Do I need a passport to teach English abroad? The short answer is yes, you will need a passport for teaching English abroad. If you travel outside of your home country to teach English, you will need to possess a valid passport. Most countries require your passport to be valid for a minimum of six months after the date of entry, so it is vital that you check this in advance. To avoid any hassles while you're away from home, we recommend that you have at least two years validity on your existing passport. Once you know the country or countries where you intend to travel, you can contact the nearest consulate for each country if you have any questions or doubts regarding their entry regulations. How do I apply for a new passport or gain an extension to an existing one? USA From within the US, you can apply via the State Department's web page. From outside the country, you should contact the nearest US Embassy or Consulate. UK British citizens should visit the UK Government Services website for full details on applying for or renewing their passport. Canada Canadian citizens will find irrelevant information on the Government of Canada website. Australia Passport information for Australians can be found on the Department of Foreign Affairs website. New Zealand New Zealand citizens should go to the passport page of the Department of Internal Affairs. Other nationalities A simple web search for your own country's passport application procedures should give you all the information you need.


Baby of Sukhanya was two months old child when it came to us. This child was born with a congenital heart problem called as VST. Unfortunately, this child became very very symptomatic very early in spite of medicines that because child had multiple holes, not just one hole. It had three or four large holes in the heart. So because of symptoms, we had to intervene very early. The options we had were a simple operation like reducing the blood flow to the lungs so that lungs are at this moment protected and we come back after another three, four months and do another operation to close the hole. The option two was try and close as many holes as possible and see how much of the lung pressure comes down.  We tackle that at a later date if it remains open. With both the options we went ahead with the operation. Luckily we could close three of the four holes and one tiny hole which was absolutely towards the tip of the heart. We couldn't reach that that is left but child recovered very beautifully. Lung pressures have come down significantly. Child is breathing comfortably, feeding very well. So we are quite happy. Now I also appreciate the parents' courage here that even amongst this COVID time they took their chances.  They came, they did their best even though they were not very financially sound. They took the help of the friends and the well-wishers. Hospital also stood by their side to help them financially. They went ahead with the operation and child has recovered and has been discharged. Please don't stay at home with the fear of Corona thinking that Corona is going to affect the family or if we are going to catch Corona etc. It's not really true, it is not that bad compared to the disease if that is very serious which you are suffering from because this disease if they are not done within time yes can take our life away. So it's certainly alright to visit a hospital and take whatever that treatment that is required.


Hi everyone, my name is Steph, this is Little Bookish Teacher and today I'm going to share with you some of my favorite picture books about cheeky animals. So I was inspired to film this video based on a book that a colleague of mine had shared with me last year and that was Oh No George by Chris Horton which is a delightful book about a very cheeky dog who just kind of can't help himself. So George doesn't really want to get into trouble and doesn't want to do naughty things but he kind of can't help himself and his owner Harris is going out and says, you know, will you be good George? And George is like, yes, yes, I'll be good. I'll be very good. And George is trying to be good but then George sees things and has to stop and think what will George do? And of course you can imagine the sort of chaos that ensues but it's very endearing because I mean just look at this face he's very cute and adorable. This is a really great book in the classroom for talking about making positive choices and thinking through your actions. It's also really great for talking about impulse control because young children don't always have the best impulse control and that's fine because they're still learning. It also does highlight that even if you do something wrong it doesn't make you a bad person and I think that's a really important message in books that you can make a mistake and you can have a consequence and you can learn from it and you can get better and people aren't going to stay mad at you because Harris can't stay mad at George because I mean just look at him. There's also a really great story for introducing questions and question marks because they are in the text and it's also a really great book for making predictions throughout the text but also at the end of the text as we try and figure out what will George do next. I read this with my class last year and they absolutely loved it. I'm really excited to read it with kids this year. Haven't had a chance yet but it's coming. This book is going back to school so I can read it because it's great. Another book that I absolutely adore because of the cuteness factor is Fluff by Heidi McKinnon. I mean just look at this face. A bit like George, Fluff is very adorable, cute and fluffy and just gets into absolutely everything around the house. How could you resist this face? But even this adorable pet occasionally does things that just causes its owner to ask, what are you doing Fluff? And it is so cute and so heartwarming and so funny and it's a really great conversation starter for kids with pets to make connections or what sort of things do your pets do at home that may not always be the right thing to do but you kind of forgive them because they're very cute. It's a very engaging book for kids. They absolutely love looking through this one. I like this book because there's a variety of sentence lengths in the story from one to two words to slightly longer sentences while still being very accessible for foundation to two year two students. And I think one of the questions that I always loved asking my students after reading it was how would you feel with Fluff as a pet? And it always prompted some really interesting discussions. This is an absolutely gorgeous book with a very cute, very cheeky cat. Then there is Pig the Pug by Aaron Blaby, which people will probably be familiar with. Pig the Pug is pretty well known and Pug is a fairly greedy, fairly self-centered pug who just likes doing things his way. He does live with another dog Trevor and Trevor is very sweet and tries to be Pig's friend but of course Pig just finds himself getting into all sorts of chaos. I have pretty much every book in the Pig the Pug series now. They're all hilarious. Kids love them because Pig just does some truly outrageous things that they know are the wrong thing to do which is a really great conversation starter as to okay well why are those things the wrong thing to do? It is hilarious. It has great rhyming texts that just engages kids. Quite often they learn it off by heart and they end up reading it alongside with you. These books always do have a moral whether it's don't be greedy or be a better friend or don't eat all of the lollies or the candy. Listen to the advice people are giving you and those are really great discussion points for kids because often they pick up on them because they're fairly obvious which sometimes in picked books the moral is not always obvious and kids find it really hard to work that out but in these books it's pretty clear and it means it's a really great discussion jumping off point. It's also a really great one for discussing friendship traits particularly between Pig and Trevor and also for talking about feelings and expressions on people's faces because again they're fairly obvious in this book. Let me come back to another cat book and this time we have Bad Cat by Nicola Roburn. This is just hilarious because this bad cat is kind of like the pig the pug of the cat world so where you have Fluff who is who looks cute and fluffy and you kind of forgive all the time bad cat does things on purpose like this and in this story Fluffikins just gets up to all sorts of chaos. The owner wants them to apologize but of course Fluffikins is their own cat and does things in a very cat-like way. They are still adorable and endearing and it's just a really fun read. I know that Bad Cat and Fluff are two of the favorite cat books in my classroom last year like I went on the shelf and I never saw them because kids just wanted to keep reading them. There are hilarious illustrations in this book the expressions on Bad Cat's face are top-notch and are also really good for conversations around expressions and how you know what Bad Cat is feeling at this time. This also has varied sentence lengths so it does make for a very interesting read also great for a mentor text on varied sentence length and how you can use that to keep the reader's attention. It's great for predictions and also finding evidence for why you think something is about to happen. It also has a really great voice in this book. The text size changes and varies you can tell when the narrator in the story is getting frustrated and that also makes it a really great mentor text for how can you convey different emotions just through words on a page. Then we come to two books that do not feature pet animals. So the first one is Bin Chicken by Kate and Joel Temple. This one's illustrated by Rona Joy Gosh. Bin chickens are Australian white ibis birds and mostly you see them in Sydney and they're called bin chickens because they like to take food and things out of bins and they're kind of the outcasts of the bird society here in Australia and most people are not a fan of them and in this book Kate and Joel Temple really play around with the reputation that bin chickens have. This is a really great book for discussing why people do or don't like bin chickens. It would be also great for older readers to think about well why do you think bin chickens have evolved to become the kings and queens of the trash heap in the bird world. This book is built around the colloquialism of a bin chicken so it's really great for older readers to unpack what that actually means and how that might have come about. It's also pretty fun because it is a rhyming text. This one is more text heavy than some of the other books in this list but it is a really fun exploration of a quirky Australian bird.  At the back of the book there is an ace up quote that probably inspired this book which says, the stubborn listen to nobody's advice and become a victim of their own delusions because in this book quokka is dressing up to try and be fierce or different like other animals and all the other animals are kind of laughing at it going oh you're so cute and it gets more and more frustrated to the point where it starts attacking other animals and then finally meets its comeuppance when along comes a snake. Despite being a deceptively simple text in terms of how much text it is in the book and how simple and repetitive it is just for the fact alone that there is that quote at the back of the book it would be great to explore with middle and upper primary school students about why do you think the author chose to explore this idea of a character who doesn't listen to anyone's advice. So there's lots of scope there for discussions but it's also really great for younger readers because it is a simple text that is really funny they think it's hilarious. There's really great opportunities for predicting in this book and also for learning a little bit more about the animals that are mentioned in this story it's a great jumping off point for that. Also it just has really fun quirky little illustrations and is fun to look at. All right so those are some cheeky animal recommendations. In the comments I'd love to know if you have a picture book recommendation for some cheeky animals. I always love finding those books. Animals in books do make up a significant portion of picture books out there and I know that we want to see more diverse representation but every now and then there's a moral in a story that can really be helped along by a cute and quirky little animal character particularly for younger readers. If you want to let me know that you're here but you don't want to leave a comment for free to leave your favorite animal emoji down below otherwise I hope that we're everywhere in the world just staying safe and healthy and I will see you in my next video. Thanks so much for watching. Bye everyone.


Sometimes, we need to choose what average to use to analyze data in order to get the most believable result. There are a lot of averages, and you can always construct your own for your problem. But here are all three most common ones, mean, median, and mode. Mean is just a sum of all values in a data set divided by their number. For example, take a look at this set. These are the ages of children who took part in a maths competition. Let's find the mean. To do that, we add all the numbers together and divide them by the total number of values. So our answer in this case is 13. Median is the middle value in an ordered data set. Let's try to find the median age of children from our maths competition. Here, we can see that 14 is the median value of the set. Mode is the most frequent score of a set. In the case of our children, the mode is also 14. As you can see, average values can be very similar or even the same. But there are situations where some of them fit the purpose better than others. For example, if we are trying to find a measure of central tendency for categorical data, we can only use mode. That's because we don't have values to calculate the mean or to order them in a set to find the median. Consider this. Students from the same class were asked what their favorite pet was. And here are their answers. We can easily notice that most of the students preferred dogs. So we can conclude that this is the mode of their pet preference. If our variable is ordinal, we can order values to find the median and it will serve as a much better estimate than the mode. For example, if we look at the results of a questionnaire with the ages of respondents, we can see the tendency by ordering them and finding the median of an ordered set. So here, our median is teenager. Although there are more children than teenagers and the mode would be child. But as we can see, the median is closer to the real tendency than the mode in this example. And this will be the case for most of the ordinal variables. Now, if we have an interval variable, we have a possibility of calculating it. So the most credible average here is the mean. Let's imagine in the previous questionnaire, we asked for an exact age and got the following results. So our mean here is 13. But the mean has one bug. It's too sensitive for the outliers. Imagine that in the previous example, the ages of adults were 71, 74 and 82. Not 21, 24 and 22, so much older. If we count the new average now, we get 29, not 13 as the first time. This situation is almost the same as the previous, but our mean has changed so much. That's why if our set is skewed, it's better to use the median instead of the mean, which in our case is 12.5. There are many other situations and their corresponding averages. But in most cases, for a fast evaluation, you can apply the following rules that we've learned from this lesson. For the categorical variables, use mode. For the ordinal variables, use median. For interval variables that are not skewed, use mean. And finally, for skewed interval variables, use median.


This is gonna do in Yoru line of flushes are yours a maniac.


Skepticism is dying, or at the very least, its definition is changing. A skeptic used to be a critical thinker, full of doubt and wary of popular opinion. Nowadays, skeptics form a fashionable clique. Skepticism used to be a methodology, a way of thinking about the world. But nowadays, it's a particular set of beliefs. I refer to this distinction as pop skepticism versus proper skepticism. So first, let me define my idea of proper skepticism. It's an overall approach to knowledge. Humans are constantly bombarded with information, and it's difficult to discern truth from falsehood. We receive contradictory information all the time. Our peers tell us one thing, while our elders tell us another. The news media says one thing, alternative media says something different. Our senses tell us one thing, but our minds believe the opposite. Without a method for sorting through all this information, discerning the truth is kind of like gambling. You might get lucky, but chances are you're betting wrong. Proper skepticism approaches this problem from a clear standpoint. Don't believe anything unless you're given overwhelming reason to. Assume propositions are false or unknown by default. Only hold beliefs which withstand being put through an intellectual meat grinder, and even then, keep open the possibility of being wrong. In short, doubt. Doubt yourself, doubt your peers, the experts, the media, and any proposition which you ever come across, even if you read it on the internet. Notice this kind of skepticism posits nothing about the world. It's about how we think. Contrast this with pop skepticism.  Pop skeptics would universally agree with the following. There is nothing supernatural, no gods, no angels or ghosts, and believing in such things is superstition. Number two, the physical world is all that exists, and to believe in non-physical existence is either fanciful or incoherent. Number three, science is the ultimate method of discerning truth. If a proposition does not have physical evidence and data, or if it is not falsifiable, it should be rejected. Number four, every intellectual study is ultimately secondary to and reducible to physics. Implying causality outside of physics is akin to belief in magic or sorcery. Number five, religious thinking is primitive, and it may be a sign of schizophrenia or schizotypalism as it's sometimes called. Notice how these propositions are twofold. Physicalism isn't merely a conclusion, but suggesting the opposite that you could have some kind of non-physical existence is essentially superstition. Pop skeptics don't simply lack a belief in God, they think that theism is equivalent to the belief in the flying spaghetti monster. They don't believe in spiritualism, and if you do, there might be something wrong with your brain. Having any kind of disagreement with scientific consensus isn't just wrong, it's irrational. You see the pattern? Each statement about the world is coupled with, quote, and if you disagree, it's because you're intellectually primitive. A great example of this is the so-called Breitz movement, supported by names like Richard Dawkins and Dan Dennett. They've tried to rename their own intellectual movement. Adherents are called Breitz. And those who disagree, well, I guess they aren't so bright. It's a clever way to disparage and dismiss anyone who disagrees with their own particular worldview. Now, while proper skeptics can be atheists, of course, they don't see theists as crazy or naive. Anybody who is sufficiently skeptical, who's actually done the difficult research, must respect opposing beliefs. With almost no exceptions, any worldview can be rigorously defended if you look hard enough. Even wild religious arguments can be well-reasoned. If you think that all Mormons are crazy, then you aren't skeptical enough. And if you think that believing in a non-material consciousness is naive, it is only a reflection of your own naivete. Of course, I don't say this pejoratively. I mean quite literally. If you can't respect a Buddhist's arguments about consciousness, it's because you don't understand them. Of course, don't get me wrong. I'm not saying all these ideas are true. I'm just saying they're well-reasoned and subtle. And any sincere truth-seeker must grapple with them. This usually means going beyond the popular mainstream arguments, which tend to be crappy and ill-reasoned. Rejecting poor arguments in strawmen is not an intellectual accomplishment. If you've dismissed Islam, but only understand a simplistic version of the worldview, then you've made a critical error. It's like saying, I don't believe in God because I don't believe in magic genies. Well, my friend, you have successfully defeated an argument that nobody makes. And I can almost guarantee any proper skeptic who seeks out strong counter-arguments will find them. Proper skepticism leaves no room for arrogant, uninformed dismissal of contrary propositions. Discernment is the tool of the skeptic, not dismissal. For example, do you believe in the existence of broom-riding witches? Now, before you answer, be honest with yourself. Have you done the research? Have you thought about it? Have you had any experiences? Or does such a belief so deeply contradict your worldview that you dismiss it out of hand? When you overcome knee-jerk dismissal and seek out the best arguments and explanations, you might be surprised what you come across. Seemingly juvenile myths might have a more interesting story than you think. I have a link in this article about the history of broom-riding witches that everybody should check out. Another weakness with pop skepticism is the enormous amount of trust in the scientific process. Yes, the scientific method is great for a lot of things, but it is not a panacea. There are enormous holes and flaws within science and the peer-review process. Biases, inaccuracies, limitations, and scandals all permeate scientific work, but these shortcomings are hard to see unless your default position is proper skepticism. Proper skeptics are necessarily suspicious of authority, whether it's papal authority or academic authority or scientific authority. Blindly believing a scientist is absolutely no different from blindly believing a priest. It's outsourcing your critical thinking to somebody else. You, not the expert scientists, not your peers, not the clergy, not your parents, you are the final decision maker regarding your beliefs. Truth-seeking is ultimately a solo journey which must scrutinize everybody regardless of their credentialing. In fact, I'd say I believe pop skepticism is nearly the opposite of proper skepticism. Not because of any conclusions, but because of the methodology. True skepticism is not about science or peer-review, it is about doubt. Unless you doubt yourself, you will never have a clear understanding of somebody else's point of view. And in other words, you will be stuck in a state of naive ignorance. Few things are as liberating and as terrifying as realizing that you don't know what you're talking about and neither does the expert you were listening to. If you like these ideas, make sure to subscribe. And if you want to help create a more rational worldview, then please head over to my Patreon page and you can support content like this for $1. To read this article or to learn about my books, check out steve-patterson.com.


I welcome you all to this course on Metal Casting. I am Dr. D. Benny Karnakar and I am from the Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department of IIT Roorkee. My email address is given below, it is BENNYFME at the rate of IITR.ERNET.N. I will be covering various topics of metal casting in the subsequent lectures. Today, first I would like to give you the introduction on the metal casting. Metal casting is the oldest manufacturing process. Today, there are so many manufacturing process are there like machining or modern manufacturing process, welding, forming, compared to all these manufacturing process, metal casting is the oldest manufacturing process. It was in practice around 5000 BC in the ancient Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt. Today, its applications include all areas of human requirements. We have applications of the metal casting in the automobile industry. The automobile engines are manufactured by metal casting. The aircraft engines are manufactured by metal casting. The turbine blades, the turbine housings and machine tool structures and many more are manufactured by metal casting. So, first of all, what is the principle of the metal casting? I would like to draw your attention to the spears used in the wars during the ancient days. Here you can see the spears, so these are all the spears. You can see there is a pointed head will be there which is made up of metal and there will be a wooden handle will be there. So, these are the spears, these were used in the wars during the ancient days. Here we can see a photograph or a picture of an ancient war taking place and here you can see a soldier is carrying a spear and here most of the soldiers are carrying the spears. These spears were widely used in the ancient wars. Now, the question is these spearheads were manufactured by metal casting. You can see these spearheads, so these were manufactured by metal casting means even during the ancient days this metal casting process was in practice. Now, let us see how the ancient people have manufactured these spearheads. Here you can see first of all they wanted to manufacture three spearheads. What they have done is they have made a wax model. Here you can see this is the one spearhead and this is another spearhead and this is the third spearhead. These what say actually these are the wax models. Initially they have made the wax models of the three spearheads and they have joined them and in between at the center there is a what say tree and they have joined again and here we can see a projection. So this is a wax model. After making the wax model they have compacted the sand around this wax model. You can see they have compacted. After compacting the sand they have heated the system before that they have made a hole at the bottom. And what happens after making the hole at the bottom after heating the system the whole wax will be melting and it might have drained outside and they around that there is the compacted sand is there which is mixed with clay which has got some binding action. After this what say wax has drained out there is a cavity inside. Now what is the shape of that cavity? That shape of that cavity is the similar to the wax model which they have made in the beginning. Now they have melted the metal may be iron or the bronze and they have poured through this hole. The molten metal has gone inside the cavity it has occupied all over the cavity it might have filled this first what say sphere space this another space another space and after filling all this space it has raised like this. Once the metal has raised to this level they have stopped pouring the metal. After sometime the molten metal has solidified then after it has solidified they have broken this sand. Now you can see there is an assembly of three spearheads.  This is how the ancient man has manufactured the spearheads using the metal casting process. Now let us what say see the principle of the metal casting process. Now what we can say about the principle a sand mould with required cavity is created first using the may be a wax model. Sometimes this wax model is also replaced or substituted by a wooden model. Now after make creating this cavity the metal is heated above its melting point liquid metal is poured into the sand mould. The metal solidified inside the cavity of the mould and after sometime the metal solidifies then the sand mould is broken. After breaking the sand mould the solidified part is removed from the mould. So this is the simple principle of the metal casting. Now the ancient man initially he has made a wax model around that wax model he has compacted the sand and afterwards he has melted the this wax model. Later this wax that is was used to make the cavity was substituted by wood metal etc. The means initially one has to make a model to create that cavity. This model is known as the pattern technically it is called as the pattern. So ancient man has used the wax for the pattern later it was substituted by the wood and metal. Similarly the ancient man has used or compacted sand around the wax pattern. Today yes sand we use but this sand is substituted by metal, ceramic shell and so on. So this is the simple principle of metal casting. Now before going to the further topics let us see the timeline or the history of the metal casting. The metal casting process according to the Biblical records reaches back almost 5000 years BC. It was even 5000 years before Christ. Casting process was used during the stone age to make the rudimentary tools. Let us have a look at the this one stone age. Here we can see the depiction of the stone age. Here we can see all the people who lived during the stone age.  Now let us see how this what is a stone age man has used this metal casting technique. Here you can see this man. This man is using the arrow head. This arrow head was manufactured by metal casting. Here you can see this man. This man is holding a spear. You can see this spear head was manufactured by metal casting by the stone age man. This man is also holding an axe here. You can see this axe head was manufactured by metal casting. So during this stone age the ancient man has used this metal casting process for manufacturing the arrow heads, axe heads, spear heads and so on. Now during what is a 3200 BC a copper frog was manufactured in the ancient Mesopotamia. This became very popular those days and because of this copper frog people even started calling those days as the copper frog age. Let us see this copper frog. So this is the copper frog which was manufactured during 3200 BC. This was manufactured by metal casting. During 1500 BC wrought iron was developed. Wrought iron means worked iron. It contains very low carbon and also some slag. It was extensively used before steel was developed. Next during 460 BC bronze statue of Jaius was cast in Greece. Who is this Jaius? Jaius was the god of the sky and the ruler of the Olympian gods. Here we can see the bronze statue of Jaius which was cast during 460 BC. He was considered as the god of sky. Now this Jaius bronze statue is kept in a museum. We can see this bronze statue in a museum and this was this Jaius bronze statue was made by casting. Next during 233 BC cast iron plow shares were produced in Chena. We know the plowing of the land. These plow shares were manufactured by casting. Here you can see a plow which is used to plow the land. This is the plow share and this was manufactured by casting. During 1455 AD yes cast iron pipes were manufactured for transporting the water. Here you can see big cast iron pipes which are used to transport water. These pipes are manufactured by casting. Next one foundry flask for loam molding was developed in the year 1709 AD by an Englishman by name Abraham Derby. During 1750 AD Benjamin Huntsman reinvented the process of cast crucible steel in England. During 1794 AD Kupala was developed by John Wilkinson from England. During 1809 AD centrifugal casting was developed in England. In this centrifugal casting there will be a cylindrical mold and this cylindrical mold will be rotating and into this rotating cylindrical mold the molten metal will be poured and as a result we get cylindrical castings with hollow space inside. So this is the principle of the centrifugal casting. So this was developed during the year 1809 AD. In 1897 AD investment casting was rediscovered by Phil Brook of Iowa. Investment casting means it is the casting process in which the patterned material is the wax. Sometime back we have seen that ancient man has used wax as the patterned material means to make the hollow cavity inside the compacted sand medium he has used the wax. Later this wax was substituted by wood and also by metal. But the process in which only wax is used as the patterned material is known as the investment casting that was rediscovered during the year 1897 AD. Next one he used this to cast the dental inlays. Let us say this dental inlays you can see these are the what say teeth and this tooth is damaged. So here he has made a gold inlay on this tooth. So for this purpose he used the investment casting. During 1947 AD shell molding process was developed by J. Croning from Germany. So here a chemical sand shell will be made into that shell the molten metal will be poured. This is known as the shell molding and this was manufactured during the Second World War. During 1953 AD hot-pock system of making and curing course was developed. This eliminated the need for dielectric drying of ovens. During 1958 AD Shroyer was granted a patent for full mold process. He became the forerunner of the expendable pattern casting process. During 1968 AD the cold box process was introduced for high production pore making. During 1971 AD Rio casting was developed at USA. And during 1971 AD Japanese developed the weep process molding. So this became very popular in this weep process molding the loose and fine and clear sand is used. This sand will be used to hold the what say mold cavity by means of the vacuum. By means of the vacuum the loose sand will be held together tightly around the pattern. While the vacuum is still holding the loose sand tightly the pattern will be withdrawn and the molten metal will be poured into the mold cavity. So this creates a clean environment. So this was developed by Japanese during the year 1971. During 1996 AD cached metal matrix composites were first used in the automobiles. Metal casting history in India. Now let us see what was the history of metal casting in India. During 3000 BC a dancing girl made up of bronze was manufactured at Mohanjodaro. Now it is in Pakistan. So this dancing girl became very popular those days. Now let us see this dancing girl. So this is the dancing girl which was cast in Mohanjodaro during 3000 BC. Now you can see all the important features all the minute features were excellently cast in this dancing girl. Now it is still there in a museum in Mohanjodaro Pakistan. This was manufactured originally in India. So India was also popular for the casting process. Now during 375 to 414 AD iron pillars, arrows, hooks, nails, bowls, etc. have been found in Delhi, Nashik and other places. Now this is the iron pillar of Delhi. So this was manufactured by casting and forging together. This iron pillar we can see near Kutub Minar in Delhi. So this is the iron pillar of the Delhi. During 450 AD large scale state wound mints and jewellery units were in operation. The process of metal extraction and alloying have been reported in India. During 500 AD cast crucible steel was first produced in India. But the process was lost until 1750 AD when Benjamin Huntsman reinvented it in England. These are the important applications of the casting. The ancient man used this metal casting technique to manufacture the rudimentary tools like spearheads, arrowheads or the axe heads. Today these are the applications. These are used in the automobile industries, aircraft engines, machine tool structures, electrical motors, compressors, locomotives and parts, pumps and accessories, turbines and blades, art castings, jewellery castings and miscellaneous components. Let us see examples from each of these applications. First let us see in the automobile engines and accessories. What are the components manufactured by metal casting? You can see this is the cross section of a cylinder head, IC engine head. You can see here this is the cylinder and this is the piston. This piston will be reciprocating up and down and here the fuel will be burned and hot gas are produced and these hot gases will be pushing the piston downwards. In turn the piston connecting rod will be rotating the flywheel. So this is the simple principle of the IC engine or an automobile engine. This engine head is manufactured by metal casting. So you can again we can see here this is a cylinder engine cylinder with 6 cylinders. This side we can see 3 cylinders and this side we can see 3 cylinders and this is manufactured by metal casting and this is another engine cylinder 4 cylinders. Here you can see 4 cylinders are there means maybe this engine is used for a heavy truck or even for a heavy car and this engine is manufactured by metal casting. This is the again engine head this is manufactured by metal casting. Now this is the crank case this is also manufactured by metal casting. This is the cylinder head manufactured by metal casting. This is the car rim this is manufactured by metal casting. These are the transmission components and these are also manufactured by metal casting. Now let us see the applications of the aircraft engines and the rocket parts. This is the aircraft engine which was used by the Wright brother during the year 1903. This engine was manufactured by metal casting. This is a 12 cylinder aircraft engine 12 cylinders are there engine block again this is manufactured by metal casting. This is an aircraft engine you can see here and here you can see this is the engine this engine is manufactured by metal casting. Now you can see this is the modern aircraft engine you can see all these turbine what say blades are there so many blades are there all these blades are manufactured by metal casting. In outside covering the cover or the housing is manufactured by metal casting. This is the again aircraft engine all these parts are manufactured by metal casting. This is the rocket engine you can see this rocket engine is also manufactured by metal casting. Now let us see the applications of metal casting in the machine tools and the structures. This was the lathe machine used by ancient man nearly 1000 years ago. You can see a what say heavy metallic structure and you can see these are the legs of the lathe machine and this is the bed of the lathe machine. So this is the tail stock of the lathe machine all these parts are manufactured by metal casting. Now you can see this is a what say today's engine lathe machine and all these components the what say bed the legs the tail stock and many components of the lathe machine are manufactured by metal casting. This is the lathe bed. So this lathe bed looks like this and this is manufactured by metal casting. Now you can see this is the lathe carriage lathe carriage had got so many sub components like apron, saddle, cross slide, compound rest and tool post all these are manufactured by metal casting. Now this is the tail stock assembly this tail stock of lathe is also manufactured by metal casting. Now you can see this is a drilling machine this drilling machine you can see this is the base and this is the column and this is the table all these components base column and the table are manufactured by metal casting. You can again we can see this is the milling machine the milling machine base the column the structure is manufactured by metal casting. This is again a machine tool structure you can see outside there is a thick casing is there thick housing and inside there will be so many components moving parts and levers will be there the outside structure is manufactured by metal casting. Now this is the grinding machine and you can see grinding wheel and here one wheel is there other side another wheel is there this is the grinding machine housing a thick shell this is manufactured by metal casting. Now you can see these are the small machine parts tiny components these are also manufactured by metal casting. You can see the small components with very excellent sharp details these are manufactured by metal casting. Now let us see the applications of the metal casting in electrical systems yes this is the electric motor housing this is manufactured by metal casting. Now let us see the compressors so this is the compressor frame this is manufactured by metal casting you this is a heavy casting you see it weighs over 680 kgs manufactured by metal casting. Now let us see the locomotive parts now this is the locomotive there will be flywheel like this this flywheel is manufactured by metal casting. Now you can see this is a goods wagon this is a goods wagon and you can see here the here is one wheel and here is one wheel and there will be a frame which is supported on these two wheels this is known as the side frame. This side frame is manufactured by metal casting you can see this is the side frame this side frame is manufactured by metal casting. Let us see the pumps and the accessories this is the pump housing this is manufactured by metal casting again this is a big pump housing and inside the turbine blade will be there and it will be rotating and this pump housing is manufactured by metal casting not only this pump housing the inside blades are also manufactured by metal casting this is again a pump casting manufactured by metal casting. Now these are the turbines and blades let us see the applications in the turbines and the blades this is the Francis runner very important this is manufactured by metal casting this is the Pelton runner which is very important again this is manufactured by metal casting. Now you can see the steam turbine which is used in the thermal power plants the steam turbine inside the rotor will be looking like this. So many blades are there you can see so many blades all these blades are manufactured by metal casting of the steam turbine. Now this is the steam turbine housing some just now we have seen the this steam turbine blades all these blades will be mounted in this housing you can see this is a this is a huge casting and its weight is nearly 10 tons. This housing is manufactured by metal casting the turbine blades are manufactured by metal casting the turbine housing is manufactured by metal casting. Now these are the impellers these are also manufactured by metal casting now let us see the art castings. Now you can see this is the statue of Abraham Lincoln most of the times we used to we used to see the bronze statues of the celebrities how these statues are made initially they make a wax model of that person and around that they make the compacted medium sand medium or a ceramic medium later the wax will be melted and it will be drained out then they will pour the molten bronze into that cavity that is how the art castings are manufactured and here we can see the art castings art casting of Abraham Lincoln which is manufactured by metal casting and this is again another art casting which is there in a museum in USA this is also manufactured by metal casting these are all the art castings manufactured by metal casting. So these are all the art castings next metal casting is also used in the jewelry industry now you can see these are all the jewelry items these are manufactured by metal casting now you can see again these are all the jewelry items of course these are all assembled later they will be what say separating the different parts initially they make a what say assembled casting so this is manufactured by metal casting these are all the again jewelry items these are manufactured by metal casting miscellaneous components. Now you can see this is the nozzle may be in a petrol bunk we can see this kind of nozzle this is manufactured by metal casting you can see this dumbbell this dumbbell is used for the exercise purpose most of the times we use this but we never think of how this is manufactured this is manufactured by metal casting these are the industrial castings manufactured by metal casting these are the pulley castings these are the submersible components so these are all manufactured by metal casting. Now let us see the advantages of the metal casting process intricate shapes can be made what is this intricate shapes may be it has got so many complex features using the what say other machining process or the forming process it may be very difficult to manufacture such a complicated shapes but using the metal casting process these intricate shapes can be successfully cast that is the advantage of the metal casting. Next one the second advantage is the flexibility of size and weight what is this flexibility of size and weight very small components can be manufactured just now we have seen that the metal casting has application in the jewelry industry what is the weight of a jewelry components few grams. So a small casting as small as few grams can be made by metal casting now we have also seen the turbine blades the turbine housings whose weight is more than tons that is also manufactured by metal casting means there is a great flexibility of size and weight in the metal casting process. Next one simple and inexpensive tools there are no high tech what say equipments are required for the metal casting only thing is you have to create a hollow cavity in a compacted sand medium for that initially one has to use a model which this model is known as the pattern after creating a hollow cavity inside the compacted sand medium we melt the metal and pour into the cavity. So it is very simple and no costly tools are required that is the advantage of the metal casting. Next one next advantage is high production rate the production rate is very high next one next advantage is any material can be cast both ferrous and non ferrous materials can be successfully cast the finally the advantage sorry the wastage of raw material is very less in the metal casting. So these are all the advantages and these are the important advantages and let us see the limitations or the demerits of the metal casting this is a labor intensive process. What is the labor involved initially what is the principle of the metal casting if we want to manufacture a particular component of a particular shape a similar hollow cavity of the same what say shape has to be created inside the sand medium for that one has to initially make the pattern that is that involves the labor and after that one has to carefully prepare the sand and that sand has to be compacted around the pattern very carefully and afterwards the pattern has to be withdrawn from the compacted sand medium that requires labor on the other side one has to melt the metal in a furnace that has to be done very carefully that should be handled very carefully that should be brought to this molding medium very carefully then it should be poured into the cavity this requires the labor that is how the metal casting is a labor intensive process. Next one the demerit of the metal casting is the dimensional accuracy is not so good because we use the sand medium right so there will be a small irregularities on the what say sand surface that is why even the casting will develop this kind of small irregularities on its surface that is why the we used to overcome this limitation we keep the size of the pattern little larger so that later we can machine the casting that is how the dimensional accuracy of cast parts is not so good. Next one the next demerit is the poor surface finish just now we have seen that the molten metal is poured into the compacted sand medium inside the compacted sand medium there will be a hollow cavity and into that hollow cavity we pour the molten metal the hollow cavity will have the small irregularities accordingly even the casting will develop these irregularities that is how the surface finish is very poor in the case of the castings. Next one requires the casting process requires close process control means the molding medium has to be prepared very carefully the molding sand contains the base sand and the clay and the moisture this clay and moisture should be controlled very carefully if the clay is less the binding of the medium will be very less and it may break and if the clay is very high then what happens the ability of the hot gases to pass through the sand medium will be very less. So these hot gases will be accumulated inside the mold cavity and they may lead to defects similarly the moisture or the water in the sand should be controlled very carefully if the sand is very if the water is very less what happens the binding action will be very less the molding medium will break. On the other hand if the moisture content is very high what will happen when we pour the molten metal this molten metal comes in contact with this moisture immediately this moisture will turn into vapor if the moisture content is reasonable it will escape if the moisture content is very high the whole steam may not escape outside and part of the steam will be staying inside the mold cavity and this will develop into defects. Next one there are defects can develop in the castings like blow holes, hot tearing, miscellaneous, inclusions, metallic projections, shrinkage porosity these are some of the defects of the castings. In fact all these defects we will be studying later in detail. So these are the important defects what are these defects let us see. So this is you can see few defects here. So this is a blow hole means what happened the moisture content was very high and the clay content was very high excessive of hot gases and steam was produced and the excessive steam was not able to escape through the sand medium because the clay content was very high and the steam is occupying on the surface of the cavity that is how we can see large holes on the surface of the casting. So these kind of holes are known as the blow holes this is a defect and this kind of defects can occur in the casting. Now you can see another defect is the hot tear. Hot tear means a crack on the casting during the solidification process there are several reasons for the hot tearing, but we will be just we are knowing that there is a hot tear we will be learning the reasons for this and how to overcome these defects in our subsequent lectures. And here we can see another defect called miss run. This miss run means here it is a kind of what say closed vessel and here you can see the metal has not occupied the thin what say portion. Because the casting has got a thin surface thin what say cross section the molten metal could not flow at particular location this is known as the miss run this is of no use. Now why this miss run is happening and we will be seeing in our next lectures. Next we can see these are the inclusions. Inclusions means foreign particles like slag or sand particles will come along with the molten metal and they occupy on the casting here you can see an inclusion. So again this is a defect. Next one this is a metallic projection and actual this is the actual casting, but here you can see some projection is there which is not required this is again a defect. Next we can see another defect called shrinkage porosity. Now you can see this is the casting, but inside there is a hollow cavity a depression. So this is a shrinkage porosity. Again we can see this is the casting and inside there is a hollow cavity which is not required and which is detrimental this is the shrinkage porosity likewise there are more defects. These defects should be minimized otherwise if sufficient care is not taken these defects will be persisting and it is a loss to the industry and all these defects we will be studying in detail in the next lectures. Now finally the classification of the casting process. The casting processes can be brought the classified into four types. One is the conventional moulding process. Second one the chemical sand moulding process. The third one permanent mould process and the fourth one the special casting process. Under the first one under the conventional moulding process we have green sand moulding, we have the dry sand moulding and we have the plastic molding. Green sand moulding means where there is moisture. In the moulding sand or in the mould if there is moisture then we call it as the green sand mould. In some cases for making the large castings what they do is after making the mould they take this mould and dry it so that the moisture will be dried out. This is known as the dry sand moulding and in all these cases we use the moulding flasks. And what is the this moulding flask we will be seeing in the next lecture and there is another what is a process under this conventional moulding process that is the flaskless moulding. So under the conventional moulding process we have these three green sand moulding, dry sand moulding and the flaskless moulding. And the second broad classification is the chemical sand moulding process. Under this chemical sand moulding process we have the shell moulding, we have the sodium silicate moulding, we have the no bake moulding and in the third category that is the permanent moulding process we have the gravity dry casting and also the pressure dry casting. Sometime back I have told you the sand what is a mould medium was later substituted by the metal also. Here instead of using the sand medium we use the metallic medium. Into a metallic mould we pour the molten metal and in one case the into the what is a metallic what is a mould we pour the molten metal because through the gravity. And in another case we apply external pressure into the metallic moulds and that is known as the pressure dry casting. Again this pressure dry casting is sub classified as the cold chamber pressure dry casting and hot chamber pressure dry casting. In the cold chamber pressure dry casting the furnace will be away from the cold chamber pressure dry casting machine whereas in the hot chamber pressure dry casting machine the furnace is an integral part of the dry casting machine. And in the fourth category the special casting process we have investment casting, continuous casting, vacuum sealed moulding this also known as V process. And next we have the squeeze casting process, centrifugal casting, steel casting, plaster moulding, evaporative pattern casting, ceramic shell moulding, slush casting. So all these we are going to learn in the subsequent lectures. The friends today we have seen the introduction to the metal casting. When it has originated, how it has originated, how the ancient man has used this technique to manufacture the rudimentary tools like the spear head, axe head or the arrow head and how this process has developed and what is its role in today's world we have seen. And we have seen the important applications of the casting process in the modern world and if there is no casting process today we have to shut down the power generation industry. We have to close down the automobile industries. We have to close down the all the machine tools, no space applications, no aero craft aircraft nothing is there. So the metal casting has become part and parcel of the human race. We are going to learn more topics in the subsequent lectures. Thank you very much.


Hey, what's up? It's the Wing Jin Kid. Today I'm going to show you how to fight multiple opponents. Two, or three, a pull. Ah, ah, ah, ah. Don't shoot! Don't shoot!  How to fight multiple opponents. I'll show you step-to-step, five tips, and how you can beat them all. Here we go. Hey, here's five tips on how to fight multiple opponents. The first tip is finish the attacker fast. So if somebody is coming in, you don't want to do a boxing match with the guy, right? It takes too long, and most of the time in street fights, punches don't land. Just watch YouTube, man. You see people punching like this, even train boxes, okay? People protect their heads really well, even on trained fighters. So you're doing high hunting, most likely you're not going to finish the fight, and you just tie your stuff up, okay? So if somebody is punching, don't do a boxing match with him.  And finish the fight, okay? Don't do these hits. These hits are just to get him distracted so he loses a little bit of balance, okay? Once you do a couple hits, balls, whatever, then take him down. Finish him off. Boom! Next attacker, right? You don't have time to play around, dance around, and play boxing or kickboxing in a competition mindset. This is a street fight. You got to finish your guy in five seconds or less, because there's other people next to him. That's the first tip. Here's tip number two. In a street fight, people are going to crowd in. You've got more than one opponent, so you're not just facing one guy. If I'm just looking at him, where are the other guys? Behind me, right? So tip number two, or tip number two is to keep moving. Let's say they're all trying to crowd me. They're trying to crowd me, right? I keep moving. But I get out of the way. Keep moving in a circle. Keep moving between me. Okay? Alright? If they're all in the middle, go between them. You got to keep moving, because if you stop, stand still. What's going to happen? What's going to happen? You get swarmed, right? And it's over for you. So tip number two, keep moving. Here's tip number three on fighting multiple opponents. You got to use the obstacles. Alright? A couple of obstacles you can use. First of all, people are coming towards you, right?  Too many people. Use an obstacle. Get behind them. You take them one at a time. Boom. Like that. See what happened? Okay? Use obstacles. They have to go around the obstacle to get to you. Another way of using obstacles is to use the other guy to be the obstacle. So one guy is coming. Right? Boom. Right? Use him as an obstacle. Right? Use the guy as an obstacle. Back off, man. Joke this guy out. Right? And he's an obstacle. Boom. Right? So use people as obstacles so they have to get through them to get to you. Hey, fourth tip, very important tip, is always check your flanks every five seconds or so. You need to check. Left, right, left. Okay? That's what you're going to do. Every five seconds, you count one, two, three, four, five. On the fifth second, left, right, left. Check your flanks. All right? Because if you don't, if you focus too much on one guy, I'm punching this guy, I'm fighting this guy. I'm not checking my flanks. Boom. Boom. Okay? Punches come out of nowhere, all right? These things happen fast. So you do one, two, three, four, five. Check. Guys coming. One, two, three, four, five. Check. You got to use 360. Okay? Check, check, check. Check, check, check. Check, check, check. Check, check, check. You got to know where everybody is every five seconds. Okay? So don't focus just on one guy. It's more one-tacker. You don't want to be hit with the bat, the back of the head, or stabbed in the back. You got to be prepared. All right? So check your flanks. Hey, fifth tip of fighting multiple opponents, especially in the street fight situation, is avoid the ground. Now, you don't want to start mounting the guy just because he's down. Because let's say he's down for some reason. Boom, he's down. He's on the ground, right? You don't want to mount the guy and start pummeling him. Because what's happening? This other guy is behind. Whoa! I've got to deal with this guy. Okay? Now, if you're defining one-to-one, it's okay because you've got a dominant position, right? And that's good. But also, you don't want to mount the guy because people are taking pictures, right? Who looks like the attacker now? You are. Because you're mounting the guy, even though you've started the fight. Okay? So avoid the ground. Now, if you get taken down, let's say you get taken down. Don't do these things like guards and stuff. It's good to get temporary position.  Because you've got other people to deal with, right? You don't want to be on the ground trying to submit the guy, even though you've got a good position.  Right? So avoid the ground. Jiu Jitsu is great. You've got to use it and know how to get those positions to defend yourself. But don't focus on submitting. That's the fifth tip. Hey, thanks for watching this video. How to fight multiple opponents is important because people don't usually attack one person at a time. They're going to bring their friends. Nobody's courageous on their own. They're going to bring their buddies. All right? So here's three more tips for you for multiple opponents. Number one, you need to breathe. Breathe in, breathe out slowly. Don't hyperventilate. And keep breathing because you've got to fight three guys. You need to last that long. Number two, use a weapon to balance the scales. You have three people against you. And statistically, once it gets three or more people, the chances of death increase dramatically. One and two people are the same. But once it gets to three or more opponents, your chances of dying increases dramatically. So what are you going to get? Look around at you. Find weapons. Even a water bottle you can use as a weapon. Okay? Find weapons. Number three, run. If you have to, just get the hell out of there. Okay? If you take a guy down, don't mount him or anything.  All right? So those are three more tips for you. So train safe and have fun. And stay safe on the street. We'll see you in the next lesson.


Alright, so we're going to look at some of our drip irrigation components and as you can kind of see on the table there's lots of materials that we can use for different ways that we may want to irrigate our landscape or our gardens. But the main thing that we're going to have to have is some kind of transport line. So if you're familiar with plumbing to your house or anything like that, most systems are done with PVC pipe and this little flexible tubing here it's a solid tubing just a soft plastic pipe. It's gonna be our transport line for all of our water movement. So from point A to point B from our water faucet to wherever trying to take our lines. Most of the time we're going to use this black tubing. If you're going a pretty good distance you can you know use PVC and put it in the ground and then come out to this black tubing if need be. But for the most part we're going to use this black tubing as our transport line. And the cool thing about drip is I always tell people it's kind of like a Lego set. You can basically modify it and build it however you want to for different shapes for different curvatures of shrub beds or gardens. So it can really be modified in a lot of different ways. But this is going to be our main transport line that's going to carry water. We're going to have lots of different fittings from elbows to tees and I'm going to show you how these hook up to the pipe here in just a little bit. There's straight connections for maybe a busted pipe that we need to fix. We can add a straight connection there to that.  And then we're going to have connections for hose fittings. Obviously most of the time our water supply is going to be a water hose so we're trying to go from a water hose to our system. And all these are going to have little built-in filters for them to help filter the water. Like I said we can hook up water hoses and get from that water hose pipe down to that transport line that we're going to use to move water throughout this system. Once we've got water going where we want to and we need to start administering water to like I said shrub beds or vegetable gardens or whatever we're trying to water there's lots of different options for that. There's lots of different sizing. There's a smaller tubing but some of this tubing has built-in emitters. Okay so it's got a built-in water regulator into the pipe. It's only going to let water drip at a certain rate. This particular tubing is a fourth of gallon per hour or per minute. Okay so and that is they're on six inch spacing so for every six inches there's an emitter that's letting a fourth of gallon of water out per hour on that. And there's different sizes tubing that you can use. That emitter will come in the same size pipe as our transport line. And like I said they could be anywhere from six inches to 24 inches just to spend it depending on the spacing that you need and the water flow that you need. So lots of different options. And then for our solid piping we also have the option of putting emitters on there. Okay so it may be a solid pipe and we want to add emitters. Maybe we don't have a set spacing like every 12 inches. Maybe we're doing ornamental beds or something like that or we're trying to run to a tree or we're trying to run to a shrub. And we need we need different distances for for that material. And there is just numerous, you can kind of see I've got these in little bags, just numerous little emitters that can be added to these pipes to regulate water. And they come in the same flow rates. It could be quarter gallon, could be half gallon, could be one gallon an hour depending on the type of plant that you're trying to supply water there. It can be modified just about to anything that you want. These systems come with a little tool okay for those solid pipes. So if this pipe is that I'm using is a solid pipe and I want to add any emitter. Obviously it doesn't have any opening so no water flow is going to come out of this. But if I want to add any emitter this little tool goes in there and it pops right in. You can see how it pops into the pipe there. You can just kind of twist that to get that out of there. And then we can get any of our little emitters that we want to use. Here's a good one that we can use. So I've got my little I've got my little hole there that I've put in there and I want to add any emitter. Okay so I'm going to take my emitter and I'm just going to pop it right into the pipe. As you can see there I've added any emitter to a solid pipe there and I can run that to anything I want to. Like I said if I want that to water a tree or something I can have that go in there. I can put these at any spacing that I want to and I can pick the gallon per hour that I want to supply. So I might have one go into a tree that's obviously supplying a low water flow versus maybe some herbaceous plants or something like that that I've got in the landscape there. So lots of different options lots of different components that we can use for that. As you can see here we're going to look at this here in just a minute. I'm going to show you how to hook this up. This is a battery timer that we can use for drip irrigation just to basically let us be hands-off just like a just like a hardwired system. We can leave our water on and let this control the water flow to our gardens. If you notice I've got a pressure reducer here on the bottom. Drip irrigation obviously is low flow. So we want to put that on there just to reduce that that flow down as much as we possibly can. Then this is going to work off the system. But we'll look we'll look at how that hooks up in a separate little little clip here in just a second but just wanted to show you that. But as you can see it's lots of components that make up this system but they're all relatively easy to use. And I'm going to do one here in just a second where we look at kind of how to put some of these pieces on there and kind of shape that our system the way that we'd like to see it go.


What I love about this park is that it's free to anybody and that there's a lot of good friends here that I've met here somewhere. I like that there's a lot of kids here and they feel safe around here. I wish they had a public pool. To run and walk more. I like basketball. I like to play more basketball and football. Me, healthy means to be energized and to be out in the field and it's great to be healthy, clean and you know you're safe.


Welcome to ITU Telecom World 2018 here in Durban, South Africa. We're very pleased to be joining the studio today by Ashraf Patel, who is Digital Economy Associate for the Institute of Global Dialogue at the University of South Africa. Ashraf, welcome to the studio. Good morning, Max. Thank you. Now, I'd like to start off by talking about smart digital transformation. What does that mean to you? Well, within a developing economy or nation such as South Africa, it means multiple things. In our view, it's about meeting the UN sustainable development goals, as well as ensuring there is high level of inclusion in the digital economy. And those would be the key drivers in my view, but also taking into consideration the importance of youth and women. How do we integrate the youth and women who comprises the majority of the population in South Africa and Africa? What are your answers to that, then? Well, I would say first and foremost, let's start with the youth. The youth comprises of about 40% of the population, and it's very important that they be productive and are developed with new skills for the 21st century. So I see enabling or re-skilling youth with the correct skills so that they are absorbed into the digital economy. With regards to women, I think large chunks of women in the peri-urban areas and rural areas are largely excluded from the digital information economy, and there is scope to develop programs and opportunities for women to participate in the economy. And what about innovation? How can one increase and encourage innovation? And what do you think is going to be the most transformative? Well, I think innovation is the driver of potential economic opportunity. South Africans are well known to be innovators. We developed multiple innovations over the years. A good example is Mark Shuttleworth. Many years ago, he developed an innovation and he onsold it and he became very wealthy. In South Africa, we've got many youth in the townships that are innovating, but they do need incubation support so that they can take that innovation and take it to market. So I would say that's one of the challenges. And in my view, innovation should be what I call an open ecosystem approach, meaning that there should be opportunities for the youth and entrepreneurs to innovate at a low cost. And that would be the key driver. And what's the fourth industrial revolution going to look like in South Africa in the next five years, I'd say? Very good question. The debate is on. Our president, Cyril Ramaphosa, on Monday, talked about the formation of an ICT Fourth Industrial Revolution Commission. And that is going to be a key driver. And I think there is leadership at the highest levels in South Africa and our president wants to call it an inclusion for IR. I think it's very important to involve workers and labour so that they would be a key participant in the fourth industrial. A lot of unions are concerned about robotics, and that may mean a reduction in jobs. And our view is we need a balanced approach where we introduce robotics, but we ensure labour is re-skilled so that there are not large-scale retrenchments. So that is one of the debates in South Africa. And what do you think are the challenges and the opportunities in this fourth industrial revolution then? I think there are many challenges. The main one being workers may be dislocated from workplace activity, and the relationship between workers in both the manufacturing and services sector can see large periods of alienation from the production process. And my view as a researcher is we need engineers, but we also need sociologists. We need designers. We need the creatives to be involved in the designing of the new workplace for the fourth industrial revolution. And hopefully the ITU and other UN organisations can create that opportunity. Otherwise, large chunks of the working class may just be excluded in this new four IR. What about the value of attending events such as ITU Telecom? Why have you come down here? Look, it's phenomenal. I think the UN and the ITU is one of the great institutions. It involves all nation-states, different cultures, different regions, and it's one of the wonderful innovations of the UN system. As you know, the ITU is over 140 years old. It preceded the UN. Over 115, in fact. Yes, yes. And that is truly remarkable. And I think for me it's the cultural interaction learning from different nations, learning from different cultures, learning from different regions. And that is the beauty of the UN system. And this event itself, how have you found it? Phenomenal. I think Durban is a wonderful place. Lovely climate, multicultural. I think the innovations and the companies on exhibiting have been great. And the networking amongst the different organisations have been phenomenal. So it has been quite successful and really a good start for the next few years. Thank you very much indeed. Thank you, Max. Excellent.


1. The existing estimate of the global burden of latent TB infection, LTBI, as one-third of the world population is nearly 20 years old. 2. Given the importance of controlling LTBI as part of the NTB strategy for eliminating TB by 2050, changes in demography and scientific understanding, and progress in TB control, it is important to reassess the global burden of LTBI. 3. We constructed trends in annual risk in infection, AI, for countries between 1934 and 2014 using a combination of direct estimates of AI from LTBI surveys, 131 surveys from 1950 to 2011, and indirect estimates of AI calculated from World Health Organization, who estimates of smear positive TB prevalence from 1990 to 2014. 4. Gaussian process regression was used to generate ARIs for country years without data and to represent uncertainty. 5. Estimated ARI time series were applied to the demography in each country to calculate the number and proportions of individuals infected, recently infected, infected within two years, and recently infected with isoniazid, INH, resistant. This article was authored by Rain M. G. J. Hauben and Peter J. Dodd. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


The wonders found on planet Saturn by the Cassini mission were unprecedented. Not only did we find things that were beyond strangeness with this mission, but also we confirmed that the giant planet is not exactly what it seems. You may be surprised to learn that the worship of Saturn is taking place in everyday life. The god Saturn is dubbed the Lord of the Rings, and it's the very reason why we wear rings on our fingers for ceremonial purposes. This cult is strange because when you begin to understand what is going on, it actually makes sense, but at the same time it infers ungodly meanings. In 1610 Galileo began studying the giant planet using the telescope. When he viewed the planet for the first time he saw something strange. He thought he saw three stars together, a big one in the middle and two little stars. He knew they weren't really stars, but what were they? It turned out that Galileo was the first person of our era to see the rings of Saturn. The gods of Egypt have a role to play in the madness. Saturn is the father of the goddess Isis and one inscription of the goddess reads, I am Isis, Queen of this country. I was instructed by Mercury. No one can destroy the laws which I have established. I am the eldest daughter of Saturn, most ancient of the gods. It is also said that the black cube of Mecca is highly symbolic of the planet and the movement of the people around the holy relic is to signify the rings of Saturn. Stunning if true. In the Roman and Greek writings, Saturn is seen as a cruel deity and summarized as follows. With the deposing of his father, Saturn became the ruler of the universe for untold ages and he reigned with his sister, Opus, who also became his wife. It was prophesized that one day Saturn would lose power when one of his children would depose him. To prevent this from happening, each time Opus delivered a child, Saturn would immediately swallow it. When her sixth child, Jupiter, Zeus was born, Opus had him spirited away to the island of Crete. She then wrapped a stone in his swaddling clothes. Her deception was complete when Saturn swallowed it, thinking it was the child. When Jupiter was grown, he secured the job of cupbearer to his father. With the help of Gaia, his grandmother, Jupiter fed his father a potion that caused him to vomit up Jupiter's five siblings, Vesta, Hestia, Ceres, Demeter, Juno, Hera, Pluto, Hades, and Neptune, Poseidon. Saturn always had a negative, if not evil, significance. In ancient times it has been called the Greater Malefic, which was opposed to Jupiter, the Greater Benefic. Saturn is esoterically associated with man's limitations, restrictions, death, and decay. His Greek name was Kronos, the ruler of time, time being the main factor inevitably leading to the death of mortals. Saturn took the highest position in terms of importance in ancient times. Since in our time, more and more space probes passed by a huge cosmic body, its beauty and mystery deepened. When the Voyager mission flew past Saturn in the 1980s, they discovered a whimsical hexagonal shape in the polar regions of the planet. Moreover, this structure seemed completely artificial due to the previously verified size and almost ideal shape. At the same time, pictures and theories followed, which ripened for about 20 years until the Cassini device visited Saturn in the summer of 2004. The pictures taken were of high quality, but they did not provide a clear explanation for the nature of the big hexagon. In addition, they did not provide an alternative to people who simply did not want to accept the cloud formation proposed as an explanation for NASA. Some people insist that this structure is proof of a reasonable design from a distant past. Perhaps this is a tracking device or even some kind of space filling station. Hydrogen and Helium-3 are abundantly present on Saturn and can be used for space travel. In many ancient records, Saturn was referred to as the Sun. For example, the ancient Babylonian text describes Saturn as the Ghost of the Sun. The Maya believe that the Sun that we see today was different in former times. In the book Saturn, the Ancient God of the Sun, author David Talbot notes an obvious mismatch between Saturn and the Sun in ancient times, and that this mismatch could not be a coincidence. Talbot argues that different figures throughout history deliberately distinguished Saturn from our Sun, calling it the best Sun, the original Sun, the central Sun. According to certain alternative thinkers, Saturn is closely connected with elite secret societies that supposedly worship the Sun or the Sun God, on which all major religions are allegedly built. If Saturn really was a star and the central Sun in antiquity, then the importance of Saturn for secret societies and their esoteric rituals becomes quite understandable. Though the mystery of certain theories regarding Saturn may never come to light, one questionable thought stands out. That being that the planet Saturn collided with the planet that now forms the asteroid belt, giving Earth the moon causing the Great Flood and ripping Mars of its atmosphere. Yes, you got it. There is a chance that Saturn may be Nibiru, but that doesn't make sense unless Saturn had a separate orbit at some point, right? Worldwide drawings and symbols of the once-dominant luminary show of disc with rays, a disc with spokes, a disc with a central orb or eye, a disc with a crescent upon it. Today, we require a powerful telescope to see Saturn as a disc. We must fly a space probe close to the planet to see rays and spokes. Even then, the spokes are intermittent and dark. The ancient astronomers, however, describe the spokes as those of a cosmic wheel. They were streams of fire, the glory of heaven. The worldwide astronomical designation of the celestial pole become crucial pieces in a puzzle. For this reason, the language establishes beyond any reasonable doubt that the pole is the remembered location of the archaic Sun God, Saturn. In modern astronomical terms, a planet at the celestial pole is a preposterous idea. All the planets in our sky, together with the Earth, move on a common plane around the Sun, so that from Earth we see the planets moving on roughly the same arc across the sky as the Sun. The paradox is glaring. No planet today approaches the Earth's celestial pole, and yet the ancient tradition of the polar Sun confronts us everywhere. The Babylonians were apparently the first to develop systematic observations of the planets, and they recorded these celestial motions with considerable skill. But in laying the foundations of later astronomy, they also preserved a critical link with the past. Again and again, they asserted a claim that could only appear preposterous to the modern translator. They declared that the distant planets were the gods of former times. Sumerian myths say the rights and standards of kingship descended from the central luminary An, founder of the Golden Age. In Babylonian myth, the Sumerian An appears as Anu. First in the line of gods and kings, and according to the best authorities of Babylonian astronomy, the god Anu was mysteriously linked to the planet Saturn. What makes this identity stand out is the degree to which one nation, after another, repeated the same connection. It's an interesting fact, not often noticed, that the ancient Hebrews, regarding their race as having been Saturnian in the beginning, when they lived under the rule of the creator El. Indeed, the consistency with which early astronomy identified Saturn as the former creator king is extraordinary. The Zoroastrians of ancient Persia knew Saturn as the heaven-sustaining Zervan, the king and lord of the long dominion. The Iranian god King Yemma, founder of the Golden Age, was also linked to Saturn. The Chinese mythical emperor Hong Ti, first in a great dynasty of kings and mythological founder of the Daoist religion, was identified astronomically as the planet Saturn. Even the Tahitians recall of the god the planet Saturn, that he was the king. When scholars today look back at this esoteric connection to the Sabbath and Saturn, they see little more than an oddity of minor significance. This is because historians as a whole have missed the ancient link of Saturn to kingship, to the origins of civilization and to the roots of ancient myth and symbol, but there is an even more significant aspect of the Saturn mystery. Here is a remarkable fact. Though numerous figures of the universal Monarch are translated conventionally as the Sun God, the celestial power invoked by the world's first religions is not the body we call the Sun today. In fact, the Star worshippers specifically distinguished it from our Sun by calling it best Sun, the primeval Sun, the central Sun. Natives of Mexico recall that prior to the present age, an exemplary Sun ruled the world, but this was not the Sun of today. His name was Quetzalcoatl. The Maya maintained essentially the same idea, calling the primeval Sun God Paracán, the Incas of Peru spoke of a former Sun superior to the present Sun. When it comes to the well-known Sun gods of early man, nothing in the mythological record seems to unnerve the experts. As to the original solar character of the Greek Helios, Latin Sol, Assyrian Shamash, and Egyptian Ra scholars have maintained an unwavering confidence and surely you can see why could it really be doubted that Helios, radiating light from his brow is our Sun. In Egypt, countless hymns to the God Ra exalt him as the divine power opening the day. In the same way Assyrian and Babylonian texts depicted God Shamash as the supreme light of the sky, governing the cycle of day and night. Such images will seem to leave no question as to the solar character of these gods, and yet the profile of the great Sun gods presents a fascinating dilemma. During the past century, several authorities noticed that Greek and Latin astronomical texts show a mysterious confusion of the Sun with Saturn. Though the designation seems bizarre, the expression Star of Helios or Star of Sol was applied to Saturn. Of the Babylonian Star worshipers, the chronicler Deodorus writes, to the one we call Saturn, they give a special name, Sunstar. One fact beyond dispute is that the word Helios did become the Greek word for our Sun, just as the Latin Sol gave his name to our Sun. The same can be said of the older Shamash and Ra. The names of these gods became the names of the solar orb, but that's where the connection with our Sun ends and the mystery of Saturn begins. What do you guys make of this connection? Is Saturn the ancient central Sun of the solar system? What's going on? Comments below and as always, thank you for watching.


Item Number – SCP-118 Object Class – Euclid Special Containment Procedures – Due to the number and distribution of SCP-118, containment of every specimen is impossible. Known SCP-118 red zones are to be closed off to all civilian marine vessels and divers under the guise of a military presence or other plausible cover story. Places and navies known to operate near SCP-118 red zones are to be utilized in order to minimize the passage of military vessels through the red zones. If any area within the red zone has a depth of less than 1500 meters, the restriction is to be applied to aircraft as well. All human activity in surrounding yellow zones is to be monitored, and any non-military vessels or individuals approaching the red zone are to be turned away. In the red and yellow zones, protocol toxic harvest is to be followed to ensure the removal of devices generated by SCP-118. Furthermore, protocol cell watch is to be followed to ensure the early detection of any emerging red zones. Samples of SCP-118 can be stored using standard containment procedures for non-virulent anomalous microbes. Description – SCP-118 is a species of ocean-dwelling protista that is capable of assembling functional, self-initiating nuclear devices from materials present in ocean water. While SCP-118 is unknown, and hence has not been classified by the scientific community, specimens resemble protists of the phylum Euglianophyta, but have significantly increased levels of movement speed, nutrient storage capability, and resistance to alpha radiation. Specimens of SCP-118 have been found in all of the world's oceans and seas. When in a survivable saltwater environment, specimens of SCP-118 will seek out materials including but not limited to iron, silver, copper, carbon, TNT, and uranium isotopes. When SCP-118 is located a material of interest, the material is absorbed into the cell using a method dependent on the size of the material. Single atoms and molecules, mostly substances that are dissolved in the water, are passed through the cellular membrane through specialized protein pumps. Larger particles smaller than the cell itself are ingested through phagocytosis. Larger pieces will have particles torn off through an unknown mechanism, which are then absorbed using the first two methods. This mining occurs even in solid and hard substances, such as metal ingots. Upon reaching a threshold of absorbed materials, specimens of SCP-118 will move towards an assembly area on the bottom of the body of water they are present in, and will contribute to the assembly of a nuclear device. The nuclear devices assembled are gun-type fission devices, using uranium-235 as their fissile material. Observation of devices in the process of being assembled show that the process starts with the assembly of a metallic rounded cylindrical casing for the device, followed by the creation of two subcritical masses of uranium and the conventional explosives to propel them into each other. The device is then finished with the assembly of a uranium-238 tamper, where the two uranium masses will collide, and the assembly of a trigger mechanism. SCP-118 appears to assemble the necessary components by adding minuscule amounts of material to an initially tiny material seed. Differing atoms and molecules can be added to the same component, and assembled components are not necessarily homogenous. It is currently unknown whether a SCP-118 builds on the seed atom by atom, or by adding very small sub-micrometer fragments, the mechanism by which a SCP-118 attaches new material to the seed seamlessly is unknown. The assembly time depends on the size of the device being assembled, water conditions, and mineral availability, but observations suggest that 300 days for a medium-sized device can be considered average. Once a nuclear device is finished, SCP-118 will detonate the device by completing a circuit in the trigger mechanism. Around 90% of the nuclear explosions recorded as a result of SCP-118 have had yields in the 20 to 35 kiloton range, although yields as low as 4 kilotons and up to 1 kilotons have been reported. Aside from cases involving human interference, failure to detonate has never been observed, as all nuclear devices recorded have either been detonated of their own accord or removed from the water prior to completion. Devices constructed by SCP-118 appear to be larger than man-made devices of similar design and yield, presumably due to the neutron-moderating effect of the water that separates the uranium masses throughout much of the device's construction. A given assembly area typically has between 1 and 3 devices in the process of assembly at any given time, although as many as 6 at a time has been observed. In zones where multiple devices are being simultaneously assembled, the devices are separated by enough distance to prevent the detonation of one from destroying or setting off the others. While the Foundation is unable to prevent civilians and other organizations from obtaining samples of SCP-118, its superficial similarity to existing species, few numbers, relative to all oceanic protista, lack of anomalous behavior outside material-rich bodies of water, and the Foundation's standard monitoring of scientific studies at risk of uncovering information about anomalous biological species ensures that the chance of SCP-118's true nature being determined through cell samples is minimal. There are currently six different active SCP-118 assembly areas known to the Foundation. While the natural disappearance of an assembly area has been observed, the current consensus among researchers assigned to SCP-118 is that elimination of assembly areas without massively noticeable effects is currently unfeasible. Thus, containment is to be established at SCP-118's assembly areas, to be designated red zones, and surrounding yellow zones. Furthermore, areas with elevated concentrations of SCP-118, zones of interest, are to be monitored for signs of assembly areas. SCP-118 Containment Zones Red zone lies within red city limits. This, combined with the shallow average depth of red zone, the heavy shipping traffic in the area, the ongoing tensions between red and red, a nuclear power, and the presence of Foundation personnel and facilities in the city makes a nuclear detonation in this red zone unacceptable. In addition, heavy ship traffic through the area and heavy air traffic above the city make restricting access for any long period of time impractical. Addendum 118-1 Following the USS Red Incident, the exclusion radius used when drawing red zones had been increased. Containment Protocol Toxic Harvest has been updated. Addendum 118-2 With the signing of the partial test ban treaty, and growing number and capability of nuclear detonation detection methods in use, the consequences of nuclear detonations caused by SCP-118 have increased. Containment protocols have been revised in light of these facts. Addendum 118-3 Due to the significant cost of containing SCP-118 red zones, the O5 Council has requested trials on possible methods to eliminate SCP-118 assembly areas. Red Zone Eradication Trials Summary Introduction Researchers with access to the files on SCP-118 are allowed to submit proposals to eradicate an SCP-118 assembly area with acceptable levels of collateral damage. The ones approved by Toxic Harvest Command and the O5 Council will be carried out. Trials are to be performed in red zone... Proposal Sterilization of unfinished nuclear device in immediate surroundings using a UV light emitter. Approval Approved Result Area around unfinished warhead initially free of microorganisms. However, SCP-118 concentration returned to normal levels within an hour. Non-sustained sterilization of sites seems ineffectual. Any method we come up with will have to keep the red zone, or at least the sea floor of it, free of SCP-118 for an extended period of time. Dr. Brandt Proposal Sodium hypochloride pumped to ocean floor Approval Denied Result NA The chemicals will disperse too much to be effective. Any amount sufficient to reduce SCP-118's numbers will cause massive ecological damage. Dr. Klaus Proposal Depth charged bombardment of ocean floor to break up under assembly devices Approval Denied Result NA Aside from the fact that this would break our naval budget, the chances of triggering the conventional explosive in the devices and causing a fizzle is too high. It would also make our activities even more detectable with hydrophones. Dr. Klaus Proposal Sweeping of ocean Using a cobalt-60-powered directional gamma ray emitter Approval Approved Result While procedure resulted in the sterilization of swept area, procedure was far too slow to sterilize entire red zone before specimens returned. Keeping entire red zone sterile would require impractical numbers of emitters and vessels. While it's a shame the device cannot get rid of the red zones for us, I think it can be of use to our device recovery teams. The gamma rays can sterilize the devices we recover to prevent undesired detonations during the recovery of almost complete devices. The gamma rays can also penetrate into areas where our current chemical and UV sterilization methods can't reach. Captain Thompson, RZ-3's own commander Proposal A plastic membrane to block access to ocean floor at red zone Approval Proof of concept on one under assembly warhead approved Result First attempt was unable to acquire a watertight seal around warhead. The membrane in second attempt was too fragile for ocean conditions and was torn off its moors. Third membrane, manufactured using a thicker and sturdier design, had hundreds of micro-tares ripped in it within hours, possibly due to SCP-118's mining action. Not surprising. Considering that SCP-118 has been known to wear through the casings of old artillery shells to harvest the explosives within, we had hoped that cutting off the assembly area would work better than cutting off the raw materials. Dr. Klaus Proposal Compound Pump to ocean floor Note Proposed by Dr. Former researcher for SCP-118 currently working at one of the Foundation's chemical research divisions. Tests confirm that compound is lethal to SCP-118, remains concentrated at bottom of water and degrades into relatively harmless chemicals and water over a period of 15 hours. Approval Approved Result Over one week, SCP-118 concentrations on ocean floor fell to 3% of previous levels. No signs of progress observed on two known uncompleted nuclear devices in Red Zone. However, 100 days after the start of the experiment, an under-assembly nuclear device was detected 60 kilometers north of the Red Zone. Measurements in the area indicated vastly elevated levels of SCP-118, and the area around discovery was reclassified as a Red Zone. Furthermore, the unexpected breakdown of compound by certain species of oceanic bacteria resulted in toxic by-products that caused a noticeable die-off of fish in treated zone. Upon stoppage of experiment, Red Zone was observed to gradually migrate back to former location. It seems that making a Red Zone non-viable served only to move SCP-118's assembly areas to a new location. Nevertheless, perhaps if we can improve compound or find a new one whose application is more subtle, we can move Red Zones into areas away from areas of human habitation or commercial activity. Dr. Proposal Use of SCP-118 Approval Denied Result NA SCP-118 is classified properties that preclude its use in such a manner. 055 Conclusion Due to increased media attention to areas around one of Red Zone due to aftermath of the application of compound and the lack of proposals without high risks of substantial collateral damage, testing in said Red Zone has been suspended. Addendum 118-4 Our research has determined SCP-118 enriches uranium by exploiting the fact that U-235 has a slightly greater preference for a high oxidation state than U-238. SCP-118 specimens which have harvested large amounts of uranium under near assembly areas appear to develop specialized organelles resembling a series of thousands of vacuole-like chambers with mitochondria-like organelles within them responsible for catalyzing reduction in oxidation reactions. In a given chamber, uranium is repeatedly reduced and oxidized. Compounds with uranium in higher oxidation states are transferred up the chain of chambers, while compounds with lower oxidation states are transferred down the chain. This results in a small amount of highly enriched uranium at the very end of the chain. Researchers and engineers at research sector have managed to create a prototype uranium enrichment device based on the principles employed by SCP-118. While the prototype was unable to produce weapons-grade uranium without using unreasonable amounts of time, it was successful in producing reactor-grade uranium, albeit at significantly greater cost than conventional methods. Despite its current limitations, the idea shows promise, and I have forwarded our findings to the relevant front companies. Dr. R- Lesson Complete If you missed the previous orientation, go watch SCP-117, Complete Multi-Tool, right now. Or for the complete course, watch this playlist.