So as you know, we are hosted by the Center for Open Educational Resources and Language Learning. So today we're going to have Sarah Sweeney speak to us about open educational resources. Sarah is our project coordinator here at Coral and she's been working with Coral since 2015. So she's going to share some of her wisdom about OER and her talk is called Introduction to Open Educational Resources. So I'm going to introduce you to the concept of open educational resources. I don't know how many people already know what those are or anything. Does anyone think that they can define open educational resources? I think it's kind of like free teachers pay teachers where ever where you can create something that's to be used in the classroom or other teachers create it and it's and then you put it out there to share and you give permission for other teachers to utilize it in their classrooms. Okay, that's pretty good actually. Yeah, that's better than some definitions I've heard for sure. Okay, great. So thank you for taking a stab at it. So I'll give you a little more details about the ideas and so yeah, you said something about sharing and permissions and those are really important things. So I'm really glad that you mentioned those and free also is important but that's not that's a good thing but it's not the only part of open educational resources. So I'm just going to give you a little introduction to Coral first, although we've talked about it before. So Coral is one of 16 national foreign language resource centers in the country and we're funded by a grant from the Department of Education, it's a Title VI grant and so Title VI just covers all of the different international education and so the National Heritage Language Resource Center that I think Gabriela mentioned earlier is one of the other centers and there's a lot of other centers too that have a lot of good offerings and we have a brochure about those in your folder so you can check those out as well. And we're located at the University of Texas at Austin obviously and we're the only center focused on open educational resources for language learning. So the other centers have different foci but our focus is only OER for language learning. And so Coral, you've heard us say this acronym already, so Coral is the Center for Open Educational Resources and Language Learning so our logo is this so you can see OER is a really important part of our logo. So just to go deeper into the definition of open educational resources and our definition here there's a lot of different definitions is educational material offered freely for anyone to use involving a combination of the following permissions retain so that means there's no expiring passwords you can keep things for as long as you want you can download them reuse so you can reuse them as many times as you want and you don't have to worry about violating copyright with that you can redistribute so you share them with the community you can share them with your students you can share them with your colleagues remix so you can take different materials that you like and put them together and revise that's really important so it's helpful for open educational resources to be in editable formats like Google Docs or something so you can make changes to it and even something like the template that you were working on earlier filling out about your programs that would be in OER because you can it's it's sort of a thing that you can modify for your own use and so why are we talking about OER well there's two main reasons so the first reason is financial and the second is pedagogical financially I think I don't really have to explain to you that education isn't very well funded this is just one of many charts showing how the prices of textbooks that's the dark blue line have gone up much faster than prices of other consumer items so and a lot of surveys have shown that students will choose not to take a class because the book is too expensive or they won't buy the book and they'll they'll get a worse grade because of it so that's a major problem in in higher ed and in in K-12 but then the really important reason is pedagogical and I think that's the reason people don't always focus on as much so we talk about resources being free or low cost but the pedagogical benefits are are really incredible and especially for languages like heritage teaching where as Gabriella kept saying in her presentation it's so important that that you really teach according to your specific students and how you have to sort of emphasize the differences between your students and those can't that can't really be done with a traditional textbook with one traditional textbook you need a lot of different sources for doing that and we are helped with that because you can get things from different places you can adapt them so you can really you can really make something that's appropriate for your students so I'm going to show you this quick video about describing how we are in a nutshell just 30 seconds or a minute preventing you from making copies or modifications OERs allow you to remix revise and reuse materials creatively adapting your resources and sharing them with language teachers and classrooms all over the world come explore this new pedagogical landscape and open up your resources and your classroom okay so hopefully that just emphasizes what I was just talking about and as an example another example of open educational resources so in that video there was someone took took a lesson from the internet and modified it and the lesson was actually one that was written by our other presenters Yanina and Jose Esteban so and and their materials are creative commons licensed so we're allowed to to use that in our video and to make changes to it and other teachers can can make changes as well and use them in their classroom and so so the video also mentioned copyright and that's a really important aspect of this whole thing so open educational resources have do not have a copyright or they do have a copyright but there's an other license on top of that which gives gives the people using the materials more rights than they would normally have so with copyright you can see on the left the publisher has all these different rights over the materials and the user doesn't have hardly any rights so the publisher can copy the materials they can distribute copies they can make derivatives they can make changes and they can sell the original materials or they can sell the changes that they've made but a user they can only buy one copy and then use that one copy for themselves so you can see that there's really big disparity between the person creating the materials and the person using the materials but then with open educational resources we use creative commons licenses and these give so this allows the publishers the authors and the users to share the rights more so the publishers and the authors can choose which rights they want to keep for themselves and which rights they want to give away to the people using the materials and so you can see here there's there's a lot of different creative commons licenses and this is kind of complicated at first so the the main thing to remember this is kind of the most simple creative commons license CC by so when you see that it means that you can make copies of the materials you can make changes to the materials you can share the materials you can even sell the materials without violating copy right as long as you give credit to the person who who made the original materials and then there's all different licenses that have different restrictions so for example if you see this symbol right here that means you cannot sell the materials if you see this material this this symbol that means you can't change the materials and if you see this symbol that basically means you have to you can share the materials but you have to share them with the same license so you can just see here that this gives authors a lot of freedom to decide how they want people to use the things that they create and so basically copyright is all rights reserved it's one C in the circle and creative commons is some rights reserved two C's in a circle so you're reserving some of the rights when you create open educational resources and you're giving some of the rights to the people using the materials and so this concept of free when we talk about open educational resources being free it's sort of different definitions of free so so both definitions the gratis version and the libre version are both applicable but what we're really talking about more is the libre version so you're free you have the freedom to use these materials the author has the freedom to share the materials with other people so it's really not just about the free cost or the low cost it's about the freedom to use materials in a lot of different ways so I have a few just so you can kind of concept conceptualize what I'm talking about I have a few examples of open educational resources that I'll I'll go through and these aren't all Spanish examples but it's just to show you an idea of what can be an open educational resource and what is out there so the first one actually is a Spanish example and OER can be an activity so this is an activity that people actually at this workshop two years ago wrote and then we posted it on the website afterwards so these are just regular high school teachers who created this material and now it's available for other people to use and it has a Creative Commons license on the bottom and an OER can also be a lesson or a unit plan it can be curricula it can be a course it can be a syllabi a syllabus or syllabi it can be a podcast it can be a tool it can be a full textbook it can be a story so this is a collection of stories from Indian languages it can be videos it can be professional development so it's not just for students but it's for teachers as well or it can be a wiki and the list goes on so basically anything you use in your classroom that has a Creative Commons license on it is an open educational resource and so just so you get an idea of how you can find these resources I hope that you will kind of try to explore them a little bit if you haven't already because there's a lot out there so you can search for authentic materials authentic materials can be open educational resources or you can search for already for lessons that have already been created by other teachers that you can use or modify so one way to search for authentic resources like images, audios, video and texts is on ccsearch so you can go there by typing in search.creativecommons.org and so this website sort of combines all the different all the different websites that have images and texts and video so you type in your search query here and then you get results from all of these different websites like Flickr or wiki media or YouTube and all of the results have Creative Commons licenses so this is just an easy way you don't have to go to YouTube to look for a video or to Flickr you can just type look in all of those different places at once with this search and this is provided by Creative Commons which is the organization that creates the Creative Commons licenses and then oh yeah so this is just an example of all the different all the different resources available on these platforms so I'm sure you all already use YouTube or Flickr or websites like that to find things for your own purposes or for your classroom but there's actually a lot but in YouTube and on Flickr and all those places there are copyrighted materials and there are Creative Commons licenses licensed materials and they're all together and they're all labeled but I think a lot of times we don't really look at the labels or the license on the materials we just use them but there's a lot of Creative Commons materials on these places so for example Flickr has four point four hundred fifteen million openly licensed Creative Commons licensed images and YouTube has forty nine million Creative Commons licensed videos so that's really a lot of videos and a lot of them are in other languages besides English so here's an example if you search on Flickr if you type in a search term like graffiti you get all these images and then up at the top you can filter for Creative Commons so where I highlighted in yellow up there so you can choose what Creative Commons license you want but if you click on that you know that you can reuse all of these images without violating copyright or anything and then once you click on an image this is where you see the license on Flickr so it's right under the image and then this is the author's name so you know so you see the license here and you know that you have to attribute the image to that person if you reuse it and here's another example on YouTube you can just type in a search term and click filter up at the top right and choose Creative Commons and then all of these videos are available for you to use as long as you give credit to the to the original creator and so then you can also search for materials on repository so these are materials that have already been created by other people and you can find them and adapt them for your own purposes so we have a guide on Coral's blog about finding these and then there's also a few websites we recommend so Merlot is really useful because it has a lot of materials for language learning and there's a lot of different search terms you can use for language learning so you can even search by proficiency level and by what language and things like that so there's a lot of options so that's at www.merlot.org and then other options are OER Commons or the LRC website so that's the website that all the different national language resource centers in the country share where we all post our materials so here's just an example on Merlot of a material that's posted so one of the interesting things about that is that you can see on the top right corner it says peer reviews and user ratings and comments so this is kind of highlighting an important part of an open educational resources which is the fact that people can talk about materials and share materials so it's not really just like there's this lesson floating out there on the internet you can see what you can see if other people have used it you can talk about the materials with each other and you can also verify that this is of high quality because I know there's a lot of things out there online and they're not always high quality so ratings kind of help you discover what what's the best quality and then also on coral's website we have a lot of different materials so we have a lot of Spanish things this is just an example of how you can find Spanish resources on our website you can go to materials up there at the top and choose Spanish and we have a bunch of different things and we'll be adding a lot more things hopefully if we if we get our grant for the next grant cycle we have a lot more Spanish projects in the works so just to talk about some benefits of open educational resources I'm gonna show you some quotes from people who have used them but first I just wanted to show you as an example that people are using open educational resources a lot I wanted to show you another website that coral has so this is the language OER network and this shows all the different people who use OER or who have taught with OER who have created it or who just who promote it to their colleagues so you can see and this isn't even really an exhaustive list this is just some people we know but all of these people have used OER and you can even you can click on their on their name and see what they've done so it's cool to see all the different projects that people are working on that are available for you to use okay so to go back to the benefits I think we've already talked about being able to use things without restrictions and the price but then there's also other benefits too so for oh wait we started at the very beginning okay so for example this is Megan shocked from Missouri she's a high school teacher a world languages coordinator and she pointed she has started using open educational resources replacing her textbook with OER and she's noticed that it's been easier to to keep with a 90% target language use in her classroom using OER because there's a lot more authentic materials so she can expose her students to a lot more culturally relevant material and a lot more authentic language and another benefit is you can gain more visibility for your work so this is a quote from Ignacio Carvajal who is at the University of Texas and worked on a Qiché project so Qiché is a Mayan language of Guatemala and we made some language learning materials for that language and just in a year or so those they posted videos on YouTube and got 75,000 views so you can see that like it's a language that's spoken by a million people but a lot of people are looking at those videos because they're out there on YouTube and there aren't many similar videos so you can really get exposure for your work and you can it's a nice way for people to be able to use what you're creating and this is Sao Mai Tsai so she wrote a lesson a Chinese lesson on one of our websites and she points out that you can really get new ideas as part of a community with OER so even if you don't use if you find a lesson or an activity online and even if you don't use it you can still get ideas from it you can get inspired by what other people are doing so it's a really good way to share things in a community and of course you can also reduce costs for your students so Yiranye Fernandez Palacios from North Shore Community College created a whole new textbook for her students she was teaching elementary Spanish one for the health professions and she created a whole new textbook for her students that was an open educational resource and she saved her students a lot of money because they didn't have to buy a textbook so these are all benefits of OER but I've been talking a lot about materials and I just wanted to point out at the end of this presentation that OER is not just about materials but there's a whole open education movement that's more about practices as well and I think everyone here is practicing this already as you're all being open educators first by being here and just sharing your ideas with people so everyone's shared ideas already with things they've done in their classroom and that alone in itself is is also an open educational practice because there's a really important community element that goes along with open education okay so these are just some open educational practices sharing adapting materials collaborating mentoring innovating experimenting researching empowering students and showing gratitude so these are all just little things you can do for example with the empowering students a lot of people have their students create their own resources so their students will create lessons for the for students in another class or for the students in the next class so that's just a cool example of being an open educator and then like showing gratitude I think the the attribution part of the Creative Commons license is really important because you can you can use people's ideas and then you can thank them for their ideas and I think so there's a lot of there's a lot of mutual appreciation that goes along with it and so these are just some ways that you can be open in your in your educational practices you can share an idea with a colleague you can join a community such as our heritage Spanish website which Joselia will be talking about later you can try putting a CC license on something that you create you can search for repositories like Merlot for content for your class and you can have your students create their own learning materials so these are just all like small things you can do to start getting into open educational resources and getting into open education well we can I can show you quickly so the Creative Commons website has the licenses on the website so you can basically just copy and paste the license on there but I'll show you okay so if you're on the website and you do share your work and then go down to licensing types I think that should yeah you can find the licenses there so like it gives you explain the terms and then you have to scroll to the bottom and say use license I think there's an easier way to do it but this is oh yeah that's okay yeah that's better actually thanks yeah so this tells you you answer the questions about what you want what the terms of the license are so allow adaptations yes allow commercial uses you can say no and then it gives you the license yeah and then you can just copy and paste this part into your document or if you have a website you can copy and paste this text and then these are all the images I used in in the presentation just to keep with the open educational attribution so are there any questions yes okay thank you two questions one might be really easy and quick hopefully the other maybe not so first on the non-commercial category of yeah what a does that include like a photocopy packet where I'm not where I'm just I'm not making any profit on it it's our department charges four cents a copy oh yeah just put it in a photocopy packet is that considered would that be breaking the non-commercial part of that I think if you're not I don't know that might be a little bit dodgy but I think it's okay because there was a lawsuit recently where the like kinkos or something was making copies for a school district and then someone sued them and kinkos won because they were just they weren't making money I would I guess they weren't making money off of it but they weren't really like selling the materials they were just doing their job and making the copies so I I think that would be okay but okay it might be a little bit but I mean I think it's something with OER is that sometimes it just helps to contact the person who made it and ask them if it's okay and I feel like they would probably say yes because you're not you're a school and you're not making a profit okay so the next question is okay now here I am I'm looking for good materials how do I go and how is this organized how are we gonna find something that's going to be useful well there so you can go on those repositories that I showed you is that are they on this this handout those are all corals materials so that's yeah that's a good place to start so those are all the materials that we've created here at the at coral at the University of Texas but if you want to find things by other people then those are repositories I showed you are a good place to start so yeah search dot creative commons.org yeah and then also Merlot is this website and OER commons I can maybe I can send out the links somehow yeah I can share the power point okay so I'll put the okay yeah I'll put the power point on the drive and then you can see the links I don't have the links to all the repositories so maybe I'll add the links to the other repositories and then put the presentation up there so you can look and when you look at it is it easy to see oh here's Spanish and then there's more events videos how is it well it kind of depends it depends on where you're looking so for example on OER commons I think yeah so you can type in a lesson but I don't know you probably use a better search term than that but then you can choose the subject and the level okay and standards there's no so I'm not sure yeah so then it comes up with a bunch of things and then you can drill down by language and is there a way to do specific language no so yeah this is not this is not ideal but that's why I suggested Merlot because you can search by the language and I think that's way more useful there's even I think there's a place they just changed this in your face so it's not it doesn't look like it looked before but yeah there's a place here where you can search by language so I think that's better although there's also I think there's a better way to do it oh yeah you can select by discipline and then humanities and then subdiscipline and then word languages and then you can search yeah so that's a better way to do it and then all this stuff comes up but then you can filter by like whether it's a website or PDF or what the license is or what level it is and I think in the original search you could also search by lesson or activity or something like that so you could get more granular but but each repository is going to have its own way of finding stuff yeah my question has to do with how you reference the material how do you show credit so you borrow somebody's video or their image then do you just what does it look like are you just copying the CC yeah does APA have a special format for CC material there's not so creative commons on their blog they have advice about how to do it but there's not really one format for it it's sort of everyone does it differently which is a little bit weird but usually they say title author source and license so you would say you would say this image is from this author I found it here and it has this license on it that was excited so if you wanted just to show the image you know you know I guess if we're ever dealing with copyright material and you have permission to use it then you could you put the little C with a last name and a year or something to show that your material was created you know at that time is it gonna work the same way with creative commons yeah I don't think yeah I don't think you have to put the year necessarily but yeah it's basically the same just as long as you also list the license and I noticed was it on the website before this one where it showed a list of activities that there were each activity had a rating is it similar like an Amazon product where you can give it so many stars you got so many ratings and yeah that's I mean not all repositories have that but most repositories do have that the rating system and you can submit comments and things like that so yeah you can filter out the things that have been rated badly okay thanks yeah are there any more questions and if not so Barbara Sahel is here and she had so she's she already wrote a book about using open educational resources in the language classroom and she's working on a new book and so she wanted to talk to you about that quickly and also some another project she's working on and these are just examples of other open projects for you so we I was fortunate to be one of three editors of a book that and I should preface my comments by saying that this is not just a movement that happens here in the United States it's happening all around the world I had the good fortune of attending a conference in Bologna Italy sponsored by Euro call the I don't even know what the acronym means but essentially myself and a woman from the Open University and a woman from the University of Bologna got together and thought it would be really nice to be able to showcase people's work using open educational resources or open educational practices whatever that means it could mean a MOOC it could mean a tool similar to what Sarah was saying that it it defies description it can mean all things and many things what I'll do is put up on in the resource bank in the Google folder a link to the book that we created last five years ago it's simply a book of case studies it's meant not it's not meant to be a highly academic you know highly researched doc a series of documents they're meant to be a series of briefcase studies in which practitioners can go in and say ooh this looks interesting these are really wonderful outcomes here the nuts and bolts of how to do this and be able to contact the person for more information the book is completely open thank you yeah it's right there it's completely open so if you want to click on that the first link there you can download all of the chapters we receive no money for doing this all we did was help curate it and pull things together so it's all completely downloadable searchable queryable all of those things but there are people from all over the world who wanted to share their stories of what they did with open practices resources websites tools etc this was so successful and got really good feedback that we're doing another one so if there's something you are particularly fond of that you're using in your classroom that would quantify as being open I would love to talk with you and I can put up some information on on the call for proposals again these are not meant to be what I sort of call highfalutin academic papers these are meant to be case studies of practical uses of these tools in the classroom with the idea of sharing them with your colleagues with your friends from around the world I think the downloads for this were for everywhere from Africa Asia all over and it's it's been it's been a really great resource so if you're interested in participating please let me know I'll put up more information on the Google Doc site the last thing I want to say is my other one of the other hats I wear because we all wear many hats I'm the Spanish language education coordinator for coordinator for the NPR podcast Radion Volante and I would love to talk with any of you who have used Radion Volante in your classrooms the content of a little bit different the content of Radion Volante is copyrighted the podcast themselves cannot be changed but what we've discovered in the five or six years I've been working with the team is that the variety and the wealth of materials that teachers are creating on their own in in their classrooms for their students how brilliant these materials are and how so many other teachers would benefit from that hard work with Sarah and I were talking about sometimes people outside of our institutions appreciate our work more than our own colleagues do and and this would be an opportunity if you have done work with Radion Volante if you have introduced it with your students especially with heritage speakers I would love to talk with you some more we're thinking about the idea of creating an open repository of those materials I know it is very popular on teachers pay teachers I personally have a problem with teachers pay teachers because you can't always see what the materials are sometimes they're great sometimes they're not so great this the whole idea here would you would get total credit and all of your work would be available to for other teachers to use as well so I'll put information up about the the book about the case studies book and we would love to have people participate in that but I'll also make sure that my information is out there that if you do use Radion Volante in the classroom I would love to talk with you some more thank you all right so now just Ellie is going to introduce the Heritage Spanish website okay so thank you Sarah for showing us all about OER and now I'd like to show you guys so the point of coming to this workshop is getting a lot of resources that you can use take home with you right so I'm gonna show you more specifically what we have what Coral has to offer for Spanish teachers and I was gonna only show you the Heritage Spanish website but I decided two minutes ago that I want to show you some of the other resources that Coral has for Spanish teachers because I recently gave a workshop about spin text which is one of our big things one of our big projects and teachers loved it so I thought maybe I just quickly show you what we have so if you go to where is it or I can find the languages so we have all these languages right and so we're gonna go to Spanish so you can see everything that we have and so there's different projects that you can look through and Spanish abierto introduction to proficiency levels we have the Spanish proficiency exercises which is I don't know how many of you have used this website before but it's these videos they're very old now it but we keep using them and people all over the country tell me oh yeah I know you guys you have those videos with the speakers from all over the world I use them all the time they they're still great so if you don't know this then check out our website and all these are open resources you can use but then I wanted to point out spin text which is the Spanish in Texas corpus and this is a big project that was created by professors Declan Toriva and Barbara Bullock they started working with a lot of grad students who went they got trained and they went out and interviewed people all over Texas to have a record of what Spanish in Texas is like so it's a big project with a video archive then a website of Spanish grammar in context which basically teaches grammar concepts using examples from these videos and in the video archive it can be a great source for research but also for teachers because you have these speakers who are not necessarily from one type of Spanish but really the Spanish that is spoken in Texas comes from everywhere right you have people who moved here from other places people who grew up here there's a wide variety so we have all these videos which is a really great resource and lots of different topics and you can search by language features like if you want to teach possessives or deseos or express our agradecimiento it's all tagged and then you have by speaker so you can you have all these speakers and if you want to use only people who are from a certain place in the state and once you find a video people love to see this so if you open a video and for example you're gonna show you have the transcript which you can hide or show for their students and if you want to focus on imperfecto so I want to hide all the verbs that are imperfect and have the students fill them out for example and there's a lot you can do with this so I'm just giving you a quick glimpse of it so you can go and explore it on your own but for now now what I was supposed to talk about is the Heritage Spanish website which is the project that we are very proud of because it's not just a website this is the website where I showed you where you could go and find our resources it's the community and now that you're here you're all part of this community so what is the purpose of the website so if we can see here on the main page un espacio para los instructores de español que quieran colaborar compartir y comunicarse con otros sobre la enseñanza y el aprendizaje del español como lenguaderencia so if you've found yourself searching for adapting or creating materials for your heritage classes because of a lack of readily available commercial resources this site is for you so there's different things you can do here you can have a conversation with other instructors about anything that would be relevant for heritage Spanish instruction you can share resources you can find a bunch of resources and stay up to date on new events and things that would be interesting for any teachers of heritage Spanish at any level so I'm going to kind of go over the different things we have on the website so you can see we have this message board where you can go and ask a question and hopefully somebody will have the answer for you or comments right so this is a great place to just get started if you are wondering oh how do you teach this particular topic to heritage students for example and so I invite all of you to register for this forum and the way you do that is you go here register and you can write all your information and then it'll send you an email and then you can click on that email and verify your account so it's great because so all the people who are already members have filled out their profiles and you can go on here and read about them if the computer cooperates with me well you can click there and it'll show you the profiles of all the people who are teaching Spanish for heritage learners all over the country at different levels so okay I'm going to skip over the participate and I'm going to show you some of the resources we have so for example we created this page current affairs where we started putting materials that would be useful to support undocumented students in the recent year where this has become more relevant so that's the kind of thing that we can post here if there's ever anything you want to share that you think is relevant that would help other instructors just send it to us and we will share it we have classroom activities and I don't know if you've heard of the coral collaborators program but coral gives small grants to collaborators who are create want to create material and these three activities you see at the top were from last year's workshop a year ago after the workshop there was a call sent out for collaborators and people applied and those who got selected they worked for the year on a project that they would like to create and share and they got a small grant to work on this and now they're ready and so these are all open resources that you can use and for example we have one about Graffiti el Arte Urbano is Panamericano and there's a collection of videos that a teacher here in Austin created that she filmed children heritage learners who are children because she felt the need for videos not just of grown-up speaking Spanish but children themselves speaking Spanish to be models for the kids that she was teaching so that's if you teach kids that would be a really great resource and then we have a collection of activities by Claudia Alguim Mendoza and her team at the University of Oregon and it's a great collection of activities based on critical pedagogies I invite you to look at it and you might want to use it we have a whole curriculum that was developed for a community college and then we have all the activities that have been created by Esteban and Janina Hernandez and their team at UT Rio Grande Valley and they're going to talk more about those tomorrow but now you know where to find them and so on we have more activities there that you can use we have a list of textbooks that commercial textbooks if you want to browse program profiles this is where we are hoping to have a list of the different heritage Spanish profiles of programs are around the country so if you have a program and it's not on here we'd love for you to send us a short description so we can add it to the list and what else interesting articles we are section on assessments is very small everybody knows the problem with placement exams and so we're trying to collect more information to share about placement exams then some more research and pedagogy things that might be interesting to you resources from all over the country newspapers syllabi and this this section wouldn't it be great if we had a bank of syllabus syllabi from all different places with different levels different courses so I'm trying to get people to share their syllabus so that we could post it you put a creative commons license on it so far we have three and guess what these are my three so so that's all you do is you know I'm gonna show you how you put your these are the three courses that we teach at UT for heritage learners and okay I just want to open the document all you do is okay open it that's my syllabus and you put the creative commons license on there and now this is an open resource so you can go and look at my syllabus and you know you might like a couple things from there and want to integrate them to your own or see kind of what kind of topics we cover at the University of Texas and think about what you want to do for your own syllabus right so if we had many more then you know all the better right so that's something that we're trying to grow in like this is a community that's still growing so we have a list of other websites that might be useful for you and finally our events page which is this is where we are we are sold out but if you have any events that are coming up that you think would be of interest to the community we would love to hear from you and we will share it because there are a lot of people who go on here and find out about events on our website so it'd be a great place to promote your event and finally I want to go back to the participate section because this is what we want you to do we want you to participate so the purpose of the website is to have a space where we can all share it's not like a couple of us are going to create all this stuff for the world because nobody has time for that right but if we all do a small part and add it to our repository then we would have a big rich place where we can go and look for materials so if you have any resources that you would like to share under our Creative Commons license just send it to us we will look at it we can give you feedback then we might you know ask you to make some changes or we might say this is great just put the creative license on it and we'll share it on the website and then it'll be open so that is the only way that our community will grow is if more people participate and more people create their own materials so I want to finish up by saying like I said it's not a website it's a community and it was recently a couple of weeks months ago open education week and we were celebrate celebrating here I guess and I was asked to write a short blog post for the UT library and I'm going to just read a little bit of what I wrote which is going to conclude kind of our day so throughout the country Spanish instructors at all levels are forming programs creating materials to serve heritage Spanish learners and it seems that we all have some common goals to help heritage Spanish speakers develop their bilingual skills to empower them to apply those skills in academic and professional settings and to feel proud of their cultural and linguistic heritage so if we all have similar goals and we're all working on creating programs and materials to serve those students why not share the work we're doing right so I have been able to share some of my work and see and hear about other people using it in other parts of the country and that's really rewarding and I believe we all collaborate and if we all share openly then we'll be more successful in achieving our own goals but also our common goals so I'm going to finish there and if you have any questions about the community the website or anything I'm happy to answer no so is everybody going to go and sign on right now yes


The federal government has reiterated its resolve at securing the release of the 43 victims of the Abu Jaqaduna train terrorist attack, still held captive by the terrorists. The director of the Ministry of Transportation, Press and Public Relations, Eric Ojekwe, who made the snow in a statement, quoted the Minister of Transportation, Eugenia Moazou, Jai Jisambo, as assuring the families of the victims who led a peaceful protest in the ministry, demanding the release of their loved ones. The minister disclosed that a situation in the room would be created to constantly keep the families abreast of efforts by the government to secure the release of the remaining victims.


Live from Las Vegas, it's theCUBE. Covering VMworld 2017, brought to you by VMware and its ecosystem partners. We're back, I'm Stu Miniman here with Justin Warren and this is theCUBE SiliconANGLE Media's broadcast of VMworld 2017. We're the worldwide leader in live tech coverage. Happy to welcome to the program a first-time guest, Russ Reader, who is the president and CEO of OVH. Russ, thanks so much for joining us. You bet, Stu, thank you. All right, Russ.  VCloud Air, total failure. Now, I think you might have a slightly different viewpoint on some of that, you know, dynamic. So, you know, for audience that doesn't know OVH, you know, was predominantly European, you know, cloud hosting provider, part of the VCloud Air network, if I understand.  Sure, OVH, we're one of the largest infrastructure providers in the world. We're the fifth largest and we're the number one partner for VMware over in Amia, right? And so, I guarantee if Pat Gelsinger was here, you wouldn't have thrown VCloud Air into the bus so hard, but it's a great opportunity. We'll be on tomorrow, let's see. Yeah, perfect, yeah. So, you know, VCloud Air was a great opportunity for VMware, kind of launching it, working with some of the top enterprise customers in the world, some of the biggest of VMware, launching a cloud strategy, but VMware is more of a software play rather than an infrastructure player. We're one of the largest in the world. And so, when VMware called us and said, hey, one of our bests in Amia, we know that you're coming to the U.S., we think there's a perfect acquisition. And so, when I sat down with Pat and talked about the acquisition, we said, look, we're about ready to come into the U.S. with all of our force. We have 27 data centers around the world. We have 11 terabyte network, three terabytes of DDoS capacity. And we're coming here with scale. And so, if we can add in two over 200, close to 300 employees that understand the space and about 1,000 enterprise customers that are committed to VMware solution and then really care about great tech to match Made in Heaven. Yeah, what can you share? How many customers did you get for that? And since OVH took it over, where are things? What moment was it? So we have around 1,000 enterprise customers, some of the biggest names out there. And so, and a lot of those are the biggest names for VMware. With that, we took around 250 employees globally. So we now have the global VCloud Air infrastructure, personnel, and customer base.  It's like clearly there's some people who do like it, otherwise you wouldn't have managed to sell. And there's significant business here and they're really important customers to VMware. Yeah, so what is it that those customers really like about the VCloud Air solution? So what they like just about, first it's VMware, right? So they really love the flexibility that VMware solutions give them. With VCloud Air, they went to it to have more of a, you know, no vendor lock in, more of a portable solution where they can migrate VMs from on-prem to off-prem and be a part of the cloud. And so what they're excited about now with OVH is going to a provider that is very well known for high performance, great network, at the best value. And so coming to the U.S., what they care about is, the U.S. is 58% of the world market in cloud hosting. Very large market, 58%. And you have a number of very large, hyperscale cloud providers. And OVH is the largest cloud provider that no one knows about in the U.S., but where everyone knows about us in Europe. And so the customers now are super excited about bringing that technology and we've really reinvented the whole infrastructure cloud hosting market and bringing that new technology into, and the green technology into the U.S. Russ, we've been watching kind of this, the Colo data center business, seeing a number of companies that have kind of exited. I think Rackspace, how they've changed Verizon, what they've done. I talked to some of your team at the booth here at the show, and they're actually excited about talking about the way OVH builds data centers. Can you bring us inside this? Because some people look and they're like, oh, if you're not spending five to $10 billion a year, you're probably not in that business. Once again, OVH I think has a slightly different viewpoint on this. Yeah, so we were founded by Octav Klaaba, who's an engineer, network engineer, started building hosting websites and then started to build their own servers. And so now we are vertically integrated. We build our own servers. We build all of our own DDoS equipment. We build our own data centers. Our servers are water cooled and we have very strong R&D relationships with Intel and AMD and allows us to crank up the processing speed with our data cooling capacity. 30% of the data centers are cooled by natural air. 70% are cooled by water. So when other very large, well-known companies are out there trying to put data centers in Alaska and on syncing them in containers, we have it figured out at scale. We have 27 data centers around the world. We're investing $1.5 billion in the next three years to have over 50 data centers. So we're doing it at scale and our data centers are not only more high-performance, but 50% more cost effective and we give that cost savings directly back to the client. Russ, one of the things that when I talk to customers and you ask them about their cloud strategy, sometimes they say hybrid cloud, sometimes they assume multi-cloud, but whatever they say, their strategy is different for every customer I talk to. Some are actually federating or splitting up applications between different environments. Others are workloads depending on where they have. What are you hearing from your customers? What are the types of applications? And I know it depends and it varies greatly, but where is it that you have kind of the gravity of where customers are going and how do you fit into kind of the broader ecosystem? Amazon's the elephant in the room. I think the booth next to yours, if I recall right. So how's that dynamic work?  If you're only in one cloud provider, you should be very worried, right? We've seen multiple attacks, any kind of failure, right? And so a hybrid cloud strategy from even a medium and definitely enterprise is where they already are. And you can't, even if you're going to create a brand new application, that data is going to be somewhere else, whether it's on-prem or whether it's in another data center, instantly you have to think about hybrid cloud, right? We're kind of in that third generation of the cloud. First generation was Rackspace, do it for me, second generation was AWS. I'm going to do it. And now third generation is like, whoa, I just can't be in one cloud provider. I need to have multiple cloud providers. So based on my workload, who can, I need high-performance servers. Where can that go? I have a lot of traffic on my Ingress egress. And so what cloud provider should I use there? And so now you can pick and choose workloads and then also your disaster recovery. You obviously should have had, not just in a different data center, but with an entirely different partner. Yeah, so question on what exactly is hybrid cloud? Because early on when people were talking about, well, hybrid cloud means I'm going to have some onsite and I'm going to have some in the cloud as well. We had the idea of cloud bursting, where it'd be basically the same application and I'd have part of it move into the cloud when I needed it to and then I turn it off. But people who tried that found out that's actually really, really hard. It seems to be that people are more choosing that I'll put this application onsite and I'll put that application in that cloud and I'll put a different application over here. Is that what you see customers doing and what does that imply when we have features that are available in one cloud than aren't in another? I'm thinking of things like Google's abilities in AI. That seems to be something people would like to do, but if my data is sitting over here, it's actually really difficult for me to pull it stuff across. So what are you seeing with customers in their application choice of location? So at the most basic level, obviously a hybrid cloud strategy is to leverage multiple cloud infrastructure providers for your enterprise, most basic level. Whether you keep the data onsite and then maybe the application onsite, that's really not a hybrid cloud. That's kind of like I've got my on-prem and my one-cloud provider. Hybrid cloud really comes into play when you're using everyone from OVH for a specific set of workloads. Maybe you have your disaster recovery here. Maybe you have your whole set of enterprise workloads on OVH and you're using, say, maybe IBM for a different workload or maybe your data set is in another colo facility. And so once you start mixing workloads, where the data is and having multiple cloud providers, that's more of where the definition is really evolving to, right? Because it's definitely evolving. Yeah, so if I'm an enterprise who wants to do that, not a lot of people actually have the skills in-house to be able to do that themselves. So they generally rely on partners to do that. I'm thinking people like the global systems integrators, they tend to get involved in these kinds of deals. Is that something that you see OVH providing as well or are you looking more to partner with other firms to help? Yeah, so that's a great question. We're a pure play infrastructure provider. We work really well with other systems integrators and this works very well with VMware's Vcan offering where all the system integrators out there now that have found themselves competing with AWS and competing with Rackspace and now that they're spinning up their managed services providers, all these great system architects that are used to sitting on the client, being that consultant, kind of helping with their hybrid cloud strategy. Now they're competing with the offerings that they used to offer, right? So AWS and Rackspace now have managed services. We're not providing managed services, we rely on system integrators for that. Yeah, I actually want to put a point on that. So I bumped into AJ Patel, we're going to be talking to him tomorrow. It feels like it's actually been, that the network has been invigorated some since VMware no longer owns VCloud Air, you do. And so now it's VMware can focus on the ecosystem more. I've got a number of other, you know, hosting and service providers that we're talking to on theCUBE. So does that dynamic help VMware and help you? You know, how's that look? No, I think it helps everyone. It gives clarity, right? It gives clarity to the customer. That's what we're all here for, right? We're definitely a customer driven organization. We focus on making sure the customers are successful. And so the customer really understands, hey, this is someone that is investing billions of dollars in global infrastructure, security and scalability. And then for a VMware customer, they understand, okay, I can use VMware for all the great software, enterprise software scale that they provide as a VCAM partner. Now I'm not trying to compete, I understand where I can play. And OVH, we're very clear on what we do and what we don't do. So we're big partners on the VSAN and the whole working with AJ Patel on the whole network to make sure those resellers now see that they can actually make more money with the VCloud Air on OVH.  How much joint engineering work did you do there? We're working very closely with all the teams that were at VMware, so I mean, whether it's HSX or on the VCloud Air side that already has a lot of technology built in and now VMware's productizing it, so our engineers have to work together. So it's very exciting. Yeah, is there anything in particular at the show that's really caught your attention? Because you were saying earlier that this is pretty much your first show, we're in the VMware ecosystem. So what stood out to you from that you've seen at the show? Yeah, I think what stands out most are the customers that are really, we're talking about hybrid cloud, but there have been so many customers that really are looking for hybrid cloud and that we all have been a part of the cloud for so many years and that they're now just migrating workloads off of on-prem. I mean, it's like every year I have to pinch myself, like really, are there still 65% of workloads that aren't in the cloud? I mean, it's just amazing. Yeah, what do you think that in-state's going to look like though? Because I question whether it's going to be 100% in the cloud because we have people, customers still have mainframes. It's not most of the market, but they still exist and there are plenty of heritage systems that are out there. They're very difficult to move and often the upside of moving, it isn't worth taking the risk. In the future, there will definitely be 100%. That's like saying that we need a fire in every house to keep it warm, right? I mean, everything will be in the cloud in the future and then you have to differentiate based on the quality of service you're getting. What's the SLA? If I choose you, can I not choose someone else in the future? The vendor lock-in is pretty scary. But without a doubt, as companies are spinning up and you look at these startups now, yes, this is a long time. It may take 100 years for GM to be totally in the cloud, right? But you have such vendor lock-in now that these startups are learning that they can be 100% in the cloud and then how do I work with different cloud providers not to be locked in with them forever? It's been a big issue. Using other PAS offerings are good and bad. So you have to be very careful to let your engineers just go off and start spinning up services. Russ, the last thing I want to ask you, you talked about, we talked a lot about the VMware partnership. I know you said you've got some networking capabilities. What other cloud services can people tie into? And I'm curious, the public clouds, is there direct connect from your offering? So we've got some great offerings, obviously we're the world's largest player in the infrastructure bare metal player. And so we have tremendous automation and everything is redundant and backed up automatically. And then we build all of the other solutions on top of that. So we not only have now vCloud Air, we've been a vSphere provider for seven years now. We have OpenStack provider as well for the people that do want a public cloud, more of an open play. A lot of retail companies out there that don't want to go to AWS that are looking for more of a kind of an open source public cloud offering as well. And we've been a great partner there. Okay, so your services, I'm just curious, do you plug into other clouds like Azure, AWS? There's not a specific API that we've built to plug in but we definitely have our philosophy and our culture is a portable open free internet. So we don't lock anything down. All right, Russ Reader, really appreciate you joining us. Congratulations on the progress. We bring OVH to the U.S. And yeah, maybe we'll ask Pat Gelsinger tomorrow his opinion on it today and some of the criticisms. All right, for Justin Moran, I'm Stu Miniman. We'll be back with lots more coverage here of VMworld 2017. You're watching theCUBE.


Hello, Team Rota. Please, everybody, have a seat. Thank you, Minister Moreness, for your kind introduction, for your leadership, and for your partnership. We could not ask for a better ally than Spain. I want to recognize your outstanding leadership team here at Rota. Vice Admiral Jamie Fogo. Give him a big round of applause. Come on, guys. Captain Mike McNichol. Now, apparently, Mike has only been here three weeks. Five days after he started, the secretary of the Navy visited. And now, here comes the President. So we're testing Mike a little bit. It's like the in-law is coming over. But he is doing an outstanding job already. We have great confidence in him. And I also want to acknowledge Command Master Chief Michelle Brooks. I tend to like people named Michelle. Can you spell it right with two Ls? It's the right way to do it. Now, we've got quite a group here today. We've got sailors from the United States Navy. Of course, 725th Maintenance Squadron. We've got Marines from Morone. We've got outstanding civilian personnel. Don't be left out civilians. Let's make some noise. And, of course, we've got the loved ones who served by your side. Give it up for our incredible military families. And we're proud to be joined by our outstanding Spanish allies and friends. Marineros from Spain's Armada. I want to... Yeah, we can clap. See, the Spanish are a little more polite than we are. We're just yelling. I want to acknowledge Admiral Muñoz Delgado, Admiral Suances, and Admiral Gonzales Gomez. And on behalf of the American people, I want to thank Mayor Arana and everyone in his community and this country for being such great hosts and partners and friends to all the American personnel and their families who are here in Spain. We're grateful. Muchas gracias. I'm not going to give a long speech. I know you've been standing here or sitting here for a while and it's a little warm. But what I really want to do is come down and shake some hands. Look, I'll be honest, it's been a tough week back home. And I've had to adjust my schedule. I was going to be in Spain for two days. Now I'm just here for a day. But I didn't want to miss the opportunity to come and thank all of you for your outstanding service. You know, I just wrapped up our two days of meetings at the NATO summit in Warsaw, in Poland. And obviously it's a challenging time for all of our countries. Recent terrorist attacks have shaken America and France and Belgium and Turkey. Migrants who are seeking refuge, many from war-torn countries are flocking to Europe. Russia's aggression against the Ukraine threatens our vision of a Europe that is at peace. And a vote in Britain has raised questions about the kind of Europe that we're going to see in the years ahead. So on my visit to Europe, what I've been trying to communicate, what I've been wanting to focus on, is America's relation to Europe, and the fact that our commitment will not change. We have an enduring commitment to the transatlantic alliance and to our allies in Europe because you are central to our security. And we could not have a more important alliance or a better set of friends than those of us, those of you here in Europe. That includes a strong and unified Spain, one of our closest allies. You know, the alliance between our countries is rooted in shared values of democracy and pluralism and open markets, and our shared commitment to freedom. For more than 60 years, Spain has hosted Americans here at Rota. Today, this base is home to more than 3,000 Americans. And it's the home port for American destroyers that strengthen our alliance's new missile defense, as I just saw during my visit aboard the USS Ross. Although I will say, when I visit ships these days, I feel like an old man, because the average age is like 21 on these ships. And I had to tell some of the folks on board that you couldn't put me in charge of anything at 21. So the fact that they're doing such incredible work makes me really proud. But day in and day out, Americans and Spaniards like you serve together, shoulder to shoulder. Not only here, but in missions for our common security, in the coalition to destroy ISIL, combating piracy, supporting peacekeeping, and humanitarian efforts. And that's because we believe that people around the world and here in Europe have the right to live in security and prosperity and dignity. That's what America stands for, that's what Spain stands for, and that's what NATO stands for. So my message today is that we're going to keep standing together to meet the challenges of our time. In the face of terrorist networks that seek to destroy, we're going to prevail not only because of our military strength, but because we will stay true to our values, our diversity, our respect for one another, our refusal to be divided by ethnicity or nationality or religion. In the face of humanitarian crises, we're going to deliver help and hope to those in need. In the face of aggression, we'll stand up for the sovereignty of nations like Ukraine. And in this moment of uncertainty in Europe, we'll remain steadfast allies through NATO, the strongest alliance that the world has ever known. So, Team Rota, all of you embody the spirit of cooperation and resolve as well as anyone. And my main message here today is to say thank you. Thank you for your service on behalf of a safer America, a safer Spain, and a safer world. And to all our Spanish friends, thank you for your friendship and thank you for your service to all the Americans who are here. I know it's never easy serving far away from home, although I must say, if you've got to be away from home, this is not a bad place to be. But even in a place as beautiful as this, you're missing holidays and birthdays and family reunions. But each and every day you stand up for our country, and you do it with honor, and you do it with courage, and you do it with commitment. So on behalf of a grateful nation, let me just say that we're proud of you. We honor you. We thank you for your service, and we thank your inspiring families as well for all that they do to make sure that you can do your jobs. You know, at a time when sometimes the world feels uncertain, sometimes people ask me, how do you stay so calm? And what I tell them is, as tough as the challenges are, as serious as the threats that we face, the one thing that I have learned during the time that I've had the privilege to be the President of the United States is that the American people are good and they are decent. And we have the finest fighting force the world has ever known. We have great partners around the world, and I am absolutely confident that people of good will will ultimately overcome those forces that seek to divide and destroy us. You give me confidence. You give me hope. God bless you. God bless the United States of America. God bless Spain. Thank you very much.


Welcome friends, in our previous lecture we have learnt about the history and the developments of the investment casting process. Now, let us continue this topic in this lecture also, before that let us review what we have learnt in our previous lecture. So, here these are the special features of investment casting process. What are the special features of investment casting process? It can produce very thin and most complex features. Second feature is it offers excellent surface finish. Most of the times no machining is required or very negligible machining is required. Next special feature it offers excellent dimensional accuracy. Finally, it can be used to cast all metals and alloys. Now these are the alloys covered in investment casting process, but before that if we see different manufacturing process or the casting process, what are the alloys that can be covered in these manufacturing process or the casting process? If we see the consider the die casting process, yes aluminum magnesium alloys can be cast using the die casting process or copper bronze brass can be cast using die casting process. What about the other alloys, ductile iron, stool steel, steel, titanium alloys, super alloys cannot be cast using die casting process. Next one if we consider the forging, yes tool steels, steels, stainless steel, aluminum magnesium alloys, copper bronze brass, titanium alloys, super alloys can be used for the forging, but ductile iron cannot be used for forging. If we consider the powder metallurgy process, tool steels, steels, stainless steel and titanium alloys can be manufactured using powder metallurgy process, but ductile iron, copper bronze brass and the super alloys cannot be manufactured using powder metallurgy process. Similarly, if we consider the sand casting process, ductile iron, tool steels, steels, stainless steel, aluminum magnesium alloys, copper bronze brass and super alloys can be manufactured using sand casting process, but titanium alloys cannot be manufactured using sand casting process. And finally, if we consider the weldments, steels, stainless steel, aluminum magnesium alloys, copper bronze brass, titanium alloys and super alloys can be welded, but ductile iron, tool steels cannot be welded. Now, let us come to the investment casting process, ductile iron can be manufactured using investment casting, tool steels, steels, stainless steel, aluminum magnesium alloys, copper bronze brass, titanium alloys and super alloys can be manufactured. If we see here, all the alloys can be manufactured using investment casting process. Virtually, there is no alloy which cannot be manufactured using investment casting process. So, that is the unique and greatest feature of the investment casting process. Now, in the previous lecture, we have seen the developments of the investment casting process during the 20th century. Now, these are the developments, initially the solid mould or the block mould investment casting was used, where the entire what say mould was filled with the ceramic material. Of course, wax was used as the pattern material and they used to pour the molten metal after draining of the wax. However, the ceramic material was replaced by the plaster mould. So, this used to give the better surface finish in the investment casting process. Later, mercast process was developed, where mercury was used as the pattern material, but there are certain problems associated with this mercast process. So, this is no more in use. Finally, ceramic shell investment casting was developed recently and this has gained what say importance all over the world. So, in the ceramic shell investment casting process, initially we make the pattern. Most of the times, it is made up of wax. Now, this wax pattern will be dipped in a ceramic slurry. A ceramic slurry will be prepared. Then after dipping this what say wax pattern inside the ceramic slurry, it will be taken out and a stucco coating will be given around the wax pattern. After this stucco coating is dried out, again it will be dipped inside the ceramic slurry. Likewise, this cycle will be repeated about say 5 to 7 times. Finally, a shell is created around the wax pattern. Now, let us concentrate on this ceramic shell investment casting process. So, we are already learning this. So, these are the major steps involved in the ceramic shell investment casting process. The first step is the wax injection. Wax will be injected into the pattern dye and it will be removed. Next one, several such patterns are assembled together here. So, that is the second step. Next one, as I told before, this wax assembly or the wax pattern will be dipped inside the ceramic slurry. It will be taken out. Then stucco will be what say sprinkled around the pattern. Then it will be dried out. Again, it will be dipped inside the ceramic slurry. Again, it will be taken out and stucco will be sprinkled around the pattern and it will be dried. So, this process, this cycle is repeated 5 to 7 times. Finally, a shell is created. Next one, after the shell is created, it will be dried. Then, de-vexing will be done. So, next one casting, next one knockout, next one cutoff, next one finishing and secondary operations. So, in the previous lecture, we have completed the wax injection. Now, let us see the pattern assembly. Hundreds of such patterns are produced in a single section and several such patterns are joined through a central tree to achieve economy. When we join several such patterns and make a single what say dipping, then there will be economy cost will be reduced. So, this is known as the pattern assembly. So, let us take an example case study pattern making for a gulf head. So, this is the gulf head looks like this, how it is manufactured? It is manufactured by investment casting process. Now, this is the typical wax injector. Now, hundreds or thousands of wax patterns are produced in a single section. So, these are all the wax patterns for the gulf head. Now, the wax patterns are assembled onto a tree. So, this is the common tree and here we can see 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 7 patterns are assembled here with a single tree. The heads are joined to the tree via the gates. So, this is the assembled pattern. These trees are then transported to the slurry room. There the ceramic slurry will be there. This pattern assembly will be dipped inside the ceramic slurry. Next one shell building, how to do the shell building? How to make the ceramic shell? Before that, we need to learn the ingredients of the ceramic slurry. What is this ceramic slurry made up of? So, these are the three ingredients are there. One is the refractory powder or it is also known as the refractory floor. So, it comprises 60 to 80 percent. Next one, second ingredient is the liquid binder. So, it comprises 50 into 30 percent. Next one solid binder will be there, it will be 5 to 10 percent. Now, what are these refractory powders? The most commonly used refractory powders are first one is the zirconium silicate. It is also known as zircon floor. Second floor is refractory powder is fused silica. It is also known as silica floor. Third one is the fused aluminum oxide. It is also known as fused alumina. So, these are the ingredients of the refractory powder. Second ingredient is the liquid binder. Again, there are broadly mainly there are two types. One is the ethyl silicate, second type is the colloidal silica. So, anyone can be chosen and finally, a solid binder also will be used so, from 5 to 10 percent. So, these are the ingredients of the ceramic slurry in the investment casting process. Now, these there are various stages of slurry. First tip slurry is a fine texture that can easily get on to the details of the grooves and engraving graphics. So, generally 2, 3 ceramic slurries will be used not a single ceramic slurry. The first ceramic slurry is a very fine one means the ingredients are very fine one. So, that when the pattern is dipped inside this fine ceramic slurry it will be occupying and it will be flowing all around the what is the details of the pattern. Next one there will be another ceramic slurry will be there. So, the ingredients of the second ceramic slurry will be coarser than the first one. Next slurry coating is coarser than the first tips as the right it builds a thick ceramic shell around the wax tree. So, this is the second what is a ceramic slurry after the what is a pattern is dipped in the first ceramic slurry or the fine ceramic slurry now it is brought to the second one. So, this is coarser again it will be dipped and it will be taken out now a stucco will be sprinkled around the pattern then it will be dried out after it is dried out again it will be dipped inside the ceramic slurry. Now, the slurry has to dry between successive dipings that is very important temperature and humidity are carefully controlled. So, this is all about the shell building. Next one is the de-waxing prior to the pouring of the molten metal into the ceramic shell wax inside the shell has to be drained out completely and this process is known as de-waxing. Generally an autoclave is autoclave woven is used for the de-waxing process. So, inside this automatic what say autoclave woven high steam pressure at about 8 kg per square centimeters is injected into the sealed woven then what will happen the wax pattern will be melted the wax will be melted and it will be removed from the ceramic shell. Now let us see the what say operation or the construction details of a autoclave woven. Now, this is the schematic diagram of an autoclave woven. So, here we can see a steam is produced in the steam boiler now you see here there is a control now it goes to the accumulator here it will be accumulated and here it comes out and here there are again controls. So, from the accumulator steam comes to the autoclave chamber. So, here there is a chamber and here we can place the patterns here like this. So, this what say steam at a very high pressure comes and what say it will be injected into the autoclave. Now, because of this high temperature and because of the high pressure the wax pattern will be melting the wax that is inside the ceramic shell will be melting and it will be removed. Now, here there is wax and condensate recovery. So, it comes out the again there is a control valve you see when we open this control valve the water steam and the melted wax will be coming out that to wax again it will be what say refined it will be purified and again it will be used for making the pattern. So, this is the what say working principle of the autoclave woven. This one is the casting. Casting means pouring the molten metal into the ceramic shell. The ceramic moulds must be heated up before molten steel can be poured into them. So, before we pour the molten metal these shells must be heated steel is being poured from the crucible into the iron what say mould into the iron head mould. You see here after the shell is filled with the liquid steel it must be set aside to cool down. It must be kept aside. So, it takes time for cooling freshly poured ceramic shells generate a lot of ambient heat. Now, we have poured the molten metal into the ceramic shell it after some time the metal will be cooling and it will be solidifying. Now, the next process is the knockout knockout means breaking that shell and removing the casting outside. A motorized chisel is used to break the ceramic shell away from the cast part. Sometimes it is broken manually, but most of the times a motorized chisel is used to break the ceramic shell to take the what say casting outside. Now, here we can see here the metal tray is sandblasted to remove any remaining ceramic shell. After we break the ceramic shell of course, we take the casting outside, but still small traces of ceramic shell will be adhering to the casting. So, these traces of ceramic shell are to be removed from the casting that is why we are using a sandblasting system. So, here is you can see there is a sandblasting what say chamber is there sandblasting chamber the castings will be kept inside then sand will be blasted on the casting. So, if there are any traces of the what say ceramic shell they will be removed because of the sandblasting. Next one is the cut off what is this cut off the castings are cut at the gates which leaves the excess material on the gate areas it needs to be polished previously we have seen that when we make the wax patterns several such wax patterns are assembled together. Now, after we get the casting we have to separate the individual castings so that is the cut off. So, for that most of the times a grinding wheel is used for separating the castings from the assembled tree. Next one is the finishing and secondary operations the castings are heat treated to normalize the metal. So, that is one of the finishing operations. Next one heat treatment ovens can vary in size appropriate surface finish is polished on the parts mirror and satin finishes are the most common these days we have to obtain the appropriate surface finish on the castings. So, that also is a part of the secondary operations finishing and secondary operations you can see here again here the heads are cleaned for final cosmetic preparations they are cleaned so that there will be a very good and pleasant appearance. The final production step involves adding cosmetic paint also that also is a part of the secondary operations. Now, the final product will be free from flaws and visually appealing so this is the final part of the casting golf head. Now, let us see the alloys covered in the investment casting process now in fact this is the special feature of the investment casting process most of the alloys can be cast in fact virtually all the alloys can be cast using investment casting process. The range of alloys covers virtually the complete spectrum of alloys in engineering use it includes the non ferrous alloys steels nickel and cobalt base alloys ductile or spheroidal graphite irons titanium alloys and a number of special purpose materials there is no material which cannot be cast using investment casting process. So, these are the common investment cast alloys one is the ductile iron carbon steels tool steels stainless steels aluminum magnesium alloys copper bronze and braces titanium alloys and super alloys. So, these are the common cast alloys in fact any alloy can be cast using investment casting process. Now, let us see the common applications of these what say investment cast alloys first we will see the investment casting of ductile iron. Ductile iron is manufactured by an alloying process in which the graphite flakes of grey iron are converted into spheroidal or spherical nodules generally what say in the cast iron the graphite is appearing in the form of the flakes this is known as the grey cast iron. But this will be modified in the coming to the ductile iron these graphite flakes are modified and a treatment is given such that these graphite flakes are converted into spheroidal or spheroidal nodules that is why ductile iron is known as the spheroidal cast iron or it is also known as the nodular cast iron. Now, ductile cast iron is widely used in the investment casting process ductile iron when used in investment casting process offers the potential to manufacture complex parts with high dimensional accuracy applications of ductile cast iron in investment casting process defense components can be produced automotive components can be produced pulp pump and valve components can be produced and several general engineering components can be produced using investment casting process. Now, let us see an example this is the inlet plate used in a gas compressor made up of ductile iron and it is made by investment casting process. Now, now you can see here some more components pump and valve components made up of ductile cast iron and it is made these are made by the investment casting process. We will cast it part made up of ostempered ductile iron by investment casting process. Next one let us see the investment casting of carbon steels carbon steel investment castings are commonly used in a broad spectrum of industries. Investment applications locks and internal lock mechanisms lock bodies and keys door handles and door closure units mining applications military and firearms and finally transportation what say parts the all these are manufactured using investment casting process. Now, here we can see these are the hard what say hardware and lock components made up of what say carbon steel and these are produced by investment casting process. So, these components require very good surface finish and excellent dimensional accuracy and further these components possess what say complex features. So, these carbon steels and these carbon steel components are produced by the investment casting process and we can see here military and firearm castings these are made up of carbon steel and these are produced by investment casting process very fine surface finish. Next one let us see the investment casting of tool steels tool steels are referred to a variety of alloy steels that are particularly used for making different tools. We use the cutting tools the lathe tool the milling cutter the planning cutter all these tools are produced by the investment casting process. And here for example, we can see tool steel parts produced by investment casting process. So, these are the what say tool steels produced by investment casting process. Next one this is a standard milling cutter produced by the investment casting process. Next one let us see the investment casting of stainless steels stainless steel investments castings can be produced to a mirror finish for the ultimate in a corrosion resistance even in what say salty marine conditions. Among the stainless steels austenitic blades are commonly in use for most of the investment casting applications. Here we can see this is the pelton wheel blades made up of austenite stainless steel and produced by investment casting process. This is a revolver frame made up of martensitic stainless steel produced by investment casting process. Now, this is a duplex stainless steel corrosion resistant wall produced by investment casting process. Now, let us see the investment casting of aluminum and magnesium alloys. Here we can see the aerospace component. So, these are produced by the investment casting process and here we can see in this component there are several thin fins. You can see extremely what say very good surface finish is required and the fins are very what say thin and complex features are there and these what say parts are produced by the investment casting process. Next one aluminum automotive component here we can see again this is produced by the investment casting process again you can see here this is another component again produced by the investment casting process. Investment casting of copper, bronze and brass and here we can see this is a copper casting thin blades are there. So, these are produced by the investment casting process. So, this is the locomotive accessory again it is produced by the investment casting process. Now, let us say the investment casting of titanium alloys jet engine diffuser made up of titanium. Here you can see a component with what say complex features and thin sections and which requires very good surface finish and it is produced by the this titanium alloy component is produced by the investment casting process. A titanium Formula 1 race car suspension path again it has got thin sections and complex sections again it is produced by the investment casting process. Next one finally, let us see the investment casting of super alloys this is the turbine impeller you can see the what say a complexity of these blades very thin blades and they have got the complex what say features and this titanium impeller is manufactured by investment casting process. Now, let us see the rapid prototyping in investment casting process recently this rapid prototyping has emerged as a what say means for producing the patterns. The most what say tough what say phase of the investment casting is the producing the pattern. Once we produce the pattern yes we can dip it inside the cement shell and yes we can build this what say cement shell and we can produce the casting, but producing the pattern is very difficult. So, that is why rapid prototyping has emerged to produce the patterns. Now, let us see the important rapid prototyping process one is the stereolithography it is also known as SLA. Next one selective laser sintering SLS, next one 3D printing, next one used deposition modeling FDM finally bio plotter. So, these are only a few important rapid prototyping process in fact there are more process. Now let us see these what say process and their principles briefly first one let us see the stereolithography. Now, here there is a liquid resin and here is the laser system and yes here there is a scanner this laser will be falling on the liquid resin. So, this is a photopolymer wherever this laser forms there it will be the liquid resin will be cured and it will become solid likewise wherever we want to what say have a what say solid body there the laser will be scanned. So, finally, we get the what say required component. So, this is the basic principle. So, this is the what exactly happens. So, this is a vat means like a tank and inside there is photopolymer will be there. So, what is the speciality of the photopolymer when what is a light at the laser falls on this photopolymer it will be cured it will become a solid particle. Now, here we can see this is the support this is this is the stand and here we can see laser it is connected to the laser and laser beam will be falling here initially the first layer it is the what say jet stage will be moved up. Now, this is the stand this is the stand stage the stage will be at the top here somewhere here. Now, it will be what say cured layer by layer the laser scanning system will be curing the first layer then it comes down means the solidified layer will be going inside the photopolymer. Now, again photopolymer will be covering the solidified layer again the laser will be curing the second layer then it comes down again the polymer fills that what say cured layer again the laser will be curing the third one. So, gradually the what say stage will be coming down and the laser system will be curing one layer after another layer likewise the entire solid is what say cured like this of course, these are the supports. So, this is the principle of the stereolithography next one is the selective laser sintering. So, this is similar to the previous one stereolithography, but here in the case of the selective lasering sintering in the previous case the liquid what say polymer is used and here powder is used that is the primary difference and here also laser scanning system will be there. So, what is the principle here yes there are two stages here right one stage for the powder and another stage for the pattern. Now, initially yes the it moves little up the powder what stage and there will be a roller this roller will be rolling and it spreads this powder evenly in this what say stage. Now, the scanning system will come and it will be curing the first layer once it cures the first layer this jet stage will be coming down one step it comes down again it moves by this powder stage will be moving one step upwards again the roller will be moving and it moves the what say powder even it distributes evenly here again the scanning system will come and it will be curing the second layer again then the this stage will come down that the jet stage will come down one step again this goes up again roller will go and it will distribute the powder evenly above this stage again the scanning system will cure the third layer likewise it is similar to the stereolithography, but here it is the powder is used for making the pattern finally, the whole what say pattern is created like this. So, this is the required pattern next process is the 3D printing this is also similar to the previous one the selective laser is sintering, but in the in this case of the selective laser is sintering for curing purpose we were using what say laser system, but here laser system is replaced by the liquid adhesive same principle yes there are two stages are there this is the powder what say stage. So, every time this powder stage will be moving up one step upwards and here there is a roller this roller will be rolling and the powder will be distributed above this jet stage evenly. Now, this liquid adhesive will be released and wherever again it is connected to the computer in which there is a model is created now wherever we want to cure right here the liquid adhesive will be distributed now it will be hardened now it comes down by one step and the powder stage will be moving up by one step again the roller will be there roller will be rolling and it takes the powder and it distributes the powder above the jet stage evenly again with the help of the what say scanning system the liquid adhesive will be distributed over the second layer and it will be hardened again it comes down and the powder stage will be moving one step above likewise the principle is similar to the selective lasering system sintering. Next one is the POZ deposition modeling and here we can see this is the support materials pool and this is the build materials pool two spools will be there. So, this will be moving like this and here we can see this is the extrusion nozzle will be there now this building build materials pool will be passing through the extrusion nozzle yes then it will be spreading and here it will be spread. So, again it will be connected to the computer now the liquefier head moves in x and y direction you see here it will be moving in the x and y direction means it will be making a a thin sheet at a time then it will be coming down the stage will be coming down again it will be making a thin sheet because it is moving in the x y direction in the next stage it will be making another sheet it will be curing another sheet likewise finally, these are the ice patterns ice patterns are found to be what is a very effective in the investment casting process and here we can see these are all the ice patterns. Now, what are the advantages of ice patterns first advantage is the better surface finish very good surface finishes obtained using the ice patterns. Next one elimination of cracks in the shell during the pattern removal most of the times when we use the wax pattern yes what we do yes we put it inside the de-waxing chamber or the autoclave woven what will happen when we try to heat the what say ceramic shell in which there is wax first wax will be expanding because of that the ceramic shell will be cracking. So, these are the drawbacks of using the wax as the pattern material, but here the cracking of the ceramic shell does not arise why yes if we heat the ceramic shell inside the woven ice will be there. So, ice will be when we raise the what say temperature because of the abnormal expansion of the water what will happen the volume will be coming down till what say 4 degree centigrade because the volume is coming down the shell would not be cracking. So, that is the greatest advantage of using the ice patterns. Next one pattern material water or ice is not expensive if it is the wax pattern means we need to purchase the wax not only wax we need to find what say make a blend of the wax. So, these are expensive, but ice pattern what is the raw material water it is not expensive again this is a what say a good advantage of using ice patterns. Friends in this lecture in these two lectures we have seen the developments of this process during the 20th century and we have seen solid mould or the block mould investment casting process. Next one we have learnt the plaster moulding investment casting process next we have seen the mercast process in which the pattern material is the mercury finally, the last one is the ceramic shell investment casting process. So, these are the four developments of the investment casting process we have studied and in the ceramic shell investment casting process. So, these are the different steps we have seen wax injection pattern assembly shell building de waxing casting knockout cut off finishing and secondary operations are the steps involved in the ceramic shell investment casting process and we have completed this and we have seen that it can produce the very thin and most complex features and it offers the excellent surface finish it offers the excellent dimensional accuracy and it can be used to cast all the metals and alloys. And we have also seen that among several manufacturing and casting process investment casting has the unique what say specialty of covering all the alloys virtually all the alloys most of all the alloys can be cast using investment casting process. So, with this we are completing the investment casting process and in the next lecture we will be learning about the continuous casting process until then goodbye and thank you.