Rwy'n dechrau'r ddweud. Tom Arnold yn ymgyrch. A oedd gweithiau ei bod nesaf yn ymdill ac yn ddigonol'r ysgolwyr y gallwn amser ymdill wedi'u gwneud ddim yn ddegwyd ar dr Loren Saeddaid. Loren Saeddaid yn ymdill yn erbyn i'r economist mewn cyfnodol o'r maen o'r ddweud o Gwyl i'r Ysbryg oedd cyddiadu'r gyffredig o'r dfodol Of Development Studies, and Lawrence will be glad to know in these briefing notes, I discovered that the Institute of Development Studies is, according to this, the leading research institute in the world, under development. Under development. Ond oedd yn ymddangos yn ysgolion cyfeirio ar gyfer y gallu'r unig, a ymddangos yn ysgolion yng nghymru yn ysgolion. A gynnwys yma, i gael ei ddweud o'r ffordd o gweithio. Lawrence wedi'u gwirionedd ymddangos, ond Dr David Nabarro, wedi'u ddweud o'r ddweudio, yn ymddangos yn ymddangos. Ymddangos yn ymddangos yn ymddangos, yn ymddangos yn ymddangos, ac rydw i'n rhagorio, gan y syniad gyda ni, ac rydw i yw dweud hynny. Rwy'n teimlo yn ei bobl ei ei iechyd i'r t headingol, ac yn ddod o glaube inside, efallai y gallwn gwneud ginger o'r gwneud hynny. Ond, i gyfweld y Llorence, yn ysgrifennu Adan, Passypatr yn ei ystyried ar hedgefod, ac y hynny'n ceisio ar y Celfyryd, yw'n gweithio armarfer trio ar beth sydd genbl i roi'r dweud a chyrelu i wella newydd. Mi'n fawr. Mae'r hyn yn bywyd? Mae'n credu yn meddwl ar fywyd. Felly yw'r anhygoel. Felly ydym yn goreid o hynny'n cyffredinogieth mewn bywyd drwsfyrdd fawr a'r gw triesle. Bydd ymw bikeswch ar 10 rlyniad. Mae'n bywyd yn gweithio am ymwiynt i'r ysaf! Mae'n gweithio cyffredinol iawn. Fy enw i sy'n cael ei bod yn gweithio i'r rai cyfriddur o enghreifio y cyfriddur cyfeithio. Mae'r ysgol yn gweithio ac yn ymdweud yn ôl am yma yn yourdau i fewnaddodol. Roeddwn ni'n ddweud yma i bonus y ddweud, ichon y ddweud yma ar lŵr gweithio. Fy hoffi storio yma, roeddwn ni'n ddweud, diddau chi'n sgwrdd ymlaen, rhaid iddyn nhw'n ddweud. Mae gennym dros gofyn yn gweld â'u cyfweld. Ond mae'r gynllun y ddeilol iawn, ydy'r dŵwn i'r ddweud am yr rhai gwybod sydd yn deall. Mae gennym dros gofyn o'r Ddoch, yr Ddoch, Jermyn sydd yn deall. Ond mae'n bod ni'n weithio i ymddangos hwn, ond mae'n mynd i'r ddweud am gweithio'r ddweud. Ond y parwynau餵id yn gweithio'r ddweud yn gweithio'r cyfeithio'r gweithio'r ddweud. Rydym ni'r bobl yn rhoi gweithio ac yr awrfyrdd yn gallu gwir eich bywyr yn oesaf iddyn nhw. Am y cymdeithasol hwnnw yn ei dweud, ac maen nhw'n deall iddyn nhw am ymddangos o gwir eich bywyr. Felly'r bywyr newydd yn wahanol, ac mae'r oedd y bwysig yn gyfrydd hyn ymlaen, a maen i'r byw arall. Mae'r bwysig a'r bwysig wedi'u bwysig i'w bwysig, a'r bwysig a'i bobl yn ganddo i'r byw. that, so if people are interested in a copy of that. But in our new development policy, we have a strong focus on food systems, and again, a key challenge we see in that is harnessing the contribution of the private sector, and again, gain have been invaluable in helping us to think through that. We've recently supported, well in the last year and a half, a whole new piece of work y lleoedd y gallwn yn gweithio ar y maed a'n ddefnyddio'r wneud yma, ac rydw i'n meddwl gydag y byddai'r arddangos yn gofio ar y ddechrau, ond rydw i fynd yn gweithio byddai'r byddau yn gweithio er mwynnig. Felly mae'n fwy ffraeg, mae'n gweithio i Llorens ddim yn ei wneud, a dyma'r yma, wrth gwrs, dyma'n gweithio i Llorens. Ddweud. Wel, ddwy'n ddweud, Tom, ac ddwy'n ddwy'n ddigon i'n ddysgu'n ymddangos, I thank you for coming and listening. A joint gain two and a half years ago, I applied for the position, because I was outraged, I think is maybe slightly too strong a word, but maybe not. I was outraged by the complacency of people in the public sector, and there are very complacent attitudes towards the private sector and nutrition. I felt like there was a moral obligation to... So I'm trying to be provocative. I felt like there was a moral obligation to engage, because not engaging incurred costs to kids. You can engage badly and incur costs to kids and other people. But as far as I could tell, very few people in the public sector worried about nutrition were actually trying to engage, because they didn't see the value in it, or they were too scared to do it, or they didn't know where to start. So I applied to the gain position when it became available because gain is one of the few organisations that's really trying to do something sensible in the public private space for nutrition. When I joined, we were doing mostly large-scale food fortification work, which you can't do that work unless you engage the private sector. It's fairly uncontroversial work. You can reach a lot of people, but it's a fairly... It's not a transformative kind of intervention. It's an important intervention, but it's just one of many. So we redesigned the institution's strategy to focus exclusively on how do we improve the consumption of safe and nutritious food for all, especially the most vulnerable. If that's your mission statement, you have to work through food systems, because food systems is where most people come into contact with food. Everyone eats every day. Some people don't eat every day, but most people eat every day, and most people eat three meals a day, but most people eat a large number of people eat food that is not sufficient for them in terms of calories, not sufficient in terms of micronutrients, and sometimes they just consume too much of the wrong kinds of foods, very high in sugar, very high in salt, very high in trans fats. So if that's your purpose to improve the consumption of nutritious food, you have to work in food systems, and if you work in food systems, you have to engage with businesses, because businesses are all over the food system. The question is, how do you do that? How do you do it in ways? When do you do it? Why do you do it? And how do you do it? And that's what we are trying to do again. It's a difficult space. It's a space that's fraught with dangers and controversies, but someone's got to do it. And so it's really important that organisations like Irish Aid and our partners and our other funders are helping us to lead, not lead, but be part of a collective journey to figuring out what to do. So my title is Why and How to Engage the Private Sector. If I can get this to work. So here's the problem. I mean, those of you who are familiar with nutrition will be very familiar with these numbers. Malnutrition is a really difficult topic because there's lots of different expressions and types of malnutrition. Those of you who work in emergency settings will know about severe and acute malnutrition or wasting. Those of you who work in chronic development issues will know about stunting. Those of you worried about women's food intake will be worried about anemia and women of reproductive age. Those of you worried about exercise and wellbeing and diets will be worried about overweight and diabetes type 2. So here are some of the numbers. Chronic hunger is 821 million. Those are the numbers you see when you see reports from the World Food Program and FAO that these are the number of hungry people in the world that go to bed without enough food. But a bigger number, the two billion light blue circle, is a bigger number is deficient in vitamins and minerals and that's really important for their growth and their development and their immune systems. The big orange circle is overweight or obese. Notice that it overlaps with the light blue circle. You can have too much of the wrong food and it can be deficient in vitamins and minerals. And then the little circles are for children under the age of 5. 151 million kids are stunted. That means they're too short for their age. They're actually 8 or 9, but they look 4 or 5. And that's important, not because height per se is important, but it's a marker for cognitive development and immune system development. So if they're short for their age, they're at a greater risk of not learning as much, not having as much grey matter in there, dense neurological connections. So they'll learn less in school, they'll be less productive in the labour force if they get a job. And they'll be much more likely to live in poverty. So, when you put all of that together, you come up with a number of 1 in 3, roughly, 1 in 3 people worldwide are malnourished in one way or another. And this is very new. It's about 5 years old. There's a big community that works on the blue circles and a big community that works on the orange circles and these two communities are coming together. And they're... I'm going to skip that. They're united, because it's too complicated. These two communities are united by poor diets. Poor diets are not the only cause of overweight and obesity. They're not the only cause of anemia. They're not the only cause of stunting type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure. But they're a common factor in all of those types of malnutrition. And so if we can improve diets in terms of increasing the number of calories when they need to be increased, increasing the number of the concentration of proteins and vitamins and minerals, and we can reduce the concentrations of sugar, salt, and trans fats when they need to be reduced, we can do an amazing amount of good for all forms of malnutrition. Just to give you a sense of how important diet is for overall mortality and morbidity, this is a rather complicated figure. Apologies for that. I've been run by the IHME, which is this health metrics unit near the University of Washington in Seattle, and they run this big program called the global burden of disease. Some of you may be familiar with it. It basically tries to mash up data on mortality and morbidity and come up with one metric, which is called disability-adjusted life use. They calculate this globally and they calculate it for each country. They have subnational estimates. This is the number for India. I was in India last month. This is the picture for India. What they do is they say what's the burden of disease for India, mortality plus morbidity, and then what are the top 10 risk factors driving that? On the right-hand side, here are the top 10 risk factors. I've circled the ones in red which are linked in one way or another to diets, what people eat. The top one is malnutrition, which is the classic stunting and wasting under five malnutrition. Then dietary risks is number two. For India, you can see the top right-hand column, 34.9%. That means that the dietary risk factor has gone up a lot since 2007, which is when the last time it was evaluated. There are the 2007 rankings and the 2017 rankings. In 2017, dietary risks was number four. In 2017, dietary risks was number two, but the change in the number of dailies that dietary risks are responsible for is huge. It's gone up by 34%. Some of the other ones that have gone up by a huge amount, body mass index, 101%. Body mass index is responsible in 2017 for two times as many disability-adjust life years as it was in 2007. It's a doubling in 10 years in India. High LDL is cholesterol, high fasting plasma glucose. One of the factors is too much added sugar in the diet. High blood pressure is linked to too much salt. Lots of other things it's linked to, but too much salt. All of those things, as far as I can tell, are going up in India. Some of the other risk factors, like wash, it's gone down. It was number three in 2007 and it's gone down to number seven in 2017. That's a result of lots of efforts to improve water and sanitation coverage in India. Air pollution is about the same. This is a big deal. It's a big driver of the burden of disease. So what's going on? One of the big problems is that the price of cereals is going down, which is good. That's what the Green Revolution was put in place to do 50, 60 years ago, is increase the productivity of cereals and root crops, improve the productivity, drive down the price, make these kind of staple foods more available, and it's done that brilliantly. The idea was, as the price of those foods goes down, that frees up income for other kinds of things and some of the other kinds of things will be more nutritious foods, so people will be able to afford a higher quality diet. It turns out that the prices of foods that are higher have more micronutrients in them, vitamins and minerals have more proteins in them. The price of those foods is increasing much faster than the price drop in the staples and the cereals and the root crops. So here's a study from the Lancet Global Health a couple of years ago, and it's a study that said for Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Zimbabwe, if every person in the household was to consume five fruits and vegetables a day, which is a fairly standard aspiration, how much of their household income would have to go to that? So would it be 10% or 5% of their household income? The answer is 52%. 52% of their household income would have to go on buying five fruits and vegetables a day for every person in the household every day. Clearly, and that's just fruits and vegetables. There's many more healthy foods that people need to eat. So it's clearly unaffordable. Here's some data, and it's surprising there isn't that much data on food prices over time. Here's some other data from IFPRI, an IFPRI study in Ethiopia, from a couple of years ago, showing what the change in real prices is Ethiopia-wide, so it'll vary from district to district. Ethiopia-wide, this is a change in real prices between 2007 and 2016. Again, you can see oils and fats, sugar and honey, grains, roots and tubers have decreased in price on the left-hand side in terms of their changes in real prices. This is taking into account inflation. But the prices of these other foods that are richer in micronutrients and some animal proteins have quite big price increases over a relatively short time period, in eight, nine years. So we have a real problem with food prices. Businesses are big players in food consumption. When I say businesses and food, you might be thinking of the big business, big food, and big food is responsible for about 15% of food purchases in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, 1.5%. The big beverages are responsible for about 50%, 5.0%. But big food, setting aside the beverage, which we'll come back to later on, is responsible for 15%. That means small, medium and larger national companies are responsible for the other 85%. So what data do I have to back my assertion that businesses are intrinsically entwined in the food consumption of even the poorest folks? Well, I have this data from the World Bank. This is the Living Standards Measurement Survey data from the World Bank. They did this analysis for us because we asked them. And these are the nine countries that GAIN operates in. We have country officers in each of these countries. First thing to know is, look how old the data are. 2008 is the most recent data we have for Mozambique. Some of the country's Bangladesh has a more recent survey. What this shows you is, what's the percentage of food that is purchased? Green is the rural population, and orange is the urban population. So in Nigeria, 99% of the food purchased in urban areas is purchased. 89% in rural areas. Mozambique, 10 years ago, but Mozambique, even in Mozambique in the urban areas, which are not just Maputu, 78% of the food that is consumed in Mozambique 10 years ago was purchased. In Ethiopia and Mozambique in rural areas, lower proportions of food are purchased. But as you can see, even in really quite poor countries in rural areas, parts of those countries, most food is purchased. Now why does that matter? If food is purchased it means where that consumer is engaging with businesses. We don't have the luxury of ignoring businesses. A second slide on we don't have the luxury of ignoring businesses if we care about nutrition is this depiction of the food system. This is from a UN report that came out a couple of years ago. Food systems are simply put. Is everything from production through to retail and markets, that's the supply chain, a blue bit, and the green bit is the food environment where the consumer or the citizen comes into contact with the food supply chain. The things that determine what they consume are is it available, is it affordable, how desirable is it and is it safe, and what's the quality like. When you superimpose businesses, they're everywhere in that food system. Farmers are small businesses, they're entrepreneurs. Seed companies, transport companies, processing companies, wholesalers, business finance institutions, traders, speculators, media, refrigeration, all of these are private sector entities. If we want to change that food system, we have to somehow engage with them. The question is how. There are many opportunities to engage between the public and private sector for nutrition. Sorry, this is a very wordy table. But I put it up here to highlight the two columns and the two rows because I think it's really important. When many people think about public-private sector engagement in nutrition or partnerships in nutrition, they're thinking food sector and big companies, which is the top left quadrant. They might be thinking about how do we reduce the levels of salt and sugar and fat and sugar tax is one way of doing that. How do we get responsible marketing of food products to kids? How do we get companies to comply with breast milk substitute marketing standards? Because if there's an irresponsible way of marketing breast milk substitutes, that can discourage mothers from exclusive breastfeeding and we know exclusive breastfeeding is really important for child growth and there was a study in the newspapers today. I was reading a WHO study showing a very clear link to the prevention of obesity in childhood. But it's a big space and there's a lot of stuff in that top left-hand corner and usually the marketing of breast milk substitutes issue crowds everything else out. But there are three other spaces that we also need to explore. There is the companies that are not big companies but nevertheless will be very important in shaping national food systems. Remember 85% of those companies provide the rest of the food. 15% is the big food. So what can we do in that in the not big companies in the food section? Well there are lots of smaller companies in Ethiopia and Mozambique, Kenya who are trying to produce more fruits and vegetables or more nuts or more pulses or more fish or more chicken and they're trying to do that not because they care about nutrition but because that's the business they're in. They're trying to make commercial profit and they're trying to earn a livelihood and generate employment for their local communities and we need to do a much better job of supporting those SMEs. That's a fairly non-contentious sweet spot where you get multiple gains, you get nutritious food that's more available and affordable, you support the local economy and you even support those companies getting into the formal sector so the government can extract some tax. But then there's this whole other column, the non-food companies. Non-food companies are really important for the food system. Think of business to business support to build market intelligence, trust and insight, workforce, nutrition programs. We work with the garment factories in Bangladesh and the tea sector in India and Kenya. Neither of those are food sectors really. Tea is not really a food sector and we work with those companies to make sure that their employees understand nutrition have access to nutrition information and education and materials. They get time away from their job to learn about what good nutrition is and we work with those companies to make sure that their employees have access to nutritious foods on-site, as well as breastfeeding facilities and maternity leave cover and those kinds of things. Go down to the non-food companies and the not big companies. Again, creative agencies, we work a lot with creative agencies who are trying to design interesting, engaging, emotional food marketing campaigns for nutritious foods. How do you make vegetables and fruits exciting and interesting? We don't talk about what they can do for your health. You talk about something else completely. You talk about maybe they make you with one of the campaigns we're trying out in I think it's Kenya is this food made me. That's the campaign. We're looking into traditional foods. We're trying to tap into ideas of patriotism, of tradition, of sort of being a self-made person. This food made me. We don't talk about whether it's healthy or not healthy, but we show only pictures of healthy foods. Public sector is not terribly good at selling healthy food. The private sector is brilliant at selling everything. Can we get the private sector to be engaged in selling healthy food? But you can only do that if there's a public sector partner engaged making sure the science is right, the messaging is consistent with government priorities and standards. I think there are three types of businesses to engage with and again we work with all of them. We work with businesses outside the food system to shape the food system. We work with small and medium businesses in the food sector producing food that are part of the healthy diet and we try to influence the big food and beverage companies. I'll give you an example of each. So this is one example of a UK. This is not us. This is a UK organisation called the Food Foundation that's been working with I think these ads were on ITV which is one of the ITV in the UK and this is about veg power. This is tapping into trying to get kids to be excited about vegetables by linking it into superheroes. A lot of kids care about superheroes. There's another one that's going on right now which is called Eat Them To Defeat Them. Vegetables are bad for you. So let's play with that. Let's eat them to defeat them. Again this is one we did work with a couple of creative agencies in Indonesia as our healthy gossip campaign. It's a one minute spot where it's a lot of humour, there's a lot of fun in it and again it's all about a parent who's gossiping about every other parent who's feeding their kids badly but it turns out that she's the one who's not feeding it very well but it's all done in a very light hearted and humorous and funny way in a respectful way. So it's very important to tap into emotions and aspirations because I've got two teenagers at home myself and it's really hard to get them to eat any healthy food actually. The only chance I get is when I try to make a joke out of it or try to make it seem that I'm not talking about health then they start to listen. I'm sure you have the same experiences. The second type of businesses that we work with and I think are really important to sport are SMEs and this is a slide from a wall of one of our partners in Mozambique, one of our partner SMEs in Mozambique. I took this picture when I was visiting his office and this is a vegetable and fruit business and I said what's this picture on your wall and he said that's my business plan, my business statement, that's my mission statement and I said please explain to me he said that's the price we currently sell out at the top and that's the price I want to be able to sell out because even though it's a lower price I'll get a much bigger market share I'll be able to purchase at a lower price I'll be able to maintain my profit margin and my margin might suffer a little bit but it will be expanded out of a large number of units so my profit will be fine. Many companies want to expand their sales of nutritious food because it's good business not because they care that much about nutrition and we should be working with them to support them because they will be shaping their food systems and the key is how do you do that in a way that achieves scale and sustainability so we again have been doing that with 40 companies over the last 2-3 years but that's only 40 companies you've got to put them through a very rigorous selection process they have to exist, they have to be producing nutritious food, they have to have a business plan that is at least feasible and viable and then you can work with them to develop the technical assistance and small grants to purchase pieces of equipment or pieces of TA but how do you scale that and you scale it we think through lots of ways but financing is a key way to do that and we were just having a discussion just before we came here about what's the best way to provide blended finance to these kinds of companies and when you get it right you get good results and this is a result from an independent third party evaluation of some of the work we've been doing with these four companies two from Mozambique and two from Kenya and we always ask the evaluators to evaluate the impact on availability, affordability and desirability and convenience that's what we're trying to do again make these kinds of foods more available affordable and desirable desirability is key and convenience and green means we're having a positive impact and yellow means we're not there yet red is a possibility so there's no red which is good so I don't have time to go through all of these in detail but it's possible to improve these companies offering that in a way it's good for business and it's good for the consumers but how to scale that is the question now for the big food companies we don't spend a huge amount of time working with them even though they have the potential to really move mountains they generally not that interested in anyone below $10 a day in terms of income that's a bit of a big generalisation but they tend to buy up the smaller companies that have proven that they can get to the $3 or even below if we can get below $3 a day they tend to buy those companies up but we do work with them and we do try to put some heat on them positive and negative heat and we do it through working with governments what kinds of incentives can governments put in place so we've heard about sugar taxes sort of sin taxes and they work but the opposite also works why not subsidise the price of foods that companies are making you can have sin taxes but you can also have virtue subsidies the way we subsidise agriculture right now is a different kind of political economy it's about livelihoods it's about tax revenues it's not about health and nutrition there's a possibility to change the way we subsidise the food system to make it more nutrition friendly you have to pay big attention to the economy but there is at least a possibility governments set up industrial parks for export revenue for companies to generate export revenue for their governments coffers and they incentivise them through lower rates lower utility bills lower taxes we're trying to get governments like the government of Ethiopia to do the same thing in the big industrial parks that are going up around Addis can they offer companies that are producing nutritious food a slightly better deal to entice them in to produce nutritious food for the tens of thousands of workers in those big industrial parks so I think you can do a lot there you can do a lot with consumer demand and we're working with as I said these creative agencies and the government to generate really engaging demand programmes from consumers you can do a lot with the civil society accountability there are score cards we had a presentation yesterday about the ten different score cards that big companies are subjected to these companies care about these score cards they don't like it if they're number six in the list of ten they want to be number one I've had conversations with them where they say to me how can we get better on this score so I think some people within the companies really care about this stuff so that's another way of putting pressure on them I think employees also there was a study in the US I haven't seen any for Africa or Asia but it was a study of where is the search for purpose where do most companies report the search for purpose coming from, the pressure for purpose is it, by I mean a social purpose and the study concluded that it was employees were a very important part of the search these are US companies a part of the search for purpose and especially the younger and newer employees want to work for a company that they think is doing good as well as being sustainable commercially is doing good things there's pressure from shareholders activist shareholders who own 2 or 3% of a company can really get the attention of the company's board of directors environmental societal and governance standards are important can we get more health and nutrition into those standards footsie for good is an example of that, the UK stop listing and then finally change from within companies we mustn't forget that there are champions for change within companies big companies are not big monoliths often we talk to people who are 3 or 4 levels down from the CEO who are desperate to do something but they have to convince internal champions it's like I talk to colleagues in USAID and DFID and Irish aid who are champions for nutrition and we help them to make the case to get more resources within their organisations for nutrition and we need to do the same thing for companies and we do the same thing Government price and centres work is a systematic review that shows the conclusion is to maximise success and effort the review suggests taxes and subsidies should be should be at a minimum 10-15% of the price and they should be used preferably in tandem that's very important there are lots of sticks but we also need a few carrots otherwise the businesses just get turned off so in conclusion most countries, I didn't show you this slide but most countries are really off track for STG2, STG2 is the food and nutrition sustainable development goal there are lots of notable exceptions to that Indonesia just posted some good stunting numbers Bangladesh just posted some good stunting numbers I'm optimistic about India but really to get to the sustainable development goals India is going to have to reduce its stunting rate at twice the rate it's managed in the last 6 or 7 years and that's a big ask and then for obesity and overweight everything's either going up or stable I think it's going down in one country at 193 and that's a very small island somewhere in the pacific where the rates are already 60% obesity so most countries are off track for STG2 improved food consumption is really vital for meeting STG2 food is I was taught the UNICEF framework for under nutrition is food, care and health so all three of those things are really important and when you get all three of them right you get a lot of action but most organisations can only improve one thing and try to improve one thing and we've chosen food consumption because it's so central to every type of malnutrition it's so important for the global burden of disease but if you're going to try and improve food consumption you need to engage and influence private sector actors because they are the main players in the food system we need to engage with food and non food companies and we need to engage with big and small and medium companies so you need to unpack what you mean by the private sector it's not a monolith and then you need to look for the sweet spots we had a review of public private engagements it's quite an obvious conclusion but it's worth saying there are areas that are not contentious in public private engagement small and medium enterprises who are producing fruits, vegetables, fish pulses that's non contentious do it, start there and try to incentivise more good as well as less bad behaviour activist governments are really important I think governments underestimate their role they have to play we often talk about the power and balances between big companies and governments and of course there are big imbalances between big companies and governments but big companies are not that important in some of the countries that we are really looking for change in and activist governments are actually much more powerful and even some medium and large national companies and even an activist government can scare the hell out of a big company by threatening to shut it all down in that country in the past in India and Ethiopia it's still a latent threat we need to evaluate and mobilise knowledge and know how on what works there's very little knowledge that's codified, organised mobilised and made easy to learn from and that's one of the things we're trying to do in one of our programs that we're presenting and we really need to embrace transparent accountability mechanisms not just for businesses but for governments too if a government is not doing all it can to make it easier for businesses to do the right thing and hard for them to do the wrong thing they are also culpable in this burden of disease it's about complementary commitments they don't have to be a quid pro quo but everybody has a role to play we often say that malnutriousism can't be solved by governments alone that's true but the corollary is that accountability can't just be solved is not just businesses problem it's everyone's problem and this is my last slide Tom I wanted to show you the figures for Ireland I showed you the figures for India early on and these are the figures for Ireland tobacco is the number one risk factor for the burden of disease in Ireland then it was in 2007 but look at number two, number three number four, number five and number seven and in particular the one that's increasing the most is high fasting plasma glucose which is probably linked to high quantities of added sugars in various foods so malnutriousism is not malnutriousism is a quintessential SDG problem sustainable development goal problem it's not something over there that's a problem it's not something where we have all the solutions and they have all the problems nobody has a monopoly on the problems unfortunately and nobody has a monopoly on the solutions so we all need to come together to end it thank you very much


Hi everyone, this is Jason here from Nathaniel. In this lesson, we are going to have an interval rundown I'm going to show you how you can remember all these intervals and apply them melodically and harmonically to the best of our abilities and most of what I tell you today will be on the theoretical side Because I've done a lot of lessons on the ear training side on how you can hear these sounds easily So to complement this lesson It's also good to check out the ear training lessons on intervals Which are linked in the description and found on our YouTube channel as well We've put playlists and for better organization. You can go to Nathaniel school comm you can go to free tutorials So when you click on that, there's also category called intervals So you can learn about these subjects by just clicking on them So what you need in this lesson is basically a paper notebook pen Your piano keyboard and that's pretty much it Let's get cracking before we do hit that subscribe if possible give our video a like share And you could also turn on that bell icon for regular notifications So if you take any root so an interval will always have a root or a reference point So let's say if it's C The first interval or intervals which you would need to remember are the fifths and the fourths now to remember them You have the circle of fifths. Just go fully down Clockwise and you get your perfect fifths C to the G G to the D D to the A A to the E E to the B B to the F sharp watch out there F sharp to the C sharp or D flat D flat to A flat A flat to E flat E flat to B flat B flat to F Back to C a trick for piano perspective would be If you take B flat to F It's black note to white note if you take B to F sharp It's white note to black note the rest of the fifths are all going to be white to white or black to black Okay, so there's fifths and now we look at fourths. So with respect to fourths C F F B flat B flat E flat E flat A flat like that. So you're essentially going down the circle counterclockwise if you will so Clockwise circle you get perfect fifths counterclockwise circle you get perfect fourth So these are the most important intervals in music You're going to build almost all your chords and scales melodies Using the fifths and the fourths you have to learn them even for progressions and a lot of activities in this field Coming to thirds thirds is the next foremost very very important thing to learn You have two kinds of thirds the major third The minor third now there are many ways of kind of learning them or feeling them naturally One is if you know the major scale and the minor scale This is the third degree of those scales. So in the major scale The third is the major third in the minor scale The third degree is the minor third Now that's that's one way of doing it But there are a couple of other tricks, which you could also consider one is a third or a major third Will be two tones apart or four steps from in from the roots is one two three four So four steps from C one Two three four Four steps from anywhere is a major third. Okay while Three steps from anywhere is a minor third So fifths you need the circular fifths fourths you need the circular fifth Thirds also you could look at from the circular fifths by going you know from the root You you count clockwise or counterclockwise, but then you will be skipping a lot So thirds are just something you need to just feel you need to get it somehow because they are again Very very important intervals another way to get the third is through the triad So if you take a major chord The in-between note is the major third Take a minor chord The in-between note is our minor third major minor There we go Okay. Yeah, so remember your thirds major and minor So five four and the threes you have to really get it down Into your system circular fifths memory practice scales whatever tool Regarding the other intervals which are which which are also important Let me try and help you out from there the way. I like to look at them is let's find all the other Intervals with respect to what we learned just now, which is the fifths the fourths the thirds Okay, so if you're trying to build let's start with the seventh The seventh is a very important interval for chords, especially the bigger chords like the extensions the seventh chords and so on so If you if you want to build a seventh from let's say C a Good way to visualize it is first of all there are two sevenths. There's the major seventh and There's the minor seventh Now to get yourself a major seventh you just go octave minus one Okay, octave C minus one which is B Minus seventh also called as dominant seventh will be octave minus Two so major seventh Minus Now where does this style of learning it help if you're let's say playing a C major chord you're playing it this way and You want to build a major seventh from there. So just ask yourself. Okay, major seventh is a major chord Plus a major seventh interval which is That That's it now the advantage of this format will be okay Let's take a dominant seventh a dominant seventh chord is nothing but major plus a flat seven Now if you were on an inversion Like EG C and you still wanted to make this chord into a seventh chord Just knowing that I'm on C major and now I want to make it a dominant seventh chord So to make it a dominant seventh. What do we do we? Add a B flat so wherever the B flat is closest whichever finger is free or available You just play that There we go Now if you're here Which is the second inversion of C major triad Ask yourself. How do I make it a dominant seven C seventh will be C major plus B flat where is the B flat closest here? We go Similarly, if I'm in my root position my B flat could be below the C. I Need a free finger of course Or it could be above the triad Just there right so when you visualize intervals this way by saying, okay, what is a dominant seventh? What is a minus seventh? It's octave or root minus two. What is a major seventh? It's root minus one slowly But surely you get it more and more into your system rather than trying to mug this stuff up Which takes a long long time this way you get to form it some way and then use it immediately So try to use it to form these chords if you're trying to form a major seventh interval try to do it within a major seventh chord major With the major seventh or take a minor chord and then play a major seventh You've got yourself a minor major seventh or you could take a major chord Get a dominant seventh take a minor chord minor seventh So just like that I've got I've got you major seventh minor major seventh dominant seventh Minor seventh you can go forward and go to a lot more sounds along that line Right, so that's about the seventh major and minor seventh major is octave minus one minor is Octave minus two or root minus one root minus two seventh is over guys So now let's look at the sixth the sixth can be visualized With respect to the fifth now if you if you call this note out This is a right A is called as the major sixth For the most part how do I remember a major sixth? It's the fifth Plus two That's your major six which is the fifth plus two Okay, and this major sixth even works with a minor chord We call it a minor sixth. So minor sixth chord is nothing but a minor chord plus a major sixth Okay, we don't call it minor major sixth. It's just minor six. So minor major sixth major Major sixth. Okay. Now you could also do a minor sixth embellishment you could do How do I get a minor sixth interval from C? It is fifth Plus one Now you could call a minor sixth also as an augmented fifth augmented means raising or sharpening Going higher by one minor sixth means going lower by one. So the major sixth a going down by one becomes minor The perfect fifth going up by one becomes An augmented fifth. So whatever you call it a minor sixth and an augmented fifth are the same tone But we call them differently depending on the context like for the most part an augmented fifth Will replace the normal fifth That's why we are removing the fifth the perfect fifth calling it augmented while a minor sixth is telling us that there is No major sixth in the sound. Okay. So that's how you remember your sixth major sixth perfect five plus two minor six Perfect five plus one. Okay, and one more thing to note a major sixth Is also called a diminished seventh now a diminished interval can get slightly tricky because we have to double flatten a Major or flatten a minor. So if you understand it that way This is a major seventh I flatten that once to get a minor seventh Flatten that again to get a diminished seventh, but a diminished seventh is better felt when you support it with a diminished triad Now that's actually functioning As a diminished seventh even though it's also a major sixth So just in conclusion a major sixth is also a diminished seventh a minor sixth is also a Augmented fifth moving on now you have the fifth here and you have the fourth here Very easy to form the tritone, which is another interval. It's the four Plus one or the five minus one four plus one Five minus one. So four plus one. We call it an augmented fourth C to F sharp five minus one. We always say diminished fifth. Okay, if you're confused you can just say tritone Which is what that is that's how you remember the tritone If you call it an augmented fourth There'll not be a perfect four if you call it a diminished fifth Then there won't be a fifth example the Locrian scale While the Lydian Has the sharp four, but not the normal four. That's why we say sharp four sharp four replaces the perfect four Flat five generally replaces the normal five or you could have a scale like The whole tone scale which doesn't have the four or the five So we say two three sharp four sharp five flat seven octave Quite like that scale. Okay, so we've covered the tritone We've covered the six the seventh what's remaining the only thing remaining now is the second you have two kinds of seconds Major second which is root plus two Which is also the third major third minus two if you look at it that way Or the very next step from anywhere is called a minor two Okay, and just to move forward a little more and to give you a little bit more out of this You can also call some of these intervals by their extensions. You need to remember the numbers nine 11 and 13 Nine is the same as two but played on the higher octave and observed with the seventh Either the major or the minor seven so nines are there Levens as the same as the four and 13 is essentially the same as the six, but when you play the nine 11 and 13 you generally are dealing with the seven as well. Okay, that's how we name the chord So if you take let's say a C dominant seventh Keep it in your left hand like this And now play the the D which is the nine You may call this a major second, but functionally it's working as a ninth There's that flat seven there you could also flatten the nine Which is D flat You could even raise the nine to a D sharp Which is what that dominant seventh interval does to everything it just makes everything usable like if I removed that and played a C major With that sharp nine as we are calling it Just sounds really wrong, but when I add the dominant seventh There is a context so that flat seven means a lot when you're extending the harmony Similarly, if you take a flat nine Sounds beautiful, but when I take away all the other notes Sounds quite annoying There we go So the extended intervals the nine the flat nine the shaft nine then the leaven is also there Sharp 11 Will all have a purpose or a context only when you have some other notes with it Okay, so these are what we call intervals beyond the octave or extended intervals, right guys So let's recap in the initial part of the lesson I talked about the importance of remembering your fifths and fourths How do we do that in the circle of fifths clockwise is fifth counterclockwise is fourth then somehow Mug up the thirds you use them all the time, right? So just mug them up get really well acquainted with the thirds then everything else got built around that Framework the seventh is octave minus one major seventh is octave minus one minus seventh is octave minus two Major sixth is fifth plus two minus sixth is fifth plus one or sixth minus one Tritone is five minus one or four plus one Two is just two after the one Miner two is just one step after the one That's how you remember your intervals more food for thought I've just put a circle of fifths diagram for intervals where I've actually used the circle of fifths to just show you Geometrically every single interval which there ever is and that also offers a different perspective Do check out the picture we'll be putting it out on patreon and all of the notes from this theory lesson will be on patreon So you can check it out. You can go through all my notes see if you have any questions or comments leave them in the comment box and Yeah, also suggest something which you'd like to learn next any doubts which you are facing I'll be happy to go over your comments. So don't forget to leave those Give the video a like that'll be awesome Give the video a share share it with some of your musician friends and family if you if you think they would be Benefited from the lesson we have a website as well Nathaniel school calm where all of our lessons are grouped in Structured courses you could also fill up a form and do our regular Music method flagship course, which is of a six month Structured certificate course you could consider doing that as well where you will be learning theory year training and of course Technique not just for piano also vocals guitars bass and so on Thanks a ton for watching the lesson guys. Cheers. Catch you in the next one


All right, welcome to today's Webmaster Central Office Hours Hangout. Today we have a special guest from Quikflume. We would do... Sorry, I keep muting you. Actually, maybe we'll do it in English because maybe not everyone here speaks German. Do you want to introduce yourself briefly? Yes, my name is Thierry. I do SEO at Scouts24 Switzerland from Game of Scouts24.ch. And my name is Tobi. I'm head of SEO of Quik.ch, which is a Swiss publisher and probably the biggest one in SEO. I'm Eric. I do SEO and paid search at a small agency. I'm Sandra. I'm from Berlin and I'm working for Stamphly. It's an old traditional print enterprise, but we're transforming it to digital. So I'm leading all the digital stuff, marketing, sales, software, websites. I'm doing SEO. My name is Stefan. I'm SEO team leader at Scouts24, working together with Thierry. And yeah, we're taking care about the auto scout and more scout websites. And of course, motor scout. Hi, I'm Martin. I work with John here at Google. I am specializing on JavaScript rendering and JavaScript SEO and PWAs and stuff. So yeah, I'm here to answer questions in that direction if you have any. Awesome. Cool. Do any of you who are live here in the Hangout want to say hi briefly? Yeah, my name is Imad. I'm from Canada. It's my first time joining here. I got two questions, John. I've been at trying to figure out SEO for the last four years. I finally did figure it out. But I need to have two questions. Yeah, I've been at SEO for the last four years. All right. Do any of the others want to say something? Hi, I'm Michael from Munich and I worked small company selling culinary events. And I joined the English webmaster Hangout because the next German one is too far in the future. So, hi everybody. Hello. Okay. And someone joining from Vietnam. Drop the message. Okay. All right. So I guess, I guess we can get started. Maybe we'll just start here with the room. What's on your mind? What kind of questions have you come with? Last time the German Hangout, I already had a question regarding the image site maps. And if it's fine, we'll start with. And my question would be like, for which websites does it make sense? Where could be the added value for the webmasters? And does it still need those kind of site maps today? Is Google already smart enough to find the image URL via the respective source code on the page? We do find it with the source code. But the image site map helps us a little bit to understand that it's really like something that you want to have indexed. So I would see it more as a decision on your side. Do you want to have your images indexed or not? And for some websites, the images are not that critical because it's just decorative or used more for design. But for others, maybe people are searching using image search and they'd like to find something on your website. Okay. So I think it's something that a lot of SEOs don't spend too much time on, which is kind of, I think, a shame because for some types of activities, people search with images quite actively. So it's really something to kind of think about how do you want people to come to your website and how might they search with images for your website? I also have an image question. Okay. What about the size of images? Because we have discussions with designers that you have really high resolution pictures on big screens. Then we do it automatically smaller for mobile. Does Google realize the different sizes? Yeah. We try to recognize the different sizes and we can understand that the same images available in different sizes usually will try to pick a higher resolution image for image search just so that we have something nice to show to people. But that doesn't mean that you need like gigantic, more like for a larger sized user kind of that size image and not something where you have to deliver the original files. Yeah. It's being crazy. Yeah. What about X robot text to no index images? Because we have the case that we have also multiple versions of the image and we want to make sure that we don't get in trouble for legal cases if we must delete. So we want to make sure that just the version we allow is in Google search. Would you recommend to do it with something like this or? I don't know if we would use that. It's a good question. So usually what I'd recommend is using robots text to just block the other versions. Especially if you have like different sizes and different folders or different URL patterns, maybe that's either recognizable. But I don't know if we would use X robots tags for that. But you would respect it or? I don't know how images would process that. Because we primarily use the X robots tag for web pages. Okay. So. Let's see. I think it's somewhere implemented in our case. I want to check. I mean maybe it works. It's just the first time I've heard of people trying to use it like that. I know it works for things that other things that end up in the normal web search results. Like PDFs. Where you can use X robots tag header or the canonical header. But I don't know how that would work with images. You would recommend the Robustix T. Yeah. Okay. The Robustix T is just saying don't crawl it. Yeah. But does it also then say don't index it? Well, for images, we can't show anything if we can't crawl it. Like for web pages, we can guess and say like this is like a title that we found from links. But for images, we can't guess based on the anchor text. You have an old text that says like a picture of a beach with a boat and it's like okay. You can't really guess what it might look like. Cool. I will have a question. It's a Google cache. Okay. We have noticed that since we moved to React, our category pages show an error in the Google cache after about two seconds. So first they displayed the page and then two seconds narrow page. And is this a problem for Google? Our depth since this is due to our phishing protection. I suspect it's something with JavaScript on your side because if the page loads initially, then that means the cache version is okay. And we can run some kind of JavaScript on the cache page if it's within the cache page. So probably that JavaScript is running. And for whatever reason you're picking that up and turning it into an error page. Sounds like the phishing protection fix. Maybe something like that. Yeah. Maybe something like that. I don't think for search it would be a problem because if we can render the pages and get the content, that's fine. But it might still be what it's looking at and trying to fix. Okay. But in general also with JavaScript sites, the cache version is the static HTML version that you gave us. So if the whole page is built on JavaScript, then we might not be able to show that in the cache anymore. Okay. Maybe we can move to some questions from you all here. John, yeah. So my question is basically changing a page. So if I have an affiliate page, I notice that if I do a minor change on a page, say add a few things to a product, I notice that I have a drop on ranking. But it comes back, comes back up. However, I do want to change my entire product as it's no longer best. I'm concerned if my page will go to the second page because of that. Does Google reevaluate the links that are coming to that page after the page is changed slightly or significantly? Does Google reevaluate the links that are coming to that page? So much echo. Maybe I should mute ourselves while people are speaking. Okay. In general, what happens when you change the content of the page, we will try to reprocess the page and re-index the page. And sometimes that does mean that we have to reevaluate how we rank the page. But it's not the case that we would move any existing pages just to page two or drop them in ranking just because they changed. We're just trying to understand what has changed on this page and index it in that way. One thing to maybe watch out for is if you're also changing the URLs on these pages. So if you're moving things around, if instead of updating the existing page, you move it to a different location, then that does mean that we have to reevaluate everything. And then you will definitely see some at least temporary changes in ranking. Can I jump in because I had actually the exact same question. So let's say you have an established page that has been ranking for several years per second page. And then you decide to overhaul and improve the whole content of the page. Like you go from 1,000 to 2,000 or 3,000 words at videos, everything better. So it's my understanding that the real reevaluation will take place. And I've heard from friends that they lost a lot of rankings when they did exactly that. So would your suggestion be to better add the new content step by step? Or what's your take on this? You're not running to an accumulation and lose rankings for some time? I mean, usually the idea is not that we drop a page in ranking just because it gets updated. Usually it's more a matter of the new page is different and the new content is like we try to take that into account. So that's something where if you improve things for search, if you work with clear structure, add headings, and I'll take some images, all of those things, then you should see it go up. So it's not the case that every change that we see on a site means that we will kind of drop it in ranking first until we have it understood. So it should be something where if you're making changes, you can see positive effects. You can see negative effects depending on what you change. Not like you start from zero again? No. If it's the same URL, if it's the same page, then we start with the same basis. We say, well, there's new content here. We have to see how we can work with this new content. And that's kind of normal. A lot of pages change. And what's the difference to try to do the change step by step if you add small terms of new content, step by step to avoid re-evolution? Is there any difference in the outcome at the end? No, that shouldn't be. So it's not something that you can really avoid because every time we re-crawl those pages, there are small subtle changes anyway. So we have to re-process it every time we re-crawl it. Even if it's small changes, even if it's just the date on the page that is changed, it's a new page, we have to figure out how to rank it now. But it's not that we throw away all of the old signals that start over. It's more that the content has changed. We can take some of the signals and keep them. And some of them are based on the content. And we have to work with those again. Why does it drop in ranking sometimes or oftentimes? I think that's really just a matter of us understanding a page. Sometimes we think a page isn't as relevant anymore as it once was. And sometimes we think a page is better than it was before. So that can happen too. So usually my recommendation there is to say that to not artificially slow things down, because if you're improving the content, if you're making the page better, then why would you kind of hold that back and not show it to search engines or not show it to users, but rather make those changes? And if there is a temporary drop, then that's something maybe you have to wait it out and see what happens. Maybe it's also a sign that the changes you made maybe weren't that good for SEO things. So that's something where sometimes it makes sense to do it step by step so that you can recognize this fairly quickly, especially if you're changing a big website. If you change the whole website at once and it goes down in search, then like a lot of work to figure out what happened, what went wrong. But if you take maybe 10 or 20 pages and you change those and you see, oh, this worked and this one didn't work, then you can kind of improve things until you're finished. So continuing on that question. So my problem is I use the team on this blog. Basically, the team is open content on the homepage and then one, two, three pages. You understand what I'm saying? Like open, I got a blog and that basically shows the whole thing on the homepage and then it triggers down to other pages. Now the problem is if I want to change the entire team of the website, would that have an effect to my entire ranking? Okay. So changing the theme of the website. Sure. That can have an effect on the ranking as well. Most of the time, the change that you would see there if you change the theme is all of the internal links are suddenly different as well. So maybe you have a lot of internal links in the menu on the side and with the new theme you just have a smaller set of internal links or related topics that are on the bottom of the page. Maybe you have more or less of that. So that's something where if you change the theme of the site, then all of those internal links can theoretically change and that can definitely have an effect on how we crawl and index the site. So basically the site that I define open blocks scenario. Is that okay with Google having that type of layout? Because right now it's ranking and I don't see a problem but I think there's more potential for it to rank. I think for some reason Google is holding, because I've tested many different type of websites and it's the same amount of link power. It's not getting the same amount of result. I don't know. I think that's always hard to say what kind of the potential is of a website because that depends a lot also on the general niche that it's active in, if it's very competitive then even with the same website that might work really well, that might be really hard. So that's really hard to say. Okay. Second question as I'll be my last hopefully. Topic variation on an affiliate website. So if I'm talking about best of kitchen stuff and then I want to talk about best of living products, how much variation can I go? I mean, I remember seeing Matt Cutts blog post about health and how important that is and I greatly appreciate that. Like radiology and those topics are health related and they need to be provided to users with great integrity. I mean, if I'm putting up products about living room and there to help you with anxiety, would that go into a health? And I mean, it is an affiliate product line but would that become a problem and would I have an issue with that? It's hard to say. It sounds like you're headed in that direction if you're trying to position your website as like, I don't know, interior design specifically for certain kinds of health issues and you're kind of headed in that direction where if you want people to take you seriously about your input on health issues then maybe you need to position yourself as actually being serious about these and not just randomly providing other things as well. I appreciate that. That's exactly what we're doing. But I wanted to make sure before I jump into that scenario I fully preferred that I'm not going to get penalized because I've put out something that's against Google's policy. So I wouldn't see that as something where we would have a manual action on a website because of that. So kind of the traditional penalty situation that doesn't sound like that. The penalties mostly apply specifically to Webmaster guidelines and I think what you're headed into is more around kind of the general quality and how we think a website is relevant for these specific search results and for that there's a very broad spectrum available. So it's not that we would penalize a website for having a certain mix of topics. Thanks, John. John, I would appreciate if you can drop your email in the chat box that you had. I wanted to share some website with you. Okay. John, can I ask a follow-up question on that around where as well as changing content you're also changing a domain. So we've got, I've got a client at the moment, a big retail company who have also got a services arm and they've got two separate websites for retail and services. They want to amalgamate them both under the retail domain effectively. The services site ranks really well and they want to sort of shift it as effectively they're sort of going under a single brand and a single domain. It is, what does Google see as sort of the most important? Is it the content? Is it going to be how they structure the incorporation of the services site within the retail site? Obviously we're going to be doing, you know, 301 redirects from the existing site over to the new one, et cetera. But where should we be sort of looking to concentrate the efforts to make sure that we don't suffer too much of a drop? So I guess what I would focus on there primarily is to make sure from a technical point of view that you're really kind of putting things together in the right way. In particular, when you're merging sites like this, you would expect to see some drop in search because we can't just take the two sites and add them up and use that as a signal. We essentially have to reprocess everything and look at the new site the way it is. So to make sure that that works optimally, I would really work hard to make sure that from a technical point of view you're doing everything you can to redirect pages on a one by one level to the new versions. And that you're not blocking anything from being crawled or being indexed in the sense that if it was indexable in the old site that it should be indexable in the new site. So I would assume from the content point of view you're probably covered, but from a technical point of view a lot of these small redirects sometimes get lost and that makes it harder for us to really combine all of those signals. Where you've got a site with, so these sites have got a lot of pages, can we adopt a sort of triaging approach to the redirects so going for the priority high level category pages first and then working our way down into the lower level pages? I think that would make sense, but I would try to use tools as much as possible to really get the broad coverage. You're really sure that everything is properly moved over. Okay, thanks. Cool, okay. Let me take maybe a question or two that were submitted so that they have a chance to. If a web page mentions your brand but doesn't actually link to your website, would that count as a positive signal? So I mean, we would pick that up as a mention on another website, but it's not a link. It doesn't pass any page rank. It's kind of not really the same thing as a link. I've noticed our AppSpot staging versions are showing up as backlinks to our site. Do you think this is an issue? Should we disavow AppSpot.com? You don't need to disavow AppSpot.com. If that's your staging site, you don't need to disavow those links, but it does sound like we're maybe indexing your staging site, which probably you don't want to have happen. I've seen lots of weird problems come up when that happens. So I'd recommend blocking that in whatever way works best for you, which could even be blocking it by user agent if you can do that or blocking it by robots text in the worst case so that it doesn't get indexed there. What's the correct way to use breadcrumbs from an SEO point of view? So home category item or home tag item. Both of these could work. That's essentially up to you how you want to structure your website, how you want people to navigate through your website. Do search suggest queries include voice queries than via voice search, Google Home and Google Assistant? I don't know. I don't think so, but I don't know. Any of you guys know? Yeah. I think a lot of the voice search questions and kind of the queries that come through Assistant, it's probably still something where people are working on to see how it ends up working in the long run. It's also something from the Search Console side. We're looking into how we can show that in Search Console, but it's kind of tricky because we don't really have a search results page when you ask something and Assistant gives you an answer based on this website. This is the answer. How do you best show that in Search Console so that it's so useful? All right.  How do I redirect pagination from an old website to a new one? Kind of similar to before. You wouldn't really need to look into the type of pagination or what's happening there, but rather try to redirect as much as possible on a one-by-one basis. Would it be best to know index PDFs that have the same content as the website? Maybe. I think that's kind of up to you if you want to have these PDFs indexed or not. For some websites, it makes sense to have PDFs indexed. For others, maybe less so. I would look into how users are using those PDFs. Let's see. Let me just grab a few more. We're currently using Google Tag Manager for structured data. Is that OK or not? Kind of simplifying the question. It's OK. But I think what you need to keep in mind is that the Tag Manager needs to be run by JavaScript, so it only works when we can render your pages, which also means that there's sometimes a delay between when we pick up your page and when we process the JavaScript and render the pages and are able to pull out the structured data with the Tag Manager. That's one thing to keep in mind in that there's a bit of a delay there. The other thing is that you're adding quite a bit of complexity for just a few snippets of JavaScript that you're injecting into your pages, which means things can go wrong along the way, and you might not necessarily notice it when you're looking at those web pages. So that's something where I would recommend, if at all possible, try to get the structured data directly into the pages so that it's a lot easier to diagnose when things go wrong, when things break, and to fix them early on. Then, speakable structured data is our timeframe when it's coming outside of the US? I don't know. A lot of times we test it on the US market, probably because we have a lot of people in the US, but also because maybe they like to try stuff out, and if it works out there, then usually we end up rolling that out to other countries and other languages. With speakable markup, maybe it's also a matter of being able to understand that and being sure that the quality of this content is okay. So what I would recommend there is to implement it on your pages and kind of be ready for when it does roll out for other countries. If we ignore manual actions, what will happen? That doesn't sound like a particularly good strategy, I think. So manual actions are done from the web spam team when they see something significantly wrong that they feel they need to manually fix that. So if you don't fix those issues, then those issues will remain and that manual action will remain and whatever that manual action does will kind of persist. So these manual actions do expire at some point, but we're talking more about order of years rather than weeks or anything like that. So if you want to wait out a manual action for a couple of years, then that's your decision, but probably not a good short-term one. So I personally recommend taking these into account and taking them as feedback and fixing them and doing the reconsideration. I mean, if your website isn't meant to be shown in search, then maybe you don't care about manual actions. Like if you're just trying to do ad signing pages, then maybe that's fine. Subdomain or subfolder? I'm not going to answer that. Sorry. International SEO. At the moment, some of our page titles in the U.S., Germany and other countries have Southern Africa added to the end of the title time. Southern Africa is shown in the search results and it looks like people aren't clicking. We have the page title, hreflang, and international targeting set. What could be happening here? So I'd recommend maybe posting this in the health forum and ideally sending me a link. You can drop it in the Google Plus post for this event and I can take a look there. What might be happening here is that for some reason we think at least for a part of your website, Southern Africa is kind of a site title type thing and that's why we're adding it to these pages. Usually that's more a sign that something with your site structure isn't right where it looks to us that Southern Africa is really a site title and that might be with the URL structure, with internal linking, those kind of things might be something weird. Okay. Wow. More and more questions. Maybe we'll just go back to here for the moment if you have anything. I haven't quite talked about personalization because our plan as a publisher is to personalize the whole homepage for every cookie. So every user will be targeted by interest profiles and stuff we have and then we will show something. In one scenario we will hide all the articles, a user already read. So we have to do cloaking I guess. So what's your idea how to handle Googlebot in this scenario? So the easy part is Googlebot doesn't keep a cookie. Okay. So that might make it a little bit easier. In general, personalization is something you can do if you want to do that. It's not something we would see as cloaking, especially if you've recognized that it's a repeat visitor. If they're logged in or not, I think that's totally up to you. The important part for us is that from a general point of view the content is equivalent. So I think this would primarily affect things like the home pages, category pages maybe. If we still see those as category pages, as home pages for your website that lead to that's not something we would worry about. If the individual article pages also change significantly like someone clicks on an article about Christmas and they end up on an article about Eastern then that would be the kind of thing where we say okay, the user is being misled. But if they're searching for sporting events and they land on your sporting events site and that page is personalized for them, that's perfectly fine. Yeah, the biggest problem is probably the home page because this can really be completely different. If we see that the user is interested in sport then we will probably show 80% of the stuff is sport and for the other one it will be economy news or something. Yeah, I mean that's totally up to you. That's something where you have to work with your users to find the right balance. But from our point of view people would be going to your home page because they're kind of searching for your brand or for general maybe Swiss news and they go to your home page and then your home page is still relevant even if it has different content there. I think especially for news sites that kind of change happens naturally anyway. We crawl it on at one point and we see this collection of articles. The user goes there, there's a different collection because things have changed and that's kind of common. Okay, John, can I ask another question? We had a massive drop in really important index sites and these are highly individual and unique pages. They are our regional category pages like wine tasting in Munich and wine tasting in Hamburg. And then I looked at Sarge Consul and I saw that these pages were excluded and dropped from the index because Google says they are duplicate and the submitted URL is not selected as canonical and instead another one. But the problem is that the Munich page suddenly seems to be identified as a duplicate of another city page like Cologne and these pages are really unique and have individual content and individual links and the events on them are in these cities so there's actually no way of confusing them so I don't really understand what's happening there and we do have individual site maps for each store and we use rel canonical and do put self-referencing canonicals on each page and the content is highly individual so I don't understand what's happening here. Okay, so usually this happens when we think that a part of your site is duplicated so kind of like how you saw and it's not always the case that we look at the content and say oh the content is exactly the same but sometimes the case that we look at the URL structure and we see maybe the city name is, I don't know, a URL parameter and you can enter any kind of word as this URL parameter and still get one of those cities then we might decide that maybe this URL parameter is irrelevant that it's not necessary for determining the content on the page so that's kind of one place where this could be coming from it could also be that maybe for some cities you're showing the same content so for example if there are cities that are right next to each other maybe you show the same content because the events are the same for these two locations and that might be confusing us so what I would do there is double check to make sure that the difference that you have between the individual locations is really clear that the URLs are such that when you enter an invalid city name that you show a 404 page instead of picking another city and kind of making sure that for us it's really clear that these parameters or the path or whatever you're using for that is really always leading to a unique different page Yeah, this is what we do in fact so we use speaking URLs and these pages were identified this only happened some weeks ago and before that Google didn't seem to have a problem with these pages and we have speaking URLs and the cities are not closely connected like Munich is not really close to Hamburg and the content on these pages is really highly different so I don't understand how this can be confused Okay, maybe you can send me some example URLs or if you have a thread in the help forum with the example URLs make it drop that into the Google Plus comments and I can take a look at that with the team because that is something that the team does care about to figure out where we fold things together properly and where we shouldn't and sometimes we get that wrong Awesome, thank you so much Sure It's more generally a question regarding single page applications When do you think Google will be able to read client-side render the website completely with the first crawl for example there is no hreftag anymore in the source core so that SEOs don't have to bother the front and there's any more Right, so we are working right now as we speak on getting rendering and crawling better integrated and everything moves a little closer together I can't give you a timeline on that It's working progress We also try to improve rendering to begin with because if you ask like can you render or can you index single page applications Yes, we can do that today and the rendering gap is not always as big as people think so I wouldn't vary too much about it The problem is that the client-side rendering also influences how quickly we can queue things for crawling so the crawl budget plus the rendering delay is something that is really hard to spot from the outside so you only see like oh my page takes a day or two or three to be indexed that doesn't necessarily have a rendering issue it might be a crawl budget issue it's a tricky one to figure out I've seen that a few times now and even though that's an issue that we understand it might take a while for us to bring things closer together so for the time being if you really care about frequently changing content and large sites with lots of frequently changing content I would still recommend dynamic rendering that's not something that's going to pop and disappear in like a month or so we are working on improving it it's going to take a while I'm not going to give you a timeline I think especially if you have a website that has a lot of content you should really be using dynamic rendering or server-side rendering in general I also just today saw that there was a blog post from Bing a few months back that they were also saying use dynamic rendering for things like that so I really kind of invest in that direction and like Martin mentioned it's not going to go away so social media sites also if you want to share things there if you want people to share URL on WhatsApp then it also needs to be pre-rendered for that if you have the engineering resources though I would highly recommend looking into server-side rendering or even better hybrid rendering because that yields user experience benefits as well because you basically ship the critical content in the first go to the user and then you enhance it with JavaScript to bring the single-page application experience on top of it so you get the benefits of dynamic rendering but you also get user experience benefits and things are appearing faster especially in mobile thanks for the sign but if you can't or if you don't want to gamble the engineering resources then dynamic rendering is a really good idea Welcome Let me take some more that were submitted and then we can go more to here or to the folks on Hangout Our company recently moved and the road our building is located on is not properly mapped on Google Maps When I try to upload the listing it changes the street from way to road We submitted feedback through Google Maps Is there any other way to get that fixed? Probably you would need to go through Google Maps but I don't really know everything around Google Maps so I would perhaps post in the help form about this The times where I've had to get something fixed in Google Maps have usually been really quick and they give a lot of feedback so maybe that's fixed in the meantime How do I remove a site that's scraping my content and cloaking it to Google? Let's see I submitted some DMCA takedowns and was asked to do it on a per page basis but there's so many pages What can we do then? So DMCA is probably the best approach here and it is on a per page basis so there's not really something I can do to take that away from you That's kind of the legal process in general for situations like this Let's see What's the max size of an HD access file? We have a lot of redirects I think this depends on your server configuration but you can also use things like regular expressions to simplify these files With making topic categories within blog content that mimics the core website's product category be a good idea Totally up to you You can do that if you want If that works for you then go for it If it confuses users maybe pick something different Can you analyze the issue for my website? My website got a manual action for spammystructureddata and there's some sample URLs What I would do here is post in the webmaster help forum with that because sometimes the spammystructureddata issues are a bit tricky to diagnose and sometimes it takes some help from other people to figure out which direction you should be going I have a website that lists local businesses together with user-provided reviews Sometimes we have a really large JSON-LD snippets over 100 kilobytes because of all the reviews Is there a limit on the number of items? Is it okay to just include a few of the reviews? I don't know about a limit on a number of items about 100 kilobytes for JSON-LD snippets seems excessive So I would look into finding ways to just paginate these review pages rather than trying to include everything on one single page Alright, two more questions Private membership websites that has a lot of unique content limited but someone goes off and copies it and publishes it What can we do? I think first off you probably need to look into whatever normal legal approaches that you can take there which might include the DMCA but from a web search point of view, we don't know where this content is coming from if we can't crawl it There's not really much that we can do on a web search side to resolve amongst each other directly We're working with a healthcare group multiple primary care locations when creating content for each we're attempting to concentrate on each of the locations unique services How does Google view this in differentiating healthcare service locations for search? I think that's fine different locations and if they're unique in their own ways and you have content for that that seems to be a good fit Alright, I think there was a question here from one of you all that I just saw pop up briefly but I don't know let's see, they're here The spamming structure data markup I think we talked about that Yeah, okay If you have any more questions now is your chance Well Joe, I don't think my question was answered regarding the changing of content For example, you said if I were to maintain all the existing internal link structure on the new theme but the HTML would change Would that have an effect or is the HTML having the effect on the overall ranking or is the combined HTML and the anchor text or the link structure? That's a combination of both of them It's something where the theme can just be a matter of changing the design, if just the CSS changes then the HTML is the same then probably that would be pretty non-issue probably not much for change there but if the HTML changes as well then you could imagine things like the headings on the page being marked up with just bold versus marked up as a heading and those kind of differences can play a role in how we evaluate a page So if you're changing the HTML significantly then that could affect how we rank those pages I mean, it could also affect it in a positive way so it's not always that things will go down but if you improve things then that's good for you too But I think that makes more sense, yeah Cool Any more questions from you all here? Yes, maybe about the progressive web ads How sure are you that they will push through in the next time? What do you mean by push through? Maybe replace the native apps That's a prediction I would not want to make it's one of these predictions where I end up saying something like nobody needs more than 64KB of RAM That's quite a sweeping statement I think what we see already today is that a lot of partners have fantastic successes with switching to PWAs such as Starbucks has higher engagement rates, has higher conversion rates Flipkart had successful metrics, I don't have the exact numbers in my head but there's a bunch of case studies that prove that PWAs improve or increase engagement and conversion rates sometimes really significantly I think Starbucks had double digit percentage increase in engagement day over day or something So I would say they are already successful we are seeing more and more partners into them and so far haven't heard bad things about it I think there is still things to be desired in terms of the integration in the operating systems I know that we are working on that there's the Fugu project that we announced at Chrome Dev Summit this year where we are basically working to improve the capabilities that the web provides with so that we are basically trying to close the gap between native capabilities and web capabilities but with what we've already got today we see significant successes with the partners that are implementing it so that's helping definitely and I guess it's an upward trajectory but predicting the future is bound to be risky Also I had a look regarding someone of you asked regarding the ex-robots tag header in images we do respect that it's good to know for resources we do respect that okay cool and there's a question here in the chat how long will Google how long will it take I think when we fix a manual action so usually that needs to be processed manually because it's a manual action so someone needs to take a look at that and review the changes that you've done and usually you get a reply back within about a week or two so if you fix these issues then I would go ahead and submit the reconsideration request and usually within about a week or two you should have an answer there with regards to yes it was okay we will resolve this manual action or no there are still issues here sometimes depending on the manual action it can also be that we see you fixed a lot of this but you haven't fixed anything so we will reduce the scope of the manual action with structured data that might be a bit trickier let's see another one about internal links and backlinks whether Google has the same page rank recipe I don't know like how we calculate the page rank but maybe it's not something that sites really need to worry about so if you need to figure out the details of how page rank calculations work then maybe you need to work at Google to get all of those details because I mean we don't show page rank externally anywhere there's no toolbar that shows it so it's kind of a theoretical question how can we ask for reconsideration that's within search console where you see the manual actions you can submit reconsideration requests it's fine to do multiple of these if you're working on a problem and you're trying to resolve it on the other hand if we see that you're just going back and forth and like fixing things and getting manual action again then kind of moving things back and forth then it might be that the web spam team says okay they're just toying with us we will ignore their reconsideration request for a while or kind of stop them from submitting more of them so I would see this as something where you really try to fix the problem do the reconsideration and react based on the feedback there I would also get help from the webmaster forum if you're not sure about what exactly you should be fixing there because a lot of these issues you're not the first one to run into this problem and people in the forums they have practice with this so I definitely get help any last questions from you all I have a question about there is structured data called carousel and I just see these for recipes I don't know is it planned to have it for other types so is it a good idea for example for if we have a tag page for a celebrity to add articles about the celebrity into this carousel and maybe we would get not just the general information about the celebrity but we can also offer articles below as a carousel I don't know it's kind of you're making a bet that this will happen so I I just see recipes but in the documentation it's not mentioned as just exclusive for recipes I could see it being expanded over time but I think from a practical point of view you as someone working on a site would have to make that decision and say well I believe in the future this will happen and we will be prepared but you have to know that maybe it doesn't happen it's kind of a bet that you'd have to find your site and maybe it's just minimal amount of work to add that so it might be worth just doing it if it's easy enough but if it's a lot of work and Google doesn't support it at the moment then it's I don't know if that's the best use of this time maybe start with the personal recipes of the celebrities yeah that might be nice you can rank for both recipes or Christmas cookies from I don't know yeah cool yeah any other questions for you all for the moment hey John since I got asked the update that Google had in August, September or trickle down in October some sites had ghost effect of links I'm still seeing sites that are using the same techniques and ranking however they've changed a little bit of a strategy because I guess I can tell how Google picked up those strategy and the other sites are using that strategy with a bit of different technique is there more to expect from Google on this because it's not fair for sites that are ranking with proper outreach and with white head links I would call them and those are grey hat links and they're if they get one link it could be equivalent to 100 links that we may have so it's not really fair for working out or trying to get 100 links to a page and somebody just puts one and breaks it I'm not sure what specifically you're referring to so it's kind of hard to say in general if you see sites doing things that are against the webmaster guidelines feel free to send us spam reports we really appreciate those if you're seeing bigger scale things that are hard to report you can also send those to me directly and I can pass those on to your team that's why I was asking for your email I would just post it in the Google plus comment and then I can pick it up there let me I can put it here too I've seen sites that are within a month or two from 300 less than a thousand to a million traffic on an auction domain it's ridiculous okay like an expired domain type thing okay those are always interesting for the website so if you have some examples they like looking at that it's not so much a matter of us taking these examples and saying one specific site is doing something wrong but rather taking those and saying well this might be a general problem and we might be able to recognize this better on a broad scope with help from some examples that's something where we try from a web standpoint of you not to focus too much on individual URLs but rather try to figure out what kind of is the system behind this so that we cover all of these cases and then just picking that one specific one out alright let's take a break here it's been great having you all here and thank you for traveling over here to visit us I don't think we have any other plans for the rest of the year so I guess we'll see you all maybe next year happy holidays enjoy the winter or the summer depending on where you're located if you have summer that's not nice enjoy I would like summer bye everyone happy holidays