Now let's move on to a new topic, and that's the topic of what's going on in the United States while all this stuff is going on in Europe. Already when we're talking about the Baroque, stuff going on in the 17th century, we're talking about a period of time that the United States was also making decisions about architecture. By the time we get into the establishment of the United States proper in the 18th century, we're in the full swing of the Enlightenment in Europe. This is a statue of George Washington by Horatio Greenow, and I find this to be a funny statue. One, because, wow, look at those abs, George Washington. Chopping down those cherry trees did you some good. But in addition to that, it's a funny way to be portrayed. It's a really neoclassical way to be portrayed. The same kind of associationism, the same attempt to fix meaning by pulling in these attributes and these images from history is going on in this portraiture. So in a sense, he's portraying himself as a Roman Republican senator. Other ideas of the Enlightenment are present in the founding of the United States also. For example, the philosophes, these great French philosophers like Rousseau and Voltaire and Montesquieu are widely read at the time, especially by people like Thomas Jefferson, who spent five years in France as an ambassador. Rousseau promotes the value of nature over the decrepitude of culture. Rousseau suggests that history is a burden and that what you want to do is cut away through all of the cultural layering and connect to something essential. And the kinds of things you want to get rid of are things like institutions and things like property. And what you want to connect to are things like nature and things like the land. You think about the United States, just the idea of the United States, not the particulars of the United States. But if there is a civilization that loves nature and loves the wilderness and loves a place uncluttered with history, boy is the United States interesting. It is this virgin territory that seems to be a geographical representation of the noble savage, a land unspoiled by culture. Of course, this is the narrow chauvinistic view of what culture is. Culture is only European culture as far as these guys are concerned. There was an architecture associated with Enlightenment thinking and we noticed that it was kind of anti-baroque architecture. It was neo-Polladian architecture. Moving away from the flourishes and the rhetoric and the extreme language and reliance on applied ornament that had to do with the baroque, moving away from the sculptural surfaces and plasticity of wall that we associate with a baroque and coming up instead with a pristine architecture that relies on things like proportion and mathematics. It's an architecture that can be taught. It's a progressive kind of architecture. This is Chiswick House that we looked at in London, designed by Lord Burlington and William Kent who were wigs who believed in the same principles to a large extent that were espoused by the Enlightenment philosophers in France. With that wiggish attitude is also an interest in the landscape and a very different kind of landscape than the landscape we saw in France or in Italy. France and Italy, of course, are countries strongly associated with the dominance of the church in Italy or the dominance of the state in France. When you come to England, it's a place governed by citizen rule, a different kind of landscape, and a different kind of architecture comes into play. Looser, more, showing off the qualities of nature, the irregularity of view, and also beginning to conceive of architecture in a very different way than architecture was conceived of in those other examples. Here in Stourhead, architecture is seen as a folly, as an eye catcher of something that organizes your view across the landscape in a picturesque way with vistas and not with axes that are strongly and geometrically cut into the land. So now let's look at how these Enlightenment ideas and how this idea of this powerful, unspoiled landscape get acted upon at the outset of this new nation called USA. Let's not even call it USA yet. Let's just call it this new land, this territory that's been recently claimed and is in the process of being colonized. Boston, settled in 1640, has this fabulous plan. Has anybody here ever driven in Boston? Was that a great experience for you? Did you want to scream? Did you want to just drive into a concrete barrier at a certain point so you wouldn't have to drive in Boston anymore? It's really terrible. And one recent Boston is terrible, at the outset at least. The oldest part of Boston is not really rationally planned. It follows topography, river meanders through it, some ground is marshy, you don't want to build there so you move around it, some ground is high, you get funny little streets going through it. In its original plan form, Boston doesn't quite yet become a diagram for the aspirations of this new nation. One of the aspirations of the Enlightenment was to use reason to control everything. If there's a tangled landscape, there are ways to deal with that landscape. You could put a grid down. You could begin to think about ways to measure, to order, to get a system going. And so the plan of New Haven begins to use this kind of a diagram. It's just, you know, look at New Haven and you think, well, this is not such a good plan. But it's not such a bad plan either. It's incredibly simple. Grid with a common grazing ground in the middle. What's nice about this is you know where you are. It's a grid. And there's some representation of the spirit of the community in the common grazing ground here. And what's also nice about the plan of New Haven is that it's extensible. If the city is going to grow, there are all kinds of good ways preloaded into the diagram of New Haven for growth. For example, extend the streets, extend the grid, and off you go. Maybe even add a few more squares. Another nice thing about the plan of New Haven is that it's a little bit familiar to us. We've seen something like this before. It's not so different, for example, from something like a Roman town camp, where we have the four square grid with a kind of central forum in the middle. Of course, the four square grid is much, much more hierarchical, emphasizing simply one center which tends to have something of importance placed on it. The New Haven plan is a nine square grid celebrating a center but a more democratically pitched center, a center for the people. We looked earlier at the great fire in London and how this great fire began to inspire people to think about town planning. People like Christopher Wren or people like Robert Hook began to take this charred ground of London and use it to plot out new possibilities for a plan. In looking at Wren's plans for London, we observed that these were awfully French looking plans. These were incredibly French. They're so radial. They're so axial. You even get these little emblems of the Sun King, these rempoints all over the place. Wren's first plan is ridiculously ideal. And by ridiculously ideal, I mean it just pretends that there's no river here almost. It just slaps an axis down the middle and unfolds evenly on either side. His second plan makes more adjustments but it's still imposing a structure of the town that seems foreign and not simply foreign but also emblematic of different power structures than the power structures that the people in England wish to embrace. Robert Hook's plan was a grid and that also didn't get built. They just rebuilt London as it was but all these ideas were in the air. And so when Philadelphia gets founded in 1668, just two years after the great fire of London, William Penn, who owns this land, gets a surveyor to come. A man called Thomas Holm and these are both people who were bred in England, educated in England and so very much aware of these planning ideas that were circulating in England at the time. Holm comes up with this plan, which is a great plan by the way. This is the Delaware River down here and this is the Schoolkill River up here. It's a giant plan. The plan plotted out in 1668 for Philadelphia includes more land than the city of Paris at the time and Paris was the largest city, well at least the largest city people knew about, the largest city in Europe. So it's ambitious. It's this idea that you get a good plan going, you have a rational structure and off you go. These are some of the things that make the Philadelphia plan so fabulous. In one sense, we have Cardo and Decumanus and a Forum in the middle, the Roman diagram that we see over here and we get it again here. Cardo Decumanus, Market Street and Broad Street with a square in the middle, an urban square, an urban square that's the seat of the city government town hall. At least that's that's the idea in the Holm plan. When you do a four-square grid like this, especially one at a giant scale like the scale of Philadelphia, you begin to get quadrants and each quadrant gets a square in the middle of it and each of these green squares begins to behave like the public grazing square in New Haven. It becomes a place that people can share. It's a green space where animals can graze. It becomes a place to get some fresh air and vegetation. So that's an amazing diagram and what's nice about it also is that it's an inflected diagram and by inflected I mean the east west streets that we have running in this direction are wider than the north south streets so that the wider streets begin to collect certain kinds of activities. The narrower streets begin to collect other kinds of activities. Additionally there were all kinds of ideas going on in Philadelphia. People are thinking about this fire and there was an idea that Philadelphia would be a green country town. What does that mean? One thing that it meant was in its original plan the houses were to be quite far apart, didn't end up that way because there were certain parts of town that were more desirable to build in than other parts of town. It also meant that houses would not be wood, they would be brick houses so that they couldn't burn and it also meant that some of these people kicking around in the early days not exactly contemporary with home but surely thereafter people like Benjamin Franklin founded fire brigades so that if there were a fire the citizens could band together and put out the fire before it ravaged the neighborhood. So this is the diagram and it is a fabulous diagram. Democratic, logical, extensible, inflected variable capable of sustaining lots of change while still retaining its clarity. What actually happened is that these two rivers the Delaware and the Schoolkill aren't exactly equal. The Delaware is a great navigable river and the Schoolkill is full of little cataracts and you can get through quite nicely in a kayak but at that period you really couldn't use it as a mercantile port in the same way that you could use the Delaware. The old city of Philadelphia grew up largely around the Delaware River and it took a while for the rest of the city to fill out. However if we remember Edmund Bacon's notion of the second man principle if you put a diagram in place and it's strong enough you really don't have to fill the whole thing out at once you put this diagram down there and history will fill out the diagram for you which in fact is what happened. There are a number of these amazingly good town plans if we look through the history of the early town planning moments in the United States. Another great one is Oglethorpe's plan for Savannah Georgia. This one is great also grid beautiful rational variable grid that introduces little squares or green spaces super and an incredibly hierarchical grid. We saw a little bit in Philadelphia that there are different scales of streets market street and broad street are incredibly wide east west streets are wider than north south streets but when you come in here the streets heading toward the river are all big boulevards.  The big commercial street in the middle no messing around with all these little green spaces but each of these little squares becoming places that are centers of neighborhoods and centers of important buildings so it's a great plan and as you can see it's an extensible plan. Here in its earliest moment we have a little four square grid with four quadrants each of which has its own center and the cemetery thrown out to the perimeter. As the city grows over time this grid simply expands we just add a few more of these cells with their own little green space and off you go. Pretty soon you begin to think ah that cemetery is in an inconvenient place but it would make a great green space so the city continues to grow the city continues to flex and there's a lot of richness in the fabric because the grid is so varied. When you get a new country like the United States of America you need a new capital for the United States of America. The task of designing this new capital Washington D.C. fell at first to a Frenchman named Pierre L'Enfant and then he was assisted by a draftsman called Ellicott.  Here's Versailles down at the bottom and here's L'Enfant's Washington D.C. kind of French but the French are good at communicating meaning in architecture or let's say people had already developed the ability to read these French plans to pull hierarchy out of them. For example each of these diagonals in the Washington City plan organizes itself around an important building it could be the Treasury building it could be the White House it could be the capital so there are two ways to move through the town of Washington D.C. it's a double system one system is the Democratic grid Cartesian space making knowable every point in a kind of equal way. Superimposed on top of that are these diagonals linking together monuments within the city linking together important spaces within the city. Washington operates on two levels it operates on one level as a Democratic representation of the aspirations and the values of the people and as another on another level and with another plan diagram as this showcase of the great institutions of this new nation. One thing that I think is particularly nice about the plan of Washington D.C. is the mall which we see here and the mall is this lawn park this green space cut into the fabric of the city but unlike the green spaces that we saw in Savannah wrapped by fabric or in New Haven wrapped by fabric or in Philadelphia wrapped by fabric the mall in Washington D.C. in its inception is open to the Potomac River so on one end of the axis you have monuments representing the greatness of the United States on the other end of the axis you have nature because the far side of the Potomac River has not been built up yet this is just a view looking through the green sword across the river at the great western expanse of the United States. This is a very enlightenment diagram right that you have two things being opposed to each other two things holding down the axis one the institution of a rational government and two nature and these two things will keep each other in check the natural virtue of the landscape will keep the potential for self-contamination of the city in check. So it's a pretty great diagram has anybody ever driven around Washington D.C. great experience Danielle did you want to drive over a cliff yeah anybody else anybody else drive there yes how did you like it it was all right right the diagonal streets make it really distracting when you're going through the grid what did you experience New York driving is easy New York has a grid I would rather drive in New York than D.C. any day right in New York you can't get anywhere but you know where you're going in Washington D.C. you can't get anywhere and if you're a split second late in making the turn God help you because there are like 15 streets coming into these round points and it's not clear and your GPS can't talk fast enough to tell you where to go but think about it when Washington D.C. was laid out there wasn't the idea that you'd be zipping around in your smart car with your GPS but rather you would be walking or you would be in a carriage and if you're moving more slowly then you have a chance to react at a different speed and move through the city a little bit more logically so much as we can admire Washington D.C. Thomas Jefferson really hated it Thomas Jefferson came up with this better idea of Washington D.C. here's the Potomac here's a green sword which is much more irregular in its lineaments than the one that we have at the mall and the plan of the city for Jefferson should be a grid. Jefferson embraces the idea of the democratizing grid but he's very leery of the overlay of these great boulevards two French two monarchical one of my favorite moments of early town planning in the United States comes here in our beautiful state of Ohio and that is the plan of Circleville which is just to the south of Columbus Circleville is named Circleville because it was originally constructed on an annular Indian mound we have these various Indian mound villages some of which are these rings elevated ring like things I sound smarter when I say annular Indian mound which means ring-shaped Indian mound so it's high ground and why wouldn't you build on high ground it would be absolutely clever to build on high ground that way you have a better view you have a little bit protection from the weather and so forth so that was the original idea Circleville gets organized around the annular Indian mound and no sooner is it constructed than people get really nervous about it because look at the diagram this is one of those diagrams that people in the Italian Renaissance were dreaming about the idea of an ideal circular town plan such a clear idea about a center now if you're an ideal Renaissance guy you can put your palace in the center or you can put your church in the center but if you are a enlightenment farmer in Circleville Ohio what are you going to put in the center you have nothing to put in the center it's a waste of space this is not rational and so the citizens of Circleville formed a society the squaring of Circleville society they began very systematically to start buying off portions of land to get rid of the damn circle couldn't couldn't stand it it just made them crazy two European and two unfroogle so here we see progress by 1838 they got rid of a little bit of it they got rid of a little bit of it by 18 what is this 40 49 they got rid of almost all of it and then by 1856 it is just like any other piece of the United States grid grid grid I couldn't believe this was true I actually on one occasion I went into the police station of Circleville Ohio where they had this big big scale map like not not quite as big as the screen but let's say one quarter the size of the screen and I wanted to find a trace of the circle there is nothing left there is no trace of the circle all gone so classicism or rather neoclassicism becomes very popular in the United States and we have a couple of of local architects who are building these monuments early on one of them is Charles bullfinch who is the architect who designs the state house in Massachusetts and here is Charles bullfinch and one thing that distinguishes him from other architects operating at the time is he was actually born and educated in the United States we have architects like long font Pierre long font a Frenchman we have other architects like Benjamin Latrobe an Englishman but bullfinch is pretty much the first real American architect and when he sets out to build something like the Massachusetts state house he he does it in a Neopolladian style it's the only possible style with the same attitude toward Palladio's language that we saw in the Neopolladians in England that is to say you strip away the stuff that seems stupid like optical corrections like antises you find a way to simplify and really to kind of flatten the robustness of the proportions in the interest of making things more rational of course this love of the rational didn't stop him from putting a shiny golden dome on top of it because it's Boston you want something flashy and here's what it looks like and I think if you look at the interior you can see that this language looks a lot more like the language of say Robert Adam that we looked at in cyan house in England a while back where the the instead of having a dome with coffering that has depth and cast shadow you get this plaster work that gives you the sense of the dome without the the real plasticity of the dome there is a kind of clarity a kind of severity a brittle flattened a plastic classicism that gives character to bullfinch's work here another one of these early American architects also working in a classical revival sense is Benjamin Latrobe although he was born in Britain Latrobe has earned the sobriquette America's first architect by the New York Times architectural critic and other people and the reason he earns this title is twofold one he was probably the first architect to have the design talent and and structural knowledge to execute complex projects at a large scale and when a country is trying to express its values express its cultural aspirations and its civic aspirations through architecture you really need someone who can pull off these projects that can dazzle the world or that can exemplify and and make visible these these complex ambitions of a new nation and two Latrobe was handpicked by Thomas Jefferson to design the most important symbol of this new nation the United States Capitol Latrobe is now really becoming fairly specific about what style he's looking at in the case of a bullfinch it's a broad cut through Neapolitanism Latrobe is purifying it he's contracting it down to specifically Greek revival the association between Greek architecture and the democratic values of this new society seem appropriate Jefferson picked Latrobe for this project solely on the basis of the excellence of one of Latrobe's existing works the Bank of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia all you have to do is look at these drawings here of the plan and section to understand that in fact it is quite complex quite eclectic quite hybrid in so far as there is a Ionic Greek revival volume that contains within it a series of shaped vaulted spaces one of which is a complex coffered dome but Latrobe could pull these things off and pull them off in a gutsy and ambitious way and so Jefferson engages him to be the architect of the capital here's another view of the Bank of Pennsylvania where you can see this eruption in the gabled rectilinear prism of the Bank of Pennsylvania of this lantern dome for the design of the capital Latrobe really had a lot of stuff to grapple with there there was a competition and no architects rose to the fore nobody seemed to have enough enough skill enough ambition the kinds of projects that were put forward were really like large houses even the project that eventually won a project put forward by William Thornton an amateur architect professional physician lacked certain programmatic spaces it completely lacked a house of representatives for example the trove is put forward in this project by mr. Jefferson after seven years of work on Thornton's project take place without really yielding anything significant or rather the only thing that Thornton's project yielded was a foundation that had to be respected so that all of the trove subsequent work somehow had to play against this scattering of elements here's the troves plan for the capital and it's a fairly ambitious plan it in many ways it kind of reminds us of the Bank of Philadelphia if you look at the plan of the Bank of Philadelphia you see a rectilinear volume with conspicuous portachy on either side with a big dome in the middle and shaped spaces flanking it on either side and that's the same strategy adapted here an ovalized space the house of representatives a semicircular space the senate this is the drawing for La Trobe's capital as as put forward in 1806 and all these La Trobe projects are doomed in some way the bank of pennsylvania was torn down and even La Trobe's capital was burnt by the british during the war of 1812 so that it had to be reconstructed let's look at the kinds of things La Trobe sought to do in his design for the capital one it had to be a building of a vast scale and two it had to somehow exemplify the values of the country so the dome soaring above the rotunda and the assignment of the central space of the building not to the government not to the officers holding power but to the people themselves in many ways represents this ambition exemplifying the democratic spirit of this new country it has been said that all great architecture arises from the work not simply of a great architect but from the collaboration of a great architect and a great client and this is certainly true in the case of La Trobe's design for the capital if jefferson had been able to hold office for the amount of time necessary for the execution of this project it might have been a very great thing indeed because here you see all kinds of different impulses that each of them are putting forward for example over the house of representatives jefferson wanted to have a glass vault and La Trobe swore that he was unable to execute it and jefferson said you're the architect make this thing happen imagine a great greenhouse roof the likes of which jefferson would have seen in the the greenhouses of paris when he visited them would have been over the house of representatives again acting symbolically government is transparent government is light filled rather than dark and obscure and it was constructed in this manner and it did leak however when during the war of 1812 the british burnt the capital this glass roof went down with it and was eventually rebuilt in a different form very few remnants of La Trobe's original vision survive even in the little details La Trobe was trying to figure out ways to make an architecture expressive of this new country and the things it stood for he looked at classical precedent and he looked at it closely as we can see from the strong greek revival sensibilities demonstrated in the bank of pennsylvania but he was also willing to transform it these are some of the orders that he introduced this is the tobacco order where curling tobacco leaves and tobacco blossoms are put into play in lieu of a campus leaves or even the more homespun corn cob capital these capitals during the summer session obtained more applause from members of congress than all the works of magnitude or difficulty that surround them and this is nice it's america putting itself on par putting its own bounty on par with antiquity inventing a history for itself if you will or reinscribing its own particularities into the larger sweep of western history here you can see the corn cob columns in a vestibule in the capital and here you see some of the tobacco columns and here's another column capital that he designed his magnolia order taking this particularly american flower and and finding a way to attach it to the classical language really the only work by letrobe that can be examined in a fairly unspoiled state is the vast cathedral of the assumption or the basilica of boltmore or the boltmore cathedral from 1804 to 1808 here too there was a great collaboration between a client and an architect and the client in this case was the first catholic bishop of the united states john carol and the ambition of this church was really quite extraordinary because in puritan new england in puritan america catholicism was at the margins catholicism was ostracized in favor of Protestantism and here in this new nation that held no prejudice toward religions which separated church and state and held all religions to be equal for the first time catholicism was able to express itself in a monumental architectural form in america think about this space particularly in the context of the united states in the early years of the united states most of the structures even the major structures even the churches that people would experience were limited in dimension by the span of timber or a timber trust but you couldn't really do anything bigger than that and here we have letrobe building a dome at the scale of the greatest domes of europe the dome of the boltmore cathedral spanned 65 feet in diameter and sprung from 78 feet above the floor roughly the height of a seven-story building the span of the dome was unlike anything seen in the united states really the second largest building in the united states second only to letrobe's own capital building compared to the greatest classical domes in europe such as the pantheon which spans 142 feet in diameter the dome of the boltmore cathedral is not that astonishing but it vastly outstripped anything else that could be seen in the united states fabulous and it's also quite severe you look at this thing and my god as it stripped down the flattened innervated language of the classicism of an atom it seems robust in comparison to this bar relief draftsmanly description of coffering that we have at the boltmore cathedral one of my favorite letrobe projects are the waterworks in philadelphia has anybody ever been to philadelphia if you drive in along the schoolkill river you see these little boat houses that are really charming little Greek temples the trobe did those we're really interested in are the major players in this birth of a new nation and nobody is more major in this operation than say thomas jefferson thomas jefferson was probably the smartest person ever to be president of the united states and probably also the best architect ever to be president of the united states because thomas jefferson was a polymath he was one of these people who tried to do everything and he was very interested in architecture probably his interest in architecture was augmented by the five years that he spent in france where he had a chance to come into direct contact with the most current developments in in architecture at the time he's in france in the 1780s when these wonderful chateaus under the patronage of louis were all constructed and the debate about architectur poland how architecture can construct meaning was was debated in all the salons which jefferson attended anyhow here's jefferson we saw how washington had himself portrayed as a roman senator and i think it's interesting how jefferson has himself portrayed here jefferson has papers here probably things like the declaration of independence but he also has this connection to the classical the collection connection to the antique the connection to the arts and this is what it says on his tombstone here was buried thomas jefferson author of the declaration of american independence of the statue of virginia for religious freedom and the father of the university of virginia so no slouch this is the declaration of independence before jefferson ever became president jefferson didn't become president until 1800 but before he ever became president he was a representative for the state of virginia and under his direction a large project was instituted it was the land ordinance of 1785 what is the land ordinance of 1785 you might ask and the answer is a surveying project to go out and look at this vast territory of the united states and measure it and measure it in a particular way a rational way why wouldn't it be rational the whole of the united states would be subdivided into a grid a grid is a good thing and the grid would be six miles by six miles and each of these six by six mile chunks of america would be called a township and within that chunk of america called a township you would subdivide it into one mile by one mile units and these could be further subdivided but this became a way to measure and commodify the wilderness and why is that a good idea well one good idea is you could certainly raise money through the sale of land but for jefferson i think it went deeper than that jefferson was an enlightenment man cut from the same cloth and jean jocque de saut and jefferson felt that one of the great things that america had going for it was this land you know europe was full there was no land that you could go to there was no wilderness but we had land and jefferson had this idea that america could be this great agrarian nation a nation of farmers people connected directly to the land would not become contaminated by all these citified ideas part of the land ordinance project made it possible for people to homestead for people to move out into this vast terrain of the united states and settle the land and jefferson believed a number of things one thing he thought was nobody should travel until they're 40 years old and why he thought if you travel and you go to places like paris and you start smelling perfume and drinking champagne you're just a goner you're never going to be a virtuous person again in your life by the time you're 40 you have enough experience under your belt that you can handle it and i think jefferson might have been 40 when he went to paris to represent america as a great ambassador and jefferson also believed that cities were corrupt and that what you wanted to do was get people out of the cities and get them into the land this became a project for that here's the state of ohio gridded gridded gridded the surveying project begins to cut in roughly through the middle of of ohio we have the western reserve land grants up here we have different i don't know what that one is called over here and then the grid the grid marches forward and the grid covers the united states once jefferson was president he continued these ideas about expanding and connecting to the wilderness and making it possible for as many people as as can be to be farming land to have their own land to be free from the cities so one thing that jefferson sponsored was the louisiana purchase which you're probably familiar with this vast chunk of territory purchased for the united states moving west moving toward the future a bit later jefferson sponsored an expedition louis and clark moving west moving toward the future this idea that the farther west you go the more virgin the land will be the pure of the experience this is what the united states looks like these are these one by one mile grids seen from an airplane and now this is i think is quite funny that if you look at it now you have these center pivot irrigation machines you put the the irrigation machine in the middle and it swings around so that you actually get these little vitruvian man diagrams all over like iowa and kansas just because that's how you cultivate the land cities that grew up in the aftermath of the jeffersonian grid take on a very different character than these enlightenment city plans that grew up at the beginning for example the city like salt lake grid these are squares grid and the grid slams into the mountain without making any kind of adjustment for the fact that this is a mountain you cannot put a grid up a mountain but there is an inflection in the salt lake city grid that's pretty interesting that some blocks run in this direction north south some blocks run in this direction east west and the effect of that is that you never look directly at your neighbor you look at the side of your neighbor's house there's a conservation of the privacy every man's house is his own kingdom even in this more tightly packed context of a city like salt lake city jefferson is an architect jefferson putters around and jefferson's first puttering around project is his own house monticello near charlottesville virginia these are some diagrams that jefferson made for his house these these are early diagrams and i find these diagrams to be really quite breathtaking and what's so breathtaking about these early diagrams is they look just like frank Lloyd Wright plans from from the early part of frank Lloyd Wright's career prairie style houses where Wright and jefferson are more or less acting upon the same project and that is how can you make an architecture appropriate to america and what jefferson is saying and what right also says is you want to get the house to spread out to take advantage of the air and the light and the view and so it becomes a kind of cruciform house in the case of jefferson and and further elaborated in the case of right here's a house by frank Lloyd Wright the ward willett's house from 1902 right is investigating an architecture of america particularly an architecture for the prairie this flat broadly expanding grass covered terrain you might know it as the greater chicago area and look what look what right is doing he's pulling out rooms on all sides here there's a little dense piece that's packed in with service functions it's exactly what's going on in these early diagrams by jefferson a little service bay wings in three directions and a portico even the idea of the hearth in the center as this hard core or vertical axis moondi that pins this pinwheel of a house to the ground is also reprised in these projects by jefferson for monticello as he continues to play around with this he keeps thinking i could i would like to have another room i would like to have another room and the house gets a little bit coagulated with with stuff it's not as elegant as this early diagram but it becomes an example that would fit very well in with the neo-polladian architecture in england that's being practiced at maybe a few decades earlier but still practiced at this time we see something that looks kind of tart and gritty we see something that looks like a portico when we see the house proper we'll notice immediately that there's a big difference between jefferson's language and the language in england and that is that he's using this homespun material brick none of this highfalutin stone material for mr jefferson none of this highfalutin stucco work for mr jefferson an honest simple american material and by the way here's jefferson on the nickel and on the back of the old nickel we had monticello jefferson is so important he doesn't simply get to be on the nickel but his building also gets to be on the back of perhaps the most popular piece of currency we have the two dollar bill jefferson does sketches sketches like lord burlington did of seeing how this house can be situated in a landscape and in the case of jefferson it's a landscape that's at once productive and picturesque we have these efforts on the part of the garden not to cut an axis through although everything about this house is saying i am axial i am polladian give me an axis but rather these irregular borders and these clumping of trees are deployed here jefferson's puttering around like crazy jefferson designs the state house for virginia which is amazing i mean just try to get george bush either of them to design a state house it's going to be tough i don't think bill clinton could design a state house and i'm i'm a total fan because of the saxophone playing i think if you can play a saxophone like that you're probably a good architect too how does jefferson go about doing this and the answer is well jefferson had been to france and when jefferson was in france he was looking around jefferson didn't simply stay in paris but he also went to the south of france to the town of neem neem is an old roman town and there he had an opportunity to look firsthand at some roman ruins including the meson carré the meson carré we looked at when we looked at roman stuff he had a french architect that he was collaborating with called clary so make him a model of a state house based on the meson carré and clary so is said to have reported about jefferson with whom he visited neem that jefferson would gaze at the meson carré as frenchmen would gaze upon their mistresses so jefferson loves the architecture and here it is it's it's funny because the meson carré is a typical roman temple without punched windows and several stories but the thing just gets scaled up enormously and it's an original conception by jefferson it's just this one big kind of classical revival temple it gets expanded upon over time with more little temples but it would have been this pure giant thing like this bank that we saw by by the trobe but now even bigger fabulous roman temple with a big portico in the front roman temple with a big portico in the front and off you go when we looked at jefferson's tombstone we saw that one of the things that jefferson was most proud about was being the father of the university of virginia and that is something to be proud about the idea of a university is an enlightenment project the notion that people could be educated educated without having to go to the city by being in the country by having this institution that allows them to connect to the land and stay virtuous but also to take advantage of learning and reading and studying and having discussions jefferson conceived of the idea the university for the state of virginia in 1779 and in 17 he proposed this idea to to the legislature and finally had a bill passed authorizing the construction of an academical village in 1816 and this is his original design which in the subsequent decades was transformed and modified as much in response to jefferson's changing idea about what the community was that could create the strongest academical village and in response to the play between architecture and landscape this is the terrain of the university of virginia we have high ground over here this is like a plateau more or less and it falls down very quickly you know down down down down with all these topo lines so on the high ground jefferson situates a rotunda like building and he flanks it on all sides with pavilions connected by a colonnade what do you suppose the rotunda like building is for an enlightenment guy like jefferson yes absolutely right it's the library you know in a different organization it might be the palace the palace of the king you think about things like their side or specifically you think about marley it would be the palace or if you're thinking about italy it might be the church this might be st peters this might be the cortile but here it's the library the library is the center of meaning the library is the container of knowledge and the entire institution reflects around that it's a fabulous plan and what makes the plan so fabulous is that it doesn't just march out one grid and say same same same same same instead there's a kind of acceleration toward the cliff toward toward the sweep of the terrain and there's a compression as you get closer to the library if you notice these pavilions closer together here farther apart here and a lot of that has to do with i think acknowledging something about the pole toward the wilderness this diagram hierarchically organizes all kinds of different pieces in program like who lives here and the answer is these low bars fronted by a colonnade onto the green sword are student rooms and these big pavilions are professor houses and the professor houses are where the professors live but also where the instruction takes place the campus becomes a kind of diagram of a community a community of scholars and a community of scholars situated in nature in a very particular way with this manicured lawn pulling out but also this unfolding of little kitchen gardens and little picturesque gardens here you have one range of the housing and the pavilions here you have another range of the housing and the pavilions unfolding toward nature you move from the green sword to the gardens and then eventually to the wilderness now the plan we see here unfortunately has this 20th century building by makim meat and white that was put at the end of the axis which i think is really unfortunate the green sword of university of virginia and its original conception terminates with this fruit sweep of the terrain as if to say as in the diagram of the plan of washington dc another idea jefferson had here is that taste could be cultivated at the university of virginia remember he doesn't want anybody to travel until they're 40 years old but he does want people to have the experience of the grand tour to cultivate their taste every pavilion is a different pavilion and many of the pavilions emulate architectural monuments of value we see in the rotunda the library building something pantheonic you could have an experience of the pantheon of course it is this neo paladin or say neoclassical revisitation of the of the pantheon not the gutsy roman language but this flat more delicately understood language you also have in the university of virginia some kind of parallel with models one model is the chateau of marley one of louis chateaus we looked at it briefly before where each of the buildings became an individual pavilion another model is the saltworks in show show gives you one idea about how to situate a building in nature but it's a closed system and the relationship to the landscape there's a relationship of consuming the forest burning the forest it's not it's not quite the same project that jefferson has here which really enforces the notion of the agrarian ideal and the and the purification of nature the library wasn't the only building at the university of virginia that jefferson designed to suggest famous examples in europe and thereby cultivate the taste of young homespun american farm boys for example each of the professor houses were different each professor house had its own order its own articulation its own rhythm and some like this house over here were distinctly drawn on contemporary european models such as ladu's hotel gmail in paris not peros the university of virginia really exemplified everything jefferson felt about america about its opportunities about its challenges about the relationship of the landscape and the land to the strength of the people it's a tour de force of ingenuity one example is this undulating brick wall only one why the brick thick the wall gains its rigidity through the geometry of the curve but also the idea that there could be an institution a public institution that would be a great social leveler allowing everyone in the country or let's say everyone in the state of virginia to have equal access to knowledge equal access to self-improvement and equal access to bettering their position in life and to thereby prepare themselves to take an active part in the administration and the planning of this new nation


As we hit the home stretch of the high school football season, the schedule gets a little less normalized, which means we get some Thursday night football. But don't worry, Joe Buck is nowhere in sight. A cold and snowy night in Nevis as they hosted Goodridge on the Tiger's opening drive. Quarterback loop DeWolf with all day to pass. Can't find an open receiver, but pulls it down himself, runs it in for the touchdown as they take a 6-0 lead. On the two-point try, DeWolf gets it again on the keeper option, makes it 8-0, but the chargers come charging back, painting grand strand, runs it up the gut for the touchdown, they get 2-0 tied up. And after Nevis's defense forces a turnover in the red zone looking for more, but Lucien Tins gets the sack, forces a turnover on downs, chargers end up with a win 40-28.


Yeah, I felt like we picked up some momentum over the weekend Greg and We just passed and hit and set so well tonight We were hitting on all cylinders all our hitters had a really nice hitting percentage tonight hitting 405 in that third set and We are starting to pick up some momentum right at the right time of year So I'm real pleased for the girls we put in a lot of time and effort and it's coming to starting to come through fruition right at The right time Well, we're have always been dangerous if we're in system and now that they seem like the connection between the setters and the Hitters isn't is improving even more. We have them made some changes lately and it seems like it's really taken off I mean this weekend we'd be two pretty good teams and Susquehanna is getting votes for the top 25 So obviously they're a very good team So we're gaining confidence in the kids Okay, okay, and you know and that's a huge thing confidence is a huge thing and we're starting to play well Our practices are much more crisp much more clean and everybody's excited We try not to even talk about it But it was every time we would maybe not pass one is what the next one was a three, you know It's so we've responded each time we didn't pass well Make a big a great pass and we responded and we're able to get a some good out of system swings tonight You know our pin hitters are very athletic


Section 10 of short stories and poems for children. Original and select by unknown. This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. Conquered. Two neighbors lived in constant hate, deceived as to each other's state, by cunning lawyers who make jars and thrive by other people's wars. No wonder, therefore, quarrels grow when such the flames of discord blow. At last one party, tired of law, by all he felt and all he saw, took heart of grace and with his son, went to propose a union between him and the other's daughter to end this strife of fire and water. But first, he said, a bell will rear to spread the news both far and near, and for its purchase let be given the sum for which so long we've striven. Conquered its name and when its sound, first greets the ear and sweet rebound, let youth and maid with solemn vow before the holy altar bow, and see the feud that long had raged by this wise plan at length assaged. And Conquered's notes peel o'er the land the news of this blessed marriage-band. Sweet Conquered, what a voice hast thou, to win the heart and smooth the brow. Did such glad bells more frequent sound, earth soon were turned to holy ground. The Miller and his treasure. It happened once that a Miller, in his eagerness for riches, became impatient of his lot. He had nothing but the profits of his mail to support him, but if these were small they were certain, while it was kept going, he was sure of food, and he was even able to lay some money by for a future day. Yet still his acquisitions were not equal to his desires. He only found himself above want, whereas he longed to be possessed of affluence. One day, as he was indulging these wishes, he was informed that a neighbour of his had found a pan of money underground, having dreamed of it three nights in succession. This news only aggravated the discontent of the poor Miller. Here am I, said he, toiling from morning to night for a few paltry farthings, while my lucky neighbour goes quietly to bed, and dreams himself into thousands before morning. Oh, that I could dream like him! With what pleasure would I dig round the pan? How quietly would I carry it home? Not even my wife should see me, and then the joy of thrusting one's hand into a heap of gold up to the elbow. Such reflections made the Miller more and more unhappy. He discontinued his former acidity, he was quite disgusted with his small gains, and his customers began to forsake him. Every day he repeated his wish, and every night laid himself down in order to dream. At last the wished-for vision came. He dreamed that under a part of the foundation of his mill there was concealed an immense pan of golden diamonds, buried deep in the ground, and covered with a large flat stone. He concealed his good fortune from every person, as is usual in money dreams, in order to have the vision repeated the two succeeding nights, by which he should be certain of its truth. His wishes in this also were answered, he dreamed of the same pan of money in the very same place. It was therefore now past a doubt, so, getting up early the third morning, he repaired with a mattock in his hand to the mill, and began to undermine that part of the wall to which the vision directed. The first thing he met with was a broken ring. Digging still deeper he turned up a house tile, quite new and entire. At last, after much digging, he came to a broad flat stone, but so large that it was beyond man's strength to remove it. There, cried he, in raptures to himself, there it is, under this stone there is room for a very large pan of diamonds indeed. I must even go home to my wife and tell her the whole affair, and get her to assist me in turning it up. Away he went therefore, and acquainted his wife with every circumstance of their good fortune. Her raptures on this occasion may easily be imagined, she threw her arms round his neck and embraced him in an agony of joy. But these transports did not lay their eagerness to know the exact sum, so returning to the place where the miller had been digging, they found, not the expected treasure, but the mill, their only support, undermined and fallen. The Dancing Bear A bear compelled to frisk and dance, tired of the task, refused to prance, and fled his tyrant's grasp. Alas, what suffering man brings to pass to feed his evil lusts of gain, fell source of sorrow, woe, and pain, glad of his newborn liberty. His fellow bears made jubilee, and all the talk for many a day was of their friend that ran away. Of strange adventures that befell, in foreign lands our bear could tell, for many a country he had seen, and danced on many a village green. And when old times came o'er his mind, although no friend to humankind, he glowed with more than polar heat, and showed how dancing warms the feet. His friends and neighbors stared to see such proofs of his agility, and fell a-dancing to like him, or tried it rather for each limb, refused to quit its ancient round, and stumbling smote the groaning ground.  The Bee He that gathereth in summer is a wise son. The Bee is at work among the flowers, turning to profit the sun-bright hours, laying up honey and wax in store, ere the bloomy sweets of the summer are o'er. Ever she hummeth a cheerful song, as from blossom to blossom she speeds along, for heavy and sad the sluggard may be, but merry and light is the diligent Bee. The dry little heath seems to yield to her, sweets that she doth to the rose-prefer. Nectar she sips from each tiny cell, then deep she hides in the fox-clubs bell, it bends with her weight, but as out she flies, lightly as ever the flower-it will rise, fragrant and fresh and as fair to see, for she is no spoiler, the gentle Bee. Thou who hast made both the Bee and flower, and givest for labour the sun-bright hour, teach me thus to use every gift of thine, and the blessing that maketh rich be mine. The blessing of the Lord is maketh rich, and he addeth no sorrow with it. The Horse and the Bell In a city in old times there was ordered to be erected a certain great bell for the especial use of individuals who might happen to meet with any grievous injuries, which they were to ring as loud as they could, for the purpose of obtaining redress. Now it so fell out that the rope in the course of time having been nearly worn away, a bunch of snake-weed had been fastened to it for the convenience of the ringers. One day a fine old coarser belonging to a knight, which, being no longer serviceable, had been turned out to run at large, was wandering near the place. Being hard-pressed by famine, the poor steed seized hold of the snake-weed with his mouth, which caused the bell to sound pretty smartly. The council, on hearing the clamour, immediately assembled as if to hear the petition of the horse, whose appearance seemed to declare that he required justice. Taking the case into consideration, it was soon decreed that the same cavalier whom the horse had so long served while he was young, should be compelled to maintain him in his old age, and the king even imposed a fine in similar instances to the same effect. The Traveller and the Skylark Traveller Lark, how early thy flight and fleet joyous to the morning sun to meet! Lark Yes, the praises of God I sing, who gives me food and strength of wing. This is my use and want of old. Traveller, do you by such customs hold? And as the Lark mounted higher in song, till heaven and earth with his matins rung, in the sunbeams both rejoiced the while, sweet beams that so warmly and brightly smile, and God, who on high sees all that's done, beneath the circuit of stars and sun, was pleased to hear such praise arise from his clear-voiced chorister of the skies. Morning Prayer for a Child O God the Father, by whose might I've safely slept throughout the night, now morn is come, thy praise shall be, proclaimed in joyful strains by me. Jesus, thou Son of God most high, who for my sake didst deign to die, this day protect me and defend, and be my saviour and my friend, whole gracious spirit, gift divine, whose worth no words can ere assign, control each thought and word and deed, and save through sin's temptations lead, until at last life's trial, or through thee I reach the heavenly shore. The Monkey and Boots Boots, thus spoke a monkey, ever, I have thought extremely clever, and their stateliness admired, and to try them long desired, what would now the people say, if I took to wear them prey? But what sounds are those I hear? It is the huntsman hastening near.  The Lark Is that mother, the Lark, my child? The morn has but just looked out and smiled, when he starts from his grassy nest, and is up and away with the dew on his breast, and a him in his heart to yawn pure bright sphere, to warble it out in his maker's ear. Ever, my child, be thy morn's first lays, tuned like the larks to thy maker's praise. The Great Book Tis not imprinted books alone, that we must practice reading, but nature's book is wisdom's own, look up the lessons heeding, that the heavens proclaim in golden light, in fair array on the starry night, in forms and hues of varied men, the clouds keep ever floating, the careful reader hath often seen their aspects change denoting, as now far up they soar and sweep, and now o'er the valley lowly creep, the mountains how firm and fast they stand, and letters so large and stagely. Seek where you will, by sea or land, the rest surpassing greatly, like giants transformed to stone they look, those mighty portions of nature's book. The plains can also lessen's teach of God's great power and glory, the meanest flower his fame can preach, and the river tells the story, to the ocean deep as it flows along in murmurs of everlasting song. That book can never be read to end in this life so dark its portal, its contents all time and thought transcend, fit theme for climbs immortal. There we shall learn and praise a rite, the author, a God of all power and might. German Watchman's Song Hearken, for now the truth I'm singing, eight o'clock its nell is ringing, to bed let all your children creep, God will watch o'er them while they sleep, and you ye children, cease your brawling, to his time on God's name to be calling, the day is past its sports are o'er, fall down in heavenly grace and plour, the stars above in splendor glowing, God's power and love are ever showing, and angels every night keep guard his faithful ones from harm to ward. End of Section 10 End of short stories and poems for children, original and select by Unknown


Going on everyone Sam here with late sports cards. We've been two boxes for 2t We got 1 22 peninidon rosoptic football Asia team all in 123 at peninidon origins football international blaster It's good luck here. Let's do it too. Starts with this one the international blaster 23 Irbaki Jameer Gibbs and OG of Dorian Thompson Robinson. I do like this answer. I think it's pretty clean. Dijon Rookie, Galen Carter, and startups of Will Anderson Jr. Cook, Sean Clifford to 99 for the Packers 22 of 99 Sean Clifford So men take Del Rookie and Jordan Addison Rookie as well. Imra, Jalen Hyatt, Tyree Wilson, and Jordan Addison on the OG. Another victory for the OG. There's Anthony Richardson variation. Startups, DeVon Ochain. HN Ochain, everyone said. John H with Iowa and a couple of Bowman Universities. That's for Katelyn Clark. Levis Rookie. CD to 299, Deuce Vaughn Rookie for the Cowboys Anthony Richardson, Josh Downs, and Michael Meyer. Not too shabby there. We've got a Optic T-Mall. 22, Panini Daunress, Optic Football, Asia T-Mall. It's an auto. It's a red star auto out of this. Those do kind of good money when you pull because they're so hard to hit. Yeah, out of this. The red stars always do pretty well. Number to what? 8 or 11? 11 or 11? I ate the black gold. Go on, Briskir. Copper Cup. That is a Darnell Mooney hollow. Hollow Rated Rookie, George Pickens. Red stars, Mike Gasicki. The Finns, and then a red star, Keyante Ingram. Four at the Cardinals. Color match. I'll do it for your break there too. Thanks again for the support as always, buddy. Get them right out to you.


So, welcome to a little comic book reading session. For this video, what we're going to do is we're going to read a comic book from the 1940s. This book is called Jingle Jangle Comics, it's issue number 18, okay. And this thing is from the 1940s and it was printed by Eastern Color Printing Company. Now, Eastern Color Printing Company was in the business of, they printed comics and they were also printing house and they printed the majority of the comic books in the United States during that period, during the Golden Age and the early Silver Age. And for the 1950s, I know this number, I looked it up, just to give you an estimate of how many comic books were being printed during that period. In the 1950s, it's estimated that about 65 million comic books were being printed a month and that's huge compared to what's being printed right now. Some of the comic books, some of the well-known comic books, they were getting print runs of over a million or so and the comic books right now, they're considered to be doing extremely well if they get a print run of about 100,000 or so. So the print run of comic books has gone down a lot and there's a lot of Golden Age comic books out there and there are some serious key issues out there. But the main thing with comic books during that period is to find them in high quality because there's way more lower quality comics out there than lower grade comics out there than there are high grade comics. And this one is one of the comic books I just recently acquired. And I just bought a batch of these things because I've never read jingle-jangle comics before and I didn't really know anything about them and you can tell that this is actually from during World War II because it's got the National War Fund war bonds as advertised right in the front and that's one thing comic books were used for a lot during that period and that present is for propaganda, corporate or government propaganda and there's a lot of underground comic books that are on the flip side of the whole thing ok? So let's have a little read through this, I haven't read through this, I don't know what it is about, I don't know these characters and I don't know, we'll take a look and see what we find out right? So let's crack this thing open. And I usually when I get comic books I buy them, what I do is I bag and board them so I put brand new bags and boards on whatever comics I do end up buying. And just for anyone that's doing the bag and boarding, whenever you put tape on these things, get tape that comes off fairly easy and when you're taking it off put it on the side because you don't want the tape to snag the cover. And what we got here is number 18 jingle-jangle and the quality of this is just in good quality, it's a low grade comic, it's got stains on it, it's got some tears on it but the cover is good enough, it doesn't have any serious rips or tears on it and you can take a look and it looks pretty cool right? And whenever I pick these up, I open these up, usually if they're older comics I look at the fine print to see exactly what printing it is, when it was published and this thing was printed by Jingle-Jangle Comics and it's number 18 and it was December 1945 published bi-monthly which means once every two months, once every two months and it's copyrighted, famous, funny, incorporated, they were based in New York and the yearly subscription to this is 60 cents which is basically six issues you get for 10 cents a pop and the mailing for this was, if you can see this, 15 cents for mailing at six times a year which includes packaging and the mailing costs which is crazy, the total would have come out to for one year subscription was 75 cents, consider that to comic books now in 2014 the average comic book sells anywhere between three to five dollars and that's just if you go to a comic book store and buy it straight from there, as far as collectability goes, for me this is collectible, I like this stuff, I collected it, I didn't pay very much for it, a few bucks, in mint condition these things are worth, like if this thing, if you could find it in mint condition I'm pretty sure there are some that exist, this thing is worth well over a hundred dollars, a couple hundred bucks and it's you know in amazing shape, you know you can fetch a few hundred bucks for it which is pretty cool and just flipping through this it looks like this is basically a compilation of just different stories and different characters which is what a lot of comic books during that period were and what some comic books are right now, especially from the independent comic book publishers, when they're trying to introduce someone, when they're putting a few different artists together to print a few issues, so what we'll do is let's just flip through this and see what we got and what I usually end up doing is when I grab a comic like this I take the backing board because they are, these books are fragile, you know I don't want to, I don't want to put too much wear and tear on it more than what it is right, so what I do I usually put the backing boards behind them, that way the comic is not flipping, it's not going to put more stress on the spine and tear off the staples because you can see the top staples are at least the bottom staple is barely attached okay, so this thing anti-spray, don't know this character, don't know what the kids are and this is what is it, one two three four five six a seven page story which is pretty cool and then Peter Mouse presents, Peter Mouse was busy tying a piece of blue string around the ring of molding cheese, I guess it's a little story about Peter Mouse, how's the other one and a one page little story, Waldo, Waldo service deluxe, Waldo the head waiter says he wants to see I guess this is Waldo, no Waldo is the head waiter, no Waldo, this is Waldo, yeah, so this is Waldo, Waldo the head waiter wants to see you, Waldo Mr Diamond Rocks, Diamond Rocks is coming to lunch, give him the best service possible, the best, the very best Mr Diamond Block, Diamond Rocks, welcome, welcome, I'll have an order of bananas and cream the guy goes and gets the cow and the cart full of bananas, so I guess the cream is fresh and the bananas are definitely fresh and plentiful and what you see in comic books in general is you get a lot of names that are sort of descriptive to the character right, Diamond Rocks, the guy's rich in these you know diamonds and rocks right so it's just a one pager, not my pronounciation of names, it's not very good, Johnny and Jay, Trunse Trup, Trunse Trup, let's just flip through this quickly and then a lot of puzzles and stuff instead of advertisements they're puzzles, amusing little puzzles and one page stories and little intermissions as opposed to what a lot of comics are right now, there's a lot of advertisements in recent comics and this is a puzzle, a puzzling message, during a recent paper scrap drive in Pixie Town someone found this puzzling message, can you read it, all the words are stretched, take a look, all the words here are stretched and this way too I guess and there's a lot of paper drives during the war period, a lot of scrap metal paper and so a lot of comic books used to get recycled and destroyed which is really sad and then here's another little fun rainbow colored music with magic charts so here's another little fun little puzzle, not a puzzle but I guess a little game, Mary had a little lamb, let's check this out, so what does this say, here's a magic chart for you to trace then copy the color and put it in place on your piano where it becomes a guide, no notes, rests and sharps cannot hide, so notes, rests and sharps cannot hide and you may learn a tune to play in this delightful easy simple way, super cute, there's actually a patent number on here, check this out, patent number this, left hand magic, you cut this out and you put it on the piano and you play, the colors are coordinated with the colors here, you play Mary had a little lamb, cool, here are the notes with colored faces waiting to play it in turn, so put your fingers in their places and see how easy it is to learn and it's got the lyrics for Mary had a little lamb at the bottom of it, all rights reserved, all these copyright stuff, what's this one, jingle jangle tails, the honey-hearted hunter and the half-varnished duck, who's varnishing the duck, who wrote this, I don't know who wrote this right now, oh there it is by George Carlson, I'm not sure who George Carlson is, all the comic book historians might know and again it's torn a little bit, so as grading goes I would give this one at least three, and the grades go for comic books from I guess zero, poor, extremely poor, to 10, 10 is being absolutely mental, you don't find 10s, from this period you find a lot of fair, which is less than two and this one, this one's not that shape actually, if you look at it, right, pretty, pretty, this one is a longer tail, Jewel House Thieves by Stephanie Firstad, so another story, bingo and clumb, Santa Claus, Moon or something, interesting, and then you get to the end and you got one page for advertisement here, and the advertisements from that period are very interesting, scientific, and this thing's torn here, right, so this one's probably grade three or two for comic book goes anyway, grade two, good copy, and this advertisement, when I was a kid, I used to see this one, so it's incredible, from 1945 they used to run the same ad, I think the cartoon was a little different but it was the same routine, very skinny, weak guy, being bullied around by muscular guy, and it's a little advertisement of, you know, start exercising, I can make you a new man too, you know, only 15 minutes a day, so nothing changes, still lots of these advertisements around, not in this style, but you don't see these kinds of ads in comic books very much anymore, or haven't seen one for a long time, 1970s and 80s, you used to see these, I guess they're remnants of the 1940s, wow, so should we pick one of these stories and read, why not read the cover story, yeah, Jingle Jingle, what was her name? Her name was Antsy Sprye, so let's have a read through this, yeah, Antsy Sprye, with saw and hammer, nails and wood, Anty Sprye is mighty good, and as the derby day approaches, she hammers out the coach of coaches, tough kids took out her cart from us and left this clumsy blunder bus they did, cried Anty Sprye, I say, let's use our hands and save the day by Ben Levine, I've heard Ben Levine's name before, thanks for the wagon Anty, are you going to watch the race, I mean take a look at this one, take a look at this wagon, brand new, after building and greasing that cart, I should say, but hurry, you'll be late, it's almost time for the race, Binny, so the boy's name's Binny, oh those are the bad guys I think, bet we're gonna win too, hope Anty Sprye's on time, and then usually they have a little message, continue on the next page or the page after if there's advertisements, there's a whole bunch of advertisements for a whole bunch of goodies, so let's check this out, oh here are the bad boys, waiting around the corner, but trouble shows his ugly face, two bullies mean to win the race, look at the wagon, Anty built for those kids, we could use that cart, which, yeah, toughy, we will, come on, butch and toughy, so toughy walks up to them and goes, come on toughy, don't talk so much, look at the red wagon kids, now we won ours, Nick's Anty, I like that, come back here you two, that's Anty Sprye, they got our wagon Anty, okay kids get ready, oh their wagon got stolen and the tough guys have taken it, who's driving it, oh it's toughy, a trade, a trade is a trade, they got our and we got theirs, maybe so Anty, Anty decides to join the battle, teach the bullies a lesson, maybe I've got a few tricks up my sleeve, now if I can get back to the hill in time, she took a detour site, next page, she's placing the detour site, those tough kids will win in my wagon unless they turn, they'll turn off at this detour site, they're off, they're off kids, bang, made the best wagon win the war bond, oh this is where the war bond, that's where the war bond right, so there's a lot of propaganda and this stuff right, the war bond propaganda, we're sunk unless Anty Sprye thinks of something, number 13, what number is the red wagon, number two is the red wagon, boy look at us travel, little butch just relax, see how far ahead we are toughy, never mind, look out for that sign, she placed the sign right in the middle, don't bother, you couldn't read it now, Anty's a tough chick, look at her, she jumps on the wagon, moving wagon, neither can I, but I'm not letting go, wow, hey I can't steer this thing, no kidding you're in the air, that's gonna be a hard crash, I'm on the comic book world though, ouch my knee, can you direct us to the races office, tweet, my god they're about to go through the store, this younger gender and their jeeps is going through a department store, she's riding them, sorry madam, but this card is out of control, sale, 98 cents, I don't know what they're selling, gloves, they're selling gloves for 98 cents, I can't see what something tells me we're off the track, if you can't hold on madam, oh they picked up the little mannequin, that's what it was, that's what she's calling a madam, whoop, this roll's rough, look at this one, this store certainly has more departments, and we must have it, have hit them all, so they're just going through the department store, hardware department, oh anchor on their neck, a rope and anchor, this ought to match something, phew, a breath of fresh air, hey let me breathe, you got me, you got me stuffed, I guess toughies have an art time with anti-a, such a collection of useless things, all the stuff they picked up, I'm gonna try and get control of the steering wheel, got it, I'll head back to the race, so they're trying to get back to the race, look at the race, what'll I do with grandma butch, shove her off, question mark, asking butch what to do, I guess butch is calling the shots, now we need her wait for speed, we'll win this race yet, did I go through all this for nothing, oh oh, he's thinking about it, he's got the anchor, let's take a look at what she's gonna do, maybe I should tap them lightly on the head, but it won't look nice, oh okay so she's not gonna hit them, here we are toughie, watch us pass, gee bini, there they go with anti-spray too, so long, slow pokes, oh they went all the way to the front, I do declare, well the race is as good as one now, and she still has the anchor and she's gonna throw it on the moving truck, if this doesn't work I'm at the end of my rope, you can see the sound effect, screech, it's coming to a halt, bitsy and bini, the winners, numbers 13, anti-spray always knows what to do, we were robbed, these guys do look tough eh in this mode, and there is the war upon 25 dollars back then, cute, and who was this person, Ben Levine wrote this, we already read the one pager, that was cute eh, Dave Tentlar, Dave Tent, let's see what the caption says here yeah, an important visitor is coming to town and all the birds are twitter with plans for his welcome, that is, all the birds accept Humphrey Bohawk, he has plans of his own for the visit of the old eagle eye, I guess that's Humphrey, thank you, now as I was saying to this bright group of students, so this guy is Humphrey Bohawk, the birds accept Humphrey, I have to fix that, so he's done something, something to the flowers that they're about to give him right, he put some, what do you call it, hornest nest in there, ouch, and he put a rope across, that's trickery, so basically what's going on, so this, I guess a restocrat or someone high up in the social structure is coming for a visit to the school, and this guy doesn't like it, black, wears a red cap, a lot of imagery here right, a student comes along, the teacher says, I guess he's gonna give him flowers, good little bird ah, well I'll do something about that, and these are the flowers, maybe that's the mum, yes ma'am, no I guess it's the teacher, so he takes it and puts a hornest nest in it, when he's walking by, pulls the rope trips on, the flowers with the hornets, hornest nests inside fly up and smack the rest of the crowd in hand, look at all the bumps he's got on him, cry baby, he serves you right for being such a goodie-goody, so, oh, so his friend comes in comfort, so oh he's taking a present, so he gives him a better idea, and the little guy decides to take a present to the eagle eye, eagle eye, opens it up, and it's a brush, I guess he doesn't like the brush, make fun of me will you, get out before a trashy didn't like the brush, they go knock on the door again, open it up, they pour water on top of his head, this guy raps them both, so they're telling on him, telling him about who's been pulling the treks, yeah, as far I can see the only good little brood around here is Humphrey, free bullhawk, I have something for him, where is he, he says it out loud, and this guy's stupid enough to come by, here I am sir, did you call me, look at the little tripper, his head's poking out, laughing, oh they lynch him, oh my god, that's pretty harsh, and they smack him, they pour water on him, want to confess Mr. Humphrey, or should I tell the boys to repeat the treatment, no, stop, please stop, I did it, I confess, reminiscent of what's going on right now in politics, a little torture does the trick, that's not a happy story


What's up, everybody? Welcome to SPM Buzz. My good name is Ms. Kethingi. Thank you so much for joining us on Buzz with stars. And my stuff for today is one you would love to hear her story. But before I introduce her, guys, make sure you subscribe to SPM Buzz because we are heading to 200k subscribers. And when you bless us with that subscription, to talk to me for a year, Sana. Subscribed? Thank you so much. Now, the lady I am hanging out with today is a gospel artist. She is a DJ. She is a mentor. You know, she gets to inspire the young women out there. And this is the one and only DJ, Kez. Hi, Kez. Hi, Miss Kethingi. How are you? Very good. Do you look amazing? Hey, I always say, I mean, today is on a Tuesday, but thank you. We marched so-and-so, okay? Oh, look at that. We got the memo. How are you feeling? My dear, I'm so happy. I'm so excited. For the first time, thank you for the invite. I'm so happy. I'm so excited. We can't wait to have a conversation with you and just get to know about your new album or new song. New song, Tenda. Tell us about that. Where was the inspiration? Where did it come from? You know, on Tenda. I was reading Ephesians 3 Ephesians, the whole book, really. It was my book of the month. And when I was reading it, I got to verse 20 where it says that God can do exceedingly, abundantly more than we could ever imagine. I was like, hey, so he let me know. Imagining again is a funny. God can do exceedingly more than that. And so I sat and I'm, I'm marinated on that verse for a while. And I was like, you know what, God, the ones that I want you to do for me, I'm cool with it. But I want you now to do the ones that you want to do with me for me, because I know those are going to be exceedingly abundant and what I think. Yes. So the song Tenda is a mixture of a few verses in the Bible. It says, um Nice. I love that. Where are we finding the song, by the way, on all music platforms, YouTube, boomplay, TikTok, I mean, even TikTok and social media. Yes. But all music platforms, iTunes, Apple music, all of them Spotify, you can get my music on there. Yeah. Now let me ask you because we call you DJ cares. Yes. But we are speaking about music now. Yes. What did you start to do before? Is it, is it, you know, singing or was it DJing? It was actually DJing. Well, it was singing when I was a child. Not professionally. I have even done a song with my grandmother in the recent year and she's 85. And so I started into music from a young age, but professionally I started as a DJ. I did secular DJing for five years because before I got born again, and I transitioned now to gospel music, DJing, then singing. Oh, yes. Okay. I mean, it's all under art.  Give us an acapella of the new song. Beautiful voice, beautiful song. Now guys, you need to make sure you catch DJ cares new song tender.  And you're very young. Tell us about that young girl who was in a school uniform. How was she like? How did she grow up? I was born and raised in a very small town in El Gio Marraquet. That is in the Rift Valley. And in that small little town, that is where my gift of singing and my gift of because that specific picture, President Mui had come to El Gio Marraquet. The last election just before 2002, and we, me and my class of little, little young ones, we went to sing for him. And so I was leading. I had a microphone in another picture. I had a microphone right in front of me because I was the lead in that whole small choir from my class. And I was, it was, it was amazing because everybody afterwards kept saying, you little come, that's how that picture was taken. So that community going forward from that young age encouraged me. I would sing in all public holidays. I would sing in weddings. I would sing in funerals. I would sing in anything they would ask, where is that little girl can she come and sing for us. And sometimes even when I was not expecting them. So I am very, very grateful. I see that transformation from when I was that little girl in that little school uniform to where God has gotten me now. The new song that we just did, I was wearing a uniform as well. And I was like, from that little school, the school of life has, God has been gracious all the way, all the way. And for that, I am thankful. I'm thankful, Capista. Okay. Now look at you now. You know, it started from, you know, that particular time. And now look at you. Good stuff.  And then I know come on.  And then something happened in church. Yeah. Tell us about that. Oh, man, it's, it's so unfortunate. But when I was 18, as you said, it was such an unfortunate encounter, the whole of it. But I had, I got assaulted. Let me call it rape. I got raped and I got pregnant at 17 years old. I had my baby at 18 years old. I was scared because as a young girl who has grown up in the church, you are told that the one thing that you should not do is get pregnant outside of marriage. So I never told anybody that I was one raped or two pregnant. And when the church finally found out that I was pregnant and I was five months old, pregnant, I was excommunicated from the church. So I was not allowed to enter the church. I, being the girl, as I said, who had grown up singing in literally every, me mean only one Oshanga Kanisa every Friday evening before Sabbath in the morning, seeing the drastic way that they were now handling this and nobody saying, hey, can, can, what happened? Nobody thought to say, Hey, can you maybe explain maybe to understand it? Before we take that action of excommunicating me from the one place that I thought I could find solace, it was terrible. I, at one point, I actually left home, went to live with my sister in the Lord for a while because the stress was literally killing me. And I'll, for a while there, my mom was even afraid that I was going to lose the baby. Yeah. But it was a learning experience because now I insist. I, I, the minute I hear of something like that happen, I speak immediately because that is not how we are supposed to do it. When people are having a hard time, that is our time as Christians, as the church, as people who know God to behave as Christ would have, which is not excommunication for sure. Yeah. Now maybe if I could ask, was it someone that was known to you maybe from church and how did actually that moment feel for you? Because you know, the church is where we are supposed to get refuge. But as young as you were at the time, tell us how it really affected you, especially your mental health at that very young age. You know, the, the person who actually did this was my then new boyfriend. It was actually my first boyfriend. And he dragged me and I woke up the next morning with no recollection of what had happened the night before and one month later. So I tried having that conversation of what happened, what happened. I think in the, in my mind, I just knew what happened. I just wanted to hear it from him. But the fact that first voice was my boyfriend in a cool limit. Why go the extra mile of putting him in my, in my soda, you know? Yeah. Anyway, so that happened for me, despite the fact that I was as a child myself, the minute I realized that I was pregnant, I knew it's like God was doing just miraculous things in my, in my whole head, like in my, in my life, in my, in my story, because immediately I thought to myself, how am I going to start looking for this baby? When I found out I was pregnant and I told him about it, he said, I don't want anything to do with it. Yeah. So immediately I knew I was by myself. So I started there. My mother was the one person who stuck with me through it. Or as I told you, the church did not, which was cool, right? But I feel like it was at that moment that was the opportune time to hold on to this girl who had been doing everything, like womanage you out my whole life. This was a time the church would have picked up the slack, you know? I guess maybe I'm biased because it was me, but if it was somebody else, I would have done the very same thing. Yes. Mentally, it was not easy. As I said, I was a child, having a child. My friends, their parents had told them they don't want to be seen associated with me all of a sudden. So all my friends, nobody was talking to me. Literally, if we were working in town, my mom would walk right in front of me, like right here, so that people would not stare. So the people would not see that it was me who was coming, you're right? And it was crazy. But I'm sure I'm hardy now. I don't think there's anything that would scare me now. Yeah. Well, Ebu talked to someone who is probably in the same situation as you were that time. Encourage them. Yeah. Allow me to say that if you have not gotten yourself in this situation where you're young and you're pregnant, just take your time. There is no rush to you because just the other week when I was in Kabyanga University, a lady told me that a lot of students are feeling the pressure to get pregnant early so that once they go into life, they don't have the pressure of mothering or giving birth and whatever. Take your time. The second thing is, if you have already found yourself young and pregnant, it's time now for you to just stick to God. It's going to be hard. It's going to be hard for a minute. Just work, concentrate on building yourself. Even if it means having to go home back to your parents, back to your your sisters or whatever the case, just go back to the basics of it and just allow yourself to go through this process. Itaisha. After a while, you look at it and you think about it. You will see it as the one thing that has completely transformed your life. If you are a grown-up, if you are a person who is at an advantage position and you can help someone who is young and pregnant, mothers in the world, anywhere in Kenya, make a difference for them. Accept and courage. If you have something that you can give them, come any pompous, come any food, come any advice, even you don't have to do much. Just give that. You don't know how much these people needed at that point in their lives. You can change their lives. A lot of them are going through a hard time. But sometimes if you can use me as your testimony, you don't know what God is doing through it. I hope you are encouraged. Just in case, you know, you're going through a hard time for sure. Now, Kaz, despite all these things that you went through, you know, the church turned their back on you, you still went ahead and built a church worth millions. Tell us about that. That wasn't me. It's not me. It was just God. And the way also he did it, I think it was very coincidental. No, it was funny. He was trying to prove a point. God was. Because it was the same church that's communicated to me that we went back and built. Yes. So as I said, in 2020, now when I was getting born again, an opportunity had presented myself to use my talent and my art for the glory of God, which is now de-jaying online. And people started sending in tips from zero shillings to 120,000 to 4 million to 10 million. And I thought to myself, what's the one thing that I would want to do? Since I was a kid, I always said, I hate the fact that we have worshiped under a tree and we're worshiping on this Mabati structure. If God ever blesses me one day in future, I'm going to build this church. And the fact that I was communicated didn't change that dream for me. Yeah. So when the opportunity presented itself, I went back to the original dream and we built the 10 million church that stands right now in the same church that excommunicated me. Guys, talk of grace because this is a lot of grace. And you know, just a lot of what? A lot of grace. A lot of grace.  Did the same officials who excommunicated you, were they still there? And what was their reaction? Right there. They were right there. And first of all, they didn't believe that I was going to come back and build the church. And then when we started building the church, they were not so sure. I think the day we handed over the church is when people actually believed it. Even when the structures stood there, the day we handed it over and they let's equal to earlier meaning. Because it was, it's crazy. You tell me, even you look at it. It's crazy, right? Yeah.  And that is exactly what Jesus would have done. So I did that. Hey, may you receive all the blessings that you pour to the rest of the world? Because as we wind up now, the same, same church, something else happened. Just a few.   And this person was actually excommunicated from church. It didn't sit so well with you. Why is that? No, no, no, no, no, no. Why are we taking the... For the first time, those things are the, those opportunities But in our human nature, we fail so bad. This lady did an event, was the mistake that she did. But to be banned from church because of that. And this is how, one, she is in ministry and two, how she makes her living. That does not sit well with me. And this time it's not me. It still doesn't sit well with me. I feel like, this is my opinion, we can have different ones on this one. They are doctrines, as people say, we, we, especially since the SDM, when we have doctrines and when we come to church, we are not allowed to go to church. But I say this all the time. When we have an opportunity to extend grace, what are doctrines? Let's use that moment, correct, encourage. Let's use that moment to even, even warn us. Before, we say, eh, and write it on a memo that has threaded in the whole country. Where is this girl going to sing for the rest of her life?  But then again, that's just me. I'm just a DJ, right? That's what people will say. Eh, lucky me, Jesus even told me not to go to church. So let's not consider ourselves too righteous to even correct, to even allow people to make mistakes and pick them up. There you go. DJ Keza said it. Quick for your questions. Tano. Zamwisho to Kimaliza. Number one, what is that one thing you appreciate the most about your mom? Her support. She's my biggest fan. All right. Number two, what is that one trait that you appreciate the most about a friend? Loyalty. One thing that you don't appreciate the most about a friend? This loyalty, man. It's just, it's just, yeah. One Kenyan artist, whether secular or gospel, that you think they are so underrated? Ooh, underrated. I've been listening recently to an artist called, an album by an artist called Manolo. I think they should give him a chance. He had, that album is wonderful. Okay. Yes. One thing that is annoying you the most in this country right now? The best destination that you've been and why? Haven't gone out of the country yet. I'm going this year, but Watamu in Malindi is perfect. All right, DJ Kez. Please make sure you catch DJ Kez's new song. Make sure you catch her vibe as well as you can see. She's full of vibes.  Thank you so much for coming through to Buzz. It's Taz to Meshkuru Sanna. That's not your Sanna music video. Thank you, SVM Buzz. Thank you. Appreciate it. All right, guys. Thank you so much for watching. Make sure to leave a comment down below on the comment section. What made you, you know, find interest in the most? Let us know. But thank you so much for watching Buzz. It's Taz. My good name is Ms. Kithingi. Until next time, keep it SVM Buzz.


Moving to all the parts of Africa, South Africa's neutral stance on Russia's war in Ukraine will be a major topic of conversation during a meeting between German Chancellor Olaf Scholz and South African President Cyril Remaphos there. Speaking to media in Petoria ahead of their private meeting, the two leaders said they will also consider development on the African continent. Scholz's visit comes as the war in Ukraine has been raging for three months and has caused oil and food prices to rise around the world, including in Africa. German Chancellor Olaf Scholz has been holding talks with South African President Cyril Remaphos to end his three-nation tour of Africa, a major topic of conversation as South Africa's neutral stance on Russia's war in Ukraine. The two leaders said they will also consider economic developments in the African country. As South Africa we attach the greatest importance to our relations with Germany, which is our second largest trading partner, but which is also a major investor in our economy as a significant market for inbound tourism and valued partner in development. Another topic to be discussed is South Africa's intention to reduce its dependence on coal-fired power plants. Germany is among the countries that pledged up to $8.5 billion at the COP26 climate change conference last year to help South Africa achieve this, but so far there have been no announcements of actual payments of those funds.