My brothers and sisters, you and I know that what is of utmost importance is knowledge and When we say knowledge it is divided into several categories We have knowledge that some would consider Solely and only religious knowledge when we use the term we actually refer to More to religious knowledge when we say Ilm however We should not become oblivious of the fact that secular knowledge is also considered as part of knowledge the study of biology and history and geography and Physics chemistry mathematics language all that is also a part of knowledge That which conforms to what Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala has revealed will be considered that which there is an Encouragement for every single one of us to understand to pursue to respect and to make sure that we take a portion of That which is necessary and sometimes over and above that which might be extremely necessary In order to convey it to others you have a mathematics teacher for example He or she may know so many concepts that they don't really need in their lives for themselves But they need it to teach others because it might apply in someone else's life The same applies wallahi my brothers and sisters when it comes to the knowledge of Islam When it comes to the knowledge of the sharia when it comes to the knowledge of the Quran and the Sunnah We need to understand that we might not need certain Aspects of that particular knowledge for our own lives But we will need it in order for us to convey it to others. I give you an example A poor person or someone who doesn't have wealth and they know about all the rules of Hajj and the Regulations of Hajj and the nitty gritties and the small basics and every fine detail But you might ask them my brother. Why are you learning this when you can't even afford it?  Why are you learning all the rules and regulations? You and I will say we will respond that it is an act of worship to know those rules and Regulations even if you cannot afford the trip because Minimum is you will know it. You will make dua for others. You will be able to guide those who are going Subhanallah, you become a knowledgeable person how many of the sheikhs and the scholars Are not wealthy enough to afford the journey, but they are the ones who hold the classes for the rest of the Hujjaj to say come let me teach you what's going to happen. What's right? What's wrong from Makkah and Arafah and so on we will call we will phone some of the scholars We know who are back at home. Hey, this is a problem. I faced how should I do how should I resolve this matter, etc It is absolutely important for us to understand the value of this knowledge So where is this dean from and where is this knowledge from what is the source of it? Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala. He has his own names and qualities from amongst his names The one who has complete knowledge of all aspects of the unseen in absolute totality The one who is The knower of that which is seen and that which is unseen Completely the knower of everything Al-alim al-alim is the one who has the most intricate and detailed of knowledge of Every single aspect of existence that is Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala None can compete with the knowledge of Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala However, he gives whosoever he wishes from his favor He gives whosoever he wishes from that knowledge of his so we take a look at revelation Revelation Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala gave Muhammad sallallahu alaihi wasallam. He speaks about his word his kalam We all know the Quran is the word of Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala. We all know the value of the Quran We all understand and we realize what Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala has kept as a favor for those who have Taken his word Learned it put it into practice and tried to convey it to others You know the hadith of the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wasallam. He says The best from amongst you are those Who have learned the Quran and taught it to others You learn it and some people think well what aspect of the learning of the Quran is being referred to the reality is all Aspects and angles starting with the recitation and then the meaning and then the rules and regulations and then the putting into practice and Then the conveying of all of that to others the perfecting of it the ability to apply the verses in our lives We read the stories of so many of the messengers. They are not mere tales. No, they are not but they are stories in which Lots of lessons have been placed for all of us in our own lives when you read the story for example of Nooh or the Prophet Noah may peace be upon him the lessons are for all of us We have so many lessons one of the lessons I can quickly draw is you may have a pious person whose children may not be As pious as the father or the mother And vice versa Nooh alaihi salatu was-salam with his son you and I may have read that may Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala grant us an understanding So Allah speaks subhanahu wa ta'ala about this Quran. Do you know what he says? In Surah Al-Shu'araa Allah says Our Ruh al-Aminu has come down with the Quran. Allah revealed the Quran Allah sent jibreel alaihi salam the archangel Gabriel may peace be upon him the trust worthy the one who was Trust worthy Allah sent him down with a revelation to the heart of Muhammad sallallahu alaihi wa sallam to the heart of Muhammad sallallahu alaihi wa sallam Engraved enshrined Subhan Allah it was revelation from Allah to Muhammad sallallahu alaihi wa sallam. What a gift My brothers and sisters value that Value the fact that you are the ummah of the Quran not only by reading it many of us are guilty of not reading the Quran Let's be honest how many of us pick up the Quran regularly and read a portion of it Wallahi we don't and yet we are the ummah of the Quran the most powerful word in existence is the word of Allah Subhanahu wa ta'ala. What's your relationship with that particular word? I'm sure we can improve it my brothers and sisters Let's undertake here and now Beautiful day Friday the blessed day of the week the Eid of the Muslim in Undertake that you will do more regarding your relationship with the Quran. However, let's continue further Allah Subhanahu wa ta'ala says he revealed it to Muhammad sallallahu alaihi wa sallam at that particular time How did people used to record? The Quran how did they used to record matters of importance? Did you know that even the year that people were born was remembered through some incident that occurred? So for example the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam, they'll tell you he was born in the year of the elephant The year of the elephant. What is the year of the elephant? They will tell you oh, that was the year when Abraha from Yemen Tried to attack the the Kaaba in Makkah because he wanted people to go to Yemen rather than come to Makkah Oh, so what was that year called the year of the elephant? Subhanallah People used to say this man was born two years after the year of elephant Abu Bakr al-Siddique That's how they used to keep the records and Because the bulk of them were unlettered unlettered does not mean uneducated It only means the inability to read or write for a reason So they were highly educated, but they were unlettered remember this that was there You might not understand it today, but if you sit and ponder and pause and go back It is something chosen by Allah Subhanahu wa ta'ala They were highly educated people, but they were unlettered how many of us are lettered which means we can read and write But we are not educated. We really don't have much We don't have this common sense and logic. We create problems more than solutions May Allah Subhanahu wa ta'ala guide us So it's it shows you that being able to read and write is not everything However at that particular time they used to record things They had a memory whereby they knew the lineages of their camels going back seven generations We don't even know our own lineage going back four generations reality Tell me who who was more educated Allah Akbar may Allah Subhanahu wa ta'ala grant us understanding Sahabatur Rasulillah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam the companions you would ask them about the camel sitting there They would tell you the lineage of the camel they would give you the whole rundown breakdown They knew their own lineages going back 15 generations You could take back the lineage of Muhammad sallallahu alaihi wa sallam all the way back to Adam alaihi sallam possible At least to Ibrahim alaihi sallam that could be rattled straight and The same would happen to the Arabs themselves. They would know you and I we are cousins Our 15th or our 12th grandfather was the same person How many of us wallahi we are related close range I'm talking of five or six grandfathers up and we don't have a clue We don't even have an idea Allah Subhanahu wa ta'ala tells us that we need to fulfill the rights of kinship The family ties how will we be able to fulfill family ties when we don't even know who our family is? May Allah forgive us This is why to study your lineage and to be able to go back and look at who you were to be Involved in these family trees. It is an act of worship. It is an Ibadah I encourage you to do that for the sake of Allah and for your own sake to be able to go back To fulfill the acts of worship that Allah has ordained upon you So now let's go back to where I'm heading one might ask where you heading where is all this going? Subhan Allah the Prophet Muhammad sallallahu alaihi wa sallam began reciting the verses of the Quran The verses of the Quran were so powerful that even the little children memorized them You know when Abu Lahab insulted Muhammad sallallahu alaihi wasallam when he had got up Mount Safa and Abu Lahab said his Words infamous words tabballaka. Yeah Muhammad destruction be upon you or Muhammad Is this is why is this why you gathered us and verses were revealed Destruction be upon both hands of Abu Lahab his wealth and whatever he has earned will not help him or has not helped him at all The children began to say these verses in the gullies and alleys of Makkah to the mukarrama Did they write them down? No, they couldn't read or write, but they knew the verses powerful memory That was the in thing that was the technology so to speak of the time people had memories They knew this man has a better memory than this one But their memories all of them were more powerful than the most powerful from amongst us today Today we've become so lazy that you and I cannot memorize phone numbers of our own family members Because the phone does it but I recall 15 years back. I could rattle out 100 phone numbers minimum and I'm sure a lot of us could What happened technology has made us lazy But at that time they knew everything so the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam used to read the verses the people used to memorize them later on There came a time when a few of them used to write down for purposes of reference to make sure it goes down the generations The few who could write it. They were known as scribes of revelation Kutab al-wahi they started writing at the time Muhammad sallallahu alaihi wa sallam himself prohibited the recording of His own words so that they don't get confused with the words of Allah not for any other reason It was the writing of the words of the Quran because Allah's calam needed to be preserved more Desperately than anything else So nobody should say that Muhammad sallallahu alaihi wa sallam Denied that his own words should be written because he didn't want them to be written No, because there was a priority and that priority needed to be addressed immediately So they started writing things and they had parchment this one wrote some that one wrote some They came a time after Muhammad sallallahu alaihi wa sallam when they gathered this in a specific way That's not my topic, but they came a time thereafter once the Quran was gathered Years later more than a hundred years later the hadith of the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam started Becoming of importance in terms of being gathered It was always there the memory was there the people knew who said what and when they said and how they said it and so on It was passed on but it was passed on by word of mouth now Let's record it like when you sit with an old man sometimes in your own family He'll tell you you know that man in Cape Town is related to you because his uncle's auntie's mother's nephew is actually your Fourth-order cousin you got to say dad. Let me write it down Because if you if I don't write it down, it's lost. Do you agree with what I'm saying? But dad knew it didn't he the new generation won't know it because nobody wrote it down Well, what happened at the time? They knew that Abu Huraira The Allah who said this to this man and this man said it to another man two or three people in the In the line of narratives the chain of narratives. They knew it and what happened is They started writing it when they started writing it obviously now you have some charmers who come up They want their names in the books so they say hey the Prophet peace be upon him said this and that well Where did you hear it from? My father where did he hear it from my grandfather? Where else did he hear it from my great-grandfather and so on? Are you sure? So what happened is the scholars of hadith came about and These scholars had strict rules that they followed If these two people did not live at the same time same place, we won't accept their hadith If anyone in society and community has had one person who's upright say that he's dishonest We won't accept what he says imagine how many of us would actually be acceptable. I Want to ask you the question for our own benefit How many of us would be able to say not a single person?  There were no chips at the time. I'm talking of these little computer chips memory cards memory sticks Today it's there because technology as it came so The recording of that item has now Changed in terms of where it is recorded. Are you following what I'm saying be careful because there are people who don't believe in The Sunnah at all. They say this is the Quran and that's it We don't take anything else. We want to tell them the same happened to the Quran and The one who brought you the Quran the same one whose Sunnah we are talking about Subhanallah. Yes when it comes to the Quran no dispute whatsoever when it comes to the Sunnah You need a little bit of education regarding the Sunnah I'm talking of the hadith the statements of the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam his Confirmations and a lot of other aspects of his living was gathered and when it was gathered You need to know if it was authentic or not You cannot just accept anything anyone coming and saying the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam said you've got to stand on one Foot when you're starting sallah if that sallah is at the time of the zenith come on. That's foolish You will just nod your head and say this man needs a bit of a visit to the psychiatrist or the psychologist or whoever else Okay, but at the same time my beloved brothers and sisters what you do need to know is as a Muslim You need to make an effort to authenticate things You need to make an effort to learn things people have already done a lot before you make use of it I give you an example imam Bukhari rahmatullahi alaih. His name was Muhammad Ibn Ismaeel You know when you say man Bukhari Bukhari Bukhari a lot of people say that's not a common name Well, he was from a place called Bukhara So it's got to do more with where he came from his name was Muhammad and his father's name was Ismaeel At least something I have in common, alhamdulillah Muhammad Ibn Ismaeel that was his name al-Bukhari. What did he do? He was one of them But he compiled many books not just the sahih al-Bukhari that we know it was called al-Jami al-Sahih That's not the only book he compiled many books But that particular book he compiled it in a specific way the most strict ever He says if I had the slightest doubt that this was not authentic. I dropped it out of the book. I recorded it elsewhere He has other books. For example al-Adab al-Mufrad is a book of al-Bukhari. It's not sahih al-Bukhari It's another book. It's like an author who's written 200 books and one of them is very famous You know, they'll tell you ayat al-Qarni. He's written a book don't be sad That's not his only book. There are so many other books, but that's the famous book. The same applies when it comes to al-Bukhari people say this is Bukhari and they bring you one book They don't know this is al-Jami al-Sahih of al-Bukhari, but Bukhari has written so many other books So in that particular book it is reported and inshallah we probably will see this in weeks to come It is reported that he took great care regarding these ahadith. It was an amana Any doubt even if a person cheated an animal in his life, he wouldn't take the hadith from them He wouldn't take the hadith it is reported in one narration that once he went to go and get a hadith from a certain man And he traveled a long distance days to go there He waited at night and the following morning he saw that this person who he came to get the hadith from had actually lifted His thawb, you know his clothing And he came out pretending like there was something to eat in the clothing in order to let the donkey come near So that he could ride the donkey and as the donkey came near he released his clothing and jumped on the donkey Imam Bukhari began to leave. He said well, what are you here for? He says I came for a hadith, but I cannot take hadith from a man who deceives the donkeys So this is something we will learn they have done a great job subhanallah and as time passed Many others muhadithin have come and they have told you look I heard from this man. He heard from that man He heard from that man and he heard from the other man who heard from Ali ibn Abi Talib or Uthman ibn Affan Or any one of the companions of Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wasallam who heard from him and so on And if they haven't clearly said we heard it from him a different word was used So one is Sameeh too which means I heard And one is an an means it is reported that you see the difference There are different grades of hadith if the entire hadith has an an an It has a different terminology that it's you that that is used to refer to it It's level of authenticity difference But when a man tells you I heard umar ibn khattab Say on the member in front of everyone in the Jumu'ah Inna mal'a'malu bin niyyat, you know that that is true It's come to us from so many sources and they've all said the same thing. It is called mutawatir Mutawatir means la yumkin tawatu'ahum alal kathib. They cannot lie. That's how many people they are And they they're not claiming to have heard from a third party. They all have heard it from the source From the source today you heard it from cnn. So I say hey, this is the news. That's the news Why because you heard it from cnn. Let me tell you in hadith CNN is not the end of the chain. No You got to go further who put it on there Who were the people who actually narrated the the tale and where did it come from and what is the source of it? And how many people witnessed that from the source? Then we will talk. That's where hadith goes Subhanallah people have done us a favor islam is the only religion which has something known as ilmur rijal the knowledge of men Women are also included in it. But the knowledge of men means Anyone who claims to have heard any hadith of the prophet sallallahu alayhi sallam Even generations down until the compilers of hadith their names have been written dates of birth dates of death Places they visited where they were what reputation they had in their societies what people had to say about them And so on so that when one like yourself and myself at the moment what happens is you have Applications and you have computer programs that make it easy for us You have a chain of narrators you punch it in And you say this man says he heard from this man who says he heard from that man who says he heard from that man That computer will tell you these two didn't meet because they lived in different areas This one died before that one was even born. You know this hadith. There's something wrong with it The words at the end might not be a lie because you might find them from a different angle being true But this particular chain is false. I hope you understand May Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala grant us understanding. This is knowledge. So this is why appreciate that in islam There is something called the knowledge of men reputation of a man is vital Your reputation male or female is absolutely vital. Make it your business to make sure Allahu Akbar something's come to my mind I'll share it with you. Make it your business to make sure that your honesty Is never ever doubted imam bukhari rahmatullahi aleyh. I want to give you one example from his life He was on a ship and he was talking to one of his friends there You know someone he had met on there not knowing exactly who he was this man had carried the hadith of the prophet sallallahu alaihi wasallam by the age of 1920 he was already done with the bulk of his work That's how powerful he was with us 1920. We don't even know Whether we're coming or going at that age yet may Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala forgive us So as he was on the ship, do you know what happened? amazingly He told his friend, you know what I have a certain number of gold coins. I think it was 20 or 40 gold coins I forget the exact figure and these gold coins are with me and I've kept them in this red bag here You know just to make sure that no one steals them and so on so this man Decided to make an announcement to the captain to say, you know what I've lost a bag It's a red bag with x amount of gold coins. That was a large number of gold coins Imagine the Krugerans of today have got 20 of them in a bag And someone says I've lost it and this is what it looks like. This is the bag the captain started searching And the people started searching and when they started searching, guess what they searched Bukhari Guess what happened? Can someone guess? No, they didn't find it. I was waiting for someone say they found it. They didn't find it They searched high and low, but they didn't find it and the man looked like a fool later on Imam Bukhari was asked by this man. Hey, I'm so sorry for having done what I did You know, it was shaitan like I told you we are muslims We are fortunate we can blame the devil for our mistakes, isn't it? Hey, that was shaitan. My brother forgive me. Nah, too late. Had you got it? You'd have nailed me. May Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala forgive us. So what happened is he says Imam Bukhari says, yeah, no, I saw what happened and as soon as I heard it, I dropped the whole bag into the ocean What did you do? You mean those gold coins? He says, well, yes, I dropped the whole bag into the ocean You dropped all the gold.  He says no I have carried the hadith of Muhammad sallallahu alaihi wa sallam I thought in a split second that if this is found by me Everything goes down the drain that I've done in my life. I'd rather throw this bag. It's over Take a look at this With us in our lives We are not prepared to give someone their right This man has thrown away. What was his in order to protect? What was there in terms of hadith? This is why it is known as It is known as the most correct and authentic book after the book of Allah Subhanahu wa ta'ala the man he went to great lengths in order to bring to you what you have today And then you have imam muslim muslim ibn al-hajjaj al-qushairi rahmatullahi alayh abu dawood al-tirmidhi al-nasai and ibn maja al-qazwini. These are powerful imams of hadith. What did they do? They recorded this at a time when the recording became the in thing So don't ask why did they delay so much or if you want to ask out of curiosity You need to know that the answer is because it was not the in thing to write prior to that the minute it became the in thing They started writing and later on They they transformed it into perhaps typing and after that it became into a computer today. It's on my phone I have a little app whereby I can search any hadith. How did it get to that? Nobody can tell me why wasn't that app there 1500 years back? That's because the phones didn't even exist That was not the in thing So the people who recorded the hadith they made sure that they did it thoroughly and they made sure that When they were not certain they gave you the whole chain Why it was up to you to go back to search the chain of narrators each man find out Was he honest? Was he trustworthy? Sometimes he's honest and trustworthy, but his memory fails him For example, a person tells you a story the next time they tell you the story There are two three changes in it. If that is the case you cannot accept revelation from that man You and I know that hadith is a different type of revelation He does not utter from his own whims and fancies Rather it is revelation inspired and revealed by Allah So the recording of the hadith was done in a sophisticated manner Some of it you can close your eyes and say this is correct And some of it you have to go back and you have to search imam Ahmad bin Hanbal He has written al-musnad, which has a large number of a hadith arguably one of the biggest books of hadith But he didn't say that every hadith in there is correct. He says I've I've recorded these a hadith and I've recorded the chain of narrators It's up to you to go and check the chain of narrators So other scholars came later on who were checking chains of narration And it's up to us also to check chains of narration what I do normally is when you hear a hadith And within you it feels there's something wrong here Or maybe I need to know a little bit more go back and check go and study go and pick up the books Who was this man you will see where he was born who his teachers were whom he's met in his life And if the name of the other person is not there in that list, you know, there's something wrong here There is a whole study called the study of the chains of narrations the study of hadith You got to look at the words like I say sometimes there's a man who's honest, but his memory fails him Sometimes some of the narrators they say up to the age of 75. You take what he said after that He was a person who couldn't really remember. So what it's not an insult This is a matter of hadith. You cannot say they insulted me. They didn't insult you They just wanted to make sure 100% that what you've said is the reality and it is the truth May Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala guide us and grant us ease I've only started what I wanted to say and the time is up But may Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala open our doors I think I've introduced to you The crux of hadith and why it was recorded or how it was recorded Why the delay in the recording and some of the intricacies and the importance of this beautiful vast topic May Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala make us from those who are grateful and may Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala bless us all And may we be able to study the quran and the sunnah in a beautiful way And may we be able to put it into practice and may we be able to distinguish between that which is authentic and that which is not And may we be from among those whom when we are resurrected on the day of judgment We are from among those really who have succeeded because on that day if you're given your book on your right hand You have indeed succeeded may Allah bless us all with jinn and to feel those May Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala forgive our shortcomings and may Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala grant us the goodness in this world and the next


Mae gwaith yw yw'r holl bwysig o'r hyfrannu lluniaeth argyndoedd. Mae hyn yn armaodol yn rhain oes, a mae'n rhain. Mae'n ei wneud ar hynny o'r holl bwysig o'r holl bwysig o'r 60 miliwn ffyrd o'r hynny yw fel yw rhan. Mae'n meddwl o'r hyfforddd arbennigol. Mae'n meddwl i'r hyfforddd argynniadau i'r hefyd. Mae'n meddwl i'r hefyd yn hawddiaeth yn y stryd. Mae'r holl bwysig i'r hefyd. If it rains very hard the streams only rise a little bit and then go down and although they're growing fast this tremendous turnover the water flowing out of a rain forest is as pure as the water falling in the rain so how do they do it in a hectare of forest, a lot of water which then either evaporates or drops slowly to the ground it's absorbed by the leaf litter and so on. This on the other hand is a large city. Environment ecosystems like that have been around for less than 100 years. 1900 there were no cities with more than 10 million people. 2050 there were one city in New York now there are about 30. But we already know that they're not sustainable. For example there are no surfaces to absorb the water. It rains and the water runs off into the low lying areas. The drains are too small or more likely the drains are blocked then you get flooding. So what we do we cure the symptoms. To prevent the flooding we build bigger drains or we straighten out the river or we build a culvert. And that causes problems itself. Flood surge is downstream, too much sediment, banks eroding, heavy metal pollution and so on. And of course it's extremely ugly. Or take another example buildings absorb solar radiation. They consume huge amounts of energy. The concrete holds the heat. Cities get hot. As you can see this is the case of Paris. But a tropical city can be 7 degrees warmer than the surrounding areas. It's not climate change, that's the urban heat island effect. So the solution, air conditioning. Leacwyn you described this as the great invention of the 20th century. But the problem is it creates more problems. You walk past all of those air conditioners it's unbearable. And of course the city is getting warmer. So what do we need? More air conditioning. So how do you make a city resilient? The answer is that you treat it as a system and you understand how all of the processes interact together. And that's exactly what my colleagues at Future Cities Laboratory are doing to try and improve air cooling. They're trying to understand all of the factors which affect air temperature. Because then they can make very focused changes. Not just cooling lots of unnecessary air. And if they do that the benefits are enormous. You have the amount of electricity you need to cool. And even better you need less ducting. You can get three floors in the space of two. Think of the savings. So can we take that kind of thinking and apply it to the city as a whole? Now my opinion is that we have to. Because fixing symptoms simply causes more problems. And we can start by doing simple things. Replacing some of the processes we've taken away. What about? More trees? Or green roofs? Or permeable pavements? These are simple things. Many cities are doing them. But mostly they're doing them for aesthetic reasons. Because they make the city more livable. They don't really know how these are improving the environment in terms of its performance and its resilience. But there have been some studies investigating that. And again the results are surprising. A green roof can reduce the cooling costs in a hot climate by 50%. A green roof, or lots of green roofs, can reduce the storm overflows by 25%. Someone calculated in the San Francisco Bay Area all of the trees produced value of about $5 billion a year. So if you have that information, you put it together with the normal information for constructing buildings and planning. Here's an expert system developed by one of my colleagues to incorporate that ecological information. Then you can use it. And my vision of a sustainable city, a resilient city, is it's a bit more, a bit like a natural ecosystem, which regulates its environment through its structure and all sorts of internal feedbacks. And a city like that will be healthier, safer, more livable and more resilient.


Here's something that may be difficult for you to hear. When you hold unforgiveness in your heart, you're not just hurting the person you refuse to forgive. And you're not just hurting yourself.  Make every effort to keep yourselves united in the Spirit, binding yourselves together with peace. Unity and peace come from the Holy Spirit. So, if you're withholding forgiveness, you're resisting the work of the Holy Spirit in your life. No, it's not always easy to forgive. But until you admit that you need to forgive, you won't be able to cooperate with the Holy Spirit in this area.


Now, last class I have discussed about the footing which is loaded eccentrically, I have discussed about the one way eccentricity and two ways eccentricity. Now, in this class I will discuss the how to calculate the bearing capacity of the soil in layer condition. Now, as we know that soil is not a homogeneous soil because, but, but till now the most of the things that I have discussed is to calculate the bearing capacity of homogeneous soil. Now, soil is a layered type of material. So, now the properties of the soil according to depth is not same, it is changing. Now, if the soil is the condition is the layered condition then how to calculate the bearing capacity of this layered soil that I will discuss in this class. Now, suppose if we go for the bearing capacity of a layered soil system, now I will discuss the bearing capacity of layered soil. Now, the derivation or the expression which is available for this to calculate the bearing capacity of the soil which is basically for the homogeneous soil. Now, if the soil is in this form that this is the ground surface, here we are applying this footing, this is a ground surface and this is width of the footing and this is the depth of the footing d f. This is we are considering the two soil layer, this is one layer which is the strong soil, which is stronger soil or layer one or layer and layer two which is weaker soil. So, this is the stronger soil and this is the weaker soil. Then how to calculate the bearing capacity of this soil condition and suppose the this is the properties gamma 1 c 1 and phi 1 for the layer layer 1 and gamma 2 c 2 and phi 2 for layer 2. Now, if the stronger soil, this is the interface is the stronger soil and one thing that the depth of the stronger soil from this base of the foundation is h, it is the up to this the up to the h depth from the base of the foundation is the stronger soil and the weaker soil.  So, suppose this is the punching type of failure surface, punching shear failure type of failure surface for this strong soil and then general failure surface which is expected for the weaker soil. So, this type of failure surface that will develop. So, now if I draw one line vertical line. So, what are the forces which is acting suppose in this because here it is the general shear type of failure. So, that means we can calculate this is the q bottom or the bottom layer and for this punching shear failure what are the forces that is acting. So, first is the adjacent c a, this is which is acting to side of this layer because suppose this is the one block which is falling or that means this is the size. Now, another thing the passive resistance the surrounding soil that will provide for this zone or this zone that is the passive resistance p p which is acting at angle of delta. Similarly, this side also this is the p p which is acting as angle delta. So, these two types of force which is which are acting here both this is the center line. So, one is the addition in the both side of this layer and passive resistance coming from the soil of this side and soil from this side which is acting as angle of delta to the perpendicular of this line this is p p p p is the passive resistance. Another thing that if this h value here if this h which is the distance which is depth of this layer or from the base of the footing is relatively small then you will get this type of failure surface. Now, if the distance is relatively large then we will get the most of the failure surface will be in the stronger layer. So, the failure surface or the effect of the loading intensity of the footing load will not act suppose this is the footing load that is q ultimate. So, that effect will not go to the second layer or the weaker soil layer. So, most of the failure surface or will be located at the stronger layer in that case the general expression for a shear failure expression general shear failure expression for the for homogeneous soil or single layer soil that we can use to determine the loading of bearing capacity of the soil. Now, if it is relatively small then you will go for this approach. Now, one thing is that that this is the value. So, if I go for the different loading condition. So, what will be the different loading condition for this case? So, first we will calculate the q u for the loading condition the vertical load q u which is acting in the downward direction that is equal to the perpendicular load that is acting.  This is the some portion of the resistance that we will get from the bottom layer and some portion we will get from the top layer. So, this is the summation of the resistance or the load which is carrying by some portion by the strong layer and some portion by the weak layer or the bottom layer and the top layer. Suppose in the bottom layer it is as usual the general shear failure. So, we can write this is the resistance that is q bottom. So, q bottom is the load carrying capacity of this bottom layer or the resistance that is coming from this bottom layer plus the resistance that is given by this top layer that will be 2 into C A that is the addition 2 means 1 from this side another from this side plus because here P P is acting as a delta. So, the sign component that will act in the upward direction. So, that will give the upward resistance. So, that is P P into sin delta. So, that means these are the upward forces divided by B because these things acting as a width of P minus gamma 1 into H because this is the load or the q that is acting here gamma 1 into H that is the surcharge below the base of the foundation up to the second layer or up to the starting of the second layer or up to the end of the first layer. So, that is the total for that mean the contribution of the q is the contribution from the bottom soil plus the contribution from the top layer and minus this value surcharge that we are deducting because this surcharge we will not consider as a contribution because it is it was existing previously. So, now, this are the total load. Now, here P P we can write that is passive force per unit area. So, that is the passive force per unit length. Here we can write that C A is equal to small C A into H because C A is the total load that is total resistance due to addition and small C H is the addition which is per meter. So, that is the total and then as it is acting as a this length H. So, this will be C A into H. So, if I put if we put this value in this final expression then the form of this expression will be because our original expression is q u is equal to q b that is the total load that is the bottom resistance into 2 into C A plus P P into sin delta divided by b minus gamma 1 into H. Now, here C A is basically small C A into H. Now, if we write put this small C A into H.  Now, we can write P P on the other terms in in the final form is gamma 1 H square 1 plus 2 d f b k p H into tan delta divided by b into gamma 1 into H. Now, this expression again we are taking from this book by B M Dars. This is Dars B M 1990. Now, this expression is the final form of this expression that we are using where k p H horizontal component passive earth pressure coefficient. So, this is the final expression that we are getting to calculate the ultimate load carrying capacity of this layer soil k p H is the horizontal component of the passive earth pressure coefficient. Now, let that k p H tan delta that is equal to k s into tan phi 1, where k s is equal to punching shear failure or coefficient. As I have mentioned that for the first layer it will be punching shear type of failure. So, this is the punching shear coefficient.  Now, in this form we will get this. So, here this expression this is also d f by H.  Now, here now k s this punching shear coefficient is a function of two things. One is q 2 by q 1 value another is phi 1. Now, here it is mentioned that phi 1 is the friction coefficient of friction angle of the first layer and q 2 and the q 1, where q 2 or q 1 is a C 1 N C 1 for the first layer plus half gamma 1 b N gamma 1 and q 2 will be C 2 N C 2 plus half gamma 2 b N gamma 2. So, here we can see that the one second component that is due to the surcharge which is not present here. So, that mean the q 1 and the q 2 are the bearing capacity if the footing is placed at the surface. So, that means this is for the surface loading conditions where q is 0. So, second term that is also 0. So, that is if we for the same material properties, this q 1 is the bearing capacity of the second layer and q 2 is the bearing capacity of the second layer and q 2 is the surface loading conditions where q is 0. So, second term that is also 0. So, that is if we for the same material properties, this q 1 is the bearing capacity for the first layer for the surface loading and this is q 2 is the bearing capacity of the second layer for the again for the surface loading. Here we are not applying any corrections factor. This is the general form. So, let me q 1 and q 2 that we will get by this thing. So, this k s is the function of q 2 by q 1 and phi 1. So, if we know this q 2 by q 1 and phi 1 then we can calculate k s. Now, another thing that this is applicable if h is relatively small. Now, this expression we can use in different form then if h is relatively large as I have mentioned that if h is relatively large then all the failure surface will be on the first layer itself. So, that means our q u will get that is equal to q t where q t is the bearing capacity of the top layer. So, that means we will get c 1 n c 1 plus q n q 1 plus half gamma 1 b n gamma 1. So, by using these expressions we can calculate the bearing capacity ultimate bearing capacity of the top layer because if h is relatively large. So, now we can conclude that that if because the bearing capacity as the first layer or the top layer is stronger layer and the second layer is weaker layer. So, bearing capacity of the combined contribution coming from the combined of first layer and the second layer that cannot be greater than the contribution or the bearing capacity of the top layer itself because the second layer is the weaker layer. So, bearing capacity of this first layer is q t and if all the failure surfaces are located in the top layer then that is the maximum load carrying capacity that is q t because the first layer the top layer is the stronger layer and second layer or bottom layer is the weaker layer. Now, if the h is relatively large then this q t will give you the load carrying capacity of the soil and that is the maximum. Now, if h is relatively small then the contribution of the first layer that will reduce and the contribution of the second layer that will that will introduce in this ultimate load carrying capacity and that part will increase and that the contribution of the second layer that cannot be greater than the contribution of the first layer as the second layer is weaker layer. So, if I get the combined bearing capacity that is contribution from the first layer and the second layer that should not be greater than the contribution or the first layer itself. The contribution I am telling that if h is relatively high that the all the contribution all the bearing capacity is due to the resistance of the top layer. Now, if h is relatively small then in some the bearing capacity ultimate bearing capacity that you will get that is the some part is coming from the resistance of the top layer and some part is resistance from the bottom layer. Now, summation of these two the some part of the top layer and some part of the bottom layer that cannot be greater than the total contribution or the contribution coming from the top layer itself.  So, this is always less than that can be equal. So, this is less than equal to q t. So, in this now further it is given that for the rectangular footing for the rectangular foundation we can write that q u is the contribution from the q b plus 1 plus b by l. It is introduced for the rectangular footing into 2 c a h divided by b plus gamma 1 h square 1 plus b by l plus into 1 plus 2 d f into h into k s tan phi 1 by b minus gamma 1 h that cannot be greater than q t. So, this is for the rectangular footing. Now, again we we can calculate the what will be the value of q b and the q t where q b is the ultimate load carrying capacity of this bottom layer. So, this will be c 2 n c 2 into s c 2 s c 2 is the safe factor plus gamma 1 d f plus h that is the surcharge which is coming from the top layer into n q 2 and s q 2. Then plus half gamma 2 b n gamma 2 into s gamma 2. So, this n c 2 n q 2 into n q 2 into n q 2 and n gamma 2 these are the bearing capacity factor and s c 2 s q 2 and s gamma 2 these are the correction factor for safe or safe factor. Now, similarly q t for the top footing that will be c 1 n c 1 s c 1 plus gamma 1 here d f this is the surcharge. So, this surcharge into n q 1 s q 1 plus half gamma 1 b n gamma 1 into s gamma. So, here s c 1 or 2 s q 1 or 2 s gamma 1 or 2 are safe factor. So, this way we can do this. Determine the q b for the bottom layer loading ultimate load carrying capacity q 2 is the ultimate load carrying capacity of the top layer which is we are including the safe factors also. Here this d f plus h is the surcharge for the bottom layer and d f into gamma 1 is the surcharge for the top layer and d f plus h into gamma 1 is the surcharge for the bottom layer. Now, the next thing we will discuss few special cases that or the different condition then how to get the different conditions. The special cases that is first case this condition is the top layer is strong sand that means this is purely sandy soil whose that means c 1 is equal to 0 and as the top layer is a strong layer. So, this will be strong sand and the bottom layer is saturated soft clay that means phi 2 is 0. So, this is the weaker soil. So, that means for the top layer c 1 is 0 and the bottom layer phi 2 is equal to 0. So, now if I calculate the q b with the safe factors then we can write 1 plus 0.2 b by l that is for the safe factor and as for the bottom layer phi 2 is equal to 0. So, this is the that means c 2 and the n c will be 5.14 and this is c 2. So, this is basically c c 2 n c 2 and s c 2 s c 2 is 1 plus 0.2 b by l c 2 is c 2 is the cohesion of the second layer or the bottom layer and n c will be 5.14 if because we know that n c 2 is equal to 5.14 if phi 2 is equal to 0 that we know and again that n q that part is also 1 and n gamma part will vanish if phi is equal to 0 that we know because this is the common things for the all the cases. So, now we will get only the surcharge at gamma 1 into d f plus h that is the bottom layer and similarly the top layer that will give you that this is the c 1 is 0 top layer. So, first part is c 1 is 0. So, first part c c 1 n c 1 and s c 1 that is 0. So, in second part we can write this is gamma 1 d f into n q 1 and s q 1 plus half into gamma 1 b n gamma 1 into s gamma 1. So, then in this fashion we can determine the q t and the q b. Now, as for the q 2 and the q 1 q 2 is basically here corresponding to the second layer or the bottom layer and it is in the surface. So, if it is in the surface then this surcharge part that is also 0. So, q 2 we can write that q 2 1 is 1 plus 0.2 into b by l that is divided by half into gamma 1 b n gamma 1 into s gamma 1. And we can write that q 2 is 1 plus 1 we can because this part this and again this 5.14 into c 2 because the surface part as it is the surface footing. So, this part will be 0 and this part will be also be 0. So, only this here is the surface part if I if we neglect. So, this one will be 5.14 c 2 divided by half into gamma 1 into b into n gamma 1. So, here we will get the q 2 and q 1. Now, how to use this q 2 and the q 1 that we will explain by using the because charts are available to determine this q 2 with the help of this q 2 and q 1 and I will discuss these things after you complete the different cases.  But in the original expression also this q u this minus gamma 1 h is there. So, minus gamma 1 h and plus gamma 1 h these are cancelled. So, only gamma 1 and d f that is present.  So, this will give us the ultimate load carrying capacity of the soil for this condition. Now, in the next case or the case 2 that if top layer is stronger sand that means c 1 is equal to 0 and bottom layer is weaker sand. Here c 2 again is 0. In first case the c 1 was 0 and phi 2 was 0. In the second case c 1 is equal to 0 and c 2 is also equal to 0. So, here the q b that will be equal to gamma 1 because c 1 and c 2 both are 0. So, first term will be 0 for the both the cases gamma q b and q t. So, gamma 1 d f plus h into n q 2 is equal to 0. So, s q 2 plus half gamma 2 b n gamma 2 and s gamma 2.  So, similarly q 2 by q 1 here we can write because which is in the surface footing. So, this part is 0 because surface footing both the cases it is surface footing. So, second part is it is not that because this is here d f is 0, but this is top case is 0, but here also d f and h both are 0. That means for the bottom layer also it is placed at the surface considering that there is no surcharge basically. So, this is 0 this is this part is 0. So, q t by q 2 by q 1 will be half gamma 2 b n gamma 2 s gamma 2 divided by half gamma 1 b n gamma 1 and s gamma 1. So, this b n gamma s gamma the safe factor we are considering this is same. So, ultimately this will be gamma 2 into n gamma 2 and gamma 1 into n gamma 1.  Again where s q s gamma these are the safe factor plus because this here the c is 0. So, this c is 0. So, this ultimate the general expression the c term is also 0. So, that part is gone. So, gamma 1 h square into 1 plus b by l 1 plus 2 d f divided by h into k s tan phi 1 divided by b minus gamma 1 h that is less than q t where q t expression is given by this formula. So, that means we will get. So, that would not be get. So, we have to check first we calculate the q u and then we will check by using this q t whether q u is less than equal to q t or not. So, this should be less than equal to q t. If it is not then we have to use this q t as our ultimate bearing capacity of the 40 under this layer soil condition. Now, the second the third case that is the case 3. In the third case the condition is the top layer is stronger saturated that means phi 1 is 0 and the bottom layer weaker saturated clay that means phi 2 is also 0. So, in the case 3 phi 1 is 0 and phi 2 is 0. Then that means and q t. So, you have to calculate q b and q t both. So, q b as this phi 1 phi 2 is 0. So, this part 1 plus 0.2 b by l into 5.14 c 2 plus gamma 1 into 2 d f divided by d f plus h sorry this is h. So, gamma 1 d f plus h because this term this n gamma 2 that will be 1 and as phi 2 is 0 that n q 2 is 1 and n gamma 2 is 0 and here n c 2 is 5.14. Similarly, q top it will be 1 plus 0.2 b by l this is 5.14 similarly this is plus gamma 1 into d f. So, ultimately we can write that q 2 by q 1 that ratio where it is in the surface. So, if it is in the surface then this part is gone. So, this part is 0 again. So, that means this will be 1 plus 0.2 b by l 5.14 c 2 sorry this one will be c 1 c 2 divided by 1 plus 0.2 b by l 5.14 c 1. So, this part is 0 again. So, this part is 0 again so that means the ratio will be c 2 by c 1.  So, both are cancels only gamma 1 into d f will be present.  So, that general term that tan phi 1 will be 0. So, that part is gone. So, only this part will be present. So, this we can write in this form for the rectangular footing. Now, the question is how we will calculate this suppose for this case 4 we know that q 2 by q 1 is equal to c 2 by c 1. Then how we will use this charts and how we will use this is q 2 or this is q 2 by q 1. So, that is c 2 by c 1. Now, if we go for this chart that this is the chart which is presented by mayor of in 1978 is also the sources this book. Now, here this is as I have mentioned that this punching shear coefficient case is function of q 2 by q 1 and phi 1. So, punching shear coefficient function of q 2 by q 1 and phi 1. So, if we know the phi 1 value this is the top layer frictional coefficient and if we know the q 2 by q 1 that is equal to. So, these are the different value 1, 0.4, 0.2 and 0. So, by if we know this phi and corresponding different q 2 by q 1 we can determine the case. Now, this q 2 by q 1 in the different cases this case 1, case 2, case 3 I have a different explain the how to determine this q 1 and q 2 value this ratio. So, first we have to calculate this q 2 because in the final expression this case term is present. So, that means in the case we have to determine. So, to determine the case value we should know how to calculate this case. So, first step is because we know this gamma 1, c 1, phi 1 this is the properties of the top layer and then the gamma 2, c 2 and phi 2 these are the properties of the second layer. So, these parameters are known to us. So, the help of these two parameters or these things first we will calculate the for the safe factor for different because the dimension of the protein that is also known to us. So, that means with the help with the if it is not known then by trial and error method we have to determine these things that how to use the trial and error method for any design of this foundation that part I will explain when you study the design of this foundation part and then once we get this dimension. So, suppose here we assume this dimensions are known. So, once we get the dimension we can calculate this with the help of phi value we can calculate bearing capacity factors for top layer and the bottom layer then with the help of dimension we can determine the safe factors for the top layer and the bottom layer. So, if these things are known to us then we can determine what is the ratio of q 1 and q 2. So, once we get determine the value of q 1 by q 2 this ratio and then we know the phi 1 value that is the top layer then we can by using this table or this chart q 1 corresponding to phi 1 we can determine. So, suppose this is q 1 by q 2 is 0.4 and theta is 35 degree. So, that means the case value will be 5. So, that means here this case value will be required to calculate the ultimate load carrying capacity of this layer soil. So, that case term is there as in the as you have seen then in this final expression. So, there we will use the case. So, that is for the if this phi 1. So, top layer if it is stronger sat because it is we are getting the case for the phi 1. Now, if the top layer is cohesive soil in the last case because the top layer is stronger saturated clay where the phi 1 is 0 then how to calculate this property because here the phi 1 is 0 then you have to use this chart because in that case we should know the CA value because this CA is CA value but for the if the strong the top layer is a stronger sand then this CA part or the cohesion part that is 0 because we are talking about the purely cohesive soil or cohesion less soil. So, if that is stronger sand then q phi 1 is present but C 1 is 0. Now, that means the cohesion or the adhesion is 0 then we have to use for the stronger sand is K s value. So, by using the first chart if both the cases we have to determine this q 2 by q 1. So, once you determine the q 2 by q 1 if the top layer is stronger sand then we should know the value of K s. So, in the stronger sand we can calculate q 2 by q 1 and we know phi 1 value. So, by using the first chart or first graph we will get the K s value. Now, in the second case if the top layer is stronger saturated clay then K s term is not required but CA term or adhesion term that is required because here we know that C 1 value but q phi 1 is 0. So, once we get the C 1 value and here also we can calculate because in the third case we have seen that q 2 by q 1 is equal to C 2 by C 1. So, now we know the C 1 and C 2 value. So, we can calculate the C 1 and C 2 value ratio. Once we get that the C 1 by C 2 value that ratio that is equal to the ratio of q 2 by q 1. So, that q 2 by q 1 is C 2 by C 1. So, this C 2 by C 1 is known because q 2 by q 1 is C 2 by C 1. So, once we get the C 2 by C 1 we will get the q 2 by q 1. So, and now using this chart for this case also we can determine q 2 by q 1 then by this using this chart then we know the C 1 value. So, only unknown is C A. So, suppose for the q 1 by q 2 is 0.4. So, C A by C 1 is 0.9. So, that means C A will be 0.9 into C 1, but here C 1 is also known. So, in this way we can determine the value of different parameters. So, once we get the C A then in the final expression that C A term is required. So, we will get the put the C A value there and we will calculate the ultimate load carrying capacity of the soil. Because all the other terms the thickness, dimension or the type of properties those are known only main unknowns are case and C A. So, those two things we can determine by using this chart. So, by in different cases we can we have to judge whether where we will use the first chart and where we will use the second chart. If it is stronger sand in the top layer then we will use the first chart because we need to find the case value. If it is stronger clay then we have to need to determine the C A value then we will use the second chart, but both the cases we have to determine Q 2 by Q 1 and I have explained how to determine this Q 2 by Q 1 in different cases. So, in this fashion we can when in this way we can determine the ultimate bearing capacity of the layer soil. In the next class I will discuss how to determine the ultimate load carrying capacity of foundation in slope and then we will go for the analysis or the because you know most of the up to this the most of the bearing capacity calculation we have done for the isolated footing. Or next one we will go for the raft foundation then how to determine the load carrying capacity of the raft foundation. Then we will go for the settlement calculation because we are always talking about the bearing capacity then the next criteria design criteria settlement. So, those things we will discuss in the next classes. Thank you.


Okay, if you sort of check out the entire playlist for the series, there should be an invitation on the screen We're working with said and today we're gonna be counting lines and well that's yeah It's pretty much I got through you show you three different techniques for these three different results so first off we've been working with Some files here. We got our text file here and normally we could do something like Wc-l and that would give us the number of lines in The text file which is in this case seven So let's say we want to get that number From using using said so we're gonna say said Dash n. Well, let's leave the dash n out for right now. We're gonna say Our command is equals and then we're gonna say our name of our file So what we did here was we said hey said Print out the line number before you print the line For each line in this file, so it's going. Okay. This is line one. What is line one? This is line one Line two. This is line two line three. Well, this is line three Line four. This is line four line five. This is line five so forth so on blah blah blah What we're gonna add here is the dash n and what that's gonna tell us It's gonna tell said not to print any of the lines. It's gonna say quiet mode So it's not gonna print any lines, but we'll still print the numbers So that's what the equal sign says and we got one two three four five six seven great So we have counted each line up to seven. We can add one more thing to this Which is a dollar sign and this is telling said to only print the last of Line of the output so we're saying I Said look at this file look at each line of this file Don't print any lines of this file Print the line numbers for this file, but only print the last line of that output And we get seven so that's how we can count seven lines in a file Or however many lines there are in the file So I thank you for watching this tutorial We're going to do a lot more on said In the near future, I hope that you continue watching these tutorials And be sure to check out the playlist in the annotation my site is films by chris comm That's chris of the K There should be a link in the description and I hope that you have a great day be sure to like comment and subscribe Have a great day


Let's talk about Rivian. In less than two weeks, this stock has doubled. This is a multi-billion dollar company that just doubled, right? This has been on watch for me to be shorting it. But something that is key is yesterday, it had a really, really big death candle. But it ended up reclaiming and breaking above the pre-market high of the day. And as you guys know, we have a rule that if a stock breaks above the pre-market high of the day, it is no longer a short. So the stock broke above pre-market high of the day and just stanked. So my thought process today was, okay, we're going to try to bounce towards this $26 resistance. If we try to bounce towards that level, then I'll look to short it. But if we open up weak and the bounce fails, then I'm going to short it. So what happened was, you opened up a little weak, I shorted the bounce. I added a little bit into resistance. And as we had a small death candle, I added a little bit more. And then as we had that same push and rejection, I added more. Now as we're breaking the low of the day and longs are starting to stop out, I sized up a little bit and started to cover.


Hi everybody. It's Sandy. Welcome to my YouTube channel where today I want to talk about ethnic skin tones primarily with Copic markers but coloring the human rainbow and I have been motivated to do this particularly by some recent events. This is 2015 we've had some racially motivated tragedies lately and in my little paper crafting world, I can't do much to change the world, but I can help us as a crafting community to start coloring maybe with a little bit of diversity and that's why I'm going to be doing this tutorial today to talk about coloring different skin tones and I have an image from Mama Elfins that I'm going to color today has lots of kids in it and before I jumped into that I thought I really want to do something that will maybe have some teaching elements along with it and that is coloring the human rainbow my little handout This is a pdf that has there's no coloring on it. It's all blank And I do have one version with these numbers if you want to download that one Or you can download one with no numbers in it And you can use whatever markers you have to create your own rainbow of skin tones Or you can color it with other mediums. Whatever you want to do is totally cool with me But I thought this would be a great exercise for us As we start exploring different skin tones And I have them going kind of from light to dark or light to medium to dark And you can almost see different ethnicities in there a little bit And if there are colors in between You can vary them by the amounts of dark and light that you add in and I'll show you a little bit of that as we go Or you can swap some colors out. I'm going to use some of these Exact combinations in the coloring today, but you can change them up You can swap out some of those purples for browns, etc And this was inspired by this photograph that I found on the national geographic blog And I'll link you to that article.  And I think we should incorporate more of that in our card making So I'm going to color all these kids with different color combinations from that chart And I I'll talk a little bit first about my technique with Copic markers Which is to first lay down the base color whenever the lightest color is And then I go in and add the dark shadows And then the medium tone and then I blend it with the light Now if you are afraid of the blues and the purples because that does seem crazy to a lot of people Then watch what happens when I add the medium tone over it So here's the the base color going on with this little girl And then I'll add this purplish color to red violet purplish kind of kind of shade And most people would go. Oh my gosh, she looks crazy. She looks purple. Well, look what happens when you add a brown over it It just adds some richness to that brown that makes it look more realistic And the same thing with the blues the blue violets all those different kinds of colors Can change up the skin tones. So they just have more life in them than just browns And I am going to trim out this image. So please don't worry about me going outside the lines But here I want to show you in in this one and then the little girl I just colored what happens when we add more of one of the shades. So here I'm just going over this this little kid the first time I'll go over jump over to this little girl and just add one more quick coat of the medium tone that I had colored her with And completely changed her and here I'm going to add more of the medium tone on this little kid And then blend it with the light and completely change that so you can do that with any of these color combinations So if yours don't come out looking like mine When you color them That's Potentially why because we're we're both using maybe different amounts of the dark and light colors There's some like that little kid at the bottom that are very pinky peachy and that would be great for like a baby color Little Caucasian baby or lots of different babies that they just tend to be a little little brighter colors And then other colors will be a little dim or a little darker that that little kid on the right Is a little more on the green side But that's a realistic color in many places many ethnicities have a little more of that kind of a tone to them So each one of these kids you can tell is coming out looking completely Different because I've just got a variety of shades Now if you don't own a lot of different shades then try different combinations among the shades that you have And use different amounts of them because you can get a lot of variety Just a very few number of pens and not have to buy a bajillion of them And while i'm talking about buying a bajillion of pens I recently found out Got an email from copic A lot of you have been saying that you you know all the stores that you shop at have been out of them And they apologize. They're having issues with trying to get product in so please don't yell at your stores They're trying their best But copic's having trouble with getting enough product because they've become so popular that they just can't keep up with demand So put stuff on your wish list and get ready for whenever your store does have markers And a lot of stores now have that function where you can put in your email address and they'll notify you when it's in So that's a really helpful thing I found and from what I hear a lot of those stores are using that as Helps to try to order things so when they know there's a big demand for something there a lot of people are waiting for it They'll order more of them So you can help your stores bring in what you want by filling out that little Notification thing So you can see i'm speeding up as i'm going through the hair because this is not about hair This is about the skin tones But i'm just throwing a lot of different colors in there when I was filming this it was so hot in my house Oh my gosh I live in washington and it has been ridiculously warm here for the last few months this is early summer We usually don't get warm weather until july And it's been may and may and june have been crazy crazy warm So my apologies for not writing all these numbers down. I was just melting Especially when it came to finishing the card because by the time that was all done I was completely melted into a puddle So here is the crazy card. It's one of those magic reveal cards That has been around for ages and I have never made one in all these years and I really have wanted to So I thought this would be a fun one to do There was no tutorial that showed how to do what I wanted to do So I made this up. This is like the worst paper engineering ever But I have a tag that I made out of black paper I attached my acetate to the the top of it and stamped with the stays on on the acetate So I've got the image in black on the acetate and glued my image behind it It's all fitting so it's going to go through that little window on my four and a quarter by four and a quarter card This is some four by four White card stock that I'm creating for the insert in between the frame And I needed to build some sort of a little channel for my tag so it wouldn't wiggle all over the place So I I did it with dimensional adhesive this top one Along with this other piece that's on the tag are going to serve as a catch So I'm not going to peel the backing off of those. I don't I want the dimension, but I don't want the sticky So I'm just going to peel the sticky off the other three So I can hear adhere to the card with that and then the other two are just going to stay as they are And hopefully it's going to make sense as I do this So I'm attaching it on the two sides and the bottom And then I'm going to slip in before I press that down I'm going to slip in the back only of the tag and let the acetate hang over the front I know this seems a little weird, but you know, it'll make sense. I hope So as I open the um the tag and I pull the tag out The image will be revealed, but it's going to catch so that it slides It stays in the card and it doesn't fall back out because a recipient will never know how to Stick it in the right way so that it does the little magic thing again So I also did some extra adhesive on the front to to stick that black panel on the black frame and I put it on either side so that it also helped to create that channel For that whole tag to slide down and it means this is a seriously thick card So I figured if it's already thick I'm going to put a giant bow on the top of it Because I'm going to hand this one to someone personally anyway or put it in a box or something because it is like crazy big, but It came out so stinking cute anyway And I love how pulling it out just reveals that really sweet little Little image colored image with all those beautiful faces So here is the finished one The before and the after the open and the closed and I hope you go to my website and download that handout So remember if you want to join in this human rainbow campaign that I'm starting Then be sure to tag whatever you color with other skin tones with the human rainbow And let's see what we can come up with list your colors so we can all learn from you And here are two other videos that I've done with some Copic coloring on them if you want to see something else You can also subscribe. Please do that and up in the upper right hand corner There's either an annotation or a little round circle that you can click on even with mobile To get to my blog to go get that handout. All right. I will talk to you guys later. Have a great week. Bye. Bye