Where there's Hope by Jerome Bixby. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Reading by Bologna Times. Where there's Hope by Jerome Bixby. The women had made up their minds, and nothing, repeat nothing, could change them. But something had to give. If you called me here to tell me to have a child, Mary Pornson said, you can just forget about it. We girls have made up our minds. Hugh Farrell, Chief Medical Officer of the Exodus 7, sighed and leaned back in his chair. He looked at Mary's husband. And you, Ralph, he said, how do you feel? Ralph Pornson looked at Mary uncomfortably, started to speak, and then hesitated. Hugh Farrell sighed again, and closed his eyes. It was that way with all the boys. The wives had the whip hand. If the husbands put up an argument, they'd simply get turned down flat, no sex at all, children, or otherwise. The threat, Farrell thought riley, made the boys softer than watered putty. His own wife, Alice, was one of the ringleaders of the No Babies movement, and since he had openly declared warfare on the idea, she wouldn't even let him kiss her good night, for fear of losing her determination, Farrell liked to think. He opened his eyes again to look past the Pornsons, out of the curving port of his office lab in the Exodus 7's flank, at the scene outside the ship. At the edge of the clearing he could see Danny Stern and his crew, tiny beneath the cavernous sunbeam-shot overhang of giant leaves. Danny was standing up at the controls of the dozer, waving his arms. His crew was struggling to get a log set, so he could shove it into a place with the dozer. They were repairing a break in the barricade. The place where one of New Earth's giant Saurians had come stamping and whistling through last night to kill three colonists before it could be blasted out of existence. It was difficult, damn difficult, a brand new world here, all ready to receive the refugees from dying Earth, or rather, all ready to be made ready, which was the task ahead of the Exodus 7's personnel. An earth-world, green, warm, fertile, and crawling, leaping, hooting, and snarling with ferocious beasts of every variety, Farrell could certainly see the women's point in banding together and refusing to produce children. Something inside a woman keeps her from wanting to bring life into peril, at least when the peril seems temporary, and security is both remembered and anticipated. Pornson said, I guess I feel just about like Mary does. I don't see any reason for having a kid until we get this place ironed out and safe to live in. That's going to take some time, Ralph. Farrell clasped his hands in front of him and delivered the speech he had delivered so often in the past few weeks. Ten or twelve years before we really get set up here. We've got to build from the ground up, you know. We'll have to find and mine our own metals, build our machines to build shops to build more machines. There'll be resources that we won't find, and we'll have to learn what this planet has to offer in their stead. Colonizing new Earth isn't simply a matter of landing and throwing together a shining city. I only wish it were. Six weeks ago we landed. We haven't yet dared to venture more than a mile from this spot. We've cut down trees and built the barricade and our houses. After protecting ourselves, we have to eat. We've planted gardens. We've produced test tube calves and piglets. The calves are doing fine, but the piglets are dying one by one. We've got to find out why. It's going to be a long, long time before we have even a minimum of security, much less luxury, longer than you think. So much longer that waiting until the security arrives before having children is out of the question. There are critters out there. He nodded toward the port and the busy clearing beyond that we haven't been able to kill. We've thrown everything we have at them and they come back for more. We'll have to find out what will kill them, how they differ from those we are able to kill. We are six hundred people and a spaceship, Ralph. We have techniques. That's all.  We'll need people, Mary. We'll need the children. We're counting on them. They're vital to the plans we've made.  I won't have one, not now. You've just done a nice job of describing all my reasons and all the other girls feel the same way. She looked out the window at the dozer and crew. Danny Stern was still waving his arms. The log was almost in place. George and May Wright were killed last night, so was Varely. If George and May had had a child, the monster would have trampled it too. It went right through their cabin like cardboard. It isn't fair to bring a baby into— Farrell said, fair Mary, maybe it isn't fair not to have one, not to bring it into being and give it a chance. Life's always a gamble. It doesn't exist, Mary said. She smiled. Don't try circumlocution on me, Doc. I'm not religious. I don't believe that spermatozoa and an ovum, if not allowed to cuddle up together, add to murder. That isn't what I meant. You were getting around to it, which means you've run out of good arguments. No, I have a few left. Farrell looked at the two stubborn faces. Mary's pleasant and pretty, but set as steel. Ralph's uncomfortable, thoughtful, but mirroring his definite willingness to follow his wife's lead. Farrell cleared his throat. Engineers, chemists, agronomists, all of us, we're the task force. We've got to do the job. We've got to test, plant, breed, rebalance, create. There'll be a lot of trial and error. We've got to work out a way of life so the thousands who will follow can be introduced safely and painlessly into the—well, into the organism. And we'll need new blood for the jobs ahead. We'll need young people. Mary said. A few years one way or the other won't matter much, Doc. Five or six years from now this place will be a lot safer. Then we women will start producing. But not now. This won't work that way, Farrell said. We're none of us kids any longer. I'm fifty-five, Ralph. You're forty-three. I realize that I must be getting old to think of you as young. Mary, you're thirty-seven. We took a long time getting here. Fourteen years. We left an earth that's dying of radioactive poisoning, and we all got a mild dose of that. The radiation we absorbed in space, little as it was, didn't help any. And that sun up there, again he nodded at the port, isn't any help either.  Frankly, we're worried. We don't know whether or not we can have children, or normal children. We've got to find out if our genes have been bollocksed up. We've got to find out why and how and get to work on it immediately. It may be unpleasant. It may be heartbreaking. But those who will come here in twenty years will have absorbed much more of Earth's radioactivity than we did, and an equal amount of the space stuff. And this sun will be waiting for them. We'll have to know what we can do for them. I'm not a walking laboratory, Doc. Mary said. I'm afraid you are, Mary. All of you are. Mary set her lips and stared out the port. It's got to be done, Mary. She didn't answer. It's going to be done. Choose someone else, she said. That's what they all say. She said, I guess this is one thing you doctors and psychologists didn't figure on, Doc. Not at first, Farrell said, but we've given it some thought. McGuire had installed the button convenient to Farrell's right hand, just below the level of the desktop. Farrell pressed it. Ralph and Mary Porenson slumped in their chairs. The door opened, and Dr. John J. McGuire and Ted Harris, the exodus sevens, chief psychologists, came in. When it was over, and the after-play had been allowed to run its course, Farrell told the Porenstins to go into the next room and shower. They came back soon, looking refreshed. Farrell ordered them to get back into their clothes. Under the power of the hypnotic drug which their chairs had injected into them at the touch of the button, they did so. Then he told them to sit down in the chairs again. McGuire and Harris had gathered up their equipment, piling it on top of the operating table. McGuire smiled.  I think I've about got the space-radiation effect licked. Farrell nodded. If anything goes wrong, it certainly won't be our fault, but let's face it, the chances are a thousand to one that something will go wrong. We'll just have to wait and work. He looked at the Porenstins. They're very much in love, aren't they? And she was receptive to the suggestion. Beneath it all, she was burning to have a child, just like the others. McGuire wheeled out the operating table with its load of serums, pressure hypos, and jury-rigged thingamabobs, which he was testing on alternate couples. Ted Harris stopped at the door a moment. He said, I think the suggestions I planted will turn the trick when they find out she's pregnant. They'll come through OK. Won't even be too angry. Farrell sighed. They'd been over it in detail several times, of course, but apparently Harris needed the reassurance as much as he did. He said, Sure, now scram so I can go back into my act. Harris closed the door. Farrell sat down at his desk and studied the pair before him. They looked back, contentedly, holding hands, their eyes dull. Farrell said, How do you feel? Ralph Porenstein said, I feel fine. Mary Porenstein said, Oh, I feel wonderful. Deliberately, Farrell pressed another button below his desktop. The dull eyes cleared instantly. Oh, you've given it some thought, Doc? Mary said sweetly, and what have you decided? You'll see, Farrell said, eventually. He rose. That's all for now, kids. I'd like to see you again in one month for a routine check-up. Mary nodded and got up. You'll still have to wait, Doc. Why not admit you're licked? Ralph got up, too, and looked puzzled. Wow! he said, I'm tired. Perhaps just coming here, Farrell said, Discharge some of the tension you've been carrying around. The Porenstein's left. Farrell brought out some papers from his desk and studied them. Then, from the file drawer, he selected the record of Hugh and Alice Farrell. Alice would be at the perfect time of her menstrual cycle tomorrow. Farrell flipped his communicator. Maguire, he said. Tomorrow it's me. Maguire chuckled. Farrell could have kicked him. He put his chin on his hands and stared out the port. Danny Stern had the log in place in the barricade. The bulldozer was moving on to a new task. His momentary doubt stifled. Farrell went back to work. Twenty-one years later, when the ships from earth began arriving, the log had been replaced by a stone monument erected to the memory of Exodus 7, which had been cut apart for its valuable still. Around the monument was a park, and on three sides of the park was a shining town, not really large enough to be called a city. There was a lot of plastic and stone, for new earth had no iron ore, only zinc and a little copper. This was often cause for regret. Still, it was a pretty good world. The monster problem had been licked by high-voltage cannon. Now, in their third generation since the landing, the monsters kept their distance, and things grew, things good to eat. Even without steel, the graceful, smoothly functioning town looked impressive, quite a thing to have been built by a handful of beings with two arms and two legs each. It hadn't been entirely, but nobody thought much about that anymore. Even the newcomers got used to it. Things change.


3. Pancakes with butter and syrup.  4. Biscuits and gravy. Comfort food at its finest, but this duo hides a double whammy of white flour and saturated fat. One serving can easily top 500 calories and send your sodium levels skyrocketing. Now here's the final one. 5. Box cereals. Remember those childhood mornings with cartoon characters promising energy? Turns out, many box cereals have higher glycemic index numbers than table sugar. Cheerios at 74 and cornflakes at 80 can spike your blood sugar faster than you can say bowlful. This isn't just scaremongering. Studies by the American Heart Association and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have linked excessive consumption of these foods to increased risk of heart disease, diabetes, and obesity.


My name is Cheryl Eidt and as already has been told I'm a PhD student in the final month right now at the University of Technology and I wrote together with the co-authors this part for the upcoming book and it's called Global Trends in the Political Economy of Smart Grids and as I knew that the audience might be very from a very broad background I would first want to start with what is a smart grid. So it has to do with electricity supply but and the grid refers here to the electricity grid but a smart grid can be defined as electricity networks that enable two-way communication and power exchange between consumers and producers utilizing IT to respond and manage with the want and ensure safe and secure electricity distribution. So the electricity network normally the network itself can be defined between the transmission and the distribution grid and normally the transmission grid already has IT systems in place which ensure that in real time there's a constant balance between electricity supply and demand. However smart grids are actually inviting towards this innovation on the distribution side so that electricity consumers producers local PV panels EV units would all be interacting in real time with the supply and and demand of electricity available. However from a policy perspective this term has actually taken a whole wide usage so it it can be seen as a necessity to go towards smart grid because it can then a grid can then integrate much more renewables because it will be in real time reacting to the availability of sun or wind. It could make sure that there's an efficient use of the sources in the grid so efficient use of the electricity supply but also of the network capacity and it would ensure reliable supply. I will this this actually these parts are for me the major issue that I want to discuss is how is this from a policy side used differently the terminology of smart grid because as I said it can be seen as this interaction of a local grid between different resources and the three main elements in the smart grid are a smart meter which is a meter which is actually in real life monitoring the consumption of a household and it can send this information towards a retailer for example to see how much electricity is consumed then resources and then there is the real-time management of these devices.  So when I send a price signal to you of a high price and you're responding to that that's demand response because you're then responding to the the scarcity of electricity available in the grid. However not only electricity consumers but also storage units and local production units could respond and therefore I normally use the term flexibility the flexibility of electricity electricity electricity flexibility instead of demand response because it's a wider term but it is just a term which is used more in policy. So coming back to this issue so smart grids are used in many ways because it's such a broad term it's a it's a technology advancement which can be defined in many ways that you could almost say like wherever there's a crisis we just put a smart grid and it will solve the problem but I would like to question that right now. So I go through the structure that is just like that I would shortly talk about the history of the use of this term and then define how in the US and Europe and in China these developments have been taking place in the smart grid domain and how this can be a learning a lesson for other places but also in the developing world how can the smart grid be applied and then I will end with some recommendations. So the history of this term is actually the functionality of a smart grid is actually really old already in 1981 the professor Shrepa and co-authors wrote about the functionality which is actually exactly the same as we know it today an electric grid that can support interactions between supply and demand with local markets efficient use of electricity networks and supply that was already described in 1981. However only from 2005 this term smart grid came up and it was because of a researcher who wrote towards a smart grid power delivery for the 21st century and in this in his document he described how we can relate an electric network to an F-15 aircraft with self-healing possibilities so this this this integration of IT in the electricity supply and in 2007 this word and the naming of smart grid is has been used in the US energy independence and security act in 2007. In Europe it was in 2006 they defined the smart grid in a report where they actually gave a vision for energy of the future but in 2012 in the energy efficiency directive actually there has been a statement of fixing a number 80 percent of smart meter investments for 2020 so it says has been proposed that the country should have 80 percent smart meters invested in 2020 and in China in 2011 the five-year plan for national economic and social development has discussed this term smart grids as well so you see there is it's a nice term it's a nice we rather go for smart grids than dumb grids so but what does it mean and how can we use it and how does the industry structure which is so important here define how a smart grid is applied because you can have a general electricity supply chain is always production transmission system operation that means keeping electricity supply and demand always in balance and then distribution and retail so in a system where everything is owned by just one utility that's called a vertical integrated model that means there is no competition and there can be issues of course there with efficiency because this one monopoly can define any price and the consumer just has to pay because they're dependent so the another model is the single buyer model and that means that there are multiple producers of electricity but there's one public utility for example local utility which buys electricity from different suppliers so there's already a little bit more competition in this model because we make sure that the producers are paid which are giving the lowest price in every moment in time so that is already an improvement this model is right now in China existed and used then in the United States this model is applied in many places it's the wholesale competition model meaning that there can be multiple buyers and multiple sellers trading electricity and then forwarding it to a public utility which can be local in an area in place and municipality utility or it could have another name and in Europe it's even further we have the retail competition model in electricity meaning that ever even the consumers are able to choose a retailer so and also in some places in the United States the last model is applied but in Europe this is by regulation necessary so why do I discuss these models is because they are actually defining the rules of the game for smart with investments so I would like to go into that so in an integrated utility as I said most present in US also in China demand response so when there is electricity there are signals given to for consumers to respond this can be directly used for their internal business model so for reducing network constraints reducing costs for their supply however when there is a distribution service operator and these are these distribution service operators are just focused on their part of the network they don't care about retail prices how high the prices of electricity they would use the demand response just for reducing the network investment needs and so electricity retailers which are only focused on markets and on reducing their risk in markets would use these flexibility of consumers for risk reduction and differently aggregated which are a new kind of actor in the electricity supply chain these actors are actually giving signals to a group of consumers in order to trade their flexibility in central markets so these are actually new actors that come up because they see this business model that's coming up and consumers can be more engaged they can see real time what they're consuming they can have more insight in what price changes that happen and therefore if you see a smart with there can be different type of investments and design from a technical and institutional perspective and these different actors that can be involved and it depends all on the industry structure so as I said the way the industry is designed the roles that they're they're given two different actors the regulatory model and how energy policy has also been discussed by suro how energy policy is stringent or not so if I go over this this three countries so you as a what we can see there is that the the smart with investment started there just the talk about it because of great reliability problems in 1984 to 2006 that the rate the regulatory model applied there is cost of service for many utilities or rate of return that means that the utilities get paid what they are meant to invest in there is not really too much focus on becoming more efficient and in 2009 the smart with investments actually mostly smart metering investments jump started because of a 4.5 billion made available for metering for smart with investments however most utilities just invested in metering and it's for me questionable whether that actually is a smart with because you just have a meter but you don't give a signal for the user to become more efficient with the system and what right now is a problem is how to deal with many distributed energy resources so local PV and CHP or EV units that are being connected to the grid these cause a lot of tension in the local networks and this seems to be a bigger problem than oh we want to do a smart with so that's right now more of an issue in the US than moving towards a holistic use of a smart with vision in Europe the the push towards smart with was mostly to move towards sustainability I think also towards independence and affordability but the regulatory model for many utilities is incentive-based regulation that means that for example the DSOs are incentivized to every year reduce their expenses and to show that they're really efficient in their operations however this means that sometimes no not sometimes many times smart with investments are not of their interest because it would increase their expenses and smart with investments are both of capital expenditure and operational expenditure nature so man it's a big question what would be the role of a DSO in such a smart grid environment differently in China there the this talk about smart with jump started because of this extreme growth of electricity demand and the pollution issues so they thought we have to really move towards renewables but the grid cannot handle that if we are just going on in the same way if we do and also there there's a rate of return regulation and there has been some quite impressive developments but mostly on the high voltage transmission grid so there's been and the funny thing is they use the term smart grid they're actually referring mostly to the central grid expansion but there is also a EV car fleet development which has to do with this pollution issues that they wanted to reduce and this EVs yeah they have no pollution so these are therefore an interesting option however smart metering is not really of an interest in in China so if I just give you an overview this is just what I just a little bit discussed about that we can actually see that smart with investments and interests are very different depending on industry structure depending on the regulation and for example in Europe it's it's very difficult to define what would be the role of the distribution service operator because with a smart grid this this this distribution server operator might become a monopoly actor having access to electricity consumption data and that we yeah create maybe problems with what will be their role towards retailers and how will they have then they have a beneficial position towards retailers so this is an important aspect for Europe but I would like to move towards a little point on India so in the developing world as has been discussed we don't have really this big stranded investment costs that we in Europe or other places have so small investments smaller units like PV units might actually already be very interesting for those for developing electricity in on electrified rural areas so in India is actually a nice place to already observe how they move towards smart grids because they they approved in 2013 a national smart grid mission and they're right now 10 I think even 12 smart grid pilot projects running from the national grid and where they really wanted to want to use interactions with IT and electricity supply with renewable sources however what is important to keep in mind is really a sustainable long-term business models for those smart grids because if you just put down a grid put down some panels but don't support the investment with some pricing mechanism and billing mechanism it will not last it will just fade away nobody will maintain it furthermore once there is a smart grid or a local grid built and the central grid is connect to the local grid because it expands incrementally then the question remains how is the interaction going to take place how are we going to build the local production and versus the central production so these are some important points to take in mind for developing world so just as a recommendation so developments in smart grids are really depending on industry structure regulatory models and the energy policies and we believe smart grid investments should be incentivized so if even utility is not incentivized to invest in some extra part then they will not do so because it will just reduce their incomes then strict CAPEX regulation would just support a smart meter investments what I'm what we mean to say is that if you just give one big bunch of money for one term investments they will just use it a utility will just use it for that one meter that will be applied and to justify the investment however that doesn't mean efficient operation of the system because if you just put in a smart meter it does not mean that the user is going to interact with the grid you need to do efficient pricing time-based pricing direct control aggregators so there these are actors and systems that ensure that there comes an interaction in place so that's a very important point which is many times forgotten people think it's just an investment and then it works no it's also operational expenses which are have to be paid so this is also with the with utilities with an incentive regulation it's not just CAPEX but also OPAC expenses which should be covered so however even we can not just give a big bunch of money to utilities I believe we need to also regulate in another way so because smart grids mean a lot of data that is available to the utilities so you need to make sure that the data is handled really in a private manner and furthermore that because the month response can sometimes not be competitively set it should be fair that the price that is paid for example if you would reduce your production or increase your production that it's a fair price that you're getting for for this behavior that you're doing not just a small price that the utility really benefits a lot from your adjustment to the system so therefore a new regulatory system is needed for these for these new technologies and lastly as we said in the last part in new area developing world and even islands which are disconnected new technologies are really interesting also from an investment perspective however there's real need for also long-term business models so smart to me means not just technically smart it means economically business perspective and institutionally smart thank you so much for listening


Online simulation and more for Nanotechnology. You can follow along with this presentation by going to nanohub.org and downloading the corresponding slides. Enjoy the show. Okay, so we're ready to get started. What I'm going to do is to give a very brief overview of what it is I'm going to be talking about in the next nine lectures that I'll be presenting. So there isn't a lot of material in this. It's just talking about what I'm going to talk about. Professor Dada's introduction was actually very good for me because the first half of his introduction and a lot of the questions that he was getting are things that we're going to be discussing in much more detail in the subsequent nine lectures here. So let me discuss what this is about. First of all, let me just mention everything on the nanohub is copyrighted, but it's copyrighted in a very generous way. So it means you can use the material, but there are some restrictions. You have to credit where you got it from. And you can't put it in a book, it can't be used for commercial purposes. So outside of those, there's some very generous copyright provisions that we encourage people to make use of this material. Okay, so the lectures that I'm going to be talking about, very much about the material. Professor Dada talked about the fundamental concepts of how you think about electron flow at the nanoscale. These 10 lectures are about how electrons flow in semiconductors, mostly a little bit in metals. And just by way of introduction and review. So you all know Ohm's law. We have a voltage source connected to a resistor current flows. And the IV characteristic is a straight line. Current is conductance times voltage, or voltage divided by resistance. And this has been known for a long, long time. So there are a couple of questions that we'll be thinking about here. Why is the characteristic linear? How large can V be and have the characteristics still be linear? But most importantly, what determines the magnitude of the conductance? When we have a hunk of semiconductor, a chunk of metal, or a very small conductor, like a nano-electronic device. There were questions about diffusive transport. So we'll be talking about both ballistic and diffusive. But just by way of review, think of an n-type semiconductor, large macroscopic sample, some length L, it's going to be a resistor. Some cross-sectional area, A. We hook a voltage source to it. Current flows, the current is carried by electrons. Let's see. So if we apply a positive voltage to the right side, we attract electrons. They try to flow through the resistor. But they undergo this random walk. The average distance between scattering events is much shorter than the resistor itself. There's a slight, there's a lot of random thermal motion. Electrons are moving in all directions, but there's a slight bias for them to move from the left to the right. They go out the contact, and because of the negative sign, that means that current flows in to the right contact. So this is going to be something that we have to be careful about later on. It's a circuit convention. Circuit people like to define the positive direction of current flow to be when the current flows into the contact. It's positive. Now if my x-axis moves from the, goes from the left to the right, a positive current is flowing in the minus x direction. There'll be some times where I'll have to be careful about that sign. Okay, so there's an electric field, and traditionally we think of this as all happening due to a force from the electric field. As Professor Dada mentioned, that's maybe not the best way to think about it more generally. But traditionally we think there's an electric field there, which is just a voltage across the resistor divided by the length. And the electric field points in the minus x direction, and that puts a force on electrons in the plus x direction, and that's what causes them to move. And they move at an average velocity because of all of this scattering. It's like a friction. The electrons don't just accelerate. They lose all of that momentum in the scattering events. And they end up moving at an average steady state velocity, which we call the drift velocity v sub d. And the drift velocity is minus mobility times the electric field because of the minus sign. So if we want to compute, basically I'm just reviewing the traditional textbook way that we treat this problem, and we'll be talking about how you treat it in a much different way in the course. So if I want to talk about the current, the current is charge, capital Q divided by the time it takes electrons to go across the device. And the amount of charge there is just the electron density, little n, times the volume of that resistor, which is the cross-sectional area, times its length, and then I have a Q for the charge on the electron. So that's the total charge. That total charge moves through the resistor in a time that's just determined by the length of the resistor divided by the average velocity that they're moving at. And the result then is that I can write current as electron density times charge times average drift velocity times area. And drift velocity is mu times the electric field. So we get this classic textbook expression for diffusive transport. Current is NQ mu times the ratio of cross-sectional area divided by length of the resistor. So we have current is proportional to voltage. And all of the constants out front are the conductance in units of one over own, and that's NQ mu times the ratio of area over length. And since we can make resistors with different dimensions, then the important parameter is this conductivity sigma, which is just NQ mu. Okay, so these are the traditional way we think about large resistors. Now if you go in the lab then and measure the IV characteristic of a resistor, you'll get something like this, if it's silicon. So you'll have a region where the current is literally proportional to the voltage. That's the low, people would call that the low field region, or the near equilibrium region, or the linear transport region. That's the region that Professor Dada talked about. And that's the region that all of the lectures and my set of lectures are about. If you continue to crank the voltage up, the current voltage characteristic will become nonlinear. Now in silicon, the high electric fields would accelerate the electrons. They would start to emit optical phonons. The velocity would slow down, and we would get the current to saturate. In other semiconductors, like three, five semiconductors, like gallium arsenide, we would get even non-monotonic IV characteristics due to carriers transferring between different valleys. We could get some very complex effects. All of those are beyond the scope of what we're going to be talking about today. They're interesting and important effects in devices, but they're not the ones that we're going to be talking about in these sets of lectures. So we exclude high field transport. We focus on the region where current is linearly proportional to voltage. And there are a lot of interesting things to say about that regime. And it's also an important region for all devices. Now over the past 20 years or so, there's been remarkable progress in the science of nano-electronics. People have learned how to attach electrodes to molecules and measure their IV characteristics. And what you'll find is if you apply a small voltage across a small molecule, the current is proportional to the voltage. It has some conductance. And this is the point that Professor Dada made. If you're starting point in thinking about what's the conductance of a molecule is nq mu times a divided by length, that's not a very good starting point. It's very difficult to know how to apply that conventional formula for large structures to a molecule or to a small device. Even more, we'll find that the resistance doesn't, it's not a continuous function of the dimensions. It's discreet and quantized as we increase the cross sectional area. We'll increase the conductance in steps, not continuously. So there are some interesting things to go on there which are now well established experimental facts. They were of interest primarily to the physics community 15 or 20 years ago. But electronic devices have gotten so small that they're more and more relevant for mainstream device technology. And even in transistors, we begin to think about these kinds of things. So there are lots of different kinds of carrier transport. The focus of these lectures is a near equilibrium transport. There's this whole field of, if you apply very large voltages, the current becomes a nonlinear function of the voltage. That's called high field transport. People also refer to it as hot carrier transport. Because the carriers have much more energy than they did in equilibrium. If you measure that energy by an electron temperature, the electron temperature is much higher than the lattice temperature. Now, there are even more interesting effects that we won't be talking about. When you go, people many years ago measured the velocity of electrons at a high electric field in bulk silicon. What you find when you go into small devices is things get even more complicated. There is no one-to-one mapping between the electric field and the current. I mean, there it depends on the history of the electron. How long did it spend in this region of electric field? Where is it coming from? What energy did it gain in the electric field upstream? And there are very interesting effects that occur in small devices, things like velocity overshoot that become very important in small devices that are even more complicated. And people use sophisticated simulation programs like Monte Carlo simulation programs, hydrodynamic balance equations to treat those. Those are all very interesting and important effects too. But none of which I'm going to be discussing in these lectures. And then there's quantum transport. In the second half of Professor Dada's lecture, he talked about the non-equilibrium greens function approach. Items one through three, we think about the electron as a particle. It's a semi-classical particle and we don't have to think about it as a quantum mechanical entity. But the other thing that's happened over recent years is that devices that become so small that the wave nature of the electrons becomes very important. Now for a long time, we've worried about electrons tunneling through thin layers, but even more importantly, now we're thinking of as electrons move from the source to the drain and transistor, quantum mechanical reflections and tunneling and various quantum effects are becoming more and more important. So one of the things that you're seeing here recently is that mainstream semiconductor manufacturers are beginning to acquire computer-aided design tools that treat quantum transport because channels have become so short that it's necessary to do that. In many of these summer schools, we spent a lot of time on quantum transport. In this particular one, we don't spend very much time on quantum transport. Professor Dada gave you an introduction and we have an evening session where you'll see some real industrial strength simulation capability that's being done here at Purdue and Professor Clemix Group. So for those of you that are interested in that topic, I encourage you to make sure that you attend that evening session. And then there's another field that we did a little bit of discussion at the previous summer school about this whole idea of transporting random and disordered media, where there are grain boundaries and polycrystallins or amorphous materials. This is another topic that we think the concepts that are applied here can be applied to those problems too, but that's still very much for us a research topic where the methods haven't fully been worked out. And it's a topic that is of more and more importance in electronic devices because there's more and more interest in artificially structuring materials at the nano scale and very often there's highly random nature to those structures and trying to understand the nature of transport and those structures is becoming more and more important. But, so just so you know what we will be talking about and what we won't, we're going to focus on neuro-equilibrium transport because it is really the starting point for all of these others, you know? A good solid understanding of neuro-equilibrium transport is what you begin with and then you start adding complexity in. All right, so that's point one, that's why we're starting it. It's also extremely useful. So if you're working experimentalists or growing semiconductor materials or producing graphene or looking at the properties of topological insulators, sort of the first thing you do is to go in the lab and do measurements of their neuro-equilibrium transport properties. You try to understand something about transport by understanding their mobilities or their conductivity, diffusion coefficients, thermoelectric properties. So it's extremely useful in characterizing the properties of the materials that you're working with. And the third point is that in almost in any device that I know of, there are always low-field regions that end up being very important in controlling the performance of the devices. So one of the most challenging problems in scaling MOSFETs these days is the parasitic resistance of the source in the drain. So these are neuro-equilibrium transport problems. So wow, it's, to a lot of us, it's very interesting to think about what's happening in the intrinsic channel, what's controlling the performance of the device, maybe a neuro-equilibrium transport problem. And Professor Dada alluded to this, so I don't need to say much more. Neuro-equilibrium transport is something, I learned it when I took a course as a PhD student in the late 70s from a textbook that was written in the 60s. It's an old field that has been around for a long, long time. What more can you say about it? Oh, it turns out you actually can say a lot more about it. And the work in the last 15 to 20 years in mesoscopic physics where people have learned how current flows at very small scales has really given us a much different way of looking at this traditional problem. Now we think it's much more physically transparent. When you read the traditional approaches, there's a lot of mathematics in solving the Boltzmann equation that just tends to obscure, at least for me, the physical content. The underlying physical content is actually quite simple. The mathematics of this approach is also much simpler. Even though it'll turn out, in the end you'll get the same results when you look in the diffusive regime. The advantage is you can go to the ballistic regime too, just as easily. And so it's more broadly applicable to a wider range of problems. So that's why we're doing it. Now what lectures are we going to have? Like I said, you're going to hear a lot from me. I hope you'll hang in there with me. In lecture two this afternoon, at the end of the day, just before our reception out front, I'll go through the general model that we're going to use. This is the model that Professor Dada discussed. I'll just go through it one more time. It probably doesn't hurt to see it. We'll go through it step by step. It'll look a little bit different because it's just the way that I do it, but it's really, I learned it all from Professor Dada. So it's all of the same concepts. And that will be the starting point for all of the other lectures. We'll apply that not only to electrons, but eventually to phonons. So then lecture three, let's see what. All right, so basically that's what lecture two is all about. And I'm also, the foundations for all of the lectures are discussed in Professor Dada's lecture notes and lessons from nanoelectronics. So in terms of the fundamental concepts that underlie all of what I'm going to be talking about, I would refer you to those. We're going to be focusing a little more on how you take those concepts, apply them to real problems, analyze experimental results from devices, and questions like that. So lecture three then we'll talk about resistance. How do we compute the resistance of a small structure? And how do we get the right answer in the diffusive limit so we get all the answers that people have known from the 50s or before? But how do we get the right answers in the ballistic limit and what new things happen there? Okay, and I'm primarily, you know, you can do this in 1D for a nanowire. You can do it in 3D for a bulk chunk of material. You can do it in 2D for transport in a plane like an inversion layer of a MOSFET. Many of the problems that we're interested in these days are 2D. Channels of transistors, graphene, things like that. So I'm going to be doing most of the work in 2D just because we don't have time to work at all and you'd fall asleep if I did everything in 1D and then 2D and then 3D. So I'll do it in 2D primarily but one of the nice advantages of the technique is you can easily switch between dimensions. So we'll try to understand these traditional expressions. Where do they come from? Under what conditions can we use them? And we'll just mention how you can extend these concepts to other dimensions. Now we can also treat not just the conductance but we can treat thermoelectric effects. So I've got two lectures on thermoelectric effects. So we're going to spend some time on that. So as Professor Dada mentioned, a lot of the questions that came up during his presentation are things that we're going to be discussing in these lectures. If you apply voltage difference, current flows. If the two contacts are at different temperatures, current flows. When current flows, it also transports heat. So all of those effects can come out of this general picture too. And this is a condition, sometimes when you read this in books it gets highly mathematical. So I'm going to do this in two parts. The first part I'm going to try to do it mostly from physical approaches and explain what's going on. And what kind of effects are we going to be looking at? We'll take this semiconductor and what's been known for a long time is that if the right contact is hotter than the left contact, that if you put a high impedance voltmeter across this slab, you'll measure a voltage. And the voltage will be proportional to the temperature difference. If the temperature difference is small, that's what we mean by near equilibrium transport. And the constant of proportionality is called the CBEC coefficient and it has units of volts per Kelvin. And it's negative for n-type conduction and positive for p-type conduction. So in this case you'd measure a positive voltage if I have a n-type semiconductor. People also sometimes call it the thermal power. Thermal power, CBEC coefficient. And it was discovered a long, long time ago. It's the basis for thermal couples. And more recently people are interested in using this for solid state cooling and power generation applications like that. So we'll try to understand where this CBEC coefficient comes from. Now the other half of this problem is that if we run a current source through this resistor, heat will flow. And what you'll observe is that heat will be absorbed from the ambient at one of the contacts. So it'll get cold at one end. And heat will be dissipated at the other contact. So this is called the Peltier effect. And the coefficient pi is called the Peltier coefficient. It turns out that there is a really close connection between the CBEC effect and the Peltier effect. They're not actually two separate effects. They're related by this relation pi is equal to t times s which is called the Kelvin relation which has also been known for a long time. So this was also discovered a long time ago but continues to be an important effect to understand. So as I said, I'll discuss this in two pieces. The first piece I'll try to keep the mathematics to a minimum. The second piece I'll try to show how, if you just take the model that we established and that we used for electrical conduction, how you can just mathematically go through and derive all of the standard coefficients that when you read papers and see the thermoelectric, the equations for thermoelectric parameters, we'll see that we get all of the standard results. Okay, now, a lot of whether we're ballistic or diffusive depends on whether the conductor is long or short compared to the mean free path, the average distance between scattering. Now we're not going to go deeply into how you calculate scattering rates and mean free paths but in this lecture I'll try to give you some sense as to how do you do those calculations? What are the general properties of ionized impurity scattering and phonon scattering? What does this mean free path really mean? You know, I always tell students, there's things like thermal velocity, you calculate the thermal velocity, but I know of at least three different ways to define thermal velocity. There are different ways to define mean free path. When you read in a paper, somebody quotes a mean free path, you have to be very careful that you understand what they mean by that mean free path. In this approach that we're using, it's a specially defined mean free path, we call the mean free path for back scattering. And it makes everything work out in this land hour approach. And we have to be careful that we use the correct mean free path. There are various numerical factors. You might look in a paper and they'll quote a mean free path and you might try to calculate it using what you learn here and you'll find you're off by a factor of pi over two. So we'll explain where all that comes from. Little details that you have to be careful about. Now the traditional way of doing these problems has been to solve the Boltzmann transport equation. And A, first of all, you should know what the Boltzmann transport equation is and how people solve that. And B, sometimes it's a more convenient way to solve a particular problem. At least that's what I find. One of the ways it's especially nice for it is computing what happens when you apply a magnetic field. When you want to do something like a Hall Effect measurement. So in the first half of this lecture, I'll discuss how you solve the Boltzmann equation and show you how all of the results you get from that are the same results we've seen in previous lectures. And in the second half of the lecture we'll add a magnetic field and show where the Hall Effect comes from. Because that's a very important near equilibrium transport problem. Now lecture eight is a little bit about how you do measurements. So one of the reasons that people are so interested in near equilibrium transport is it tells you a lot about the properties of the material that you've grown or that you're working with. So a lot of people spend a lot of time in the lab doing measurements, trying to extract mobilities, feedback coefficients, things like that. So we'll go through some of the fundamentals of measurement considerations and talk about some standard things like four probe techniques, transmission line methods, banderpaw techniques, how you do Hall Effect measurements just to acquaint you with how all of these things work. Now these lectures are primarily a set of lectures about electron transport, near equilibrium electron transport. But as Professor Dada mentioned in response to a question, very similar concepts can be applied to phonons. So the purpose of this lecture is just to show how you take the same general model and apply it to heat transport, how you understand the thermal conductivity of a material and we'll show that you get the standard results that you'll find in textbooks, relatively simply by doing the calculations in this way. And then the final lecture, I'll be exhausted by then but I hope you're still with me. It's sort of a case study. In most of these lectures, when I work things out and show you how they'll work out, I'll be assuming a standard semiconductor with a parabolic density of states and an effective mass, make everything simple. There's no reason to do that. In fact, in a lot of our calculations now we have to use a full numerically computed band structure. Techniques can be applied to that. But sometimes students get the idea that the effective mass results get so embedded in your consciousness that frequently you want to use them when you shouldn't. So the purpose of this lecture is really not to talk about graphene, although there's a lot of interest in graphene these days. It is really to show you how you take a material that has a much different electronic dispersion for which it's not even clear if there is an effective mass or how you would define it and to show that that really doesn't matter at all. That you can work out everything that we've worked out for parabolic bands with effective masses just as easily for a new material like this and understand the results that you read in papers. Okay, so the objectives are just to introduce you to this field. This is sort of if you work on electronic materials and devices, you have to understand your equilibrium transport. So the objective is to introduce you to this field using this bottom up approach. We want to acquaint you with some key results that you should know about. Things like what is the quantum of conductance all about? What is ballistic transport all about? How do the standard measurement techniques that everybody use work? So when you read papers, you're familiar with all of that. And I can't possibly say everything that you need to know for your career but hopefully we can give you a starting point that there's enough that you know that you can get started. When you encounter a research problem or you have to go beyond what we've covered here, you can understand, okay, I know where I'm beginning from and you can figure out where you need to go to get the additional details to solve that problem that you're interested in. Now if you're interested in more information, as I said, just Google electronics from the bottom up. You find a lot of information there. I have a course that I teach and the whole course is online. It's going to be taught again this fall and I'll revise it but the version from a couple of years ago is online. So a lot of the things that I won't have time to go through in detail from time to time during the lecture is I'll refer you to a lecture on my course. Okay.


Moving on to our very next category and to do the honors may I invite on stage mr. Avni Dang vice president and global group head Community communication avanta group also our jury member for this year to join her may I also invite on stage our other jury member Mr. Girish Kalra vice president marketing and corporate communication ICICI Lombar general insurance could we have the shortlisted nominees, please what stood out for me personally was The use of creativity with the cause that has an impact on society to say the least it just wasn't easy to Finalize the winners. I wish all the shortlisted entries the very best Later, but before we've got to find out who the bronze medal winner is Dirty little secret dry shampoo campaign Congratulations to jeet and team sujeet. I feel wanted somebody wanted to be me in that photograph All right, let's find out who the silver medal winner is


Sleep away as Chicho. Damn. Poor Asans is still locked up. I would have not lasted that long I swear. Yeah, I wouldn't have lasted that long either. He's a true warrior, man He's like literally true warrior like I Wouldn't have done what he did. I wish I could. I'd like to think I would but I know I wouldn't sacrifice everything to try to convince the NPCs to Make sure we have transparency in our societies He had hope in humanity. I do as well to a certain degree, but I I lost again. I took I Make the mistake every now and then to put my faith in the masses But I lost my faith in the masses after 9 11 after they all Drank the Kool-Aid hook line and sinker there. They're all in They all supported invasion of Afghanistan. They all support invasion of majority Supporting invasion of Iraq Destruction of Libya. We're eating war Syria.  I Lost my faith in the masses a long time ago. Assange had faith in the masses that collectively would do the right thing Collectively, there's a lot of NPCs out there and a lot of Very low IQ people very low IQ people and their mental health is being shattered right now Rightfully, so they need their mental health to be shattered Right, they need to they need to be they need to hit the ground hard Right and build themselves back up again Without government help without bureaucratic help because the government and the bureaucrats are the ones that are abusing them Okay, so in my opinion We need to go through some seriously hard times and hopefully some of these very low IQ people will open their eyes


Okay, move out. A television camera flying. Or watch a moving wheel that wasn't completely round. How many times have you seen a swimming tank 40 tons a day? In case you haven't already guessed, it's all in the interest of science. Part of the Army Tank Automotive Center at Warren, Michigan. As this huge installation, military and civilian personnel, are facing space-age problems of producing sophisticated machines at war. Sometimes the work of these dedicated men and women touches the area generally reserved for science fiction. A giant X-ray shows imperfections in cast steel. A sensitive sound recorder reveals valuable information of mechanical performance. Cast and evaluate. Until each piece of equipment meets all specifications for ruggedness and dependability. Research for vehicles of every type and description. Vehicles to fight in mountains, jungles and on beach heads. Products of the world's greatest arsenal. Development of weapons ready to carry America's power to any part of the globe.


First, I want to thank Shizu for this beautiful, this beautiful everything. Yeah, and also to say thank the first peoples of this land, the original victims of that first kind of gentrification that they call colonization. Also to my sister, Queen Nandis in the house and all of my fellow poverty scholars at Poor Magazine. It's a poor people led movement of media education and art and if you don't already know, now you know, you know, we're doing a homeless people solution to homelessness. It's called homefulness and it's hella radical and we don't get much love, so check us out. I always start also to my mom. I always start with the thing I call my slam bio and I'm gonna do a shortened version of it and then I'm gonna read a short piece. I have three pieces in there. Check them out if you have a minute. But this I always say I am a poverty scholar, that houseless mama, that houseless daughter. I am a poverty scholar. All the people you don't want to see, never want to be, look away from me. What you gonna do? Arrest me? We're in your city. Yeah, I'm a poverty scholar and I usually rock my jailhouse attire because me and my poor mama did jail time just trying to stay alive and housed in this holler. I am a poverty scholar, the melanin-challenged daughter of a strong afferable equal mama for without whom there would be no me. I'm a mama sortera and a welfare queen. And so I usually say that I'm always representing the people that nobody wants to see. I wear my jail suit because our lives are invisibilized, criminalized, and taken away so you can't see. And I urge you all to listen to not continue to perpetrate the violent act of looking away. But this poem goes out to all these beautiful artists in the room who might be doing what I call the grant dance some day soon, and to Shizu, who I know is already on that train. My other piece is the tenderloin take about gentrification right around us. I'd urge you to check it out. Had a dream not to save the world, but to save other unhoused disabled mamas and little girls. You see, I was that baby with my mama holding that sign. The one you turned away from pretended I wasn't alive. Grew up with mama. Her and me almost made it. Almost didn't make it through the poverty, racism, houselessness drama. Hustled for food, never had the rent until mama said chase that dream. Write a grant. Take a chance. You got skills, tiny. You can do the grant dance. You see the Philanthropams, you a sexy young thing with at least one grant cycle we can exploit. Just come a sniff a little of this grant guidelines oil. You can do whatever you want, deep Star Wars voice, but always do what we say. So happy created a job for my uncle, my houseless friends, my poor magazine family, and most of all my colonized broken mommy. Wow, self-determination, liberation words and dreams helping each other. No more about us without us schemes. And then what? You ain't doing what we say and reporting on each other? Keep those feet up the Philanthropim say because that grant may run out. And well, you ain't sexy grant material anymore, baby. Yeah, so that's a little bit of the magic. Check it out. This book is so beautiful and I hope you do more. And I do want to say that, yeah, we don't live on those grants no more. We teach folks with race and class privilege about the radical notion of redistribution and community reparations. People's school, check us out.


First of all, crypto's role is really huge because we already have not only like one organization, we have several types of organizations where you can donate crypto. Even our ministry already have cryptocurrency accounts for donations. And I think it also can be a boost to this industry in the nearest years because if we have such changes during the war, and they think they are very fast, I think that other countries they also like will take this experience.


Before we get into today's video which features two awesome pieces of news, one related to the future and one related to next week, I want to be sure to remind you that we are on our road to 100,000 subscribers that we're hoping to achieve by the time tears of the kingdom comes out. In fact, if we can achieve it by the time tears of the kingdom comes out, we will be giving away a collector's edition of tears of the kingdom. What are you waiting for? Hit that subscribe button and let's get into the news. Next year we talked about some rumors in regards to Nintendo's next system coming from a person that was just tentatively called Factory Uncle out of China. Now he revealed some other things like the Splatoon 3 OLED and a handful of things over the years that have proven that he clearly must work at one of Nintendo's manufacturing plants. Well today that person got permanently banned in all threads that he's spoken deleted on that forum and reportedly according to the moderators it was at the legal request of Nintendo. So Nintendo, I don't know if it was a cease and desist, I don't know what they filed to that Chinese forum, but whatever it is that person's obviously probably fired and Nintendo is not happy about the leaks that got out there. Now why we're talking about this of course is because we need to now take everything that person said to a new level. Since Nintendo themselves requested his removal and the deletion of all the content, that means that the stuff that he talked about was clearly legit. Now I'm getting the information that we do know still from him over on FAMI boards so there'll be a link down in the description unless Nintendo makes them delete their stuff as well. But basically the biggest part that we should take away from everything right now isn't that he had leaked specs or anything like that, it definitely appears that Nintendo Switch 2 or whatever they're calling it is coming this year. Now he didn't say that he had direct knowledge that it was arriving this year but he knew about the production orders and stuff like that that really pointed towards this happening. So as an example he does note that Nintendo has elevated their production volume for OLED model parts in quarter one. So for quarter one of this upcoming fiscal year and that makes a lot of sense because tears of the kingdom is coming out, there's probably a special edition and they think they're going to sell quite a few. However, that order volume increase and we've heard this before where Nintendo's increasing the volume of switches produced heading into the next fiscal year is greatly being reduced to a really low point in April. So basically they're making a whole bunch to get ready for the tears of the kingdom launch and then before tears of the kingdom even comes out they're greatly reducing the number of units that they are producing and apparently this number reduction is to a lower figure than they have done in any prior year of Switch. This definitely suggests that Nintendo is ramping down production of Switch despite the ramp up specifically for one games launch. Now what's interesting though is that the version two parts production so we're talking about that you know the Switch OLED we're talking about the Nintendo Switch version two they're going to stop producing the parts for that system at some point later this year. Now this does only pertain to that specific factory that he's in this doesn't mean they're done making switches and switch OLEDs and in general switch lights right you need the version two parts to make all those systems today so this does not mean that Nintendo is done making those switches but at some point later this year at his specific factory they are no longer going to be making switches at all at least the version two switch so that's very interesting to note because that shows a significant down ramp in Nintendo Switch production and why would they be just closing down factories and production lines if it wasn't for the fact this person also said that they do have orders ramping up for a new hardware system this year so while he doesn't know if it's coming out this year they're not going to be making version two switches anymore but we'll be making this new hardware instead so this heavily suggests that Nintendo is well aware that sales are about to drop off a cliff later this year and that could be because a new system is coming out I'm just throwing that out there look we obviously already have the evidence from the Pokemon leaker you have Jeff Grubb mentioning what he's heard but this is somebody that Nintendo themselves has already pressed delete and fired from their position meaning that the stuff he was saying was clearly legit and he just got busted so look I I think we just we're entering this period where well nothing's official until Nintendo announces and and that's fine if you want to ride on that train and you know what skepticism is always good to keep in your back pocket and there's no guarantee we're getting anything new this year or early 2024 as it were but what I will say is at least at the moment this is some more serious kind of thing than any of the old switch pro rumors we have remember back in like 2020 2021 2022 even we had like all these switch pro rumors is it coming out is it this we're hearing it from but like this is directly from manufacturing someone lost their job over this and that really sucks although they knew the risk by revealing information so although we say it sucks some people might say good riddance the point is that we seem to have legitimate leaks coming out of Nintendo now that we weren't having back in the switch pro days like if you think about all of the manufacturer leaks we had back then there was all about the seven inch OLED screen the ethernet port on the new dock and the new kickstand and every single one of those leaks was about the upcoming Nintendo switch OLED there wasn't manufacturing leaks for a new product but now we have manufacturing leaks for a new product we also have leaks from somebody who leaked a bunch of Pokemon stuff that has a dev kit look say what it is it sounds like we're getting a new Nintendo switch a brand new and upgraded a next generation system later this year and again we've talked in the past how hey you know what it kind of lines up with their game release schedule it kind of lines up with not having anything scheduled past July so this could be something that we need to start wrapping our minds around accepting and I know I'm kind of tired of talking about this topic like what is this the third or fourth day in a row it gets a little old but I can't help with new evidence rises up now to be clear that's not the only thing I wanted to mention today because we do have some news just for the normal Nintendo switch and that was because Nintendo has announced the Mario the Mario 10 you know the Mario day March 10th celebration they're going to be doing for Mario that they seem to do every single year first off they are launching a new switch and I say a new switch it's really just the old Mario red joycon switch coming back except you can choose one of three digital games I don't know how this works it includes one free game download you can either get Mario Kart 8 Deluxe new Super Mario Bros. U Deluxe or Super Mario Odyssey how this actually works probably got a log online and pick it before you even get the code but I do think that that is pretty pretty cool also that's not the only thing that they announced they happen to have a Mario game sale as well so Mario Odyssey Super Mario Bros. Deluxe Mario Kart 8 uh what is this uh Super Mario 3D World plus Bowser's Fury Mario Maker 2 Mario Party Superstars Luigi's Mansion 3 Donkey Kong Tropical Freeze Yoshi's Crafted World all those games are going to be discounted to $40 for a small bit so that is really really neat also booster course Pass Wave 4 is going to be coming out on March 9th that's a week from today with the newly added fruit cup and boomerang cups compose a tour Amsterdam drift GBA Riverside Park we DK Summit Yoshi's Island which is making its Mario Kart debut so it's a brand new course tour Bangkok Rush DS Mario Circuit GCN Waluigi Stadium and tour Singapore Speedway and a new playable character Birdo is being added this is all stuff we know before but that's cool GameStop is also going to have some in-store Mario events celebrating from March 11th noon to 4 p.m. they're going to be which is local time by the way so just noon to 4 p.m. whatever your local time zone is you're going to be able to play Mario games with friends with Mario Party Deluxe and Super Mario Bros. U Deluxe and others and receive free Mario themed items while supplies last all right also from March 5th to March 11th fans will be able to head to select retailers to save with the $20 on select games featuring Mario and friends so this is the sale they're having also extends to the physical copies as well you could also win a trip to Super Nintendo World my Nintendo wants to send you to Super Nintendo World at Universal Studios Hollywood starting on March 10th until April 25th head to my.nintendo.com to enter the Super Nintendo World family fund sweepstakes one lucky winner with up to three guests will win a trip to Universal Studios Hollywood to visit Super Nintendo World and see the mushroom kingdom in real life kids can also join in the Mario fund today and every day with activities and videos at play Nintendo their their youtube channel so yeah that's pretty cool so a bunch of Mario celebrations to throw on top so yeah we got technically a new switch announced but also the actual thing we're waiting for seems to be coming sooner than many of us expected except Mike Odyssey I guess Mike Odyssey has been been calling this forever so I'm awesome you're awesome love you all and we'll catch you in the next video


Hello. This presentation is on our paper High-Speed Masking for Polynomial Comparison in Letter Space Key Encapsulation Mechanisms. My name is Florian Bachel and this is joint work with Clara Paria-Longa, to be as Oda, to be as Schneider and Tim Gunasen. The outline of this talk is as follows.  Then I will present our mask comparison algorithm, give a short analysis of the security and the correctness.  So the concept of site-genar attacks has been around for several years and it basically works as follows. We have the cryptographic device, which performs operations on sensitive data and an attacker measures the site channel, for example the power consumption or the electromagnetic emanation using a oscilloscope to create the site channel traces on the right. And these are then evaluated using statistical tools to recover the secrets, for example the key of the device. And to counteract this kind of attack, there are several approaches, for example hiding and masking, which we will focus on in the rest of this talk. And in masking the sensitive data or sensitive variable is split into multiple shares and this can be done either by Boolean masking, where the sensitive variable X is split into several Xi using Boolean addition, or we can use arithmetic masking, where we split the data using addition with some modules. And then we compute on this securely shared data and combine it later again. And the security of the scheme relies on the idea that an attacker cannot reconstruct the secret without having access to all of the shares, which is assumed to be hard. In our paper we're interested in applying masking countermeasures to post-quantum cryptography, specifically key encapsulation mechanisms that are based on lattices. And many of these lattice-based chems rely on the Fujisaki Okamoto transform to achieve the required CCA security, that is security against the children's hypertext attacker. And one of the parts of this transform is a comparison step in which the re-encrypted plaintext is compared with the input ciphertext. So this comparison is very simple and fast in the unmasked case, but if we apply masking to the decapsulation, then it becomes very expensive, especially at higher orders. So even for the first order case, we can look at New Hope, which we used as a benchmark in our paper. And the first order secure New Hope implementation can be found in Oder et al., which takes around 25 million clock cycles on an ARM Cortex-M4 microcontroller. And the comparison alone is around 480,000 cycles. This isn't a lot compared to the overall runtime, but it's important to note that the comparison in the reference only works for first order masking. So there's no easy way to extend it to higher orders. There's a general approach, which is based on arithmetic to Boolean conversion. And this approach can be extended to higher orders, but it takes around 4 million clock cycles. So almost a fifth of the overall scheme. And as we will show later, it gets worse quite fast. So our contribution is a new algorithm for mask comparison, which is secure at high masking orders. It has a low runtime and low randomness requirements, even at these high orders. We provided theoretical security proof in the probing model and give some performance figures for different parameter sets. And we also provided practical second order security evaluation using test vector leakage assessment. So the overall algorithm we're trying to protect is the CCA security encapsulation using the Fuji's acupuncture transform. And in this case, we looked at New Hope and the algorithm looks like this. On the left, we have the input A prime, which is a polynomial. And this is then put to the CPA security encryption function. And the output is given to a random oracle G, which is usually instantiated using a hash function. And also to the re-encryption, which I mentioned earlier, which generates another polynomial, which we labeled A. And then these two polynomials, A and A prime, are put into the comparison. And only if the comparison shows that A and A prime are the same, the output is processed further. As I said, we focus on this comparison step. And again, we have two inputs here. We have the polynomial A prime. This consists of k coefficients. And we have the output of the CPA encryption A, which is also a polynomial consisting of k coefficients. And it's important to note that these must be shared to achieve security because the polynomial A depends on the secret key, sk. And the sharing used is typically arithmetic because of the lattice structure that is used in the CPA decryption and encryption. So related work, which also studied the masking of the comparison step, can be classified in two types. First, we have the efficient comparison by order at all, which is first order only. And we have the arithmetic to Boolean conversion-based approach, which can work at higher masking orders, but it has quadratic complexity in the number of shares. And therefore gets expensive if we increase the number of shares to increase the masking order. Now our proposed algorithm works on the core idea that instead of comparing only one coefficient at a time, we pull them into sets of coefficients, which we compare all at once. Again, the input are the arithmetically shared coefficients A i and the unshared or public coefficients A i prime. And the output should be true if the polynomial is matched. That is that all A prime i are equal to the respective A i. So the first step is splitting the coefficients into X sets of size L each. So such that the first set contains A1 to AL and the second set contains AL plus 1 to A2L and so on.  And please note that we need fresh randomness here. So the R1i and R2i are random values. But also note that the randomness is constant over the shares. So we need two random words per coefficient, but this is independent of the number of shares. After we calculated this shared sum, we can unmask it just using addition. And yeah, also not all arithmetic operations here are moduloom q, but I left it out for readability. Then we can rewrite the sum Vm as the sum over A i plus n times R1i times R2i. And as there are no shares in here, so this is a sum over the unshared coefficients, we can calculate the same sum for the unshared polynomial. So we have Vm and Vm prime. And the final step is just comparing these unshared sums. To see the complexity of our algorithm, we can look again at the equation for the unshared sums Vm. And we see two sums, the inner sum is over the number of coefficients and the outer sum is over the number of shares. So the complexity is linear in the number of coefficients and the number of shares. And the required randomness is also linear in the number of coefficients, but as I said before, it's independent of the number of shares. So if we increase the masking order, we don't need more randomness. So to analyze the correctness, we need first to show that valid ciphertext actually passed a comparison and this is easy to see. And the second part is showing that invalid ciphertext are actually rejected. And we show on a paper that the collision probability for one of the sums, so for one of the sets is one over q. And the collision probability for all of the sets is q to the minus x, where x is the number of sets. So we can set the number of sets depending on the collision probability that we are comfortable with. So for New York, we set the number of sets to x equals 16. And this gives us a lower collision probability, but also the possibility to use up to 64 shares. So very high security all. So the general idea of the proof, the detailed proof is of course in the paper, but the general idea works like this. We show that the comparison is T non-interferent in the probing model. And doing this, we first identify all intermediate variables in the algorithm and sort them into groups and then continue simulating all of the elements in the group without using all of the input shares of any coefficients. And we use like a bootstrap approach to do this. As two remarks, the first is that the proof doesn't work if both input polynomials are equal, but we show on the paper that this does not provide an advantage to the attacker. And also that the simulation or the proof only works for prime moduli, so we cannot use a power of two modules. Now to the performance evaluation, first we implemented the algorithm on the Cortex-M4 microcontroller. And this is the same platform that was also used in the other implementations which we used in our benchmark. The implementation was done in assembly with some optimizations. And we used the onboard through random number generator combined with rejection sampling to generate the required randomness. And these are the performance figures from Europe and please note that all values include the time needed for randomness generation. Yeah, some of the numbers I showed earlier already we see in when we are using two shares, we are faster even than the first order only comparison provided by order at all. And for higher orders of course this comparison algorithm doesn't work, so we cannot provide any numbers there, but we can compare ourselves with the A to B conversion-based approach. And as you can see, the performance gain is significant, so it starts out with a factor of 16 for two shares and for five shares we are already almost 100 times faster. And we also benchmarked the performance for different parameter sets, for example for Kaiba 768 and LAC 192. And here we get performance improvements or a factor of 10 for two shares up to again 95 for five shares depending on the scheme and of course the masking order. So regarding randomness consumption, as I said earlier the required randomness is independent on the number of shares. So if you see different figures here, this is because we used rejection sampling, so the actual number of random words is probabilistic, but as you can see in the table this is almost constant independent of the masking order and we see a reduction of a factor of 15 for two shares on New Hope up to 275 for LAC at five shares. So the A to B conversion-based approach needs 275 times more randomness when applied to LAC 192 at five shares compared to our approach. Now to the practical security evaluation we use the same cortex and foreboard as for the benchmarks and we use the constant time version of our implementation and this just means that we generate the randomness before the actual measurement and this allows for easier alignment of the traces and also we reduce the number of coefficients to four. So in the complete implementation for New Hope we have 1024 coefficients, but if we measure the complete comparison the trace gets very long and it becomes computationally prohibitive to perform a multivariate second order TbLA and therefore we use this to reduce the trace length. The measurements were collected using an EM probe which was sampled with an oscilloscope at a sample rate of around 150 megahertz and with 8-bit resolution and the analysis metric we used is fixed versus random T testing with a significance level of 0.01 and we collected up to one million measurements for the analysis. So this is a sample trace what it looks like this is the comparison of four coefficients yeah it's rather noisy but as you will see in the next slides we get some interesting results. So this is the first order leakage of two versions of our algorithm on the left we see the two share implementation so this should guarantee first order security and on the right we see the three share implementation which should give us second order security and as you can see the threshold is not reached for any of those implementations so they appear to be first order secure. This is the second order multivariate evaluation of our two share implementation so again we have four coefficients and this time with two shares and in order to make this plot more visible we highlighted the t-values which cross the threshold with red color and as you can see and as is expected we have several multivariate leakage points so that just means that if yeah the leakage of these points is combined it reveals formation about the sensitive data and again this is expected because this is only the two share implementation which should be first order secure but should not be second order secure and for the three share implementation the plot looks like this so again if the leakage crosses the threshold it's highlighted in red and yeah as we don't have any combination of points which produce high leakage there is no highlight and we conclude that there is no multivariate second order leakage in our three share instantiation of the algorithm so to conclude this presentation we propose a new higher order masking algorithm for the comparison function in the Fujitsu Aki Aqua Motor Transform has a complexity which is proportional to the number of coefficients and the masking order so it's linear in the masking order in comparison to the previous A2B based approach which is quadratic in the masking order we also provided a theoretical security proof of our algorithm and a practical second order test vector leakage assessment analysis which you just saw so in future work we would like to see if it's possible to extend this algorithm to also work with non-prime queue because several of the lattice based key encapsulation mechanisms use power of two moduli it would be also interesting to see if our sectional countermeasure can be combined with fault injection countermeasures yeah thank you for listening to this talk


Back like we never left Hip up Thursday On my end of the morning And yes we did you one better today So freestyle is worth watching as I am a video But today we are having it live on set Now of course time is not really on our hands But we do have this fellow with us Our guest of the day for freestyle session Which is something we've never done before So I hope you guys really appreciate Debute The extra mile to the end Yes this is the debut for such Now let us introduce our guest to you He goes by the name Samuel David Yes Samuel David Yes he's our guest of the day He's been here with us before So he's not really that new But yes freestyle Samuel what do you have to say about I did the freestyle in a challenge In a challenge? I know Okarukanayo Then I did it in my version Gospel Rapa I did it in Yesubwana I think I'm different from my father I did it in Yesubwana I did it in Yesubwana Yesubwana Ok Ok Mr. Gospel Rapa That's all we have to look at You seem to be having a lot of confidence No sir no You can do it Last time you can do it So Mr. Samuel David Gospel Rapa Representing for the Yesubwana challenge Yesubwana DJ DJ Pia Kwaise Yes DJ I'm DJ Eli Instagram and Twitter Ah Alright DJ Eli and that's at a corner CC for hip-hop Thursday to the end at a corner supply and I'm Zeke so keep your request coming Request is coming Mr. Zeke Zuniza kama kifil Zuniza kama kifil Alright So The mic is yours Samuel Thank you Take it away Represent Rip a bit Mr. Chape kitu kajdepe go Yeah You told me you're on the headphones bro Bro Yesubwana Yesubwana Yesubwana Yesubwana Some well-ed out there I am big like Akina Kali Jones Na mani nina beefsiku langipons Niko siya arpeju Sili pangilons Siji se mimimi Nawa niki hao Sili tumi eku timizen totozaku Niku apa piya ni timizen totozaku Hidu niya sincei sota twizi kufanana Uki za kanyama moizaku ako nabucha Osilete chocha wakartifemi nabisha Kula kili chapev jili ukusi ocha Tuliya leta action mingi takivi hoja Funga bao mingu kipata kipana vuja Pasha tema pingi arusha mpaka abuja Nime toka fata tizi katatama Spendi niki agi wasini yone fala Wana timbe uchitu Awa oni aya anasintu Awa gopi faya Wali tema bunja fupa kama badumeno iko Enjoy a yut Acha kujinima Uta enjoy ni nuweziji karanga Tuna fatu pepuku elishida zishi geto Afa deli athkwek dan ili handshake Flawa ekosa Hidia waisha Ski yola kukufa waku meza ziledao Uki tema kwingi ndi oku wana mengi Nime pata calling ka yemwana enzeki Badu ni nan toto ya kuma ekama kali Usini oni iwi iwi ni metokambali Flo ni kone wa shedu wa mimkali Acha ni wa shoba sisi ri yungu Jesus Tadia jina yaku wana tasa akiza Naji wana ita make two time inafa Nio ni sambazi nenu vene inafa Mele yungu giza unifane kama ta Uki gugupu holu joga kuna baibu Uki share nudes Mena share vast Uki do anything Put God fast Vituza shita ni kama kawa asilas Hiki toka even ita everlasting Kwa jina laki yesu ni mejenga familie Ata to kikosa food Ata to kikosa food Tuna fumi Ame chenda wema ni nasema aleluya Nime kula nenu manze tumbo imeja Kwishinda ni yesu manze deliku nara Nime handshachinu oni ngocha ni kipa Nili omba feva koa wali ni katam Siku wizi wana sema venye ni nga Afa deluku fecha tuzii shiba Siyedibibiliya anavunja covenant Wengitu na vituangumu kama koko nat Mungu ni sameka mimi ni kituangumu Kazi yungumu ni na kula za aram Na zito shiba doku ita mutsu kakaram Yesubana Yesubana