in nature and in many cases the decision of Congress is not subject to judicial review. So in the light of all the points that we have discussed, since Trump is seeking a re-election in 2020, the impeachment by the House of Representatives will be a stain on his reputation and the impeachment of the US President and House of Representatives, according to some experts, they are saying that it shows the growing polarization in American politics while it was known that Democrat majority House will pass the resolution and it is also almost clear that the Republican majority Senate will not pass it. Based on this balance and polarity in both houses, they are saying that the people of United States and their representatives are divided on political lines. This is because in the vote of impeachment in House of Representatives, there is a clear divide on the matter between the Republican Party and the Democrat Party. Democrat Party supported the resolution on vote of impeachment, whereas Republican Party members opposed it. Now let's come to the procedure of impeachment of Indian President. Article 61 deals with the procedure for impeachment of Indian President. Article 61 class 1 mentions the ground for which a president can be impeached. The ground is violation of the Constitution. See the Constitution does not define what does it mean by the violation of the Constitution. The impeachment process starts with a notice in writing that has to be signed by at least one fourth of the total number of members of a particular House that is to initiate the process. This notice should have the intention to move a resolution for the impeachment of the President. Once this notice has been given, after a period of 14 days, resolution to impeach the President can be moved in the House. This resolution will have the proposal to prefer the charges against the President. Now there is one difference with the procedure that is in the United States. In United States we saw that the procedure can be initiated only in the House of Representatives. The Senate always comes second or only in the stage of prosecution or trial with respect to impeachment of U.S. President. But in case of impeachment procedure for Indian President, the charges can be initiated by either House of Parliament that is either Lokshabha or Rajesh Shabha. We saw that once the notice is given in the House that initiates charges, there has to be a 14-day notice. According to the interpretation by Mr. Lakshmikanth in his book Indian Polity, this 14-day notice is to be given to the President of India. So that the impeachment resolution is passed, a majority of two-thirds of total membership of the House is required. Once this resolution is passed in the first House, then it will be sent to the other House. The second House will investigate the charges made by the first House on the President. And in this second House, the President shall have the right to appear and to be represented at such investigation that is carried out in the second House. And based on the result of the investigation, if a resolution is passed for impeachment against the President, by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total membership of the House, then the President shall stand removed from his or her office. This is to be having effect from the date on which the resolution is passed in the second House. Here the second House will pass such a resolution mentioning that the charges against the President has been sustained. So this is with respect to the impeachment procedure for the Indian President. Now note that neither in the first House nor in the second House, the Chief Justice of India is mandated by the Constitution to appear. So this means Chief Justice of India is not present in the process of impeachment of Indian President whereas in the case of United States, in the second House that is the trial House that is Senate, the Chief Justice is the judge there. We saw that the House manages in the Senate act as prosecution, the Senate acts as jury and the President there acts as defendant while the Chief Justice of Supreme Court of United States acts as judge. And this is one of the reasons as there is participation of Chief Justice of Supreme Court in these proceedings gives an understanding that there will not be a need for appeal to the Supreme Court in which the Chief Justice is also present. This is one thing we can learn from them. We saw that in terms of United States, there is investigation in the first House, there is trial in the second House. It looks like almost like a criminal case where police investigate, court conducts prosecution or trial whereas according to Indian Constitution, the first House frames the charges, prefers charges against the President that is moved as a resolution. The second House investigates where the President has the right to appear and if passed with the majority of two-thirds of total membership of that House, then the President stands removed from the data on which the resolution is passed for impeachment in the second House. So these are some of the information with respect to the analysis of these news articles. Now let's move on to the analysis of next news article. This news article discusses about the open market operations which has been planned by RISO Bank of India. We'll discuss about bonds, government securities, types of government securities, then open market operations and finally we'll see the importance of today's news article. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article has been highlighted here for your reference. First let's see about bond. A bond is simply a debt instrument that can be issued by one authority to get loan from the investor. So the investor loans money to this issuing entity to the debt instrument which is bond. Now the entity that gets the loan amount can be private or government. This entity borrows funds for a definite period of time either at variable rate of interest or fixed rate of interest from the investor who gives money or who loans money to this entity. Bonds are used by companies, municipalities, states and sovereign governments to raise money that is to get the financial capital in terms of loans. With this money that is accrued through bonds they can finance projects and various activities. In this case one who lends the money to the issuer of the bond. They are called as owners of bonds. These owners are also called as debt holders or creditors of the issuer. They are called as creditors because they give credit to the issuing authority while getting the bond as debt instrument. They are not debtors they are debt holders meaning they have given debt to the issuing authority and waiting to get their money back. Now let's see about government securities. Government security is a tradable instrument that is issued by Rousseau Bank of India on behalf of central government or the state governments. A government security acknowledges the government's debt obligation. For example if a person purchases a government security then the government has the obligation to pay the phase value or the interest to the person who purchased the government security and that person who has government security in his or her hand he or she can trade this government security in stock exchange and that is the reason why we call it as tradable instrument. See government security works on the principle or concept of bonds but there are different terminologies for GSECs that are used in India. If you see GSECs can be short term or long term short term government securities are usually called as treasury bills their original maturity period will be less than one year. Long term government securities are usually called as government bonds or dated securities. Their maturity period will be one year or more. The interest varies for different government securities depending on the type of government security. So these are two types of government securities in India. These securities are called as government securities because the securities are issued either by central government or by state government through Rousseau Bank of India. In case of central government it issues both treasury bills and bonds or dated securities. If you see state governments they issue only bonds or dated securities. These bonds or dated securities that are issued by state governments through RBA are called as state development loans and government will never default the loan which it has taken through government securities so practically there is no risk of default. So therefore government securities are also called as risk free guilt edged instruments. Now let's see how these government securities are issued. See they are issued through auctions that are conducted by Rousseau Bank of India. Auctions are conducted on the electronic platform called as eKuber. We know that eKuber is the core banking solution platform of RBI. See RBI consults with government of India and then it issues an indicative half yearly auction calendar which consists of the details of auctions. This calendar will contain the information regarding you know amount of borrowing, the range of the tenor that is the time period, the maturity time period for the securities and it also has the time in which the auctions will be held. And before auctions required information through notifications and press informations will be released by RBI. So whenever you see in the news articles or anywhere that the government is planning to buy or sell government securities it is the RBI that does this operation on behalf of central government are the state governments. So now let's see about open market operations. See this refers to buying of government securities or selling of government securities to open market. See open market is an unrestricted market that has free access anyone can participate. And why RBI conducts open market operations that is to adjust the liquidity conditions in the market. When RBI feels that there is excess liquidity that is when RBI feels that there is excess money in the market it sells the government securities while selling it will receive the money. So the money in the open market will be absorbed by RBI. This is one method how RBI controls liquidity thereby it also can control inflation that is demand pull inflation. That is more money chasing less number of goods and therefore there is inflation. So how to address this the more money in the hands of people has to be reduced by getting the money to RBI by selling government securities. Now when the liquidity conditions are tight in the open market that is money is not available in the hands of people when RBI buys the security it gives back money to the open market so there will be money in the open market thereby it increases liquidity in the open market. Now while buying back or while repurchasing sometimes the central government of the state governments they buy back their existing securities that they have sold in the open market prematurely. This is called as redemption of government securities prematurely from the debt holders. Suppose the maturity period of a particular government security is 2025 but RBI on behalf of central or state governments prematurely buys it in 2020. Now what are the objectives of buy back of government securities. One main objective is to reduce the cost of particular government security. Here we are discussing about buying government securities prematurely usually for such operations RBI buys back high coupon securities when we say high coupon securities it means that the interest rates are high so the debt holder or the creditor will be having more return or more yield for the particular government security. So when they are getting more yield it is increasing burden on the government. So to reduce the increasing burden or to reduce the cost of this particular government security RBI buys back these high coupon government securities. So by this we can say that the government is managing its borrowing costs. Now when government is giving money at this time it need not have any interest obligations in the future so it manages its borrowing costs. Now the next objective is to reduce the number of outstanding securities and to improve liquidity in the government securities market. Then the central government also repurchases government security for effective cash management. It means that when the central government is having surplus money it can utilize the surplus money to buy back the government securities. It actually means that central government is having money to pay its debt so it is carrying out this document so it is carrying out this operation through RBI. We also saw that this government security is actually a debt obligation of the government and why government carries out this activity one another reason is normally to infuse or to inject liquidity into the economic system. Usually we will be seeing that RBI performing either buying or selling of government securities. But in today's news article you can see that RBI has planned to simultaneously buy and sell government securities in a single day. RBI has said that after reviewing the current liquidity and market situation and after assessing the evolving financial conditions in the country it has decided to conduct simultaneous purchase and sale of government securities under open market operations. So it has decided on 23rd December 2019 it will buy government securities worth 10,000 crore rupees and sell government securities worth 10,000 crore rupees. So you may think 10,000 is same in both cases there is a difference because the RBI is going to purchase government securities with long term maturities that is those government bots that are going to mature by the year 2029. Now this purpose of buying back the long term securities is to manage the borrowing costs or the manage the yields of the investors thereby managing its own borrowing commitments in the present and also in the future. So what about the government securities that are to be sold by RBI on 23rd December? See these government securities are going to be short term government securities that will mature in 2020 maybe in the month of April 2020 or May 2020 or June 2020 or December 2020. But it has decided to buy government securities with long term maturities that are to mature in 2029 and simply we can say that government has planned to sell treasury bills and planned to buy government bonds or dated securities. This is because treasury bills are also called as short term government securities. So RBI has planned to buy and sell government securities in a single go. So the ultimate objective is to make the borrowing of government cheaper by buying back long term government securities and earning some extra money by way of selling short term government securities. In informal terms we can say it's a form of rotating the debt and earning some extra money and the government can use this extra money for other economic activities. The news article tells that this action that is to be carried out by RBI as operation twist know that it is not an official term that has been used by RBI operation twist is actually a move which was taken by US Federal Reserve which is the central bank of United States. In 2011-12 it has conducted operation twist to make long term borrowing cheaper for the government. US Federal Reserve carried out operation twist to buy back long term bonds using the proceeds from the sales of short term bonds. It is called as twist because of the twist in the usual operation. These are some of the information with respect to the analysis of this news article. We saw about government securities, it types, then about open market operation and finally we saw how RBI has planned to conduct simultaneous buying and selling of government securities. Now let's move on to the next news article. This news article talks about various developments that happened in the second India-United States 2 plus 2 ministerial dialogue. This 2 plus 2 dialogue was held at Washington United States on 18th December 2019. This is the second 2 plus 2 meeting between India and United States and it is the first 2 plus 2 meeting to be held in United States. In this news article discussion we'll see about four foundational agreements of USA then we'll also see the industry security annex that was signed in the recent 2 plus 2 meeting then we'll also see in brief about Comcast and Information Fusion Center for Indian Ocean region. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. According to government of India, this 2 plus 2 dialogue is the highest level institutional mechanism between the two countries that provides for a review of security partnership, defense partnership and strategic partnership between the two countries. Now the important news from this news article is that India and United States have signed the industrial security annex. So what is this ISA? Before entering into it let's see the basic foundational agreements between India and USA. Note that United States enter into four foundational agreements with its defense partners. India is a defense partner of United States and in fact India is a major defense partner as recognized by United States in the year 2016. Now the four foundational agreements are the general security of military information agreement, the logistics exchange memorandum of agreement, the communications compatibility and security agreement, the basic exchange and cooperation agreement for geospatial cooperation. The United States have signed the first three agreements with India. General security of military information agreement was signed in 2002. The logistics exchange memorandum of agreement was signed in 2016. Comcast was signed in 2018. During the first India United States 2 plus 2 dialogue in New Delhi India in September 2018. If you see Comcast this agreement was signed in 2018 but it has to be put into operation. So in this 2 plus 2 dialogue in this second edition, both India and USA have reviewed the steps that are being taken to operationalize this foundational agreement. If you see the fourth foundational agreement this is BACA, the basic exchange and cooperation agreement for geospatial cooperation. It has not yet been signed between two countries. It is still under negotiation as both sides are trying to sort out few issues or concerns. If this agreement is signed then India and United States they have to share geospatial data for example topographical data or nautical data and aeronautical data with each other. Now let's see about the industrial security annex which is an add-on feature to this general security of military information agreement. Now this general security of military information agreement it enables sharing of military intelligence between two countries and it requires each partner to protect the classified information of other partner. Here when we say classified information it refers to the secret information that are in the military intelligence between two countries. Now signing of industrial security annex will now help in establishing closer defense industry cooperation and collaboration between the two countries that is why it is called as industrial security annex. See this ISA is critical for United States defense companies to do business with Indian private industry. It will help in transfer of key high-end technology from U.S. defense companies to its Indian partners and this will also make the state of the art defense technology that is available in the United States to the Indian defense firms. So we can see that this ISA will give a boost to Indian private sector which is presently looking for a great role in defense manufacturing. Indian Defense Minister has hoped that this industrial security annex will help in smooth transfer of classified technology or secret technology and information between private companies of the United States and India. Indian Air Force is planning to expand its fleet by purchasing around some 114 fighter jets. U.S. companies such as Boeing and Lockheed Martin they are among the bidders of this multi-billion dollar deal. Now they can tie up with Indian companies as now this ISA pact has been signed. Other than this a U.S. military official has also said that United States is ready to offer some of the best technology that are widely used by U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force. Some of them are F-bar A-18 Super Hornet and the B-spoke F-21. Now this F-bar A-18 Super Hornet is associated with fighter aircrafts. So these are some of the information with respect to the industrial security annex. We saw that Comcast agreement was signed in 2018 but it is yet to be operationalized. See Comcast is an India specific version of communication and information on security memorandum of agreement which United States has with other countries. It was signed between India and United States in 2018 as we saw already. This agreement is valid for a period of 10 years. Now the special feature of this agreement is that it allows India to procure and transfer specialized equipment from United States for encrypted communications. So India can purchase and use high-end secured communication equipment for defense purposes. So this agreement though signed in 2018 but is yet to be operationalized. So this was discussed during 2 plus 2 dialogue. Here Indian defense minister mentioned that steps to operationalize Comcast will be discussed in the military cooperation group meeting. So what is this military cooperation group? See it is one of the subgroups of defense policy group which is the primary mechanism that guides India-United States strategic defense partnership. Our India-United States strategic defense relationship. Top officials from both countries they meet under this defense policy group mechanism to discuss on various defense issues and concerns. Indian defense minister has said that India has sent an invitation to United States to nominate a liaison officer for the Information Fusion Center for the Indian Ocean region which is also shortly called as IFC IOR. See this IFC IOR is established to strengthen maritime security in the Indian Ocean region. It will act as Maritime Information Hub that is why it is called as Information Fusion Center for the Indian Ocean region. Now this center has been established in Gurugram near Delhi. This center is co-located with Information Management and Analysis Center which means both these institutions IFC IOR and Information Management and Analysis Center they are at Gurugram near Delhi. So we saw about the four foundational agreements of USA out of which three has been already signed with our country and we saw about industry security annex which was signed recently between India and United States and we saw about Comcast and shortly about IFC IOR. This news article is about a visa fee waiver scheme that is framed by the central government in the year 2015. The syllabus that is relevant for the analysis of this news article and the syllabus that can be linked to the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. We know that thousands of Sri Lankan Tamils they have become refugees in our country because of ethnic violence and disturbed conditions in Sri Lanka since the year 1983. The three decades long conflict in Sri Lanka is called as ethnic violence and disturbed conditions by us whereas Sri Lankan government calls it as three decades long terrorist conflict. So during that time and even after the conclusion of the conflict several persons have become refugees in our country. Now these persons are staying in India in two ways a set of persons will be staying in refugee camps under the control of government then there are a set of refugees who stay outside the refugee camps. Now the difference is that those Sri Lankan Tamil refugees who are residing in camps they will be provided accommodation, electricity, drinking water and toilet facilities without any cost and they will be also given some additional facilities such as monthly cash assistance, free clothing materials, subsidized ration and some level of educational assistance is also provided. But today our focus will be on those refugees who do not have camp registration or those refugees whose camp registration has been removed or those refugees who have chosen to live outside the refugee camps. Together we can say today we'll be dealing with those refugees who live outside the refugee camps. So when such refugees who are staying outside the refugee camps when they want to return to their homeland Sri Lanka they will be levied visa fee and also overstay penalty. Now this visa fee and overstay penalty will be applicable from the day they have been living in India without registration. Now there is one common concern that many non-camp refugees while shifting their residence from one place to another in the new residence they may not register themselves with the local police stations or they may not register themselves with appropriate authority as required under the law for variety of reasons though registration is a necessity. When they intend to go back to Sri Lanka for the period they have been living here without registration they will be levied visa fee and overstay penalty. See according to government of India the financial penalty will be 300 US dollars if the overstays even one day or if the overstays up to 90 days. Now if you convert this 300 US dollars to rupees it amounts to around 21,000 rupees and if the overstays more than two years then the financial penalty is 500 US dollars which is around 35,000 rupees. Here when we say registration we are referring to the registration procedures for foreigners that are mentioned in the Registration of Foreigners Act of 1939 and the registration of foreigners rules 1992 in accordance with various other obligations required under the passport entry into India Act of 1920 and the foreigners act of 1946. If you see rule 7 sub rule 2 C of Registration of Foreigners Rules 1992 any foreigner has to present a registration report immediately after the expiry of authorized period of stay in our country under this registration report they will be registering with the foreigners regional registration officer or the foreigners registration officer of the government. We know that the conflict came to an end in Sri Lanka in 2009 many refugees were willing to go back to their country willing to get their land back willing to get their other movable and immovable properties back in their hands. This process is called as repatriation when this is done voluntarily it is called as voluntary repatriation. See government of India encourages voluntary repatriation of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees back to their country. In this regard our government has asked the government of Sri Lanka to provide a conducive environment for Sri Lankan refugees to return to their country on a voluntary basis. And as per the Ministry of External Affairs of Government of India the government of Sri Lanka has been extending facilities including education to its citizens who are returning to its country after being staying as refugees in any country including our country. But what happened in the process of voluntary repatriation is the refugees faced an obstacle that is they have faced some penalties and fees that are huge and some of the refugees found it difficult to manage the situation. Here we are not talking about those who are willingly violating the registration procedures we are talking about those refugees who had genuine reasons for the inability to adhere to various standards of documentation with reference to registration. So there was a demand to the central government that at least for such refugees these penalties and visa fee can be waived. In fact if you see it is a proposal from the government of Tamil Nadu to waive overstay penalty and visa fee for Sri Lankan Tamil refugees who are willing to go back to their country. So after looking into the proposal made by the state government of Tamil Nadu the central government has decided on 16th December 2015 to bring a scheme for such deserving vulnerable refugees. This scheme is called as the visa fee and overstay penalty waiver for Sri Lankan refugee scheme. The news article mentions that this scheme is framed by the Ministry of Home Affairs. So as the name implies this scheme allows to waive the visa fee and the overstay penalty for Sri Lankan refugees who are willing to undergo voluntary repatriation. Now this scheme is for those who are non-camp refugees or those who stay outside the camps of the government. Only the registration particulars of these persons are required with respect to voluntary repatriation because they were actually not under the protection of government as the camp refugees. Because the registration particulars of the camp refugees are already with the government so there is no need of much documentation process with respect to camp refugees. So there is no need for overstay penalty with respect to non-registration. So if you see the cutoff date this scheme is applicable for Sri Lankan refugees who have come to India prior to 9th January 2015. So in a way if you see this scheme is meant for expediting the process of voluntary repatriation for non-camp refugees from Sri Lanka. Thereby the scheme acts like an incentive for these refugees to return to their homeland. If you see the process a refugee from Sri Lanka who'd like to return voluntary to his or her homeland the person will be applying for the waiver. Then this application will be scrutinized by a committee that comprises of a secretary level officer in the state government, then a police officer in the rank of inspector general, then also foreign nurse regional registration officer of the concerned jurisdiction. With respect to refugees who are staying in Tamil Nadu the authority will be foreign nurse regional registration officer Chennai. Here the beneficiaries will be decided based on case to case basis only and if you see the news article it mentions that since 2015-16 and till recently around 27 applications were rejected after perusing or examining the individual applications. So in a duration of around four years the author says that only around 1,200 non-camp refugees have got the waiver. Even if you see the number of applications is also very near only 27 applications were rejected. But if you see the number of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees in the state of Tamil Nadu the number is around 35,000. The article mentions some of the reasons for the limited interest or the limited response to this scheme framed by the central government. The main reason is the lack of awareness. Here when we say lack of awareness we are meaning lack of awareness among the non-camp refugees. Then the other reasons are one is cumbersome process. That is this refers to huge documentation process that is followed in the matter of voluntary repatriation with respect to various formalities. And there will be some of the refugees who are in vulnerable position. For example they may have genuine issues like loss of original certificates. They could be elderly individuals or they could be differently able persons or those individuals who are weak in terms of legal literacy. These persons may not be holding all the documents that are required for this process. So non-availability of sufficient framework to address the concerns of these vulnerable refugees is also one of the reasons even though they may think about repatriation they may not come forward to apply waiver under this scheme. So with respect to this matter while we have appropriate quantitative measures in terms of documentation we also require qualitative measures to assess the vulnerably placed refugees. Then there are reasons such as you know the desire and the willingness to acquire Indian citizenship because of better conditions in India. This could be economic prospects, social aspects, safety and other aspects of our society. Then the author also mentions about recent terror incident in Sri Lanka that is Easter Blast in April. Even this is also a factor that plays in the minds of Sri Lankan refugees while considering to return to their home country. In addition to these reasons that are mentioned in news article what we also require is the cooperation from the government of Sri Lanka in accepting its own citizens and also accepting them duly recognizing their rights with respect to land, mobile and immobile properties when those persons were living in Sri Lanka. And if you want to know the bridge between both governments the bridge at the international level for these refugees. It is the United Nations Refugee Agency. We are talking about United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. The agency is based in Geneva in Switzerland. So when we talk about India-Sri Lanka relations voluntary repatriation is one of the points that requires cooperation between two countries. Today we have discussed about the special scheme that is crafted by the government of India in 2015 to waive the visa fee and overstay penalty for those non-camp refugees who are willing to go back to their home country. Now know that in addition to this incentive provided by government of India government of India has constructed more than 45,000 houses in Sri Lanka particularly in the northern and eastern provinces of Sri Lanka. And some of the houses have been constructed in central and ua provinces of Sri Lanka particularly for the Indian origin Tamils. So these are some of the information with respect to the analysis of this news article. Now this question is with reference to open market operations. They have given two statements and are asking which of those statements are incorrect. First statement the objective is to adjust the liquidity conditions in the open market. Now this statement is correct. So whenever RBA feels that there is excess liquidity in the market it sells government securities and it takes or contracts the money in the open market. And when liquidity conditions are tight in the open market RBA buys securities from the market. It repays the money to the open market while buying the securities back. Now there is money in the open market thereby there is increase in the liquidity in open market. So the first statement is correct. Now once you know that the first statement is correct you can eliminate options A and C. Now the second statement the above objective is achieved only by selling of government securities to the open market. Now this statement is incorrect. This is because when government securities are sold to the open market the liquidity in the market will be only absorbed by RBA whereas the objective in the first statement mentions that to adjust the liquidity conditions. So only the second statement is incorrect. Therefore the correct answer for this question is option B to only. Now this question is with respect to impeachment of president of India. Consider the following statements regarding impeachment of president of India. They have given two statements asking to select the correct statements from the codes given below. The first statement only Lokshaba can initiate charges of impeachment against the president. Now this statement is incorrect because according to article 61 the process of impeachment for violation of the constitution that is the process of impeachment against the president for the violation of constitution can be initiated by any one of the houses of parliament. It can be either Lokshaba or Rajshaba. In United States it can be initiated by one house of the US Congress that is House of Representatives. For India either houses can initiate so the first statement is incorrect. So once the first statement is incorrect you can eliminate option A and option C. The second statement the impeachment resolution will get passed in house only if it gets two third majority or more of the total membership of that house. This statement is correct. So the correct answer for this question is option B to only. Now see this question. Consider the following Treasury bills government bonds dated securities which of the above are long-term government securities. See we are telling government securities as short term or long term based on the maturity period. If the maturity period is less than one year it is called short term government securities which is also called as Treasury bills. Here the question is about long-term government securities. Once you know Treasury bills or short term government securities you can eliminate option A and option B. Generally long-term government securities are also called as government bonds and dated securities. They are called as long-term government securities because they have maturity period of one year or more than one year. So the correct answer for this question is option C two and three only. Now this question is with reference to industrial security annex which is an add-on agreement of general security of military information agreement. The question asks that ISA which is often seen in news is a packed sign between India and which of the following countries. So the correct answer is option D United States of America. See US has four foundational agreements with its defense partners. India is a major defense partner as recognized by USA in the year 2016. It has signed three foundational agreements with India. They are general security of military information agreement, logistics exchange memorandum of agreement, communications compatibility and security agreement. But it has not yet signed the basic exchange and cooperation agreement for geospatial cooperation. So the correct answer for this question is option D. With this we come to the end of today's the Hindu news analysis. 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