And now, I will open the floor for your question and remark. So please. Yes, James. Hi, I'm James Fuller from You and Your White. I'm obviously a CG model myself, so I'm looking to go. But let me be that paid devil's advocate. What I see from Chaz's presentation is that he's laid down the gauntlet for the last two presenters there. So Chaz has been saying that, actually, you can't just pick one climate change scenario. You need to be looking at all 56. And even the 56 may not be good enough. It may not be a true reflection of the distribution. So maybe you could reflect a little bit on the motivations. You can mention the world bank. And why you picked that particular scenario and what concerns you have. I worry a little bit. We know once the climate change community there's this worry about false precision, that you do lots of downscaling, but on one scenario. And you miss the fact that it's the variation between the scenarios where the true story is. I worry that if we go down and I'm doing it myself, we go down to the sub-national regions. That's false precision from us economists, particularly if we're not taking in the proper climate change, the full range of the climate change scenarios. And my second issue is this. I saw both of you were talking a lot about variation and the impact as the crop yields had variation in this now, but you're basing this on two scenarios. Where is that variation coming from? Is it year on year variation from the climate projections? In which case I worry that that's weather. That's not climate change. I mean, a lot of the fluctuation year on year that you see in the climate change models out in 2050. That's just an assumption that the future variation repeats itself. So what you're looking at when you show your box and whiskered flux is not climate change variation. That you get from variations across the climate change scenarios, it's weather variations. And that's historical. That's not climate change. I'm James Bresinger from Ifpre. Thanks first of all for these very good presentations. I'm now referring to the two country case studies using a CGE model as well. And I noticed that post studies focus very much on the local effects on climate change, like looking at those countries specifically while not looking very much at the rest of the world. Now, some of our projections, actually, most of the projections from Ifpre and others show that climate change obviously happens worldwide and it affects other countries as well. So the projections show that global food prices are very likely to go up because all countries are affected through lower rain, higher temperature, lower yield. There's only so much land to expand to. So I was wondering, especially in Middle Eastern countries that are net food importing countries, Turkey maybe not to that extent, are we not missing part of the story if we are not also taking the global effects into account both in macroeconomic terms but also on the household level? Other questions? Please. I'm sorry, but I'm not quite sure about the role of development here in the Middle Eastern or in affairs in Finland. Thank you for the presentation. I have one question for Charles regarding these three things, you were talking about the natural runoff stream and not about the actual. So do you know if anybody is doing projections on the actual stream flow? So there's not the population growth and the use of water, increasing use of water by agriculture. So how do you get the effect of both natural and actual runoff of streaming stream for the food security and bringing in the people's life? Other questions? Please. A question for Charles. On your request, driving the range and variation in your GCN scenarios, was it 50 different models or was it 10 models with different assumptions about drivers and variation or parameters in a GCN model? What was driving that range? Do they all have the same assumptions about growth and variation or different assumptions? More questions? And now it's time for the presentation. Can I start with that? OK, James Thomas, thank you very much for Thomas. Yeah, we really have a big problem about understanding or relying on the climate models. There are fixed six of them, yeah. And unfortunately, when you are trying to do some regional study for Turkey, most of the results are mostly not available. You have to find them, feed them into the model. So my belief is that or my hope is that as more data become available for Turkey or for other regions, for the globe, we will be able to incorporate all these information into our models. But at the current stage, first, I don't have the capacity to process all the information available. Second, all the information is not available anyway. So in time, I hope to enlarge my database and incorporate all these scenarios. For this differentiating between weather and climate change, you are right, we should do. And that's why I reported periods, not each year. I showed each year, but what I was focusing on was what happens in 20 or 30 year periods. So that's how I tried to overcome that thing. And for local effects, and you are absolutely right, climate is changing all over the world, and the world prices will significantly change. But with country CG models, that's all what you can do is introduce some price shots, right? World prices should change. At least, world prices should change. For that purpose, Ismail and Vali, we are engaged in a study with GTAP. That will take into account the effects on the whole globe. And we think to feed the results of GTAP model in terms of price change into the national CG models in order to take this face into account. I think Hassan hasn't left me much to say about it. But I think I doubled down what he said on the criticism about the climate data, the yield impacts. In the case of Morocco, basically, initially, we started actually with the Cliron yield chucks that Chaz has supplied us. And we wanted to make a run with that. The problem, at least, from our side, what we have with those from, we had some issues with particular crops, the way they are modeled. We discussed this, which has some key crops, for example, in Morocco that were not basically modeled the correct way, so to speak, by Cliron. And additionally, when we got the data and we investigated the impacts, they were, basically, how can I say, so against conventional wisdom that says that Morocco would be losing drastically, whether or not that's right or wrong, we decided to go with the World Bank data because we thought that was basically the safest route, the less controversial route to go to. I mean, we run some simulation with that data, but what we ended up having is just the impact was just minimal. What we had, basically, is just a continuation of what we've seen in Morocco happening for years now. That is, yes, agriculture in Morocco is susceptible to climate condition. It's highly volatile because there is not a lot of resilience built in in the sector. So that, basically, motivated, basically, our move away from Cliron and opting with the World Bank data. Serial scenarios. Yeah. Yeah, I mean, the scenarios, the World Bank study, as James mentioned, compared to Cliron, they used a limited pool of scenarios, of course. They used only two global scenarios. They used only one GCM, which is they had them GCM, which is, basically, as you said, you're relying, basically, on one GCM to capture, basically, to try to capture the climate uncertainty, which is counterintuitive. At least, if you want to capture the answer, you have to have multiple, basically, projection in the futures that are captured by different GCMs. So on that point, I mean, basically, there is no arguing there. I think on the data issue, it's the same thing. When we started working on this, as Hassan has mentioned, there's a lack of available data. There's only so much you can do.  You want to model everything. You want to make as close as possible. But your data constraint, basically, just cannot allow you to go that far. And we've tried to manage, somehow, what we have to make it work. I think that's it. Thank you, Sush. Come, please. All right, so I first want to just address real quickly what Sush was talking about. There's one distinction. The model that I was presenting was I run, but which isn't an I was supposed to call it. Like, yeah. So it's easy because they have the same thing. I do the same thing. So they're different models. And I apologize. I wish I could have some more time modeling using fly crop. I think we could have gotten better results. At the time, I didn't have a lot of time. And I think that was all what you said. So the question about sort of the devalues is actual. Yeah, that's it. All right, so I kind of hesitated to even bring this up. So the point that I was making was that we're introducing uncertainty, even with the historical data. But the Clyron model is part of, of course, the whole suite of models. And it's supposed to model natural stream flow. And then we have another model that models the irrigation. And actually, Alyssa is an expert in that area. But the irrigation and how much they're releasing from the dams, et cetera. So that's kind of a separate aspect. And it should have been more clear. And then the question about the distribution. So those are each point. 22 for the A1B, 17 for A2, and 17 for B1. And those are the only points there from the English distribution. So there's no, it's not historical, inter-annual variability. It's a mean taken over all of those years. So it's really just the distribution of each GCN specifically. And I don't know exactly what's causing that spread. I think it's very detailed. It's how the GCN's model climates. And there could be lots of things that cause that spread. But they're running the exact same scenarios as far as emissions. Theoretically, they're running the same scenario. Because the A1B is defined in a certain way. And they interpret that in their model. So it is surprising that range is there, I think. Thank you, Charles. Other questions? If I may have just one question, because in the two presentations of this my understanding, we talk about this regional disparities in terms of the impact of climate change. And I wonder if there is something to learn about this regional disparity. Is there any adaptation process that can really learn at the local level? Or does the reflect on somewhat the way the farmers or the actors at the regional library adapt to climate change? It's related just to the characteristics in terms of geography and the culture. Well, for Turkey, I just mentioned that. For example, the eastern parts of the country, the households in the eastern part of the country is not that much affected. The main reason for that, I couldn't go into the details. But the main reason for that was that they are already making very fat agriculture. And they are not very dependent on water anyway. So when the end, of course, the climate change is not that significant in that region. So what I observe from the results from many scenarios is that if a region is not very dependent on water or if a region has a good water infrastructure because the regions with good water infrastructure are not affected too much from the climate change shocks too. So they are not affected too much. But that doesn't mean that if the farmers can adapt by themselves, I'm afraid the CG model cannot answer this question easily. Because I have households, they are affected. If they are not very dependent on factoring comes from irrigated water, they are not affected too much. Or from natural irrigated land, they are not affected too much. That's all I can see from the model. But by common sense or by conventional wisdom, I can say that, OK, if a region has a better infrastructure in irrigation or if a region is not much dependent on water, they are not affected as a region, not as a household. They are not affected too much. So in order to answer fully your question, I mean, we need to go deeper in the model, introduce some kind of adaptation strategies for the households. I mean, in terms of Morocco, it's pretty much, I would say it's the same thing as Hassan has said. We cannot infer, basically, how if your question is specifically asking about how farmers adapt and what's available for them, basically, to become more resilient to climate change, relying on the CG model to answer that kind of question is, at least, the way we've taken it, it's clearly, that's not, it wouldn't shed too much light on that question. But whether or not farmers are adapting, I think historically, I mean, farmers are not done. I mean, they are pretty, how can I say, they notice changes, they react to changes, they adapt to the best of their abilities. But, of course, there are conditions on the grounds, sometimes primarily driven by policy choices sometimes, that distort sometimes incentives for farmers from adopting more effective choices, basically, for adaptation. And I think that's basically what most of the time, it's really the CG model tries basically to capture more of those kind of, those broad policies than going and boiling down from a bottom up structure and see, build up, kind of, analyzing the adaptation strategy of farmers. Thank you, Hassan. In fact, my idea was about the fact that if regional mobility can really, in the future, because of climate change, we can really see more regional mobility or displacement of people, because some regions will be more affected. And if it is really a physical constraint, that means people or farmers are forced, indeed, to feel if they cannot really adapt. Thank you very much. We should really join me to congratulate this excellent presentation. Thank you. Thank you.


104 93 the Nets win game one over the Boston Celtics right now. We want to head back down to Barclay Center Welcome in our Michael Grady and Sarah Kustak who are standing by for playoff basketball with lots of fans in the arena and guys I have to ask you this first It was just a matter of time before the big three was gonna get it cooking and it was that third quarter when they got it going That's right, Chris, and we were talking about a cruise We were talking about it at halftime the Nets were really struggling a number of different areas couldn't get shots to fall lapses on the defensive end and despite those struggles They were only down six at the break and that's why you got to feel good because I'm not sure we're gonna see the Nets shoot this way not only from the field but in particular from the three-point line there in the first half And I think it's so important to recognize this was the Nets 39th different starting lineup This is the first time that these five guys started the game together And I think you felt that throughout the course especially They're in the first half just trying to figure things out and also how Boston was playing them on the defensive side of the ball The one thing that you know is that when a team is switching so often You start hunting for the mismatch and you start looking at different circumstances of how you're matching up against a personal And what does that do it sometimes forces you into isolation and we know what excellent isolation players Kyrie, Kevin, James can be but because of it I think it was finding the dynamic and the balance of continuing to move the basketball Get it going in transition They didn't have a lot of opportunities where they Were able to get the ball up the floor with the quickness in how they flourish And I think in the second half we saw a lot of those things come back and apply You know Jason Tatum he had 50 points in his last game against Washington Tonight he goes 30 minutes without a field goal the last 30 minutes of the game What did you guys see that the Nets were doing to really make things difficult for Boston's best player? Well, the one thing that the Nets can do is throw multiple bodies at you and do what they can to try to slow down You know Tatum Kimba's capable. He's had an up and down season for sure But going in you know that if you can make life difficult for Tatum with what the Nets can do Offensively it's going to be very difficult for the Celtics in this series I know the Nets are bigger than the big three. I understand that for sure But this kind of highlights what an advantage they are when they were struggling in that first half The Celtics as a team had 53 points at the break the big three for the Nets had 33 And the second half the big three for the Nets outscored the entire Celtics team 49 to 40 Wow So that's just highly if other guys step in and make plays whatever maybe Joe Harris Landry Jeff makes a big difference in terms of the separation on the scoreboard But defensively Tatum is the guy that they have to zone in on for sure and they did so in game one without a doubt And so often it's all about giving players different looks and that's exactly what they did with other players I do think it's important to note and it's not just one individual But kevin durant played in one of the meetings against boston that first game on december 25th And jason tatum had 20 points Durant and play in the next two games and what a tatum put up 31 put up 38 It circles back to it is not just one individual But kevin durant his presence his ability to match up so often on uh, jason tatum I thought that was one factor and secondly the nisted a Very good job in their switching scheme and it's not just so much about How they're switching and the communication but sending a second player and we saw that so often I thought kairi erving was excellent at this you see a lot of communication james harden does as well But it is that second player that was coming through on the weak side help often that just showed another body to tatum They were being more physical. They made a tough honest catches didn't give him a lot of airspace And so for all of those reasons I think that was part of it But you have to anticipate that this boston team is going to come ready with a lot of adjustments In game two and and jason tatum We're going to continue to see go to work and find different ways in which he can try and manipulate this defense And one of the things I was really curious about coose was you know a week off is a luxury because you can get healthy But how Rusty could you be could you be could your rhythm be off somewhat as you try to find your flow? Certainly there could be jitters in terms of first playoff game and oh my goodness a packed house And we have to say again the energy in this building was unbelievable So they have to navigate that get that rhythm They've only played seven and a half games together when you're talking about the big three So it just took some time to field things out and find that group Yeah, and I think it's so important frank brought up a excellent point at the beginning of the show Of what she was saying boston was playing with house money and that's how it looked That's how it felt especially there in the first quarter with this crowd with the level of anticipation Not only for the postseason and the playoffs to begin but to finally see this big three together to think about the fact I know this has been discussed a lot But kevin doran essentially had not played a playoff game in nearly two years And he only played in 35 games this season with a lot of that broken up So I think on a variety of levels you saw this net steam that had a lot of pressure on I mean and steven ash even said in his postgame press conference There you could tell there was a little bit of nerves and I think a lot of that then started To smooth out they regained their poise they started dropping in some shots And so you hope that momentum will build but barkleys was rocking this place was lit the fans were excellent I mean, I felt like we were in a time warp actually going back to What felt like some semblance of normalcy So it was really special to be able to be here and to feel that type of energy Yeah, just one more for me guys and that's steven ash and kevin doran both brought up defense But it was one thing that kevin doran said in his postgame sound that really caught my attention that was The offense got out to that slow start but in the third quarter it was the defense that got the offense going Yeah, that's a great that's a great point chris and I don't be something to keep an eye on Throughout this playoff journey for the brooklyn nets I think it's somewhat in cruise you can speak to this somewhat human nature That if you're missing shots it may affect your intensity and your focus on the defense side of the ball And then when you see the ball go through the hoop all of a sudden you're in the defense Substantia hustling you clapping hands together You're a little bit more engaged and oh if you're a championship caliber squad It has to work the other way around and your defense Fueling what you do on the offensive side of the ball And so being able to take advantage of celtic's turnovers the points off of those turnovers are really big Especially as we what we saw in that second half you nailed it So often throughout the course of this year when we look at the nets and times that they have struggled It's been about the possession game and how many more shots did the opponent take and it was even here tonight And you look at those points off turnovers in many cases It's flip-flop where that could be an area that teams take advantage of second chance points and in all of those areas a lot of it was the domination of the nets and Those are the things that I think that continue to be Points of emphasis and attention to detail and the defensive side of the ball We have seen this team defend in stretches throughout the course of the year Now they understand the urgency because as kairi urban often talked about it's about the main stage And they're here on the main stage and they know how important it is


Okay, let's start on time. Welcome to this session about Cloud Platform and containers and Docker. This has been a pretty good session before, so I think some of you guys are warm up on the topic. Pleased to be here. So my name is Alexandre Vassar. I work for Pivotal, I'm based in Paris. I'm part of the field architect group. I've been working in, you know, development, Java, enterprise architecture and Cloud Platform for about 20 years. I've been with Cloud Platform for about five, six years. I'm part of the VMware team when it started. There, as an R&D project, I've launched the Cloud Platform Meetup in Paris, so if you happen to visit Paris, you know, send an email, and we'll get you to have a talk over there as well. It would be fun.  And obviously, you know, the landscape is changing very quickly. We've heard all about Diego, the fact that Diego would be part of the, you know, Cloud Fundry certified for 2017 next year, although we have it, you know, production ready in Pivotal for a while. And I think it was a good time for, you know, stepping back and looking at what you can do with that. And it's not just the only thing you can do around Cloud Fundry and containers. And there's been a number of initiatives around containers, as well as, you know, for services, and not just for apps and so for pipelines. So I wanted to aggregate three use cases and discuss some of the architecture, the, you know, building blocks and moving parts, which implies, you know, challenges if you're the platform architect or platform operation team, and pretty good use cases if you are more on the user side of it. I tried to articulate that with some demos. We have very short time, so my demos are recorded. I don't want to download stuff from the internet or whatever. And hopefully, it will give you a feel of, you know, what the stuff can look like. So let's have one thing. And you've heard yesterday about, you know, here's my app. Run it in the cloud for me. I don't care how. So, you know, the first use case is here's my app as a container. Run it for me.  So scale it, heal it for me. And I don't care how. So, you know, if you think about it, you know, that's enabled by obviously Diego. And, you know, the work done in Garden and the work done in Garden Run C, previously Garden Linux, with this, you know, goal of having kind of the standard for container libraries in the same Run C part of the open container initiatives that Docker is using. So, you know, fundamentally, when you go into that use case, the container becomes the unit of currency.  He has to build the container up front rather than the platform building the container on the fly. And you see if push a container. So what does it mean? It means that you actually see if push a reference to a container that exists into a system that in the ecosystem is called a registry. And the registry is kind of the namespace. It can be secured. It can be completely online or it can be private. And the registry is having a repository, obviously, to store stuff. So it's a number of moving parts. As a user, you have an app.  You know, if it's a Java app, you need a JVM or maybe you need Tomcat or maybe you need whatever the app needs as well as, you know, all dependencies. So you would build up a Docker file in the Docker world to describe that. You would use your Docker tools on your machines, maybe on a pipeline actually, to build the image and upload the image to the registry. And then you would use CloudFundry. And then it creates a dependency between CloudFundry as a runtime platform and Docker as a registry because Diego would pull the image from the registry. So the registry becomes a fairly, you know, sensitive component for your runtime platform. So there are many, many things that you need to think about when you start doing that. And obviously, you know, as use cases starts to appear, I think you need to be cautious about what you put into your Docker file. And, you know, I think the previous session was pretty much about that. So let's go through, you know, a quick example to look through that.  I did that with fiber to the home. It was good. So, exactly. So if it's too small, I have, like, you know, the zoom thing. So it's a basic app. Doesn't matter. We have a Docker file, parent image, and the parent image is having a parent image, etc. My app, the port, and the kind of start command for the app. It's Java, but it doesn't matter. It's actually Spring Boot. Then using the Docker tools, I built that stuff locally in my machine. The little Docker demand would run luckily if I want to try it. Layer of five systems goes in. If you look in the bottom, my local images gets updated. And then I can try it. I can try it without cloud foundry. It's just Docker. Maybe map, you know, my local machine port to the container port, need to remember what I put in the good Docker file, by the way, and looks to be working.  I don't care because I want to run it in the cloud. So Docker push to my registry. Not providing a server name. So I'm going to the public Docker.io registry. And I'm logged into it before. You haven't seen that. Big uploads, especially if you remove the image all the time. In parallel, I'm going to connect as a user to my cloud foundry. Check that I'm running Diego. Check that my admin has enabled Diego Docker so that I can actually push Docker image as is. That's fine. It's enabled. In this meantime, my image has been uploaded to the Docker.io. It's been just updated a few seconds ago. So it's good to go. And then I can start to do a CF push. Dash O. Dash O like the Docker image. Or OCI image. Happens to be a pretty good name. Dash O rather than dash D or whatever. Point to the registry. And then give it a name. CFS like CF submit. Then we have the staging process that is happening in the back. So we'll watch the two things in parallel. This is running on a pivotal cloud foundry on my home lab, private DNS. So if you see a password, I don't mind. It's on my private VPN. So it takes a little while. As much as I understand that maybe build pack is actually slow, blah, blah, blah. Actually, I don't think Docker is that fast to start anyway because there's a number of things that is happening in the overall process as a whole. From Diego to the image running to the host checking in and the host manager and the router having the accessing the app and et cetera, et cetera. And of course, there's demand on the storage. And I haven't heard a lot, but I think the storage back end of a cloud foundry is really, really critical to the overall cloud foundry performance and staging. Once you're there, you don't care if it's a container or not. It's just an app. So you can scale it. CF scale just as you would do. You could look at the logs. They are aggregated across different cells. You can see cell zero and cell one because they have two containers. They've been distributed. It's all fine. Survive high availability and placement. And then I can access the app. Look at the app running into my container kind of network in the cells.  When I click that button, I see an index one.  And then I can see that this is only one left, but actually, you know, hoto healing starts to kick in. So there's another one starting, which is good. And it's the container one that was just killed. If my admin has enabled also access to the container and I really mean the garden Diego container. It doesn't matter if it is OCI or built-back based container. I can SSH in using my UAA credentials, et cetera. If my admin and organ admin and space admin have provided access to me. And here we are, we are in the container. And we have auditability. So it's a truly, you know, generic platform and I can check, you know, who's got in into SSH, has the container crash, whatever, you know, all the cloud friendly goodness kicks in. So, you know, it gives you like a quick overview, very, very quick, very fast. But I think, you know, all this is what we already know. So let's switch to another use case. As you know, in cloud friendly, we have apps, but we have also services. So second use case is really about service as a container. So unlike the first use case, service as a container is not so much part of the core of the cloud friendly, you know, stable confidence. It's been actually kind of more R&D research projects, et cetera. But let's talk about the use case before talking about the implementation. So the use case is, you know, get me an instance of X, database, caching, whatever, no SQL, bind it to my app and do that over and over and over again. Maybe with actually a different size of the service X. And I don't care how. And all that is not specific to containers. It's specific to the service worker. The service worker is really, really, you know, variable in cloud friendly because it gives the user the level of abstraction. So the way the service is implemented, is it a dedicated VM, is it a pre-provision VM, is it a container on the fly, is it a container on the fly, onto a container back end, swarm or Kubernetes or whatever, is a service implementation detail. And the way the application is going to talk to the back end service is actually managed by the service worker that will provide credentials from the service to the application using the mechanism that, you know, many of you know, which is, you know, the VCAP service, environment properties, et cetera, injected into the app. So it's pretty interesting, though, to look into, you know, how does it work if you really want to go and do that with containers and using your favorite, you know, container back end. Like, for example, swarm. And I know, you know, some people have been actively looking into that. It was an R&D project started by Ferrand Rodenas in Pivotal, put on GitHub, and I know at Stockinway and Dr. Nick is fairly actively making that. So I don't think we'll learn anything looking at that. So what are the moving parts? Somewhat, you know, the same. We need an image with the service. Someone has to build and prepare that. Having kind of, you know, Cloud Foundry in mind, because the image will have to pretty much publish credentials back into the Cloud Foundry service worker components. Then using, you know, some kind of container back end, swarm or Kubernetes or whatever, we need a service worker that will interact with that to ask for the container provisioning. Synchronous, asynchronous, etc. The service worker can do anything. Key point is, of course, that once you're there, you actually need to operate kind of two platforms. The app platform with Cloud Foundry and the container platform with the kind of container back end.  So this is also part of this GitHub project with the Docker Bosch release. It's actually a Docker swarm as a Bosch release, which, you know, has many benefits if you want to look into that and you already know Cloud Foundry. Or it can be a little bit of a surprise if you're more coming from the Docker world and don't know anything about Bosch and Cloud Foundry.  So again, you know, let's have a look at what it looks like from a usage standpoint. So in this scenario, I'm going to start with Bosch. So I'm really the platform admin with Bosch. I'm looking at my deployments. It's actually already there. So we'll see Docker swarm as a Bosch release on my platform. That deployment is kind of very small. I have, you know, kind of a control plan VM. What is the service broker and the swarm manager? It should be better, by the way. And then I have two Docker engine, right? Kind of. To manage high availability or whatever. Then I have a manifest file for that Bosch release. The most interesting part is the broker configuration, service broker configuration. So you can see a memcached D pointing to the image in a registry, right? On Docker hub. And then I have two plans. One with small memory, one with big memory, etc. So that's really specific to the service broker implementation. You could configure your broker anyway you'd like. Important part is this image is, you know, publishing credentials. So that image is already in the registry. It has a Docker file. You could look at it. It's pretty ugly because it's a Docker file to install and unzip, you know, memcached D, etc. Then, obviously, other users I still have that app running before. And as a user, I can check service brokers. I have these service brokers to deal with containers. At the bottom, I just looked into the Docker swarm cluster to see what we are going to create on the Docker swarm cluster as an admin. So let's just create a cache service. Create service memcached D14 128 meg for the service plan. Call it cache. So it should kick in into the Docker swarm cluster, an image kind of pool in a container creation with memcached D. And then I can bind the service to my app. And here we go. We are given the credentials. If I want my app to take these credentials and the app needs that, I probably need a refresh. So maybe restart, maybe restage. Depends of, you know, how the first image was built. And then in my tool, whether it is UI or command line, I can see the service and I can see the vcap services credentials. Like, you know, any service broker and service implementation would provide to me. So if I'm accessing this app, obviously my app source code can no access and discover the services. And here we go. And it doesn't need to know it is Docker or not. It's just happened to be Docker in the back end. So, you know, kind of great use case because I think, you know, it shows kind of how to simplify maybe Docker engine management with Bosch if you really want to go that road. But it most importantly shows the value of the service broker as an abstracted construct on top of, you know, how the service implementation is made and how the service plan is provided to the user. So, you know, think about it. You can switch the back end. It should be transparent for the user. Definitely not transparent for the people doing, you know, platform architecture and platform operations, etc. So what is pretty cool about our use case is obviously your service catalog can be really, really broad. I think in the first prototype they came up with about a dozen of services. You know, kind of more development ready than production ready, obviously, because then a whole lot of use cases happens around how you manage, you know, service upgrade, service high availability, etc.  So, you know, it's good. It's been good because it's lit. Developers start pushing their apps, knowing that there will be Postgres, knowing that there will be LogStash. And yet, so then the ops team has some runway actually built production version. Exactly. Mucking around in a laptop, like we just tried to save them from. Exactly, yeah, exactly. All right, I'll come back to you with Mongo and you'll say, no, we're not doing Mongo. Yeah, exactly. So, you know, it happens to kind of drive the consumptions because then you have the service catalog. You do the homework to provide these as images and then they get started.  And, you know, at Pivotal we happen to work with many partners.  We happen to work with DataStacks and MongoDB, etc. to provide production ready back in services. And, you know, that's not up to us or the cloud-friendly community to decide if containers are best for that kind of technology. I think that's more for them. DataStacks, Mongo, etc. Are they happy to run in containers or not? What are the shortcomings, etc.? It's kind of possibly really great that they, as you said, all those samples don't have backups and everything else. But for the Dingo thing, we took that whole idea and just said, let's productionize. Exactly. That's the most great. Yeah. But it's kind of a full-time job and engineering effort, if you go that road. Absolutely. Yeah. So the next use case is pretty interesting. It's not directly related to, you know, cloud-friendly itself, but actually it is because it's all about velocity. It's really pipeline task as containers. And, you know, the use case can be summarized that, you know, build this for me with a clean environment and clean build tools, etc., so that I can build that over and over again. And I know what's going on.  And I want to build that stuff anywhere, anytime because maybe people are committing into the project.  So, you know, as you know, very close to the cloud-friendly system we have concourse. Concourse, you know, how to burst, you know, into the cloud-friendly ecosystem into the engineering group. You know, the whole of cloud-friendly is built with concourse and concourse happens to be an open source project concourse.io. It's a, you know, pipeline as code, right? So, you have a file describe, you know, what you want to do as a pipeline.  Of course, you know, in an enterprise, you may want to have access control, a little bit of access, etc., on the concourse. But fundamentally, you can spawn up a concourse on your developer machine and get going, rather than having a kind of back-end, you know, built infrastructure, etc. So, in that use case, it's pretty interesting to also observe that concourse is pipeline as code, but it is having container-first architecture. So, most of the concourse tasks, sort of elementary unit of work that are part of a pipeline, are actually docker images, if you want to.  So, it relies on garden runcy as well. And you can run concourse as a brush release inside CloudFundry and operate concourse inside CloudFundry. Of course, if you do that, the docker registry kicks in again as an important component because it becomes, you know, kind of the registry for the build tools, if you need like Maven or Java or the CFCLI because the pipeline is going to push some stuff in there, etc., etc. So, building blocks, you need images for the build tools, you need the docker registry. It might not be so much a production system anymore for the docker registry, but, you know, if you think about continuous deployment and the sensitiveness of the pipeline, you know, you'd better think about it as a production-ready component and the concourse itself as well. And we've seen many enterprises that, you know, have been looking into build tools as a build system and they are completely unable to connect the build tools to the production platform because of their, you know, network segmentations, governance, etc. So, having concourse as a brush release inside CloudFundry into a specific, you know, service networks and VM pools, etc., solves a lot of these problems. So, the way you interact with concourse is with the pipeline, YAML file, and a command line, fly, and what happens with fly is you can also inspect the container that just ran your pipeline even if the container has stopped because concourse will keep the container for a little while. So, let's have a look into that. So, I'm going to show you a fairly basic pipeline, but, you know, for the sake of it, we're going to use concourse as a brush deployment. So, using concourse, garden run C, it's actually using the route registrar so that my CF Wildcard is having a concourse in MSpace and it's running on very basic deployment 3 VMs. One of it is the worker that will kick in the containers. Then I have a pipeline, pipeline as code, Git repo as a source so if I'm changing and committing stuff in there, it will kick in in that branch. CF as an endpoint as well so I can use that as a destination, Docker as a registry as a possible source or destination, and then my pipeline and that thing is a unit test maybe triggers Maven or whatever you need to do in your project and that task is going to be a container and that build is going to be a container and that push is going to be a container for doing all these tasks in the pipeline. So, what the pipeline is doing is taking source, unit testing, build it, push it to the Docker registry and then it could go on and CF push the Docker image and bind it to the thing. So, the task, that's another YAML file and that's the task that would do the Maven build, Maven, Java, compilation, whatever. So, obviously, if you want to do a Maven build, you would need a Java runtime. So, you can see the reference to the specific Docker image. It hasn't got like my name slash Java, it's just Java because that's part of the kind of Docker official root repository images. So, you could build your own kind of compilation VM. So, it's essentially pointing to the registry and then kicks in some tasks inside the container. So, let's have a look at the pipeline from deployment standpoint. So, using fly, I'm going to deploy that pipeline. I would pass in credentials into a different file. I would target a specific concourse endpoint, my server and the credentials wouldn't be in my Git server, it would be in a different file as the parameters of my pipelines. Concourse would kind of give the pipeline a name. So, let's call it Docker, would kind of update it if the pipeline is already there or not. And then, you can access the pipeline. So, you can see kind of the sources resources, app being one, Docker in the sense of Docker registry being another. And each green boxes is a task. And they are green because they've been successfully running before or they might have a color code if they failed. You can look into the history of each task activities. Some of them failed, some of them work. You can look into the details and if you look into what this task has been doing, this is the Docker push task. So, it's been building the Docker image and then pushing that to the Docker registry, all orchestrated by concourse. I could trigger the task manually as well, which I just did there for that demo. And while doing that, while concourse is working and executing that task, I can use fly and I can use the intercept command in fly to get an access into the container and maybe check the file systems or the log messages, what went wrong into my pipeline step. So, picking one stage of my pipeline, getting in, I'm inside the container and what I can see in there. I can see the Docker push, which is really the task that is kicking in. So, it's kind of using a container to run a pipeline task to build another container and so on and so on. So, gives you like an idea of what we mean by having these containers everywhere. So, going back to the deck and looking into the discussion, you know, we've seen, I don't know if you guys tried by the way. Guess how many containers today? In just 25 minutes, you don't know. How many containers have we built just in these demos, right? So, I mean, about between 10 and 20, I would need to know better the staging process because there might be hidden containers somewhere. So, let me remove this. Yeah.  So, you know, if you think about Service Barker, if you think about CF push and the Diego abstractions, you know, all of this make that platform a fairly solid abstraction and you can survive the next phase of innovation. You can survive the next phase of, you know, innovation from the platform regroup if they decide to change this and that components. And I think this is really important. Now, you know, David's in the details, so I don't know if you looked carefully if you guys are doing Java, my Docker file was pretty rubbish, you know, dash x, mx, 500 meg.  The size is hard-coded into the Docker file. It's pretty bad. You know, and unfortunately, if you're using the build pack, there's a whole mechanism that would compute the heap size for you based on the container size. That's a massive benefit in the enterprise. So as much as containers are fun, you know, don't forget about these little details in enterprise. This is what matters to them. So, you know, it's not about adoption, but it's also about abstractions and architecture. Don't forget data operations and ecosystem and the moving parts that you need in addition to the cloud-friendly platform. Those as well, you know, because if you don't do anything, you will frustrate people as well. So, you know, I think it's pretty good to do something to showcase, you know, the joint use cases between the ecosystems and of course, these can work in the long-term only if you emerge, you know, good standouts and not just like ad hoc, you know, R&D or demonstrations. Containers everywhere, you've seen that. But maybe you don't need to care. It depends what you do with the platform. If you focus on app dev, app velocity, etc., it's a mean to an end. And obviously, my word of caution being there for a while, having done dev and production deployment and cloud-friendly and different scenarios, garbage in, garbage out. I think it applies to container. You know, it applies to VM in the past. So, it doesn't matter. So, you know, keep that in mind. Have a look at what's inside the container. Look into the architecture. And I think this is why we focus so much on, you know, microservices, 12-factors, cloud-native, you've seen my shares. It's not, you know, on purpose. You know, I think the future is about an end-to-end, you know, cloud-native architecture on a cloud-native platform. It's not just throwing stuff in a platform and expect it to run. So, thank you for your time today. Happy to take any question. Question? Do you know both of the public passes? Do any of them offer the DACA flag? That's a good point. I think very few of them are actually Diego-enabled, first of all. In the end, I'm not aware of any really public one, multi-tenant, that offer the Diego-DACA flag. P-Dubs and Pivotal web services, we don't enable that yet. We don't think it's ready for, you know, highly secured multi-tenant. So, running a DACA image is just a lot harder to do securely, because any, like, it's an untested image, right? Whereas a water route effect, you know, everything about it. Now I, now if you're running Guard and Run C, then out of the box and by default and without extra configuration, every container is unprivileged, is APARMA secured, has a set called whitelist, it's basically as secure as you really can get. We're turning everything on. So I think that recommendation is probably right to change it. It's going to change, yeah, definitely. You might want to repeat that for the rest of the audience. Oh, okay. Yeah, maybe go, come and chat with the folks there. Well, I think it's important. Well, I mean, you can repeat it. Yeah, okay. So the question was about, you know, is there any public platform or platform today that would enable the Diego Docker, which is the first use case? And the reality is not so much. I haven't seen any, but you know, it's expected to change short term thanks to the Diego Run C, because Run C is having all the primitives to run privilege in, to run containers in unprivileged mode with APARMA and, you know, security Linux and all the other stuff, which, you know, make that good candidate. What we've seen is more like, you know, spawn up a specific Docker cluster for a specific tenant and have them work into this thing. And I think also even Amazon is doing that. They spawn up like a specific cluster for you. Okay. Enjoy the rest of the day. Thank you.


a very good evening aspirants. Welcome to the Hindu news analysis brought to you by Shankar Ayes academy for the day 1st of December 2021. So, I have chosen 5 articles for today and we have 2 articles in the polity perspective wherein in one article we are going to discuss about an upcoming bill called as judges bill and then in another article we are going to discuss about citizenship and then we have a report on the suicides that is happening in India and then we also have an article on the Indian bison which is covered in the environment perspective and then we also have a discussion on vaccine hesitancy which is a social topic. So, this is what we are going to see in today's discussion or in the next 30 to 40 minutes. So, with this idea now let us move on to the first news article. Now look at this news article it is about a new bill that was introduced in the Lok Sabha and this bill deals with the pension for judges and the name of the bill is High Court and Supreme Court judges salaries and conditions of service amendment bill 2021 and this bill is also called as the judges bill. Okay, so in this discussion we will see on what this bill is about and we will also see the various provisions of this bill. So, the syllabus for this article is given here you can make a note of it. See this bill aims to amend 2 acts which are related to the salaries and the pensions of judges of the supreme and the high court. So, these 2 acts are the high court judges salaries and conditions of service act of 1954 and the supreme court judges salaries and conditions of service act 1958. So, the basic purpose or the objective of this bill is to clarify about when these judges that is the judges of the supreme and high court are entitled to an additional quantum of pension or an additional quantum of family pension on attaining a certain age. So, now let us understand what is this additional quantum of pension or additional quantum of family pension actually means. So, we all know that pension is a periodic payment which is made to public servants who have completed their service. Not all the public servants are entitled the same pension rules in the sense public servants in different organs of the government they will be having separate pension rules. So, just understand that this pension rules is not the same for everybody it changes with organ to organ of the government. So, this pension rules it provides various kinds of pension based on the nature of retirement the duration of service and also based on the mode of retirement under statutory rules. And this pension it includes the gratuity or the other sums of payment which are payable by way of death or retirement benefits and always remember the pension amount is not the same always it will be modified by the parliament from time to time. So, when you take this 1958 act you remember I told you two act before right. So, one act is this 1958 act which is called as the supreme court judges salaries and conditions of service act. So, according to this act supreme court judges will be receiving pension on their retirement only if they fulfill two conditions. So, the first condition is they should attain the age of 65 years and the second condition is their retirement should be a result of the ill health of the judge that is the judge should have retired based on some health problems and the ill health condition that is the deteriorating health condition or the bad health condition should have been medically certified. So, only if they fulfill these two conditions the supreme court judges will be able to receive their pension. So, as per this act the pension that is provided to the chief justice of India should not exceed rupees 16 lakh and 18000 per annum. Remember per annum that is for one year alone. So, this 16 lakh 18000 per annum is a criteria for the chief justice of India. When you take the supreme court judges their pension should not exceed rupees 15 lakhs per annum. Now, here you should note that this 16 lakh and 80000 for the chief justice of India and the 15 lakhs for the supreme court judges is called the basic pension. So, it is called the basic pension. So, now we saw the pension details about the supreme court. So, now we will move on to the pension details for the high court judges. See in the case of pension for the high court judges three conditions need to be fulfilled. The first is that the judge should have completed 12 years of services. Secondly, the judge should have attained the age of 62 years. So, the third condition is the judge's retirement should be a result of the ill health of this judge just like how we saw in the case of the supreme court judge. And as per this act that is the act of 1954 which is the high court judges salaries and conditions of services act of 1954 the basic pension which is provided to the chief justice of high courts shall not exceed 15 lakhs per annum. Again this is per annum only and for the high court judges it shall not exceed rupees 1315000. Okay. So, by now I think you have a understanding about the pension of judges the conditions that they need to fulfill in order to avail this pension and also the laws that govern the pension of the high court and the supreme court judges. So, now let's see what is this family pension which we saw earlier. See family pension is the pension which is provided to the family in case of death of the pensioner. Now here the word pensioner refers to the judge who is receiving the pension or who is about to receive the pension. Now here the pensioner could have died after retirement or he could have died while he was in service. So, this pension is provided as a percentage of the last salary which was received by the pensioner. So, for the supreme court and for the high court judges the family pension amount is fixed at 30% of the salary to about 50% of the salary and this again is not the same for all it varies according to different situations. Now coming to the next concept which is the additional quantum of pension. See this additional pension is available to the old pensioners when they attain a certain old age. See basically this pension is applicable only for those who attain 80 years of age. So, you may have a question like why this additional pension amount is provided. So, the main reason behind it is that the needs of old pensioners increase with your age that is as people grow older they will have more health issues and this leads to more expenses especially medical and health expenses. So, this is the reason why this additional pension amount is provided because the needs of old pensioners will be increasing with their age especially the health expenses will increase. So, to take care of such expenses this additional quantum of pension is provided and more importantly it is provided in addition to the basic pension or family pension. Remember it is provided in addition to the basic pension or family pension we already saw what is the criteria for the basic pension and also for the family pension. So, now this additional pension will be given in addition to those amount and note that this additional amount will be shown separately in the pension payment order. Now in the case of retired judges of high courts and supreme court the additional amount is sanctioned for different age slabs like it is sanctioned on completing the age of 80 years and then 85 years 90 years 95 years and up to 100 years and this is as per section 16 b of the act which is related to the supreme court judges and section 17 b of the act which is related to the high court judges and I have given below the different age slabs that is being followed for your reference so you can just have a look at it. Now coming to this bill see our bill here is regarding this additional pension only it clarifies from when these people can actually claim this amount. See in the year 2016 a writ petition was filed by a retired high court judge by name Virendra.gyani so he asked to consider the additional quantum of pension to be made available from the first day of his 80th year. He came up with this issue because generally what happened was after the completion of 80th year only the additional amount was calculated so it is because of this reason only he came with the writ petition and asked to consider this additional quantum amount from the first day of his 80th year and this particular request was agreed by the Guwahati High Court in the year 2018 and the same was also appealed by the supreme court. So after the judgment the first slab under the additional pension would be available to a retired judge right from the first day of his 80th year that is immediately after completing 79 years of age. Now this judgment is what is being incorporated by the bill to the respective acts and the bill here is also has an explanation saying that the entitlement for additional quantum of pension or family pension shall be from the first day of the month of age mentioned in the first slab which is nothing but 80 years of age. So I think you would have understand what this bill is about and what are the major provisions related to the pensions of judges and what was the recent writ petition that was filed and what was its implications also. So with these ideas in mind come let's move on to the next article. I hope you all are aware of the Omicron wherever we turn we hear people talking about it and even this article here is something related to it. It talks about the recent decisions that were taken in the state of Kerala in the light of the new virus variant Omicron. So the news here is that the Kerala government has decided not to give free COVID-19 treatment for those people who are not cooperating with the state's prevention and containment activities and it is also strictly said that the government would not be obliged to treat the unvaccinated individuals who become COVID positive. So it indirectly says that only if people are vaccinated and if they happen to get affected by the disease after vaccination they'll be treated by the government. On other cases no treatment will be provided by the government. See we know that still a lot of people are actually battling with vaccine assentancies and because of which they are yet to get vaccinated and of course there may be various reasons for people to be hesitant. So in order to break this chain the Kerala government has come up with stringent laws for example those who are not vaccinated due to reasons like serious diseases or allergies they are asked to produce a medical certificate which is issued by a government doctor and likewise teachers who are unvaccinated because of any medical issues they are also asked to produce a medical certificate which is issued by a government doctor and for others they are given the liberty to choose between taking up the vaccine or to be prepared to do the RT-PCR test every week and to submit its result and this same conditions is said to be applicable even to those unvaccinated individuals who are working in offices and other public places and the local body representatives are given the responsibility to find those people who are yet to get vaccinated in their particular locality. So now in this backdrop let's briefly see about vaccine assentancy which is dealt in today's article. See the primary purpose of vaccination is to protect the individuals against severe infections so taking vaccines on a large scale will actually lead to herd immunity and this herd immunity will prevent the prevailing of the disease the outbreaks and pandemics but the major obstacle in achieving this herd immunity is vaccine assentancy. See vaccine assentancy refers to the delay in acceptance or the kind of refusal which people show towards vaccines despite the availability of vaccine services. See this tendency of vaccine assentancy is not just prone to India but then this is something which can be spotted throughout the entire world. See the major concern with this vaccine assentancy is that it will lead to slower vaccination and slower vaccination in turn will lead to the spread of infection and it also poses greater chances of mutations as well as the emergence of new variants. So now let's quickly see some major factors that can cause or influence vaccine assentancy. See the lack of awareness regarding the extent of vaccine benefits is one major cause and there is also a fear which is created by the inaccurate and also the false informations which is being circulated in social media. So these false information and these inaccurate information creates a kind of fear among the people when it comes to vaccine and this fear is further aggravated by the spread of informations which are associating these vaccines with unrelated disease and this will eventually lead to the lack of confidence in getting vaccinated among the ordinary people. And apart from this the cost of vaccines can also be a reason for people to stay away but then this cannot be a valid one because we all know that the government has been arranging a lot of camps where they are providing free vaccines so even if people cannot afford vaccines they can actually go to these places and they can get vaccinated. It is one reason but then it is not really a valid one at most instances. And adding to this a certain religious propaganda can also contribute to this ascitance which is showed towards vaccines. Now say for example vaccines contain microbes, chemicals and animal derived products which is actually forbidden by certain religious laws. So for those people who follow such religious laws it may be quite difficult to accept vaccination. Adding to this digital divide especially in online services like COVID platform leads to inconvenience in accessing vaccines. But however we cannot always judge that it is only vaccine hesitancy which acts as the major hurdle for the safe and speedy vaccination. Of course it has got a great role to play but then this is not the only reason because apart from this even factors like supply deficit, federal distribution of vaccines and then vaccine procurement rates, digital divide also play a role in affecting the safe and speedy vaccination. So now let's quickly see some measures that can be adopted to overcome this vaccine hesitancy. So first of all the spread of misinformation in social media should be monitored and curbed and only science based and especially authentic information should be allowed to be circulated. And then awareness on the benefits of getting vaccinated should be spread on a wider scale. And in this regard help can be sought from local authorities, cultural leaders, local artists and also influencers. They can be directed to ideate and innovate awareness through music, murals, graffiti, dance and drama using local languages and dialects in such a way that it reaches even the grassroot people. And even the ASHA workers and the auxiliary nurse midwives can be used to dispel vaccine knowledge. And then separate help lines can be brought in this regard to provide information on vaccine related pre and post counseling to individuals to address their queries related to vaccine registration. And they can also be directed to indulge in effective follow ups with the people who get vaccinated. And even missed call campaigns can be launched in this regard. See trust building has got a potential role to play in this regard. So on that line, the manufacturer can actually provide honest information about the side effects and also it can provide a reassurance on a robust vaccine safety system so that the people can have a clarity on what it is and the issues around it. So once they have this kind of clarity, it will actually help them to overcome the fear and to be confident enough to move forward and take up the vaccines. So these are some important points which can be used in your main examinations. So kindly make a note of it without fail. You can just note down the important points alone and you can use it for your last minute revision. And this is one of the major reasons why I chose this article. So I think by now you have a fair understanding about vaccine hesitancy like what it is and what are its benefits. And we also saw what is actually preventing people from getting vaccinated, the various reasons contributing towards it. And then we concluded the article with some measures that can be adopted to overcome this hurdle and to pay way for a more safe and speedy vaccination process. So now let's move on to the next news discussion. Now look at this news article. This news article talks about the renouncing of Indian citizenship by Indians. So the news here is that a greater number of Indians have renounced their citizenship in the past five years. But however the reason for renunciation is not known. So here we should remember that India stands second to China when it comes to the high net worth individuals leaving the country. So just remember this fact. So in this discussion we are going to see the constitutional provisions which are related to citizenship. And then we will also see the various ways in which a person can acquire Indian citizenship. And then we will end the article by talking about the different kinds of laws of citizenship in our country. See as you know citizens are full members of the Indian state and being full members they owe allegiance to Indian state. So the citizen of a country generally enjoys all the civil and political rights and all these civil and political rights are provided to the Indian citizens under the Indian constitution. And it is also provided to them through a statute Citizenship Act of 1955. Okay. So just remember we Indian citizens enjoy all civil and political rights and these rights are bestowed to us through our Indian constitution and through the Citizenship Act of 1955. So now let us see the important provisions in our Indian constitution that deals with citizenship. So whenever you learn about citizenship you always have in mind that article five to article eleven of our constitution will be dealing with citizenship. See these articles identify the persons who became citizens of India at its commencement that is on January 26 1950. So remember these articles they generally don't deal with the problems which are related to the acquisition or with the laws of citizenship and also always have in mind that the term citizen is not mentioned in the constitution of India. See this is actually an important fact for prelims. So whenever someone asks you whether the term citizen is mentioned in the constitution of India you should be bold enough and you should just blindly say no it is not mentioned in our Indian constitution. See article 11 of our Indian constitution enables the regulation of Indian citizenship even through the laws enacted by the parliament. So for this purpose the Citizenship Act of 1955 was enacted and this Citizenship Act provides for the acquisition and the laws of Indian citizenship. Now here also you need to remember one fact that this particular act that is the Citizenship Act of 1955 has been amended nine times. So just remember it has been amended nine times. So now let us see the way in which one can acquire citizenship. See actually there are five ways which are prescribed in the act using which one can acquire Indian citizenship. So the first one is acquiring citizenship by birth. Now according to this way a person who is born on or a person who is born after the third of December 2004 is a citizen of India. But then this provision comes with a condition that at least one of the parents of the child is an Indian and the other is not an illegal migrant. Now coming to the second way in acquiring citizenship. See the second way of acquiring citizenship is the citizenship by dissent. Now this citizenship by dissent is for those persons who are born outside India on or before the third of December 2004. So such persons can be an Indian citizenship by dissent if either of her or his parents was a citizen by birth. Now next is acquiring citizenship by registration. Now see this is applicable for various categories of persons such as it is applicable for person of Indian origin which is a resident of India for seven years before applying for citizenship and it is also applicable for those persons who are married to an Indian citizen and has been a resident of India for seven years before applying. And then the fourth way is acquiring citizenship by naturalization. Now this is for a person who fulfills the qualifications in the third schedule to the act. So some of the qualification for acquiring citizenship by naturalization are that the person should be a citizen of any country or she or he should have resided in India for 12 months before applying for citizenship or she or he should have been in the service of a government in India prior to applying for citizenship. So if they are able to fulfill these qualifications then they can very well acquire citizenship by naturalization. Now coming to the fifth or the last way which is citizenship by incorporation of territory that is any person becomes a citizen if any territory becomes a part of India and the same is notified by the central government. So these are the five ways in which the Indian citizen can be acquired. So I will just repeat the five ways. First is citizenship by birth, second is citizenship by descent, third it is citizenship by registration, fourth it is citizenship by naturalization and finally it is citizenship by incorporation of territory. Okay. So now we will move on to the last part which is the kinds or the ways which leads to the laws of citizenship. So the first in this list is renunciation. See any Indian citizen can renounce their citizenship through a declaration in a prescribed manner. So if anyone renounces their citizenship then even their minor child will stop to be a citizen of India but then however the child can regain Indian citizenship later if he or she wishes. So importantly even today's news is regarding this issue only that many Indian citizens have renounced their citizenship but however the reason for Indian citizens renouncing their citizenship is not known and here we should note that recently the government has eased the process of renunciation of citizenship and after this eased process it just takes a maximum of 60 days or approximately two months for the renunciation process. Now the second way in which a person can lose his or her citizenship is by termination that is individual citizenship is terminated when she or he acquires a foreign citizenship knowingly or voluntarily. Okay and the last kind in losing citizenship is by deprivation. Now under this the central government terminates the citizenship of a person for any one or more of these reasons and these reasons include obtaining citizenship by fraud, disloyal to Indian constitution, unlawful trading or communication with the enemy during war, if imprisoned in any country for two years within five years after registration or naturalization or if resident is out of India for seven years continuously. So these were the ways of acquiring citizenship and these three that is renunciation, termination and deprivation are the ways in which a person can lose his or her citizenship. Here you should also remember that there are certain fundamental rights which are enjoyed only by the citizens of our country like the right to equality, the right to freedom of speech and expression etc. So with this let us wind up this discussion and we will move on to see what the next news article is got to tell us. Now let us take up this news article. So this news article here talks about a video that has been circulated and in this video a man was found to attack an injured Indian gore. Now based on this context we will see about the Indian gore which is in limelight here. So the scientific name of Indian gore is Bosgores and it is commonly referred to as the gore or the Indian bison. So this species is the largest living bovine and it belongs to the group of wild oxen which includes the Asiatic buffalo, the African buffalo and also the bison. Note that there are three subspecies of gore. The first one is Bosgores which is found in India, Nepal and Bhutan. The second one is Bosgores reedy that occurs in Indochina region and also in the region of Myanmar etc. And then the third one is the Bosgores hubaki which is found in Thailand and Malaysia. Now let us see some specific characteristics about this Indian gore. See the gore bulls are larger than the cows and they generally weigh between 600 to 1000 kilogram and they have a very wide shoulder. So these species they have ons and they have a shoulder hump which is found to be more pronounced among the males than females. So these animals are known to have a maximum longevity of about 30 years and they are social animals who usually live in herds. Also they are diurnal species in the sense they will be active during day and they inhabit a wide variety of habitats ranging from the tropical wet bamboo forest, the tropical moist deciduous forest, the tropical dry deciduous forest, the solar forest in the western guards etc. And they are also an important prey species for the endangered flagship species tiger. Now on talking about their distribution, see this Indian gore or the Indian bison is confined to the oriental biogeographic region. So you may wonder what is this oriental biogeographical region. See this is a region that extends eastward from India. So it basically includes Indian mainland and much of southeast Asia. So that being said, this Indian bison is found in Nepal, India, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Peninsular Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam etc. And within India this gore is isolated into three disjunct regions and they are the south western India, the central India and the north eastern India. So now let us move on to say about the various factors that threaten this species existence. So the first is poaching. These species are poached for consumption, crop protection, for medicinal use or as a part of trophy hunting. And then another threat faced by them is the habitat loss and also the fragmentation particularly in the northeast India habitat where the degradation is brought about by the shifting cultivation. And other than this the conversion of forest areas to agricultural use or commercial plantations is also another serious threat. See this threat of habitat loss and also the fragmentation is not just limited to Indian gore but to most of the animals which are in the endangered and the critically endangered list. And it is because of these factors like habitat loss and fragmentation only we happen to come across a lot of human animal conflict as well. Okay so just have this in mind. Now thirdly the species is also vulnerable to all the diseases that infect cattle. Say for example like rindapest, food and mouth disease anthrox and haemorrhagic fever have been found to be responsible for the mortality of gore. And apart from this they are also threatened by predators especially when they are little calf. So these threats led to the extension of species in many protected areas of India and it is said to have disappeared from the Bandavgar Tiger Reserve and the Sanjay National Park of Madhya Pradesh and even from the Tattakard Wildlife Sanctuary of Kerala and the Kangur Valley National Park in Chhateshgarh. So due to these reasons the Indian gore is characterized as vulnerable in the high uc and red list of threatened species. I repeat it is categorized as vulnerable in the high uc and red list of threatened species and it is also listed in schedule 1 of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. And then it is also included in appendix 1 of sites which is also known as the convention on international trade and endangered species of wild fauna and flora. So these are the important points about the Indian bison which would be helpful for you in your exam perspective. So now let us move on to the next news discussion. Now for my next news discussion I have chosen this data point article. See recently the accidental deaths and suicide in India report for the year 2020 was released. And this report covered various dimensions relating to deaths due to accidents and suicide and this data point article also deals with the same. So now in this context let us see about the report and its important findings. So come let us get into our discussion. The syllabus covered by this article is highlighted below for your reference. See the ADSI which stands for the accidental deaths and suicides in India is a statistical data which records the accidental deaths and suicides in our country. See this report is released annually that is it is released once in every year by the National Crime Records Bureau. So the basic objective behind this report is to provide exhaustive or holistic data on accidental deaths and suicides that happen in India because having a holistic knowledge or understanding on this issue will actually help our policy makers to form or to frame better policies for preventing the unfortunate laws of life. So in order to release or to frame this report the data is collected from the District Crime Records Bureau by the state's Crime Records Bureau and then these data are sent to NCRB the National Crime Records at the end of the year and these data are later compiled and released as the ADSI report annually. Now remember the first edition of this particular report was published in the year 1967 and the most recent edition is this one which is the ADSI 2020. See we all know that suicide is a way in which a person puts an end to his or her own life in a very unfortunate way. So each suicide is a personal tragedy that steals an individual's life too soon and that which has got the potential to create a long term impact on the lives of the victims family members friends and communities. Do you believe every year more than one lakh people commit suicide in our country? See such premature deaths are not only traumatic to the family and also to the people around but it also results in the loss of productive manures. So this loss of productive manures actually influences the economic development of our country because most of the people who have lost their life would have contributed towards the economic development of our country and they would have been more of an asset than a liability. So when viewed in that angle suicides actually influence the economic development of our country in a negative way and many of such victims have been economically active. They have been supporting their families and they were contributors to the overall economic progress of India. So it becomes really important to identify the root cause of these issues and to formulate suitable policies in order to prevent such unfortunate laws of life in the days ahead. See there are various causes of suicides or various reasons can induce a person in committing suicide. So some popular problems that instigates people to commit suicide are professional or career problems, the sense of isolation, abuse and then violence, even family problems has got a great role to play here and apart from these mental disorders and an addiction to alcohol, financial laws or even chronic pain can actually put a person into such situation. Now this NCRB or the National Crime Records Bureau they collect data on suicides from the police recorded suicide cases and the rate of suicides will be calculated using projected population for the non census years whereas for the census year 2011 the calculation was done based on the population in the census 2011 report. Now let's see the major findings of this ADSI report 2020. See in 2020 a total of 1,53,052 people were reported to have committed suicides in our country. Now this estimation is said to be the highest number of suicide deaths in the past 53 years because this is the first time in over 50 years that the number of suicide deaths has crossed 1.5 lakh. Now look at this table as you can see here there is a 10% increase in the number of deaths in the year 2020 when compared to that of the 2019 levels and as shown here 1.29 lakh deaths were recorded in 2017 and this is said to be the lowest estimation in the decade that is between the years 2010 and 2020. Also know that 2020 has marked the highest annual suicidal death rate since the year 1982 and the rate of suicides rose by 8.7% in 2020 over 2019. Now look at this graph as you can see here the year on year growth of death by suicide has actually crossed the 10% mark on only four occasions between the years 1968 and 2020 and 2020 is the fourth highest since 1968 which has crossed the 10% mark and it is also the highest since 1982. Now let's look at these data in the profession wise dimension. So when you take the profession wise dimension in 2020 alone a major part of suicide has been committed by the daily wage earners category they alone constitute to about 24.6% of suicide deaths and it is the highest among other professions and in the year 2020 alone 37,666 daily wage earners died by suicide and this number is 15.7% higher than that which was recorded at the year 2019 and even though the students deaths in 2020 is just 8.2% even this is said to be higher when compared to that of the 2019 report because this year the students deaths have jumped by 21.2% and this is said to be the highest jump among all professions. Now coming to the state wise estimation of deaths see states like Chhattisgarh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu recorded the highest deaths by suicide per lakh people. So when you see in terms of percentage share between the states you can find that Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Mathya Pradesh are found to be the highest. So these are some important facts that were highlighted in the report as well as in the data point which we took for discussion today. So you can actually use these statistics to support your argument or your points in your main exam. So make sure to jot down the trends of suicide deaths in the last 10 years because these data may be useful to you in some way or the other. So with this we are done with the article discussion for today. So as you all know her next segment is the practice question discussion. Now look at this question consider the following statements a judge of supreme court and high court is eligible for pension if he or she has completed 12 years of service and attained the age of 65 years and statement to the judges of supreme court and high court are eligible for additional quantum of pension or family pension on attaining 70 years of age. So we need to find the right statements here. So when you take the first statement it is not correct because the 12 years service condition is only for the high court judges and the 65 years criterion is for the supreme court judges because for the high court judges it is 62 years. So this statement is wrong. Now coming to the second statement see this statement is again incorrect because the judges of supreme court and high court are eligible for additional quantum of pension or family pension on attaining 80 years of age and not 70 years of age. So this statement is incorrect as well. So since both the statements are wrong the correct answer here would be option D which is neither one nor two. Now look at this prelims practice question consider the following statements statement one originally the citizenship act of 1955 also provided for common wealth citizenship statement two the provision for common wealth citizenship was repealed by the citizenship amendment act of 2005. So we need to find the correct statement here. So when you take the first statement this statement is actually correct because the citizenship act of 1955 did actually provided for the common wealth citizenship according to which every person who is a citizenship of India also acquires the common wealth citizenship. Okay so the first statement is right here. Now coming to the second statement see actually this statement is incorrect because it is true that this provision for common wealth citizenship was repealed through an amendment of this act but then this was not repealed by the citizenship amendment act of 2005 but rather it was repealed by the citizenship amendment of 2003. So it is not 2005 amendment it is 2003 amendment. So therefore this statement is incorrect. So only the first statement is right here. So from this you obviously know that the correct answer here is option A that is one only. Now look at this question on Indian bison it asks which of the following are the threats phasing gore also known as Indian bison and they have given four options one is poaching for meat second it is trophy hunting then third comes shifting cultivation and then it is rinder pest and food and mouth disease. So if you are carefully paid attention to my discussion then you will be knowing that all the four options which are given here are right. So therefore the correct answer here is option D that is one two three and four. See I just wanted to give you a very brief description about this rinder pest which is given as the fourth option here. See rinder pest is an infectious disease in cattle which is caused by a virus called paramixovirus. So this disease is generally known as cattle plague or contagious bovine typhus and it is characterized by fever dysentery and also by the inflammation of mucus membranes. So since all the statements given here are right the correct answer is option D that is one two three and four. So the list of main questions are here. So please write your answer take this initiative seriously and post your answers in the comment section. So with this let us wind up the discussion for today and if my video was helpful for you don't hesitate to like comment and share and do subscribe to our Shankar Eye's Academy YouTube channel for more updates regarding UPSC civil services preparation. Thank you.


I'm Salvatur Babonis and today's lecture is Ebola – Whose Problem? The Ebola epidemic of 2013 to 2015 caused at least 11,500 deaths, probably many more, mostly in the poor West African countries of Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea. Ebola itself is a hemorrhagic fever, meaning that it's one of a class of diseases like yellow fever that both cause fever and cause people to hemorrhage body fluids, blood from the cuticles or from the ears or from around the eyes. Body fluids leak out of the body and contact with those body fluids can spread the disease. It's native to West Central Africa where it is endemic in local bat populations. The disease is spread from human to human through contact with bodily fluids, even after the deaths of those infected. So handling dead bodies without proper precautions can result in transmission to survivors. As its distribution makes clear, it is as much a disease of poverty and war as it is a disease of the tropics. All three states that were the center of the Ebola epidemic lack even the most basic public health infrastructure. The epidemic started in rural Guinea. Guinea had just emerged from a year, not exactly of civil war but of serious civil conflict. Guinea did not want other countries to know about the disease because Guinea's economy was extremely fragile and if it had let the world know about the presence of Ebola in Guinea, of course other countries would have closed their borders which would have been and ultimately was catastrophic for Guinea's economy. So suspicions about the disease were quashed initially to prevent any panic among Guinea's neighbors. The disease quickly spread from Guinea to Sierra Leone and Liberia. The worst epidemics were in Sierra Leone and Liberia where the infrastructure was even worse than Guinea, completely destroyed in civil wars that ended in 2002 and 2003. In Guinea there were some 4,000 deaths and much larger numbers of deaths in Sierra Leone and Liberia. Historically Ebola has been most closely associated with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the most failed of all of Africa's failed states. Like these states of West Africa the DRC for decades now has lacked even the most basic public health infrastructure and when I say basic I mean like this. This is an Ebola treatment unit of JFK Hospital. You see the Ministry of Health and World Health Organization logos proudly printed on the sign that is hung to mark the hospital and there's a body, it's unclear whether it's a living or dead person being dragged through the mud into this treatment center. Now this is public health infrastructure, that is this is a place in Sierra Leone that actually had a treatment unit of some kind, never mind most villages which had no public health infrastructure whatsoever. Hospital or you might call it clinic conditions were so bad in Liberia and Sierra Leone that healthcare workers actually went on strike in the middle of the epidemic and it's no wonder they went on strike. Death rates among healthcare workers were the highest in the country.  Workers lacked even the most basic safety and sanitary equipment like gloves and masks. Workers weren't being paid, the strikes were a response to a simple complete lack of payment. I mean being asked to put your life on the line in your job may be the call of duty but being asked to put your life on the line as a volunteer, which is effectively what you are if you're not even being paid is a very big ask for people who are already doing a lot to try to help their countries. In Guinea there was a slightly better functioning healthcare system but in Guinea government healthcare workers were actually murdered by villagers who didn't want them coming into their village looking for signs of Ebola because if a village was found to have Ebola people might be quarantined or their bodies, dead bodies might be forced into immediate burial when people wanted to wait to bury them and conduct proper ceremonies. So asking people to be healthcare workers when they might be, well certainly at risk of contracting Ebola and might even be murdered by people who are angry about their treatment in the Ebola epidemic, again it's a big ask to ask people to do for little or in many cases no pay. Now there is a new Ebola vaccine that is being trialed. All signs are that the vaccine seems to work. This vaccine in the future will insulate rich countries from future outbreaks because health workers who go to poor countries can be vaccinated before they go. Most of the people who spread Ebola back to Spain and the United States were health workers who had gone as volunteers to work in West Africa and then brought the disease back with them. Of course these people will all be vaccinated before the next breakout of Ebola and I don't want to be completely cynical, populations will be vaccinated against Ebola and there's a very good chance that Ebola vaccine will prevent or control or reduce the impact of future outbreaks of the disease. Ebola might be quote unquote defeated in the same way that we defeated smallpox and are on the verge of defeating polio. But vaccines don't get at the root of the problem. The root of the problem is a complete lack of local public health systems, a lack of national government capacity, irregular pay for health workers, alienated populations who feel completely unrepresented by their own governments.  Look health NGOs are doing great work but ultimately what the countries of the world need are effective government institutions. Now we've seen the creation of effective government institutions when it comes to financial institutions. This is a photo of Liberia's central bank. Now that is not the United States flag that's the Liberian flag which is very similar to the US flag flying over the bank but most of the countries of the world have effective central banks staffed by well trained western staff who are paid on a regular basis, who wear suits to work, have functioning computers. The anthropology that's been done in African countries around bureaucratic systems has shown that the best funded, best trained, actually functioning bureaucratic system in most countries is their central bank. Well that's perhaps no surprise. If you want to find money where do you go, you go to the bank. But we have put a place, a big priority on ensuring that developing countries have robust central banks and the capacity to undertake financial regulation, we have made nothing like the same level of effort to make sure that poor countries have functioning health ministries and public health systems and basic healthcare for the entire urban and rural populations. I'm Salvatore Bobonis, thank you for listening. You can find out more about me at SalvatoreBobonis.com where you can also sign up for my monthly newsletter on global affairs.