everyone, even if you're watching this on YouTube later, or if you're watching on Twitch, welcome back to part number three of the lecture about primer design. So we just selected our SNP, right? So this is a SNP which is in cows and probably in sea cows, we don't know, but could be. So imagine that we want to PCR out this little piece of this gene. Then what we have to do is first search for the RSID. So let me show you Firefox. The slides will be available online. So you can just read the slides later and there it's described in detail, but I'm just going to show you guys how to do this, right? So we have our SNP, right? So the SNP is located here. So instead of directly going from here, I can just click on this variant name, right? So it's so slow today. Ensemble, loading, loading, loading. All right, let's just search for the SNPs. I just go search all species because SNPs are species specific. So when we search for the SNPs, for this one specific SNP that we're interested in, it's so weird that it continues loading here while actually it already figured out that there's one variant and that it's in cattle, but it doesn't live demos, never do live demos. That's just horrible. Bioinformatics is a lot of waiting for websites to do what you want. All right, let's search again. Ah, there it goes. All right, so here we have the information page of the SNPs, right? So here we see that it's a missense variant. It's located here at the forward strand, right? So we can just say genomic context. So when we click on genomic context, we see the SNP, right? And now we should, in theory, be able to go to export data, but it doesn't allow me to. So I'm just going to click on the primary assembly, then it should focus around the SNP. So let me actually go back and remember the exact position, right? So just copy it. So I'm just going to go to the primary assembly, and now I'm just going to say export data, right? So I want to export data. So I'm just going to say, well, I can select my location. So I'm just going to put in the exact position of the SNP. And then I'm going to say give me 500 or 600 base pairs in front and give me 600 base pairs in the back, right? So five flanking and three flanking. So five prime is in front and three prime is in the back, right? And then I'm not going to repeat mask it. I'm just going to say unmask the sequence because I want you guys to know that there's other tools which allow you to mask sequences. So we're just going to go next. And then we're just going to say, give me this format in text, right? So here I have the sequence, right? We know from FASTA sequence that every line is 600 base pairs, right? So we have a whole bunch of lines and we have one base pair here. And that is, of course, because the SNP is in the middle and I'm taking 600 in front and 600 in the back. So there should be 20 lines here in total. And then, of course, had the SNP needs to be in the middle, right? Of course, this is something that we kind of need to check, right? So what I normally do is when I export my sequence, right, I'm just going to paste it into Notepad++, which we see here. So if we go to Notepad++, then here is the sequence that I just copied, right? And now we need to find our SNP, right? So the SNP that we were looking at is an A to T SNP. So I'm in the middle of this sequence, there should be an A. So I'm just going to select and, oh, you guys can see that. So here in the bottom of Notepad++, it tells you how many you have selected, right? So here in theory, I am expecting the A to be, well, I select 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. So this is the SNP that we're interested in. So this is the base pair that some animals have an A and other animals have a T, right? So the SNP is indeed there. Alright, so then the next step, now we have our target sequence, right? So now having this target sequence, we can now actually start doing our primary design. Unfortunately, that is not true because when we did the export, and let me go back here, right? So when I said export the data, right, I told it that I wanted to export the data unmasked, right? But the mammalian genome, it consists of up to 50% of repeats. And of course, because a primer needs to be unique, we need to get rid of these repeated sequences, right? So these sequences which occur multiple times in the genome. So Ensemble can do this for you as well, but there's another tool called repeat masker, which I like a lot. So let me guys just show you the repeat masker website. And so we go to Firefox, here we have the repeat masker. So the only thing that I'm going to do is just take the sequence that we downloaded, put it in here, and then I'm just going to say, well, my DNA source is in this case, a other mammal, other than below. And I'm just going to say, well, use the default settings and then I'm just going to say submit the sequence. And then it takes a little bit of time to run the job. But in the end, what I will get is I will get the sequence back. It should not be too slow. Might be. Alright, so it's searching, searching, searching, searching, refresh it quite quickly. Alright, so here we have the annotation file is done. Search for it again. No repetitive sequences were detected. Oh, that's interesting. So let's make sure that we have some repetitive sequences, right? So let's just say export data. And I'm just going to use the mask here. So I'm going to say heart repeat masker of the location that we were interested in, which is, let me see. I forgot to forgot the exact location. So let me do this again. Let's go back to the snip, get the location of the snip, go forward again, export the data, waiting, waiting, waiting, waiting, waiting, so much waiting in bioinformatics. So I want to do here to here. And I say give me like 1500 base verse in the front 1500 base verse in the back, right? And instead of saying unmasked, I'm just going to run repeat masker inside of ensemble, which might take a longer time because ensemble is relatively slow at the moment. So it's doing the same steps as that repeat masker is doing. So it's taking the sequence that I exported, then looking to see if there are any repeats in there. And then masking out those repeats. So now when I go to text, then now it should show me here that there are repeats, right? So the repeats here are blocked out because it just says NNNN. So this region in the genome occurs not just once in the cow genome, but it occurs multiple times. And here you see that there are other regions as well, where we should not design our primers on, right?  So we don't want that in our primer. Alright, so I just take the sequence, right? And then I go to primer three for designing the primer. So I should have the link on the next slide. Yeah, that's perfectly fine. And let me see where the number three is. Here, there's the link. Alright, that's annoying cannot be found. Let's go this one. Alright, so this is how the primer design program looks like. It's just an online online system. So what you can do is you can just paste your sequence in here, right? And now, of course, we want to know where we want to design our primer, right? So we need to say what is our target, right? So since I exported 1500 base pairs in front 1500 base pairs in the back, I want to say that my target is now at 1501, right? And I want to say, well, I want to have at least like four or five base pairs surrounding that, right? So now when I say 1501 comma four, it means at target position 1501, but also the four base pairs in front and the four base pairs in the back, right? And I want to have it pick a left primer and a right primer. If I already had a primer, I could just fill it in. But I'm in this case, we want to pick both the left and the right primer. How we we can give our product size range. So imagine that instead of having all of these, we want to have a fragment of DNA, which is between like 250 and 500 base pairs, right? So because we don't want the fragment to be too long, because then we're like paying a lot of money for sequencing that we don't need. And we just want to have like this little area surrounding the SNP being targeted. And then we just click pick primers, it's that easy. So then we get the output. So the output looks like this. So you just get the sequence back. Here you see the sequence that we targeted. So we targeted this a at 1500 and one, because some animals have an A, other animals have a T. It put the forward primer here. So here is the the way that they do forward primers. And here is, for example, the reverse primer, right? So now on the top, it has my primer sequences. It tells me that the melting temperature is for the first primer 59.88 degrees Celsius. And for the other primer, it's 59.9. So again, this should be within three degrees. It also tells me that if there are any hairpins possible, and all of these things, so that there's a lot of additional information. But it just picked the primer 20 base pairs long, starting here print 20 base pairs long, starting there, they are pointing towards each other. So these are the two primer sequences that I need to use. And then what I get is a product, which is 468 base pairs long. So I take these sequences, I fill them in on the order sheet for the primer company, because there's just companies that sell you primers. So I just say, give me this primer, give me that primer, and you just order them. Then two days later, the primer show up and you can then take your species of interest, which is which you want to test and then see if the DNA that you have came from a cow, from Sudan, a cow from Italy, or a cow from another region, right. And of course, here, we're only looking at a single snip. Of course, if you really want to make a determination, which species it is, you generally would look at like 10 snips in total, right, because you know that, well, the sequence for had the soap. So animals from Sudan generally have a T at this snip that we're currently looking at. But animals from the US also have a T, but at a different location in the genome, they have a G, right. So you use like 10 of these locations to figure out which exact species you are currently looking at. And in theory, you could use these primers multiple times, right, because a primer pair, you get a cup of primer, which you can use for probably like two to 300 reactions. And so you could, in theory, not just do this experiment for a single cow, but you can do it for like two to 300 cows easily. And then have for each of these cows, you would get to see if there's an A or a T here, right. So that is more or less how we create these matrices, which we saw during the assignment, right, because during the assignment, we had this genotype matrix. So here we have our marker. So PVV4 is actually just a snip in the genome. And some animals have a one, which means an A and other animals have a two, which is a T, right. And here you can see that we used 120 of these to characterize the whole genome for like 100 and something individuals. So in the end, for this experiment here, we bought around 120 primer pairs, which would cost us 120 times like, I think a primer currently is like five, six euros. So that's like 500 euros. And then have with this set of primers that we have, we can then amplify this piece of DNA or these different pieces of DNA and all of these different individuals. And then we can use sequencing to figure out if this animal had an A or a T there. Alright, so that's how you do it. So I made a small overview slide, which is the output of primer three. Let me show you guys that on the slide. So here we see the output right. So here it picked a certain primer. Here we had a longer region of interest. So that's with the stars or the stars denote which target which region you are targeting. And here it came up with a product which was 784. Of course, if you don't like the primers, you can say well, exclude a little bit or not. And generally, primer design is not about designing a primer for a single piece. Generally, you want to have like a universal primer, which targets multiple transcripts at the same time. Alright, so in summary, primer design, it's far better done by machines, you can do it yourself. But then you have to make sure that all these seven rules for primers are adhered to. There are many different programs available. I just gave you a little example of primer three, which you can find underneath this link. And that's kind of everything that I wanted to tell you guys about how to design primers and how to do less genotyping yourself if you wanted to do. Alright, so are there any questions for today? Gonna wait a little bit. Because there's always a little bit of delay on Twitch. But yeah, it's that easy. It's just using like the primer three online tool, just make sure that when you export sequences from ensemble that you have your thing that you're interested in in view, right? So to make sure that it's really the thing that you're looking at. And that's about it. It's not rocket science, like people have been doing this for almost 50 years now. And 1983, that's around 50 years old. And then there's like, also hundreds of different companies that will sell you primers and extracting DNA is something that is also just a standard laboratory procedure. Good. If there are no questions, then thank you for being here. Thank you guys, all nine of you for staying until the end. And I will see you guys again on the 6th of January. And I hope by then that we have actually a fixed date for the exam so that I can tell you guys when the exam will be and how it will be done. Because I've had a little bit of a fitty with the proofing bureau because the proofing bureau wants me to do the exam in person. And I'm not too fond of that. Not that I don't want to see you guys that that's not it. It's just that with the new Omicron variant and all of the other things. And it doesn't seem like a very smart idea to have an exam in person. When we could just do an online exam. But if you have any opinions on that, then just let me know. If you say, Well, I really want to do it in person, then we can do that. But I think that it would be just good to have like an online exam like we did last year, because I don't see any reason why we should sit all in a room with me pacing around seeing if you don't cheat. When you guys can just promise me to not cheat, and I can just monitor you guys online. And we can just do the exam like that. Good. So I skipped a couple of slides, because I just in the in the presentation, it's just not one, but it's like multiple. And there's a couple of other tools, like if you want to calculate melting temperature, there's also a calculator for that. So instead of having to do the formula yourself, you can have a computer do it for you. But that was the only thing that I wanted to show you guys today. So I hope that you're all more or less capable of designing primers now. And of course, the hard part is not designing a single primer for a single sequence, but doing things like multiplex primers, which is a lot harder. Good. Then I'm not seeing any questions in chat. So for the people on YouTube, thank you for watching and stop the recording then. So see you guys next time for lecture number 10.


I know I don't look like this on the outside, because we all have a way of faking it. But if this is how you feel, I want you to know it's okay. And all you need to do is just keep moving. Life is not a fashion parade. Life is not a catwalk.  That can make you feel you've failed and you need fixing. This is not a race. It's not a comparison zone. And if all you do is this today, then good on you. Well done. Thanks for being here.


Nu gav det lastvård till Charlotte Petri Gunnitzka från Sida. Tack så mycket Sharon. Tack så mycket. Partners får får. Making all this happen today. I must say I'm very inspired. I have had the opportunity and the privilege to stay for a whole session today and listen, which is not often the case. And today we have celebrated that there is a million post mdg report with our minister on the panel, and we have had this fantastic time together. And one of the things that I want to pick up on is that no aid. Can't do it all doesn't even want to do it all, but there are very important processes to kind of tap in and and really. Kind of increase the energy in, and that's the combination of what we've done here this afternoon, and what you, the ministers, has talked about on the new opportunities that are out there. Sweden through Gunilla on the panel for the post mdg took an initiative to run a dialogue with the Swedish civil society, young people in Sweden as well as the business sector in Sweden. And one of the things that we will really do now is to leverage. We can't do that, but we will inspire the business sector to leverage, leverage some Swedish leadership into the issues that we have discussed here today, which means that Swedish CEOs have actually committed to in a year's time from now demonstrating practice, what it means to build sustainable business models, build sustainability into their business models and to demonstrate how they will decrease their negative impact on environment. And if we can, as an aid colleagues here, try to really influence the different sectors in society, we can make use of a lot of the knowledge that we have already, but that we need so much from research and communication and make it facts and research easier between the different sectors is an important role, and I am very inspired that we can do this together. So thank you very much.


So welcome everyone to Guy Goodwin, who most of you will know or have heard of, who's going to give the keynote presentation. So I will give you Guy's introduction. Guy has been Chief Executive at the National and Scottish Centres for Social Research since 2016, with experience of leadership roles in statistics and social research over 20 years. He's been responsible for publications on society, social issues and people in a range of policy contexts from population and migration to crime and from tourism to health and well-being. Guy is a data collection expert, a former director of social surveys and the 2011 census analysis phase and has specialist knowledge in education and geography. His organisation, Natseng, conducts many of the country's large social surveys and longitudinal studies, including the gold standard British social attitudes survey, which provides a window of a time into public attitudes across a full spectrum of issues. And Guy's background is that he studied statistics to post-grad level at the London School of Economics and he's a fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences and the Royal Statistical Society. He was chair of the UK Data Forum, has a strong interest in linking survey and admin data. So welcome Guy, the floor is yours. Okay, hello everybody and I hope you're having a great day. What a wonderful time to be involved in health studies and I hope you realise quite how important you all are at the moment because we are in a period, aren't we, significant public health challenges? Whether that's, you've been discussing some of the issues today, whether that's with the ageing of the population, with our healthy life expectancy, with healthy inequalities and some of the multiple disadvantage we're seeing, whether it's with the challenges of obesity, people's poor mental health, well-being, our sense, I guess, as we all change to, you know, if we weren't operating at home before different ways of working, different lifestyles, it is a remarkable time. And of course then on top of all that you've got this magnifying, amplifying impact on those issues caused by the current pandemic and alongside a suite of whole new issues from, you know, the backlog, the NHS to long Covid, the trauma of working long hours on infection wards, you know, changes in lifestyle again during this pandemic, it really is a challenging time. So it's a fantastic time to be a health researcher or indeed a health policymaker, health user. So you've been discussing some of those issues today. I was asked to come in at the end really to say a few words against this remarkable backdrop on what I'm observing with data collection and in particular social surveys during this pandemic period. And so that's what I'm going to talk about for 20 minutes and then we can open things up for questions. And I guess the first thing I would say is if I sort of split you all the 64 of us into two very unfairly actually into two groups, what I would call the traditionalists in terms of social surveys and data collection and then the modernists. And by traditionalists, I mean, those who lean towards being in favour of a traditional sensors who are rather enthusiasts around the survey and the social survey rather like face to face interviewing and believe that the data collection methods we've been using largely over the past 50 or more years are, you know, both sensible but also pretty relevant today. And then if I call the modernist people a bit like me, although of course the whole thing's a spectrum continuum and it's a bit unfair to group us, but by call the modernist people who feel society has changed a fair amount that believe that we have to look differently at our data collection methods as people live their lives differently, more online and so on, who worry about falling response rates when perhaps we ought to focus more on bias are attracted to multi mode survey approaches, rather like the idea of using administrative data. Let's not collect data twice and see great opportunities in so called big data, sort of unstructured or less structured data bucket loads of it and who want to use the power of technology to harness to mine all of that data for the benefit of society and to plonk it on our policy makers tables in real time rather than a year or two after the event. So it's a crude way of defining us I guess as traditionalist and modernist but we probably see ourselves on a continuum all of us in in that and I guess when face to face interviewing paused and we all stopped doing it at March 2020 with the pandemic. Many of us inevitably asked the question is this really the turning point for social surveys is this when administrative and big data really come to the fore. Is this when we move to multi mode survey approaches for good and face to face interviewing is binned or becomes much more marginal and no longer necessary or practical. And the answer to that question I guess is going to almost certainly be a resounding no. Or at least that is how I see it as we approach the end game of the pandemic. I sense traditionalists are pretty upbeat about things. And right now and it's probable face to face interviewing will be returning for most of at least the complex national surveys including the health ones they're queued up waiting patiently commissioners and there's even advocacy isn't ever a traditional census in five years time not 10 the need for longitudinal studies seems to have become greater not less during the pandemic. And no doubt I think that will continue after it. I mean did you see that wonderful word cloud that showed the estimates of the number of covert 19 cases including asymptotic cases in the UK using social media data. Well no nor did I run being honest. And whatever our individual beliefs and preferences might be for the future. I think today we should inevitably look at how we have actually acted in this pandemic and be prepared to turn to the evidence on what that pandemic experience tells us. And I guess when the numbers and trends in infection cases became so important and grew so much higher. Where did we as a community turn to and and primarily we turn to the O and S covert 19 infection studies as some people call it. Which is effectively a great whopping national survey of the population conducted face to face. And the reason we did it of course is we needed to be pretty sure as or as sure as we could be of where the numbers and the trends were. And although it sits alongside other studies including of course the react study the administrative data that we produce data so on and we look at the suite of measures. It is very noticeable that the national status national statistician made that decision I believe correctly in deciding that's how we were going to play things. Yes it's been used alongside other sources including administrative data. But guess what I mean those administrative data don't collect asymptotic cases. We have had to refine definitions as we've gone along such as the number of deaths of people within 28 days of the first positive test. And the data even increase when we do more testing in affected areas again amplifying a magnifying potential change. And those that have experience of administrative data including many in this conference listening today know full well the trial and tribulations of doing so the comprehensiveness of GP lists. The fact that you know one guidance notes going out to police forces giving instructions can affect your crime survey. Your your recorded crime data or the consequences of departmental staff illnesses on weekly recording of say national insurance numbers of the foreign born. So we understand the deficiencies of administrative data and of course you fully understand it in health. I mean GPs don't know how many of us have poor mental health from their sources. They look at survey sources and that's because it's not all diagnosed and is being handled in a variety of ways by families schools and so on. Do GPs really know how many of us are obese or overweight from their people going to GP surgeries. Not a chance at the moment is the reality. And so you in health studies of course realize some of these issues. Perhaps more interestingly though it is. It's fascinating I think that where on this has turned to when looking for fast turnaround data. You know are the public going to be compliant with vaccinations is our mental health getting worse and so on. And they've turned to surveys as well haven't they and take a bow in particular those of you who work on the opinions and lifestyle. Survey I mean what a tremendous job you've done during this period. And it again reinforces that social surveys have other advantages to in the sense that you can actually tailor things to the precise question you want asked and ask it when you want it. And and more to the point I guess the turnaround is being pretty fast doesn't it and countering one of the perceived big weaknesses of social surveys which is slow turnaround. I mean the other obvious ones being cost and coverage or at least sample sizes and whether we can get geographical and subgroup coverage. So in some ways this pandemic period as we look at it we started it questioning I guess and saying really is this almost the turning point in the end and we coming hopefully to the end of the pandemic. And I think what we have seen is many of the sort of data collection method concerns with other alternatives being seen and reinforced over this period so I just chuck out a small number of observations. The amount of innovation on national surveys and adapting during the pandemic has been pretty remarkable and it just goes to show we can do it. And I would love to see that continue into the future. A lot has happened in collaboration with customers and users and a lot we can be really proud of you know as a community. I worry still though you know it was 2003 when I suggested we move the annual population survey to a multi mode survey when I was at O&S. And you know we're almost 20 years on and have we put in enough investment into data collection methods so we can deliver well enough in in a pandemic or in other scenarios and I sense we haven't. And I think in my judgment we need new impetus on methods and it's funding in this area. I think there's a question of how well we are doing with our networks and engaging with policymakers, influencers and practitioners is a bit mixed. I still think we can do more as a community. We should ask the question are we largely talking to ourselves rather than to policymakers and users. I always tell a story when I was at Ofsted with Chris Woodhead was HMCI in those days and I was his chief statistical advisor but you weren't supposed to go to the top floor and talk to him really if you were working in statistics. And I decided one day I would went up in the left went to see him and I said I'm your new statistical advisor and he said I didn't know I had an old one. But what I learned as from that experience was the afternoon he phoned up wanting some statistics and then he wanted a questionnaire and then he wanted to help with this and that. So there's a great opportunity for us as users, as producers, as researchers, as statisticians to really make an impact by being bold I think with some of the key influences. It's interesting to see that the so-called knock to nudge which is where you knock at the door and quickly back away and you know somebody opens the door and you try to persuade them to answer the questionnaire on telephoning or whatever mode has produced pretty solid response rates actually. It's interesting to me how close they are to the to the normal response rates, but of course it's only slightly cheaper. I think over time we are going to have to increasingly provide a suite of products to commissioners and pick and choose between different modes. And I think certainly if the pandemic keeps going that will become, you know, pretty normal. So really I think that's an important takeaway from the pandemic. I think some of the technological innovations have worked in certain scenarios some haven't. I mean video interviewing seems to have worked rather well on some of the longitudinal studies, the British cohort study I think trialled it. It hasn't worked so well on the health survey for England and you know limited interest among participants of telephone interviewing was offered as well. I think we're using it on the European social survey and it'd be interesting to see what happens there. If there are no alternatives in a path based survey and some of this work needs to be brought together because we've got some very important health surveys coming up, haven't we? We've got Natsale next year, the sectional attitudes and behaviors survey. We've got the adult psychiatric morbidity survey coming up and we really do need to be able to do these surveys in whatever context we are facing. The pandemic I think has shown the real importance of surveys. I mean the mental health of children and young people survey are longitudinal studies like understanding society being analyzed. It's great to see some of the work academics and others have done analyzing some of our data sets, the PPE studies, the opinions and lifestyles survey I mentioned earlier. I think the relevance of surveys has come across, but I think that relevance does depend on us increasingly even though social data look are not like stock market data, are they? I mean they don't need to be in real time, often annually will do, but you know we really do need to turn these data around faster than we have in the past. I think the days of 18 months or two years waiting for survey data are very limited. The most of the methodological challenges and weaknesses we know about social surveys have been proved over this pandemic. You know the absence of good quality sampling frames, poorer or differences in response rates, mode effects and so on. We can see differential response rates. So on the English Housing Survey for example we can see we're getting more homeowners and fewer renters during this pandemic period. You can see some of those biases arising. I mean they can be corrected potentially, but samples become less efficient and our job becomes a little bit more difficult. It doesn't seem to be any easier to focus on harder to reach groups to participate in the studies at the moment. So a whole load of evidence is emerging which you can bring together of course over time to sort of take a stock take almost of where we are on data collection. But my overall feeling is that the survey is going to come out bouncing out of this pretty well actually in comparisons to some of the other methods which really have some way to go yet until we get them to where we want. Finally and just to conclude good policymaking is essential in a democracy and I believe the work you do. I mean social research statistics really does have the power to make life better. I mean health is the big, big example of this at the moment. You're therefore very important people. I think you have a duty in the coming months and years to really argue and make the business cases. The cost benefit analysis and so on in the coming years so that our policy colleagues succeed in not just addressing the pandemic but the whole very bold. Government agenda around leveling up and I think there are big challenges in health there including data collection. You know we need mental health data more regularly than we get them at the moment every seven years won't do I don't think as we move forward. So please leave today with excitement renewed momentum on the importance of your studies your health research and data collections now and in the future and thank you all of course for coming to the conference today. I mean the UK data service is a wonderful thing in the UK and it's great to see you all here today. Thank you.


Our third topic in chemical kinetics is all about the experimental methods. After all, if you want to do chemistry you won't get far just sitting and reading a book of theory, where we'll add base science almost more than any other. You will be able to suggest and justify which experimental methods can be used to determine kinetic parameters of a reaction, things like titration, the absorption of light, reactant mixing times, flow mixing, flash photolysis and the rest. You will be able to give a brief explanation of each of these methods and state their limitations. You will also be able to derive integrated rate laws, something I mentioned earlier, but in this case we're actually going to go into the mathematics of creating them. Finally, you'll be able to define the meaning of half-life in terms of kinetics. You probably heard this term applied to isotopes in nuclear physics, it means the exact same thing here, so you'll be able to derive and calculate half-lives for zeroth, first and second order reactions. This topic is all about experimental lab chemistry, how you'd actually go about doing these experiments in the lab. So make sure you can revise and understand topic one, which was about the rates of reaction, because here we're finally going to apply it.


Vice-President Yamio Shimbajou is presiding over a virtual meeting at the Federal Executive Council of the Presidential Villarrabuja, a standing aim for President Mahmada Buhari who is in London, United Kingdom, for a medical check-up. Before the proceedings, participants observed a minute of silence in honour of Malami Buhari, a former Minister of Agriculture who passed away recently at the age of 76. Others physically present at a virtual FAC meeting included Lai Mohamed, Minister of Information and Culture, Abu Bakr Malami, Minister for Justice and the Tony General of the Federation, among others.