Today, we look at my $1,000 purchase on TCG Player from Twitch Chat. What's up, guys? We're back with another $1,000 TCG Player purchase. We did this last year, all the way through the year. We checked it out the whole time as a playlist. If you guys wanna check it out, it'll pop up on the screen somewhere. We also did it again this year, where I had my Twitch Chat decide which cards we were actually gonna buy. You can see the other videos here. We've opened the mail. We've done all that stuff, but we have not revisited them to see how the cards are actually doing right now. So in this video, I'm gonna be checking on the prices of everything we bought to see if we've made money or lost money. Probably that. Before we get into it, we have a giveaway. I'll be giving away a $50 TCG Player gift card. Just like the video, be subscribed to our notifications, and let me know what you think of our purchases and how you think they're gonna do by the end of the year. Okay, so here is our spreadsheet of everything that we bought, our cost, $1230 price. Today, at the time of recording this, is $31623. So it's been about two and a half months since we started. I used to do these every three months, but now I'm just gonna kinda do them randomly a little bit earlier this time. Let's check in on how we're doing. We bought three Sky Striker Ace Rows. So let's go to TCG Player and see what they're worth now. Okay, so here's the one we bought. Sky Striker Ace Rows is the 2021 at Ten of Ancient Battles. Let's see what the lowest verified listing for near-mint is. So at the moment, it is 99 cents. So I think it's actually lower than what we paid, because ours were, we bought three different ones. $3.38 total for the three we bought. These are now at 99 cents. So basically, we can put this at 99 times three. That gives us a $2.97 total value, which is a little bit less here. All right, we've updated my spreadsheet and now we have a 41 cent loss there with a 14% decrease. So off to a bad start, but it's only a 41 cent loss. Not a big deal. We've got a lot bigger cards we have to worry about that hopefully are doing better than that. So let's go back and check on the Dark Arm Dragon Ghost Rare that we bought. Okay, Dark Arm Dragon Ghost Rare. Let's see if the near-mint's doing good. Okay, this is not a good sign right here, down, but we're coming back a little bit. Let's see, I think we paid like 40 something dollars. This one's now, okay, this is not verified. So we'll go here, 42.23. That's gonna be close to what we paid. Oh man, it's almost the same, but it's a little bit lower. So we lost a dollar and five cents and then 2% change on the actual value, but it was a down, you know, a negative change. So that's unfortunate, but that's okay. Still doing fine. We haven't lost a ton of money, just like a dollar 50 so far. We really need something big to show up. Maybe this Colossal Fighter will be the change. Let's check out the Ultimate Rare. Okay, so Colossal Fighter first one listed. Uh-oh, that's not a good sign. Uh-oh, uh-oh, that's not good. It's down, okay, wait, wait, wait, 85. Okay, so that is down a little bit. So it's down three bucks, exactly. So it's nothing crazy, it's 4%. We're always slightly going down at the moment. Nothing has actually gone back up. We're hoping to get something to go up. Ally of Justice Catastor. It's kind of in the same class as Colossal Fighter, so I'm not feeling great about it, but let's go check and see if it actually went up. Okay, so we got the Ultimate Rare. There's a bunch of different versions. Oh, I hope it is not $37. That would be a problem. Yeah, this is the same thing. It's an Edison card. That's just on the decrease. Let's see what it's at. $79.99, wait, how much was it again? Oh, look at that, $79.99. Let's double check and make sure that's right. $79.99, this one's $75, but it has $4.99 shipping, so it's really $79.99. And look, there's eight of these available from Core TCG. Okay, I was about to say there's only a couple listed before it goes down to $95, but they have eight available, so really there's 10 listed, because this guy has two as well. So you got the sales on this thing. The sales on the other hand are showing, like they've been bought out or something, because all the 50s and 60s and low 70s have been bought. The lowest right now is $80, so it looks like we actually have gone up $9.99. There's a 12% increase of our money, and at this point our net gain slash loss is, we can't see yet because we've got to do all this, but it looks like we've definitely made money throughout this. Once we get through all this, we'll be able to see the change in price, total percentage and everything like that, and see if we actually made money. Okay, now it's time to check out the Ash Blossom. We have a lot more cards this year than we did last year. I think we bought like a total of nine or 10 products slash cards. This year I have a total of how many? 78 different cards, which is insane. It's a lot more cards. So 78 different cards. The next six are the Ash Blossom Enjoy Spring, which is Secret Rare. It also got a reprint recently, could have heard it, but we'll have to see if that actually did. The Ash Blossom Secret Rare, let's see if that was a good decision buying that one. I think it was. I think it was decent no matter what this says. Okay, so, ooh, this looks promising. Uh-oh, uh-oh, wait, wait, wait. Nirmit Lois, so these are Korean, so you always gotta check. There's like a description below that usually means it's a foreign card or something, or maybe graded or something like that. This guy is not verified, not verified. Do we just see that guy? Maybe not. So it looks like the lowest verified is 10. So there's some random ones that are not verified here, but they have shipping at it. This guy's shipping included, so it's $10.40 for the look. So with this one, since we did get 10, we gotta do 10.40 times six to see where we're at. We're at 62, so we've made $2.46, about a 4% increase, which is actually, I mean solid. If everything went up 4%, we do, you know, fairly well. But yeah, so not bad overall, not a huge gain on all of them. Seems like at the, when we first did it, we paid about $10 a piece and now they're slightly over that. So not bad on the Ash Blossoms. I can expect those to do well because those prismatic secrets look really good. And if you're gonna play like an Ash Blossom, if you're gonna play a common, you might as well play that one for 10 bucks because the common's like eight or nine. So you might as well get that really nice looking version. Okay, now we got the pot of desires. This is the one I didn't really wanna buy this one, but chat was insistent on buying this one. I think I checked this recently. I don't think this has gone up. I think it was around like 55 bucks last I checked. Let's see. Oh, maybe, oh, okay. Maybe it got a couple of days. Last couple of days. It did go up. No way. I just checked this thing. So it looks like all the fifties were bought and then now we're up to 65, 75. Because that's not verified. This is a Korean copy. Anything else? Yeah, 65, 75. Wow. Wait a second. Pot of desires Twitch chat. Shout out to the Twitch chat, by the way. And since this whole video was made because of Twitch chat buying all these cards, you might as well go check out Twitch, which is twitch.tv slash ruxin34. The links in the description. You guys wanna see me stream there, stream Monday, Wednesday, Friday. We do cool stuff like this. So go check it out if you guys are interested. Next up, the trap just trap whole nightmare, which the trap trick stuff has been doing good. So I have high hopes for this. Let's hope that it went up. It's not like, I think you usually play like one or two of these anyway, but it's still not bad to have this since we have like six ultimate rares, which is a hilarious purchase, but six ultimate rares. Look at this. Look at this, near mid 69, 99. We've made $246, 59% increase. Wow, when we bought these, we were like, well, they've already announced the trap trick, you know, structure deck. So it's probably not gonna go up that much. We'll buy it anyway, just in case. And like that deck has gotten really popular. People are playing it a lot because you can basically play it with just the structure deck, but I guess if you wanna bling it out, this is the way to do it. And wow, we have got a 59% increase, $246. Wow, that is insane. So we basically, is that right? 59% increase? Okay, doing that made me realize that I had my formula wrong because I was like, that 59% increase, that's not right, 141% increase. So some of these have changed a little bit from what we saw earlier because I was dividing by the wrong things, a little math stuff going on here, but don't worry about that. With that back in the accounting days, we cared about that. But yeah, so 141% increase from the 173 that we spent to the $420, $420, good sign. That is insane, a $246 increase. That's weird that it's exactly $246. Okay, we're looking good. I think we're gonna make money for once on this. But the question is, will this hold up throughout the entire year? Cause I'm guessing that they'll go down or like, what do you guys think we should do? Should we be able to resell in the middle of the year? Like, should I be able to post my trap tricks, trap hole nightmares and sell them and lock in our price? Honestly, I think we should be able to do that. It wouldn't make more sense, but I want you guys opinion. Let me know in the comments right now. Can I sell some of the cards in the middle of the year? Do I have to wait it out? We waited it out last year. I think it'd be a cool change in the second year to be able to sell some cards like while they're at their high. Cause I feel like the trap trick, trap hole nightmare, eventually the trap tricks deck is not gonna be as popular. Price is gonna go back down. We're not gonna make any money. So I feel like now is the good time to actually sell them. All right, time for the June Black Luster Soldier. Let's see what it's done. This is a weird one. I could see it going up, but I really don't know because it's still pretty new. I don't know if it's gonna hold on or not. Okay, so here we go. Not looking good from the outside. Let's see, 661, two lazy dogs is selling it. So I think that went down. Yeah, 661, so we've lost $1.23.  This is by far the biggest spike we've had on one of these videos. So that's awesome. That's a monumental occasion compared to the other ones, but we lost on a lot of the other cards, but only a dollar. No big deal. Let's go to Instinfusion. This is another one that we were like, this could get banned at any moment. So it's probably gonna be down at some point. Instinfusion ultimate rare. Let's see. Okay, check this out. All right, Instinfusion. I think that we lost some more money here. All right, $99.94. Not looking too good there. Well, someone bought one for 130. That seems like an outlier. That's kind of weird. Okay, so this is taking back some of our trap tricks, trap hole nightmare stonks here. We lost $22, 18%. That's our biggest loss yet in terms of percentage. Yeah, not great. We kind of knew when we bought this one, this was a bad idea, but they were kind of like, hey, do you own this card? I'm like, no, they're like, you should buy it then. I was like, okay, sure, whatever. The next one is a funny one. We bought 10 night beam. Very weird purchase. The funny part was I actually have a light play night beam listed on my own TCG player. We bought a bunch of near mint ones and a lot of them came in light play, but hey, we're gonna check in on them. 10 near mint night beam. Did you come through night beam? Ultimate rare, we bought 10 of you. So I hope you did. Oh no, oh no, guys. Not good, not good. Near mint unlimited. Wait, where's first dead? Wait a second, there's no first dead option. Are they bought out or something? Where are the first deads? Where do they bought out? I think they're bought out. I don't think there's a single night beam available in first dead. That can be right. There has to be at least a light play one or something. Oh, I guess they sold them on plays. Okay, I thought I had one listed but apparently it was unlimited. Also for some reason it's at 22 bucks. So I guess at some point it was $22. Let's see if we can find my listing. I don't see it. I don't even see my listing. It's on here somewhere. But wait, where's the first dead? First dead, look, there are first deads. Why would it let me filter? What's going on with TCG player today? Okay, well we can see here that the lowest list is 1349, which is a good sign for us. After all that work, we figured it out. Okay, so we have 1349 times 10, which is a 27% increase on our card because we spent about $10 a piece slightly over that. You can see $106 for 10. We gained $28 on this one, which made up for our instant fusion loss, which is not bad. So our night beams are actually paying off at the moment, which is a miracle, to be honest. All right, let's move on to Baxia. We're actually doing really well right now. We already have, wait, we already have $1,000. We're like halfway done. We look, we've had $999 on what we spent was $1,000. So we're literally, I've made our money back already. Night beam and trap tricks, trap hole nightmare coming in clutch. Let's go to Baxia up next. Couple of people tried to buy these off me after the video. I was like, well, it's kind of for the video. So we can't sell them. Okay, we got a $30. I feel like we didn't make any money on that. What was it? $30.50. Okay, so we lost 50 cents, but if you look here, that's the only one listed. And then they kind of go up to like 40 almost, like light plates. So we got a, you know, these are not verified. We go up to actually verified $44. Let's just keep going. Okay. $45. So if this it's me V over here, we'll just sell his copy real quick. We'd be up 15 bucks, which would be insane. Nirmit once sold for $39. So I guess this guy's just a motivated seller. But honestly, like this seems like it's doing fine because there's not a lot of listings. That's just kind of what it comes down to. But that's not too bad. Yazi's up next. Let's see if Yazi did as well as Baxia, even though it didn't make any money technically. I think it's actually doing pretty well.  First edition market price making its way up. Let's see. We got a $24.99 from versus gaming. Did we make any money on that? We did. A dollar 10, so a 5% increase. That's not bad at all. We'll take a dollar 10. That's pretty solid. Basically at this point, if they've made anything at all, I'm pretty happy because it's only been a couple of months. And if they've made anything crazy, like trap, trap, trap all nightmare, now we're talking rising energy coming up next. Let's see. No, rescue rabbit. Sorry, rescue rabbit secret rare. Let's see if that one's worth anything. It's a cool card. I don't know. Is there any demand for rescue rabbit? Probably not at the moment. As you guys can see, like the things that are doing well are the things that are like in the meta. So last year we were trying to do like old school stuff and it's like that works, but it takes a lot longer. The meta stuff can spike up really quick if there's like a good deck around it. First dead rescue rabbit. This is kind of one of the things that's not really in any sort of meta right now. $20.50, I think we lost on that. Yeah, we lost a little bit, only 80 cents. No big deal. So right, 83 cent loss, 4% overall. Not bad. That's pretty much minimal. That's pretty negligible to be honest. So it's not a big deal. Rising energy is up next. That was the one where we had like a return or something like that. We only have two of these. I think we bought three originally. Is that right? There's only a couple listed though. So I'm interested to see like if there are more listings. At the moment there is a first ed near mint. Whoa, there was the $4 ones we bought. Now they're $13.45. So it looks like we may have bought them out and it's kind of stuck because nobody has these, I guess. So $13.45 from Trollentode. You can see here like the light play first edition like $2, near mint, $7, near mint, first ed six, six. So they're selling. So $13.45. So this one's actually doing pretty good. But because we bought that one for like $14, you know, we're actually not really making much. So $13.45 times two, we made $3.17. Not terrible, we'll take it. All right, next up, the infamous fiber jar. Let's just, if you guys happen to miss the last video, let's just play that clip of when we opened the fiber jar in the package. Service actually looks pretty good, surprisingly. Not real. They did not ride on the car to call it near mint. So the story with the fiber jar, I did get my money back on this. It took forever.   And I was like, sure, why not? Then I'm like, hey, send me the tracking number when you do so I can know that you sent it. I then messaged him a few days later, did you send it? Yeah, we sent it. Okay, where's the tracking number? We didn't send one. So I'm thinking, okay, I don't think they sent it. So I'm like, okay, we'll just send me my money back then because if you're just gonna say you sent it, at this point, I had already heard horror stories of this place. And then I heard about how they say they're gonna send a replacement they don't actually. And it seems like I was right because it's been a couple of months and I have not gotten the card that was sent as a replacement before I asked for the refund. So they definitely didn't send that because I got the first card. I didn't get the replacement card. So yeah, it was a disaster. I did finally get my money back after messaging like 20 times and I didn't get another fiber jar. We're just gonna pretend like I have a fiber jar because these people, we had a fiber jar, okay? And then this happened. I do have my own fiber jar. We can just throw that in there. I bought my own fiber jar for $29.99 to replace it. So now let's check and see if we made any money on this thing. Fiber jar, let's see, first edition. So the unlimiteds are not too much. First at, oh look, card game Colosseum, $29.99. The exact same price. This one's $29.22, but it also has shipping. So it's about the same. $29.99, exactly what we paid. This is the first one that is the exact same price. We made no money. All we did was have a huge hassle and make some cool videos and hilarious reactions out of it. Okay, now we got rare droll and Lockbird. I don't know how this is gonna do to be honest. A rare droll, okay? There's a lot of drolls out there at this point. And also this is kind of a newer one as the rare but we'll have to see where's the rare. I think it was the tactical masters rare, right? Okay, so this one's kind of gone up and down, up and down and you're meant 74 cents, not good. That is not gonna make us money. So, oh wait, we only paid less than 50 cents for these. Wait, we did make money. Now it's 222, we actually went up 59%. That's actually a crazy increase in terms of percentage. Only 82 cents overall. So negligible in terms of the actual money, but the percentages is pretty crazy. So I guess when tactical masters is now not so easily accessible, it's harder to get your hands on those rares and they're actually going up. That seems like that was a good choice. And now the meme purchase. This is the gate guardian from Simply Unlucky, not just the gate guardian, 23 gate guardians. Now we find out if Maze of Memories helped us at all because you don't even play this gate guardian unfortunately. If you did play this gate guardian, this would probably would have spiked, but you don't play it. So maybe this reminded some people, hey, I want a gate guardian. Let's get a cool secret rare. Let's hope so, let's see. All right, speed dual paradox midterm. What are they worth? Oh no, they tanked big time. Oh, 333, no, not like this. Top cart shop has 198 listed. Oh my gosh. Oh, we lost 24% of our money. Oh, not like this. If you included like the shipping though, cause like, so it's like kind of, you know, I don't really know if I should include the shipping cause some of them I do, some of them I don't. It just depends on what the first listing is. This guy has like this shipping and then, well I guess actually everyone else has a shipping. So if there was like one that included shipping right next to it, then maybe a, yeah, so I think this is the right price to do it at, three, whatever. So we lost 24 bucks and 24% of our money. Very, you know, consistent numbers there. And whatever, we knew that, we knew that was a meme purchase anyway. Let's go to the battle fader. Let's see how that one's doing. Ultimate, we are unlimited. 30, okay, it's got shipping. That's not verified. 34.98, so 34. Oh yeah, look at that. We went up $4.98, 17% increase. That's not bad. We'll take that. Very solid before we head into the Picanha moth, which is about 14 of. If you guys remember these ones, none of them were in Nierman basically. Let's see, unlimited Picanha moth. Let's see, come on, metal raiders. All right, Nierman unlimited 50 cents. Wait, is that an increase? 50 times 14. No, it's not. Okay, we lost money on the Picanha moths, unfortunately. Okay, so I fixed these bottom numbers. We gained $252.80. Basically, all the work was put in by Traptor Trappell Nightmare Night Beam. It looks like basically those two, I mean, really Night Beam only made 28 bucks. So it was the Traptor Trappell Nightmare at $246 that really carried us through some of the losses. Like we lost 22 bucks on the Instifusion, 24 bucks on the Gay Guardians. We lost a couple bucks on other things, but really that $246 increase, I mean, it's almost the entire profit that we made. But if you take that out, we still made six bucks. So we actually did pretty well in everything else too. It was pretty consistent. And that just like really like shot us above the moon and a 25% total increase on our money, which is pretty awesome. So this is probably the most successful check-in we've had. I want you guys to let me know, am I allowed to sell the Traptor Trappell Nightmares and stuff like that? Like if I think it's at like a P, because I think right now, if you're buying a Traptor Trappell Nightmare, it's probably the most expensive it's gonna get unless Traptor Trappell becomes like literally an amazing deck, like somebody wins like the YCS, then it might go up more. This was a fun check-in video. It's more fun when you have a lot more cards. I kinda like that we have 78 different cards here so I can go through and like check in on a bunch of different prices. Like last year it was like eight things. It took like five minutes. So it was not as interesting. So this was a lot of fun. If you enjoyed it, make sure to subscribe to the channel for more epic content like this. And don't forget to enter the giveaway. Shout out to Tonefo Show, Daxter JTTO, Puffins of Doom, Ernesto D'Ande, Dizzy Hoppus, Choice333, Missycle James Jantz, TCG Trusted Cards, America Deutzer, Supreme Sage 21, and then the Thai Show, Ian Musa, Junior Barting, Mimic Gecko, and Thomas McClain. Thank you guys for supporting the channel. I'll see you guys in the next one. Peace.


You probably know the large hydrant collider over at CERN. We heard quite a bit of it in the recent talks. This time we will have a deep dive into the infrastructure. You can assume over the next speakers are doing a great job. Basically, it's pretty obvious because we're not stuck into a giant supermassive black hole. So, please welcome with a very warm applause, Severin and Stefan. Yeah, hello everyone. Thanks for coming so many people here, quite nice. In the last couple of years, we had several talks about basically the physics perspective of LHC. How physicists analyze data at LHC, how physicists store all the data, etc. And we would like to give like more an engineering perspective of the whole LHC. So, three years ago, we had a talk by Axel about how physicists analyze massive big data. And then last year, we had a talk conquering large numbers at LHC by Carsten and Stefanie. And we would, as I mentioned already, we would like to give like more an engineering perspective. We are Stefan and Severin. We are both electrical engineers working at CERN. Stefan is working in the experimental physics micro-electronics section.  And I'm, as I mentioned already, also working at CERN. I'm working in the electronics for machine protection section. I will describe briefly later. A short disclaimer, the LHC is a pretty big machine and we tried to explain it as good as possible. 45 minutes is not really enough to talk about everything because I think you can basically take one of the topics we are talking here about now and talk for 45 minutes only about one specific topic. But we try to give an overview as good as possible. So imagine you want to build an accelerator in your backyard. Okay, maybe not in your backyard because LHC is quite big, so 27 kilometers in diameter is quite big. But basically we figured out three main challenges you have to take. First of all, we have to accelerate particles because otherwise it's not a particle accelerator. Second, we have to keep the particles on a circular trajectory. And then third, we have to make sure that the particles which are inside our beam tube or beam pipe don't collide with anything which is there. For example, the beam pipe itself, air molecules, etc. And the solution we adopted for LHC there is that we accelerate the particles with high power radiofrequency cavities. Then we have a beam control system which is quite sophisticated using superconducting magnets. And then we have the beam pipe itself, which is evacuated. So it's under vacuum conditions to write any collisions we have inside with gas molecules, etc. A brief overview about the location itself. So probably many of you know already that CERN is next to Geneva, so it's in the western southern part of Switzerland. Then we zoom in a little bit more than we have here, an artificial picture of LHC itself in the red circle there. To put it a little bit in a perspective, we have a relatively big airport there. You can see there, it's a 2,200 meter long runway. We have Geneva Lake next to it, and that's only one small part of Geneva Lake, but nevertheless. And what is also quite nice, we see Montblanc from LHC, from CERN. When we zoom in a little bit more, then we basically have the big circular collider there, that's LHC itself. And we have pre-accelerators, I will talk in a few minutes about. Basically, we have two main campuses. We have the Mirage site, which is in Switzerland. And we have the Privson site, which is in France. Then at LHC itself, we have eight service points. We also call this just points to briefly go through all of them. We have point one, where we have the experiment called ATLAS, one of the big and major experiments at LHC. Then at the exactly opposite side of ATLAS, we have CMS at point five. Then we have a little bit smaller experiment, which is ALICE. It was basically constructed for lead ion runs. We will talk about this later. And then we have another relatively small experiment. It's called LHCB, and that's the only non-symmetrical experiment at LHC.  Then there are four or three other small experiments. We have LHCF at point one. It's a forward scattering experiment at point one. So basically, they are taking data like scattered particles from ATLAS itself. Then we have TOTEM. It's also a forward scattering experiment at point five. Then we have MUDAL, which is the experiment at point eight. They are looking for magnetic monopoles. Then we have TOTEM, sorry for that, at point five. And then we have a relatively new experiment, which is called FASER. It's actually under construction, and it will be used starting from 2021. And it's a forward scattering experiment, which, where they try to detect neutrinos. Then we have point four. There we have the RF cavities to accelerate the particle beam itself. We have the beam dump area. So when there is like a fault in a machine, or we just want to dump the beam, then we use the beam dump system at point six. And then we have two more general service areas. It's point three and point seven. LHC would not be possible without the pre-accelerator complex. So we have a relatively big one, and it's also sometimes relatively old. On the left hand side of the slide, you can see LINAC2. It's an old linear accelerator, which was used until last year. It's now phased out. And now we have LINAC4, which is also a linear accelerator, and it has a little bit higher acceleration. Then we have the proton synchrotron booster. It's the first circular collider, so you can see two pictures there. What is relatively special about PSP is that we have there two, sorry, four beam pipes instead of just one beam pipe. Then we have the proton synchrotron accelerator, which is the next stage for acceleration. It then has only one beam pipe, and then we are going from PS. We are going to SPS, which is the super proton synchrotron, which has circumferences of seven kilometers. There we basically accelerate the particles the last time, and then they're injected in LHC itself. We mentioned a few accelerators already. Basically, all everything which is highlighted here. But soon as a little bit more, so soon as famous for LHC, I would say, but there is much more than only LHC, so only around 15% of the protons which are accelerated in a pre-accelerator complex are really going to the LHC itself. So there's much more. There's material science, there's antimatter research, and all different other kinds of research going on. Of course, everything has to be controlled. It's called a CCC, the CERN Control Center. It's located at the Prisson site. It looks like that. Basically, we have four C's looking to each other, and there the operators are sitting 24-7 and operate the whole machine. So basically, the whole pre-accelerator complex, all the energy, cryogenics, and LHC itself. Before you ask, everything is running on scientific Linux. So we have basically our own Linux distribution which is used there, and of course it's open source. Talking about the LHC beam itself, we have two beams. One is running clockwise, and the other one is running anticlockwise, because we don't have a fixed target experiment where we basically let the accelerated particles colliding with a fixed target like metal or something like that. We have controlled collisions at four points, we mentioned before. In most of the year, we have proton run, so we have protons and protons colliding towards each other, and then we have, at the end of the year, nearly starting from November to December, we have a lead-iron run. The proton itself, it's not really like a fixed straight line of particles. We have something called bunches.  Basically, it's the same length of a spaghetti, but it has much thinner than a spaghetti, and each bunch, when you have a proton run, then each bunch consists of approximately 100 billion protons, and when you have lead-iron run, then we have approximately 10 million lead irons in LHC. And last year, we operated with 2,565 bunches in the LHC itself. The LHC tunnel, we already talked about the tunnel itself. It is 27 kilometers long, and you can see, maybe a little bit on this graph, that we have eight straight sections and we have eight arcs in the tunnel. Basically, the straight sections are always there where we have, like, surface cavities or where we have surface areas and also the experiments. Because it's not so good visible in this picture, I put a picture here, basically, that's a straight section of LHC. You can basically just see the beam pipe itself with aluminum fall around it. There are also no magnets, and when we look in the arc section of LHC, then you see here the arc itself, and I think it's a quite famous picture of LHC itself because we have this blue dipole magnet there. The tunnel itself is an old tunnel used previously by LEP, the Large Electron Prototron Collider. It has a diameter of 3.8 meters, and the circumference is approximately 27 kilometers. Inside the tunnel, we have, first of all, cryogenics, so we have big tubes, stainless-T tubes to carry all the cryogenics, so liquid helium and gaseous helium. Then we have the magnet itself to bend the particles, and then we have electrical installations to carry, like, signals from the magnets to have safety systems, electricity, et cetera, et cetera. Geography is a little bit complicated in the area because we have, in the western part of LHC, we have the Jura Mountain Range, and this Jura Mountain Range has a relatively hard material. It's made out of, not made, but nature, I mean, it's a limestone, so it's relatively complicated to dig into this material in comparison to all the other areas at LHC, so when you would basically put a straight section of LHC, then you have to dig much more in the relatively hard limestone, so that's why it was decided that the lab or LHC tunnel is tilted a little bit, so we have a tilt angle of 1.4 percent there. The depth is approximately between 50 meters at 0.1 or 0.8, up to 170 meters deep at 0.4. We already talked a little bit about magnets, but we would like to go a little bit more in the details now. So why do we need magnets? Maybe you learned at school that when you have a magnetic field and you have charged particles, then you can bend particles around an arc in a magnetic field. Depending on the charge of the particles, you bend them around on the right side or the left side, that's this famous right hand at left side rule, you maybe learn doing school. And at LHC, we cannot use normal magnets like a typical magnet. We have to use electromagnets because normal magnets would not be strong enough to build an electromagnetic field which is feasible to bend the particles around the whole tunnel. At LHC, we use in the dipole magnets a magnetic field of 8.3 Tesla, and to do this, we need a current of 11,850 amps. We have basically two different types of magnets. We have bending magnets, so the dipole magnets I mentioned quite often already, and then we have injection and extraction magnets. They are also dipole magnets, but they are a little bit differently constructed because the injection and extraction magnets have to be quite fast because they have to basically be powered up at full, the full magnetic field in several microseconds. Then we have higher order magnets which are quadruple magnets, sector pool magnets, and octopool magnets, et cetera, et cetera. And they are used for focusing and de-focusing the beam itself. In total, we have 1,200 dipole magnets in LHC. We have around 850 quadruple magnets, and we have 4,800 higher order magnets, but they are normally quite shorter than the other magnets. The dipole magnets consist of two apertures. They are used to bend the beam around, so I already said. In the middle of the magnet itself, we have a cold bore, so there is basically there are the particles flying around. Then there's a metallic structure. You can see this in the picture. There's this shiny metallic sphere you see there. And then we have, next to the cold bore, we have the two apertures to bend the particle and build the magnetic field itself. The dipole magnets have a length of 50 meters, and the manufacturing precision is plus minus 1.5 millimeters. Then we have quadruple magnets. They are used for focusing and de-focusing the beam. The problem is that we have bunches where are basically equally charged particles inside. And the column force tells us that when we have equally charged particles, then they basically want to fade out from each other. And in the end, they would just hit the beam pipe itself, and we could maybe destroy the beam or cannot do any collisions. So what we do is we use quadruple magnets as similar to lenses, because we can focus and de-focus the beam. The quadruple magnets, the name already suggests that we have basically four apertures. So we have on the left and the right side two, and then we have on top and bottom, we have also a few of them. To go a little bit into detail about the focusing and de-focusing scheme, in the beginning we have a particle beam which is not focused, but we want to focus it. Then we go to the first quadruple magnet. So we focus the beam, and this is only done in one axis. That's a little bit of a problem. So in the second axis we don't have any focusing, we have a de-focusing effect there. And then we have to use a second quadruple magnet for the other axis, in this case the y-axis, to focus the beam even further. And you can even see this here in the z-axis, that's basically the cut of the beam itself. You can also see that in the beginning we have on the left side, we have a non-focus beam, and then we focus it in one axis, so we have like a little bit more ellipse, and then we focus in the other direction, and we have a different ellipse. So we have to use several quadruple magnets in a row to really focus the beam in the way we want to have it. In the LFC magnets we have quite high currents. We need these currents because otherwise we cannot bend the very high energetic particle beam. And to use normal conducting cable it would not be possible to basically build a magnet out of it. So what we do is we use materials which are called superconducting materials, because they have a very good effect. They go to basically zero resistance at a specific temperature point, and after this point or when we basically go lower, lower than we have, the current can flow without any losses inside it of it. But to reach this state we have to cool on the magnets quite heavily, which is not so easy, but it can be done. And on the right side you basically see a very historic plot that was 1911 in Denmark. A researcher called Heike Onnes detected for the first time superconducting effect in mercury, and it was detected at 4.19 kelvin. To show you a little bit the comparison between a normal conducting cable and the superconducting cable is we put a picture here. So that is basically the same amount of cable you need to use to carry 13,000 amps and to do the same or to transport the same amount of energy we also can use a very small superconducting cable, and I think it's quite obvious why we use here superconducting cables. At LHC we use niobium tin as material, and this material basically goes into superconducting state at 10 kelvin, but to have a safe operation doing LHC we have to cool it down at 1.9 kelvin. Superconducting magnets have some benefits, but also some downsides, so sometimes they change their state because there are small vibrations in the magnet or the temperature is not precise enough or the current is too high, then they change that state and it's called quench, and we basically can detect a quench when we measure the voltage across the magnet because the resistance changes at this point. So when there is a quench then the resistance changes quite rapidly in milliseconds and we can detect this voltage rise with sophisticated electronics. On the right side you see a board I'm working on, so basically here we have a measuring system to measure the voltages across the magnet, and then we have a detection logic implemented in FPGA to basically send triggers out and open an interlock loop. Interlock loop is a system at LHC, you can imagine it a little bit like a cable going around the whole tunnel, and there are thousands of switches around this interlock loop, and as soon as one of the detection systems basically opens the interlock loop then basically the whole machine will be switched off. And what means switched off is basically that we will power down the power converter, but then the energy is still in the superconducting magnet, and it has to be taken out of the superconducting magnet, and therefore we use dump resistors to extract the energy, and here you can see a picture of such a dump resistor, it's quite big, it's in a stainless steel tube, oil cooled, it's approximately three or four meters long, and when basically there was a quench and the energy was extracted by these resistors then the whole resistor is heated up by several hundred degrees, and it needs several hours to cool it down again. Power converters, the power converters are used to power the magnet itself, so they can produce a current of approximately 13,000 amps, and the voltage of plus minus 190 volts, and you can see a picture here and how big it is. One downside with the power converters is that they have to be, not downside, but one difficulty is that they have to be very precise, because every instability in the current would have a direct effect on the beam stability itself, so basically the beam would be not diverted in the right amount of length, so that's why they have to be very precise and have to have a very precise stability, so here I just pointed out like in 24 hours the power converters only allowed to have a deviation of 5 ppm, and in comparison for 13,000 amps we have a deviation of 65 milli amps, so the power converters have to be very precise, and to do that we had to develop our own ADC, because at the time when LHC was built there was no ADC on the market which was able to have this precision, and also the whole ADC is put into super precise temperature controlled areas, and it is calibrated quite regularly. Okay, cryogenics, we already talked about that we have superconducting magnets, and they have to be cooled down quite low, so the superconducting magnets we have at LHC have to be cooled down to 1.9 Kelvin, and we are doing this when we like start the LHC, then we cool down in the first hand with liquid nitrogen, so approximately 6,000 ton of liquid nitrogen put through the magnets to cool them down to 18 Kelvin, and afterwards we cool the magnets down with liquid helium, and the liquid helium is at 1.9 or 1.8 Kelvin, and to put it a little bit in a comparison outer space, so when we measure like the temperature of space, we have approximately 2.7 Kelvin in outer space, so LHC is much colder than outer space. The whole cool down needs approximately one month, and each dipole magnet which is 50 meter long, shrinks several centimeters doing that, which also has to be taken into account because otherwise pipes would break. The cryogenics system is that we have at each of the eight points at LHC we have compressors to cool down the liquid helium or the helium itself, and then we compress the helium and pump it down. We have one gaseous helium stream which is at 15 Kelvin, and we have one liquid helium stream at approximately 4.5 Kelvin, and then we pump it underground, and then we have something called coal compression system, and the coal compression system even further reduces the pressure of the helium that we have in the end, a helium which is at 1.8 Kelvin, so it can really cool down the magnet itself, and helium has a very interesting effect because at 2.1 Kelvin it becomes something called super fluid, so it basically can run around like holes, for example, or walls, it can basically flow against gravity, which is quite interesting, and it has also a very high thermal conductivity, and that's also why we use a super fluid helium here, and that's why we cool down the whole magnet stat low, and one other interesting effect is also that the LHC tilt angle, which is 1.4 percent, has to be taken into account because we have very low pressure inside all the tubes or all the system, so it's at 60 millibars, but we have sometimes to pump the helium against gravity or going down, so we also have to take into account the LHC tilt angle to not have like wrong pressure levels at the whole LHC itself. Okay, all right, so you probably already got the idea that what we've done in the last 20 minutes was only solve the first of the three challenges we had, which was actually bending the beam around the circular trajectory, so I'm trying to go to the other challenges we have lined up in the beginning, and the first one of that is the actual acceleration of the particle beam, and as large synchrotrons, for example, like the LHC, they use radiofrequency or RF systems to do this acceleration, and I'm just going to go do a quick recap of the LHC beam and RF and how they interact, so Severine mentioned already that the particles in LHC actually come in bunches, so in like packets that contain about 100 billion protons, and those bunches are spaced when they are running around the LHC, approximately 25 nanoseconds apart, and starting from that, the tasks of the RF system are basically two-fold. It first has to ensure that these bunches are kept tightly together in a process that we call longitudinal focusing, and the second task is to care for the actual acceleration of the particle bunches, so from their injection energy when they come from one of the pre-accelerators up to their final energy that they are supposed to collide at during the physics run, so in general you can imagine RF as being a quickly alternating electric and magnetic field components, and in the LHC this RF energy is basically injected into a what is called a cavity, which is a resonance structure, and there the particle beams traversed through while the field quickly alternates, and the RF signal or the energy basically interacts with the particle beam, so perhaps you know that protons are positively charged, and then a negative polarity of the field would attract these protons while a positive field location would basically move them away, and this has, after just injecting and with the frequency of this RF field being the same as the speed that the particles actually go around, the LHC solves the first of the two problems, which was the focusing, because actually the particles that are too slow arrive only when the field is already changed to the opposite polarity and actually get accelerated a bit, while the particles that are too fast, they are actually being decelerated a bit, and this is a process that we call the longitudinal focusing which makes sure that the bunches stay neatly packed together, and of course this would be relatively inefficient if we would only change the polarity of this field once for each of the proton bunches that pass by, which is why we do it 10 times, so we change the polarity basically changes 10 times, or the frequency is 10 times higher than the bunch crossing frequency, and by doing that we make sure that the change of this field is much faster, and therefore the particle bunches are packed much closer together, and the focusing is better. So here you can see these cavities that were shown in the previous picture as a schematic, how they are actually placed in the tunnel, so eight of these huge cavities are used per beam, and they are the actual thing that is used to couple the RF energy into the beam and transfer it to the particles. They are also operating superconductively, so at cryogenic temperatures to reduce the thermal stress and the losses that would otherwise occur in their materials, and these are actually, even though they are so big, similar to the magnets that had to be very precisely manufactured, these also have very small manufacturing tolerances and have to be precisely tuned to the RF frequency that is used to inject, so and the second part of this that actually produces this high-power RF signal, for that is used what we call klystrons, so klystrons are basically RF amplifiers, they are built from high-power RF vacuum tubes, and they amplify this 400 megahertz signal that is used to transfer energy to the particles, and each of those klystrons produces about 300 kilowatts of power, and you can probably imagine how much that power for an individual unit that is, if you know that your microwave oven has like two or three kilowatts, and of course as we have eight cavities per beam and one klystrone always feeds one cavity, we in total have 16 of those klystrons and they are in principle able to deliver a total energy of 4.8 megawatts into the LHC beam to accelerate it, but if we take a small step, for now we have only solved the first of the two problems, which was to keep the bunches neatly focused, because currently the particles have been injected and the frequency is at some specific frequency and actually they are only running basically in sync to two, so what we do after all the the particle bunches from the pre-accelerators have been injected into LHC is that we ever so slightly increase the frequency, which of course also means that the particles need to accelerate together with the RF signal, and this is the mechanism that we use to accelerate them actually, and the change that is required to do this is very tiny actually, so it is less than a thousandth of a percent sometimes that is used to change the frequency to actually make them go so much faster, so from their relatively low injection energy up to the top energy plateau that they need to have to produce the actual physics collisions, and an interesting question to ask here is where does this signal actually comes from, if it needs to be so precisely tuned to some specific frequency who generates it or who controls it, and that is opens up the whole complex of the timing of the LHC of the machine, so actually this first signal that I mentioned this RF signal it originates in a faraday cage, so in a specially shielded area somewhere on the brevescent side of CERN, and then from there it is distributed to the low level RF subsystem with the klystrons and the cavities, but in this inside this room there are also a number of other signals generated, the first one of that being this bunch crossing clock which is the actual clock that signals one pulse basically every time or changes polarity, one time a proton bunch moves across a specific location inside the LHC, and another one is the so-called orbit clock which always indicates the start of the first or when one proton bunch has basically re-arrived at the same position and has completed one orbit, and you may ask the question why this is an important piece of information, but if you think back to this image that Severian has already shown about the accelerator complex, the big challenge that all this brings is also the whole synchronization of all these machines, because you have to imagine that while these proton bunches run around the LHC and new ones are supposed to be injected from the outside from another pre-accelerator, this has to be very precisely synchronized, so all these pre-accelerator systems actually share a common synchronized timing system that allows them to precisely inject a new packet of bunches at the right position at the right location into the LHC, and this is a bit how such a timing distribution system looks like, it is only a very small excerpt of what it looks like, but it gives you an idea that somewhere underground in the LHC there's rooms full of equipment that is just used to distribute timing signals between different parts of the accelerator, and of course as Severian is forward thinking and realized that future colliders will need quite a bit more of all this synchronization and that the requirements for how precisely everything needs to be synchronized is ever-growing, they actually develop their own timing distribution standard which is also openly available and available for everybody to use, so if you're interested look that up, but of course not only the experiment at the accelerator itself is interested in disinformation about what particles are where and how quickly they interact or how quickly they go around, but also all the experiments need disinformation, because in the end they want to know okay has a collision occurred at some specific time in my experiment and actually providing this timing information about when bunches have crossed their experiment locations is also vital for them to really time tag all their collision data and basically track which bunches were responsible for what kind of event or what event throughout their whole signal storage and processing chain let's say. Good, so that is basically challenge two out of the way so that was the acceleration of the actual particles and all the associated issues with timing and the first issue the third issue we mentioned was that the particles need to let's say be kept from colliding with anything but themselves or the other beam and that is what we why we need vacuum systems for so again it is not as simple as just putting a vacuum somewhere of course not because in fact there is not only one vacuum system at LHC but there are three so the first two of those are perhaps a bit less interesting to most of us they are mainly insulation vacuum systems that are used for the cryogenic magnets so they isolate basically thermally isolate the magnets at those very cool temperatures from the surrounding air to avoid them getting more heat load than they need to and there is an insulation vacuum also for the helium distribution lines that are actually distributing delivering the helium to these magnets and then the third one which is perhaps the most interesting one is the beam vacuum so the one where actually the beam circulates inside the LHC and this is a cross-section of what this beam vacuum typically looks like so it is approximately this size so very hand handful let's say and the question you may ask okay if I want to keep all the like the particles in my particle beam from colliding with anything they're not supposed to for example rest molecules of remaining air there how many molecules can there still be so somebody has to make up that number and typically you express this as a quantity called the beam lifetime which basically says if you were only to keep those particles circulating in the accelerator how long would it take until they are if have all dispersed and lost their energy due to colliding with rest gas molecules and it was decided that this should be at the value of 100 hours is what the beam should basically be able to to circulate without collisions without being lost and this gave the requirement for pressures down to about 100 femto bar which is a very small very very tiny fraction of the atmospheric pressure we have here which is about one bar and to actually get to this level of vacuum it requires multiple stages and multiple components to actually get there so the initial vacuum inside this beam tubes which are which are basically going throughout the going throughout the whole LHC tunnel has the volume of approximately the Notre Dame Cathedral so the first step of getting all this all the air out of these beam tubes is using turbo molecular pumps and then there's some there needs to be more mechanisms to reduce the pressure even further because these pumps are not able to reduce the pressure to the levels required and they actually use a relatively clever trick to do that which is the use of cryo pumping so the I cannot show that okay so the outer wall of this beam pipe cross section that you see here is actually also where the very cold helium in the inside the magnets is outside of and what that that does is it leads to an effect called cryo pumping so actually any rest gas molecule that hits this wall actually condenses there and as the molecules condense there they are of course removed from the atmosphere inside this beam pipe which removes them from the atmosphere and increases the quality of the vacuum and with the use of this and in the warm sections the use of getter coatings which are basically able to trap gas molecules you are able to reach the crazy vacuum levels that are required to make this happen but they realized also during the design that one big problem for the first time in an accelerator another effect will create a significant problem for the vacuum which is the generation of synchrotron radiation so synchrotron radiation is a by product of when you do bend a particle beam what is it results in a phenomenon called synchrotron radiation and when this synchrotron radiation as it goes straight on and is not bent hits the walls of this vacuum system or this paper in this case of the beam pipe it actually liberates molecules from there and reintroduces them into the vacuum which of course then makes the vacuum worse again so they and an additional problem that that gives the synchrotron radiation is that it also gives a significant heat load and if you would need to dissipate all this heat that is generated through through the the very cold helium this is not a very efficient process because making this helium so cool is actually a very energy intensive process and just removing a single watt of thermal power through this super fluid helium cost about one kilowatt of energy so that is not the most efficient part and this is why the cross section you have just seen includes another large component which also technically belongs to the vacuum system which is called the beam screen and this beam screen is basically another tube running inside the beam pipe of which we have of course two which runs inside the magnet cold bores and it shields the synchrotron radiation heat load from the outer walls which are at 1.8 Kelvin while this pipe itself is actively cold to only about 20 Kelvin of temperature which is much more efficient to dissipate this heat so this basically a steel tube about one millimeter thick it has these pumping holes where like hydrogen gas molecules can can go out of and on the inside it has a copper coating which is used to reduce its electrical resistance which is required because the beam while it circulates also induces current that would otherwise flow inside this tube which is really and if you think about only a simple tube and it would increase the heat load again so a lot of engineering already has to go into a very simple piece of a thing like that so the after having spoken so much about all the the things required to just make a beam circulate and accelerate and so on and now it's probably also time to talk a little bit about the beam itself and how to control it and how to how to instrument how to measure things about this this beam even without going yet about collisions and doing actual physics experiments so the first important bit that is able to basically control or influence the beam here is what's called the beam cleaning or collimation system so typically such a particle beam is not not very clean it always travels with associated with what is called halo of particles around this core area that is less than a millimeter wide where most of the intensity is focused and these particles outside we want to remove because they otherwise would be lost inside the magnets and for example would lead to two quenches of the superconducting magnets and for collimation we basically use small slits that are adjustable and are located at two main locations of the LHC so they have collimation systems there with vertical and horizontal slits that can be adjusted in width to or in order to scrape off all the particles that that they do want to get rid of and extract out of a beam while only the core part can circulate and produce clean collisions without any background that otherwise would need to be accounted for and then there is a whole other open topic of beam instrumentation so when you run a particle accelerator you want to measure various quantities and performance figures of such a beam and that is crucial for correct operation and for the highest performance getting the highest performance from an accelerator and there are a lot of different types of those and I want to go quickly about over why we have them and what we would what we do with them so the first and most basic measurement we want you want to do is the beam current measurement so the beam current is a basic accelerator beam intensity measurement so it gives you enough an idea of how strong the beam that is running inside your accelerator is and it is measured using these DCCTs or DC current transformers and their basic principle of operation is that while they while the particles move through this torus which is actually a coil or a transformer it uses a voltage there that you can measure and then use to quantify the intensity of this beam and the big challenge here is that the dynamic range this instrument needs to capture is really really large because it has to operate from the lowest intensity pilot injection beams up to the full energy full number of bunches running inside the LHC so it has to cover six orders of magnitude of measurement dynamic range then the second thing when talking about collisions is the luminosity measurement so luminosity is a quantity basically said to measure the rate of interaction of the particle beams so to give you an idea of how often interactions happen inside the experiments or where you want them to happen and this measurement is used to first of all adjust this interaction rate to a target value which is optimal for the experiments to function and to equalize the interaction rates in different experiments so different experiments also are specified to have the same interaction rate so they can get the same let's say statistical quality of their data so it's used to equalize those and then as a third thing this system is also used to measure the crossing angle of the beam so as you may know at some points when the beams are collided they collide at an angle that is very small and this angle is actually measured also very precisely in order to adjust it correctly and it is measured to less than a thousandth of a degree which is again a very impressive feat given that the detection principle of this measurement is only measurement of some neutral particles that are a result of the particle interaction of the beam of the collision okay so that is number two and then number three that we have is the beam position monitor because along the LHC you also always want to know where the beam is at any given time so you want to measure the the position of the beam in the inside the beam pipe in order to optimally adjust it to the position you want to have it and for that we use these beam position monitors of which we have more than a thousand installed along the LHC so they are typically capacitive probes or electromagnetic strip lines as you can see on top and bottom respectively and they basically are distributed along the LHC and provide position of the particle beam along the accelerator which can then be used to tune for example the magnets all right then we have beam profile so after the position that gives you an idea where the beam is you also want to know that its intensity distribution basically when you would do a cut through the the beam pipe somewhere you want to know how the intensity profile looks like and for that we have basically two measurement systems one measures the profile in x and y directions so if you really would do a cut and it gives you something like this and it's for example done with wire scanners which is literal very thin wire that is moved through the beam and then the the current that the beam moving through this wire generates is used to generate such a profile map when scanning with this wire and the other one is the longitudinal profile which gives you an idea about the quality of your RF system and there you want to know how the intensity profile of your beam looks like if you were looking only at one spot of the accelerator and the beam would pass by and you would basically see over time how the intensity looks like and then as a last bit of beam instrumentation there is the beam loss monitors so they are these yellow tubes that are located on the outside of mostly all the the magnets of the dipole and quadrupole magnets and so on again there's more than a thousand of those and the idea here is that you need a lot of detectors that are basically small ionization chambers which detect any showers of secondary particles that are generated when one of the high energy protons are lost somewhere in the magnet materials so these are really used for protection of the system because if a specific threshold of energy losses is detected then the accelerator needs to be quickly shut down which is why they have to reject react in a matter of nanoseconds in order to keep the accelerator safe because any interaction of the particle beam with for example the magnets could just destroy huge amounts of money and of time that wouldn't be need to rebuild and as a last and final thing we have spoken one or two times already about shutting down the LHC which sounds also trivial at first but really is not so the last thing here is what we call the beam dump so the energy content that is contained in those particle beams it can be can be used could be used if it were shot on a copper target it could just melt 1000 kilograms or one ton of copper instantly so during beam extraction so the process of getting the particle beam outside out of the LHC this energy needs to be dissipated somehow and for that this special beam dump area is constructed so there are fast kicker magnets that are used to that are able to ramp up in a really really short amount of time of microseconds and then the beam is carefully and in a controlled manner directed into a set of concrete blocks that is basically big enough to dissipate all this energy when required and in the process of doing so it also heats up to about 800 degrees Celsius and then of course also needs the associated time to cool down again good so as you may or may not know currently the LHC is not in operation so LHC currently is undergoing its second long shutdown phase or LS2 but what we do when the LHC is in operation is that we have these status death boards that you can see here that are distributed all around CERN and can be used by anyone any passerby to basically monitor what the current operation mode or the the current situation of the accelerator is and can be used also to to quickly see if like an operator needs to go somewhere or is needed or how the shift planning for the next shift works out and so on and on the right side you would see what this currently looks like so basically black screen saying next beam expected in spring 2021 and the good thing about these status pages is that you can actually see them from your home because they are also openly available at most as most of the stuff we do at CERN so if you are interested then perhaps in a year from now or a bit longer than a year it would be quite interesting to follow all the commissioning process of when they are trying to start the LHC back up and follow that process from from your home otherwise if you now feel the urge to maybe visit CERN pay some of the things we talked about the visit or just generally interested CERN offers a variety of tours free of charge so if you're interested in that visit that website and we would be happy to welcome you there and with that thank you very much for your attention thank you Steffan and Severin if you have questions there are six microphones in the room please make a cue and we start with a signal angel signal angel please first question there is said to be a master red button for shutting down the whole system in case of heavy problems how often did you push it yet like a shutdown button I think the question was about how often basically we use the beam dump system to basically get rid of the beam is it correct I guess so there is not only one master button there are several master buttons these are switches it calls beam interlock switch basically every at every operators screen there is basically one beam interlock switch I don't know I think sometimes they get rid of the beam just because I mean when we have LHC at full operation as Stefan called talked about the luminosity so what is happening that in the beginning we have a very high amount of luminosity so many particles collide on each other but over time like after 12 or 15 hours or whatever basically the luminosity so the amount of particles which collide with each other is going down and down so the loss luminosity decreases and then at some point in time basically the operators side that they will now get rid of the actual beam which is inside LHC and basically will recover the whole machine and then restart the machine again and this is done sometimes I don't know every 12 hours sometimes after 24 hours something like that yes cool and microphone number four I think yes so where's the energy coming from so do you have your own power plant or so no not really not not really basically we get all the power from the french grid so we have relatively big power trails coming from the french grid so we get 450 kV of power there so basically the voltage is quite high then we have our own transformers on site and I think only a little bit smaller fraction of the energy is coming from the swiss grid so basically we use most of the energy it's coming from the french grid okay thank you thank you for your question and microphone number one please hi thank you for your presentation if I'm not wrong you say the beam can warm block of concrete to 800 celsius would it be possible to use it as a weapon very likely not and CERN very much condemns these actions in any form I guess so CERN operates in a purely peaceful mission and I would never think about using their particle beams as a weapon and even if they could it is probably not the most practical thing to do I guess but if your your telephone is again hanging up you can destroy it right and microphone number six I think yes so you said you can stop in nanoseconds but just the light would go just 50 let's say 30 centimeters you know nanosecond how will you be able to scale in this small time no no so what I was talking about is that these magnets that are used to extract the beam out of the LHC they are they have reaction times or ramp up times that are in the order of one two three microseconds so not nanoseconds but microseconds and really only then basically the particles still circulate in worst case one full turn and are only then moving outside of the of the accelerator and microphone number one again so do you have any photos of the front of the dump block it has to look like it's got hit a lot no not really I think that's one of the only pictures we could find about the beam dump system and this area is I think it's not really opened anymore so since operation of LHC which was in basically LHC started in 2008 and since then the beam dump system was not opened again because it's completely sealed in stainless steel and that's why it was not opened anymore cool question from the interwebs regarding power supply how do you switch or find control the currents are you using classic silicone transistors of the shelf iGBTs yes the system was developed at CERN and I think that's quite common at CERN that we basically develop all the technology at CERN or try to develop nearly everything at CERN but then production for example is put into industry and yes these are relatively classical power converters the interesting or like challenging part about the current power converters is really that the current has to be measured quite precisely and also controlled quite precisely so there we use also DCCTs what Stefan mentioned before but basically all this control mechanism there that's one of the big challenges there cool microphone number one again yeah you talked about the orbit clock that detects when the bunch is completed one round how is it possible to detect which is the first bunch yeah so this it is actually not detected but this clock is actually something that is constructed so we basically what we do is we count these cycles of the of the RF cycle maybe I can open the slide so somewhere there is a counter that basically knows how many 40 megahertz clock cycles a full rotation takes and then at some points decides this is number one and that's also where they start counting when they inject bunches into the LHC so there's no marker let's say but there is a certain structure to the beam so you could potentially do that so for example for these longer periods where the kicker magnets need to ramp up they have something they call the abort gap so a number of bunches that are never filled but are always kept empty so the magnets have enough time to deflect the beam when the next bunch comes around so you could probably measure that but it's much easier to do it the other way around microphone number four please you said you had quite tight needs for the timing clock is it tight enough that speed of light was a limit with the distances between locations or that was not a concern no it is a concern so because the i'm just distributing a cable for 27 kilometers produces like just considerable run times of electrical signals all the delays or all the cables need to be measured precisely for their delay and then calibrated out so all the experiments get their clocks at the right time shifted compensated for the the light time let's say that it just takes to get the signal there and again the interwebs is it dangerous to stand near the concrete cooling blocks like radioactive wise or i don't know yes yeah not recommended not recommended we have a very good interlock system also the doors all the doors have switches so basically when one door is basically like open then basically the whole machine will be shut down so we have a very critical and safety related access system at lfc maybe you watch angel and demons this hollywood movie there we have like the eye scanners are shown it's a little bit i mean it's hollywood but there we have really we have eye scanner so iris scanner so every time like we want to go to the tunnel for example then we have to let also our iris be scanned because otherwise we will not be able to go to the tunnel so there's a very sophisticated access system to to really go to the tunnel so when there is operation the whole tunnel access is completely blocked yeah cool microphone number one please um what is the exact question the exact reason to have each experiments every side i mean so far apart on the lhc i mean on opposite sides um basically you are talking about atlas and uh cms the reason for that is because when uh these two experiments were constructed there was a little bit of fear that particles which are not strapped away uh can basically interact with uh the at the two experiments so that they're really are like the most faster way like they have a very big distance from each other so there's no interaction between them that's why we basically put them at point one and point five that's the reason right if i can see it correctly microphone number five yes hello um i've seen that you've also using the can bus what are you using the can bus for in in turn um i know of at least one use but that is inside an experiment so there are as far as i know investigations on the way to use can bus to do the actual control of the detectors of one experiment um i don't know if there's a use inside the accelerator itself so apart from the experiments um but perhaps if you come by afterwards we can find one thank you microphone number one uh do you have any official data about how many tons of duct tape are used in daily operations no no what about zip ties many millions billions okay as far as can see uh the interwebs again with a question yes do you uh know your monthly power bill no not really no sorry no but it is i think a fact that the contribution of france which is the i'm the main contributor in terms of energy um that it is part of their contribution to contribute the electricity bill basically um instead of paying money to serve that's as far as i know yes and also um we shut down lhc and the accelerator complex during like the winter time and one of the reasons for that is because electricity is more expensive during winter time in france than in summer in this case i can't see any other questions i have a maybe stupid question uh you said earlier you have to focus and defocus the beam but um as we know you accelerated already the particles why do we have to focus the beam um because every time when we also like have a dipole magnet then basically we bend the particles around an arc but then they are also defocus a little bit and also the coulomb forces the other problem because we have equally charged particles in the bunch or in the whole beam itself so they will by themselves will basically go out of each other and if we would not focus it again then basically we would lose the whole beam in the end oh thank you i don't see any questions internet in this case thank you very very much stefan and submarine please with a warm applause the large hydrogen infrastructure talk