What is up guys? Karma Medic here and welcome back to another dose. If you don't know who I am, my name is Nasser. I'm a second year medical student at King's College London and I make these YouTube videos to try and help you guys in the application process for a medical school. Today I'm going to be going over section two of the BMAP, more specifically the section on biology. I'm going to give you guys a couple of general tips about the section and then we're going to go straight into answering questions live on camera so that you guys can see my thought process and how it is that I actually solve the questions as I'm thinking through them. If you guys want to see more videos like this where I go through the different sections of the BMAP, be sure to leave a like on this video, subscribe to the channel and you'll be notified when I release those videos. Before we begin, I again want to say thank you to Medify for sponsoring this video. If you guys want to check them out or any of the resources, you can check the links in the description down below. It'll take you to their website and you can look at their UK count BMAP on personal statement services. Okay so first things first. BMAP section two is all about the sciences. You have biology, physics, chemistry and also some maths involved. Today I'm going to only be covering biology. So biology is probably going to be the easiest of all the sciences for you guys because chances are if you're applying to medicine and taking the BMAP, you already have a genuine interest in biology and you probably really like studying it and learning it. Regarding the content that's going to come up in the biology section, you've probably already done all of it in your IGCSE or A-level and IB curriculums. If you guys want, I'm going to leave a link in the description with the full learning outcomes for each of the science sections published by the official BMAP board. You guys can check it out in the description down below and if you want, you can match your knowledge to every single section on there. All right now let's move on to the general tips for the BMAP biology section. Tip number one is that I don't only have any tips. Regarding biology, I don't think there are actually many general tips that I can give you guys because most of it is just going to be memorization and recall based. You either know the answer or you don't. There's very little to work through which is a big contrast to the chemistry and the physics portions of this exam. But what I will say is that generally for the science sections you have about 60 seconds per question and you definitely want to fly through the biology questions because they're going to be easier for you and you're going to be able to complete them in a shorter amount of time and then you can spend the extra time that you have on the more tricky questions for maths, physics, and chemistry. So make sure you know your biology really well so that you can answer all the biology questions with 100 accuracy and know that you have those marks safely tucked away in the bank. All right now without further do let's jump straight into solving questions live on camera. So here I am on the Meta5 Beamer online course. I'm going to click on the question bank. I'm going to select only biology questions and start practice there. So I've also got a pen and paper with me in case I need to write or jot anything down and yeah let's get started. In a set of genetic crosses the offspring produced showed the same phenotype ratio of 9.51 which of the following statements could be true. Two genes each with two allials were studied. All parents were hetero. Some offspring had a phenotype different from the parents. Some offspring had a phenotype the same as the parents. Okay the last two can be true. Two genes with two allials were studied that can also be true. All parents where heterozygous doesn't have to be the case. Where does I think it does? I'm going to go with one two three and four. All right awesome my genetics memory isn't exactly 100 clear but I do remember this where you have the double heterozygous crosses. Make sure you know this stuff for the exam. A sample of DNA contains 32% cytosine which ounce shows the percentage of adenine in the cycle. Okay so you guys should know that guanine binds to cytosine, thymine binds to adenine and the way that I remember that is the acronym GCAT like a cat who's a gangster. GC goes together and AT goes together. Anyway so if there's 32% cytosine then that means that there's also 32% guanine which makes a total of 64% G and C which means there is a remaining 36% of A and T. 36% divided by 2 to just find out what the A is is going to be 18. That should be easy. Two disease-free cells X and Y were studied which option correctly identify cell X as a typical plant cell and cell Y as a typical prokaryote. So X is a plant and Y is a prokaryote. So prokaryote means without a nucleus. Chlorophyll is present in plants, susceptible to penicillin. It's true okay because it's an antibiotic. Okay that's fine. Plasmids present in gnome. Atmosphere is selectively pyramidal. Glycogen is present. Thymine is present. Yeah I would go with the row one. Okay semi-permeable fluid filled sacs placed in a container of water. 30 minutes later the sac has increased to 1.3 times its original size. Which of the following statements is correct. The water has moved up the concentration gradient. No, water always moved down the concentration gradient. The fluid in the sac is a hypotonic solution which means it has less solute so more water. If that was the case then water would leave it. So it must be hypertonic. Awesome. I suppose you have red flowers and white flowers. The red flowers have genotype rr and the white ones have rr. These are crossbred. You then read the offspring from the first cross. So you read the f1. What ratio of phenotypes would you expect to end up with? So let's draw the thing real quick. r, r, r, r.  Then you read two large r small r's together and you get the following. You get the classic one in four is recessive and one is dominant and then the other two are a recessive and a dominant allele. So 100% red flowers all with a heterozygous phenotype. No. 100% red flowers 50% with a homozygous phenotype. No. 75% red flowers all with a heterozygous phenotype. No. One of them is homozygous. 75 red flowers of which one third having a homozygous phenotype. True. And two thirds having heterozygous. True. And 25% white flowers. True. This is the classic Punnett square which below shows DNA microarray. I don't remember doing DNA microarrays in high school. Each spot label on four contains a different DNA probe. Sample fluorescent lead with a sequence of blood is washed over. Fluorescent lead will come in and base pairs DNA on the spot. The spot will fluoresce. Which of the spots would show a positive signal because it fluoresces. So the DNA probe has to be complementary to this. So what we're looking for here is G-A-T-T-A-T. G-A-T-T-A-T. So that's nowhere. Here we're looking for a C-T-A-A-T-A. C-T-A-A-T-A. So two is good. Three we're looking for an A-C-C-A-G-T. A-C-C-A-G-T. So three is good as well. Is there a two and three? Okay. So I don't need to check four because there's no two, three and four option but I know that two and three are definitely correct so B must be the answer. Awesome. In the process of ventilation the following occur. Pressure in the thorax decreases. Volume of thorax decreases. Which of these occur during exhalation? Okay exhalation. So volume of thorax decreases. Pressure in the thorax increases because pressure always flows from high pressure to low pressure. So if air is moving out that means the pressure in your chest is higher and the pressure outside the atmospheric pressure is lower. So this is wrong. So two is correct. So we're between A, B and E. Diaphragm goes up. That's true. So two and three are correct and I know that there's no two, three and four option so it must be B. Do you guys see why that's the case? I know two and three are correct and then I look at the answers and I don't see a two, three and four. Then I don't even need to look at four. I already know that two and three are definitely correct and there's no option to choose two, three and four. So I know that the answer must be B without even considering what number four is. Of course if you read number four it's actually wrong but you don't need to anyway. Which of the following does not contain amino acids? Glycogen is a sugar. It is not made up of amino acids. Simple, simple, simple. You want to know your basic building blocks, proteins, sugars, and fats or lipids. Four students record different structures that they thought were found in healthy animal, muscle cell, and typical bacterial cell. Which students gave totally correct answers? Animal, DNA found in nucleus, true. Bacterial cell, cell wall present, that's true. One is correct. Animal cell, cell wall present, that's wrong. mitochondria present, true. DNA found in nucleus, false. DNA found in nucleus, true. Plasmids present, true. So only one and four. Next question. The diagram shows a section of rough endoplasmic reticulum which answer correctly identifies the substances associated structures one and two. So structure one is a ribosome which means it'll have definitely amino acids and tRNA. Interesting. Okay so let's see what number two is. DNA or polypeptides. I'm going to go with polypeptides for the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum and I'm going to go with something related to do with translation in number one. So let's see. Okay cool. So I know that basically amino acids are also involved in the ribosome obviously but I know that DNA probably isn't the structural thing of endoplasmic reticulum so by process of elimination you can kind of come to be. In the dihybrid cross between two hetero individuals which is the most likely combination of their offspring. It's going to be the hetero-hetero one, this one here. So yeah you guys really need to learn how to draw out these squares. Clearly questions on genetics and cell biology are coming up quite often so make sure that you guys focus on those two as well. Which of the following cannot occur as a result of a random process? Genetic drift definitely does, mutations does an artificial selection does not so three only. Yeah so genetic drift is when random changes in alleles occur and then mutations are when specific changes in DNA bases occur and these both happen randomly. Which of the following cell organelles can produce protein containing vesicles, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and ribosome. Protein containing vesicles. I'm going to go with Golgi for sure. Ribosome does not produce protein containing vesicles. Endoplasmic reticulum can things can bud off from there so I'm going to go with one and two only. Awesome. Which of the following crosses is most likely to produce offspring of genotype BBWW? This here will produce a lot of those because you're going to get one dominant with one recessive one dominant with one recessive over and over and yeah you guys can read the explanation here but it's definitely right. Clearly definitely know your genetics. Genetics has come up so much and so has cell biology so make sure you guys know that. Which of the following is not true of human hormones? They are all released via ducts that is not true because we know some hormones are released for example from the hypothalamus and also from the anterior pituitary and those are not along ducts those are directly into the bloodstream so I don't even need to read the rest of them. I know that that's true but for example you guys can now read these statements and you know that these statements are 100% true so if you're making notes you probably want to write those down. Which one of the following statements above both asexual and sexual reproduction is correct?  Mitosis leads to sperm formation nope mutations only occur in sexual reproduction not asexual nope. Some organisms carry out both asexual and sexual maybe. Variation is only required for sexual production not for asexual nope. I'm going to go with D. I'm not entirely sure what A is saying. I could probably read it again and find out but I know that D is correct so why waste my time? You want to get all the answers and move on with the questions. Pick the best pairings of enzymes and their optimum pH levels. Pepsin is an enzyme found in the stomach so it needs a low pH so 6 to 7 is way too high so A is wrong. Lipase released from the pancreas needs about this pH so that's fine. Amylase this is way too low. Amylase is released in the mouth and that's way too low. It needs to be higher. Amylase way too low again. Pepsin this is appropriate. This but I'm looking for something a bit better. Amylase this is good for the mouth. Pepsin good for the stomach. Lipase I think this is better as well because lipase is also mixed with bicarbonate released from the pancreas which helps increase the pH so I think E is going to be the correct answer. Awesome awesome awesome. Next question. Okay the graph shows how enzyme activity varies with temperature. The optimum pH for the enzyme is 8. The new supposed graph recording pH is 8. If they were gathered as a pH of 6 what would happen? So this shows that the rate of reaction increases with temperature and it sort of denatures at about 35-37 degrees so body temperature. If this was recorded at a pH of 6 which is more acidic it would likely perform worse but with this graph of temperature what would happen? Yeah I think its temperature scale would be the same but its rate would be reduced so the peak of the graph showing rates would be lower but how it is treated with temperature variation is likely going to be the same because an enzyme's temperature related properties and an enzyme's pH related properties are going to be separate. Of course they're linked in some ways but for the most part you can separate the two. Which the components of DNA listed below are found on the inside of a DNA double helix. That would be purine and paramedine bases so three and four only. Easy money. Next. Here's a simplified diagram of the heart. Identify the correct passages of blood through the heart. This is something that does come up many times so make sure you guys know your cell biology, your genetics, your circulation and your respiratory systems. So how does blood flow in the heart? So of course we know that venous returned blood comes from the right side of the body up through the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava and enters the right atrium D where it is pushed down into the right ventricle. It leaves the right ventricle and goes up the pulmonary artery to the lungs. The blood becomes oxygenated and it comes back down to the pulmonary veins which enter the left vent, the left atrium, excuse me, F goes to the left ventricle and then gets pumped out through the aorta. So we're looking like something E-D-H, E-D-H-B-F-G, no E-D-H-B-A-F-G-C, B-A-F-G, boom. Awesome. The increase in the frequency of one phenotype in a Wath population of butterflies could be due to an advantageous mutation, true, increased reproductive success of individuals with a phenotype, true, and the change in the environment all true are possible. What should happen when blood capillary glucose levels rise? Obviously when you have increased blood glucose in the blood, you're going to have a release of insulin in order to take that glucose and store it in cells. So increased blood insulin concentration, true, decreased glycogen stores, no, you're going to want to increase your glycogen stores, you're going to take that glucose and store it as glycogen. So one, so only one so far, decreased blood insulin concentration, no, increased glycogen stores. So it's one and four. Awesome. Okay guys, I think that's where I'm going to call it for today. Having had a look at these questions, it seems that very clearly genetics, cell biology, respiration, and circulation is what comes up very, very often. So I think you want to make sure that you know those specific topics in great, great detail. Obviously don't forget about everything else too, but you want to focus on those topics. Okay guys, I hope this was able to show you my thought process when going through the questions. I hope you were able to follow what I was doing. If you guys enjoyed this video, make sure you leave a like on the video. Make sure you subscribe to my channel if you want to see more videos from me and leave me a comment down below telling me what section you would like me to do next. All right guys, thanks so much for watching. Good luck with your BMA preparation and I'll see you in the next one. Peace.


Well, hello everybody. I really feel honored to be able to be here speaking in front of such a conscious group of individuals and about a topic that's very dear to my heart. And really, in my life, one of the greatest benefits that I've found is accessing higher and higher or deeper and deeper whatever analogy you want to use, levels of consciousness. And to me, that's been a tool that's helped me in business, it's helped me with my own happiness, helped me with health issues across the board. That's been the guiding light for me. And I found a lot of tools. And through my good friend Joe Rogan, floating has been one of those key essential tools. That's a lot easier than going down to Peru and taking sips of strange brews and figuring out your deepest self that way. It's a little bit easier and a little more accessible to go to float tank. And in a lot of cases, equally as valuable. So I'm going to kind of go through the broad spectrum and not talk to you as an expert, but just talk to you as a peer and as an ally, someone who has the voice of a lot of media and just likes to talk about my experiences and how that's helped me. And maybe when you guys are talking to other people or yourself as well, you can kind of count on some of these experiences. So that's my talk. So who am I? I mentioned it. I run a company called Onit and we're focused on earth-grown nutrient, nutritional supplements, functional foods and fitness equipment. And to me, this is an important venue because when the body's in pain, as a lot of you guys know, and you're not feeling energetic and optimal, it's very difficult to focus on something like consciousness. You have these screaming signals at you, I'm tired, I'm hurting, and that tends to draw things inward and focus your attention there. So I'm hoping that Onit can play that small part in helping people reach that level of peak performance and optimization so that they can reach for a greater consciousness and apply that to their lives. It goes both ways as well, though. Reaching for consciousness generally has those applications to health. So the other side of my life, as I mentioned, is I test the limits. I put myself in the lab. I go down places like Peru and meet with Iowa Scare Shamans and I go to Costa Rica and meet with Buiti Shamans and I look at the great technologies of the world that have been around for thousands of years that have helped people access their greater consciousness. So what is consciousness? And to me, there was a very good definition proposed by Don Miguel Ruiz, who's one of my favorite authors, and he says, what you are is a force, a force that makes it possible for your body to live for your whole mind to dream. And to me, that's a great analogy of what consciousness is. It is that animating principle inside ourselves, that presence, that connection to something greater, that collective source, whatever your vocabulary permits. It is that part that is inside ourselves that animates this body, runs the ship when operating correctly, and is distinct from the mind, which is a good puzzle solver. You know, one thing us monkeys are really good at and we like is solving puzzles. But there's another part of us that likes to be present and connect. And that's where we get the downloads to a lot of the information and it's been the topic a lot of these talks. So consciousness technology. In my definition of consciousness technology is a medicine or practice that facilitates an increase in an individual's accessible consciousness. We're all really conscious beings. We have that consciousness within us, but choosing along that spectrum of how much we're able to access, that's what these tools can be useful for, is accessing a greater portion of that. And so the first of these technologies is, of course, meditation. And this is something that's really easy to recommend and it's been around the world. People have found different ways to meditate and all of them have benefits, and I've benefited from all of them as well. But when you're talking to a lot of people, which I do, you know, I have quite an audience, and you're talking to them about meditation, a lot of people struggle with meditation. And one of the reasons why is they don't really know exactly where they're going with, like what they're going for with it. You know, they kind of sit down and they relax and they try not to think, but they've never really felt that state of mind that they're trying to achieve, so a lot of them just kind of give it up so what I like to recommend is to people who have difficulty meditating, which is actually the majority when you really get down a little deeper, is find what that feeling feels like first by using a slightly more powerful technology. And again, this is just my own experience. I know some of you meditators can achieve everything that I'm going to talk about with just meditation. But find what that feels like and then relearn how to do that through meditation, which I think is absolutely possible. And I remember a story that I had from someone who had been practicing meditation for 40 years and he met with me down in Peru to see my ayahuasca shaman. And after he finished doing the ayahuasca, he gave that shaman his meditation cushion, which he'd been sitting on for 40 years and shaman said, oh, no, no, no, no. You know, I can't take that, I can't take that. And what he said is he said, you know what? Really, most of the time I was meditating, I was just trying not to think about sex. And you showed me what I'm actually supposed to be feeling and supposed to be going forth with my meditation practice, so I want you to have this cushion. So he wasn't going to quit meditating, but to him it was a symbol of, aha, now I see the state that I'm going for and what's possible. So for me, the next escalation for meditation is flotation tanks. And that to me is like meditating on, you know, super-powered meditating. And what I've found is that people who have difficulty meditating, they'll naturally get in that state, in the float tanks, that they've never gotten before through meditation. And that is a state that allows you to access that higher consciousness. And this is a tank in Austin by my good friends at Zero Gravity. And so when you're in there, sometimes the visions come, sometimes different things happen, but you're generally able to get to that state and a lot of these other doctors will tell you what brainwave state that is and they know that a lot more. And that's the goal of all of these consciousness technologies, the state that you're able to achieve in meditation. And I'm just going to tell you a few things from my experience that might help you guys when you're talking to other people about it. One thing that I encountered is the first time I floated, I had a really difficult time with neck discomfort in that. And I have a uniquely shaped monkey body and for me, floating without a cushion was really uncomfortable. And the people facilitating said, oh, it's just because you're not relaxed enough, bro. And I was like, man, I was pretty relaxed. I'm pretty sure I was super relaxed. I was like, nah, bro, you just got to trust it. You're worried you're going to drown. I was like, I'm not worried I was going to drown. I've been swimming since I was six months old.  And I put this cushion behind my neck and alleviated that neck pain. And for me, the physiology just worked ideally and worked perfectly for me. And I was able to drop into that greater state. So I guess the caveat there is just, there are three different bodies and allow them to work with what works. And I heard that in a great speech earlier. I think that's an important lesson. Another thing for me is I noticed that the very first time I actually fell asleep in a float tank, it was not nearly as good as of an experience as when I was able to stay in that conscious, almost lucid state. So a lot of people get in there and they fall asleep and sure there's benefits for that. But if you're actually trying to access consciousness, well, sleep is a form of unconsciousness and it can be very restorative. But, you know, helping them to stay in that kind of conscious, lucid state, I think provides the most benefits. And, you know, one of the things that I know a lot of you guys who carry our products is you don't want caffeine, but the alpha brain that we sell is a cool tool for that. And I'm not just trying to pitch that. I really do think it's a beneficial tool for those trying to stay on that borderline of awake, not completely asleep, but not overstimulated. Well, so allowing these different tools to help people reach, you know, optimal states in the float tank, and I'm not going to talk to you guys about the rest of the potential. You know it, you're probably bigger experts than me. But to me, this is the first step in escalating somebody along this path of consciousness. And I'm just grateful for all the advances that you guys have made and all the work that you've done to allow, you know, us searchers to have these tools so close to home. So then the next technology and this is another one that's really safe and effective for people who are kind of wary of these plant medicines and these other more, you know, quote, extreme technologies that they might be a little bit more resistant to. Now, holotropic breathing got, you know, more well known when Dr. Stan Groff started talking about it, writing about it, holding workshops. But really it's a practice that's been around in yoga for thousands of years. You know, breath of fire, these different technologies that allow you to enter different states of consciousness through manipulation of the breath. Now, again, I'm not, you know, I'm not here as a science guy, I just talk from experience. And what happens is a similar state to what you would achieve in floating or what you would achieve with plant medicines when you work on this breath.  You'll end up feeling what they call tetany, which is kind of a contraction of some of your muscles in your hands. But what opens up is this greater state of consciousness from doing that practice. And again, you're not putting anything in your body or your breath, so it's a really good option for people looking to expand their consciousness without doing some of the more challenging work. There's another image of the breath. And I've had some amazing visions doing that breath work. But again, the more these technologies go on down the spectrum, the more important it is for the right set and setting, the right guide, the right person leading these because you are entering altered states of consciousness to a certain degree. And the gifts can be great, but it should be taken seriously and with good intent. Okay, so next to the plant medicine technologies. And this is something that I've been exploring since I was 18 years old out in the mountains of Mexico, working with the psilocybin shaman to the jungles of Peru with the ayahuasca shamans, and as I said, Buriti shamans in Costa Rica. And I'm just going to give you a brief synopsis here of what these tools are and how they can be useful in applying your life and kind of keeping in look. Now obviously these things aren't legal here in the states and I've done my best to go outside and find the legal venues for it, but that climate is changing and I think we're all aware that these tools are too powerful and the benefits are too great to be kept underground forever or forcing people to go out of country. Marijuana, that's the first one that's kind of come come aware. And again, I'm just going to talk to you for my personal experience. I think one of the great medicinal aspects of marijuana is body consciousness. It's really allowing yourself to get that X-ray vision inside your body seeing what's going on, analyzing how you feel, and being able to basically say, okay, this is what's happening within my body. Let me see if I need to make some changes. Let me see if I need to stretch more in this area, strengthen more part of this core. Really if you take that intent with it, I think it's a powerful tool for the body and I think that's one of the reasons why some different yoga schools have used it extensively throughout history as well is it really helps you get in touch with your body. And working with a skilled body worker, this is my friend in Arizona called Purangi, I've had some of the most profound experiences of my life accessing consciousness, getting body work done, combination of massage and different healing modalities, sound healing with the aid of marijuana. So yeah, sure it can be a lot of fun and we all know the recreational elements, but there's a medicinal component as well that I think when harnessed correctly can be really useful. Psilocybin, you know, this is another one that's come up. I know the Hefter Institute is doing some great research on psilocybin, both for palliative care at the end of life and also Johns Hopkins did a study that showed that people taking psilocybin had a top 5 life experience as when given administered psilocybin and without any of these negative side effects and the treatments for depression, all kinds of different things are there. And the mechanism of action is by filtering, is slowing down the blood to what's called the default mode network of the brain. And that's the network that actually gets slowed down as well in my experience in float tanks. All of those sensory input that we're filtering is this dangerous, is this safe? What's going on right now? Being able to quiet that for a minute allows more consciousness to go through those Venetian blinds. Aldous Huxley put together a theory that the brain isn't something that is actively going out and seeking perceptions it's actually filtering perceptions and so when you use these technologies you're opening those blinds to allow more information to come through those filters and I think mushrooms can be an effective tool for that. Again, setting those are all important to turn this from just a fun ride watching cartoons to actual medicine that you're able to use and access technology. Again, I like things that have a traditional history and the Mazatec mushroom healers there's Maria Sabina certainly held mushrooms in high regard the little sisters, the little allies and so that's a great case and example of how to use that technology. And anybody who's indulged sure there's maybe one or two of you out here in this crowd this is a great visionary artwork of how nature itself seems to come alive when you access those higher technologies. The next one, Iboga this is a really challenging medicine to work with and really extremely powerful and you know I could probably talk a couple hours about each of these things and I have on the Joe Rogan podcast and other venues but really quickly I think one of the benefits of Iboga is Iboga feels like you're an ant on a tuning fork and then the universe takes a tuning fork in its hand and goes and racks it and you have to adjust to the vibration of Iboga so one of the reasons why it's so effective in treating things like heroin addiction and all these other addictive processes is that it kind of recalibrates your vibrational whole energetic system and both from a physiological and psychological level and can be an extremely potent tool it's a 24 hour to upwards of 40 hour ride it's very uncomfortable but the benefits of that can be incredibly immense and these are the Buiti Shamans doing the work here in Gabon it looks pretty intense when you actually get out there to where it's from and this is some Iboga art also from the Ibondo tribe out there in the Buiti so a really powerful tool particularly useful for addictions coming off of opiates in particular I watched someone detox from heroin on Iboga therapy and it was really really powerful seeing someone come in full addict on heroin and then leave five days later completely different human being ayahuasca this is a big one you know I've come down I actually just recently got back from a trip from Peru where I was able to partake in the sacrament of ayahuasca and this one really allows you to tap into these greater collective consciousnesses whatever you think these are whether it's some part of your brain or some outward force that's all fine but the actionable items that you're able to take from that and the benefit that you're able to apply to your life is really can be quite immense and talking to people who've been down there you'll hear a lot of similar reports about the messages they receive and what they're striving to bring into their life after an ayahuasca ceremony this was my first shaman I photoshopped in the universe that didn't actually exist there but he was great he's Maestro Landachu and Dhamma that's the traditional instrument that they have there that bundle of leaves and you'd be surprised the magic wheel with the simple bundle of leaves and a few songs here's some of the visionary art that you see commonly from ayahuasca and then I'll keep blasting through one of the more recent ones that I've been aware of is Wachuma which actually comes from ancient Shavin which is a civilization that flourished in the last major pulse of consciousness which flourished around 1500 BC an actual place and for a thousand years there was no arms or armaments the historical archaeological record around Shavin and the reason was that Shavin didn't have a hierarchy of power it basically had a group of people who administered the Wachuma which is from the San Pedro Cactus they administered Wachuma to anybody who had come the pilgrims, anybody in the area and for an unparalleled amount of time in history there was peace in the pre-Andean civilization and this was the foundation for the Incas and the other forces that came along and this shows the power that when these consciousness technologies are adopted and floating as I said is one of these great technologies when that gets mainstream adopted widespread change can happen the history of the world was racked with war and all of these different tales of conquests and power struggles and then for one pocket in one area because a group of people in Shavin who came out of the rainforest and offered this sacrament they were able to be strong enough and pervasive enough and elevating enough people's consciousness that for a thousand years there's no historical record of war and that's factual so the Shavin using Shavin as an example I think this is the Mesa from down in Peru where I go work with the medicine and that's the administer Don Howard and he basically has been working with this medicine and different medicines for 50 years and carries the lineage of Shavin but it just shows the power that it originally can happen when people are plugged into their own higher consciousness so what's the point of all this for me as I said this has been an integral in creating on it which is a thriving business it's been integral in unlocking the keys to my full happiness, my full health my full potential but there's a greater purpose too inevitably when people explore consciousness as I'm sure all you guys have there's a calling for greater good as they say down where I go to para el bien de todos for the good of all and that seems to be instilled because we are empathic loving creatures at heart and we have a lot of things in our mind and our ego and things that block this but when we get plugged into that higher consciousness we love one another and we want this experiment this grand design and this brilliant blue planet we want this to go on and we want this to exist and one of my visions I had when I was down there on the wachuma I had a vision and a visitation from what felt like mother earth herself and again I'm not going to get into the debate whether this really was mother earth or whether it's my mind but she said in my voice she showed me a lot of the things that were going bad with the planet and I said what can I do what can I do to help and she said just plug people into their higher consciousness get them plugged in and I'll take care of the rest and so for me that's been my mission and it's just helping people find the tools whatever they may be initially to get out of pain to get more energy to get back in their body and then access greater greater consciousness through these technologies and floating is one of the best and I believe should be one of the most widespread utilizations of this because it has the lowest barrier to entry extremely high chance of success no risk and no legal ramifications against it so again thank you so much for what you're doing here to be a humble servant on the path as all you guys are as well and hope to continue pushing the industry and seeing what else is possible for this planet and that's it, thanks everybody


You must have seen ice melting into water and then water evaporating into water vapor. Matter can change its state. And in this video, we will look at what happens inside matter when it changes its state. What happens to the particles of matter when there is a change in state. So to begin with, we have a beaker with some ice in it and there is a thermometer attached to it. And we will start heating up, start heating this block of ice. Now as it heats up, the temperature in the thermometer rises and it teaches a certain point. This is a point when all the ice that we see, it starts changing, starts changing into water. Now at the particle level, at the particle level if we zoom in, so let's say we have, we have ice to begin with and we have all of these ice particles. There will be many ice particles because it's a solid rate, so we will be tightly packed. There are all of these, all of these particles of ice. Initially they are vibrating, they are vibrating about their position, but when you supply heat, it increases its kinetic energy. So it means they start vibrating faster. They start vibrating faster about their, about their position. And as you keep on supplying heat energy, there comes a stage when these particles are able to break, break these forces of attraction between them and as a result move around more freely. That is when solid starts changing into liquid. When, when ice starts changing into water, what is observed is that the temperature remains at zero degrees Celsius. So ice starts changing into water, the temperature remains at zero, even if you're supplying heat and then until and unless all of the ice has been changed to water, the temperature doesn't increase. It stays at zero degrees Celsius. This temperature right here, this is called the melting point. Melting point is the minimum temperature at which a solid starts changing into liquid. If the melting point is higher, let's say if for some substance melting point is 50 degrees Celsius, then it means that it has a stronger force of attraction between its particles. So it needs more energy to break them, right? But for ice, it's zero degrees Celsius. Now when ice starts changing into water, even if you supply heat, the temperature remains at zero degrees Celsius until all of the ice has been melted. That is because all the extra energy that is being transferred, all the extra heat energy, is used up by these particles to overcome, to break all of these forces of attraction, all of these forces of attraction. When all of these forces of attraction have been broken down, when the particles have overcome these forces of attraction, when all of them start moving about freely, then again the temperature starts rising. So we've reached a liquid state. Now when you keep on heating it, the temperature rises further and there comes a point when the water starts boiling. And boiling is a bulk phenomenon, which means it happens throughout the body of the liquid. The water starts boiling, water particularly boils at 100 degrees Celsius. This is the boiling point. And boiling point is the minimum temperature at which a substance, at which a liquid changes into vapor, into gas. Again, when you keep on supplying heat to liquid, the particles that are already moving around freely, they start moving with a higher kinetic energy. They break the force of attraction that are present between the particles in a liquid and they move around with a higher, with a higher kinetic energy. So we see as there is a change in the arrangement of particles that gets reflected in the state of a substance. When particles are closely packed, then it's a solid, solid state. When the particles gain enough, enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction, that is when they break these forces between them and become a liquid. And on further providing heat, the particles further gain kinetic energy and turn into a gas. So on increasing temperature, you can go from solid to liquid to gas for any substance. Now let's have a gas in this piston. So we have seen how temperature affects change in state. Now let's see how pressure can affect change in state. So we have a gas in the system. This is a piston and what we will do is we will decrease the volume of this. So we will push the piston down. We will push it down. And as it pushes, as we push it down, we see that the particles, they now come closer to each other, right? Because there is less volume in the container. And as they come closer and closer to each other, gas turns into a liquid. We need to also ensure that there is low temperature in this system. There is low temperature as well. So here when we have increased the pressure on increasing the pressure, they are so close to each other that they start attracting each other. There is an inter-monuclear force. They start attracting each other. All the particles attract each other and then they move around freely. That is how gases can be liquefied. So even increasing pressure has an effect on the change in state of a substance. One example of this is solid-carbon dioxide. Solid-carbon dioxide is stored under high pressure. And when solid CO2 is brought into contact with atmospheric pressure, that is one atmosphere, then it directly changes into gas. So increasing pressure can liquefy gases, can also solidify gases. And when you decrease pressure, the opposite happens, just like in the case of solid carbon dioxide.


Friends, welcome back to my channel and welcome if you're new here. Today is another collab video. So we are front and center in my kitchen because today I'm here to share with you my favorite snacks during quarantine. So some of the things that I've really been enjoying, my favorite snacks, the things I've been eating to keep me on track during this time at home. I wanna thank Liz over at 23 Point Today for hosting today's collab. Make sure you check out all of the other channels that are participating in this collab down in the description box below.  So let's jump right in to my favorite snacks during quarantine. It's going to be my favorite snack. I've been having this literally almost every single day. What I am having is one half of a cup of good culture full fat cottage cheese. Oh my gosh, this is my favorite cottage cheese in the world. And I am taking one serving and sometimes half of a serving of Mary's Gone crackers, which is such a clean whole food cracker loaded with seeds and nuts. They're so incredibly delicious. And I take those crackers and I dip them in my cottage cheese, usually sprinkle a little bit of pepper over that. And it is such an amazing snack. I'm getting a dose of protein and carbs so it keeps me nice and satisfied.  My second snack that I've been loving when I'm craving just something on the sweet side is built bar. These are my very, very favorite protein bars ever. I love them. They range from three to four smart points. They're loaded with protein, fat and fiber so they keep you nice and full, especially any of the nut based bars. So the peanut butter or the peanut butter brownie, both of those keep you nice and full because of that added fat, protein and fiber. One of my favorite things to do with built bar, if I'm not eating them directly from the refrigerator or freezer is to pop them in the microwave for about 10 to 20 seconds, depending on your microwave, and they come out ooey gooey. The peanut butter brownie legit is like a ooey gooey brownie. So I've been loving that if I'm really craving something sweet but I want some protein to keep me full and satisfied. Another snack I've been obsessed with are hummus and pretzels. I have a very favorite hummus and that is the Hope hummus. It has excellent, excellent, clean ingredients and bonus, you get three tablespoons for the smart points of two tablespoons of traditional hummus. It is so good. I love the kale and the pesto, the roasted garlic. You can't go wrong with any of the Hope hummus. And what I like to do is take one serving of that for two smart points and I grab a serving of these butternut squash pretzels. These pretzels are so good you guys. They are a spin on a traditional pretzel with better ingredients and bonus, you're getting a little dose of veggies in your pretzels. So I take these pretzels and dip them directly into my hummus. It is such an amazing snack. You can also sub cucumber spears which is another thing I love to do and those are zero points. So the only thing you're having to count points for is the hummus. You dip those spears in the Hope hummus and again, an amazing satisfying snack. And the last snack I wanna share with you is again, something if you're craving something sweet but you want a little bit of protein to keep you full. So I've been loving putting together parfaits. So what I do is I use any type of yogurt of your choosing. My preference is either the Siggy's yogurt or the two good yogurt. So I take one container of that. I also take one smart cake and you can really get any flavor. They're all one smart point apiece. They are delicious. They have great ingredients and you can't beat a little cake with a sugary crumb coating for only one smart point.  My code here on the screen gets you 10% off so you can head on over and order some smart cakes and recreate this parfait because it's amazing. So I do crumble up one of those smart cakes and then lastly I top it with a little bit of this so delicious cocoa whip which is my very favorite whipped topping. It has great ingredients, no carrageenan or emulsifiers or anything I don't want to put into my body but it's super sweet and I get asked a lot if it tastes like coconut. I don't think so. I think it tastes like whipped cream. It is so good. So I have two points for my yogurt, one point for my smart cake, one point for my cocoa whip. This is a four smart point snack and I'm getting that little bit of sweet but I'm also backing that up with the protein in both the smart cake and in the yogurt. So those are my four go-to snacks while I'm in quarantine. I generally have most of these ingredients on hand. They're things I pick up pretty regularly at the local grocery store and also things I order pretty regularly offline.  If you are new to Bilt Bar, there is a special link for you where you get $10 off of your first order instead of the 10%. That's a killer deal. That makes the Bilt Bars less than a dollar a piece which is a smoking deal for a protein bar.  Again, thank you for coming over. If you came from another channel, let me know down in the comments what channel you came over from and if you head over to one of the other participants in today's collab, make sure you let them know that I sent you. So if you're new, welcome, welcome. I'd love for you to stick around, subscribe, ring that little bell so you're notified whenever a new video is uploaded. Give this one a big thumbs up if you like getting these fantastic snack ideas. Don't forget to check out all of the other channels down below. Thanks to Liz again at 23 points a day for putting together this collab. It was a fun one and I can't wait to watch all of the videos for countless snack ideas. Thank you again so much for watching and I'll see you all next time. Bye guys.


M 때문 i wyf, ac rywbong塞!  So, sefydliadau yw'r ystafell. As we all know, it goes from a level 4 to a level 5 criteria, marking criteria, and this is just more detail basically. You need to be critically analysing all of the time, whether it's physiology, whether it's exams, whether it's assignments, all of that. You need to be not just describing things, you need to be analysing things, so you need to be picking things apart, looking at the pros and cons of everything.  Also, your references all need to be evidence-based, so everything you say has to be evidence-based. It's going to be a lot more research-based, so go out there, look for studies and all of the evidence that says this is what you're saying. You have to back up what you're saying with evidence, and this is because, as nurses, this is what we have to do. We have to use the best evidence out there that says this works, this is why it works, these are the studies that have said it works, and this is why we do what we do, and that's what we need to show in your assignments basically, if that makes sense. However, I do feel like there's a bit of a gap between first year and second year with the level 4 and level 5 jump, because I don't remember in first year towards the end of first year ever really being sort of eased into level 5 marking criteria, there was no real explanation of it, but as you go into second year, they do explain that, well they did with us anyway, they sort of explain that, they explain the criteria, the marking criteria is visually online for us as well, so we know what they're marking and how to get those A stars, we just need to put it into practice. But just to prepare you for second year, I would just google, I would YouTube critical analysis how to do that properly in assignments, if I can find the links, I will post them below in the details, have a look at that, and hopefully they'll help you with that, just make sure all of your references are more research based journals, forget websites and things like that. Level 5, level 6 marking criteria is that step up, so we need to be using evidence, research, we need to be going on Cochrane Library, Sinal, Summon, whatever you use to find your evidence based practice and research papers, if you have to go on Google Scholar as well they always advise not to, but actually sometimes you find a really good paper sometimes on Google Scholar, but then go through the link to find the original source, not just Google Scholar, so then when you're referencing it, you're referencing it from the journal or the Cochrane Library or something, the proper place they originated from rather than put in Google Scholar 2019, don't do that, just yeah have a look at that. Same with your physiology, so your physiology, you want to know why everything's going on in the body, so when someone's got asthma why can't they breathe, why they're having that wheezy sound, you want to rationalise everything and you want to be thinking about your nursing interventions and monitoring, so if you have a patient in front of you that has asthma, what are you going to do and why, why would you give salbutamol, why would you give oxygen, why would you not give oxygen, what sort of mask would you use, what does the evidence say on that, what does the nice guidelines say, you want to rationalise everything because when you're practising as a nurse you need to be confident that you can rationalise and justify the interventions you're given to your patient to save their life and not put them at harm and that's what it's all about, keeping your patient safe, alive and getting them better again, so you want to do that in, I know for our exams this is what it's all about, whether at other universities they do different things, I'm not 100% sure what other universities do but for us we have case study patients like I've talked about in previous vlogs and we need to rationalise and justify everything why we're doing it and actually what's physically going on in the body with the cells, the mucus, all of that, the goblet cells producing the mucus, we need to know every single detail why it's happening, what the body responses and how other nurses are going to fix it and why the rationalising asian and the justification of that and that is up level five six, that's basically it, so I think my tips for preparing for second year is like I said look up critical analysis if you don't know already and you're not used to it, have a look, how to do it, get used to doing it, look at different research papers as well and see if you can work out what critical analysis is just from reading theirs, I would go on database searching so I'd go on Cochrane Library, get your head around Cochrane Library if you've never used it before, get your head around what an actual research paper looks like so you'll have your abstract, you'll have your methods section, you'll have your results section, it's like a proper study that's physically been done in one way or another, I would also look at maybe some more physiology in depth, just top up your knowledge with the physiology and keep on top of it because sometimes when you haven't been at uni for a while, when you've had a break, you're doing other things and you sort of forget some things and if you don't keep on top of it you sort of feel like you've took a step back a little bit sometimes so just keep it on top of the physiology as well and that's not just for second year, that's for third year as well, keep on top of the physiology so when you go back into it and you've got the exam coming up it doesn't seem as much as a shock but my biggest tip of all which I've said before and I say regularly to people, organisation, you have to be organised for second year, second year for me is the heaviest year for workload, it is all given to you so you're going to want to make sure you're on top of everything as soon as you have something launched, a module launched, you've got your assignment brief, you've got your assignment guide, look at it and start it, take a look at it, start something on it, start researching around the topic that your assignment's on, get ahead of yourself even before they've started teaching you because at least if you get ahead of yourself and you start you're a bit more of a head then and then as they're teaching it you can sort of adjust and tweak things as you go and that's just I think for me that's how I deal with things, that's how I do it, it's far better to be organised and on top of things and not falling behind and doing things last minute but I know some people can't do that, I know a lot of you are lastminute.com and will literally just knock out assignments the night before, I bow to you, I don't know how you do it, I can't do it, I wish I could do it but I can't, I do like to get it done out of the way and I don't stress about it but if you are that person that's fine do what you do best but do you know what everything is hard until you know how to do it, does that make sense? So something is hard because it's unfamiliar to you, you don't know it, you've never heard of let's just say a goblet cell before, you don't know what it is, you don't know what it does and then you struggle with it, you find it challenging but actually it's not really a challenge it's just that you don't know it yet and then when you revise it and you do it it gets easier, it gets better, you understand it and then you're like ah it wasn't such a challenge after all I do know this because now I've revised and learnt it and that's just like life if you want to play a guitar it's really hard and you haven't got a clue how to play a guitar I'm talking about myself now I don't know how to play a guitar but if I wanted to go out and play the guitar I would YouTube it, I would get lessons and I would slowly build up until I can actually play a chord and then I will strum a song or a tune or something and I will eventually know how to play the guitar but at the start it'd be hard, it'd be challenging because I don't know it yet, it's unfamiliar and that is just life in general so I think what I'm trying to say is exams are only hard if you don't know it but if you put the work in, if you put the grafting, if you revise it you will know it so when you get the question you're like I know this tick done mark and that's what it's all about the more you put in the more you put into this degree the more hard work you put in the more revision you do you're going to smash it and it's not easy it is tough it's really hard to balance life and workloads and everything but once you get into a rhythm and a flow of doing things and you put the work in you're going to see those results and it's going to be amazing and I'm going to say along with organization prioritisation so know your deadlines know what's due in first and do that first before anything else sometimes it's really hard to do that I fully understand that because lately I've been all over my dissertation which isn't due till October and my poster presentation got left behind a little bit which is due in in September so now I've sort of swapped them around and now I'm on my poster presentation and my dissertation's taken a step back so prioritize everything prioritize your workload organize it dedicate so many hours in the day to each thing if you want just come up with your own way of doing things and you'll be fine you stop stressing you'll be fine you're going to be amazing second year isn't that bad it was tough the workload was tough it was stressful but you know what I got through it just like every other student has got through it we've all passed there are students that unfortunately didn't pass first time they smashed it the next time and that's okay if you don't pass you don't pass at least you will have all of the feedback you'll have the support they're put in place to smash it next time and it's going to be amazing so please don't panic about that it does happen it's not uncommon for people to not pass things and it's okay it doesn't mean that you're a bad nurse it doesn't mean that you're going to be rubbish it doesn't mean that you're going to fail the whole degree it just means that you need to take on the feedback and smash it next time I've always been so focused on getting my first now I've taken a step back I don't care I'm not going to get my first now and that's okay because I know out there on practice I've been smashing it my placements I've been smashing my placements I know that I've saved lives I know that I've recognised deteriorating patients and I know I'm going to be a safe nurse and hopefully an amazing mentor to somebody one day hopefully I'm so excited for that so please don't please don't just don't erase it get it over with that's it but yes sidetracks anyway overall second year is amazing second year was genuinely my favourite year out of all of these years because I loved all of the modules ours was community based which you all know I am a community nurse through and through I love it so I was really happy to get that and it was up a step so it was thinking critically and it was thinking about rationalising my own decisions my nursing decisions which I loved I love backing up things with evidence it's amazing and I really genuinely loved second year as hard as it was as tough as it was as much as the workload went up the level went up it was fine it I found it really good but I know not everybody is in this boat and I know a lot of students hate second year a lot of students really struggle second year I know a lot of students that have failed mainly second year but that doesn't mean that you are going to be that person that doesn't mean that you're going to hate second year it doesn't mean that you're going to struggle second year as long as you're organised and go into second year with a really positive mind positive attitude don't think about the negatives take on each day manage things bite size chunk by chunk you're going to be amazing please don't worry and if you do find yourself worrying if you do find yourself stressed if you're crying if you're having a mental breakdown if you're about to quit come and talk to me message me please inbox me I'm there for you I'm going to tell you how amazing you are you can blim and do this and I'm going to get you going again so please do not even think about ever quitting anything until you've spoken to me because I'm going to get you back on there and you're going to be fine and you're going to be an amazing nurse and I think that's it I can't think of anything else any advice I can really give for second year just the workload does go up and be organised but apart from that there's not much else you can do to prepare for second year other than what I've said anyone else is in third year now or at the end of second year has any advice tips anything please please please comment below for other people let us know your experience as well because not we don't all have the same experiences throughout university everybody is different so it'd be really nice to see the different opinions and comments and things with second year but it's really nice to give helpful advice and tips for other people that might be struggling and to tell your story as well to show that they're not in this alone and that we all do go through that so yeah but that is it from me for today I shall see you next week and I hope you have an amazing day amazing week and keep smiling


Hello and welcome to this presentation of the paper Countermeasures Against Static Power Attacks, Comparing Exhaustive Logic Balancing and Other Protection Schemes in 28nm CMOS. My name is Thor Mos and this is a joint work with my advisor Amir Muradi from the Ruhi University Borum. This presentation deals with static power side channel attacks. In the past few editions of chess, multiple works have been presented which showed that the standby power of CMOS chips, which is also called the static power consumption, reveals information about internally stored and processed data. In consequence, it has been demonstrated that this side channel can be used to successfully extract secrets from cryptographic devices in order to circumvent critical security features. There are a number of differences between this side channel and the much more frequently exploited dynamic power consumption of CMOS ICs. First of all, the standby power of CMOS chips was extremely small in the past when ICs were still manufactured in technology generations of 200 or 300nm. However, with the downscaling of the technology, the leakage currents became larger and larger and now they consume a pretty significant share of the power budget of devices in current nanometer technologies. Therefore, static power attacks may not have been relevant in the past, but they are certainly relevant now. The second difference to the dynamic power consumption is that adversaries can amplify the leakage of information to a large extent by increasing the working temperature and the supply voltage of the device under test. For many physical adversaries, it is possible to influence these outside factors. While a traditional power analysis attacker can only exploit secret values at the time they are actively processed in the circuit, aesthetic power adversary can extract information as long as the data of interest is present anywhere in the circuit. Finally, if an attacker obtains clock control or if the data of interest remains present in the circuit for a longer period of time, without being operated on, measurements with an extremely low noise level can be collected due to simple averaging over time. This example here illustrates the main security problem in a pretty simple manner. What we see here is a table listing the leakage currents conducted by a common two-input NOR gate and 22 nanometer technology for different logical values of its input signals A1 and A2. It is obvious that the leakage currents conducted through the cell in a stable state heavily depend on the input signals. Leakage tables like this one exist in each standard cell library for any cell. Here the leakage current for input combination 01 is more than 4 times larger than the leakage for input combination 11. Such a strong data dependency is exactly the reason why adversaries can exploit the standby power to extract hidden internal information from CMOS chips. Here is another example in the same technology node, but for a D-type flip-flop. Interestingly, the leakage current of the flip-flop does not only depend on the inputs D and the clock, but also on the output value Q, which can be independent of the current value of D. Typically, the registers are not the main drivers of the information leakage, but it is important to remember this output dependency for the countermeasures we explain later. While all previous experimental works on the subject have concentrated on exploiting the static power consumption in the most clever or easy way, we focus here on the constructive side and develop, practically evaluate and compare a number of countermeasures against this threat. And we do this with the help of a 28 nanometer ASIC that we have specifically designed and manufactured for this exact purpose. The countermeasures that we introduce and analyze in the following will all be applied to a very compact serialized hardware implementation of the block cipher present 80, which you can see on this slide. It essentially consists of one 4-bit S-Box circuit, a state and key register and a bit of control logic. And that's all. Now let's take a look at the hiding countermeasures we have evaluated in this work. To be honest, this first one can barely be called a countermeasure at all. It is more of a design strategy that reduces the leakage. Namely, in modern CMOS libraries, standard cells typically exist in multiple different versions with different threshold voltages to fully take advantage of the latency versus leakage tradeoff. Cells with a higher threshold voltage have a larger latency but consume a lower standby power. Therefore, implementing cryptographic algorithms using only such high threshold voltage cells should reduce the exploitable signal that is available to static power adversaries. The second countermeasure is the most simple form of shuffling, namely random start index shuffling. Here in each round, a 4-bit random number decides which state and key nibble are passed through the S-Box circuit first to start the rotation from that point. As a result, state nibble 5, for example, is processed at different points in time in each recorded measurement. While the exact timing and alignment of traces is not as important for static power adversaries as for dynamic power adversaries, it still leads to the situation that state nibble 5, for example, is present in a different circuit part each measurement, which consequently creates noise and reduces the measurement quality. The third countermeasure we evaluate is called symmetric dual ray logic in short SDRL. Essentially, each gate in the circuit is duplicated and the duplicated cell receives the inverted input. This technique is based on the assumption that each cell leaks a current exactly according to a leakage table like the one we have seen previously for the NOR gate and the D flip-flop. Under this assumption, the balanced inverter is actually secure in the sense that an adversary cannot distinguish whether input i is 0 or 1. Because in both cases, one inverter receives a 0 and one inverter receives a 1 and the cumulative current does not give any information about which inverter receives which input. In reality, of course, there are tiny differences between the leakage of two instantiations of the same cell due to intradial process variations, aging effects and via imbalances of the connected signals. However, these effects are expected to have a rather small impact on the static leakage in stable states, which is why the estimation of the leakage currents using such leakage tables is common practice in IC design. For the NOR gate and the flip-flop, however, the balancing is not optimal even without considering differences between multiple instantiations of the same cell. For the NOR gate, for example, the input combination 00 for A1 and A2 can still be distinguished from the input combination 01. Yet a reduction of the exploitable signal is expected. The next countermeasure we have considered in our comparison is called quadruple algorithmic symmetrizing in short quadsiel. It has been proposed as a countermeasure against both dynamic and static power analysis attacks. Essentially, quadsiel quadruples the unprotected circuit, while in three of the four copies the S-box table is modified as detailed on this slide. Then a random permutation of inputs, keys, inverted inputs and inverted keys is selected from 24 possibilities and the values are given to the four circuits. The idea behind quadsiel is to balance all hamming weights and distances occurring in a cypher implementation and rotating the inputs to the balanced structures to account for remaining dependencies due to process variations, aging effects and pass imbalances. The final hiding countermeasure we analyze is called exhaustive logic balancing in short ELB. This countermeasure has been newly developed for this work and is essentially a logical continuation of the SDRL technique. Here we make the same assumption as previously, namely that each standard cell instantiation leaks exactly according to its corresponding leakage table. Then we build the balanced versions of the standard cells in such a manner that under the set assumption the leakage current should be perfectly constant and independent of the applied signals. For the NOR gate you can see the result here. In order to gain a better impression of the logical behavior of this circuit we have denoted exemplary input values here. For A1 and A2 being both zero, we have two inverters receiving a zero and two inverters receiving a one. One NOR receiving a zero zero, one receiving a zero one, another one receiving a one zero and the last one receiving a one one. In fact the same holds for any combination of A1 and A2. Take a look here, here and here. Of course we now need to replace each NOR gate in the implementation we want to protect by a circuit containing four inverters and four NOR gates, which leads to quite some overhead. By the way, the ZN outputs which are not needed can simply be left unconnected. The situation is even more complex for the D flip-flop. We have seen earlier that a D flip-flop not only leaks about D but also about Q. Since Q is an output, we cannot apply the same technique as for the NOR gate. Instead we need to choose the input values for the four flip-flops as a function of their output values. When focusing only on balancing the D and Q pins of the flip-flops for the moment, we can achieve balanced input-output combinations using the circuit below. Let's look at some values again. If in the previous cycle D was zero and in this cycle D is zero again, then we have all possible D and Q combinations from zero zero to one one represented. And again the same is true for all other possibilities. See here, here and here. Up to now we have ignored the data-dependent leakage of the three input X NOR gate and the two inverters. In order to make them independent of the applied signal values, we have to change the circuit like this. Here each ELB NOR is one of the balanced NOR gates constructed previously. It is clear that replacing each flip-flop in a circuit by this huge structure leads to a very significant area overhead. However, assuming the simplified model of a table-based leakage current, we are able to construct arbitrary circuits with a constant and data-independent leakage current. Now we have also considered a masking scheme to combine with the height-encounter measures detailed before. In fact, we have chosen a simple threshold implementation of the serialized present 80 cipher. This implementation uses three shares and a decomposed S-box to offer first-order side-channel security. In the following, we quickly present the target device we have designed and the measurement setup for the practical experiments. Here you can see the 28 nanometer CMOS chip we have developed for this investigation. On the left the layout is presented and on the right a microscope photography of the manufactured and bonded die of the ASIC is shown. Each side of the chip is only 1.3 millimeters long. For those of you who wonder what CASA is, this is the name of the excellence cluster at the Ruhi University Buchum through which this research project was funded in the last years. These 11 different present cores are implemented on the ASIC and their post-layout area consumption is listed in the table. Additionally, we have calculated the overhead factor for the application of each of the countermeasures in comparison to the unprotected circuit. While the random start index shuffling is comparably cheap to apply, the balancing techniques already cause an overhead factor of 4 to 8. Combined with the threshold implementation, which itself causes about a three-fold area increase, the exhaustive logic balancing comes at an overhead factor of about 23. Of course, this is very significant but the 60,000 gate equivalents might still be reasonable for a well-protected crypto primitive in some applications. This illustration shows the experimental setup we have used to analyze the cipher implementations on our ASIC. The chip sits on a board and is placed inside a climate chamber to increase its working temperature to 90 degrees Celsius. The ASIC is powered through a source measure unit which supplies an increased voltage and measures the current drawn by the ASIC when the cipher operation is stopped at the end of the first round for about 100 milliseconds. Here are two pictures of the source measure unit and the ASIC sitting on our custom measurement board. I don't have the time to show all practical results that are included in the full paper, but here are the most important parts of it. In the first step, we have performed leakage assessment in a fixed versus fixed manner. The left side of the slide shows the results for the unprotected circuit on top, for the shuffled circuit in the middle and for the ELB circuit on the bottom. The right side shows the results for the same hiding countermeasures in the same order, but combined with the threshold implementation. For each experiment, a histogram of the two fixed groups is shown in addition to a t-test and a g-square test result. It is obvious that the unmasked circuits all show detectable leakage in the first order. Although the two groups are harder to distinguish for the ELB measurements, it is still very possible. The masked variants show neither first nor second order leakage. It has been shown in previous works already that three-share threshold implementations are mostly vulnerable in the third order with respect to static power adversaries. And the masked variant with out-hiding countermeasure and the shuffled TI indeed show significant detectable leakage in the third order. However, the two fixed groups measured for the combination of ELB and TI seem to be indistinguishable using half a million measurements. After the leakage assessment we also performed key recovery attacks in order to determine how many measurements are required to reliably extract key information. This number of observations is listed as data complexity or DC here. Clearly the most effective combined countermeasure is also the most expensive one, namely exhaustive logic balancing applied to a threshold implementation. The corresponding attack requires about 3 million traces which took more than 90 hours of nonstop measurements to acquire. In addition to the absolute DC values we have also listed DC per gate equivalence here to judge the cost effectiveness. The most cost effective combination is actually the shuffled threshold implementation which is about 6 times cheaper than the ELB threshold implementation. It also becomes clear from the table that neither hiding nor masking alone provide a sufficient security level against this kind of attacker and that combined countermeasures are certainly required. To conclude we have seen once again that the standby power of CMOS chips reveals secrets to potential adversaries. We have provided a first comprehensive comparison of countermeasures against static power attacks and did so with a dedicated test chip in an advanced CMOS technology generation. By doing this we have learned that neither hiding nor masking alone seem to protect sufficiently against this threat but also that strong protection can be achieved using combined countermeasures. However, those typically come at a significant price in terms of area overhead. Thank you very much for your attention. If there are any questions feel free to ask them during the live session at chess 2021 on September 17th. See you there!


Hi everyone, Joe for jazby's casewrakes.com coming at you with 2022 tops chrome black baseball 12 box pick your team number 12 A lot of great stuff in here Fresh case big thanks to this group for making it happen Here on Monday the 16th If you have a little rooftop next to your name little carrot next to your name That means you won that spot in the filler pack we did in the previous video And if you have a star next to your name, that means that was the last team taken Last spot mojo some people say 70% of the time last spot mojo hits 100% of the time pop this case open. Let's see See what we can get out of here Looks like this Cowboys Buccaneers game is over cowboys up 31 to 6 740 left in the fourth suppose barring an Epic collapse Looks like Dallas is gonna win this one pretty comfortably. All right. Good luck There's a Spencer Torkelson rookie card and a Jonathan India 19 out of 25 for the Reds. It's gonna go to Howard.  I start Madrigal Contreras and Ryan Vellad 24 out of 75 Greg and the Rockies the encased card Looks like an orange parallel 7 out of 25 Jose L2 veil a little color match there with the Astros Jeremy with the Stroze Yeah, I'm watching the game to rocket. I've got it on T. I got a TV here And we've got a Max Scherzer goal taken to the max 23 out of 50. Oh Jacob. We're a little early on this in the break to be asking We got a long ways to go my friend We're only three boxes in Play of the whistle we like to say here. You got a gold keep Ryan Hayes 10 out of 50 What are the odds these cards get graded PSA 9 or higher? I Don't know. I don't know. Are people actually cracking the encased ones open Getting those graded. Yeah, maybe maybe you could I think if it's like a flawless encased card I don't think people are cracking those open, but maybe the Okay in these You've seen some cracking graded. I mean, I would imagine Imagine they were great on nicely Chad saying he graded a one-soto and got it 10 There's Louise Gill 62 out of 199 your next encased is Christian Pache 120 out of 150 for the Oakland A's It's gonna go to DIY and oak town fifth box brand Martian is Philly's gear Bobby Wood, Jr. And Hoy Park 26 out of 50 gold for the Pirates It's gonna be for DMAC And the Bobby Wood, Jr. Rookie card will go to Michael and the Royals And are these cases maybe maybe with the with the bigger rookie card logo? And I've got Reed Detmer's Rookie auto for Mark and the halos box six and we got to teased, Jr 115 out of 199 for the friars will be for Tristan and the next encased card Good luck everybody is Jim Rice Got old-school Jim Rice here going to Howard and the Red Sox Not sure what what with the prospect level of Hoy Park is I don't think he was I don't think he was like a big highly-todd international prospect Halfway through the break second half and we got Alec Bohm 187 out of 199 for the fight and fills TJ with the Phillies You're encased card Got a rookie it's Videl Bruhan Tampa Bay Rays and That is for Jacob last bot mojo See there are the Rays Bryce Harper Cal Raleigh and we got John Carlo Stanton 90 out of 99 for Barry and the Yankees is Mark McGuire big Mac for DY and the A's Yeah, I do too the colors on the parallel they really pop Sharp-looking set Next case is in the store Jasper's case rakes calm. I got Ronzi Contreras purple 43 out of 150 that's for Darren and the Pirates got some gold here It's Carlos Delgado 17 out of 50. Nice Anthony with the Blue Jays right three boxes to go fingers crossed. Good luck everybody and we got a Videl Bruhan 34 out of 199 for Jacob and the Rays Love those aqua parallels. They really pop in this set That is gonna be 18 out of 99 Colton Welker Rookie Otto for the Rockies that's gonna go to Gregman the Rocks All right two parallels here. You got a key Brian Hayes and a Nick Madrigal the Cabrion Hayes 35 out of 99 for Darren and the Pirates The Nick Madrigal purple for Jeremy and the Cubs That's 143 out of 150 in cased is Ryan Mountcastle 15 out of 150 as Ed P with the O's All right fingers crossed everybody final box coming up Pick your team 12 Next pick your team in the sore right now. Just piece case rakes calm. Let's run it back. All right. Good luck everyone Duran Got a yord on Alvarez blue and another Ryan Mountcastle To 150 It's for Ed and the Orioles the yord on Alvarez will go to Jeremy and the Astros 54 out of 75 and The final encased card fingers crossed. Good luck everybody It's gonna be Adolas Garcia Walter with the Rangers There you go everyone. I'm Joe for jaskies case rakes calm. Thanks for watching. Thanks for breaking with us I will see you next time for the next baseball break