The farm was crying, pointing to his smoldering sheep and pointing to all these burnt land and I was not supposed to know that that little fire we started was going to cause that gigantic bushfire.  Are we live? Welcome to episode number 38, this is the Marty and Michael podcast, we're coming at you straight out of the box. Straight out Compton.  What happened? We bought a car. We bought a car. We bought a car. I'm not going to say who from, because the jury's still out on whether it's a goodbye or not. I'm starting to think that the dogs ripped me one. It's not a good car, I don't want a good car.  Yeah, you've already had to get repairs. Yeah, which they're doing for free, but fuck, I don't want to have to drive an hour to get there. Yeah, guys, far away. It's too far. What'd you do on the weekend? Oh, I got drunk. Oh, I got so drunk that I pissed the bed. No, I didn't piss. Michael broke his drinking ban, so fuck, everyone out there who was- I had 300 dollar bottles of wine. Oh, wow, it was nice. Oh, dude, I had reds. Well, they're $300 each. Dude, this was like a six-star restaurant. Where is it? The one above, you know, the place in South Bank is a hotel connected to it. We've been there before. You're lying. No, we have.  Sorry, Michael. It was delicious, the wine.  Michael, that didn't happen. I won $300 at the casino, too, blackjack. So you want a bottle of wine. So all those people who are using Michael's sobriety is inspiration to also not drink themselves. Sorry. It's impossible.  It's impossible. An alcoholic, you cannot stop. Forever.  We haven't drank since. We've proven it. Yeah, so the best case scenario is that you drink only once in a month, and then once that month is over, the drinking will continue until death comes to your door much, much, much earlier than a normal person. So much.  As a kid, just smoke weed. Don't drink. We'll just mix. I like to cycle from one drug to the next. Yeah. Always have a drug, though. Actually, there's a question about that that I just took a screenshot of before. About drugs. Well, we wouldn't know. We only do it in the name of science. We don't remember it. What else has happened? We've exercised a bit. Yeah, you can probably tell. I've lost three kilos. Yeah, you can probably tell that we've been exercising really hard and eating semi well. You can probably tell. Even those people listening, you can probably tell. Yeah, there's a change in our voice. There's a change in our heart. It's beating more firm. That's Michael's heart. My girlfriend's here watching now for the first time. Yeah, it's the first time. She's waving her far away. She did her far. She's gushing gas and she's trying to wave it away. So that's happening in my peripheral vision. My girlfriend here just seeped gasing everywhere. She's sickening.  Actually, we've got questions. We've got PO Box.  Yeah, let's keep it short and sweet today. Yeah, let's keep it short and sweet because we know you've got ADD. Segment. What's it called? All right. Let's go to our next segment. The segment has been renamed, of course. Matthew Brown from Halsom. Do you mind passing us the phone? Quite a lot of responsibility there on his shoulder. It's closed a bit lighter. So many jobs at Halsom, he sort of forgets once he leaves the office, he sort of zones out, tunes out mentally. Yeah, yeah, no, it's a lot on his plate, so just relax. Matthew Brown from Halsom there in Milton. What a large building they have there. There's actually a few Halsom headquarters in Australia. I saw a Halsom truck today driving. I see them everywhere now.  I coined it. Yeah, I literally went through my change and just coined it.  Yeah, but we, yeah, we know Halsom at the end. Yeah, just Matthew Brown so that Halsom's there. I hope that they hear and then connect the dots that Matthew Brown has told them to do that. Yeah, I changed it. I just got all my spare changed and pegged it out the window. All right, this next segment has been renamed to. So we got to find out. And of course, this is a segment where we just answer questions that you guys send in via Instagram. Yeah, man. What about famous birthdays and shit? We forgot all about that. Oh, yeah, Judge Judy. Judge Judy, we've been scanning through the news headlines.  No, no.   Hashtag it wherever you can. Just comment at randomly. I just want, let's spread it. Let's spread the word.   It won't hurt her. Yeah, it's a bit gross, but it's just I just want to see what she does. Yeah, film it. If you don't film it, it didn't happen. So just please throw someone.  Imagine being married to her. Yeah, not good. She'd be a very dominant lover and she'd kiss with only tongue. Tongue and teeth kisser. Oh, yeah, suck, sucky. OK, this first question is from Thalajilik17. Why don't you clip your fingernails? We do.  Yeah, I normally break them. Just rip them off because they're that weak from malnutrition.   Yeah, we'll do what we want.  God, yeah, next question. We are God, you are right. Henry, Dott Sinclair, what's a stunt that you are too scared to try?   Oh, yeah, you wouldn't do that now. No, I wouldn't need to. We just upload two or three videos. There was one we were thinking about doing. It was a pencil dive off a 10 story building onto a highway. But, you know, we spoke about some other friends and yeah, people thought that we could really badly hurt ourselves. So we decided not to do that one.  I'd land it. Yeah, yeah, I was just going to like just just relax the knees a bit and then just sort of use them as a spring, you know. But yeah, apparently that's with Willem Powerfish, like a couple months ago, he wanted us to get in shark infested waters. We scissors paper rock and whoever loses has to jump in after we've thrown blood and guts into the water to get sharks to come.  I can't get into water with sharks. But you've only got a thirty three percent chance of having to get in there. Yeah, but it's a big chance.  I think I think like bears. Well, you can always play.  Sharks are very, very similar to bears. In fact, I read in an article that I wrote that bears and sharks. Sharks are basically just bears without without hair in the water. If you shave a bear, very, very similar to a shark. Matt Brown from Halsam or back. And you've always got the option to walk away too. We forget about that.  Yeah, I know. Yeah. I don't know if you remember, but Steve actually jumped in the water with me to attach to his face.   We only had Willem on standby. He's a powerful fish. But yeah, so we should have done it in hindsight because you just as a shark's coming towards you, you just sort of move out of the way or play dead. I just climb up a rope or something out of the water.  Bang, you're safe. Anyway, next question. This one's from Tom underscore. Outkin, oh, three. Done any drugs? And if so, what ones? Now, the drugs that we've done are for science reasons.   No, we're not. I'm like three days sober now. And before that, I was two weeks. So, well, sober is in no alcohol. We still had. Yeah, cocaine, weed, what else?  I ingest it. It's less anxiety. What else have we done? Yeah, everything. We've done everything for science. Yeah, kids don't do drugs until you're 18. Then do all of them. We didn't want to do any of them, but we thought we'd better do them and then just tell people what it's like. So then they don't have to. Yeah. So we've done mushrooms, LSD, cocaine, DMT, ice. Oh, dude, that was a rough week. We didn't know it was ice. We're in Laos. We should.  What else? Painkillers, all sorts of prescription drugs, weed, of course, alcohol, of course. What else is there? Pingas, pingas, all sorts of pingas, MDMA, of course, one of our favorites. But again, don't do it. Just we have done it and it's nice, but don't do it. Have a go.  Yeah, yeah, yeah. Do it responsibly. Don't do it. Eat them all. All in all, I'd say the best drug out of them all would be marijuana. Well, marijuana is the least amount of commitment. You know, it's like you're just high. You're you're in a happy mood and you're relaxed. And yeah, the rage sort of within you subsides a bit. Chill. Yeah. Well, you less murdery.  No, I can't do it on weed.  I'll hook up with them. I'll like central. It's more central. Yeah, like those had a weird moment one with a with a big ball. And we sort of slow danced under the stars for a couple of hours while I was high. And yeah, so but no no violence on weed, which is which is interesting. There you go needs to be legalized. Yeah, alcohol. That's where the blackouts happen.  Have you ever greened out? Yeah, from Edibles. Oh, did you vomit? No, I didn't vomit, but I was very close to panicking. Yeah, yeah, you can go real far with Edibles real quick. Well, yeah, we had panic attacks in LA as we ate like three gummies each. And we're sitting in the cinemas and I had no idea how to get out. Yeah, we thought we lose. I get so disorientated. Yeah, but then like luckily we're in the cinema. So we felt safe. No one's looking at us. We're in the dark and then the movie we just got into.  But yeah, don't do drugs, but do them. Don't don't not do them. Yeah, don't not do drugs in. An 18 makes you 18 kids. Don't do it yet. All right. This one's from Ivan Petin and Ella. Classic name, very common name. Do you guys follow the NBA and if you do what teams? No, not really, really. Well, I don't really follow the NBA for a while. I used to play NBA on PlayStation when I was a little German girl and I liked the New York Knicks, but no, I've never liked basketball. Ozzy Karts, our mate, Bryce. Now, are you guys planning on making a song? Yes. We spoke about this with our filmer, Connor, a while ago. We're thinking of turning a little tune, a little self made tune that we sing sometimes when we're filming called disco dancing. We get it. Yeah. That was in our head for weeks. That's a very safe, very good tune. Oh, yeah, we just got to find. How do you find tunes? How do you make a tune to like? How what is music, Matt? How do you make sounds, Matt? But yeah, we just need a tune, a simple tune. Don't we've already? Yeah. Lucky, you could probably do it. We've got to go disco dancing. We've got to go disco dancing. We've got to go disco dancing. Yes, yes, yes. And then there's a bridge, but I don't want to say I can't remember it, but I have got it. It's good. It's it's very, very good. Yeah, it's it's one of the best noises I've ever heard. Yeah, it's it makes me happy. All right, next question. Tune for that. Shane underscore 2026. If you guys wrestled, what would be your entrance music and what would your finishing move be? War pigs, Black Sabbath and finishing move would be the scorpion where you hit the back of their head and it shuts their whole body down. They just become like Stephen. You Stephen Hawking's them. Yeah.  They dribble. They can't move. So when you're in a fight, don't go for the front. Hit up around the back. Tap that spot in the back of their head. Bang, shut down. Yeah, I've seen him do it to an old lock. He came up with a new one the other day. Yeah, it's a punch and then slap up under the chin. See, and that's another spot.  It shuts all their organs down. So it's an instant death. It stops the heart straightaway. Internally.  It's not the nervous sitting nervous system. Shutting down. It's the organs. My entry song would be Wrecking Ball from Miley Cyrus and my finishing move would be a I'd shoot them.  So yeah, I could see you doing that. What about somewhere the cow you could bring in like you could, I don't know. You can't really have a cow in your pocket. Can you?  Yeah. And it's quite noticeable, though. Hard to walk with a cow in your pocket. Yeah, maybe just one of the legs in the pocket and it walks next to me. Still in the pocket. Yeah, yeah.  Shoot milk with them. Anyway, sorry. It's all working in progress. This one's from Zach Triple C. I'm the score. What was your dream job as a kid? How happy are you with what you are doing now? How much do you enjoy pranking each other on a regular basis and creating content? If there was one thing you could change about your profile, what would it be? What's your profile? Like this, the side of your face? Yeah, I'd probably cut the nose down a bit. I was going to say that I was, yeah, cut the nose off. Yeah, no, I probably, yeah, maybe, I don't know, the nose and the profile. How come that's called your profile? I don't know. Sorry.  There's a lot of questions. What's what's our dream job as a kid? Oh, probably I wanted to be a tennis star professional athlete or I guess comedian was in there, but I never really pursued it because it was laughed at when I voiced it.  Then I'm happy. This is awesome. It's fun making silly videos. So like once as a as a kid, I wanted to be a tennis player found alcohol slash drugs, which changed me to want to be an entertainer. Sorry about that. Therefore, I'm happy with what I'm doing now. Yes, Michael hadn't really gotten drunk before you met me. I think it was 16. Yeah, once I met you. Sorry about that. Yeah, goon. Quite a profound effect there. Sorry, mate. Yeah, yeah. Remember the first time you dropped the ball there, didn't I?   Yep, pissed all over him while he was passed out as punishment for passing out. Oh, and I stand by that decision. Yeah, if you pass out, you've got to cop it. Hey, I don't know what they're called the profile. If profile is the representation of something in the outline. So on your side, they can see the outline. Matt Brown from Halston. Would there be a profile then for front on? Like, because then your profile's on the ears and cheek? It's just a circle. It's just a circle. No, your ears stick out. Yeah, so you've got a circle with ears on it. So it has to be the side. Matt Brown from Halston just googled it and he said something about a line. Something about a line on the face when you do it that way. That's what Matthew Brown from Halston said. There's a word for word what he said. He said, a line on the face when you face that way, profile picture. Yeah. I don't know, I'm still struggling to make sense of it all but that's what Matthew Brown from Halston said. There was a bit of concrete in there somewhere too. He's got a lot going on. He's got a lot going on at work. A lot of people to manage. He's got to sort of sort of sort things out. People come to him with problems. It's just best that we sort of leave this to us. Yeah, us as in A, R, S, E. All right, alec underscore cabriganino, three. Very good. Your pronunciation's really gone much better. I'm Spanish. What do I have? Why do I have the urge to milk Mardi? It's because I have an Arta. Maybe I think it's like a reference at the cows. I think also because I don't know if anyone's ever seen. I have an Arta on my back, on my lower back. It's like where his tramp stamp is. It's not like a bee. Well, that's why I got that tattoo there is to sort of disguise it a bit. But yeah, I have an Arta, so maybe that's why. This one's from Christian. Of course it is. Christian Nanastasas. Man, these are hard to pronounce. Very common name. Does Michael have cerebral palsy? MS. Yeah, he's just got MS. He might have, look, he might have cerebral palsy. What is that one? Is that where you go, Stephen Hawking's?  Whoa. But you know, where he hasn't been checked for cerebral palsy, who knows? Sometimes. Yeah, I've seen him do that.  Yeah, and I've said to myself. My face caves in. I've said to myself. I've seized up. You look like you have cerebral palsy right now. I've said that. I've said that six to seven times. You seem like that. Yeah, and that's just him relaxing.  All right, yeah, MS though is probably his favorite disease. Yeah, that I have. Okay, Daniel underscore are here. How many people or cows do you guys finger on a daily basis asking for a police officer? Pa, if I had to average it out weekly, there's some weeks where I don't finger anyone.  So on average, it's probably maybe, what's that, maybe five on that Saturday. I'll probably like three or four a week. Yeah, but usually it's two, every session, it's two to four. So it averages out.   Yeah, it's not the same. Yeah, it's not the same fingering a charred corpse. Yeah, well, they're already, you know, they're already fucked. So like, it's funnier, but it's not, it's sort of taken the fun out of it. Like, I laugh more, but it sort of makes me not, you know. It doesn't hit the spot of project, it's not just a joke. It's like, it doesn't really satisfy me, you know? Yeah, no, I get that. It's funny though, like it's good laugh. All right, the underscore boy, underscore dudas underscore.  Well, like, how many scientists do you know of? Like, I only knew one. Yeah, well, yeah, there's like, there's Stephen Hawking's who like, like we read his work, all of it.  Yeah, he's sort of on our level. So there's Stephen Hawking's, the rest, like I've forgotten their names, to be honest. And I don't know what they've done for the world. So, you know, no one, if someone said to any strange, just a random person on the street, do you know any scientists? Marty and Michael, they would say Marty and Michael. Like, so we're 10 out of 10. I'd rate us 10 out of 10. And there aren't many that have the knowledge that we have. And there aren't many that do the experiments that we do. Well, science is just, it's fucking, it gets swept under the rug. Like, it's not popular, no one likes it. It was very difficult to try and make science cool again.  Like a whole generation now is going to grow up, learning shit, a lot smarter.          No, he's not even that anymore. Yeah, well, he's stuck in a chair in the ground. I'm pretty sure that's how they buried him. Just duct tape him to the chair and throw it in a hole and fill it with concrete, delivered by him. Awesome.  Oh, fuck, we are good, dude.  So 10 out of 10, science. Yeah, we're the best scientists there are. All right, next question. Joel underscore Hunter, what's the craziest tennis drawer you have?  What about that time there was that fuck-wit parent who kept tripping everyone who walked in front of him?  Yeah, so we saw this parent at a tennis tournament.   And then, yeah, Michael turned around and called him a pedophile. And then we, something happened. We had him, we, the, yeah. Yeah, he got kicked out. He got in trouble because he was like tripping kids.  And the kids are also fucked. Oh, no social skills. It's like, oh, like I used to refer to tennis. If you're in the tennis world, you're in a tennis cult.    Sickening world.  And then, And then what?   We're lucky. We're so lucky that we have this general, huge baseline fundamental knowledge of science. No one really has that to fall back on. We got lucky. Yeah. We got very, very lucky. We're really fast learners. So we went from tennis to science and now we're the best. What's that? Oh, this one. Okay, we'll finish at this one. This is good because I'm good at this. This one's from Robert 420.   Oh yeah. Michael, you can take this. This is right up your alley. Like a lot of people think you need leaves or even toilet paper.   Make sure you need grass. You need a field. Thick, lush grass is helpful.   Yeah, sometimes. And then drag himself along, leave it.  Yeah, fully. Like it's spotless.  And if there's bindi sticks and prickles, yeah. Prickles, you're fucked. Like there's been some bad moments. But like check the grass before you do it.   Yeah. Awesome. All right, and that's all our questions. All right, which brings us to our next segment, which has been renamed to BASTION!  So our PO Box, which is right here. PO Box. PO Box. PO Box, two five six, TAGEM, four zero one eight is our postcode. Queensland, Australia.  This is like... We only got one box again this week.   If you want this segment to live on.  I would love to open up.   Like, I would, and I will even do the army, like where you put it on your fingers. There you go.  God, that's cool. I think that's pretty cool. It's strange. It's definitely up there.  That's a first.  But this is what they've sent us. They've sent us a disco projector light. What? Oh my. So that's pretty cool. Thank you. That's going.  That's going in the bin. That's the boys trip. We're going to use that. They've sent us some fireworks. Oh, it says no fireworks. It's a big, big party popper. Do it. Just do it. Why are these shit? That's fucked. All right, and we're going to continue searching through the box. Oh, I wanted to see that. So thank you. There's air horns, party poppers, and a disco light projector. Perfect for disco dancing. Great. Thank you to anonymous whoever sent that. Thank you very much. It's great. Thank you. And that's exactly the type of stuff we expect in the PO box.   All right. That's the PO box segment. Oh, I really wanted that explosion. Why? Why didn't it work? How is that not working? What? Ah! Yes, we did it. We did it.  That is hot. Very, very difficult. I'm satisfied. All right. For those listening at home, it just popped. And there's confetti everywhere. Everywhere. And, Michael, make sure to clean this up, of course, after we finish the podcast. Yeah. And be quick about it, too. We've got to get going on a dinner. Yeah, we've got dinner to go to. All right. That is the end of the PO box segment. Thank you for sending those party poppers through. That's great. All right. The next segment is it's been renamed. And there's a little Matthew's written a little song for this one. It's storytime. It's storytime, wholesome. Storytime wholesome sponsored by wholesome. So it's storytime.  And, yeah, it's sponsored by wholesome. So get around it if anyone needs any concrete. Make sure you ask for Matthew Brown. Wholesome headquarters there in Milton is a big five story building. I've been in there myself. Everyone's got computer. They have free Armit biscuits. Everyone's got a computer. There's a kitchen. Oh, it's a lunch break.  What do it? Yeah. All right, today's story is all about, look.  Yeah, we do it. We do it today. If present if the opportunity presented itself. This is a story about compassion. It's a story about hope and survival. It's a really touching piece on on bravery and also just being the sense of just human togetherness. You know the movie Castaway? It's similar to that. That's what I sort of compare it to.   Did he hit his wife? No, he throws phones at it. Yeah. He just throws phones at everyone. And we were young. We were young, very young, maybe 18 or something. And we were drinking and everyone goes to bed really early. There's not much to do. And we were up still drinking and we saw something so beautiful. There's like a little river and there's a bridge going over and there was this guy in the middle of the bridge and we were maybe 100 meters away and he was sort of standing, holding onto the railing. How big was the dip, you reckon? I reckon it was probably a good three meters to the water. Oh, maybe two meters to the water.   So we sort of snuck up. He's like nearly unconscious. And so we snuck up, we're like 10 meters away from him, hiding behind a tree, looking at him. And then we saw one of those beautiful things. He sort of lost balance, fell forward, and flipped into the water. Bang, straight into the water. It's quite shallow water. Yeah, so he wasn't in a drown. He was OK. Well, he might have hurt his legs. Look, he could have drowned. And I definitely wouldn't have helped. Yeah, we were busy. We were busy laughing. It was very, very funny. So anyway, that was like, we were crippled with laughter. We're seeing him do that. And then what followed was equally as hilarious. He was sort of, there was quite a steep bank down to the water and he was continued to try and climb out of the bank. And then he did manage to get to the top, turned around, and started pissing where he just crawled, lost his balance, and rolled back down the hill.  This would have been like millions of views. This guy was fucked. Anyway, he climbed out the other side of the bank. We didn't see him for a while. And we just continued drinking around our campsite, blah, blah, blah. And then went for a walk later. And as luck would have it, we stumbled across him again. Gem. And he was completely passed out. Now, he's like lying.  You can do whatever you actually want to see. He was fucked, unconscious fucked. And he was sort of close to his campsite, but it wasn't no one else around.  So it started with just hiding behind trees and just underhand throwing just small amounts of sand onto his face and body. And just small amounts and nothing. He wouldn't move and we were doing this for a while.   He's never going to wake up. So we started getting handfuls of sand and overhand throw, getting a bit harder at his face. And it's starting to get loud now when the sand slaps into his face. Like it would sting a lot.  Hasn't even moved.  And then I went and got a handful of wet sand nearby, stood over him.  And he just sat up and realized, like we were just standing a few meters away from him. He's covered in sand and he's just realized, realized that he, that we'd just been pegging sand at him as hard as we could. We'd been sanding him. And so he just shot up straight away and without saying a word, not a word was said, just started bolting after us. And we like, I've never felt such a surge of adrenaline. Because I could, yeah, I felt like he was really, really wanting to hurt us. And just sprinted towards the beach and then took a left in the pitch black and like, man, I don't think I've ever run that fast.  I took, I was like up in the air. Yeah, I think we were levitating for a while. I was so much adrenaline that we were actually floating. Like I was like Superman. I didn't have my arms in front of me. I had my arms to the side, but flying. And that's how fast we were going. I didn't even turn around to see how long he was chasing us for, but like a good minute of sprinting. And then we found some like trees in the darkness, turned around and he was gone.  Sandman. Sorry, mate. Sorry about that. That's our bag.  Well, like what are you doing? Yeah. At least have a friend. Why are you on a bridge?  He could have snapped his neck. Yeah, dude. Yeah. Like in a way we were teaching him a lesson. Yeah. But well, that's how I think of it. We sort of, I feel like we saved his, yeah, we saved his life. I think he's, is there like some sort of metal that people get for saving lives? Isn't there some sort of bravery man? Noble Peace Prize. Yeah, yeah. I think we, if there's the person who is in charge of the Nobel Peace Prize, if you're listening. Just email us. Email us. Well, you've got our peer box. Just send it through. Like send it through. That's a true story. Yeah. Saved a guy's life. So just send it through. And also like maybe just some other awards or some medals or something. I don't know. Maybe a trophy, a big trophy.  So like send us some trophies. How many? So yeah, it's a short story, but like I still remember it vividly him falling into the water in it. And it still, it still makes me chuckle. It still brings a laugh to my face. So how old were we? I would have been 18. Just, just on 18. Maybe not even. Maybe not even. Well, they're with Cassie and her family. Fuck. Oh, good time. So yeah, that is there.  You got it.  If you don't do anything to them and then they just think that they're able to do that any repercussions.  Super glum. Something. Super glum. You got to cover them in fake tan. Something. To let them know that that's not okay. And they always learn. They always learn. They always learn from that. 100% success rate. Sort of. That is the end of story Tom, which brings us to our final segment which hasn't been renamed. It's just the prank call. And this week we're going to call Domino's, right? And I'm going to pretend to be offended at everything that they say. Fuck, this is going to be cringe, man. Yeah, this is, not looking forward to this one. But yeah, I'm going to somehow pretend that what they're saying is quite offensive. Silverback, silverback. Silverback. Hey, would I be able to place a pickup order please? No. I've never actually called Domino's before. You guys just do pizzas, right? Yeah, right. So do you guys have the standard just pepperoni pizza? I have a mobile phone. Pardon? Sorry, what pizza did you say you were after? Sorry, did you just say you want my address? Pardon? Did you just say that you need my address because it's a mobile phone? I'm not comfortable giving out that information. What? I'm not comfortable. It's a pickup order. I don't need to give my address to her. Yeah, yeah, yeah, he had to do. Oh, right. So you're sort of talking to the other staff while you're on the phone. Do you need any help? What pizza were you after? Do you guys have like the, just the standard Hawaiian pizza? Yeah, we do. Great, so can I just get one of those? And do you guys have, what sort of sides do you guys have? Sorry, what bite, sorry? What sort of bite, sorry? All right, so you guys do like chicken bites as well. I thought you guys just did pizza. Oh, okay. I was just told that you guys just did pizza, that's, so you guys do chicken as well. So it's chicken and pizza. Okay, well, I'll just get like, do you guys do garlic bread, right? Do you guys have any gluten-free garlic bread? We do. Can I get a gluten-free garlic bread? Yeah, sure. And what sort of drinks do you guys have?   Dominoes is on us, dude. There must be spreading the word. Oh!  You hat? I'm using that in the future. I didn't want to be too rude, but I wanted to let her know that I was upset. Oh man, well, that's different, that's a change.  Yeah, but how did she know? I wonder what gave her.  System, in their computer system. And they've put out, and they've got a bug, they've bugged the house and their computer system picks up the stress in my voice and analyzes it underneath the algorithm and then it spits out a prank call probability number. And it facts it to it. The staff then use that and they talk to each other. They're having a meeting now. The staff sit down and have a meeting about the prank probability number and then they have a chat and decide, no, this guy's not being serious. And then the person on the phone has to deliver the information. And that's what's happened. We need to find the bug in the house and we need to destroy it. Dominoes is everywhere.  They've bugged you too.  Dominoes is everywhere. We're the best, we're the best, we're the best.  There's a bug in the house.  Oh, fix it. Burn the house. There's bushfires. Burn the house down. There's bushfires.


I'd like to thank the organisers of this wonderful seminar, I must say the institute here and Kerry Brown for all the support. So I was asked to look at the interface between the European Union and China. When I was asked to talk about this I thought that perhaps I could look at the crisis, the current economic crisis and ask the following question. Is the current crisis a turning point in the EU-China relationship and in particular in the EU-China economic relationship, right? I think it's a very nice research question. Of course I don't have all the answers because the crisis is not yet over, right? But we can see that there are some interesting events that some interesting things have been happening in the last few years. For example, we cannot dispute the fact that China has grown so magnificently in the last decades, in particular since the crisis has erupted. In 2009 for example, China invested 50% more in Europe than in Northern America. But I think it's an interesting little statistic. As of last year, and that goes in line with what has been said in the previous presentation, China is now the world's largest exporter, right? And I just want to question a bit this, right? It's just from my point of view of European integrationists, right? Can we say that China is the second largest exporter in the world if we take the European Union as a whole? And indeed there are lots of things that went wrong in the European Union. We know that it didn't really look after its European Monetary Union project very well. But anyway, at least there is a big success story in the European Union which is that we have the largest market in the world. It's an integrated market, right? And if we look at all the statistics which have been produced and you mentioned them as well, you showed them as well from the Eurostat's office in Luxembourg in Brussels, we'll see that indeed when we look at the European Union 27 nations actually that accounts for the largest trading bloc in the world. Can I say that? Right. Let's say China in any way has still, we'll come back to some of the trade figures but China still shows that there's a kind of comparative advantage in manufacturing trade as opposed to services and the European Union would be stronger in the services area than in manufacturing trade. For example, China would account for about 5% of world services exports, 11% of goods exports at the world level, right? So we can see here that definitely there is a comparative advantage in manufacturing. If we take the total EU trade and total EU exports, sorry and how much does this account in terms of world exports at about 17%, right? These are the last year's figure. If we compare 17% for the European Union to a combination of 5 and 11 bearing in mind that the 11 is a substantial area of, well it's manufacturing trade and it's accounts for a lot of the trade of China we would get 17% which is much higher than about 10% trade share for China, right? But anyway, there are other indisputable facts which is that China indeed has emerged as the biggest creditor in the world as of last year. My question is related to the turning point in the EU-China relations could be related to the world crisis in Chinese itself which I find quite interesting. The origin of the world crisis in English is interesting but the Chinese origin is also interesting. It comes from this combination of two characters which imply opportunity and danger, right? This is why we will show here that indeed there have been some opportunities that the Chinese firms, Chinese government, Chinese traders have been capitalizing on and also there are some dangers, right? Some of these challenges, let's say, have been preferred in the previous presentation. We have a few questions here. To what extent is China reshaping the international order, trade order, monetary order? That's an interesting question. We had these questions a few years ago but even more so I think since the economic crisis. Is China proposing something? I think it would be good to see what progress in other area and what is happening with this EU-China axis, right? So we'll talk about a few things, the opportunities and the challenges. And again, this is very much part of this. Further, the next presentation I just want to introduce this. We have heard maybe even more so since the crisis erupted. We have heard that the Chinese investors have been quite aggressive, let's say, in Europe. And we know, for example, that the Ford, well, sold its Volvo which is originally a Swedish firm, the motor car part of Volvo was sold to Geely, the Chinese firm in 2010. We heard that the Chinese investors are now controlling a large share of the major port in Europe, in Southern Europe, which is the Piraeus in Greece. We know that the Chinese investors have won a wonderful contract for the building of the Warsaw Lodz Motorway in Poland. And this was public tender. You know, they are invited to tender as well. And they won over the Germans who have accused Beijing of subsidised dumping. I quite like this expression, right? But indeed, that's something that could be analysed further. In France, there's a lot of resentment, so let's say perhaps more critical analysis of what's going on from the Chinese side, much more than in the UK. And we've heard that the plans are to build, again, by Chinese investors, an industrial park in Chateau Rue. It's not too far from Paris, which would be the main commercial area. We know that China Investment Corporation owns now a 30% stake in GDF Suez, which is the major French company which deals with utilities, right? And that's quite recent. We know that the large infrastructural investments are made in Bulgaria. We heard sometimes before the summer, I'm not sure where this project is at the moment, but it might be a commercial hub project here in Athlon, right, in Ireland. It seems that if we combine all these elements together, and the list goes on and on, there are lots of investments in Italy and in Portugal and so on, right? If we combine all these elements, we might see, well, it seems as if, it looks as if the Chinese investors were coming through the periphery of Europe. It's not really clear whether it's the strategy. It's more that they are trying to come through Europe, by exploiting, in the same way the Japanese did in the 70s and 80s, by exploiting the different opportunities in the different countries of Europe. Now, if we turn to some very broad trade analysis, some figures have been presented before, it's true that China is now the second major trade partner of the European Union. Again, here, these are your stat figures, you know, but your stat looks at the trade of the 27 countries, extra EU trade. That means we do not take into account the Irish, German trade, the French, Italian trade and so on and so forth. So here, let's have a look at the European Union 27 countries as a trading entity. It's true that it's second after the US and it's not going to, well, this is 2010, I presume. If we have, whenever we'll have the figures for this year, we might see that it will be indeed our major trading partner, might be the case, right? If we, this is also a graph which was presented by my colleague here. The trade is in favor, this is trading goods, right? So manufacturing products and this trade is very much in favor of China. In other words, we have a deficit, we have had a deficit in manufacturing trade with China for quite some time. And indeed, nearly every European country has a trade deficit in manufacturing products with China. The deficit has been growing over the years, less so with the advent of the crisis here, as we can see here. This is only products, which products in particular, I think it's interesting to look at the composition of trade because it shows us quite interesting, I don't know if it can be read, but just to highlight the fact that, again, these figures are for 2010, for last year. And the main products, the main imports by the European Union from China, that is, more than 50% of our imports from China are in machinery and transport equipment. We find this quite interesting. But if we look at the total EU imports, the share of total EU imports represented by machinery and transport equipment, it's only 12%. In other words, the European Union does not import as much from the rest of the world, as many machinery and transport equipment from the rest of the world as it does from China. There seems to be here a comparative advantage that the Chinese would have exporters in this specific industry with its trade with Europe. In terms of the exports, again, this sector, this is an SITC-7, machinery and transport equipment is also an important sector for our exports. China accounts for 61% more than 61% of our exports in this sector. And our second strength would be chemicals, and exports by the European Union of chemicals represent more than 11% of all manufacturing exports to China. Whereas, again, this is not something which is quite important if we look at our total trade vis-à-vis the whole world, the world as a whole. So there seems to be, these figures are quite interesting. They are 2010, had I presented figures some 10 years ago, we would have seen a very different picture. We would have seen the SITC-8, sorry, 8, yes, miscellaneous manufacturing articles which would have been quite prominent, right? And miscellaneous means everything, but basically it's consumer goods, right? We would have seen that much more high up here, the industry which would have been much more important in terms of trade, bilateral trade between the two. What these figures show also is that there's a great deal of intra-industry trade. SITC-7, machinery and transport equipment is a big, big category and in that we have indeed a lot of things. It would be interesting to look at the very specific products within that industry, some analysis that I think myself and others have done. Okay, this is an interesting one, I think, because this is services. And indeed the European Union is extremely keen to develop its market access, let's say in some countries in the world, particularly on the services side, right? And we see that our trade vis-à-vis China in services is positive. We have a trade balance, right? It's in our favor. This trade balance has been diminishing as of late, but we still have here a relatively comfortable situation. And again, if you look at these figures with other emerging economies or newly emerged economies, such as, for example, South Korea, you'll find the same thing, right? This is very much, let's say, a comparative advantage of the EU. In terms of FDI, I'm not saying anything because that's the topic of the next presentation, right? But just a few words about financial investment. And again, the previous speaker has introduced this topic, which is very important indeed. And indeed, as was said earlier, the currency reserves of China today are estimated at being more than $3 trillion, right? And let's have a look at the EU debt and what it means in terms of, let's say, control of the EU debt or the Western debt if we start with the United States. Well, there was a bit of a havoc three weeks ago in Washington with the story of the US debt. But actually, 33% only of the US debt is externalized. That means only a third of the US debt is in the hands of foreign investors, right? And of this third, let's say, 26% is under Chinese control, right? So a quarter of 33%. In other words, if we look at the total US federal debt, it makes a figure of 8%. Only 8% of the total federal debt is in the hands of Chinese investors. But that's before the late events, right, that these figures are for the beginning of the year. I presume it might be slightly more now because the Congress has given the authorization for an increase in the debt. So it might be, let's say, close to 10%. But it's still quite small, right? We can't say that the Chinese investors are controlling the United States as of today. If we look at the increase, the way, indeed, the Chinese investors have bought federal debt, indeed, there has been a great increase here, right? So it's the speed at which things happen, which is important. In the EU, I've looked at several sources in different languages, and so on the EU doesn't publish this, but I've looked at, right? And it's extremely difficult to know what's going on. All we know is a few figures, for example. We know that the US, sorry, the EU sovereign debt held by Chinese investors today, right? The recent figures, let's see, is about 819 billion US dollars. That's, again, according to the sum of calculations I've made, it's about less than 10% of the total EU sovereign debt, right? In spite of, again, what has been happening as of late with our distressed economic situations in some of our countries. About 10%. So, again, here, it's not really a huge figure, right? It's against the speed at which things have been happening, which is important. Indeed, the Chinese are extremely concerned, I might say, right? About what's been happening in Europe. If we take countries in particular, I could look at the situation in Chile, for example. And that was a figure which was released by the Italian press in Seoul in April this year. China detained something like 13% of the Italian sovereign debt. But we heard, I heard very strange statistics, right? 30% in some cases, I'm not sure. So, it's still quite small, but increasing. It seems to us that the Chinese government is keen to invest in EU bond markets and in order to ensure its eagerness to stabilise the international situation, right? There's this view. So, here we have perhaps two conflicting views, the optimistic view, which is that monetary disintegration in the EU. See, tomorrow the euro was to disappear, right? That's a very, let's say, catastrophic scenario. Assume it's possible. That would go against the Chinese interests, right? Because it would imply for them that they would have to come back to the US dollar as the unique international reserve currency. And that would be something they would not see from a very favourable eye. In other words, they would have an interest in seeing the euro being still in shape, right? And there's the other view, which is maybe the Machiavellian view, which says that by becoming an increasingly important creditor in the West, China aims at splitting the EU-US anti-UN front, right? That's the one other view here. We can discuss this, if you want. That's my last slide. So, we can see that there are lots of opportunities that have been seized by the Chinese governments here, but some of these opportunities also are in the interest of the European Union. Let's look it this way. Then there are risks. Of course, we have seen these risks mentioned in studies, analysis, and so on and so forth. The large energy requirements with demand, outstripping supply in China, environmental problems, the East-West divide in China, ethnic conflict nationalism rise of the middle classes, who in principle support democracy, right? That has been researched. But these elements of democracy, there is a problem of unemployment, growing inequality, social unrest, much more reported in the press today than it used to be. And perhaps here, another reported problem, which is the one of indebtedness of local governments in China. And yes, there is a bubble in the making, right? The Chinese government is very aware of the three first risks, if you want. But I'm not sure whether it's really aware of the fourth risk, the same way as the Japanese government was not really aware of the bubble building up in the 70s in Japan, the same way the Irish government was not really aware of what was happening here some years ago, right? So here I have really a question mark about the fourth one. And all these elements risk might jeopardise the political stability in the country, and we know that China is aware of many of these risks and has put in place this soft power approach of strategy. It's eager to brush up its international image. Sometimes people talk about Pax Seneca, right? The new saviour of the west. Can China be the saviour of the west? I have my doubts as of today. But at least, at least, and this I think joins the previous conclusions, we Europeans do have shared interests, and perhaps we should capitalise on the complementarity which unites the two. Thank you.


Mark Edward Batters is charged with one count of felony first-degree sale of methamphetamine, one count of felony first-degree possession of methamphetamine, and two counts of felony fifth-degree controlled substance possession. Batters was made his first court appearance in Itasca County yesterday. On the morning of September 18th, Grand Rapids police officers received information that Batters was dealing methamphetamine from a room at the Sawmill Inn. Batters was stopped and detained in his vehicle after he checked out of the hotel or the motel. A search warrant was subsequently obtained to search Batters' person, his motel room, and the vehicle he was driving. Over 81 grams of methamphetamine were recovered from Batters' vehicle. The court set bail in the amount of $100,000 without conditions and $50,000 with conditions. Batters is next scheduled to appear in Itasca County District Court for an omnibus hearing on September 25th. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


We have been discussing two-dimensional correlation experiments. This was the Cauchy experiment was the first experiment to be developed and that was the most fundamental of all of these correlation experiments. Let us do a quick recap of what we did in the last class. This is the pulse sequence of the Cauchy experiment which is very simple consists of two pulses 90X and then the T1 period, then 90X, then the T2 period. So T1 is one independent time variable which is systematically incremented from one experiment to another experiment and T2 is the time period which is the acquisition period where you actually collect the data. Two-dimensional Fourier transformation of such a data results in a spectrum which looks like this. So we have this peaks along the diagonal which are called as the diagonal peaks. You have one frequency axis, this is called the F2 axis or this is the F1 axis and on the diagonal F1 is equal to F2 so therefore it is called the diagonal and we have cross peaks here arising between two spins which are J coupled. So this is the extremely useful part of the Cauchy experiment. So it displays correlations between J coupled spins. So if you have a molecule which has such a kind of a network that this spin is coupled to this spin then it will produce a cross peak here and this spin is coupled to this spin it will produce a cross peak here and this will appear symmetrically and if there are singlets that means which they are not coupled to anybody there they lie as singlets here on the diagonal. Notice here that this period which is given as a small gap here this gap is really 0 it is not really a gap. This has been given here in this figure simply to accommodate this number 4 which is the time point we have indicated here this various time points 1, 2, 3, 4 for the purpose of evaluation of the product operators at different time points through the pulse sequence. So it is just for that purpose otherwise this gap is actually 0 it is just minimum required to see that there are no effects of the transmitter on the receiver directly. Here the transmitter is put off and the receiver is on there should be no direct interference between the transmitter and the receiver only that much gap is given which is of the order of few microseconds sometimes. So therefore this is not really a long time gap and started looking at the theory of this how these diagonal peaks arise, how the cross peaks arise, what are their structures and that is we did part of that in the last class. So we calculated the density operator at different time points and then we arrived at this point 4 and that density operator is called as row 4 it had 2 parts one was non-observable other one was an observable part non-observable part we have just ignored here and only the observable part is written here observable non-observable non-observable part is because of what because the trace of the IKX or the IKY operators this has to be non-zero with the density operator. If you measure the X magnetization you take the IKX operator if you take the Y magnetization you take the IKY operator so each way so this was the calculation which was arrived at starting from the K spin magnetization to begin with similar things will appear when you start from the L magnetization also but it is enough to demonstrate taking the K spin alone. So therefore and we calculated the density operator at point 4 and that is row 4 it has 2 terms here. So it has IKX cosine pi Jkl t1 minus 2 IKZIL Y sine pi Jkl t1 and sine omega k t1. So this is the X magnetization of the K spin and you see here is the Y magnetization of the L spin which is anti-phase with respect to K whereas here it is the in phase magnetization of the K spin and this is the anti-phase magnetization of the L spin and this is responsible for the cross peak because in the evolution period the t1 period the K spin was evolving with this characteristic frequency omega k and that appears as sine omega k t1 here and eventually this during the t2 period this will evolve with the frequency of L and this will evolve with the frequency of K. Therefore, this one will produce the diagonal peak in the end and this term will produce the cross peak in the end and we started actually calculating the evolution in t2 taking the first term which will produce the diagonal peak. So what is the fine structure in the diagonal peak does it have a fine structure? So we started calculating that so if a way to represent the part of the density operator which belongs to the diagonal peak so I call it as rho 5d prime and this is during the acquisition period and that one comes as a result of evolution of this part of the density operator here.  This comes as a result of evolution of the IKX operator first under the influence of the chemical shift Hamiltonian so that gives you the cosine omega k and sine omega k here and then under the influence of the coupling Hamiltonian that gives the terms which are in the interior brackets here. So IKX term will give you these terms IKY term gives you these terms as a result of coupling evolution during the period t2 and this is the one which is present here the t1 evolution contribution FDt1 is cosine pi Jkl t1 sine omega k t1 that is this here cosine pi Jkl t1 and sine omega k t1. So now if you look at this in a little bit more detail if you assume you can choose one of these to say we are going to get Y magnet decode Y magnetization or the X magnetization so you can choose one of those if for demonstrating the principles. Now if you see either case if I take this so I have here cosine cosine and here I have take this and this one gives me cosine sine in the t2 period cosine cosine and this is cosine sine in the KYLZ. Now out of these terms these terms are not observable because this is anti-phase magnetization the anti-phase magnetization is not observable therefore what we will restricted to only this or this.  So now if you expand this further as separate frequencies what this gives you omega k and pi Jkl cosine pi Jkl t2 sine omega k t2 this will produce you two sine terms with the frequency that omega k plus pi Jkl and another sine term with omega k minus pi Jkl in t2 and similarly in the t1 period also if you take the Fourier transformation of this one this will produce you two frequencies omega k plus pi Jkl along t1 and omega k minus pi Jkl along t1 which means after Fourier transformation you will get those frequencies in your spectrum along the F1 axis these ones you will get them along the F2 axis. So this is represented here so you will get a total of 4 peaks after a real Fourier transformation along the t1 in the t2 dimension leads to 4 peaks with dispersive line shapes at the following frequencies why did we say dispersive line shapes because they were sine terms the sine terms as we have seen before will give you dispersive line shapes and the frequencies that are present are nu k plus Jkl by 2 now it is written in terms of hertz not in terms of the radians so the 2 pi part has been taken out so it is omega k plus pi Jkl is the same as 2 pi into nu k plus Jkl by 2 so the nu k is 2 pi is taken out here. So you have here nu k plus Jkl by 2 along the t1 and nu k plus Jkl by 2 along the t2 so this is a positive peak and it will have the dispersive line shape and this one is nu k plus Jkl by 2 along the t1 and nu k minus Jkl by 2 along the t2 and this will be again positive and dispersive line shape and then you will have correspondingly for the nu k minus Jkl by 2 along the t1 and nu k plus Jkl by 2 along the t2 positive dispersive and finally nu k minus Jkl by 2 and nu k minus Jkl by 2 which is also positive and has a dispersive line shape so you get 4 peaks along the diagonal and we said this will produce peaks like this and these are the 4 peaks which are present originating from the k spin as we started calculation from the k spin similarly we will also get 4 peaks from the l spin if we started calculation from the l spin magnetization to begin with so all of these are dispersive line shapes and all of them have the same sign. So now we continue the discussion for the other term in the density operator which was the second term in the rho 4 density operator and that was 2ikz ily sin pi Jkl t1 sin omega kt1 this was the second term in your rho 4 density operator. Now what we do here is now we have to evolve this term in the t2 time period so in this case we shall evolve the J first under the influence of the J coupling we will evolve this operator so we call this as rho 5c and I get here 2ikz ily cosine pi Jkl t2 minus ilx sin pi Jkl t2 fct1 fct1 is this term here sin pi Jkl t1 sin omega kt1 I represent it as fct1 and then after this J evolution we consider the shift evolution. So each one of these terms will evolve under the chemical shift. So this gives me rho 5c dash and that I write it as 2ikz ily evolves now with the frequency of omega l so ily cosine omega lt2 minus ilx sin omega lt2 and this cosine pi Jkl t2 comes from here and then this term is minus ilx cosine omega lt2 plus ily sin omega lt2 sin pi Jkl t2 and to the whole thing we have this fct1. So this is the one inside the bracket is due to the evolution under the chemical shift. Now assuming that we measure the y magnetization the observable signal is given by trace of rho 5c dash ily. So and we get here because we are looking at the L spin magnetization in the we are looking at the cross peak. So this gives me sin omega lt2 sin pi Jkl t2 sin omega kt1 sin pi Jkl t1.  So if you see there are four terms here this into this, this into this, this into this and this into this. So because of this minus signs here we do get combinations of positive negative peaks here.   So after two dimensional Fourier transformation each one of these will produce a peak. So therefore where will these peaks appear along the F1 dimension this will be at omega k plus pi Jkl and along the F2 dimension it will be omega l plus pi Jkl and this will have a plus sign and this one will produce me a peak at omega k plus pi Jkl and omega l minus pi Jkl and this will have a negative sign and this term will again be negative in sign and this will be at omega k minus pi Jkl and omega l plus pi Jkl along the F1 and the F2 dimensions. Finally this will be again positive and this will appear at omega k minus pi Jkl along F1 and omega l minus pi Jkl along F2. So therefore this is what is indicated here this leads to four absorptive peaks at the following coordinates. Why did we say absorptive? Because you notice here all of them are cosine terms here since all of them are cosine terms I get absorptive peaks and then the signs are as indicated here. This is positive, this is negative, this is negative and this is positive and all of them are absorptive peaks. So that is indicated here as four peaks here you can see these are the four peaks originating from k spin and this is the so-called cross peak. So the cross peak has absorptive line shapes in the all the four components and this is indicated as minus plus plus minus. This is an important feature of the COSY and you will see therefore this is called as the differential transfer because if you took at the total integral of this, the total sum of this it is 0. So therefore there is no net transfer of magnetization it is called as the differential transfer of magnetization. The coherent transfer is differential in nature and that produces me positive negative contributions in the cross peak. So this comes from k spin and similarly if you start it from the L spin again you will get four peaks in the cross peak here fine structure. Now here is an example, experimental example you can see this is the molecule what we have. So this is taken from this book Harald Gunther Anomar spectroscopy Vellice H and it is directly taken from there because this one has two protons. This is an example, this one has two protons and therefore it is an ideal AX spin system and if you look at the one-dimensional spectrum that is indicated here this has two doublets along the F2 dimension also two doublets, F1 dimension also two doublets. This is one of the spins and this is the second spin. Now you notice here this is the diagonal peak, this is the cross peak, this is the diagonal peak and this is the cross peak and you see here all of these have same sign and they are virtual line shape and these ones are absorptual line shapes and different signs. However this is indicated more explicitly by taking cross sections here. So you take the cross section at this point that is shown here. So this comes from here so you have a negative positive peak these are absorptual line shapes, absorptual line shapes, anti-phase in nature we call this as anti-phase in nature. So you have two peaks the two components which are anti-phase in nature you have negative and positive and the two peaks which are here you see these ones are dispersive in nature they are in phase they have the same sign. So you see here this goes negative positive this is one dispersive component the other one is again negative positive again dispersive component these both have the same sign therefore they go in this manner. This is the dispersive line shape. Now you take the next one here so what was negative here now becomes positive so negative positive this is positive negative therefore this becomes positive and this one is negative and this goes in this positive positive fashion once more and then here you have the positive negative and positive negative both have the same sign. So now you come here this is originating from the L spin so you have now the dispersive components here so the dispersive components are here in this manner you have this line shape this is going there is two dispersive components in phase in nature and the two peaks which are present here they are anti-phase in nature so you have the negative positive going up here and this one is the next component which is present here and that gives you dispersive component in this manner. And these are the absolute what was negative here now becomes positive and negative here. This resolution is quite high if you see here the cross peaks in all of these components the cross peaks are very good the intensity distribution in the two components whereas in the diagonal peaks that intensity distribution is not uniform simply because these dispersive peaks have big tails and this tails interfere with the other peak and therefore there is contribution of one peak to the other peak in the eventual appearance of the fine structure of the peak and that is the contour diagram is indicated here while these are the cross sections now you take the contour diagrams of the four peaks this is one of the cross peaks which is here so and therefore you have here this cross peak fine structure this is the fine structure of the diagonal peak. So that was so much for the two spins we can extend of course all your molecules are not only two spins there will be more than two spins and there can be three spins. So what happens if there is a three spin so there are different situations of course the different complexities will be there depending upon the nature of the coupling network of the spin systems. So here if I take three spins I can call them as AMX there are different ways the spins can be coupled if the geometry of this coupling is like this that suppose this is a linear three spin system then you have the A here M here and X here. So the A spin is coupled to the M spin M spins coupled to the X spin but there is no A to X coupling. So how will the one-dimensional spectrum of this look like we have just shown it by a stick diagram so see and with the different coupling constant they can all have different coupling constants. So A spin will be doublet because of coupling to the M spin and that is indicated as a doublet here and the M spin will be a doublet of a doublet because it has two couplings so it has one coupling due to the A spin and the other coupling due to the X spin that is indicated here. So this coupling is the MX coupling and then from here to here is the AM coupling this coupling has to be the same as this so this is the AM coupling this is the MX coupling. Likewise the X spin has the coupling due to the M and this coupling appears here as JMX and therefore we have here a doublet of the X spin. So therefore this what sort of a Cauchy spectrum you expect here in a schematic so we will have the AMX so A will produce a peak to the M spin so this is the AM cross peak and the M will produce a peak to the X spin cross peak and this is the MX cross peak and this symmetrically appearing here as well as there and all of these will have final structures in the case of the two spins. Suppose we have a three spin which is the coupling network is like this is the triangle so A coupled to X, A is coupled to M and M is coupled to X as well therefore each one of them has two couplings therefore each one of them will be doublet of a doublet. So there are four lines for each one of those and these four structures of individual spins is indicated here the A spin now has a doublet of a doublet the one spin is the AX coupling here the AX coupling is assumed to be larger than AM coupling therefore from here to here it is AX from here to here it is the AM coupling. And the M spin has the MX coupling and the AM coupling here the AM coupling is assumed to be larger than the MX coupling therefore this one is like this and this one is like this of course these structures can change depending upon the relative magnitudes of the coupling constants. So now the X spin likewise has a MX coupling here notice this coupling has to be the same what is present here and the AX coupling of course appears here as well and appears here therefore this coupling has to be the same as this AX coupling here so then you put that together so all of these things look different in their fine structures. Now in the two dimensional spectrum of course in the schematic you have here the correlations showing up here as A to M and then you have A to X as well and then you have from the M you have M to X and of course the M to A so therefore you have this complete plane full you have all the couplings are displayed in the form of cross peaks so this enable you to identify what sort of a network of coupled spins we might have okay. So let me just repeat this feature once more that for the case of three spins we will have the fine structure in the individual peaks this we will discuss later but at the moment it is sufficient to note that you have a network of coupled spins and this network of coupled spin will be displayed in the form of cross peaks appropriately depending upon the nature of the couplings we might have and the fine structure will be present in each of these diagonal peaks as well as in the cross peaks and the features of this we can see in the next class. So I think we can stop here just to recap what we did we looked at the fine structures of the diagonal peak and we explained how the diagonal peak has dispersive character and in phase character and the cross peaks have absorptive character and anti-phase character in the case of the two spins the similar thing will happen for the three spin as well that we will see in the next class and these fine structure calculation we did explicitly using the product operator formalism which was extremely useful in defining what sort of a frequency will appear what will be the line shapes and what will be the advantages and disadvantages of this we will see in the next class. So I think we will stop here we will continue in the next class.


Hi, my name is Dirk Beismar at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands. I will explore with you what money is and how money, credit and debt and the financial sector are important to our economy. We are now in a credit crisis or a debt crisis. So it seems a lot of money disappeared recently and we are in trouble. Where has this money gone? Where did it come from in the first place? What is money? Now, Woody Allen supposedly joked that economics is about money and why it is good. So let's ask some economics students here at my university. Well money is just a tool to improve or let's say make life easier. It substitutes barter trade. Money is just a means for trade. It represents a kind of value. We are paying for some services or some products or some goods. The coins pay for money, but also my bank card.  I think with the crisis it is always too little money. You may think that money was invented to make exchange easier. You could imagine that at some point in prehistory a hunter just shot a deer and a farmer has some carrots and they want to exchange. But the meat is worth much more than the carrots so they need to invent something to pay each other the difference. In this story that something would be money. Be it in the form of shells or lumps of gold or silver or whatever. And then later in the story banks would appear to store the money and to lend out money from people who have too much money who are the savers.  And that's when credit and debt systems appeared. So money came first and then credit and debt in this story. The problem with this story is it may sound plausible but there is very little historical or archaeological evidence for it. Because it has some logical problems. There is a lot of evidence and arguments to believe that debt came first and money later when people started to use their debt tokens, their debt symbols as money. Now why would this be the case? Well in the first place it would be logical because of seasonal production. In ancient societies dependent on seasonal production food and other products come onto the market at different times of the year. So the farmer has perhaps not yet harvested the carrots while the hunter already shot the deer with no fridge to keep it in. So what did they do? The farmer accepts the meat now on the promise that he will pay the carrots later as they come available. So at this moment the farmer has accepted a debt which is a promise to pay the hunter in the future. So here we have a relation between a creditor and a debtor. Now with more people than just these two in any one society and with different products you can imagine you quickly get a complex web of credit relations. Also each debt contract may have a lot of detail not only how much is owed but also when it needs repaying in what form, what the interest is and so on. For all this you will need a system to record it. So the upshot is as soon as you had specialization of production with different people producing different things at different times of the year then you need to record credit and debt what we now call double entry bookkeeping. Albert Einstein seems to have said that humanity made three great inventions in prehistory, fire, the wheel and double entry bookkeeping. Now this is all really interesting but how does money come in and why do we need to know all this? Well money is simply debt symbols, debt tokens which are used as payments. After all a debt is a claim on future goods and services as we just saw so it's really worth something and that means you can pay with it. Let's say the debt is written on a clay tablet. The hunter can now use the tablets to pay someone else like a fisherman. And as the debt tokens are moved out of that particular trading relationship there will also be the need for some external authority to assert their value like kings or chiefs proclaiming the value of money. This also opens up the possibility of central clearing which greatly simplifies things. If A has a claim on B and B has a claim on C and C has a claim on A then they could all physically pay each other the clay tablets but it's also possible to settle without any of these debt tokens changing hands so the clay tablets can be left in a central storage only the ownership over the clay tablets over the debt tokens would change hands. Now suddenly society can easily manage a much larger number of credit and debt relations by central clearing. You don't need to carry it all around. In fact that's why in an ancient society called Sumer in what is now Iraq thousands of clay tablets were found in the desert sands stored in temple ruins, the central banks of their day. People did not carry clay tablets around but their ownership just changed hands while they were stored in temple vaults. Just as today we pay by transferring ownership of part of our bank accounts. So our modern financial system is in fact very old. Credit, debt, interest, denominations of money, clearing systems, central banks they all go back thousands of years. Now here is why all this matters to us today. Just as in ancient times money still is debt and just as in ancient times this is why money which for us is bank credits money is so important for exchange and economic growth. Just look at the modern British five pound notes. On it you can read I will pay to the bearer on demand the sum of five pounds signed by the chief cashier of the Bank of England. Now no one will actually take this note to the Bank of England to get five pounds because what would the chief cashier give you in return? Of course five pounds so another note. But these words on the pound notes clearly show the origin of our modern money. Money is a form of debt, an obligation to pay on demand. There is another way to see that money is debt also today. And this is that new money comes into existence as people increase their debt. The quantity of money in circulation increases as banks make new loans. There's nothing secret about this. You can read about this on the websites of central banks for instance. But it is a bit confusing. Since the word lending suggests this is about something that already exists you can only lend out what you have after all. But this is not the case with money which banks lend out. It's better to say that banks create money. They lend it into existence. They make it out of nothing as some people like to say. Well out of paper and ink that is. Or out of the bits in their computers nowadays. So how does the quantity of money increase as banks make loans? Let's look at an example. Suppose I want to buy a red Maserati which is an expensive sports car. This costs €220,000 which I do not have at the moment. So I go to a bank and ask for a loan in this case a consumption loan. If the loan officer knows his job he will say no. But five or six years ago he would have offered me a cup of coffee and settled the business for me. Now if they do that what happens? Do they wait until someone comes in through the back door with a bag of money so they can give me my money for the loan? Of course not. All that happens is I have to show my credit card or passport maybe and there will be some typing on computer keyboards, some signatures. That's it. Now the bank has given me a €220,000 loan. What this means is that the bank promises to pay my bills up to the maximum of €220,000. They increased my current account balance. They did this by changing some numbers in their computer. New money has been created. Now I cross the street to the Maserati dealer and buy the car. Again I do not give the dealer a bag of money but I show my credit card and ID. I sign a form and that is it. What happens is that the bank people transfer €220,000 from my account to the account of the Maserati dealer. Again by changing some numbers in their computer. I have now spent the money that was earlier created. This is real money. The Maserati dealer can use it to go shopping, to pay his employees, to decorate his house or whatever as real as you like. So new money has been created because I took out a loan and the bank wanted to lend.  Then in the evening there would be €220,000 less in the economy compared to the case where I did go ahead and took the loan. And the Maserati dealer would not be able to spend it on shopping or decorating. It wouldn't exist. So lending really does create new money. We can use this story to see a number of important things about money. First, we don't need to save before lending can take place. On the contrary, it's the loan which creates new money by moving that money into other people's current accounts at the bank as I pay. It can then be saved or used for payment again. So loans create deposits and savings, not the other way around. Our Maserati dealer, for example, can choose not to spend his money but save it for a rainy day. However, this is only possible because I borrowed the money first and the bank created it. The other thing we can see is that money creation in itself does not lead to imbalances or instability. It's not scary. What happens is that when the Maserati has been bought, the bank has an additional asset, which is its claim on me. I need to repay the loan. It also has an additional liability, which is the €220,000 now in the Maserati dealer's account, remember. The bank must pay this to the Maserati dealer on demand, so it's a bank liability. Now, the bank's business is to manage these long-term assets and short-term liabilities, and that is why we have banks, among other things. But there is no imbalance in the system because of money creation. What we learned here about money is that banks like ancient producers and traders and kings make debt out of nothing. Because we use bank debt as money, you can say banks create money out of nothing. Many people think this is scary or worrisome or that it is new, something that bad governments have allowed after the fall of the gold standards, and that only gold is real money. But in fact, money has always been debt for 5,000 years and probably much longer. Once we recognize that money is debt symbols, debt tokens, that we exchange if we want to pay or trade, then we see that actually it's logical that money is made out of nothing. It's not worrisome. Debt itself is, of course, made out of nothing because it's an agreement. And just as debt can appear by agreement, think about the farmer and the hunter, it can simply disappear when the agreement stops, when debts are paid off or defaulted on. So debt comes and goes and by implication money comes and goes. There's no mystery about that and nothing new. So the important insight is that money is not a thing. It is not clay or wood or gold or silver or computers or whatever material is used to record lending and borrowing transactions. Nothing else is needed for the creation of money than mutual trust, a system of accounting and some symbol of the loan transaction and a credit relation. And just like relations are very valuable and important, even though they appear out of nothing. So money is important even though it can be created out of nothing just by computer keystrokes. In fact, credit and debt is what makes production possible and exchange and economic growth. Imagine the hunter and the farmer in my story would have thought that debt is bad. They would have refused to take on any debt or to use debt symbols for payment because they believed you shouldn't make money out of nothing. No exchange would have been possible. No specialization of labor would have been possible. No innovation, no development or economic growth. We would still be in prehistory. That's how important the innovation of double entry bookkeeping was and credit and debt. But if debt is so helpful for economic growth, how is it possible we have a debt crisis? This is what we will explore in the next episode.