Over one Basel Chaper for the Tiger Financial News Network, 11 o'clock update on the market. We're looking at minus 342 at 31,152. That 31,000 level on a closing basis is really important, just both psychologically, but also technically. Because if we take that out on a monthly basis, 29,568, the high of the February of 2020 before we plunge 39% will become at least some kind of a visual target. Anyway, meantime, back at the ranch, the market is young because the VIX index is actually down. The VIX is down 7 cents at 30.89. If at any point going into the 2 to 2.30 timeframe this often, the VIX actually starts to drop into the low 29s with a down only 125 points, maybe 85 points, you'll get a decent bounce. If it's the opposite and that VIX index takes out the Chapman Wave inside track repellent zone you can see in this daily chart on the left and starts trading the 33s, wow, this market will just, it will just sell to the downside like a rock. We'll be looking at the S&P, S&P at this point is down 22 at 39.01 above the high that was made six days ago. That's a good sign. QQ is above the left side, high of 284.94 at 291. That's at least a little bit of a decent sign, IWM also nicely above 168.98, the low of six days ago, also a better sign. The TLT bonds are rallying, they're up $1.28, that means yields are coming down, the dollar is finally coming a bit down, a bit lower, down at 102.98, down 99 cents, looks to me like we've made a peak effort, we're going to be at least in for a short-term pullback because gold is taking the opportunity to rally, it is up $28.48, if we can close above the 14-period moving average and go into the 1853 area, then the 1864 is the 200-period moving average that is really at a tough time, that was supported, now strong resistance. Looking at crude oil, as crude oil pulled, yep, crude oil is now up 15 cents, a 107.17, it was all the way down to 103.24, we're watching crude oil, it's in play. So I'm going to hand you over to Larry Pizzavento, fabulous program, remember we started with Tommy Jr. at 9 o'clock for the market kickoff, then we go to my show, the Tiger Traditions Owl, Larry Pizzavento, Think or Swim, you've got Steve Rhodes, Dave White, Homer Bryant Rapsit Up, check out my opening call, my daily newsletter, and I will see you tomorrow, have a great day.


Welcome back it is Thursday and that means acting analysis for animators and today we're going to take a look at the last episode it's episode five of Chernobyl. Today is all about details those are the tiny little things that I loved where you might have an eye roll or go really but these are the things that I thought that was cool and this was cool so lots of tiny little things that may or may not be important but I want to go through them now so let's not waste time let's quick fire go through all those little tiny little scenes first up is this one with the dad and the little kid on top and what I liked about this is that the kid holds on to the ears it's a tiny thing but then it's super cute I can see my little one doing this and I thought this was a cute little detail instead of just having hands down or maybe holding on to something else it's very specific I'm holding on to those ears and I thought that was super cute next up is this one where he asked him wait was there a problem he interrupts him and says wait are you going to ask me if there was a problem can't you read my face and after he says look at his reaction it's this cascading it's tiny it's subtle but it's great I mean not that this is subtle but I love that first he deflates like I did something wrong again then he has that little so show the first exhale tiny things in the mouth the head turns a little bit then a little bit more look at that lip compression and then the head goes down so good so watch that again it's just such a good reaction and as always it goes into something where this is your lip sync the lip sync is done you can still continue and then show a person reacting to this of course he's always kind of stoic he doesn't react at all but more about him later next up is this where she tells him or she asks him that he should tell the truth why do I show this I liked this part bring her hand up here she can't get too close she can't really touch him but it's more of a personal request almost like you should go and say the truth and sacrifice even more but the thing is always animation it's always to me at least there's a lot of hand gesturing arm gesturing and always seems a bit too much and this is just there to make it a bit more personal if she would say the same thing leaning back and maybe you know hiding her arms it wouldn't be as personal it wouldn't be as almost intimate but it's just something where I'm pleading and I want to be just a bit more personal and a bit more engaged with the person and I'm going to bring up my hand and leave it there it's a tiny thing but I just love that little moment there and within the same sequence she brings up two piles this is the person that survived and this is the pile of people that died now she tells them what happened what they did and what they sacrificed and as he listens this is what I want to show you is look at his face the clenching is everything he listens to this and is ready to just burst out well you know I got there and I got contaminated I'm going to die too and right there he says it right after she's done talking so you can see in his face he's listening he's tensing up he's waiting there's more clenching and he waits you can see this it's very very subtle but he has that little lip raise that little compression there that tension he's just ready ready to say it and oh you can see this here with the lighting nicely caught here the clenching and bam and then he says it so when you do have lip sync and a character is listening to someone else think about that acting is reacting so as this person who's off screen or maybe over the shoulder whatever is talking make sure that your character we see the face is really listening and reacting and you can have a really long anticipation to that outburst and outburst but you know his stronger reaction right there this is one of those things that probably with his shake your head but I like this I liked how he drops the paper he prepares it right puts it all together and he could just drop it if you would animate this you would think about the constraints I gotta bring my arm down open the fingers and put that piece of paper there and then let go but what I like is that how he does it he hold it and he opens both hands and just lets it drop and then puts the fingers on there the hands on there I know it's tiny you're probably going really JD really but I like this I like that just tiny detail right there so if you do something where you lick over prop as always think about how you let go of the prop how original and how creative could it be you might argue well this is twins you got two things going at the same time I know I know but it's an interesting tiny detail that I liked like I said quick fire or stuff that maybe only I like last time we talked about the soldiers walking and holding their guns in a different position or their rifles and I want to look at that sad face he's always kind of angry he's even challenging the court at one point and he is always kind of looking down the very very sad expression so if you have multiple characters like I said last time think about contrast even if it's subtle I mean again you might already this is very subtle here this is a bit more clear with the head looking down but throughout this sequence they always look and sit in a different way it is very contrasting so tiny thing but think about that if you have multiple characters what is the detail this is not really animation related but now that it's his turn and as we saw before in the previous videos but I talked about where she asked him to tell the truth you know he's nervous and it's what I liked here is that little subtle thing of a it's also slightly in slow motion but look at for the head and look at the background the camera everything's kind of tracking his face and you can see how the face kind of locks in the background kind of starts swaying right there you can see this usually when that happens the character who's locked in post gets all blurry because technically that camera will be moving they will be handhelds I mean that this character whatever is in the front of the lens here will be blurred out but because we're tracking it we're stabilizing focusing on this he gets a bit blurry and everything gets kind of weird as it moves and to me it seems like this is kind of the emphasize that moment in his head the awkwardness the nervousness just that weird moment and boom you can see here the camera relaxes again I'm going to play this again I hope you can see this with you know my compression and through YouTube but right through there you can see how there's very clear head tracking going on and I thought it's kind of interesting thing of emphasizing that moment of you know now he has to tell the truth again nothing really animation related but I wanted to point that out and this is something where I'm not sure what that means but I just wanted to point it out when I was watching this I just noticed that he holds his tie but is he is he maybe trying to keep the tie from dangling so he doesn't obstruct this is this something unconscious that he did is it something to be a bit more regal maybe at that point the actor ate something weird and he's just holding his stomach I have no idea but I thought it was an interesting thing of he could dangle his arm but he could also hold it here but why is it having why does he have the hand there is it again to keep maybe this from moving around too much so he's a bit more proper in front of the court I don't know because he's also moving over and potentially leaning so that means the tie would be here again maybe obstructing the view or not being clean enough I don't really have an answer but I thought that was an interesting thing so if I ever have a character that has a tie that is pointing at things I'm going to remember this and think about maybe I can do that as opposed to his proceedings they also go outside and the other character we just talked about talks to him and tells him that he was actually very very he thinks he's not that important to his whole thing and he's he's a person that won't be remembered you know in the history of all this and he just told him no no no you're extremely important to this and he has that look you realize this maybe it was not all for nothing because that's what he tells him things that it's all for nothing why am I showing you this because as they come back it's interesting to me how long he looks at him again this might be tricky for you to do hold on is this person looking into the camera maybe maybe not but anyway let's go back let's look at him looking at him for how long this is again something tricky in animation would you put that in there I just thought it's interesting it's a very distinct thing of I'm going to look at him as long as I can before I sit down maybe this is the beginning of your shot let's just pretend you have two characters walking and he looks and then sits down and maybe then your lip sync starts and he says something maybe he says something about him maybe this is a look of I'm going to challenge you maybe this is a look of I'm worried about you I hope you're okay or it's just a look of hmm that was weird what he did and then he starts his thing so again it's not very something specific that you could use in your shot but I thought it was interesting as potentially a beginning of a shot or maybe an end of a shot that you have but I'm always very interested in eyeline and I darts or no darts blinks no blinks how long do you look at a character and why why do you keep staring what does that mean and what does that mean for the audience there's something interesting to look at and something that I want to pay attention to in my future shots and of course if you watch my channel you know I'm a big fan of swallows and he swallows right there why am I showing you this he tells the court that there was a fatal flaw he tells them well when you push that button something happens and that's something that was hidden and he didn't know I look and see he's always kind of angry looking and challenging but not interested you can see this here kind of like ah this is gonna kill me and now you have that look of what and a blink for the first time he actually really blinks and takes that in and realizes wait what and then you have that moment of the swallow just an interesting moment especially for him it's kind of a contrasting thing where he never seems that nervous or realizing that something bad happened you mean like he's always very arrogant he's always more in this kind of angry look or mode here so for him to then do that blinking at swallow it's very interesting but again criminally underused shape in animation and actually staying with this character he tells the court what the end's power was right it shows how this goes up and how much the reactor was operating and you know just leading up to the explosion and he says that number from I can't remember like 3000 to 32000 or something like this and I love the cuts to his face looking again is that helpful to you probably not but sometimes it's interesting when you have a lot of stuff going on and then it cuts to nothing a character just staring or maybe it's a lot of action and then no action there's a scene entangled that does that it's very common where you have a lot of action then it cuts to something that's very still but it's that still moment where someone might just stare that is the big contrast that makes potentially a scene more dramatic or funnier looks over totally hunched over completely in shock but anyway this might just be me and ending this with this scene where he talks about that we lie and lie and lie and those lies they're always there even though we think that we can ignore them and if you play this I'm gonna play just the sound with it I might get a copyright strike here but I'm gonna play this the truth of fans we we lie and lie until we can no longer remember it is even there but it is still there and I love this it's after all of this that he said again this is probably not what I'm reading into but I love that after everything he says about lies and how it's gonna all gonna come back to us and he has that pause at that moment this comes in the stacks of red these are all the lies and it's gonna lead to this and it's gonna lead to this catastrophe because of all the lies and then he continues every lie we tell incurs a debt to the truth sooner or later that debt is paid such a good line I just love that moment again I'm probably just reading into this but I thought it was a cool moment of after saying all of this the visuals of this comes back into frame right right as he doesn't talk it's almost like you won't have you focus on this person because they're talking they're not talking we go over there so you can focus on this and then he goes and talks again and we can go back to this I'm probably just reading into this but I thought this was pretty cool at least in my mind boom quick fire rapid fire moment we're ending this Chernobyl series with episode five and all those tiny little bits that are like you probably going really but maybe not maybe you agreed maybe you have other tiny little moments that you liked as always the comments are open you can let me know what you like what you dislike I'm very curious who else watched this and thought it was cool and what the little things that you picked up on that were cool to you so no more Chernobyl if we continue with movies and other tv shows I'm talking about us I'm talking about the Orville Berry there's more er I just watched killing Eve there's a lot of stuff to come so if you want to get notified about all this you know this whole thing at the end subscribe hit that bell button to get all the notifications and if you thought that any of this was interesting helpful and you want to put that into your own shots I do have workshops link in the description you can sign up and I can talk about that stuff with your shots and we can go through your shots and critique them and all that good stuff so more information in the description my workshops are always open you can sign up at any time and start at any time and that is it and if you're still watching and this is the very end of the clip you're very patient and I appreciate that you are watching until the very end so thank you and I will see you next week maybe even tomorrow if you decide to tune in


Hi, I'm Sandy Allknock, artist and paper crafter here on YouTube with my 24 Tags of Christmas for 2019. For today's set of tags, I'm going to be using this cute little mama elephant stamp set along with the shipping tags from Ellen Hudson. I love that you can cut four tags at once, makes me super happy when I'm in the busy holiday season. The stamp set I got because it was so cute. It has little pairings of animals and snow animals. So the dog goes with the dog snowman.  And the little critters have their arms out as though they're ready to go hug their little friend, which is pretty sweet, but I was thinking it would be really cute to put a coffee mug in their hand. Like they're bringing a little treat to warm up their little snow friend, or they could be carrying a giant snowball, like they're in the process of making their little snow critter, something like that would be really fun.  And this stamp set is going to be featured in that because I just think they're really fun and they would make for great scenes. So I am doing little mini scenes on these little mini tags. I love that they're so small, especially when I'm doing colored pencil because colored pencil takes a long time to fill in, but I'm going to color backgrounds on each one of them. And notice that since I'm doing no line ish coloring, I stamped them in a very light gray ink. This is a grout gray. The snowman hadn't really shown up until there was a background behind him. So I just scribbled some blue on there and then did some smoothing out with my baby oil. You can also use very easily some gamsol or other mineral solution, that kind of thing. I like it that baby oil just doesn't smell. And once I got all that smoothed out, I put snowflakes all over it because everything I make in the winter time seems to have snowflakes on it. So there you go. Very cute. And aside from the time that it took to do the background, the stamping and the coloring was super quick and easy. So if you're looking for super quick, this is a cute stamp set. You could just stamp the images in black so that you don't have to put a background on them, but they're really fun. My little bears, even though this probably should be a polar bear, my bears are always black bears with brown snouts and brown bellies because that's how I roll. I used to live in Montana and we had black bears and I met black bears when I was out hiking. So I feel a little affinity for them that I don't feel necessarily for polar bears. And so, yeah, there's my bear.  Unfortunately, the snowman has to be a polar bear because he's made of snow. So you can't make a black bear out of snow. But I guess the dog doesn't have a yellow snow dog friend. So that still kind of works, right? So finish up coloring the same background for him and the same snow. Move on quickly to the others. These are all going to be really quick videos, by the way, this week. And this one is a kitty. And the kitty that goes with it, there's a kitty snow person or snow critter. But there's two little kitties stacked on top of it. You could color those, I think, either as little snow people, like extra snow people, or you could color them like I'm going to do as a brown and a gray kitty. So there's kitties stacked on a kitty, which I think is really kind of funny. So there you go. There's my interpretation of what that stamp is. And as always, you can find out whether or not it's supposed to be that by googling the stamp set name, which is linked in the supplies and go find out how other people have colored this one. But I will be coloring it probably as my two kitties at some point during the holiday season, as I'm getting my cards finished up, because these would be really fun. So I'll do the same thing, snow background, big blue sky. And I'm doing the arms, the little stick arms last so that I can do all the blending and not have to worry about the stick arms. So then the stick arms and the whiskers can be drawn in afterward.   And if you are new to my channel, you may not know that I give away my 24 tags every year. I do six videos in a row, four tags in each, and I give them away. I mail them out to 24 very happy people. So you can leave a comment here on YouTube or you can leave a comment on my blog, or you can leave a comment in one of each and increase your chances to win a little tag in the mail from moi. I just love adding a little cheer to the holidays by sending out some goodies. And these tags are just a big tradition around here every year. I know lots of you look forward to seeing them every single year. So there is my little bunny all finished up for the tags. I decided I wanted a little bit of extra punch of color. So I'm going to add each one to a piece of red card stock and use my scissors to simply hack off the outside so that I can have a little border on them. And the names and stuff can be written on the back of the tags in white or black pen on that red card stock. And I have my little bows on them. Very cute. Good luck in winning. Leave comments here and on my blog to increase your chances. And I will see you again tomorrow with another tag video. Ta ta for now. Merry Christmas.


First question is from Rosie Faith. Can you explain the difference between a good morning and a Romanian deadlift? I understand the weights are in different positions, but you're basically working the same muscles, right? Are they interchangeable? You know when when I was younger, I would look at certain exercises and I'm talking like, you know early 20s I'd already been working out for a while. I'd been a trainer I'd look at certain exercises that were different But look so similar that I used to think to myself They are interchangeable, you know like inclined dumbbell press inclined barbell press same movement same major muscle groups Why would I waste time doing this other exercise? These aren't these aren't as close as you think and they're not even as close Yeah, I just say these aren't as close as you think they are I mean first of all you're when it's loaded on your back for a good morning where the bar path is completely different Yeah So the bar path on a Romanian deadlift is similar to any other deadlift where it's close to your shins and close to your body Where this is Extended on a lever. So you're that's there. That's different. You can load the back a lot like you can almost hinging But that's that's about as close to get right right So there's so obviously there's a lot of muscles that are involved, but they're definitely different They are and there even if even exercises like I did just mentioned Inclined barbell press and inclined dumbbell press the slight differences actually make a decent Difference in your muscle development and strength and all that stuff because your body has to Fire differently and has to stabilize differently even when the exercise I mean I could go from a a closer grip inclined to a wider grip and literally the difference could be four inches three inches and It's gonna be a very it's gonna be a different feeling exercise I'll give you an example and people will get this because you only really understand this when you've been working out a Long time, so I use something else As an example, so we all walk all the time, right? So you're used to walking note That feels like put on high heels.   You're still taking strides, whatever slight difference You're talking about inches and it's gonna be totally different in the way it feels on your body Romanian deadlifts and good mornings. Yes, they're hip-hinging. Yes, the prime movers are the same Totally different feel good morning.  They both feel totally different both valuable for you know different Aspects and that's the thing is like you you want to bank those types of exercises that are similar But provide, you know a different stimulus so that way You know You're not constantly always doing the same thing in that way you can kind of stay ahead of that And like we always talk about whichever one that you gravitate most to you know and introduce the other one You know so if you're somebody who loves good mornings, but you're like oh, I do good mornings There's no sense for me to do remaining deadlifts actually you should right and you know vice versa If you are somebody who always does Romanian deadlifts and you don't hardly ever do good mornings and introduce good mornings I'll have their own value now that being said I don't think for most people It's a good idea to do both in the same workout No, that's it might they're close enough for that. Yeah, it might be overkill All right, and especially because of your you need to be really with either we're on main deadlift or good morning You have to have really really good. You need real concentrated Attention. Yeah, you have to good incredibly good low back Stability if you start to break form especially if you're loaded heavy these exercises can be pretty nasty on the low back Form is good. You're safe. I also think too like we you loading like good mornings I can do way more. Oh, yeah Romanian deadlift Oh, yeah A Romanian deadlift where you're keeping tension on it the entire time and you're having to hold on to that even with wrist straps You know you're holding on to 200 or so pounds, but you know I could I could put good mornings on there I can go 300 pounds and do a good morning. So this they're definitely different with loading too


We have talked about how to we send data using signals, and we've looked at some of the characteristics of those signals, including bandwidth, frequency, data rate. Now we want to look at the thing between the transmitter and receiver. So we transmit a signal from our transmitting device, and it's received by our receiving device. But what's the thing between those? Well, what's the media that our signals pass via? That's what we want to talk about. One transmission medium, a single one medium, or the different media. And in one simple example, one transmission medium is a LAN cable, or the copper wires inside this LAN cable. So we'll look about the cabling that we can use to connect a transmitter and receiver, as well as some other issues. We'll first introduce, more generally for all the different media, the issues of the range of frequencies we have available. If you recall from our signals, we said, every signal we transmit is not just one frequency, but it's across multiple frequencies. It has frequency components. And the set of frequencies in that signal, we call the spectrum of the signal, and the width of that spectrum, we call the bandwidth. And that's an important characteristic. It turns out that we can't use just any frequency. There are a limit of frequencies that we can use to communicate. So we'll look at what range of frequencies we have available and talk about some applications that use those frequencies, which we'll also call the spectrum, or more precisely, the electromagnetic spectrum. All possible frequencies we have available to us. So we'll talk about that first. Then we'll talk about different media, giving examples from first what we say guided media. Guided means wired. The signal is guided through some conductor or some material. And we'll give three examples of that. We'll finish that today. And then in the next lecture, we'll look at wireless or unguided media. And we'll look at different concepts of wireless transmission, things like antennas, and how much signal we lose when we transmit across some distance. So today, we'll just do spectrum and guided media. Transmission media. The thing between the transmitter and receiver, that's what we want to look at. And the signal propagates through this thing, through this transmission medium. When you design a communications network, you need to choose which medium is best for you. So some of the factors to consider, well, a medium that will give you the highest data rate, generally we would like to transmit as much data as possible. Sometimes we care about distance. You want to set up a network that covers the entire country. Then you would like to use some medium or some links that go as far as possible so that you don't have to have multiple transmitters and receivers. You can have as few as possible to cover a large area. So distance is sometimes of interest. With respect to signals, we've said one of the trade-offs with bandwidth is that increasing bandwidth increases data rate. That's good, but it also increases cost. So generally, we would like to minimize or we have a constrained bandwidth. We can't just use any bandwidth we choose. We want to minimize transmission impairments. We don't want noise. We don't want too much attenuation. The different types of media will have different amounts of noise and difference amount of attenuation. So choose one that's best. And different media will have different costs involved. For example, optical fiber costs more than our LAN cables, our copper wiring. So we're distinguished between wired or guided and wireless unguided media. When we're tapping on what we know about our signals that we want to send, this picture we've seen before, it shows a signal, a practical signal in the frequency domain. What it shows us is this signal. The blue line shows that the signal has frequency components ranging from down here up to here. But most of them, most of those components have the highest magnitude. And the most energy from about here to here. If we plotted impulses, then the highest ones are in this range of frequencies. So if we define some cutoff, some low and high cutoff, we think that the signal that we transmit has a particular bandwidth. Although that does have components outside here, they're very small that we can almost forget about them. They contribute very little to the signal overall. So a signal that we transmit, two characteristics we care about are the frequency, or the center frequency usually, and the bandwidth of that signal. And we've said larger bandwidth, larger data rate. But this frequency that we can use, and the bandwidth that's available to us, is limited because there are a limited range of frequencies that are usable for sending signals, our communication signals. So we must be aware of what range of frequencies are available, and that's defined by the electromagnetic spectrum. We'll see a picture in a moment. All possible frequencies that we can use, we'll define. And all of those frequencies need to be shared amongst multiple users. Users in different and in the same location, amongst different applications. So in practice, what happens is that usually government authorities, national, and then agree on an international basis, make laws or regulations that says, who can use which frequencies? One example is that the government licenses or auctions off a license to use the mobile phone frequencies. So if a company wants to set up a mobile phone network, they need a license from the government to use that particular range of frequencies, and that has some cost involved. So all the frequencies are usually regulated in some manner, and the regulations set up such that many different users can make use of those frequencies to send signals, but also that we don't need to fear with other users. If two different users transmit a signal with the same range of frequencies, they will interfere with each other. And the transmission impairments that we saw last topic we said interference is a form of noise. The more interference, the more noise, the less data we can deliver. That's a bad thing. So what is this electromagnetic spectrum? Here's a picture that roughly covers the range of frequencies that we can use for communications. And in fact there are two pictures, the top one and the bottom one. So we'll focus on the top one first and explain what it shows us, and then briefly look at the bottom one. Maybe zoom in a little bit more, same pictures. First, what does it show? Follow this solid black line here. It shows the range of frequencies we have available. So it starts from, and the frequency is, see these dashed lines, starts from 10 to the power of 0 hertz, which is 1 hertz. And the scale goes up to 1,000 hertz, 1 million hertz, or 1 megahertz, 1 gigahertz. 10 to the power of 12 is what? What are the prefixes? After giga, 1 terahertz. We have 10 to the power of 12 will be 1 terahertz, 10 to the power of 15, petahertz, 1 petahertz, and 10 to the power of 18. I can't remember. Exahertz, maybe, EXA. And 10 to the power of 21, I definitely don't know. So we know about kilo, mega, giga, tera, at least. You should know about them. And the others, well, you may know about. So that's what this picture is showing. The range of frequencies from 1 hertz up to 10 to the power of 21 hertz. And these rectangles give us some names of those ranges of frequencies, or the bands of frequencies. So some common names, some will recognize, some may be new to you. For example, the small one in the middle or here, this small rectangle means that the frequencies of visible light are in this range, a little bit less than 10 to the power of 15 hertz. So the light that we see, ranging from what color? What's the lowest color? Red, ranging from red up to, you know, rainbow. What color is at the top? I can't remember either. But I think the top one's purple or violet. Okay, so the range of frequencies of light fall in here, the visible light range. The frequencies below that are given the name infrared, below red. Infrared here, so from about 3 terahertz up to the visible light. And above visible light, ultraviolet. Now that's not used for data communications very often, but that's the name that's given for that range of frequencies. Above that, x-ray and gamma rays. So we're not going to focus on them. For data communications, it's mainly below visible light. So what have we got below? Terahertz is this small range here, but the two common ones that will come across a lot are the microwave range and the radio range of frequencies, radio frequencies, sometimes RF. So they're some common names given to the sets of frequencies that we have available to us. When we send signals at different frequencies, we may impact upon how much data we can send, but it also impacts upon how well our signal propagates. Does it go through the wall or not? How well does it pass through water? And humans are made up mainly of water, so how well will it pass through humans and will humans say interfere or attenuate the signal? So different frequencies will pass through obstacles in different manners. So when we choose a communication system and design a signal, we need to select a frequency that best suits our needs. So let's look at some examples of communication systems and see what frequencies they use. One we've mentioned before is Wi-Fi. And we said that the Wi-Fi access points commonly use a frequency of about 2.4 GHz, 2,400 MHz. So this line here just shows us that Wi-Fi is about... So 10 to the power of 9 is 1 GHz. Note it's a logarithmic scale. So Wi-Fi is about in this range, about 2 GHz. That's all we're showing. And when we transmit a signal from my laptop to the access point on the wall, that signal again contains multiple frequencies. It has a bandwidth of about 20 MHz. And it's centered on one particular frequency. There are different channels like 2.412 GHz, 2.437 GHz. They correspond to different channels. But that's all within this range. 3G or mobile phone systems in general, when we use data access and your voice access, they have different ranges of frequencies. One of them is typically around the 2 GHz. So a common frequency band for 3G is 2.1 GHz, 2,100 MHz. Other ones are 1,800 and 1,900 MHz. And there's some lower at about 850 MHz and 900 MHz. Different telecom companies, AIS, TRU and others, may use different frequencies. Okay, so it's not such a problem now, but in the past maybe three, five years ago, when you bought a phone, you wanted to buy one that supported the frequency that your operator used. But nowadays the phones support all different, the wide set of frequencies. What else do we know? FM radio is about what's your favorite FM radio channel? Anyone? Anyone listen to FM radio? 100 something, something megahertz. So it's about 100 megahertz FM radio. So that's around here. So this is 1 GHz, 100 MHz, or 10 to the power of 8. AM is about 1 MHz. So it's something about 900 kilohertz. Radio stations are from 900 to about 1,000. Satellite TV, maybe you receive satellite TV, then the signals beam down from the satellite to your receiver and the order of several gigahertz, 2, 3 gigahertz. It may differ in some satellites. So there are examples, in fact, of wireless systems. Most of them don't overlap. That is, my mobile phone doesn't transmit at the same range of frequencies as my Wi-Fi device. If they did, they would interfere with each other. So the government regulations set it up such that if you're using Wi-Fi, you should use these frequencies. Mobile phones use a different set of frequencies, designed so that they don't interfere when people use them in the same vicinity. What else can we look at? Your microwave oven? What frequency does that use? When you zap some food, microwave uses about usually the same frequency as Wi-Fi, in fact, about 2.4 GHz. So if you're cooking some food in the microwave and you're trying to use Wi-Fi, they may interfere with each other. But it's usually not a problem unless maybe your laptop's inside your microwave such that your Wi-Fi won't work. There are other applications. These are just some common ones that we may have heard of. Let's also mention some wired or guided media. And we'll spend a little bit more time looking at each of these guided-meter examples. But just to show you, your telephone line at home, not your mobile phone, but the landline telephone, the one with the cable that goes into the wall and goes out to the telephone network, and also your LAN cables that you plug into your computer, these use copper wiring. So if we look later, there's copper wires in here, and they're called twisted-pair wiring or twisted-pair cables. We'll explain them in a moment. But the range of frequencies which are transmitted across twisted-pair range from about 1 Hz up to about, this is about 100 MHz. If you follow the scale, 10 to the power of 6, 10 to the power of 7, 10 to the power of 8, about. It's logarithmic. So twisted-pair, when we transmit a signal, the bandwidth of that signal sent across those cables is about from 1 Hz up to 100 MHz. So what's the bandwidth? Minimum component, 1 Hz, maximum 100 MHz. The bandwidth is a difference, which is about 100 MHz. So the bandwidth, when we send a signal across twisted-pair, is about 100 MHz. Another wired system we look at, and you may have it if you have cable TV at home, or maybe cable internet access, or even the cabling between your audio equipment, it uses co-actual cable. We'll explain the name shortly, but that's another type of medium that's used. And that carries signals with frequencies of about 1 KHz up to 1 GHz. What's the bandwidth? Or maybe a different question. Compare twisted-pair versus co-actual cable. Two different wired media. Which one has larger bandwidth? Twisted-pair or co-actual cable. When we transmit a signal across these wired media, which one can transmit a larger bandwidth or potentially a larger data rate. Twisted-pair ranges up to about 100 MHz, so bandwidth of 100 MHz. Co-actual cable is 1 KHz up to about 1 GHz. The difference is about 1 GHz. So the bandwidth of twisted-pair is about 100 MHz. Co-actual cable is about 10 times greater, about 1 GHz. And generally, with co-actual cable, you can get higher data rates than twisted-pair. And a third system that we'll talk about in a moment is optical fiber. What's the bandwidth shown in this diagram of optical fiber? Approximate it from the picture. Try to work out the approximate bandwidth of optical fiber. Just roughly. So here we get up to about, what, from 1 up to 100 MHz. That's an M. This is about 1 KHz up to 1 GHz. So the difference for twisted-pair is about approximately 100 MHz. Co-actual cable, it's approximately 1 GHz bandwidth. What about optical fiber? Roughly, it goes... The highest frequency component is about 10 to the power of 15. The lowest is about 10 to the power of 14. Note, we have 10 to the power of 12, approximately 13, 14, 10 to the power of 15. So 10 to the power of 15 minus 10 to the power of 14 is... It's about 10 to the power of 15. Less than, of course. But when we compare it to the others, it's 0.9 times 10 to the power of 15. Compared to... Well, how many GHz is that? 1 GHz is 10 to the power of 9, so this is about 1 million GHz. My LAN cable has a bandwidth of about 100 MHz. My co-actual cable for cable internet or cable TV is about 10 times the bandwidth. Optical fiber is about a million times the bandwidth of your co-actual cable. So with optical fiber, we can send at much higher data rates. And we'll give some examples later. What do we send across optical fiber? Look at the frequencies. It includes the visible light. And light through very thin fibers. Fibers of glass or plastic. And the light passes through them, and that light represents the data. So just some examples of different transmission media and where they sit in the electromagnetic spectrum. There are not so many examples above that. They'd be very specialized. Most of them in the radio or microwave beds. The other part on this diagram, it also shows the wavelengths. What's the equation for wavelengths? It'll come up in the exam. When we do calculations, you'll need to know what is wavelengths. What's the equation? Does your phone show you the equation for wavelengths? Lambda equals the speed of light divided by the frequency. That is, the wavelength lambda of a signal is the speed of light, C, or about 300 million meters per second divided by the frequency. So this plot also shows some example wavelengths. So 3 kilohertz has a wavelength of 100 kilometers, 10 to the power of 5 meters. 300 megahertz has a wavelength of 1 meter. And we get smaller as we go along here. What else do we see? The second diagram. So we have some names of some of the range of frequencies. They're not very specific. Radio covers from 3 kilohertz up to about 300 megahertz. And there are different applications in there. Some other organizations have given other names to some portions of that spectrum. Some of them you may have heard of. On this picture we see some names and we see that split from 3 kilohertz, 30 kilohertz times 10 up to 300 kilohertz and so on. These frequencies are given names as listed here, where the F means frequency. M is medium frequency. L is low frequency. H is high frequency. So just some names given to ranges of frequencies. VLF, what's under low? What's lower than low? Very low frequency. VLF. Ultra high frequency. Very, very high frequency. Super high frequency. Extremely high frequency. And tremendously high frequency. Not very smart names, but effective for here. And I think you may have seen some of these abbreviations or heard of them before, especially UHF and VHF. They are used in some handheld communications but especially used in TV broadcasts. If you pick up free-to-air TV, not via satellite, not via cable but just from the antennas on your TV, then it's usually using either UHF or VHF. If you have satellite TV or satellite internet access and you look at the specs of your satellite receiver the frequency it receives from the satellite up in space, then usually it's labeled with one of these other bands. So there's some different names. So from 1 GHz up to about 40 GHz, there are some bands of frequencies labeled by letters usually like C band from 4 to 8 GHz. KU band, KA band are some common ones used for satellite communications. So when you subscribe to a satellite operator and you get the satellite dish at home usually that antenna will be designed to receive a signal in one of these bands like C band or KU band depending upon the application. The purpose of this is not for you to have to remember all of these abbreviations and names but to be aware that we have a range of frequencies available for us. And they are separated into different groups and importantly that regulations set up such that only certain applications can use those particular ranges of frequencies. So the government sets up regulations. I'll show you an example of an allocation of the frequencies to different applications. You don't have this because it's so detailed that you need to actually look at it online printing out doesn't help. This is, we'll zoom in in a moment, this is the US frequency allocation chart. It summarises how the US government allocates different frequencies for different purposes. Nothing to see yet but what we'll see in a moment when we zoom in, it ranges from I think 3 kHz or 3 Hz, 3 kHz up here and it goes across and wraps around and we'll zoom in I think this is 3 MHz, 30 MHz, 300 MHz it goes up to I think 300 GHz here. So from 3 kHz up to 300 GHz they define what types of applications can use those frequencies. So this is allocated by the government, the US government. There's an equivalent one for Thailand it's just not in so much colour but it shows the details or not on one picture. And when we zoom in we'll see some of the names here that are quite general and the colour code in corresponding correspond to the different types of applications. Before we look at them we'll look at the the naming scheme, the legend here and we see that some of the colours corresponding to different types of applications. It doesn't specify which company or which specific application has that frequency but the types of applications. You can see there's aeronautical mobile so for planes or planes for satellites for radio astronomy so getting signals from space, amateur radio for maybe handheld radio or home operators for location services so things somewhere in here GPS would be covered the signals that the GPS satellites send down to your phones or your phone knows where you are that's a location service for navigation many satellite type up operations mobile, so mobile phones would fit under here LAN mobile this is aeronautical and I think maritime so out on the sea and so on space and satellite. Broadcasting is like TV and radio broadcasting so that are the types of applications that this picture shows us and we will not look at too many of them but let's try and find somewhere aware of for example TV broadcasting this scale it's 54 megahertz up to 72 megahertz is used or allocated for broadcasting channels 2 to 4 this is in the US and it's similar in Thailand I'll show you another picture that shows that and some different applications for mobile planes space applications and so on TV broadcasting 5 to 6 FM radio in the US so this is our 88 megahertz up to 108 megahertz and some other applications here and a lot of them you see there's a lot of satellite applications satellite space operations for communications from earth to satellites and even between satellites or between objects in space so these regulations are set up so that different users will not interfere with others and if we scroll down we'll see I think this is about 1.7 gigahertz 1.8 gigahertz the mobile ones listed here usually for mobile mobile phone systems so 3G, 4G systems would fit within some of these frequency ranges but there are many others as well and the last one this 2, 4, 1, 7 up to 2, 4, 5, 0 is generally reserved for well for multiple purposes but includes wifi in this range 2.4 gigahertz this one's hard to look at in detail on the screen so maybe you'll look at that in your own time there's a link on the website let's find another one that maybe makes more sense to you for TV in particular for VHF this shows for different regions in the world for very high frequency range of bands in different regions TV channels and what frequencies they use and Thailand fits within the scheme of Western Europe uses the same scheme what TV channels do we have here free-to-air TV channels I don't watch TV can someone tell me TV channel in Thailand 3, 5, 7, 9 7, 9 I'm not sure about this one of them isn't named by the number but there's 11 I think NBT maybe 11 it is actually channel 11 then there are others which maybe UHF which we'll not see in this so you know I think of 3, 5, 7, 9 there's also 11 what frequencies are used follow the yellow ones that applies here so channel 3 for example when the TV station transmits antenna at the TV station it transmits and it transmits a signal and your TV antenna receives that we're not talking about satellite or necessarily cable here think of just picking up on your TV antennas channel 3 uses frequencies from about 59 yeah 54 megahertz up to about 61 megahertz 54 to 61 a bandwidth of 6 to 7 megahertz there's a range of frequencies used say for channel 3 and the other channels use the same bandwidth so each channel is allocated the same bandwidth there's a gap for the TV channels because this is used for our FM radio up to 100 megahertz some other applications some marine so on boats radio and then we get channel 5, channel 7 channel 9 for example is about 200 megahertz 202 up to 208 megahertz for channel 9 so each TV station transmits a signal at the same time but they use different frequencies different center frequencies such that they don't overlap and your TV when you change the channel at least on the old style TVs analog TVs when you change the channel your TV it really tunes into that particular frequency and receives that signal on that range of frequencies so just another example of the use of the spectrum for different communication applications any questions before we look at guided media and we'll look very quickly at guided media going through three examples twisted pair, coaxial cable and optical fiber first two examples of guided media we use electrical cables the way that it works the way that it works is that we plug our cable into a transmitter and the other end into the receiver and the transmitter generates an electrical signal that goes onto the conductor and we'll zoom in in a moment and see some copper wires inside here that conduct the electricity and the electrical signal goes to the other end and the receiver receives a signal of the data so just using electricity to send our data copper is a good conductor of electricity is commonly used in data communications now the problem so that's use electrical cables the problem is when we send electricity through a conductor that the energy goes through the conductor but it also radiates outwards so it's not going through the wire but it's also spreading out and that can cause interference on nearby wires so when we have some wires nearby each other both having a signal across it because the energy radiates out it may interfere on the other wire and interference is bad it creates noise in the same way that our wire when the electrical signal is sent radiates out our wire can pick up energy from neighboring wires so that causes interference so we don't want interference because it means we won't be able to send much data we get a low data rate or lots of errors we receive poor quality signals and that makes it difficult to communicate so the challenge then is how can we still use electrical signals but minimize the interference well, different approaches it turns out the shorter the cables the less interference we'll get the less we'll pick up from others but that's a problem if we want to cover a long distance we can't just have every cable being 10 cm because if I want to connect my computer to the switch down on the third floor we need a longer cable so we can't just restrict every cable to be very short it's ineffective if we keep our cables away from other cables or other sources of electricity we can avoid interference but that's also hard in practice think of the LAN cable going from this PC you can see it at the back here maybe it goes into the wall and then through these conduits and up through the cavities in the wall and down to I think the second floor computer center but there are many other nearby cables audio cables other data cables in here power cables all containing electrical signals it's very hard to keep your data cable away from other sources of electricity and therefore to avoid interference so the third approach is to try to design the cables so that it protects them from any interference so that they don't radiate energy out and they don't pick up energy from other sources two approaches use some materials outside the cables to shield them so provide some shielding so that it doesn't pick up interference and if you return to very basics of physics you see think about the way that electricity flows you can organize the wires so that they sort of cancel each other out and don't cause interference on others and that's what we get with twisted pair and coaxial cable twisted pair and well I talk about it I'll pass around some examples twisted pair is taking copper wires and twisting them around each other many examples so have a quick look and part along got one left examples of twisted pair but I'll show one on the screen as well what you're seeing what I've passed around is just cuts of a LAN cable and if you can't see it in front of you you'll see some things like this it may not be the same so all we've done is cut the LAN cable up and if you look closely the LAN cable inside it so inside this outer coating there's white coating there's in fact multiple wires inside there are in fact eight wires eight copper wires inside in fact the copper wires have some plastic coating on them as well and you'll see there's some different colors like the blue, orange, brown and green here and they go in pairs that is each pair of copper wires usually there's a solid color plus a white with that same color so blue and blue and white orange and orange and white that's what they're on if you look closely at those pairs you'll see that they're twisted around each other that is the blue and it's part of blue and white they're twisted around each other and that twisting is such that when we send a signal down those pair of wires they the signal that radiates out effectively cancels each other out and they don't interfere much with the neighboring pairs so we can send a signal down the blue one and it will not cause significant interference on the neighboring wires either inside this cable or even other cables so that's the idea of twisting the pairs to reduce the interference and you need to go back to some basic physics to work out why and in particular the twist length has an impact if you look very close you'll see that they do have different twist lengths some are tightly twisted some are looser and again that's to avoid the interference so twisted pair we have a pair of copper wires usually twisted around each other a LAN cable has four pairs but other systems may not have four telephone lines and another common example of twisted pair very common in telephone networks specific for LAN cables that's not the topic of today but there are four pairs we send a signal in one direction on one pair so we send the signal on both wires in the pair say the green one I can't remember which colour but say the green one we send in this direction and that device at the other end can send a signal back on a different pair in the opposite direction we get full duplex communications remember full duplex we can send in one direction and at the same time be receiving from the other direction and we achieve that by having different pairs of wires in your LAN cable with some of your computers the older computers it only uses two of the four pairs one for transmit one for receive in devices that support one gigabit per second ethernet it uses all four pairs two for transmit two for receive to get a higher data rate maybe I gave away the answer to my question what data rate can you get for a LAN cable you plug this into your laptop the other end into your switch or router at home how fast can you send how many bits per second no one's done that before tried measured if you look at the spec maybe of your computer the transmitting device supports most devices today support 10 megabits per second 100 megabits per second and 1000 megabits per second or one gigabit per second so normally the devices at each end point will negotiate to choose the highest that both support my laptop supports 10 100 or 1000 if I plug it into this PC it supports 10 and 100 they'll only use 100 megabits per second but if this PC supported 10 100 or 1000 then they would negotiate up to the higher speed of 1000 megabits per second depends upon the devices so 100 to 1000 megabits per second is typical for LAN cables you can get higher there's 10 gigabit gigabit per second ethernet but generally nowadays it uses optical fiber you can use copper wires but most of them use fiber the purpose of the lecture today is just to give you three examples of guided media not to look at the details of them so TwistedPair is one example used in telephone networks, in building networks LANs for example and has different types of cabling these wires have an outer coating, this white coating on the outside it's quite bendable it's referred to as unshielded TwistedPair UTP the white coating doesn't provide much protection from interference it doesn't really provide shielding from interference you can buy a different type more expensive called STP and what that does is it provides more protection from interference and therefore if there's less interference we can send faster so shielded TwistedPair is better for performance the problem with the shielding is that the cables no longer bend, they're much more rigid and if you can't bend the cable very well it's very hard to place it through the conduits and through the walls so it's not very popular to use shielded TwistedPair it's very hard to use unshielded TwistedPair is very cheap and very common and the quality of the copper wires and the coating and shielding leads to different categories so you may hear of category 5 category 6 6 LAN cables so there's one example of a guided media another one which I cannot pass around and have a copy an example coaxial cable maybe you've used it for cable access cable TV so maybe in your apartment building or dorm building there's cable TV coming into the back of the TV there's a coaxial cable between components in an audio or hi-fi system sometimes from a satellite receiver to your TV is commonly used again coaxial cable uses an electrical conductor usually copper and we send a signal across that copper conductor to minimise interference rather than wrapping two conductors around each other they use a different physical property and they have one conductor inside then some insulation around it so this is a cut through the cross section here the inner conductor takes the signal then there's some insulation and then there's an outer conductor and the physics of it is when you send electrical signal the outer conductor protects the energy from radiating out any further and from picking up energy from other sources so this is really two conducting materials the inner one and the outer one uses so we call it coaxial cable the outer sheath is just the outer protection on that cable it has more shielding from interference than twisted pair and can generally achieve higher data rates it has a larger bandwidth like we saw on the electromagnetic spectrum and can send across longer distance than twisted pair we'll put some numbers to them in a moment use for cable TV audio video some long distance communications like connecting between offices across a city between cities or maybe between countries but it turns out nowadays most of such connections have been replaced with optical fiber coaxial cable is not so common in such long distance communications so optical fiber is our third example it doesn't take an electrical signal it takes light we have very thin hair like the thickness of a human hair a fiber made of plastic or glass and you have a light source at the end point and the light goes through that fiber for example reflecting off and is received at the other end point and that's used to carry our data this optical fiber is generally much more expensive than the other two the materials are more expensive dealing with the fibers very thin fibers is much harder than with the copper conductors so much more expensive but has advantages in that we don't have interference from other electrical sources it's a light signal not electrical signal so as long as we can keep that light signal inside and keep it dark from outside we will not have interference from other sources when light propagates through the material it doesn't lose so much power compared to electrical signals it doesn't attenuate so much lower loss meaning we can send it across larger distances much higher bandwidth than the others so we can send it to higher data rates so a single fiber can support the equivalent of hundreds of electrical cables so instead of having 100 electrical wires we can have just one fiber smaller space occupied which is an advantage in some cases that was the picture of the co-actual cable the inner conductor some insulating material and the outer metal conductor is really providing protection from interference and just the outer plastic coating and not a real picture because it's hard to see the individual fibers but with optical fiber usually they're inside one cable they're the very thin fibers and they need a lot of protection to make sure that the light is maintained inside there's no light from outside sources but they're not broken so the other parts are just the shielding or the protection around those fibers so a single cable may have many tens of maybe even hundreds of fibers inside that cable and that's all this picture is showing that we have fibers and then protection multiple layers of protection for those fibers I've passed around some LAN cable we cut it up if you were energetic you could take those pieces and join them back together again you find the copper endpoints and just wrap them around each other and you could join them back together and it would work we just carry the electrical signal through the copper conductor you can't do that with optical fiber using your hands the fibers are so fine that we need special equipment if we cut them to join them together we have issues with the high cost of optical fiber not just the material but the high cost of installing it changing the length and so on so to summarize just our three examples of guided media two types of electrical cabling one optical cable twisted pair and coaxial cable give us data rates in the order of about gigabits per second twisted pair up to one gigabit per second the cable can go faster the distances are about 2 kilometers up to 10 kilometers that is with a single cable with twisted pair the maximum we can get is about 2 kilometers let's say you want to build a network or a link from Bangkok to Chiang Mai what about 900 kilometers if you wanted to use coaxial cable every 10 kilometers you'd have to have a special device that received the signal and then transmits across the next cable this special device is some form of repeater every 10 kilometers you have a special repeater device so that you can cover the long distance each repeater cost money and is difficult to operate so one of the problems with a short distance is that it's hard to cover of course a very long distance it's more expensive to cover optical fibers we get data rates at the order of hundreds of gigabits per second per cable and the distance is about 40 kilometers some can go further so again going from Bangkok to Chiang Mai every 40 kilometers we'd need some repeater so for one repeater here we'd need four if we used coaxial cable or 20 if we used twisted pair so that's why having a longer distance is an advantage even though optical fiber has high data rates it's very expensive so it's only really effective if we want to carry a very high data rate if I want to send a movie from my computer to my TV I don't need hundreds of gigabits per second I only need tens of megabits per second so a LAN cable is okay but if I want to send all of the internet traffic from everyone in Chiang Mai out through the gateway in Bangkok then hundreds of gigabits per second is maybe important so when the amount of data to be transferred is very high optical fiber becomes cost effective and I think that's the main points that we want to make about those three examples of guided media we're not going to look at the characteristics just be aware of different types of guided media and maybe some of the tradeoffs which ones faster which ones cover the longer distance which ones are cheaper