Good afternoon. I want you all to think about companies like Com, LinkedIn, Uber, very different companies, very different products, categories such as healthcare, recruiting, transportation, but the question you have to ask yourself is what do they have in common? And we can do a little quiz here. I'll give you three options. Is it one that they are the leaders in their categories? Is it two that they got to their head start through product, not just sales and marketing, but superior products? Or is it three that they all share a common playbook for how they've leveraged product development to get ahead of their competitors? And I have good news. No matter what you answered, it's correct. All three are accurate. Now, they're also quite established companies and I know most people here at Slush are just starting out or very early in the journey. And that journey is quite different. It can be difficult to see exactly where you're going. There's lots of obstacles. And if you're building a product that's solving a problem that's worthwhile, you're going to have competitors in the space ahead of you and behind you. And so the comparison I always make is building an early product is like the Paris Dakar rally. My favorite race, I don't know if any of you are familiar with it, but it's basically 8,000 kilometers, mostly in the desert, mostly at night. And it's a quite challenging area. And fortunately, we were just talking about the applications of chat, GBT and Dali. It's very easy to generate photos that show how such a race is raced. But so before we begin today, I want to talk a little bit about some good news and some bad news. And I should probably guess from my name, I'm originally from Denmark. And in Denmark, we always start with the bad news. And so the bad news is, if you think about these companies that I've been at, they have what I would call durable product advantages. So these are things like they have a very strong brand. Most of you are familiar with these companies because you know of the brand. And the brand means that you can acquire customers much cheaper. They have things like network effects, like either because they're a social network, like LinkedIn, or because they have a flywheel in their marketplace, like Uber, or they have scale efficiencies, or even intellectual property. My first company, and the reason why I've spent a lot of time in Helsinki was I used to work for Nokia. Nokia, even today, has an amazing IP portfolio, 20,000 patent families, 6,000 of which are essential to 5G. And so over time, these companies, including here in Helsinki, have built amazing innovation and amazing notes. And shout out to any other Nokia, current or former alumni. And so I want to do a little bit of an audience test, and you're going to need both hands for this. If you think about your companies, either as companies you've invested in, or if it's your own company, on a scale from one to ten fingers, one being, I have none of these, to ten, or I have all of these nailed, what is it going to be? Raise your fingers. Let's see. Okay. I see, I see, oh, I almost saw ten. VCs, pay attention. Somebody has some good notes. Generally, I see low numbers. I see numbers of one, two, three. And that's the bad news, because when you start out, you don't have any of these benefits. They take a while to build. But I told you I had some good news, too. And the good news is that first mover advantages and being first and having built these are generally, I would say, overrated. And one of the reasons we tend to forget that companies, that they're overrated is that a lot of origin stories that we hear tend to forget that the companies weren't their first. Uber's origin story is very famous. Around 2009, two smart entrepreneurs figured out that this was the right time to disrupt transportation. You had the advent of a smartphone, you had GPS, and now was the time to build a ride-sharing company. Except that's not really what happened. There are companies way before Uber, including SimRide, that were two years ahead on ride-sharing. But we only remember Uber because they're the ones that won the race and got ahead of everybody else. Similarly with Com, probably the biggest brand in mindfulness, Headspace was ahead of Com, and LinkedIn was surely not the first social network. And so why does this happen? And it happens because as a startup, while you might not have the durable product advantages, you definitely have two advantages that are quite important, and you have those from day one. And they're number one speed, and they're number one focus. You are able to focus much better and much faster on a customer problem than these established companies are despite their existing durable advantages. And so let's talk a little bit about those because I think many people recognize that if you're a very large company, you don't move very fast. And I can attest to that. I worked at small companies, I worked at bigger companies, and generally speaking, the bigger company, the smaller you move. But I think what you need to recognize is that even when you're very small, being slow creeps in very early.  I listed a few here, they're on the release train, but like a classic example is you botch a deployment, production goes down, and you decide we should never do this again. So let's add some quality checks because that's the way you mitigate risk. Well, what tends to happen is you are very aware of the risk, but you're not so aware of the velocity impact, because it's very hard to measure velocity and how fast you're moving. There are many other examples, it's not necessarily just related to release train, it could be you're hiring a second employee, a third employee, that employee happens to be remote. And working remotely, while there are some companies that manage to do it very well, there are for many people and many companies, it does mean that things move slower. It is harder to communicate virtually than it is to communicate in person. A third example is a lot of the so-called best practices from Silicon Valley, Intel, Google and the like, things like OKRs, they're not necessarily helping you move faster, they're helping you move more deliberately. And for sure, a poorly implemented OKR process is much, much worse than no OKR process at all. And in general, making these choices towards velocity is something that has to come from the CEO, it has to come from the top from you founders. And it's often a difficult argument because while the risks of doing these things are very easy to quantify, the slow down that you see from doing these things, seemingly good improvements are slowing you down. And so the one take away, the first take away I would have for you guys is, hey, feel comfortable pushing back, feel comfortable deferring, adding process steps, because in the beginning, you only have two competitive advantages, speed and focus. And so retain your speed advantage by trying to defer as much as possible of implementing these bigger company processes. So that's all about speed. I think the other thing is about focus. And on focus, I want to talk a bit about distractions. And I think the first distraction is ironically when we talk about competitive advantage competitors. So I don't know how many of you are familiar with this, but you know, have any of you ever gotten an email from a customer or a friend, your investor or your board of some company in your space launching a similar feature or launching a similar product?  Did you take any action? And did that action actually lead to any improvement whatsoever? I found myself being obsessed about our customers early in my career. And it was not a good productive use of time. If we take it back to the racing myth metaphor, I would say it's like a little bit akin to driving a race and you only navigate by the tail lights of everybody else. You need to be aware of where the traffic is, but you shouldn't drive based on it. And so what I would recommend is you have a very specific system set up. And so what I like to do is you really only need to monitor two things. New entrance in the category and changes to product or positioning of your existing competitors. It takes a little time to set up, but you can basically have, let's say you take an hour out of your schedule every Monday. Nowadays there's software that can monitor and give you alerts and you can basically just have a system where instead of being pulled 17 ways till Sunday by whenever you're getting an email from an investor or competitor, you have a set time and you review what's happening. At Com we're an app so that the app rankings are very public. There are very expensive software that can help you monitor if there's new entrance in the category. There's free software and so I would encourage you to set up these systems that both monitor are there new entrants based on keywords and then nowadays you can also have tools that monitor your competitors pricing and positioning pages to see are there any changes in how the competitors are adding SKUs or selling new product or positioning the product. So build competitive awareness, not competitive obsession. So that's distraction number one. Distraction number two is your customers. Now I have two kids, I have a five-year-old and a nine-year-old. They're the most important thing in my life. I can imagine when you run a business your customers are the most important thing in your life, but if I was doing a race I definitely would not want my kids on the backseat of my car. They are not to be trusted and so I think specifically obviously customers are important but it's very distracting when they say what they need because you have to look at their actions not necessarily what they're telling you. Now I can't share proprietary data but I think the the examples from health and fitness are the most relatable. So in the United States the most trusted professional is a doctor followed by other healthcare workers and so you would think when people talk to their doctors they're being honest. It turns out they're not. They're lying about everything all the time and you're probably familiar with this as well and it's not that you're doing it on purpose it's just when you describe what you're doing to someone else it's often very aspirational and it can't be quite disconnected from what you're actually doing. In B2B I spent most of my time in B2B products. When I've talked to participants at Slush it seems like most of the products we're building here are B2B. I think a common question is you asked your buyer hey how do you make the buying decision and they will say something I've several times experienced a buyer say well you know I assemble all the competitors I get all the bids I build a spreadsheet and then I figure out which has the highest ROI and then I make a choice based on that and it sounds awesome. In fact it sounds so awesome that I always ask oh this is great show me this sheet I would love to see it and then more than once it turns out they actually don't have it because when you look at the actions they take the reason they bought was what they had hoped to do was an aspirational ROI analysis what's really happening is it's December 1st I have 100,000 left of my budget if I don't use it this year it's going to go away and I heard from a friend that I trust that your software is really good so I actually didn't do any due diligence I'm just spending it right now and so you always have to look at the actions in my past product jobs I had a rule that you're not allowed to do customer interviews about hypotheticals you should always bring a prototype and see how they react to it or you should always ask to see their workflow ask to see their screen ask to see how they're doing things because you will find that people aren't intentionally lying they aren't trying to distract you but the Valley and Europe is littered with companies that built exactly what the customer said they wanted but which they would never use because that are not the actions so those are the two distractions and I know you're wondering okay well I shouldn't be looking at my customers I shouldn't be worried about what my what my competitors are doing what should I be worrying about and so I think if you look at the leading companies in the categories right now one thing that they've all done is they have found what I would classify as a leading product indicator so I'll give you an example at Calm we are an annual subscription so in many ways we really only know if you got some value out of the product one year later after you've subscribed and whether you choose to renew or not and that's not a super great signal while revenue is the most important metric for many companies is fundamentally lagging the the revenue you're making today is from what you had built previously and what you're building right now you probably aren't selling yet so what is the metric that you can pinpoint that will give you an early indication on whether your product is working or not so for Calm it's very simple we know that for our mindfulness habit it's very important that you get to do some completed activities in the first week and we know that if you're successful at a certain amount of activities the first week you will be more likely to do it again the second week you'll be more likely to start paying from Calm and you'll be more likely to renew Calm so instead of looking at revenue we look at these earlier metrics that basically gives you a way to assess early on and within a day or two versus a year whether or not the the you are delivering value and so trying to identify this is pretty critical i'll give you one other example LinkedIn earlier on had a metric called engage quality members now you might think that what should we be looking at at LinkedIn it's a social network so let's just look at members but it turns out if you sign up for LinkedIn and you don't add your job title you don't add any connections your experience is going to be pretty shitty and and you're not going to have a good product experience and so typically what you see for leading indicators is that they're not the sign up moment they're not the aha moment they're further down where you're actually threaded enough in the product so you're sticky and so for LinkedIn that means you have a set of fields that are set such as your job title and the like that way recruiters can find you and reach out it's a big part of the value prop for LinkedIn and you have a certain amount of network which makes your feed much more interesting debatable if it's more interesting but at least you're seeing your friends and connections updates versus just random people and so these metrics are quite helpful they generally correlate with monetization but they are showing up much earlier in the process and identifying this is pretty critical now again I won't talk to the Uber example but you know all three of these are consumer metrics if you think about B2B and you are having a B2B company the place I would look for my leading indicator is do the following exercise think through your first year of renewals with your customer so you sold them the product they have the product they've been using it for a year what are you going to tell them what data are you going to show them to show that they've gotten value right there's a lot of B2B software that's sold but never provisioned never used there's no value there's even a lot of B2B software that has a lot of users but you know proper processes haven't been moved over or anything of that nature and so in B2B think through the conversation you're about to have a year from now and move that forward to the metric that really matters in terms of threading your customers into the product so those are the leading product indicators I think the other thing about leading product indicators is they're very very clarifying in terms of your product roadmap so if you we have the benefit of we can look back at LinkedIn's roadmap for the last 20 years now this is a very simplified view of the roadmap but the point I want to make is what is LinkedIn? LinkedIn is a it's like an online resume database and so the value of LinkedIn is that you know it's much more easier to find people online than it is to find them in a stack of paper and so you would think that the features that LinkedIn would build are things that makes it more easier to find people making the profile as rich as possible but if you look at how LinkedIn actually evolved that's not what happened at all LinkedIn was founded in 2003 and you know seven years later you could add certification publications patents 16 years later you could add skills and just this year you could verify your identity which are great features but it doesn't seem like LinkedIn has focused that much on profile completion at all what have they focused on they have focused on growing engaged quality members and so some of the first features of LinkedIn was a contact import where you add you know your back then you added your LinkedIn profile to to outlook or the like and you could invite your connections or it's features like people who you might know suggestions for you to build more connections because LinkedIn realized that the asset that they needed to offer and that they needed to build was the social network it wasn't necessarily the completed profiles it was the graph of how people know each other and especially trying to get as many members on board as possible and so you see a lot of the decisions that were made in product were to grow that so rather than trying to think through oh how can I have the most complete product or the best resume database no no no that's not the goal the goal is how can I get as many members on board as possible and back to the point on customers not asking for it I can guarantee you that customers or users consumers were asking for things to add on their profile and they were definitely not asking for a feature that tells you who do you might know or who has viewed your profile those are very savvy features that are driving more connections and more members to sign up now so I would say the takeaway here is you have to figure out as you find out what's the leading indicator of success you have to design to that and you have to build to that so initially you have your competitive advantages of speed and focus but over time you build one of these assets if it's ip if it's a network in the case of linkedin so just to sort of hone in and I know I've sort of talked in very broad strokes about the competitive advantages even saying brand is very broad I would say that as you think about your competitive advantage of what you want to build over time the narrower the better in fact I'm very skeptical when I hear people talk about very broad competitive advantages and I'll give you an example so I was fortunate enough to lead uber's b2b products during the COVID pandemic and it was pretty brutal because from a business perspective almost from one day to another nobody traveled for business anymore and so our business didn't quite go to zero but it went close to zero and so we had to use the time to really figure out how can we build new products that can help our users in other ways even if they aren't traveling and it helped us put the foundation for not a new products and part of when you've been in a company for a long time there is a drawer of old ideas and one of the most common ideas at uber was hey let's build ads we have people's attention and in fact the word that most people say is they call it captive audience I don't like the word captive audience it makes me think like okay hurry up lock the doors drive somebody to h&m and buy a shirt it's not how it works right so I think but more fundamentally I also think if you think that uber as a company because we facilitated your ride we have your attention all through that ride I think you're fooling yourself and the data point I have is there are countries for instance in New York city that have advertising in the in the cab and it's I'm not personally a fan of it but I can tell you for sure it definitely does not have my attention and so one of the breakthroughs to really build a much better ads product for uber was instead of saying like hey you know people are paying attention to uber when they are in their in their ride we wanted to identify the specific seconds that you are paying attention the most narrow benefit you can think of and so it turns out that there are there is a moment where you're paying attention so generally if you order an uber you put in your destination and then there's a moment where uber is trying to match you up with a driver it's this screen if anybody has seen it when you are looking at this screen you are paying attention I guarantee it and it's only a few seconds and so when we made the first rider ads we put them there because we had a very good understanding of what is the exact moment we have your attention and so now we put it here and we put it in other places and this next year just because we understood the difference between attention more broadly speaking and the specific seconds of attention and intent we built a one billion dollar business and so it matters a lot that you understand the specifics define it as narrowly as possible and be skeptical if you think your competitive advantage is a very broad one so these are my points I would say focus on being the best not the first protect your velocity it's not always popular to protect velocity and you know if you look at the companies that I worked at the early days there are a lot of more controversial takes on how to protect velocity early Facebook for example had a rule that when a software engineer started they had to publish code to production the first day they started that's a great way to ensure that people are moving fast but you can imagine the laundry list of concerns and quantified risks it is to have new employees start with production at uber we had a cultural value that was called toe stepping and it's usually brought up when we talk about uber's toxic culture but the thought behind it was that uber our founders sort of recognized that when you defer discussion when you defer confrontation things end up moving slower because you and so the implemented a value called toe stepping and so these these elements of protecting your velocity often come across as a little unhinged and it's also like very hard to quantify what does it actually drive in terms of velocity and so my position to you all is try to protect this as much as possible be unapologetic that's what all the early founders that have built great products have been and it's very easy to lose it even when you're one through three four five employees develop competitive awareness not obsession so build a system check it weekly identify your leading product indicators and i'm happy to give more details during Q&A if you have specific products focus on customer behaviors what are they actually doing make sure you'll see what they're doing not what they're telling you they're doing and then pinpoint your precise advantage and so um i would end on on on this quote because i really think that why are we here why are we here at slush are we here at slush to follow other competitors no we're here to drive innovation right we're here basically to not follow the paths of others but to find our own path and and leave a trail and so i'll leave you with this i wish you all the best on your trail blazing uh i'm at the conference come find me add me on linkedin and thank you very much


How's it going everybody? Dahtonoi here back with another video for you all today and this time I am very excited because as you can see from the title or maybe even the thumbnail Arc System Works has done it once again. If you aren't familiar with the name Arc System Works or ArcSys for short, basically they're just a video game company that have made some of my favorite games of all time, let alone favorite fighting games of all time Which is why if you're a long time viewer of the channel you'll probably see some of their games feature here, you know every so often maybe a Dragon Ball Fighters video here or there or 350 of them but what can I say dude I'm just a big fan of their games But anyway the reason I'm so excited to be talking about them today is because they've actually been showing off a lot of new stuff for their next big fighting game project, Guilty Gear Strive You might be wondering why I'm so excited to talk about Guilty Gear Strive now when we've already had a closed beta and seen some gameplay in the past But there's actually multiple reasons, for starters they've actually added a whole lot more to the newest build in the videos that we've been seeing now In fact I was just watching a video of some gameplay on GameSpot channel where I believe they just casually announced three new super moves that were never shown off before I was just watching the trailer and they hit me with this You get a glimpse of brand new moves for all three of them including Kai Kisuke's Dragon install You watch him blazing, the new fight moves by with her So yeah overall seeing Kai get a Dragon install was already sick enough on its own but of course the other two characters got new supers as well Including Soul who I was worried about maybe not having a cool enough super to make up for the fact that Kai got Dragon install But no sure enough Soul came in and just Yeah pretty much that was sick as well The other new super by the way was just for Axl who only has the ability to stop time casually Which looks absolutely broken You can actually see here at the end of one of the games the opponent tries to throw out like what a normal special move Just something to control the space and sure enough Axl pauses time walks in and wins the game So that is really exciting in itself as well But apart from all of that another reason I think a lot of people are starting to get more excited about Guilty Gear Scribe is the fact that we're finally getting out of that awkward early stage of a game transitioning into being something completely new I actually did a video on this channel about how Guilty Gear was changing and a lot of people had those similar thoughts that The game was definitely taking steps away from stuff it used to do in previous entries So obviously with that comes a lot of longtime fans being worried scared disappointed stuff like that But of course as time goes on people are going to get more used to seeing that new stuff And of course let's not put this lightly the developers have been in a lot of effort to change some things that people had critiques about In fact the game overall looks a lot faster now the UI is definitely a lot cleaner than before even if I do have some minor gripes with it But overall they've taken nothing but steps forward in terms of making this game really great Which of course I had no doubt that they were able to do that this is the same company that made Dragon Ball Fighters Which in my opinion is one of the best fighting games of all time when it comes to being able to introduce itself to a casual audience And then also have a pretty deep layer of tech and knowledge and stuff like that you can obtain through training, watching guides, stuff like that etc etc So I was never really worried about them struggling to make Guilty Gear strive a casual but engaging experience for players of all skill levels Now of course I still do have minor gripes with things that they've announced that is still going to be in the game such as the floor system Replacing a traditional ranked mode I still do really believe that people would just rather have a normal ranked match system Especially with the chance that Guilty Gear can be even more popular than ever before over here in the west I think a normal ranked system would just be really nice to see But other than that I think they might have addressed all of my concerns to be honest Now of course going back to the stuff that made me so excited to do this video as well Is the fact that we also got to see some of the new characters go at it Of course we didn't get to see all of them but characters like Giovanna and Yuki Really for me this was almost my first look at seeing how these characters would operate in a real game scenario And they both look really great Giovanna for example looks like an absolute pressure monster Kai was really struggling to get away from some of this stuff I also just really liked the design of the character as well And as for Yuki he had some insane combos as well But it was also really interesting seeing some of the drawbacks of his mask system I don't entirely get how it works But Soul was able to get a huge punish for the game Because of the negative penalty he suffered and the pause he had to go through Because of one of his system mechanics What's even more exciting though is the fact that very soon We're going to get the chance to actually try out all of these new characters All of the additions to the new build Because Guilty Gear Strive is officially having its first open beta very soon I believe it's happening from the 19th of February to the 21st And it's mostly crazy to me because three years ago this channel started with the open beta for Dragon Ball Fighters Now it feels like time has passed so quickly we're three years on and now we're on the open beta for Guilty Gear Strive But of course this beta is shaping up to be at a better state than the Dragon Ball Fighters one For multiple reasons including but not limited to the fact that The beta is also going to give us access to Versus Mode, Tutorial Mode, Trading Mode, Online Play It's actually insane how much they're going all out for this open beta And of course once again bringing up fighters I think ARXIS finally learned their lesson because if you play fighters What is the one thing you would probably change about the game For most people it's probably going to be the online player, the netcode For a lot of people it just isn't good enough But Guilty Gear has actually taken steps to address that as well And has now moved on to having rollback netcode Which of course this beta will feature If you aren't super knowledgeable on how netcode for fighting game works Basically the easy way to do it is good rollback is the best way to go about doing it It makes it so playing fighting games across large distances with your opponent Is a lot easier and more smooth and closer to an offline experience Now I should also mention that there has been bad rollback netcode in the past So this beta is also going to be a great way to test that But I'm giving them the benefit of the doubt for now So what do you guys think? Will you be participating in this Guilty Gear Strive open beta? What do you think of the game so far? Are you a fighters player? Are you excited to see ARXIS stepping up and doing new things? I should also probably mention right now that just because they're also doing Guilty Gear Strive Doesn't mean they're canceling Dragon Ball Fighters or moving on from Dragon Ball Fighters That is not necessarily the case We will still get the update for Dragon Ball Fighters, the Gojita characters, stuff like that Guilty Gear Strive is also just another game they're putting out And are going to run alongside of it If that makes sense But yeah, let me know your thoughts on everything we talked about in this video I am just so excited This video was kind of just a way for me to uh I don't know, I just, I was so excited I had to talk about it in some form So I just thought making a video on it would be the best way to do that But again, if you are excited and want to see some more Guilty Gear content On the channel, definitely make sure to go down below Leave a like and subscribe to the channel to stay up to date on all of that And of course you can check out other videos that should be on your screen right now Other than that, I've been Dr. Doia And I will see you in the next one


Good morning or good afternoon everybody depending wherever, whatever is your time frame and welcome back to this course on statistical mechanics for chemistry and material scientists. This is a shared course for equilibrium statistical mechanics and we have been studying of late polymer, the physical chemistry of polymer and the picture that you see on the slide in front of you is that of Paul Florey who played an enormous role in fashioning this subject. Before I proceed further let me tell you this course will be little different from the earlier courses which were recorded in Bombay IIT studio. This one is because of the coronavirus epidemic I am recording it from home so you won't be able to see me but rest of the things will be okay. You will be able to see the slides and you will be able to follow and what I will do go through revise the course first 5-10 minutes of what I did in the last class and then we will go into do some new things. This might be a bit of a long East class but and there will be some expressions and derivations but we will not derive the we will not derive the lengthy equations but I will sketch the derivation and you will find the derivations in my book on the same title of the course and there are two other books I want to bring to your attention. One is the book by Paul Florey on principles of polymer chemistry and there is book by Dijan on scaling concepts in polymer science. These two books together just will be more than enough and as I was telling you about Paul Florey who created almost a much of what you know about polymer science today and he is rightfully called the father of polymer chemistry he got Nobel Prize in 1974 and there are many many things that he did in polymer and he did both theory and experiment which is remarkable because he did theory at a very high level. Paul Florey was born in 1910 in a place in Illinois near Chicago and he graduated from Vice State University and then joined industry and from industry he then moved to Cornell University and at the Cornell where he did much of his pioneer work and he also published his book from the Cornell University. Now the next slide I give the plan of the lecture. So, this is something we did in the last lecture polymer size end to end distribution and with an random work analogy it takes you to Gaussian distribution and then we started polymer thermodynamics we will do little bit more of polymer thermodynamics and we will talk two kinds of transitions in polymer, two kinds of phase transition one is a solgial transition while the reason of doing it is that it is it bears close similarity to Mayer's theory of condensation gas to liquid transition. It is just is a kind of a clustering transition here sol means solution of monomers. The monomers connect together to form a branched polymer and which is then become a highly viscous solution. It is a very important industrial process and it is used widely as I have told you already that polymer is one of the most important part of our daily life and from textile to rubber to many many things that we use every day. For example, the your diode in many things is organic semiconductor is a polymer MEHPPV. So, and these many of these things are made by some kind of a solgial transition. So, it is an important thing. So, we will just go through this in a rather simple fashion without the blackboard I will be more qualitative, but I will show the equations. So, in the third slide I briefly do the overview that a polymer that we think that millions and millions of connected monomers. Monomers themselves are somewhat complex molecules and we polymerize them means we add these monomers together and many of the first applications of. So, polymer is since is a many is a large system with a large number of monomers it is a natural playground of statistical mechanics and one of the important property of these polymer is end to end distribution function of a polymer which is expressed in terms of number of monomers and which is end and the but in the monomers. We will talk of effective interaction solvent effect and we will talk of several other remarkable properties and some observations that we have got. In the next slide we shoot the random coil polymer chain and this is a kind of a ribbon diagram and you can see the two open ends of the polymer and in between that there is a long contour where the connected chain connected of monomers is kind of it takes a random zigzag fashion and that is why it is called a random walk. One of the reason that it is so random lies in the chemistry you know in a basic chemistry and that is when I start with a 0 to a 1 and the beginning to the first bond between a 0 to a 1 that bond many of this is cc single bond carbon carbon single bond and they can take visited to a total geometry that means that that means it can rotate in three dimensions. So, that bond can take many many directions and then the next one so you join to one bond which already can rotate in many reactions to another bond which again can take many reactions. So, between if by the time I have 10 some bonds connected and each of them take many configurations we already have huge number of configuration space that means rotational configuration space that this polymer can enjoy and that is a very important property of the polymer. There is huge number of configuration space the configuration degrees of freedom that a polymer enjoys because of this rotational flexibility or rotational degrees of freedom. So, these different polymer that arise because of the rotational degrees of freedom sometimes there is a preference of certain orientations and then one talk of rotational isomer this is a term which was coined by Russian scientist Volkanstein and which Florie also use later. So, in this slide that we are showing that we are starting one then we have these different bonds and then bonds are going and last the other ball at an is a red ball. So, this is the ping pong diagram and in order to get into a distance that we from a 1 to a n from one into another end that is called R the universal notation R and that is what we that is what we will calculate now and that into end vector R can be it can be easily seen is nothing, but some or all these small small vectors and these are small small bond vectors and each of the bond vector has lot of independence from other because of the rotational degree of freedom. So, these bonds arise have the because the vectorial nature the length is could be the same that is the bond length L, but they are vector. So, because of the vectorial nature of the bond and the rotation degrees of freedom R is a random number and that probability distribution of R is a subject of great interest and that is the one which is a Gaussian distribution as we discussed last class and also we will discuss today. Okay now this is we discussed but let us discuss again this is essentially a rough caricature of a polymer which is a rebound we call this as a rebound diagram and you can see there is an end to end distribution going on here and these end to end distribution is you can see from one end to the other end that that because of the large intervening contude going from one end to the other end which can take many configurations in a certain way it reminds you of rope or is dangling or dancing rope or snake and this ability to take many many configurations determine the end to end distribution. So, roughly the size of the polymer when you say size of a polymer we essentially talk of two things how long the average how far is my end it's average quantity what is the average distance and since it's a random quantity that average is a mean square no and this is very close close analogy is random work so as if it has our the monomer to monomer distance is almost as a random work and we will discuss this now immediately little bit extremely important to realize that the end to end distribution along with the end to end distribution to give you the size of a polymer there is one more quantity is the radius of guidance radius of guidance is nothing but the kind of momentum inertia that means you take the position and m i r i square and sum over and that gives you also a called r g that also gives you a measure of the size and these two quantities the mean square end to end distribution size and the radius of guidance are very closely connected to each other they have the same size number of same dependence or number of monomers but they have some numerical factor which make them different from each other so we can use either radius of guidance or mean square root mean square distribution end to end distribution as the end this is what I was telling that we will be discussing little bit of the random work and then go to a1 a2 a3 and then go over and go to end point that two end points are given by two red spheres and one important thing to know here that when I go from a0 to a1 and a1 to a2 then a0 to a1 one filter can rotate and can take a large number of orientations this this is not quite 360 degrees because there is some steric hindrance posed by a molecular molecular architecture but it is fairly flexible that means it can take many many orientations so now you consider that you are orienting one from the other and then to other so by the time you have just 8 or 10 monomers connected there's a 10 mark already you can see a huge number of configurations that can this polymer can take is extremely important to realize the inherent huge flexibility of a polymer the huge number of internal degrees of freedom the configurational degree of freedom that a polymer enjoys and that is very important part of its properties which flurry realized very early along with volkenstein and volkenstein coined the name rotational isomer these multiple configurations that polymer gates was recognized by both these two giants of polymer chemistry so now if I want to go into a distance we call it r then you realize that this is nothing but the sum of the vector just like random work I want to go one place to another place to another place to finally place then where I go finally I if I number of steps then I add up the distance the vector and that's why vector is important depending on orientation that's why orientation is so important so you can now see the end to end distance end to end distance both the vector and the scalar is a dynamic quantity and is also random hugely random because and you see it now in one position then if you are in a solution polymer in a little later you will see in a different position so it is completely moving around coiling and uncoiling and things like that so the way to say that we do try to have an idea of this is what appears to be extremely important extremely complicated but it turns out to be not complicated not only not complicated it is a beautiful universality that prolifolkenstein realized and later was I told you has been enormously exploited in physics community where polymer physics is a big subject now so this is the sum we get and now we are to get a distribution of this r and r vector as I told you this r is a stochastic quantity it is a random quantity now the way to do that then is one many ways it can be done it can be just apply you don't have to do center limit theorem we can apply to random walk but center limit theorem gives a very easy way access it's a very well known theorem and I discussed last time that if I have a quantity s which is the sum of n number of random quantities and then this when I sum it up that sum is a is a Gaussian distribution that's called central limit theorem I don't want to spend too much time on that but it's a very robust theorem as I told you last time mathematicians are not given to give this kind of name fundamental theorem central limit theorem that's not there is more infirm physics and chemistry we give grand noise name like theory of everything or or very great thing but not mathematicians they're very conservative people so when the central limit theorem it is really central limit central theorem or probability theory that if I have n number of random variables I add it up then that goes over to a Gaussian distribution with a mean you and the mean is very easy to understand in this case because the it is rotating and so you can easily convince yourself the mean would be zero and but then then everything holds on to the width of the distribution which is the standard deviation which gives the size because if I now want to get the size then I have to get the average r square second moment of this distribution okay so this is one little bit on central limit theorem you can find it on do it do it do it you know uh uh internet you'll find huge amount of things on central limit theorem but main thing is that in to be large but as I told you by 10 12 you already have fairly good Gaussian distribution this is one of the things we always use in computer to generate a Gaussian distribution we generate 12 random numbers we add them up and the sum becomes the Gaussian and that we use one of the thing is that this is to be mutually unrelated that means from one step to another from one over one to one over two and one over two to three so one to two and two to three and they have to be independent and that is guaranteed by the rotational degree of freedom so then one can further quantify these things by taking the r lm z axis then you project it on the r and you get l cos theta i and uh and then uh and you take our ambient distance as z axis and then project on that then l cos l is the length l is the monomer length or bond length and theta is the one that orientation gives you that's what gives you the randomness so since theta is random cos theta is random and now we can do r squared and I can evaluate the cos theta with zero to pi and I can evaluate the r square average and that's exactly done here that we do that averaging because uh i and j is uh these are on bonds i and j are on bonds so one bond and another bond is uncorrelated so then I have cos theta ij is just one sum because otherwise this way so then we get n there and so r square is nl square so it's a beautiful result really beautiful result so it tells you mean square is nl square uh so for that I don't need the Gaussian distribution for this I don't need this entire limit theorem but I need this entire limit theorem to get the distribution of r and I can get that they are also through random work so there are two points here that mean square r square is scaling as root over n which is extremely important result because that gives you the size of the polymer and then comes the distribution so the distribution is Gaussian as I said here there is a r square factor here here I am asking the what is the probability that there is a little bit problem here that n should be capital n on both this side or small n on both the two sides but you will see these mistakes are not in the book but there are little bit mistakes here and there in these in the slides but which you go back and look so the distribution the end to end distance r is for capital n r should be there then this is distribution the the probability that you have the end within a distance r and because of the spherical symmetry of the system so at least in a in a volume element in a shell that shell is 4 pi r square so at a position r it is exponential minus 3 r square by 2 n l square plus the normalization but you have to multiply by 4 by r square okay so this is this quantity that this end to the way that this result end to the power half and that that size then you can do the radius of guidance this way and exactly same way you can derive it is also the second moment you just change your change your central of your orient system and you again see that it is r g is root over n so but basic central result is the following that probability distribution is Gaussian with 3 exponential minus 3 r square 2 n l square as a standard deviation of the width of the distribution scale as root over n and that is what we call size so as I told you before radius radius of the integration which gives a good measure of the size of the polymer and the mean square end to end distribution they are essentially the same thing and so as the num as I told you already a polymer is millions and millions of monomers that means n is upward of 10 to the power 7 say or 10 to the power 8 now if l is couple of angstrom then you can imagine that n to the power n to the power half 10 to the power 8 it is 10 to the power 4 so if this is 2 angstrom then 10,000 into 2 angstrom is essentially 20,000 angstrom so radius of guidance is 20,000 angstrom that is essentially roughly a huge huge square so you can understand this monster monster polymer is sitting in solution and they are not one polymer like that there are many polymers so these monsters 10,000 20,000 angstrom with radius yearly spherical things are suspended in solution so that's what makes the polymer solution thermodynamic so interesting it is not a binary mixture it is a binary mixture but it's a binary mixture where one guy is 10,000 times larger than the other guy it is very important to get a sense of number that what makes polymer so unique that polymer solution you have this big thing floating around and many of them will precipitate if they are not preferably solvated and we see these situations in proteins you know in a folded protein is almost again a globular protein is nearly spherical but they are of course much smaller they are a few hundred many of them and so they are much smaller but even then in solution is a very interesting area so polymer solution stands out from so many times we say they are the same it is not quite the same polymer solution is the polymers are much much bigger quantities though we do map the protein into a polymer and use the language of polymer science or polymer chemistry to explain proteins okay now this was done by Wolkenstein and protein now another beautiful calculation that floating and this is just a chain for it i have said okay i wanted to find it in d dimension he of course did it in 3 dimension but he also did it for d dimension he said how do i find the size of a polymer in a d dimension he said okay he has to now say okay as i told you that this polymer is a monster it's a big thing so there is a end to end distribution there is an interaction between monomers so interaction between monomers depends on the concentration of the monomers so what is the size of the size of the monomer but d in d dimension are given d dimension r square in two dimensions now if that is so and if what a monomer has a volume b then i can consider that that a concentration of monomer why i need the concentration of monomer because i need the density why i need the density i need the density so that i can conceive of interaction why i need density to concentrate interaction because when they monomers are next to each other they are close to each other they are They are interacting and they are far from each other, they are not interacting. So interaction energy is proportional to square of the concentration. Now, where did you see such logic before? That where the interaction energy is square of the density of concentration. In current class, I would have asked you and then I would have disturbed you to come up with the answer. Ultimately, I would have got the answer out of you but since I cannot do it now, let me tell you the answer in Van der Waals theory. In Van der Waals theory, there is a repulsive term P plus V minus NB plus A by V square, N square by V square. That's where exactly same logic Van der Waals seems that in order to interact, both the two molecules should be in a small volume element. And in this, what is the probability of the volume element? If they are independent of each other, then one monomer to be there is the concentration or density. Second monomer is also concentration, so it should be productive. So that's why concentration is important which is shown here in N by RT, which is the concentration. Now, in case of chain obeying, we know in this case in this RT, if it is fluorine polymer or Gaussian polymer or that is called ideal chain, then R goes to be to the power N3. In that case, the number of monomer-monomer contacts can be very easily found out to be N5 by N. Because they are N number of monomer, so total number of monomer. So you have a contact, one polymer, one monomer in contact with other, this N1 minus d by 2 we can find for the earlier one. And however, N is this 2 minus d by 2. So this is now what we are going to... So this is, we will continue with the logic in a minute. Before that, let me consider a little bit now. I want to understand polymer-polymer interaction in solution. As I told you, it is a suspended solution. On many occasions, if the solvent is considered good solvent, it even likes the solvent, then the polymer gets so well and then a lot of solvent molecules come inside. So it is kind of a porous thing. So polymer has, within itself, in its size, I put the body in that volume element. It has all these polymer molecules. So the way we sometimes talk of that, if the polymer likes each other, then there will be more monomer inside. Then effectively, polymer and polymer is not going to like each other. However, if the polymer monomer, monomer of the polymer doesn't like a solvent molecule, then they will push these water molecules out. I will find, effectively, because the solvent molecules will give effective force, then the two monomers attract each other. So I have a situation, it is all devised by the story, but depending on the quality of the solvent, good solvent or bad solvent, two monomers effectively, there is an effective interaction like each other or they don't like each other. So this effective interaction is the one which plays a very important role because if I don't want to talk of this solvent, I will talk later, but not in the beginning, so now I will do something without that. So this is the good solvent, the solvent molecules come in and the polymer gets so well in a bad solvent, however, collapses. And there is actually a transition between the, you can change the quality of the solvent by changing temperature and at certain temperature, this transition takes place, which is called, which is called theta temperature. So this is the effect of solvent is very important and you have it in the, you will get these, you will get the slides along with the talk and you can look at it and the solution.


The press has a problem. Tell me your problem. I don't have a problem. You have a problem. Social media platforms are cutting into their business model. I don't like it here, alright? And I don't like you at all. I mean, on the one hand, you've got Twitter run by an innovative entrepreneurial electric car producing space exploring genius billionaire allowing people to say stuff. I mean, say stuff both freely and for free. Can you believe that? Keith, can you believe that?  And then on the other hand, you've got TikTok run by an increasingly hostile communist oppressive government designed to gather data and censor information as one would expect from communists in the American press. Did I just repeat my sorry about it? Anyways, the same thing we do every night, Pinky. Try to take over the world. The press is like, we only have limited resources and can attack just one of these horrible platforms. Where should we aim our ire? I say we attack Helium II next. Down with Twitter! Elon Musk is a Nazi! Uh, did you see the news? Honey, come on, we have bigger problems. But I'm so angry.  Face that mob and apologize for what you did. I would. I'm afraid if I open the door, they'll take all of you. No we won't. We just want Homer.  I'm part of the mob!


Hello friends, Myself Sandeep Javeri, Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering from Valchance Stop Technology, Sholapur. In today's session, we are going to discuss a problem on Varegnon's Theorem. The learning outcome, at the end of this session, students will be able to solve problem on Coplanar force system using Varegnon's Theorem. Now this is a problem. In this problem, a triangular plane is shown and it is subjected to forces at different vertices. At A, there is an inclined force of 100 Newton is acting and having inclination of 60 degree with the horizontal x axis. There is another force which is acting at B, having magnitude 120 Newton and having inclination with x axis as 30 degree. There is another force acting at point C, one is acting vertical downward, having magnitude 80 Newton and another force which is acting at point C, having magnitude 80 Newton which is acting rightward direction as shown in the figure. Now the problem is to find resultant force and locate its position from point A. So we have to find out the position of resultant force from point A and also we have to find out the magnitude of resultant force. Now these are the steps involved while solving the problem. Step one, first of all we have to resolve the forces into x and y components. Step two, we have to find out the summation of all forces in x direction and summation of all the forces in y direction. For this, we have to refer the sign convention. If you are going to find out summation f of x, the rightward direction force is taken as positive and leftward direction force is considered as negative. While calculating summation of f of y, we have to consider upward direction force as positive and downward direction force as negative. Then step three, we have to find out the resultant force r and its direction. So for this, we have to use the equation r is equal to under root of summation of x square plus summation of f of y square. And after that, we have to locate position of r, for this we have to use very nonce theorem. So the solution for this problem, first of all we have to find out summation f of x using the sign convention. So f of x equal to minus 100 cos 60 degree plus 80 minus 120 cos 30 degree. So you can see here, after resolution of forces, we can see the minus 100 cos 60 degree that is x component of this force 100 Newton and minus 120 cos 30 degree that is a x component of 120 Newton and there is a rightward direction of force of 80 Newton. So it is plus and after solving this equation, we are getting summation f of x is equal to minus 73.92 Newton. Similarly, we can find out summation f of y that is equals to 100 sin 60 degree minus 80 minus 120 sin 30 degree and which is equals to minus 53.40 Newton. So you can see in the figure, this is a y component, it is positive here. The another y component for 120 Newton is in downward direction and it is minus and this is a 80 Newton which is in downward direction, so it is also minus. So after putting all these values, we are getting the summation f of y is equal to minus 53.40 Newton. So magnitude of resultant we can obtain by using the expression under root of summation f of x square plus summation f of y square by putting the values of summation f of x and summation f of y, we are getting the value of resultant force as 91.190 Newton. Similarly we can find out direction of resultant force theta is equal to tan inverse of summation of f of y upon summation f of x. So this is in the mod. So after putting the values of summation f of y and summation f of x, we are getting the value of theta as equals to 35.84 degree. Now to locate position of resultant force, we are going to use a Varyon's theorem. So applying Varyon's principle summation of m at a, for this we are going to use the sign convention as clockwise movement as positive and anti-clockwise movement as minus. So summation of m at a we can work out as 80 multiplied by 50 plus 80 times 100 sine 60 degree plus 120 sine 30 degree multiplied by 100. So here 80 is a force and 50 is a propellant distance from point a. Similarly here 80 is a force and 100 sine 60 degree is a propellant distance and 120 sine 30 degree is a force and 100 is a propellant distance. So you can see here this 80 into that propellant distance that we have worked out. Similarly this 80 into this propellant distance that we have worked out. This is with respect to a and for this 120 sine 30 degree we have worked out the propellant distance AB and is equal to 100 mm. So we are getting the movement at a is equal to 16928.203 Newton mm. So by putting this value in the expression r into d equals to summation of movement at a which is 16928.203 Newton mm. So by putting this value of r we are getting the value of d that is propellant distance as 185.635 mm. Now to find x intercept we are going to use the expression summation of y into x that is equals to summation of m at a. So by putting the value of summation of y 53.40 so we are getting x equals to 317.007 mm. So after finding a resultant force we can show this case for resultant force by showing summation of x and summation of y. So we draw these rectangular components then this force represents resultant force and this angle is theta that is direction of resultant force. So here r lies in third quadrant. Now after finding the x intercept we can also show the location of resultant force. Now this is our x direction this is a vertices of triangle this is point a. So our resultant lies in third quadrant so I can show here the perpendicular distance from a it is d and also the x intercept from point a. So in this way we can show the position of r from point a. Now here we are supposed to pause the video and answer this question now this is the answer if summation of m of all forces is given as 5000 Newton meter and perpendicular distance of resultant force from a movement center is 2 meter find the magnitude of resultant force. So this value work out to be 2500 Newton these are the references that we are using for conducting this session thank you.


What's up everybody, Jason here for Jasper's Casebreak.com. 2022 tops, five star baseball just sold out. This is a eight box case break. Pick a team number 44. And here we go guys. So everybody else here bought teams straight up. Thank you guys. Then 13 teams were put into a random number block which also sold out with these customers here. And there's the 13 teams as well. And here's the case of five star. First one's for the Giants. Jeremy Porte straight up, Will Clark. And then how about for Minnesota. Byron Buxton, Jumbo patch autographs three out of 25. Minnesota Twins is going to DY. I don't even think you touched them. It's rigged. And for the Cincinnati Reds, that's Ronnie Dawson is 75, 69 out of 75. Reds is Arthur. And then for Oakland, Jeremy Porte, that's Mark McGuire. All right, for Milwaukee, going to DY, that's Jake Cousins. And then we have a nine out of 10, Pentomers penmanship of Randy Johnson. Look at that Diamondbacks edition. Little shadow box there. All right, halfway through up to this box. For Colorado, that's a 13 team R&B. So that's gonna be not numbered, so that'll be distributed to one customer in the break. And then a Wade box for Boston, going to Karen Steele. And we got a Randy, a Rosarania, 35 out of 50. That's going to the Tampa Bay Rays, spot five, Tristan. And then we have a C.J. Abrams for the Padres. Tristan straight up with the Padres. He has gotten a couple minutes or so in this playoff series, but I don't know exactly how much he's played most of the year. I haven't really paid attention so much up into playoff time. But he does get some minutes in some of these games, so gotta figure he's in the back of roll rotation until maybe, depending on what happens, this upcoming offseason, if they lose players or trade, whatever, sign. For the Mets, Patrick Mizeca, 12 out of 75. Mets is 13 team R&B, spot two, that's Tristan. And we got a Hunter Green for the Cincinnati Reds, going to Arthur. All right, two more boxes, guys. We have a Jose Abrayu, and we got a Purple. It's a rookie. And it is Joe Ryan, 15 out of 50. So Minnesota Twins, that is D.Y. And then Chicago White Sox is part of the 13 team R&B, which is not numbered, so we'll give out a second one here. All right, give me something, guys, man. Not the best case so far. Ozzie Smith for the Cardinals. D.Y. straight up. We got a Green, rookie. O'Neal Cruz, that definitely helps, although he is injured. Nine out of 15, Pirate Tristan. All right, guys, well, unfortunately, not too much for the R&Bs, minus the Randy Rosarania. And then, of course, two non-numbered cards. What we'll do is we'll go Jose Abrayu one, Velati two, on the list randomizer. And then everything else here is going to straight up teams. But you got some good names.  But O'Neal Cruz, definitely helps. We've got Ozzie, Hunter Green, rookie, CJ Abrams. I guess it actually wasn't that bad. I mean, I think I just want one of ones. That's why. Randy Johnson, Mark McGuire, Will Clark, Byron Bucks, and I guess it wasn't actually a bad case. It was pretty solid. Let's switch scenes. And then, the list of R&Bs here. Roll, full 12. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, 11, 12. And 12 times, Stephen Kendra at the top, getting the Jose Abrayu, and then Velati's going to Tristan. So there you go, folks. Appreciate it, guys. Another one's in the store, Jasper'scasebrace.com.


مصر حافی was an alcoholic and he was دائی مل خمر he was always drunk he was always drunk but one day was passing by it rained it was muddy the road was muddy and he saw a paper and on the paper that says بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحيم in arabic and he passed and he saw the paper and mud was all over and he wanted to walk over it but he said how could i walk over the name of god this is a drunk muslim this is a drunk muslim he said i can't walk over the name of god so he went to pick it up and this is why what did the police do the police wants you to walk on a straight line and they put the hand on the nose and they do all these stuff why because people who are drunk their hand eye coordination is not one it's not working the hand eye coordination so he goes to pick it up and he falls in the mud and he can't pick it up he gets back up and says no i should just walk over this and go home and then he says no this is called dilemma this is called dilemma and logic what am i going to do i have a dilemma should i go over this or should i pick this up but i can't pick it up i tried i failed he goes again he goes no i'm not going to walk over the name of god he goes to pick it up again he falls again he gets all muddy he gets up the third time and he says i know who's putting me down on the mud and i know who's testing me but wallahi if i fall a million times i'm going to pick this up i'm not going to go home why he's drunk he goes the third time he pick it up he goes home he cleans it and then he puts perfume on it and then he put it in the highest place in his house and he falls asleep he falls asleep and he has a dream and he hears a voice and the dream and the voice the hat says he says you purified our name today from the mud and you perfumed it and you put it in the highest place old bishop will purify you and will perfume your name the people will mission you until the end of time with beauty and then he wakes up he abandons the alcohol because he had god on his side he abandons the alcohol and he becomes bishop hafi he becomes a sheikh thousands and thousands of people they came to islam practicing islam made toba at his hand and up to today twelve century later we're still mentioning him why because he turned to اللہ سبحانہ و تعالیٰ and he knew that if i turn allah is not gonna he's not gonna close his door اللہ not close his doors his doors are always open