So, now we got a good idea about water and management of water large scale to small scale and also to small scale to large scale. Here in this class I would like to introduce about why we need this type of management and how we can do this type of management in a technical way. So, this is an introduction about water reserve systems modeling techniques as our previous speaker has talked about water is a crucial element for human being next to the air. So, practically we can live without air for only 29 days after that we may have to go out of this country world and not only that the status of a country or the socio economic development of the country is based upon the available water resources. That is why the prime minister told that the large dams are the temples of modern India. They are the thing which gives us pure this gives the purity and they are the key element in the socio economic development of our country. What is the problem in that there is rain is occurring copiously everybody knows that there is copious amount of water. Everybody hears everywhere flooding, flooding, flooding, flooding. Then what is the problem in that the problems are like this. The water demand is increasing day by day mainly due to three reasons. One is extensive and intensive agriculture as professor Eldo said 83% or 85% of available water is being utilized for irrigation by various methods and also there are two ways how we use this water one is for extensive and another one is for intensive agriculture and this increases the water requirement and second one is the power production and the third one is the municipal and industrial use this also increasing day by day. However, I have listed this in reverse order World Bank list industrial and municipal demand as the first priority. Second priority is for irrigation and third priority is for water production. However, the availability of water this is demand we know that water is increasing day by day its demand. However, even though we hear many places flooding, flooding, flooding and there are some places where there is a severe drought and in some places where we see that there is no water availability and we can say that technically the water availability over a period of time in a space is fixed. We may wonder how there are two variations in water availability one is spatial variation another one is temporal variation spatial variation means availability over a period over the space for example, in India at a given time we have variations in availability of water from Rajasthan to India Rajasthan to Chennai in a particular place for example in Mumbai itself we have variation in availability from one time to another time. So if I consider a period of time what we call technically as hydrological cycle time period water takes its own path to move from one process to another process and nobody knows what is the time period taken by a single water particle it will travel all the processes and reach again its own path that is one cycle and if we are able to assess this time period then we can manage the water availability to some extent and we are trying to find out this length of the path and that is where our people are working what is the data length we need for modeling whether it is 5 years 10 years 15 years 20 years 30 years 60 years do not fight because that is the period where we have various spatial and temporal availability but this repeats the cycle repeats and what is this time period no need to fight our people have given this is a constant over a period of time so I could not open this two countries one is India another one is China which gave this time period India gave the time period as 60 years that means we know that each year is named one name and this name repeats once in 60 years and Chinese takes 12 years is the longest time period for hydrological cycle and for them the hydrological cycle repeats once in 12 years and their names are given by animal names and for them this year is pig years right so this is the availability of within this 12 year 12 period technically this 12 years is the jubilant time period or it is the time period taken by the Jupiter to cross over the Sun so that is the water availability and second one is the spatial and temporal variation availability of water over the space and time and this is physical processes we cannot do anything with that alter this spatial and temporal availability but we can overcome this variations by judicial use and efficient and effective utilization how we can do that that is where our technical comes into the matter we can construct large medium and small reservoirs but these reservoirs once it is constructed it will never give us the management we need to operate these reservoirs in an effective way that is where we use this soft computing techniques or water resources modeling techniques and before going into this different modeling techniques I would like to introduce a SWOT analysis of water resources until now even today water industry is never considered as a large-scale industry and we never thought that water is also an industry because we do this SWOT analysis SWOT analysis is strength weakness opportunities and threats now under KIP tech program we have to do individual SWOT analysis for each and every faculty in our engineering colleges that is what AICT strength gives so I would like to do a SWOT analysis for water resources consider this also as an industry what is its strength weakness and opportunities particularly for our Indian country we have a great strength which other countries doesn't have India is gifted with large number of rivers not only that professor Hilda has taken we have gifted with large quantity of water also then where does our weakness lies there are four or five places where our weakness are there first one is spatial and temporal variations which is uncorrectable like the rainfall at Shirabunji is in the order of 11,000 mm whereas at Jail Samyur it is in Rajasthan it is only 215 mm per year this is the spatial variation out of this 410 to the power of meter cube or 400 kilometer cube only 69 kilometer cube is in utilizable form or we can directly use 50% is we cannot even see that quantity of water and secondly whatever the large quantity of reservoirs there are more than 4,000 5,000 large dams in India still the water stored in these dams is insufficient to meet our demand that is a weakness and also the monsoon failures or excess rainfall is a failure of entire season right then second weakness is pollution of the existing resources and this only awareness among the users can revet back this pollution right the next thing is whatever the reservoirs we have constructed at present they are operated based upon thumb rule or based upon experience there is no technical way how these dams has to be managed if you see any reservoir all the reservoir operating policies are formulated when they are constructed they have not been updated regularly based upon the experience gained because these reservoirs is not possible to construct large reservoirs nowadays somebody was asking we have to go in from lower scale to large scale rather than from large scale to lower scale nowadays we have been evolving ourselves superior superior by technology by having we can construct a very big dam technically it is possible there are some other issues like sociological problem environmental impact assessment problems which restrict us in constructing this large-sized reservoirs in India and topography also does not allow us in India to construct large dams in Ganges Brahmaputra everybody says that this much quantity of water goes to see from Ganges from Godavari technically it is not possible to construct very large dams to store this water which are going to the oceans because the availability at the place where water can be stored has already been exploited we can say 95 percent of surface water possible surface water has been stored in large dams and reservoirs so next one is improper improper understanding of the hydrological phenomena even today we have not understood the hydrological cycle or hydrology and its interaction from one process to another process we pose that as if we have understood and try to evaluate it in terms of mathematical equations and we say that it works for 100 percent 200 percent but the same equation same solution if I apply it in some other place it will never work that means whatever we have understood is of limited knowledge and limited space of the given time right and next to resource is the aquifer in our we have large aquifers but unfortunately these aquifers are either overdeveloped or underdeveloped that means either we have salinity problem or we have drought problem we may have heard that Rajasthan is suffering from water scarcity but if you go around this in the rag and the canal we have salinity problem right because of over irrigation and improper drainage arrangements these are all some of the weaknesses in our water resources in India and what is the opportunities for us to improve using our technological if large-scale reservoirs are not possible there is possibility of constructing small reservoirs or medium reservoirs or rainwater harvesting at household and we can use better management for managing our aquifers and we can operate the reservoirs optimally for allocating it for various users by that we can maximize the economic returns then we can augment the sources that is desalinization conjunct to use or we can use for review reuse and recycling in industries or we can go for on-form developmental works or we can create awareness among the people not to pollute the available resources right so these are all some of the opportunities where we can improve our strength and there are certain places where we are unable to make a week into a strength that is called threats this is the first one is large spatial and temporal variation we cannot do anything only thing is we can distribute this spatial and temporal variation by interphase in transverse and second threats is paving of good aquifers unfortunately if you see the metropolitan cities are very large cities they are located in good aquifers and for example Chennai Mumbai Kolkata Delhi they are having very good aquifers unfortunately we are paving it and we are over exploiting this by and thereby we are getting into saline water intrusion once saline water intrusion occurred and once we paved there is no possibility of recharging and re retrieving it back to the original condition that is the threats it's not possible to get back my Chennai to the old status or Mumbai to the old status of unpaid condition so that is one threat second one is this demand demand is increasing it's day by day hour by hour it is increasing due to increase in population second one is the larger threat is from sociological problems we cannot even openly say that we are going to construct a large dam in a place the first problem we will face is the sociological problems right even the largest dam which has been constructed in China it is also facing a sociological problems three Gargi stands then the next one is implementation of best policies which we have derived through our techniques changing the reservoir operating policy in a reservoir is not that much easy you have to convince from chief engineer to the person who is operating the gate it's not an easy task and then very important is the irreversible pollution made for example many rivers which is passing through the cities people know from Nandiyad, Nashik how they are seeing the Godavari how they are seeing the Krishna that they are all black in color within the city reach or you see the Mithi river or Kuom river or whatever the Hoogli which is passing through the metropolitan cities they are all black in color that pollution is it possible to revert it back we have to work hard like how they have reverted back the Thames Thames was also once upon a time it was like that but so much of money so much of courageous is required to reverse back this pollution but in our case this is irreversible the pollution which has been made and sometimes the awareness program which we broadcast may backfire us these are all some of the threats on water resources but still to manage our water resources we need to study how to manage this so there are so many management techniques available one of the best management techniques people used to say is that Samho I managed that's a common management technique people used to adopt to manage a particular problem if you if you don't know how we have managed we say that Samho I managed and sometimes this is the best management policy also and in water resources also we are doing only management like that but what we need is a systematic study that means if something goes wrong you have to correct only that particular place where it went wrong you don't need to go through the exercise from first to last that's called systematic study and there should this systematic study should include groundwater also as one of the resources and for that we need a groundwater availability groundwater assessments right so thus we need a technical background to manage our resources then what is the actual problem as said water resources technical person we are looking at suppose if I want to operate a reservoir or if I want to model a water resources basin what is what are all the problems we may encounter when we go for this water resource planning the first one is inadequate understanding of the system because your problem and the solution which worked better for a basin or your reservoir will never work better for another place so you have to understand even though you are an expert in water resources if you are appointed to solve your problem first thing is we have to accept that we don't know anything about the system start from the scratch understand the physical system first many people solve the problems without understanding the problems right so many works watch what we are doing as research and consultancy is inadequate understanding of the system for example people have designed this interception and diversion storages in reverse of Godavari and Krishna they have designed a pumping system and the pipeline system and they have used therefore alignment when we went there to the actual field it's not possible to do that in that alignment it means it's a inadequate understanding of the system if I want to change that alignment either I have to redesign or I have to spend a lot of money to correct that problem so this inadequate understanding should be violated first we have to understand the system to solve any solution second one is the response of the system for a given input is not known even today the same rainfall we have some runoff in one time period same rainfall we have different runoff the same time period for example if it is June 10th in 1986 if it is 30 centimeter rainfall I have a runoff of let us say 20 centimeter terms of depth if it is on 1987 same 30 centimeter rainfall I never have the same 20 centimeter as the runoff it's the same time period but different years quantity is also same variation in the time is also same that means the response of the system for the given input is not same that is why people say that the probability of nature is almost zero nature will never repeat the thing once again right then the next important problem is heterogeneity of the crops that means most of the reservoirs in India are designed for either wet crop or dry crop but if you go for an irrigation area your reservoir will have n number of crops and all the crops we cannot account when I model for a reservoir operating policy we consider only the major crops and next one is the crop plants are fixed either it is rubby or curry or Sarnajainthi are depends upon the place car, Pishanam, Sarnawari, Thaladi see these crop periods are fixed in a particular basin whether there is water in the reservoir or not the farmer will start the cultivation during that time periods so the crop plants are fixed secondly the reservoir releases that is also fixed the very important technical mistakes we do in construction of reservoir is the keeping the sill levels of canals at different levels right particularly we say that high level canal right we say that there is so much quantity of water is going as the surplus so we want to utilize this surplus water through high level canal so the high level canal means it will have the sill level very nearer to the surplus level so when there is a surplus water only the water will be receiving in the high level canal even when there is a surplus when we are drawing the water through the regular canal the water level drops suddenly so even though there is quantity of water you may not receive water in your high level canal and mathematically it is not possible to model these different levels in the canals but still we are trying to do this through parametric programming but not achieved to that particular level and next one is shifting of dry crop to wet crops that means if we design a reservoir its capacity based upon assuming certain crop dry crop and find its keep it demand or keep it capacity fixed suppose if I change the type of crop in the command area my demand has increased enormously then even though I have a water in the reservoir I cannot release the required quantity of water my parameters canal carrying capacity is fixed I cannot release more than the canal carrying capacity so these are all some of the problems which you have to address or which we are trying to address through mathematical programs and the very important is that study is called systematic study I think you are all researchers and you have an exposure about systematic study I given a simple example of what is systematic study right if I want to study 10th standard I have to start from first standard second standard third fifth so that is called a systematic study so that systematic study can be done through a systems approach so what is systems approach we say that our body is a system right a car is a system so a system contains various components right we have various components we have hand we have head we have artillery we have legs we have nervous system so we have various subsystems so these components are these subsystems they will work individually or they may interact or may not interact with the other subsystem they have individual goals but all are working for a common goal and that is we call it as a system and physically if there is a system if you give an input you will get an output then only we call it as a system and in water resources there are three different studies through the systems approach first one is system design second one is system analysis and third one is system synthesis system design is we are going to create a system means I am going to design a water resources project I am going to design a dam I am going to design the canal carrying capacity I am going to fix the command area I am going to fix the type of crop that is the area of the crop power production everything we call that as a system design we are creating the components system analysis is here already the creation has been done we are going to operate that system we are going to see the interaction between one component to the other component and system synthesis is fine tuning while in the operating itself if you achieve 90% if I do system synthesis I can achieve 99% efficiency right so these are all the three different systematic studies we can go ahead then if this is a systematic study why I need this systematic study in water resources if our problem falls or says yes to any one of these five questions then I need a systematic study if my system is large and complex for a complex system it need not to be a large even a small system can also be a complex system then I need a systematic study right or if a system involve or necessitate knowledge from many disciplines right we know that water resources is a large system and a complex system and what resource requires knowledge from various disciplines we need hydrologist we need irrigation engineers we need structural engineers we need sociologist we need economist right we need various knowledge is from sociological that's very important then agricultural crop management crop production engineers so we need knowledge from various subjects then only we can operate our system in such problems we need a systems approach or if the objective need to be quantified in terms of mathematical terms or logical terms right then we need a systematic study we can quantify our water resources in terms of mathematical monetary benefits non-monetary benefits are logical terms then we need a systematic study then if one or more variables involve uncertainty there also we need a systems approach for example if it is a factory I know if I give this much of input the output is fixed it's a deterministic problem whereas in water resources large number of variables involve uncertainty rainfall inflow into the reservoir there are so many uncertainties in such problem to solve I need a systematic study and very important why we need even if there is no for all these problems if your problem has many alternative viable solutions then also I need a systematic study I think only water resources the problem where it will have a alternative viable solution even water resource we can say no no no for the first four but the last one if I give a reservoir for one person he will manage with a better way than any other person or if I give the same problem to another person he can manage it in better way than any other person so a same problem will have multi alternative solutions then also I need a systematic study okay I accept that if I want to go for a systematic study what are all the steps as a modeler or a water resources modeler I want to do a model and what are all the steps if the steps are fixed I can reach the goal if my steps are not fixed I cannot reach the goal so what are all the steps there are five important steps in water resources systems analysis first one is a definition of system and objectives if our objectives are clear 50% of our problem is solved right so that's why in research also we say that identify your objectives identify your topic identify your system 50% of the problem is solved what is that we have to identify what is the components and what is our boundaries then identify the decision makers then quantify your objectives that's the first step second step is now you model your system using various mathematical modeling techniques that means find out what is the relationship between your input and output by different modeling techniques then not only that get the solution for the model many water resources problem the solutions are alternative we get n number of viable solution which is the best solution to be implemented in the field get the solution then select the best solution then give it to the policy makers so the policy maker will select a particular solution and they will implement in the field so our study does not stop at that point you have to study the performance of our decision that is called performance analysis or performance of the solution how it is working in our field whether our assumptions are correct whether the parameters what we have assumed is working nicely so once we do this performance analysis if whatever we give the solution and actual field it is 90 percent then we are becoming a very good modeler suppose if it is not working then what you have to do is that is the feedback for our first step and redo the modeling get the better solutions so these are all the five important steps that we have to posit onto a water resources system analysis and I can say as a starting people the first and important for us is the second step how to develop a mathematical model that is where the core research is working so that means we say that models right models we know this a characteristic representation of a prototype right it may be a scaled up model or scaled down model for example in our laboratory hydraulics IIT Bombay we have done various number of physical models they are all scaled down that means the prototype will be of large size we will be scaling down to one is to 10 or one is to 15 or one is to 5 so the model will be smaller prototype will be larger whereas in chemistry or in atoms the model will be of scale up the prototype will be smaller model will be a very big one right so we in water resources always we have this scaled down models and the main purpose is to select the component important components and also to find out the relationship hydraulic hydrologic structural versus the hydrological relationships that's the main objective of this model studies there are four important model studies in water resources first one is iconic models second is physical analog and mathematical models I think we know what is iconic model an iconic model is a model which represents only the prototype we cannot conduct any experiments on iconic model for example if I have a car car toy right that is an iconic model I cannot conduct any experiment on this car and relate the result to my prototype that models we call it as iconic models then we have this physical models physical models or representation of prototype in same medium or same entity we can conduct the experiments on these models and relate the results to our prototype this may be based upon various similitudes renal similitude, Weber similitude, fruits similitude depending upon the hydraulic and hydrologic conditions what we do in hydraulic is either fruits similitude or renal similitude then third one is analog models there are certain experiments certain prototype problems which we cannot do it in physical model studies for example if I want to study the seepage analysis below an earthen dam even if I construct a small scale I cannot visualize how this water is moving below my earthen dam in such places we do this analog model that means conduct the experiment in some other entity there in analog model I do the flow of current in water and I relate this flow net of flow of current in water to the flow net of seepage analysis that is called analog models then the last one is mathematical models this has been evolved I can say this mathematical model is a soft computing techniques and after invention of computers after invention of these laptops everything all other three models have become absolute we are not going in for this type of models only large scale models we go in for physical or analog models nowadays for small problems operational problems planning problems we do only mathematical models mathematical models we express the relationship between input and output in terms of mathematical equations and I can classify the mathematical models in water resources as two broad areas first one is hydrological models another one is water resources models so this is an example for a physical model study a surplus over a year this is surplus of a spillway and this is how to study the ski jump formation these are all the models carried out at CWPRS Puna the courtesy is to them these are also model study of discharge over a spillway and this is dam break analysis can also be done by physical model studies wherever it is not possible to express the relationship between input and output there only we are going in for this type of physical model studies nowadays for example large pumping schemes which is an inverse of a dam we don't have mathematical models to represents the hydrology as well as hydraulics there we are going in for physical model studies right so I have listed out what are all the important models in hydrology see there are various types of models in hydrology they are all classified into three types first one is empirical models which are derived for site specific input and output second type of models are physical models which are based upon the physical processes and these physical processes the parameters of expressing these physical processes are also based upon empirical approach so we need some parameter estimation in physical models then the last and very important and complicated models are the conceptual models which is based upon the physics of each and every process for example Nash model linear reservoir model in instantaneous unit of derivation is a good example for conceptual models deriving rainfall runoff relationship by incorporating evaporation interception various other evapotranspiration they comes under physical models right simple rise formula dickens formula they are all examples for empirical models and these models depending upon how we give the input can be classified into four categories that depends upon the input first one is deterministic probabilistic stochastic and fuzzy deterministic means the input is clearly defined as a number all our numbers only they are tagged with some suffix in deterministic the number is very clear if we say the input of inflow is 50 million meter cube then that is a deterministic model suppose if I tag this input deterministic value with a problem or with a probability the probability of occurrence of 50 million meter cube is 0.75 then such types of models are called probabilistic model if I tag the probability with time then we call that as stochastic model if I say the probability of inflow of 50 million meter cube in June month is 0.75 so it is same number same probability with the time then we call that as stochastic models instead of saying a single number if I say a range or if I say it in a linguistic form if you say the inflow is 40 to 60 million meter cube or the inflow is high then I call such type of modeling as fuzzy modeling so this is based upon the values then based upon the time series data all water reserves data or time series data based upon this we can classify the models as stationary models or non-stationary models you know that all Arima model Arma model they are all stationary models then based upon the data it can be a lumped model or distributed models then based upon the relationship between input and output it can be linear or non-linear models then they based upon the time step in my model in what condition I want to stimulate I want to find out the rainfall of today tomorrow day after tomorrow or I may have to find out the rainfall of this month next month then my time step is day this is month so this is a time step in my model at what time steps I am estimating the time the processes or it may be an event based that means in time based models my time interval is fixed for each and every fixed time interval I simulate the base in whereas in event based my time is not fixed suppose if I want to model the flood studies then I don't look in for a fixed time interval the flood we are looking only for the events to occur so here the events are fixed time intervals are variable whereas in time based model time is fixed events are variable then we may model a single variate or multi-variate single where it means just inflow into one single reservoir that's a single variant if I try to model inflow into five reservoirs at a particular time period then that is a multi-variate y is equal to mx plus c it's a single variate y is equal to m1 x1 plus m2 x2 plus m3 x3 plus c it's a multi-variate I am trying to model various parameters or various variables at a given time then based upon the site it may be a single site or multi-site so these are all the models the unfortunate condition or the better thing is the models need not be of any one category all the research done are only combination of models the remaining I said if you find out what is your objectives 50% of your problem is solved if you have selected the correct model you are remaining 25% of the problem is solved because there is no single model available to solve all the problems so I have to combine the models to solve my problem depending upon the site condition so I have just given a simple example there are taken only conceptual models stochastic conceptual models then stochastic empirical models or it may be a deterministic conceptual or deterministic empirical if I consider stochastic it may be stationery or non-stationery or it may be linear non-linear or it may be lump or distributed so there is a combination of different models together in a single model depending upon my type of data site and location or the properties of my time series data that is in hydrology whereas in water resources which is mostly used for planning and operation we have two broad classification that is called optimization and a simulation the optimization models they are called prescriptive models that means the optimization model will give you the best solution that is why if we have some illness we go to a doctor he gives a prescription that means for this problem this is the best solution that is called optimization models whereas simulation models are mostly used for planning for a same input we generate alternative scenarios and that is called simulation models they are called descriptive models right so these are all the various models in water resources again I have listed this based upon the processes and different model types again we two broad classification is optimization and a simulation again based upon the values it is deterministic probabilistic stochastic and fuzzy and very important here is the last point that is based upon the solution algorithm right we have linear and nonlinear right so nowadays we represent only the nonlinear model because in earlier days people used to work lot on these linear models but in reality the relationship between input and output is not linear so we are working mainly on nonlinear models the solution algorithms which we have listed if you solve this by manually it is not possible to solve right there we apply our softwares there we apply our computers and that is why we call this as soft computing techniques I can say even linear programming in water resources is a soft computing technique because if I consider a large reservoir with three canals and with 20 crops in each canal if I do a monthly model then I will end up with 144 or 186 constraint with 150 variables I cannot solve a matrix of 144 by 122 by hand I need a computer it is not possible manually even though we are superior our brains are superior than computers it is not possible physically possible to solve that in such places we use these computers that is why still I classify linear programming is also a soft computing technique in water resources because the system is large the very important techniques I have listed here linear programming integer programming mixed integer transportation assignment they are all linear programs or then nonlinear programs are dynamic goal programming genetic algorithm genetic programming particle swarm algorithm ANN they are all classified under nonlinear programming what is that we need in water resources systems modeling we need two things two mathematical equations first one is objective function that's either it may be a cost minimization or benefit maximization technical objectives then we need the constraints these constraints are the boundaries where I can fit my objective function so that my objective function value is maximum and these constraints may be of four types physical economic economical sociological as well as technical so the solution here or my problem here is find out the maximum value for my objective function without violating the constraints so physically solving these constraints is not possible that is where we take the advantage of computers and we class classified this as soft computing techniques linear programming will be defined as the relationship between input and output is linear I think you are all well versed with this this is a good example for a classical linear programming model right so the advantage of linear programming is easy way of getting the solution and large number of softwares are easily available in getting the solution but it has three or four great advantages one is the output is crisp either the solution is in the space or my variable is in the solution space or not my values will have either a zero or one right then the result the result may be in local optima right then we may have some infeasible solutions lastly very important is our real life problems are not linear problems right but even now today people are using this linear programming to find out the optimal cropping pattern in a reservoir these are all other forms of linear programming the stochastic chance constraint integer mixed integer fuzzy logic thing we can go this in detail later the next important type of modeling is nonlinear programming I have a nonlinear relationship between input and output either in the objective function or in the constraint or both still I classify that model as a nonlinear programming model depending upon how or where I have this nonlinearity I have various solution for example Newton Raphson method is one of the method to get a solution roots for a nonlinear equation so these are all some of the equations and this is the widely used software for solving a nonlinear equations right these are all other forms of nlp model quadratic programming geometric separable genetic algorithm and genetic programs the another important is a dynamic programming model this is the most important model we apply in water resources because only water resources requires a sequential decision that means if I want to operate a reservoir if I release the water on June once it is released it is irreversible so my decision on July depends upon the release I took on June so in such type of sequential decision-making problems dynamic programming is the best modern unfortunately many real-life problems we cannot solve through this dynamic programming because of this curse of dimensionality even with the soft computing techniques even though this dynamic programming gives best results to derive reservoir operating rules I cannot solve because of curse of dimensionality my computer will stuck up because the matrix will go in terms of thousand by thousand or two thousand by three thousand like that right so this dynamic programming is very important there are four important dynamic programming which we use in our water resources one is optimal routing particularly in pipe network analysis or sewage pumping which is the optimal route through which my pipe network has to pass or it may be an optimal allocation within the canal reaches what is the release for each and every slewies or it may be for a reservoir operating rule curves or it may be for capacity expansion means if I plan for a water supply for a city of 50 years but what should be the capacity for each and every step I have to increase we will not construct all the capacity in the starting itself so it depends upon the economics I think this simulation I will take it in the next class so that we will have some because this is a different technique next class I will take this simulation if you have any solution you have any questions you can ask the questions before that this only introduction I would like to introduce this slide morning we was talking about the status of water resources today right 90% of the countries in the world there is inland water resources problem either non availability excess availability or internal sharing problem remaining 10% of the country they will have cross-country problems maybe fighting with the next countries thus if water is not managed technically efficient way this WATR will become this TE will go and we have to fight for the water as a water resources managers I call we are all water resource managers because we have interest in water resources we will be part of any one either we will shoot the problem or we will create the problem at both are good if you create a problem there will be somebody to solve it or if you are solving it somebody is there to create the problem right thank


Welcome back everyone. Today I'm going to talk about how to use hfind part of the sleuthkit utilities to search quickly search through a list of hashes that are already in a file. So in this scenario, we already have a database that's been indexed by hfind. And we have a text file that contains a list of hashes. And we want to check all of the hashes at the same time. So the first thing I need to do, I'm going to open up command line in Windows. And let's go to the desktop. So there's a couple different files in the desktop. And I'm going to hash all of these just so we have something to put in our hash database. So I'm going to use MD5 sum. So I have MD5 sum installed from core utilities in Windows. And there's another video about how to install core utilities if you want basic Linux commands in Windows. So MD5 sum star. So I'm going to hash all of the files in the on the desktop right now. And I'm going to save this to a file called hashes.md5. Yeah, hashes.md5. Okay, so hit enter. And then one said permission not denied. So I'm going to use another utility from core utilities called cat. And that basically just shows me what's inside of a file we just created. So if I do cat hashes.md5, then I can see all of the hashes that I just created. So we have the file name plus the MD5 hash value. Okay, so now we have what we'll call this is our known database. Okay, so this is our known database. So what I want to do now is create an index of the database so I can use it this database with hfind. So if we type hfind, so if I do dash V, we can see the version and just hfind by itself and it will show us the help menu. Okay, so to create an index, I need to use the dash I switch and then give it the DB type. Now the DB type can be found here. So supported index types include nsrlmd5, so from the nsrl hash database known hash databases, nsrl SHA1, md5 sum in case or HK. Well, mine is obviously md5 sum. It's an md5 sum hash database that we have. Okay, so that's the format. So I need to give it dash I, the DB type is md5 sum, and then this will create an index file for a given hash database type. Okay, so let's go ahead and try to run that then. Then I type hfind dash I, md5 sum, and then the file that I saved everything to and I saved it into hashes.md5, hashes.md5. Okay, so here hfind is the command dash I switch says to index, the type of index is md5 sum or the type of database is md5 sum, and then the file with all of the hashes is hashes.md5. Okay, so I hit enter and then the index was created. And if I look, since we're on the desktop, I have this md5.idx file and md5.idx2 file. So this is my original hash database, my known hashes. This is the index file. And these are the two index files that hfind created. Now these index files will be used to be able to do faster, more efficient lookups over all of the hashes. So indexing just greatly speeds up hash searching. In our case, we only have like six hashes in our file, a few more than six, but we can still search very quickly. But if we have millions of hashes, the index is mandatory if you want to be able to search it fast enough. Okay, so now with hfind, I have, let's try, let me copy this Rufus hash value. Okay, so I'm copying the Rufus hash value that we created before. And I want to test this hash value to see if it is in our database. So I can run hfind, and then give it the database that you have. So hashes.md5, that's our database. And then the hash value that you want to check. Okay, so if I hit enter, then I can see this actually basically capitalized everything and gave me a name back for the file that this hash corresponds to. So that is a match. Now if I do it another way, we can do quick mode. And in quick mode, one is printed if it's found, otherwise it's zero. So I tend to use quick mode. So if we do the same command, just with dash q, then we should get a one, right, because it should be found, right. So here we ran it with quick mode, and we just get a one. So the hash was found in the database. Okay, now we can do a quick check to make sure that our program is actually working correctly. So instead of 937, I'm going to delete seven and just add six. So the hash has actually changed, not a lot, but it's changed a little bit. So we can search again. Let me do not quick mode first. So normal search mode, and it says hash not found. Well, that's right, because the hash is not in our database. And if we do the quick mode with the bad hash dash q, we should get a zero. So I tend to use q when I'm scripting. Actually, I tend to use q all the time. I would rarely just search for something like hash not found unless I was just searching for one hash individually. Okay, so that's how we can index and search. But the goal here is to be able to look up a list of hashes. So I have another file that I've created called suspect.md5sum. And we have a couple different files. Some are in our hash database, some are not in our hash database, but I want to check all of these hash values. Now, this file has one hash, one md5 hash on each line of the text file. Okay, so this is just a normal text file with one hash on each line. So let's check the hfind help again. So what we can do is hfind and then I need to give it we can give it the dash f switch and a lookup file, right? So we can give it a file and the file should have one hash per line to look up. Okay, so I can give it the file with one hash per line to look up. But the tricky thing here is we need to look at how we actually run this command. And before I gave it the database, and then the hash that I was interested in. But you notice that dash i comes before the database file. So I actually have to put the database, sorry, the dash f comes before the database file. So I have to put the file, the lookup file before the database file. So let's go ahead and try to run this. So hfind, and then dash f, because I'm going to feed it a file of hashes, my hashes are called suspect dot md5 sum, right? And then I need to give it the database name. And the database name was hashes dot md5. Okay, so here we have the hfind command, the switch that we want to use is dash f. And then I want to give the file that contains a list of hashes with each hash on one line. And then give it hashes dot md5, which is our hash database that we're comparing everything against. Okay, so then if I hit enter, then it's going to cancel out. And I'll talk about that a second. So here, a couple of hashes were found. So we have desktop.ini. Well, that was just on our desktop, we have howlemnextcb2, that was found. So these two top hashes were found. Then we have one file that was not found. And then we have a few more that were found. And then another file that was not found and another file that was. And as you can probably guess, I just kept all of the same files, I just changed one number in each of the hashes. Once I changed the number, the hash is no longer found because it doesn't match. Okay, so this demonstrates how you can take a single file with all of the hashes that you're interested in and feed it into hfind. And it will do a comparison of each of the hashes in that file. Okay, now whenever I ran this, and I'll run it again, you'll notice that hfind stopped working. And the biggest, the strangest thing about Windows that I've found is that whenever you're dealing with text files, Windows will insert some crazy characters sometimes. So do not use, like here I'm using notepad to at least list the files, do not use notepad to list the files. I recommend a programming tool like atom.io, for example, or notepad++ or some sort of programming tool that will not add strange. So here we go, atom for Windows, you can download it for free. And this will not add additional Windows specific characters. So the biggest problem I have is with Windows text files is that Windows tends to add things quite a bit, add special characters a lot or different encoding formats. So the reason that hfind is crashing here is because I think there's probably a special character that was added by notepad at the end. So hfind doesn't know actually how to end or just crashes on the input basically. So be aware that Windows with text files, you should always be using a programming tool that way it doesn't add additional characters. And then, yeah, so that's pretty much it. So just make a list of all of your hashes that you want to search. And then you can also dump another list of files that you need to check against that original database for later searching. Now, later, I'll also talk about with hfind how to create a database and add additional hashes to the database. But I think I'll talk about that later. For now, I wanted to focus on having a lookup file with hashes on each line and doing a lookup against your database. So that's it for today. Thank you very much.


Welcome to JSA TV, the newsroom for telecom and data center professionals. I'm Barb Mitchell coming to you live today from the floor here inside in the floor of PTC 23 in beautiful Honolulu, Hawaii. And joining me is Niraj Shah, Director of Business Development and Sales at IAX Africa. Good afternoon. Yeah, so great to have you. I know you made the long journey over. I think this is your inaugural experience of PTC. What are your impressions so far? Yeah, my first trip down. It's actually quite cool. Yeah, I like it. I was a bit hesitant to come down because it's a long flight, but it was just 30 hours, I think you said. Yes. Yeah. Tell everyone where you were coming from. Yeah, flew down from Narobi, went down to Doha and then from Doha down to Seattle and then from Seattle down to Honolulu. So yeah, quite an intense flight, but it's actually quite cool being here and I like it. It's my first event and I think it's a very nice event. Yeah. Great for networking. So great. I had the opportunity to speak as well. Yeah. What were you speaking on? Actually, digitalization in East Africa in Kenya, that was my angle and I talked about IxAfrica and how we got to this place where we are right now and we're on the next steps. So it was quite interesting for people to understand more about Africa as well. Yes, I think so. Yeah.  We were talking about this a little bit before, weren't we, just the amount of just conversation and interest and just the timing of it seems like the industries, everyone's eyes are on Africa right now and so let's back up and I know you mentioned you introduced during your panel people just about IxAfrica, so if you wouldn't mind doing that again for our viewers here, I'd appreciate it. So IxAfrica started, I think the whole idea started a little bit in 2020, but we broke ground in 2021 and we're up with our first phase of four and a half megawatts. So it's a hyperscale data center, which is going to be 22 and a half megawatts of IT power, which is about 40 megawatts of side part, that's our first campus. And why Africa? Why Kenya? Because it's got such a big demand for internet and a growing young population, which is going to be using cloud application, they're adopting it quite well and the other element is the ecosystem is digitally enhanced, very savvy, so it's growing in such a big way. It's great and so that kind of led to IxAfrica coming in. And then with the trend where the hype is now wanting to come into Africa, Kenya has got its benefits, which I can talk about as we go along on sustainability and all, but yeah, it's been a great move and it's actually working out quite well. So you alluded to it, so let's talk about sustainability, it's such an important topic for everyone. Absolutely. Yeah, no, no. So it's great. You know, one of the factors that kind of make Kenya stand out from the rest of Africa is the fact that it's 90% green. The energy is 90% green, so it's low carbon, hydroelectric, geothermal, solar and wind make up 90% of the power produced in Kenya. So it's actually very beneficial and everybody's looking at Kenya being easily accessible. The fiber connectivity is fantastic. So it's just right. Now the other element that's making work is apart from the sustainability, which is what I talked about, is the fact that it's actually very stable from a regulatory perspective and a political perspective. So it's easy to do business in. So I think more and more hypers are understanding the benefits that Kenya has and it's got a market of about 400 million people that one can access. So yeah, it's absolutely great. Yeah, and on that front, just in conversations I've been hearing over the last few days, actually a panel we had here earlier today just talking about too, just the growth explosion that's happening in Africa and the benefit from a sustainability perspective to be able to get in front of building things right is kind of the theme. Absolutely. And I think that was one of the factors that sustainability is key, but we also have something that we call keep it Africa as a sustainable supply chain as well. You know, that's kind of boosting the economy as well, locally sought out equipment, good backup. All of that comes into play and that makes it more and more achievable, more and more interesting for all the hypers as well, because they want to tick that box as well. And it's an important factor. So yeah, it's actually the entry into Africa. East Africa is very central, a lot of subsea cables coming around as well now. That's making another boost, pushing the growth. So all eyes are definitely on Africa, more so in East Africa. And so that's what we're hoping for. And so in order to do this, I think investment is always important. I believe you have that, you have some new investment, can you tell us about that? Yeah, we've now got Helios investment partners coming into, they've taken over equity, prior equity, they've pumped in $50 million. And that's accelerated our development of the campus. And they're quite excited about it. And now with them on board and them having understood Guy, who's our chairman's capability, they've actually taken him in on board as a board of directors for Helios as well to guide them on data center investment. So yeah, Ike's Africa, definitely way ahead right now. I reckon that the competition's probably about 18 to 24 months away from us. Wow, that's a good head start. So yeah, we're ahead of the game and we have our own land, five acres, and the green from most of the water point. So achievable from low PUE power consumption, power utilization. So the fact that we have a very low WUE because Nairobi's up there, 6,000 feet. So you don't use too much power or water to cool down. It's free cooling for about six, seven, three months, four months. So yeah, and Helios is, I think they're quite happy about what we've done and the way the campus has been set up. And that's given them the confidence to come in very aggressively with us. So yeah, certainly a plus for us. Yeah, congratulations. We'll be excited to talk to you over the next year or so as all of this unfolds and continues to develop with Ike's Africa. And for those of our viewers who can, I know you're meeting with people in person today, but not everyone was able to make the journey. A lot of our viewers are watching live and maybe wondering how they can connect with you. Yeah. So the easiest way is my email, there's nerijs at Ike'safrica.co.ke, but you can come down to Nairobi as well because it's a great city. Yeah, why not? Right? So always, always, always a plus. But yeah, and then you can visit our website, www.axafrica.co.ke. Perfect. Nerijs, thank you so much for joining us. Thank you. It was a pleasure. Yeah, it was fun. It was good to chat with you and hear all of your updates. Great. So thank you. Thanks. And thank you viewers for tuning in to JSA TV, coming to you live here from the floor of PTC 23. Happy networking.


Do you want to know more about making YouTube as a platform for you to improve on your e-commerce? Well, if you do, tune in and before we start, please subscribe and gong that bell. GONG! On today's news, we will be talking about Pokemon Go content creators and why their channel got terminated by YouTube. Next up on the list is 7 tips that you can use for YouTube marketing and how to improve on your e-commerce sale. Last up on the list is a question, is YouTube really trying to help predators? Find their prey on YouTube by the related videos feature. Let us know together on Freedom News. It was reported that two content creators that make content out of the popular mobile game, Pokemon Go, has had their YouTube channel terminated. It has been cited that they have incurred strikes on their sexual content but it does not fit because their channel is mostly about family-friendly content and their channel caters to children. They thought in the first strike it was just an oopsie by YouTube. But after a while, one of the content creators incurred another strike on their sexual content. On that email, here's what YouTube has to say about it. As you may know, our community guidelines describe which content we allow and don't allow on YouTube. Ear video, highest CP, Pokemon yet in Pokemon Go, Wild Dragonite, how much CP will it be? What's flagged to us for review? Upon review, we've determined that it violates our guidelines and we've removed it from YouTube. Luckily though, the content creator reported this to YouTube and they have reinstated their channel. A reason why this channel was terminated is because of their titles. CP in Pokemon Go, as we all know, is combat power. But in other groups, it might be an acronym for child pornography. Next up on the list is 7 tips that the entrepreneur has shared via an article that can help you or improve your e-commerce sales on YouTube. This is really good for brand building, so let's go. Number one is shoot short videos. Keep it short and sweet guys. Create a branded channel. You have to be professional when building a brand so that your audiences can trust you even more. You have to be consistent with content production. You have to be committed with your content as this becomes a business. Use analytics to understand what works. In order for you to know what your audiences want, you need data. And the YouTube Analytics Board can help you out with that. Use visual cues or visual aids to keep and engage your audience. This will prompt them to keep watching and subscribe on your channel. Advertise with AdWords. Regular trick supply. Social media still works. If you have new content, it's okay to tweet it out, make a Facebook post or Instagram post. In that way, more people can look and find your videos. Next up on the list is YouTube's algorithm really helping pedophiles find their prey on the Internet. It was reported by Forbes that YouTube's related videos helps malicious people find and share content that has like soft core porn-like content on YouTube. YouTuber mad what it is, alerted the Internet about this and made a video titled YouTube is facilitating the sexual exploration of children and it's being monetized. He explained that prepubescent girls in the state of undress have been watched by millions of people online.  YouTube has been combating child endangerment as this goes against their terms of service. Do you think this is enough freedom family to police the content out there on the Internet and find out the predators who are preying on these people or on these children? Do you think this is enough? Let me know down below. That's the episode of Freedom Family. What was the most relevant news to you? Also, do you find the tips that are spotlighted here as relevant to your content or to your channel? Before you leave, guys, don't forget to check our videos, subscribe, like and gong that bell. My name is NoelGuyZ and news about freedom in YouTube, always remember Freedom News. I will see you on the next episode. Goodbye.


Welcome Secretary Clinton, it's just a real honor and a pleasure to have you here in Ann Arbor at the University of Michigan. A great honor to have you help us launch the new Wiser Diplomacy Center. Thank you very much Dean Barr and thank you President Chisell and others who have made me feel very welcome and all I can say to that is go blue.


What's up you guys, welcome back to another one. If you are new to the channel, I am Goldpony at a new car truck SUV reviews on YouTube. And today we are in the new 2022 Lexus RX 350 courtesy of Bobby Ray Hall Lexus in Mechanicsburg PA for more information on their inventory. Please feel free to check out the link in the description box below. So I'm in this one today because of course Lexus is known for its amazing reliability. This one actually scored an above average reliability by Consumer Reports which is always the source that I use because they are non-biased, they don't take any money from any outside sources. Of course, you have all the luxury that Lexus is known for as well. And so in this video, I will be testing out and going over everything about the RX from acceleration up braking, steering wheel, ride quality, sound system, exhaust clip, all of that fun stuff. So having set off that, what do you guys say? Let's just go ahead and jump right into it. And as always, let's start with pricing. And so as you can imagine, there are a few different configurations for the 2022 Lexus RX 350. MSRP for this one is actually going to start at $45,320. There is also an F-Sport spec that you can get. That one starts at $48,800. And then there is the Blackline Special Edition. That one starts at $49,450. And by the way, that was all pricing for the front wheel drive configuration. If you wanted to add all wheel drive to any of those prices, simply add $1,400 then. But regardless of trim level or configuration that you go with, the power plant on this one is going to be the same. Powering the RX 350 is a 3.5 liter naturally aspirated V6 putting out 295 horsepower at 6,300 RPM, 268 pound-feet of torque coming into 4,700 RPM. Power sent to front wheels or all wheels through an eight-speed automatic with paddle shifters, which you guys of course know we will be testing out in a little bit here. But zero to 60 time is going to come in at 7.7 seconds for the front wheel drive, 7.9 seconds then for the all wheel drive configuration. Top speed, if you're interested, comes in at 124 miles per hour with MPG numbers coming in at 20 in the city, 27 then on the highway for the front wheel drive, 19 city, 26 on the highway for the all wheel drive. But so then before we do any kind of fun paddle shifter or acceleration test here in our RX, I did want to mention the drive modes. And so that circular dial is located directly behind the cup holders there, but that will include normal, eco and sport. And then there actually is a sport plus driving mode if you were to go with that F sport, it's just going to be available, I should say for the F sport trim, but overall it adjusts things like the shift points, the throttle response, and the steering sensitivity. So let me go ahead and put it in sport. It is definitely a noticeably heavier steering feel. Let me tell you guys that right now. It's weighted so much heavier when you put it in that sport driving mode. But anyways, I'm getting ahead of myself. What do you guys say? Let's go ahead and find a straightaway. Let's put the paddle shifters here to the test first. And by the way, there is a full manual shift mode. I'm just going to simply slide the shifter all the way to the back and to the left. That is going to tell me I am in third gear right there on the digital portion of the gauges and an M for manual mode there. So that's pretty cool. But anyways, let's go ahead and test out the paddle shifters and let's see how quickly they are going to react for us here. All right, you guys, here's our paddle shifter test in three, two, one, go. One more time. It's not bad. It's not the coin because I've ever tested, but it's actually not bad. Typically with SUVs and paddle shifters when you combine those two, it's really bad. But this one's actually, it's okay. It's not bad. It's not the quickest I've ever tested, but it'll definitely get the job done. I'm not too disappointed with them. I'll put it that way. But anyways, to get back full control to the RX here, I'm just going to simply slide the shifter back to the right. And now, having said that, let's go ahead and find yet another straightaway and let's see how quickly the RX 350 on its own is going to get us up to speed. All right, three, two, one, from a standstill, go. Whoa, quick acceleration.  This thing is quick, okay. This thing is dead quick. If I'm being honest, I didn't expect that from, I don't expect that typically from SUVs. So that kind of surprised me. You're 100% not going to have any issues with merging onto the highway in these short on ramps where it's a 65 mile per hour speed limit here in Pennsylvania. So that'll definitely get the job done without a doubt. But to go along with that acceleration, as always, braking is equally important.  In the back, 13.3 inch solid rear discs. As far as that 60 to zero stopping distance goes, it is going to come in in a fairly respectable 123 feet. But having said that, as far as the braking feel goes, it's definitely on the softer side. One of the first things I noticed besides the super comfortable seats, but it's definitely soft braking feel. Wouldn't have minded if Lexus maybe tuned up that braking a little bit to make it a bit firmer. So comparatively speaking to a lot of the other SUVs, this one does tend to lean a little bit more on the softer side of braking. But now touching on suspension and handling upfront, you're going to get an independent McPherson strut front suspension. In the back, independent double wishbone type rear suspension, gas pressurized shock absorbers, front and rear stabilizer bars as well. And if you were to go with that F sport trim, there is actually an F sport handling package that goes for $2,400. But that is actually going to give you an adaptive damping suspension, which I always like to recommend. That is going to give you the best of both worlds. It's going to adjust each shock absorber individually, not only giving you a smoother ride, but also tightening up the suspension during heavy cornering. Again, giving you the best of both worlds. So that is one I would definitely recommend. You're not going to be able to get it with this particular configuration that we have today. But for the F sport, it's there for you. But anyways, overall, as far as ride quality goes, it's perfectly fine. Honestly, even without that adaptive damping suspension, it is soaking up Pennsylvania's road imperfections quite nicely, I will say that. As far as steering feel goes, like I said previously, it depends on which driving mode that you put it in. I'm still in that sport driving mode just because I love that heavier weight to the steering. And if you guys wanted to see what the turning radius is actually like, I always like to do that right at this particular spot here. It's not too bad. It's pretty much average for this segment. So sometimes I get stuck there with that turn, but with this one, I was perfectly fine. So no issues there. As far as cabin noise goes, it is a Lexus. It is what you would expect a Lexus to be. I have been above 50 miles per hour already. There wasn't a whole lot of exterior wind noise coming into the cabin. So as far as cabin noise goes, it is definitely a Serene cabin. So no issues there for me. And touching on visibility, I can see perfectly fine out the back as you would expect from an SUV with this shape. But not only that, rain sensing windshield wipers coming standard on the RX350, meaning whenever this thing detects any kind of mist or rainfall, it's gonna automatically turn on this windshield wipers for us. That's definitely a big plus there. And yet again, when it comes to visibility, I am looking at a head up display. It's giving me actually a little compass. It's giving me safety information. It's giving me the speed limit of any given road that I am currently on and is also giving me my current speed as well. I gotta say it's one of the higher definition head up displays and it's quite large as well. So very crystal clear. I'm definitely loving that. It helps you better keep your eyes on the road. But that about wraps up the performance segment of this review guys. Let's now go ahead and take a look at the exterior of our brand new 2022 Lexus RX350. All right, so here she is you guys. The new 2022 Lexus RX350 finished in eminent white pearl. In case anybody was curious of our exterior color name. Let's go ahead and start up front on this one. Of course, F-Sport specific front fascia and front grille. If you were to go with that F-Sport trim level that we do not have today, but either way Lexus spindle front grille will come standard across the board, surrounded in a chrome perimeter. Of course to the sides, LED headlights coming standard as well with the automatic feature, meaning when it starts to get dark at night, there's headlights will turn on automatically for you there. LED daytime running lights also coming standard and automatic high beams then as well. But I did want to mention an option for you guys. LED triple beam headlights going for $1,675 is an option. We do have that option. So we did want to mention that to you guys today. You can see that they actually do come with the auto leveling feature as well. So that is definitely a big plus too. LED fog lights and cornering function all the way down below there. And you can find some front air curtains to the sides there as well, helping direct air around the wheel and tire combination of course, but gloss black front splitter then coming with the black line addition. And we actually do have that black line addition package here today so you guys can see that gloss black front splitter there. So definitely gives it a nice little added touch, but that pretty much rounds out the front end of this one. Let's now go ahead and make our way to the side of the RX. All right, so now since we are around to the side of this one, aluminum roof rails coming with the black line and it is going to be optional then otherwise. So therefore we do of course have those. Chrome window surrounds do come standard and then you guys can see the floating roof line towards the C pillar of the RX there. Body color, power adjustable side mirrors do also come standard. They do also come with auto dimming and they will be heated with LED integrated turn signals then as well. And since we have the black line of course, we do have them finished in a gloss black color. So that's why we got that. But anyways, let's now go ahead and take a look at the wheel configuration. 18 inch split five spoke alloys coming with the base setup. 20 inch F sport specific, 10 spoke alloys coming with the F sport and 20 inch black alloys then coming with the black line. And so that last option there is what you guys are currently looking at. Definitely a very nice wheel look to this one, but pretty much rounds out the side. Let's now go ahead and make our way to the back of the RX. And so now since we are around to the back here, body colored shark fin antenna all the way to the top just below that rear spoiler with it integrated brake light just below that rear window wiper and that rear window wiper actually, it's not gonna be found on the rear glass. It's actually going to be tucked away underneath. Let's see if I can show you guys. Just trust me, it's under there. I don't know if you can see it or not, but it is under there. LED tail lights, if you were to go with the LED triple beam headlight package that is how you're going to go ahead and get those LED tail lights.  So you guys can see that in the middle there. And just to the sides, integrated dual exhaust outlets with chrome tips. I always love when the exhaust is integrated into the rear bumper. It's definitely a very high end luck like we have here on the RX.  I just noticed that since we had the black line. So that's pretty cool. But anyways, back to the exhaust, as always, I think you guys know what we have to do next here is that exhaust clip. All right, so now since we are around back here of the RX, when it comes to opening that rear tailgate there's a power tailgate with the kick sensor that is a $150 option if you wanted to go that route. There is a button on the key fob that is one way there's a button on the tailgate itself. And like I said, there is a power tailgate with the kick sensor if you wanted to splurge an extra $150. Anyways, once opened up behind that second row it's going to come in at 16 cubic feet even with those rear seats folded down because there's a 40, 20, 40 split that is going to bump that up to 32.7 cubic feet. So not a ton of space for an SUV but I will say there is a ton of stuff going on in that cargo area. And the reason I say that you do have cargo lighting but not just regular halogen lighting you have LED cargo lighting, that's pretty cool. Grocery bag hooks you can find back there there are tie down anchors as well. There is a rear cargo cover to kind of protect or hide whatever you have in that cargo area that is pretty cool. There is a little bit of in-floor storage if you lift up underneath of that cargo floor but most of it's actually taken up by the spare tire so you do have a spare tire as opposed to the fix of flat under there. But there is a little bit of storage back there so that's pretty cool and there is a 12-volt power outlet then back there as well. So pretty much everything you could possibly need in the cargo area of an SUV but then making our way up to the rear legroom that is going to come in at an even 38 inches. So for reference I'm in even six feet tall. This is how much space I have back there. There is a rear center armrest with cup holders for those rear passengers. Of course rear ventilation as well there are actually two USB charging ports you don't always get that in SUV. So I want to specify that as well. Do want to also mention though, heated second row seats are optional for that base setup or the F-sport whichever one you end up going with. Every window sunshades are actually also going to be optional but we do not have them today so I cannot show them to you guys but overall rear seats are done plenty good but then making our way up to the front seats power adjustable front seats with a new Luxe finish coming standard memory settings for the F-sport and black line trim levels. That is pretty cool for up to three different drivers. A lot of times you'll find two different memory settings but this one actually has three. So that's pretty cool. Heated and ventilated front seats go for $640. That is an option we do have them today so that is definitely very nice because it is 82 degrees out here in Pennsylvania so it's kind of on the hotter side of things. F-sport specific seats with enhanced bolstering for the F-sport trim. Those are my favorite seats to date in existence out of the last 600 plus vehicles that I've experienced and driven. Those seats are still my favorite to date so well done Lexus for creating those F-sport seats. These aren't bad that we have today but they're not F-sport seats I'll say that but anyways seating was still plenty comfortable though I'll say that but then taking a look at the steering wheel one of my favorite parts here I'll tell you why. Tilt and telescoping it is actually power adjustable that comes standard across the board so that's pretty cool. With the black line trim or package that we have today it's a heated wood and leather combination steering wheel so you got the wood at the top and also in the bottom two corners and then leather to the left and the right. I love this setup. I remember the Lexus IS350 that I drove not too long ago had the same steering wheel setup so I just love it. It's the wood steering wheel so freaking cold but anyways perforated leather finish then goes for $150 if you wanted to go that route. Then making our way to the startup let me first start by showing you guys the key here is you have your Lexus logo on the one side then when you flip it over lock unlock and that button to pop the rear tailgate but it is all keyless entry with a push button start so all I'm going to do here simply leave the key in my pocket put my foot on the brake and press that engine start button located just by the driver's right knee and so but then once started up tachometer is on your left speedometer is on your right there is a small digital display front and center to control what is on that digital display there are steering wheel mounted controls found on the right side of the steering wheel. Of course you can check out your driving modes they are gonna be displayed up on that digital portion as well but you can also check out how many miles you have left until you hit empty which apparently is telling us 420 miles left right now that's a decent amount of range also trip A trip B of course there's gonna be ego indicator tire pressure information there's a compass audio settings when you need your next oil change the list goes on pretty much everything you possibly need up there but then making our way to overall interior quality power moon roof is going to come standard on the black line but I will say there is a panorama glass roof that goes for $1850 that is an option and we do have that option today so that is allowing that moon roof to go all the way into the back seat so that's letting in so much more light from my video here today so I'm appreciative anyways black headliner coming with the F sport but we do have this white light headliner and it is so soft another one of the first things I noticed when I got in this one this is a super soft headliner just kinda wanna like rub it while I'm driving but not really cause that wouldn't be safe but it is super soft I just wanted to make that point overhead sunglass holder is going to come standard across the board LED ambient interior lighting coming with the F sport trim that's pretty cool dual zone climb control coming standard of course aluminum trim accents coming with the F sport walnut trim coming with the black line that is pretty cool you guys can see that walnut trim on the doors as well as the steering wheel aluminum foot pedals coming for the F sport trim level only wireless phone charger is a $200 option but we do have it that's located just in front of the shifter there also just in front of the shifter you do have dual USB charging ports 12 volt power outlet a little slot to put your cell phone in if you do not want to wirelessly charge it there's an electromechanical parking brake and actually just in front of the shifter is where you're gonna find your heated and ventilated seat buttons if you were to go without package as well just to the right of the shifter you have dual cup holders and then the touch pad controller which we'll get to when we get to the tech drive mode buttons like I said and then within the center armrest decent amount of storage but there's a little tray up there as well as a 12 volt power outlet and then two more USB charging ports as well as an auxiliary port then as well so overall as far as interior quality goes a heck of a lot of very soft touch finishes including on the doors the armrests here on the doors also the armrest in the middle is very soft and squishy which I like good places to rest your elbow also just above the gauges here I like the little stitching and the soft touch material there there's an auto-dimming rear view mirror with homely control so up to three different garage doors and of course you got your old school fancy Lexus clock front and center so that is pretty cool as well overall it's finished like a luxury vehicle without a doubt it's finished like a Lexus so definitely very impressed there but now let's go ahead and make our way to the tech because this is gonna be good I never used to be able to say that about Lexus but Lexus has really turned up the volume when it comes to the tech here's why eight inch color touch screen display does come standard but the one that we have today and the really good one is going to be the 12.3 inch color touch screen display by the way that goes for $2,285 that comes with the navigation package and there's a navigation and Mark Levinson package as well which actually is the one we have today and Mark Levinson is the sound system which we're gonna test out here in a second but either way you still get Bluetooth and audio streaming for both configurations you still get Android Auto and Apple CarPlay for both configurations however I do wish it was wireless you still have to connect your phone via USB cable but still at least you got it factory navigation system again goes for $2,285 you can check out your climate control settings up there and of course your radio information and so when it comes to the speakers here on the RX 350 nine speaker configuration is going to come standard but like I said we have the optional Mark Levinson sound system which comes with navigation in the bigger screen that goes for $3,365 that gives you 15 speakers and 835 watts so having said that I do believe you guys know what we have to do next let's go ahead and turn on the radio see what we got playing today and let's test out the clarity of this one it's very good it's very good without a doubt the clarity is really what puts Mark Levinson over the top comparatively speaking to the other sound systems that I've tested that clarity on that Mark Levinson is amazing of course bass is plenty good as well but that is a brilliant sound system for the RX without a doubt but last thing I wanted to mention to you guys on the NFC Tamant screen at least is when you do put the RX in reverse you of course will find the rear view camera coming standard across the board a couple different views as well at the bottom it is a touch screen so you can adjust that if you wanted to but there is a panoramic view monitor that goes for $1,365 so that's available as well but as always that is going to lead us into safety and so let me first start by saying IIHS top safety pick for the RX which pretty much says it all right there front side side curtain airbags do come standard driver and passenger knee airbags as well you don't always get that in the back you're gonna have latch aka lower anchors and tethers for children for the rear car seats rear child door locks, tire pressure monitoring system but more of the exciting safety features are going to include and by the way this comes standard pre-collision system with pedestrian detection lane trace assist, lane departure alert with steering assist, road sign assist dynamic radar cruise control I love that feature blind spot monitoring system with rear cross traffic alert then as well which is a little car icons in the side mirrors so you don't turn into anyone in your blind spot on the highway but overall when it comes to my final thoughts here of the RX 350 great reliability most comfortable seats in existence if you go with the F Sport trim level as well very smooth ride on this one amazing sound system with the Mark Levinson sound system that we had here today as well as far as room for improvement goes the wireless Android Auto Apple Car Apply I think it's what's next overall for Toyota and Lexus they haven't really done that yet which a lot of other manufacturers are so that's one thing also this gauge cluster is a little bit old school wouldn't have minded if they added maybe even an optional digital gauge cluster to this thing so that's what everybody else is doing right now BMW, Mercedes Benz and so on so anyways that's my two cents but that is about it for this one you guys thank you so much for watching feel free to follow me on social media at the bottom of the screen if you wanted to see what's coming next on the channel before it actually gets to YouTube be sure to hit the subscribe and the bell notification button if you're into new car reviews that is what we do here on this channel after all do appreciate you guys watching more than you know I will see you guys all in the next video stay gold