Ladies and gentlemen, next week, Thursday, August 24th, Dragnet will be heard one hour earlier at 9 p.m. Eastern Daylight Saving Time. The story you are about to hear is true. Only the names have been changed to protect the innocent. Fatima Cigarettes. Best of all long cigarettes brings you Dragnet.  You're assigned to Juvenile Bureau. A vicious case of wanton and willful destruction of private property occurs in your city. Suspicion points to a juvenile. Your job. Find him. If you want a long cigarette, smoke the best of all long cigarettes. Smoke extra mild Fatima. Yes, Fatima is the king-size cigarette which contains the finest Turkish and domestic tobaccos superbly blended to make it extra mild. To give Fatima a much different, much better flavor and aroma than any other long cigarette. That's why Fatima has more than doubled its smokers coast to coast.  Best of all long cigarettes. It's wise to smoke extra mild Fatima. It's wise to smoke extra mild Fatima. Dragnet. The documented drama of an actual crime. For the next 30 minutes in cooperation with the Los Angeles Police Department, you will travel step by step of an actual crime. For the next 30 minutes in cooperation with the Los Angeles Police Department, you will travel step by step on the side of the law through an actual case from official police files. From beginning to end, from crime to punishment, Dragnet is the story of your police force in action. It was Tuesday, April 10th. It was cool in Los Angeles. We were working the day watch out at Juvenile Bureau. My partner's Ben Romero. The boss is Inspector Bowling. My name's Friday. It was 9.35 a.m. when we got to 13.35 Georgia Street, Captain's office. I won't ask you to sit down. We're not going to be here that long. You sound mad. Hit your hats. Not with you. Where's the car? Right out front. All right. What's up? A rotten mess. We got in the car and drove south in figure oil. We got to West 103rd Street. According to Inspector Bowling's directions, we turned right and went about four miles.  On the right side, going in, was a neighborhood jeweler's shop. We could see him working in the window. Over the door of the office on the left was a lawyer's shingle. The gold lettering was new. It's this way. Lawyer's up. That's right. Name's Paul Wilson. It's me, Mr. Wilson. Oh. Come in, Inspector Bowling. Mr. Wilson, this is Sergeant Friday. I'm a marrow juvenile detail. I'm assigning them this case. Thank you, sir. All right. All right. Look at it. Just look at it. Look at that, Joe. Yeah. Paint. It's all over everything. Look at that leather chair. It's ruined. The desk smeared with the stuff. Green paint. Yeah. It looks like they threw it on the mop, doesn't it? The rug soaked with it, the walls. Look, Joe. They even got the clock. Yeah. Take a good look. Remember it when you tag whoever did it. These are your law books, Mr. Wilson? Yes, sir. I didn't have to do this. Ford paint all over them? Yes, sir. When did all this happen? Some time last night. I found it this way when I came in this morning. Any idea who did it? That's why he called us, and we're going to find out. I don't know who'd want to do a thing like this. Just opened my office three days ago, just hung out my shingle. You just started practicing laws, didn't you? Yes, sir. Graduated from Loyola University Extension Division. Looking for office space for a long time. Is there anything taken? No.  Undoubtedly a kid. That's pretty vicious for a kid. Can you think of any enemies that you might have had, Mr. Wilson? No, sir. No one would do a thing like this. I can't understand it. There's no reason for it that I can think of. The crime report shows they got in the back door. Is that right, Mr. Wilson? Can you come back here? I'll show you. Okay. Here it is, right here. See, this used to be the kitchen when this was a flat. I was going to put a hot plate in here for coffee. All right. You can see where they cut through the screen door. It's all right. It's been checked. Okay. Oh, yeah. Yeah, I see. Mm-hmm. Any passkey would fit the inside door here. Yes, sir, that's right. You can follow the trail of that green paint right from this door all the way through the house. Yeah.  You know of any cleaners that handle things like this? We're not allowed to recommend anybody, Mr. Wilson. If you have somebody in mind, we'd be happy to call them for you. Thank you. I appreciate it. I was going to make some calls, but I haven't got my phone installed yet. Estimated damage about $1,800. Is that all right? That's what I figured, yes. My law books are over $600 alone. Borrowed the money from the bank for the furniture. You haven't noticed any kids in the neighborhood? None of them around while you were moving in? No, I didn't see any. I moved everything in myself, run the trailer, made several trips to get it all over here. I guess that was a silly thing to do. Why? Well, a store where I bought the furniture said they'd deliver it. I couldn't wait to see everything in. First office, you know. Yeah, we understand. Well, like I said, I made several trips with the trailer, and I didn't lock the office each time I left. Didn't figure it was necessary. I fell across the hall with jewelry, said he'd keep an eye on things for me. But you did lock up last night, didn't you? Oh, yes. As soon as I was moved in, I locked the place at all times when I wasn't here. That's it. I'm going to get right on it. I don't have to tell you again. I want a fast answer. Where do we start? With an empty paper can. Before we left, Attorney Paul Wilson only took a sample scraping of the green paint to serve as a color check. We started a canvas in the neighborhood, door to door. We covered the area for a radius of six blocks, questing the residents and checking out the youngsters. We failed to come up with anything. We figured another good angle was to try the schools in the area. We checked on the students who had been in any kind of trouble involving malicious pranks.  We looked them all over thoroughly for any evidences of paint of any kind on their person or on their clothing. The few leads we found led nowhere. After a week without success, we went back and rechecked the neighborhood. The paint stores to see if anyone had bought any green paint, or if anyone they might have forgotten to tell us about the first time through. No leads. Monday, April 18th, Ben and I stopped for a coke at a hot dog stand in the corner of 103rd and Oakview Avenue. A couple of coke, please. You want to help yourselves, then? Yeah, okay. Here's one. I don't see any more. There's one land on the side. No, no, over there by the grape. Oh, yeah. Let me get it for you. Oh, thanks. Here you are. Good. This is the time I think of that boy's office. It makes me sick. Well, if we could just get some kind of a lead. Anything for a start. Pardon me. I'd be satisfied. There's nothing to work on. It's like stabbing in the dark. Joe. Yeah? Look down the street there. This is Tin Can Day. Everybody's got them set out in front of their houses. That's worth a try in it. Let's try a place across the street and work down the block. All right. Come on. I had a cousin move down from San Francisco. It took him almost a year to get used to this Tin Can system here in L.A. Is that so?  Tin Can's an O. Oh, I didn't know that. Yeah, sure. Tads, my cousin never could get used to putting cans out. The backyard was full of them boys. The wife reminded me to put them out. Garbage kind of piled up, too. I wouldn't pick it up with a Tin Can's in it. I won't check these here. All right. Don't see any paint cans. No, none here either. How about those down there? Okay. Let's go. I'll get this box. I wonder if this is any good. What's that? Prune juice. See a lot of empty bottles. Any paint cans? No. Let's go. That's the way it went. Block after block, house after house.  Found a few paint cans, none of them the right color, or any combinations that would go together to make the right color. It was a tiring job, but we figured it was at least a place to start. Sure, a lot of cans here. I might be a new bride, man. No, no, no. You find anything? No, it's here. How about this? Huh? This one. One gallon can. Green. Let's ask. Police officers, ma'am. This empty paint can belonged to you. You can have it if you want. We threw it out. Do you have any children here, ma'am? Yes, a boy. How old is he? One year. Would you mind telling us what this paint was used for? We just moved here. He's earned a lot by throwing out the paint cans. Oh, no, ma'am. We're investigating a case. Just like to know what this paint was used for. Did old man Boone send you over? Make it fine. Mr. Boone, the man we rented this house from? No, ma'am. I thought maybe it was him. He said we couldn't do any painting inside. We don't know anything about that. You sure? I don't trust him. No, ma'am. You say the paint was used to redecorate? Yes, come in. I'll show you. Oh, thank you. Yeah. Carlos did. My husband. I told him he should have waited till Sunday. Mm-hmm. Whose idea was it to paint the bathtub? Carlos. He's going to night school learning English. The teacher told him the best way to learn was to speak it around the house. Yes. It's better for the little one, too. Well, anyway, Carlos gets paid on Saturday night. Then he stops at the little place where the fellow works and has a little drink. He gets his paycheck cash there. Mm-hmm. When he came home, he said he was going to paint the bathroom for me. This is not a little good. I was in the kitchen and I yelled to him to paint around the top. Around the top, I said. Yeah. Like I said, he doesn't know English too good yet. We have a green tub. I see. Well, thank you. He's going to clean the tub next Saturday. We use the shower. Painter that, too, didn't he? Well, thank you very much, ma'am. We're sorry. I do disturb you. Well, that's all right. I'm worried about next Saturday night. Why is that? He's not telling what he's going to do with that bent remover. 4.30 p.m. We were no closer to finding out who spread that painter on the attorney's office than when we started. We continued checking the neighborhood, but we found nothing. A few minutes before 5, we got a call to check back in with Inspector Bowling. You doing any good out there? Nothing at all. Well, we had a little action, a new one. Now, what's that? It came in about an hour ago. Somebody poured kerosene on three palm trees and set them on fire. Three trees, three different blocks. Yeah. Kept the fire department busy, tied up the traffic for several hours. I've sent additional juvenile cars out there to cover happening in the same general area as the paint job. And he leaves. Now, anyone who moves smear paint over an office might set a palm tree on fire. Same type of gag. Delicious, Mr. I think there's a connection between the two. Well, it's anybody's guess. Paint routine's a new one, so's the palm trees. They're both one-time only shots. Maybe the two connect somewhere along the line. Well, maybe. Well, it's got to stop. We can't even find a place to begin. We've tried everything we know. Starting again tomorrow. It isn't going to make that young lawyer feel any better. Yep. Who? Are you taking down to the detention room? He doesn't. All right, I'll see him. Yeah, right now. 16-year-old boy out there says he's got to see me. He's like, talked to him alone? No, it's all right. Tuesday. Come in. You're the chief? My name's Bowling, juvenile bureau. Yeah. Could I talk to you alone? Well, these officers work with me.  I guess so. Well, come on over here. You want to sit down, son? I'd rather stand if it's okay. All right, what's on your mind? I want to confess. What do you want to confess, son? I murdered somebody. You are listening to Dragnet, actual case histories taken from official police files. If you smoke a long cigarette, it will be in your interest to listen to these case histories taken from the file marked Fatima. On this card, reporter Lee Silver's statement. I need an extra mild cigarette. No other long cigarette I've tried is as mild as Fatima. Here is nurse Shirley Gilman's statement. When I go off duty, I appreciate a mild cigarette. Fatimas are extra mild. I can enjoy them more. On this card, the statement by drama critic Richard Watts Jr. Anyone can tell Fatima contains the finest tobaccos. Its extra mild has a much better flavor. All agree, it's wise to smoke extra mild Fatima. And that's what more and more smokers are discovering every day. Yes, actual figures show extra mild Fatima has more than doubled its smokers coast to coast.  You'll agree. It's wise to smoke extra mild Fatima. It's wise to smoke extra mild Fatima. Best of all, long cigarettes. Next week, Thursday, August 24th, Dragnet will be heard one hour earlier at 9 p.m. Eastern Daylight Saving Time. 6 p.m. Monday, April 18th. The boy identified himself as Arnold Waterman, gave his ages 16. He told us that two days before, at 98th Street and 2nd Avenue, he'd shot a man to death and hidden his body in the basement of a house. He was taken to the interrogation room where a police stenographer took his statement. Specter Bowling sent Ben and I out to check his story. 9.30 p.m., we drove back to Georgia Street, Juvenile and went to the interrogation room. Arnold? Yes, sir? Well, these two men have been out at 98th Street and 2nd Avenue checking your story. Do you find the body? Well, there's no body out there. There should be. I put it in the cellar. There's no house out there. It's a vacant lot. We checked all the houses near there.  Of course I'm sure. I stole a gun. I shot him three times in the back. What'd you do with the gun? I threw it in Westlake Park. Where? In the water. I rented a boat and rode out to the middle. That's where I threw it in. Why did you kill the man? I don't know. I didn't like him.  There's nothing to back up your story. There's not an ounce of truth in it. How do you know you haven't found the body? Just wait. You'll find it and then you'll see. I killed him already. Will you show us where you hid the body? Why should I? I told you you can find it. These men have gone over that entire area thoroughly. There's nobody out there and you know it. You cops are funny. When somebody won't admit a murder, you keep asking questions until they do. I'm telling you, I murdered somebody and you keep trying to talk me out of it. If we can find one shred of proof, we might go along with you. You can't be convicted without proof. How much do you need? You've got my confession. I offered to sign it. They wouldn't let me. What more do you need? We need a victim, Ronald. If you knew where to look, you could find it. We've looked every place you told us to. You're lying to us, son. Why? I never liked the old man. I hated his wife. I killed her, too. I wasn't going to tell you that. Where do you go to school? I quit school to sell papers. I had to support my mother. Where's your father? I don't know him. My mother wouldn't tell me. That's where I met the old man I killed, selling papers. He was my boss. None of us liked him. Nobody had the nerve to do it but me. The rest of the guys were scared but not me. What was the old man's name? You can't think of it right now. He was your boss. He never told us his name. We just worked for him. Where'd you sell papers? I don't remember. I had to sell papers. We were going hungry. I couldn't stand to see my mother starve. Couldn't your father work? I don't know where he is. I told you that. We tried to get on relief. They wouldn't let us. I made a lot of money selling papers. After a while, we didn't need relief anymore. I made $100 a week. Why are you lying to us, son? Do you think I'm lying?  We have nothing to hold you for. You can go home. Not until I have a trial. I already called a lawyer. He'll be over pretty soon. I've sent for your mother, Arnold.  I didn't want her to know anything about this. I may have to go to the gas chamber. It'll make her feel bad. You shouldn't have called her. It's no use. Let's go back to the office. His mother ought to be there by now. All right. Primero, you want to stay with the boy? All right. You better go out and find that body. Come on, Joe. I killed that old man. You can't say I didn't.  Looks that way. Probably an inferiority complex. This is the way of making himself important. We all know he didn't kill anybody, but I wonder if he's got something else in his mind. How do you do? You're Mrs. Waterman? Yes. Inspector Bowling? Yes, ma'am. This is Sergeant Friday. How do you do, ma'am? How do you do? I have to excuse my appearance. I slept a little late today. We've got your boy down the hall. He's all right. Trying to get us to swallow a few tall stories. He's like that. What did he tell you? He tried to give us a story about killing somebody. Well, I'm not surprised. This isn't the first time. I never understand that kid. Has your boy ever been in an institution, Mrs. Waterman? No, he's not bad. He just likes to lie all the time.  Went to his high school principal the other day. Told him his father and I beat him. We wouldn't give him any lunch money. Where is your husband? He has a newspaper concession when the railroad trains. How often is he home? Once a week. Sometimes every two weeks. It's the only business he knows. Yes, ma'am. Maybe that's the reason the kid's away is. My mom always used to tell me a kid needs his father. Still, whenever my hubby's home, he always does the right thing. Arnold started telling me he's lied a long time ago. Ever since his father found out, he catches it. What do you mean? Good strapping.  His father knows how to handle him. Whenever he lies, he takes a strap to him. You think that's the best way to handle him? Don't you? Well, you know what you're doing, Mr. Waterman. He's your son.  No, not at all. Well, that boy needs care and he needs it bad. A strap's not the answer. He needs attention, good supervision, and a lot of companionship. I'm not conducting a class in child psychology, but care for that boy of yours. Care for him before the state has to. It's just those stories he hits. That's what's wrong with him. He came home the other night with a wildest tale I ever heard. Yes, ma'am. He said he threw green paint all over somebody's office. Ben and I drove out to the Waterman home. We checked through the boy's belongings. His mother showed us his room. In his closet, we found a pair of corduroy trousers, a white t-shirt, and other articles of his clothing spattered with the same shade of green paint that had been found in the office in furnishings of Attorney Paul Wilson. We asked him his Waterman where his son Arnold was on Sunday night, April 9th, the night that the office had been broken into and smeared with paint. She told us she didn't know, that he came home that night with paint on his clothing. Ben and I went back to the office where we found an application for a petition and detention. Section 700, sub-MWIC, a malicious mischief, one count. Two days later, in juvenile court, the calendar was called. Arnold Waterman's name was first on the list. The judge, the subject, and all those concerned in the case retired to the judge's private chambers. Ben and I, Arnold Waterman and his mother. The subject was informed of his constitutional rights and Judge Frank J. Smith read the findings of our investigation. Now, and the ledgers in this petition at an April 9th at approximately 8.30 p.m., you entered the office of Attorney Paul Wilson at 9218 West 103rd Street, where you willfully and without Mr. Wilson's permission did maliciously damage his office to the extent of approximately $1,800 by pouring paint over his rugs, furniture, books, and other articles in his offices. Is this to Arnold? Yes, sir. Did you know Mr. Wilson? No. I don't like to know why you did that. I felt like it. You have to give me a better answer than that, young sir. That's the best I can do. That's good enough, isn't it? No, it isn't good enough. We have a courtroom full of boys outside who probably want to be helped, and we're going to try to help them. We can't help you unless you want to be helped. You don't want to help me. You don't believe anything I tell you. Officer Friday. Yes, Your Honor. You and Officer Romero investigated this case from its inception? We did. As a result of your investigation, what's your opinion of this boy's truthfulness? Well, Your Honor, I think I can speak for Officer Romero here as well. In all our talks with the boy and our observations of him, it's our opinion for what it's worth.  Basically, he seems to have the makings of a good youngster. His environment's bad. Seems to have very little, if any, parental guidance. Tells lies, Your Honor. Lots of them. That seems to be everyone's opinion. It's not mine. If you'd spend more time trying to find out if I'm lying instead of trying to put me on the spot, you'd earn your money. Your stories have been thoroughly investigated and double-checked by competent police officers. There is absolutely no basis of truth in anything you've said.  Do you hear me? Young man. Sit down in that chair. We review a great many juvenile cases here in my private chambers, but that does not all of the fact that you are in the court of law. You will lower your voice, speak in a gentlemanly fashion and tell the truth. Does that understand? Yes, sir. Mrs. Waterman, could you give this court any reason for your son's behavior? It's a mystery to me, Judge. Fred, that's his father. He can't understand it either. He's always lied. His father beats him for it. I guess he'll always lie. That's all you can say on your son's behavior? What else is there to say?  I'm going to ask you once more. Why did you sneer paint all over Attorney Paul Wilson's office? I didn't like him. Why didn't you like him? I didn't like him, that's all. Tall, skinny, funny-looking guy. You mean you destroyed his property because you didn't like his looks? Something like that. He was cheap. I saw him moving in. He had a trailer. He was moving his own stuff in. Why didn't he hire a mover like everybody else? I don't like cheap people. You know anything about this man, Wilson? No. Why? Business was it of yours, whether or not Mr. Wilson decided to move his own furniture. Do you know that he's a young man, not much older than you, just graduated from law school, took a lot of time, took a lot of his money, money that he earned to put himself through school, and you sit there and mere sketch of a boy passing judgment on a fine young man like Paul, isn't it? And, boy, let me tell you something. I don't know if you're a God-fearing lad or not, but you'd better fall on your knees and ask forgiveness and hope that somebody hears you, that he hasn't lost patience with you. You'd better raise up those sights of yours, lad, and pray for forgiveness. Hope those tears mean something to you. Now, do you have anything to say before I pass judgment on this case? Yes, sir, I have. I'd like to tell you about something else I did. There were some palm trees out there. I put kerosene on them and set them on fire. Oh, it's Friday. Would you know anything about this? Yes, Your Honor. That checks with the reports. Any property damage? No, Your Honor. Kept the fire department pretty busy. It's about all.  I just made that up. Yes, we know, Your Honor. Do you have anything else to add? This is one of them. No. I don't know what else you can do with a kid. I'm glad it's somebody else's problem. According to the findings of the probationary officers and the investigating officers and what I've heard and observed in these chambers, I have no alternative but to remove this boy from his present home and environment and place him in a foster home where he will receive closer supervision in the care that he requires. Does that meet with your approval, Mrs. Warman? It's fine with me, Judge. Fred and I can hardly make ends meet now, and it's a shame to waste what money we have on this kid. It's all I can do to squeeze out the new clothes I need. Then you approve this plan. I can't wait to tell Fred. Well, when you tell Fred, you can also tell him the taxpayers are not going to assume the burden of the mistakes that you and your husband lavished on this boy. What do you mean, Judge? Expensive placing the boy in this foster home comes the amount of $35 a month. You and your husband will pay this sum. The law covers that. It's an awful lot of money. The payment will be due on the first day of each month. You will meet this requirement at the contempt of court. I'm only sorry that's as far as the law goes. The laws of the state of California do not make the parents responsible for the thoughts of their children unless contributory negligence can be proven. In my eyes, it is contributory negligence on your part. Not unfortunately, it cannot be proven. Any faults that this boy may have are yours. You as a parent are responsible. We did the best we could in raising the kid. Madam, you didn't raise him. I didn't raise him. The story you have just heard was true. Only the names were changed to protect the innocent. On April 18th, the hearing was held in the private chambers of Judge Frank J. Smith, juvenile court, city and county of Los Angeles, state of California. You have just heard the results of that hearing. And now, here is our star, Jack Webb. Thank you. The working detective in the process of apprehending criminals devotes his full time and energy to the job. He is a very patient. So, with a cigarette, the makers of Fatima cigarettes employ these same qualities in blending the finest Turkish and domestic tobaccos to make Fatima extra mild. Best of all, long cigarettes.  You'll find as I have that every pack is extra mild. Smoke Fatima. Next week, Thursday, August 24th, Dragnet will be heard one hour earlier, at 9 p.m. Eastern Daylight Saving Time. You have just heard Dragnet, a series of authentic cases from official files. Technical Advice for Dragnet comes from the Office of Chief of Police W.A. Parker, Los Angeles Police Department. Fatima cigarettes, the best of all, long cigarettes has brought you Dragnet from Los Angeles. Now, here's Sarah's private caper. September 7th, it's Father Knows Best on NBC.


These students, in this topic, we shall take an overview of the elementary systems found in animals. The elementary systems are involved in procuring food and converting it into a usable form by the cells of the animal body. Both these processes of procuring and digesting or converting it are known as nutrition. The major steps of animal nutrition include digestion, digestion of the ingested food products, and absorption of digested food products or products of digestion. Number three, the ingestion or removal of indigestible parts of the food and undigested waste products. There are two major types of elementary systems which are observed in all animal kingdom. The first elementary system is a simple sack like gastro vascular cavity, while the second type of elementary system which is found in most of the animals is a tubular elementary canal also known as the gut. These students, the simple sack like gastro vascular cavity is the characteristic feature of nideria. It has a single opening which is called mouth. This mouth serves for the ingestion or intake of food as well as it serves for the ingestion or removal of indigestible wastes. The tubular elementary canal is found in complex bilateral animals. This tube is a hollow tubular cavity which is open at both ends. This sack like is not open at both ends, the sack is always open on one side and close on the other. But the tube is open at both ends, the first opening is called mouth which is for ingestion or intake of food, while the second opening is called anus which is for ingestion. This type of tubular digestive tract which has two openings is a complete digestive tract or an elementary canal or gut, these students. The elementary canal or complete digestive tract has certain advantages for the animals. It increases the efficiency of digestive and absorptive processes. It also allows unidirectional flow of food contents through the digestive tract. This type of elementary canal or elementary system also allows regional specialization for different types of digestive actions. These students in your regional specialization elementary canal this helps in various functions related to digestion that is mechanical, chemical and bacterial treatment of food in special regions of the elementary canal. The second major function is absorption of products of digestion is done in special regions and the storage of undigested waste materials is also carried out or takes place in special regions of the elementary canal. This is known as regional specialization.


And here we go. Hello and welcome. My name is Shannon Kemp and I'm the Chief Digital Manager of Data Diversity. We would like to thank you for joining the latest in the Monthly Webinar Series, Advanced Analytics with William McKnight. Today, William will be discussing embedded data science trends and databases at the edge. Just a couple of points to get us started. Due to the large number of people that attend these sessions, he will be muted during the webinar. For questions, we will be collecting them via the Q&A in the bottom right hand corner of your screen. Or if you'd like to tweet, we encourage you to share highlights or questions by Twitter using hashtag ADV Analytics. And if you'd like to chat with us or with each other, we certainly encourage you to do so. Just click the chat icon in the bottom middle of your screen for that feature. And if you'd like to continue the conversation after the webinar, you can follow William and each other at community.dataversity.net. And as always, we will send a follow-up email with a two business days containing links to the slides, the recording of the session, and additional information requested throughout the webinar. Now, let me introduce to you our series speaker for today, William McKnight. William is the president of McKnight Consulting Group. He takes corporate information and turns it into a bottom line producing asset. He's worked at major companies worldwide, 15 of the global 2000, and many others. McKnight Consulting Group focuses on delivering business value and solving business problems, utilizing COVID and streamlined approaches in information management. His teams have won several best practice competitions for their implementations, and he has been helping companies adopt big data solutions. And with that, I will give the floor to William to get today's webinar started. Hello and welcome. Hello. Hello, Shannon and everyone. Thank you, Shannon, for that introduction. And welcome, everybody, to Embedded Data Science. That is the topic for this month's Advanced Analytics Series. Before we begin, I want to share my excitement that Advanced Analytics will be continuing in 2020. And it will be at the same time every month as right now. So keep on coming back for those of you that just tuned into a webinar and wondering what I'm talking about. This is actually a monthly series. And so far, it's been me giving presentations, and I've certainly enjoyed that. We might shake the format up a bit, though, and occasionally bring in some outside experts to provide some more information to you on the subjects of advanced analytics. Speaking of that, in the next couple of weeks, I owe Shannon my list of topics for 2020. So if you have ideas, things in my wheelhouse, of course, feel free to send them my way. And maybe you are the expert that wants to be on the show here with me. Let me know that as well. Also, I want to let you know that Dataversity is sponsoring enterprise analytics. Yes, that's right. Online, October 23rd. So come on out to that from your desk, from your home, wherever you may be. I will be speaking on data platforms. You can find more at Dataversity's website on that. So with that, let's launch into the topic of embedded data science. I've been talking about databases, big databases, small databases, databases outside the organization, the many different forms of databases inside the organization all in this series. And I got to round that out by talking about a very important emerging trend. And that is databases at the edge, databases on small devices, so tiny databases. And you might think, well, William, that's a software industry topic. Yes, it is. But many enterprises today are building applications. Many are building mobile applications and many are embracing this idea of embedded data science, data at the edge. And many enterprises today are claiming to be software companies no matter what they do, you know, insurance or finance or healthcare, what have you and seeking those valuations to along the way. So definitely I've been engaged on this topic with many of my enterprise clients. So if you're just curious about how some software products are architected or if you're actively working IOT or other forms of projects that do embedded data science, hopefully I've got some information for you here today. Here are some example applications of data science at the edge. How about a mobile airline application? That's enterprise, right? Today you can get full features online. I know I enjoy this quite a bit, checking in, retrieving boarding passes, checking flight status and so on. We all use these, right? Okay, that's an example. Socially connected mobile game. So all the latest leaderboard stuff, positions in the game for all the gamers out there, something back to more enterprise oriented is aggregated IOT sensor data. So embedded databases now are supporting these types of applications. They're building the software, transparent to the applications in user and require little or no ongoing maintenance. Embedded databases are growing with the rise of mobile applications and IOT giving innumerable devices robust capabilities via their own local database management system. So developers can create sophisticated applications right on the remote device and they don't have to use a file system or some other means of trying to manage data on the device. And this architecture is commonly preferred these days over client server approaches which rely on database servers accessed by client applications by interfaces. So a theme throughout this presentation is going to be what do you do on the edge versus what do you do in some other database that maybe this rolls up into. No easy answer on that but hope to give you some of the boundaries of what is possible. Data is the weak link in embedded development. It's the weak link in a lot of things right data science in general but it's also true when it comes to embedded development. Now here are some facts about the embedded world. There's over a million iOS and Android apps. Just think about that for a minute over a million. Wow they must be pretty easy to do yes and they are and they come in all sorts of levels of quality of course and depth but there's over a million of them. There's eight million developers around the world and it's growing. Three widely adopted platforms Android, iOS and Linux. When I sit back and think about that I think it's pretty amazing that there's only three. But there's limited cross-platform support. Basically there's a lot of development that has to go on for each one of these with a single app. There are security mandates and requirements in the backdrop of all the development today. All of these apps require data though. They all require data and they can't all access it at some centralized location. So there are a couple types of embedded databases traditionally, maybe going back five years plus. The database was installed with the software. There was a silent install. Users really never knew about it. Fine tuned for small footprint and a range of devices. And you had multiple databases that could talk to that database should the need arise. And we all have experienced this type of embedded database of course in our walks of life. But what I'm going to be focusing on here is the deeply embedded embedded database. Application runs the database inside it by a library. This has become more popular with the move to mobile. And the client driver can talk to a traditional embedded database. By the way, I'm not talking about the sort of light data centers, the mobile data centers that may be on a ship or in a truck outside, something like that. Those are also kind of called embedded databases. But that is not at all what I'm talking about here today. Although they may have a play in the architecture, why embedded database? Okay, well, it's low cost to do so. It is simple. There is no DBA, administration is free. All the reasons really why we go with a database for everything else these days. It's embedded in the installer. It speeds up development. It has disaster recovery and various other things that we need like encryption and security built in. And databases tend to work across multiple platforms. So this is all great. The idea is that in the past embedded systems was something of a black art that required in-depth knowledge of electronics. Now, maybe this is where your mindset is about embedded databases. But you don't have to know about interrupt processing, internal hardware architecture elements, assemblers, protocols, hardware assisted debugging, et cetera. Those things will certainly rule me out of ever being able to do this type of development. But fortunately, the database is there these days, and we can get moving at a much more rapid pace. Modern IoT development tools have elevated the development process and made it more accessible. All right, next slide. Don't use flat files for embedded data. It's tempting, I suppose, but the extra step of engaging a database vendor in this process is well worth it. With flat files, you have a lack of data portability. There's no single API portability across programming languages. All the usual problems that you have with flat files, data integrity, much of the support has to be built. Security has to be added. You need to add a lot of things to flat files. So the management, really, and the performance, et cetera, all these things you're going to get mostly better in a database. It's certainly well worth it for everything that I have seen. So what are some of the benefits? After it's something of an embedded database, there's a sophisticated SDK. I'll talk about that in a little while. Customized packages, simplified operations, native integration, data protection build-in, a flexible business model usually from the vendors. They understand that these could go out into thousands of devices in your IoT architecture. And finally, performance. So what kind of performance? Everybody focuses on read performance, but we benchmarked a number of these embedded databases. Got our hands dirty. Got our hands on these databases. Put them through the paces that is really required in IoT today. And one of the things that you'll want to focus on is write speed. Write speed, the speed at which data can be written to the database. That's an essential performance metric for IoT data. So here are some of the things that you want to look at. You want to look at some of these measures with and without synchronization to another database in the architecture. In your architecture, there very well may be levels of databases. Usually a couple, but sometimes more. A couple levels of databases above, if you will, in the architecture, in the conceptual architecture, above the edge database for the edge data to be synchronized back into. And that synchronization, that's a big deal by the way because that often happens after the fact because of connectivity issues with edge clients. It's obviously much more of a problem with an edge device than it is a central database in a data center. But some of the things you want to look for, let's say without synchronization, you want to look at inserts, queries. You want to query, say, 10,000 documents without an index. Delete, you want to delete, let's say, 10,000 documents on an index key and delete a bunch on a non-index key. These are some of the things you want to test. You want to do updates as well on the index key and on the non-index key as well. And you want to do this again without synchronization just at the edge and then with synchronization of data back to a server. However, the solution that you pick needs to be able to automatically synchronize in real time and do this without ETL. And again, you could have hundreds to thousands of devices in your architecture around the embedded database and all that information may need to funnel into a core database on a server, a core database or two. Mobile databases. Now, you can use a lot of different databases in your embedded architecture, but you're going to probably want to use one that's really focused on being a mobile database, okay? And usually these go by the name of light or something like that or like Mongo Mobile, okay? And so you may be wondering, well, is that Mongo? Am I getting everything from the original? And it's by design, but here are some of the things, for example, in Mongo Mobile that you do not get in Mongo Mobile that you would get in your ordinary Mongo. Sharding and replication. The MongoDB Mobile operates as a standalone instance with a single node present on the mobile device. MongoDB Mobile uses SQLite as a simple key value stored behind the scenes due to stability and prevalence on devices. As such, MongoDB Mobile does not provide the ability to configure the underlying SQLite deployment or use other storage engines. Database authentication. Yeah, that's going to be more limited. MongoDB Mobile and an external component, you have to use a combination of authentication and security rules on the server side. And finally, I'll mention, MongoDB Mobile does not provide encryption at rest, does not support the creation of change streams, does not support server side JavaScript execution, and does not support transactions. Now, this was all not to ding on MongoDB Mobile. The point of this is to say that, no, you're not getting the same database in the mobile as you are getting in the regular server. And I'm just using Mongo as an example. They're all that way. And so if you're used to enterprise development, you'll want to know what these limitations are when you step into this world. Now, selecting the embedded database, and I'll tell you about some of the choices here as we go along, but you're getting a separate database that has a focus on embedded. This is for software developers. I should say it's for the software development community, which again, I'll say could very well reside inside a corporate enterprise, a finance organization, a healthcare organization, a retail organization, and so on. Everybody's building mobile apps and many are building IoT apps and so on. And I'll touch on that a little bit more as we go along here, but the embedded database is not really geared to end users. I just shared with you some of the limitations. It's used by almost every industry, not just software, and you'll want to do performance testing on your selection. And I just rattled off a list of some of the performance tests that you're going to want to do. Now, some other requirements you're going to want to have, do they support CRUD operations? Do they support Asset? Are they capable of running on multiple platforms and with multiple languages? Because in this world, a lot of the data is going to be no SQL base. It's going to be tagged up data as opposed to relational data. So you're going to want those capabilities. Can they move data to more centralized databases seamlessly? Yeah, that's a big part of the architecture. What do you do at the Edge? What do you do in centralized databases? And by the way, another constant theme of this type of development is, what data do we put at the Edge? What data do we put at the Edge? My snarky comment about it is, the Edge is not the place to store your history data. Okay, well, let's start from there. You just want to put data out there that you can use. And in many cases, this is data that is highly summarized in some form of centralized database and pushed out as an actionable piece of information. Because you don't want to do a lot of processing at the Edge. You don't want to be doing summaries to try to understand, say for example, customer lifetime value or propensity to buy across a category, something like that. That should be pre-calculated. And that should be based on a whole lot more data than what can be contained in an Edge database. So there's this constant back and forth between centralized and Edge. A key to any successful application, whether it's processing bank transactions or gaming or health monitoring, it's processing the data within a specified timeframe. Latency is especially a problem with read and write intensive applications. And we have a lot of that with sensors and mobile devices using this type of streaming data. So we can lose some of the advantages that centralization provides, such as scale and maintenance. Additionally, you can end up with hundreds or thousands of devices. And there is a greater need, and all those have databases by the way. And there's a greater need to engineer maintenance and fault tolerance into the solution. So while these embedded databases need to act independently at the device level, it is crucial to recognize they are not just silos of data. They are part of a network of devices. At least some of the data is transmitted and integrated into higher-level databases for further action. And I don't believe I read all of these to you, but you can see some of the other embedded database requirements. And one of them is support for multiple platforms. Now, this is a list of platforms I got from the Actian Core database website. These are the platforms they support. It's pretty good. It's pretty current. And Actian Core is a no-sequel, embeddable, zero-DBA, self-tuning database for smart phones and other IoT devices requiring a small footprint. And they actually give you some guidance. And this goes along with what I was saying about you don't put your history data out on the edge. Their guidance is 2 megabytes minimum. It supports all the platforms that you see here. And a common set of data that you're going to put at the edge is called time series data. Some of us are familiar with time series data. Others are not as familiar with it. Here are some examples. Oil and gas in a remote location. And that indicates connectivity may be an issue, as it often is. Agriculture, black box equipment like airplanes which have a sliding window of telemetry where you are constantly moving that window forward in terms of analyzing what's going on to determine next best action predictive maintenance and the like. Self-driving cars. It's a big obvious one. Trading algorithms, smart homes, transportation networks, and law enforcement. So I think of time series data as a sequence of data points that measures the same thing. It just keeps measuring it over and over again. Time is on the axis and the data workloads are usually append only. You're not getting rid of data because you want to see the trend. And so you're constantly appending data. I shouldn't say you're not getting rid of data. Yes, you do get rid of some of that detail, older data. But it actually has relevance for quite a while, especially if you're into the analytics of your app. So simply put, time series data sets track changes to the overall system as inserts and not updates. Time series data is data that in the aggregate represents how a system, a process, a thing, whatever that thing may be, how it changes over the course of time. So self-driving cars, for example, continuously collect data about how their environment is changing. Autonomous trading algorithms are continuously collecting data on how the markets are changing. We know about smart homes and what they're monitoring. Retail is monitoring how their assets are moving. And think about that and how we can get stuff to our home no matter what it is practically in a day. And sometimes in a more localized environment like when it comes to food within an hour. It's amazing these assets move with such precision and efficiency. And a lot of it's due to the effective manipulation of time series data. All of these self-driving Tesla's, autonomous Wall Street trading algorithms and so on that I've talked about have some things in common. They are continuously collecting data. And these time series databases that I speak of have steadily remained one of the fastest growing categories of databases in no small part to the fact that they are popular as embedded in mobile databases. So time series databases. Why do people use a separate time series database for this? Why do they specialize? Well there's a couple reasons, scale and usability. So a single connected car for example will collect 4,000 gigabytes of data per day. And that's quite a lot to actually be able to do anything with. And furthermore time series databases, they function and operate common to time series data analysis. They have functions that are specific for time series data like data retention policies. I've mentioned maybe getting rid of some older data. It can be actually pretty sophisticated about how it does that. Continuous queries, flexible time aggregations, and so on. So what are some of these time series databases? Well there's quite a few, and there's no dominant player. In FlexDB time series is pretty popular. KDB plus time series, Prometheus time series, Graphite time series, and RRD tool are some of the ones I'll mention in case your data is dominated by time series data at the edge. Now I mentioned the need for SQL and beyond a little bit ago. A lot of the data is JSON or it's some other form of optimized binary formats. And we need to actually allow non-SQL access to the data at the edge. So that's a feature you're going to want to look at. The data is often quite unstructured and may not fit well into a simple relational database format. I shouldn't say simple, it's actually more structured to that than a no-SQL database, if you think about it. Now security. Yes, now I'm going to be the first to say I'm a data guy, not a security guy. But these are some things that I do know about it. You'll want to check it out deeper, of course. But backend database servers are normally run behind sophisticated firewalls and avail themselves of a full network security apparatus. Server security and authentication overseen by security professionals, regulated by strict rules, and so on. Okay, that's not the database at the edge. The database at the edge is out there in the open, often running unattended, and more often than not, have limited resources without well-established firewall-like security measures. So you're going to want to be careful in the data that's out there and adhere to some of the things you see here. Existing Internet, SSL, TLS technologies do a good job. In addition to secure communications and channel authentication, the integrity of data must be ensured by the database management system. You want to be sure that your DBMS is tied around this. And the best database vendors enable some of the things you see there. SPS for 140-2, which is a U.S. government standard that defines cryptographic module security requirements. These databases come in packages, which is a combination of the database and a development SDK, allows for a lot of customization. It's a little bit of a different world than enterprise database deployment. I shouldn't say a little bit. It can be a lot. It's really more developer-centric than it is DBA-centric. As a matter of fact, there's no concept really of the DBA so much in this world. Build a user-defined function that runs server-side, build database install into the application install. Yes, the packages do all that and more. The operation of the embedded database. No DBA required. I've mentioned this. It's hidden from the user. Backup restore, automatic recovery, things like that via CLI. There are listeners on TPC-IP ports that do remote management like vendor management services. Architecture integration. There is the client server mode it can work in, but that's suboptimal. And usually we see embedded server mode where the database is a DLL and is dynamically loaded by the application at execution. The user is none the wiser about it or it might be linked as a library and embedded in the application. The business model. The software vendors. I've mentioned some of them here are licensed to market by various forms. Perpetual software as a service. They have to be more creative. You have to be more creative frankly when you're licensing these databases because it's different. There can be 1,000 footprints of the database. The embedded database model is designed for OEM and I will say it's flexible, but be on your guard. Make sure you get into the right type of model. Here's an example architecture with the Actian Zen product working along with, you know, there's the core database. It has the core database. It has the Zen edge database. And here you see that for example on one mobile device, there may be a couple of apps, right? There may be many more than a couple of apps on a device. But anyway, here we see that there is the Zen core data table. Really it's a database. And the applications are there on the device as well. They are connected to a mobile IoT gateway, one of the levels of the architecture where they have a specialized database called Zen Edge. Very good architecture. What is the edge? I keep talking about it. What is the edge? The edge is where your things are. Whatever those things may be. Remember connected cars. Remember smart homes. Remember the algorithms and so on. It's wherever your things are. It's where highly available processors enable real-time analytics for applications that can't wait long for decisions. Got the customer standing there. You want to make the right decision. Can't wait for data to go back. Get analyzed on the back end. Experience all the communication. And finally come back with a result. The embedded database has to have the information on it that it can use to make a decision. It's always a trade-off. Let me repeat that. It's always a trade-off. And you'll want to be very smart about the data and the processing that you do with the edge versus elsewhere. Now storing data at the edge, the purpose of collecting data on the edge, remember the collection is pretty important here as well. I encourage you to test the inserts on the edge. The overall purpose of collecting data on the edge has shifted from purely device control and monitoring to improving various service capabilities through real-time analysis. So the capabilities have come up while not becoming overly ill-performant. Row data, time stamp, coming from devices to be stored in a central database, yeah? This is important when connectivity is limited, that you have data at the edge you can process with. And many times, data is intentionally not real-time connected to the central database. And there's a couple of different mechanisms of storage that you'll want to take advantage of. Store and forward is a technique in which information is sent to an intermediate station where it is kept and sent at a later time to the final destination. That is that other centralized database. A digital twin is just real-time data. So it's constantly in more or less real-time, I should say, copying that data, replicating that data from the edge to a centralized database. So I think this is a passing fancy. Think again. Here we are with some 30 billion-odd IoT-connected devices right now, projected to go to 75 billion by 2025. And we've seen various estimates, right? But they're more or less in this range of 50 to 100 billion or more connected devices in the next few years. So with all those connected devices, many of them are going to have an embedded database and want to be smart about what they do. So this is very important to pay attention to, again, whether you're in the software business or you're in the enterprise business. IoT device differences from traditional data requirements, high volume, new data sources, the speed at which the data is collected, modern transponders frequencies are higher than before, sensor-sibrator precision. Edge devices may or may not be able to do everything that you want to fulfill all the capabilities that you have for your application. Edge nodes' physical connectivity is often unpredictable due to various reasons, bandwidth availability, the wide range of protocol stacks, like Wi-Fi, Ethernet, cellular, Bluetooth, what have you, very unpredictable. And often, sometimes, you have edge devices that are battery-controlled. And when they are battery-controlled, the edge might be saving on the battery by going to sleep for some time period and coming back on. And therefore, you have the delayed connectivity to the centralized database. That has to be okay. Again, you have to be very efficient that you store at the edge, not for history data. Be very smart about it, summary data that you can actually use for the intended functions of the edge. IoT, and again, I'm calling that out as a very important, very typical use of embedded databases. And this IoT device management, kind of in summary here, the database must be seamlessly integrated into the application facilities. It doesn't stand alone. It stands alone in terms of everything is encompassed there that it needs to do certain things, but not the entire application. There must be a well-balanced choice of database management features available at the edge. Resource consumption must remain low, yet still allow for sufficient analytics to reduce the data flow to and from the cloud or the server. There is a need for advanced, data management, and don't forget that you're going to have a number of layers in the architecture and you're constantly balancing data collection with aggregation and advanced processing. This has been, Shannon, my part of the presentation. Are there any questions? Well, Ian, thank you so much for another great presentation. If you have questions for William, feel free to submit them in the bottom to hit those in. And just to answer the most commonly asked questions, just a reminder, I will send a follow-up for this email to all registrants for this webinar by end of day Monday with links to the slides and links to the recording. So far, everyone's quiet, William. It's a quiet August day. It's eerie. You're really quiet. It happens when we already brought up everyone. Yeah, everyone scrambled myself included. But, hey, if I got to give people back 20 minutes of their day, I'll do that. Let's get everyone to second. Yeah, I don't see any questions coming in. We did have a comment you know that way that as data people we need to be very well aware of security and it's true. So many people say it's so important but everyone wants to point the finger at somebody else for the responsibility of security. All right. Everyone's so quiet. Then we will give people time back in their day. William again, thank you so much for this fantastic presentation as always. And we'll get that follow-up email out on Monday. Thank you. Thanks everybody.


Here's how to solve for the path length of a P-wave through the mantle on the assumption that the mantle is homogenous and transmits waves at the same speed regardless of depth. So I'm just going to draw a hemisphere of the Earth, hopefully. And here's the center of the Earth. Now, let's assume that there's an earthquake that happens over here, and you've got a seismometer over here that records a P-wave. So if the mantle is homogenous, then it means that the P-wave will travel a straight line path through the Earth, from the earthquake to the seismometer, like this. Now, to solve this problem of what this distance X is, I'm going to first draw a radius from the center of the Earth to my earthquake, and another radius from the center of my Earth to the seismometer. This is an isosceles triangle because these two sides are both the radius of the Earth, and then this other side here is the one we're trying to find. Now, we also know something else about this triangle. We know this angle. This angle, a seismologist called Delta, and it is exactly the great circle arc distance between the earthquake and the seismometer. So you've already calculated Delta for all the stations that measured this earthquake in this problem set. Hooray! Now, if we drop a perpendicular line from X to the center of the Earth, so bisecting X and bisecting this angle, Delta, that would look like this. Okay, now this is a right angle, and this distance here is one-half X, and then this angle here is one-half Delta. Using the property of right triangles, we can see that the sine of one-half Delta is equal to the length of the opposite side, which is one-half X, divided by the hypotenuse, which is the radius of the Earth. So let's write that down. The sine of one-half Delta equals one-half X over the radius. And this is a fabulous expression because we know everything in it except X, and we're trying to solve for X. So that's awesome. Let's rearrange. So X equals twice the radius times the sine of one-half Delta. So if you want to find out X, you can just plug in Delta, which you've already calculated, and the radius of the Earth, which we can take as 6,371 kilometers, that's a good approximation, and away you go. That X is the path length that a p-wave takes through the mantle if you assume that the mantle is homogenous.


Next question is from Trey Thayer. There's a lot of skepticism about chiropractic therapy and its origins. What are your opinions and do you think it helps? It's a lot like any other profession I feel like, right? There's examples of really bad ones and then there's examples of like really good ones. I mean, it's like trainers.  I think that's true in this. That's one of my favorite terms. It's true in this field also. And I used to, by the way, I hated chiropractors. And that's again, that was my experience, right? The first 10 that I experienced as a trainer were all really shitty. Like I'd say like nine out of ten were really shitty. One of them was like okay.   And so I had that attitude for a really long time. It wasn't until Dr. Brink and Jordan Shallow did that completely become a panty dropper for me. So it was, yeah. That's sick and dope. I can't do anything about making it work. I want to make it work. I feel responsible for that. It was, no. It was a game changer if they were. Both of them were. They're two of the most brilliant men that I've met in this field and both have blown my mind completely. And so because of that experience from them, it's opened my eyes to it. And there's guys like the move you guys. I love those guys. They're chiropractors. You know where the skepticism comes from? It comes from the, so, and this is a problem in a lot of fields. What some chiropractic methods were teaching was that, okay, the central nervous system controls everything in your body. That's correct. The spine houses obviously the spinal cord. And through the spinal cord, your central nervous system communicates to the whole body. Central nervous system communicates your breathing and your, it can affect the hormones and it could affect how you think and it can affect the immune system. All of this is true. But then they took this massive leap and said that lining up your body and your spine then can cure all the problems since everything comes. Like diseases and colds and everything else. Yeah, since everything comes from the central nervous system and the central nervous system affects everything, therefore aligning your... It made a massive jump. Massive jump and then of course there's a lot, that's just not true. Well, that's how you know, okay, so a good way to tell if you have got a shitty chiropractor or a good one and this was like my experience with Brink was, you know, many chiropractors will do an assessment on you.  Then they throw you on the table and they just crack you into place. Like then you have a shitty chiropractor. Crack them and crack them. That's all they do. Because all that, if they do that, sure they may give you temporary relief, but they're not fixing you. You're going to have to come back forever and they're setting you up to where... They're not fixing why your body was being held that way. Exactly, and a good chiropractor may not even use this table to adjust you ever and it's going to make you walk and move and squat and get down on the floor and explain to you what's broken or what's going wrong with your body, what movements, what exercises that you need to do to fix the root cause that's causing whatever issues, whether it be chronic pain or bad movement patterns. And that is like what a good chiropractor will do.  Come back, see me next week on Tuesday. I'll make sure you feel good again. And then you get stuck in this cycle of I got to see a chiropractor. You keep patching holes. Yeah, you're not addressing the root cause all you're doing is putting a band in. No, a good chiropractor is a movement specialist. Yeah. Not an adjustment specialist. Now, there is a place for adjustments and I've heard it explained a lot of different crazy ways but the best chiropractors I've worked with explained it very, very well and really it's about articulating joints in the body that maybe quote unquote stuck because the muscles around them are so tight. So it's like you have a tight muscle anywhere on your body. If you stretch it or move it, it starts, it relaxes and allows it to, and it starts to feel better. Well, there are small joints in the body and the spine where the rib cage attaches in the hips where something might be so difficult and stuck that traditional stretches just don't articulate it. And so it requires somebody to come and manually cause Yeah, they need to do an adjustment. I mean, I think that's really where I see value in it is when you've already gone through the work of muscular-wise, training-wise you're trying to get into better alignment and it's just not there yet and maybe now you might look into subluxation or whatever technique they're going to use to try and help to get you back because you do feel a lot better once you're in good alignment and your joints are functioning the way that they're supposed to. I feel like it's a similar thing to how we talk about foam rolling or the therapy guns like all these things give you temporary relief. So if you use those tools to then go do the movements that you need to do to address the issue then it's a good thing.  Then I see value in it but one of the things that I would see with a lot of the chiropractors I worked with as a trainer early, well before Brink and Shallow is they didn't give any corrective exercises they had just adjusted. That's all they did was they just adjusted to fix the person and made them feel better for the day or for a few days before they'd come back. They weren't explaining to them what was going on with their body.  You see the same thing from western medicine like with doctors they're prescribing you pills to make you feel better but there's no real protocol of maybe we should change up or die maybe we should get this type of exercise maybe there's no plan it's just like I can make you feel better right now so they followed a similar business model I feel. So it's like oh you have acid reflux here's a pill that will make you feel better but never talking about the root cause of acid reflux oh you get headaches all the time here's this pill to help you with your headaches but we'll never figure out the root cause there's also a lot of business models that surround the chiropractic industry that are designed to maximize a chiropractor's revenue and I think this also has for lack of a better term poison the industry right so you'll see chiropractors who utilize these models don't remember the names of these models but they'll say okay here's a great way to make a lot of money as a chiropractor you have ten people show up at the same time and they're all on different beds they want to adjust this one over here adjust this one over here it's like a factory yes and these are these business models no joke in the health space the chiropractic industry probably has more of these get rich quick in your chiropractic business type schemes than almost any that I can think of and this causes problems well because they can give immediate relief and feel better it's one of those tangible things right like you walk in someone's got low back pain because they're all out of alignment right they want to crack them into place and it's like oh my god that feels much better it's like all I had to do was do that in five minutes they set them in these 15 minute increments you've got clients coming in out like you can't I mean you know what it's like to train somebody and help them with an issue like it'll take no 15 minutes it takes me 15 minutes just to explain what's going on with them and it takes me another 15 to 20 minutes to do the exercises to fix the issue it would be the equivalent of a trainer having six clients and like you're doing a bench press you're doing a row you're doing it there's no instruction exactly no a good chiropractor I'm gonna say this again is a movement specialist if you find a chiropractor that understands correctional exercise and teaches you how to prevent yourself from hurting in the first place you found a good one if you have a chiropractor that just provides relief and then schedule you for your next appointment then you have one that doesn't have tons of value