So we are discussing the notions of dual basis dual spaces annihilators later we will discuss the double dual the transpose of a linear transformation okay last time we had proved the following result that dimension of W plus dimension W not equals N we are assuming that V is finite dimensional okay V is finite dimensional and W is a subspace of V then this holds where W not is an annihilator of W so I am just recalling the definition W not is the set of all set of all functionals set of all linear functionals on V that take each X and W to 0 this is W not called the annihilator of W and I was going to state two consequences the first one is the following let V be finite dimensional and W be a subspace of V of dimension K then W is the intersection of N minus K hyperspaces W is the intersection of N minus K hyperspaces of V what is a hyperspace of a vector space any subspace of dimension one less than the dimension of the space V that is called a hyperspace. So one of the consequences of really not this result but the proof of this result okay so let me only take the first few steps of the proof of the previous theorem from that we will derive we will derive the fact that this W is the intersection of N minus K hyperspaces okay so recall the proof the first few lines of the proof of the previous theorem dimension W plus dimension W not equal to N let us say W is W has this as a basis B equals U1, U2, etc UK this is a basis for W and what we did was to extend this to a basis for V I will call this BW BV, BV is U1, U2, etc UK, UK plus 1, etc UN the dimension of V is taken to be N this is a basis for and then what we did was to construct the dual basis for this let B star equal F1, F2, etc FN be the dual basis of BV then how are these functionals and these vectors related by definition we must have F i of Uj equals delta ij okay in this notation I will make the following claim so let us look at the following the claim that I am making here is that this subspace W is the set of all X and V such that F i of X equal to 0 for all i K plus 1 less than or equal to i less than or equal to n remember this W is a subspace of V of dimension K I am trying to describe this W in terms of the earlier functionals FK plus 1, FK plus 2, etc FN okay suppose let us say I have proved this claim then can you see that this is okay what is this again this is a set of all X such that FK plus 1 X equal to 0, FK plus 2 X equal to 0, etc FN plus 1 sorry FN X equal to 0 this is a set of all X that lie in the intersection null space of FK plus 1 null space of FK plus 2, etc null space of FN that is if I had proved this then it would follow the W is intersection null space FI I equals K plus 1 to n intersection of null spaces of linear functionals each linear functional has a property that the null space is one dimensional okay null space is n minus one dimension range is one dimensional null space is n minus one dimensional so each linear functional has a property that the null space is a hyperspace I have written this as a intersection actually n minus K sub K plus 1 to n, n minus intersection of n minus K hyperspaces okay so we need to only prove this is that clear suppose we prove this then it follows that W is a intersection of n minus K hyperspaces it is clear that it is intersection of n minus K subspaces but each subspace is null space of a linear functional each is a subspace of a null space each subspace is a null space of a nonzero linear functional null space of a nonzero linear functional is n minus one dimensional and so it follows that this W is intersection of n minus K hyperspaces so we need to only demonstrate this okay so let us prove this one way is obvious but I will prove both I have two sets A equals B I must show A contained in B and B contained in A okay let us start with so we need to prove this claim now so let me take X and W I must show that this X has a property that whenever I is greater than or equal to K plus 1 Fi of X is 0 that X element of W then for W I have taken this as a basis so this X can be written as alpha 1 U 1 plus alpha 2 U 2 etc plus alpha K U K look at look at I greater than or equal to K plus 1 and then Fi of X I greater than or equal to K plus 1 Fi of X remember I need to show that Fi of X is whenever I want to show left hand side contained right hand side I must show that if X belongs to W then FK plus 1 X is 0 FK plus 2 X is 0 etc Fn of X is 0 so I take I to be greater than or equal to K plus 1 I must show this is 0 okay but Fi of X Fi is linear so this is alpha 1 Fi of U 1 etc plus alpha K Fi of U K I have just used linearity of Fi okay but remember that this is a F1, F2 etc Fn is a dual basis and so whenever I is greater than or equal to K plus 1 each of this is 0 because look at these indices you get from U 1 etc up to U K so when I is equal to K plus 1 or more I is not equal to J so each term is 0 so this is 0 I is greater than or equal to K plus 1 so Fi for any U J when J is less than or equal to K is 0 that is the definition so Fi of X is 0 so what we have shown is that the left hand side W is contained in this subset so W is contained in set of all X and V such that Fi of X equal to 0 for all I satisfying we need to show the converse. Suppose that Fi of X is equal to 0 for all I I running from K plus 1 to N suppose X is a vector that belongs to the right hand side subset right hand side subspace I must show that left belongs X belongs to the left hand side W now X is an arbitrary element so I can write X using this basis so I let me use some other scalars X is a linear combination of U 1 etc U n so X is beta 1 U 1 plus beta 2 U 2 etc plus beta K U K plus beta K plus 1 U K plus 1 etc beta N U n U 1 U 2 etc U n is a basis for V and so I can write X in this manner Fi of X is 0 so I start with 0 that is Fi of X Fi of X Fi is linear beta 1 Fi of U 1 etc plus beta K Fi of U K plus etc okay let me write the next term also beta K plus 1 Fi of U K plus 1 plus etc plus beta N Fi of U n after applying Fi I get this for each I running from K plus 1 to N X must satisfy Fi of X is equal to 0 but look at what you have on the right hand side on the right hand side there is only one term that remains because Fi of U J is delta I J what is that term see I runs from K plus 1 to N I is fixed okay and so this is Fi of U I all other terms are 0 all other terms are 0 beta I Fi U I but Fi U I is 1 so this is beta I so what have we shown we have shown that if Fi X is equal to 0 then beta I is equal to 0 but what are the values that I can take I takes I runs from K plus 1 to N which means beta K plus 1 0 beta K plus 2 is 0 etc so what we have shown is that beta K plus 1 equals beta K plus 2 etc equals beta N equal to 0 so go back and look at the representation for X look at the representation for X X is beta 1 U 1 etc from K plus 1 the term onwards they are all 0 so X is just this this term is 0 the representation of X the scalars corresponding to B K plus 1 etc they are all 0 that is what we have shown because see this Fi X is equal to 0 for all I running from K plus 1 to N so these scalars beta I running from K plus 1 to N are 0 so X is a linear combination of U 1 etc UK but then that is U 1 U 2 etc UK is a basis for W so this X must belong to W so I have started with an arbitrary vector on the right hand side subset I have shown that that belongs to W so right hand side subspace is contained in the left hand side subspace so W is equal to this and hence the theorem corollary let me just write one more step to make the final part transparent let me write that here so what we have done is W is a set of all X in V such that Fi of X is 0 for all I running from K plus 1 to N now you see that this is the intersection of the null space of Fi I running from K plus 1 to N anything on the right hand side must be in the null space of Fi for each I running from K plus 1 to N so this is and there are N minus K this intersection has N minus K terms so there are N minus K subspaces each is a null space of a non-zero linear functional so each subspaces of dimension N minus 1 null space of Fi that is N minus 1 so I have written W as an intersection of N minus K hyperspaces okay that is the complete proof of this corollary there is another corollary which talks about the relationship of two subspaces and they are annihilators really so second corollary V is finite dimensional and W1, W2 are subspaces of V then W1 is equal to W2 if and only if they are annihilators are equal W1, 0 is W2, 0 two subspaces are equal if and only if they are annihilators coincide this again uses the proof of the previous theorem out of which one part is easy if S is equal to T then annihilator of S is equal to annihilator of T that is easy to see so W1 equals W2 implies W1, 0 equals W2, 0 annihilators must be the same okay it is a converse that is non-trivial here to prove the converse to prove the converse what we will do is assume that W1 is not equal to W2 so that W1, 0 is not equal to W2, 0 conversely let us suppose that W1 is not equal to W2 we will show that W1, 0 is not equal to W2, 0 this is really the converse because what is the meaning of this W1 not equal to W2 implies W1, 0 is not equal to W2, 0 this is the same as saying W1, 0 equals W2, 0 implies W1 equals W2 that is a converse if A implies B then not B implies not A that is what we are using the statement A implies statement B the negation of statement B implies negation of statement A so if we demonstrate W1 not equal to W2 implies this then it follows that if this statement is not true then negation of the statement is true so it follows that if this is not true that is W1, 0 is equal to W2, 0 implies W1 is equal to W2 which is really the converse okay so let us prove this. Now W1 is not equal to W2 they are subspaces so as sets they are not equal so one is not contained in the at least one of them is not contained in the other for the sake of using this notation let me let me assume that W2 is not contained in W1 okay I am saying without loss of generality so this is what I am going to prove I am going to prove that W1 not equal to W2 implies W1, 0 is not equal to W2, 0 without loss of generality let us assume that W2 is not contained in W1 okay we show that W1, 0 is not contained in W2, if W1 were not contained in W2 one could show that W2, 0 is not contained in W1, 0 by a similar argument so there is no loss of generality in assuming W2 is not contained in W1. Now I will have to go back to the previous notation for W1 let me take U1, U2 etc UK as a basis I am calling that BW1 this is a basis for W1 this can be extended to a basis for V okay as before I am assuming that V is n dimensional so there are n vectors here this basis has been extended to a basis for V, if W2 is not contained in W1 what it means is that there is a vector in W2 which is not in W1 okay is it clear then that there exists S greater than or equal to K plus 1 such that US belongs to W2 obviously US does not belong to W1 do you agree with this W2 is not contained in W1, W1 has U1, U2 etc UK as a basis so anything in W1 is spanned by these vectors now you take US where S is not 1 to K so S is greater than or equal to K plus 1 if all of these vectors belong to W1 then W1 is a whole of V in which case this cannot happen W2 is a subspace so there is at least one S for which US does not belong to W1 but those UIs that belong to W1 are indexed by 1 to K so if there exists a US that does not belong to W1 it must be corresponding to an index that is greater than or equal to K plus 1 so there exists US where S is there exists S greater than or equal to K plus 1 such that US does not sorry US does not obviously belong to W1 but it belongs to W2 okay now look at the functional FS that will do what we require here look at the functional FS I have now constructed dual basis let B star equals F1 F2 etc be the dual basis of V corresponding to the dual base corresponding to the dual basis BV corresponding to BV then as before FI of UJ equals delta IJ I am just calling your attention to FS look at FS FS of US we know by definition must be equal to 1 okay and that is not 0 it means FS cannot belong to see US belongs to W2 and FS is a functional that takes US to a non-zero value so FS cannot belong to W2 0 FS does not belong to W2 0 W2 0 is a set of all functionals that take all elements in W2 to 0 I have produced one element in W2 which is taken to a non-zero value by the functional FS so FS does not belong to W2 0 but obviously FS belongs to W1 why but FS of UI I will use J FS of UJ equal to 0 for all J such that 1 less than or equal to J less than or equal to K by the definition of the dual basis because J runs from 1 to K S is greater than or equal to K plus 1 so J can never be equal to S J runs from 1 to K S is greater than or equal to K plus 1 so S is never equal to J so this is 0 in other words FS of U1 FS of U2 etc they are all 0 which means FS belongs to W1 0 because anything in W1 0 is a linear combination of these and so if you apply the linear functional FS to that vector that will take the value 0 should elaborate okay let me do that quickly so if X belongs to W then X is some linear combination of these UK's so that FS of X is what I want FS of X is delta 1 FS of U1 etc delta K FS of UK each term is 0 so this is 0 that is FS belongs to W1 0 so remember that is what I wanted to show if W2 is not contained in W I wanted to show W1 0 not contained in W2 0 I have a functional that belongs to W1 0 I have a vector or a functional that belongs to W1 0 but that is not in W2 0 FS is not in W2 0 and so this holds and so the converse holds okay so W1 0 equals W2 0 implies W1 must be equal to W if the annihilators coincide then the corresponding subspaces only for subspaces subspaces must coincide by the way this formula does not hold if you take arbitrary subsets if W1 is a subset W2 is a subspace then W1 0 could be equal to W2 0 without W1 being equal to W2 the underlying subsets must be subspaces okay okay to consolidate let us work out 2 examples to consolidate the ideas of dual basis annihilators and then determining elements in a dual basis. So let us consider the following examples let us say I have first one determine the subspace W of let us say I take R4 determine the subspace W of R4 for which the functionals given below are the annihilators I am given let us say 3 annihilators I will call F1 of X X is an R4 so let us say I have X1 plus X2 minus X3 plus X4 F2 of X is X1 minus 2 X2 F3 of X is 3 X2 plus 2 X4 the question is you are given functionals these functionals annihilate a certain subspace what is that subspace remember a subspace just now we have seen W is equal to set of all X element of V such that Fi X equal to 0 for all I running from K plus 1 to N subspaces can be given by the set of annihilators of that subspace okay subspace can be given using the annihilating functionals also okay so we need to solve this problem. So what is the definition of W? W is a set of all X in R4 in this case such that F1 of X equals F2 of X equals F3 of X equals 0 now what you will see is that again it is elementary row operations write down these three equations these are homogeneous equations these three systems give me the following sorry there is only one system X1 plus X2 minus X3 plus X4 equals 0 X1 minus 2 X2 equals 0 3 X2 plus 2 X4 equals 0 elementary row operations so I have the matrix 1 1 minus 1 1 1 minus 2 0 3 0 2 I will apply elementary row operations to determine the set of all solutions I will keep this as a pivot and then straight away make this 0 okay let me do it like this I have 0 1 minus 1 by 3 1 by 3 I can divide this also by 1 0 1 0 divided by 3 2 by 3 taking the second next operation will be 2 okay multiply this by 3 so that was unnecessary I have 0 0 1 1 0 1 minus 1 by 3 1 by 3 1 0 minus 2 by 3 2 by 3 yeah obviously I am not doing it very efficiently but let us look at the solution so now I have a 3 by 4 system where this 3 by 3 part is the identity part so what follows is that remember that this came from this set there are 4 variables what this tells me is that I must fix the last variable X4 so let us say X4 is alpha then X1 is minus 4 by 3 alpha X2 is also minus 4 by 3 alpha X3 is alpha minus alpha there is a problem with the solution from this step to this step it is correct from here to here see I am getting this as the pivot row then 1 by 3 times this plus this so these entries this becomes 0 1 by 3 times this plus this 2 by 3 let me look at it once again up to this step is correct okay so I am keeping this as fixed okay then multiply this by 2 by 3 to cancel this 1 0 2 by 3 2 by 3 plus 2 by 3 4 by 3 that is okay so this entry is minus 2 by 3 alpha please check the calculations so what is W then W is one dimensional W is one dimensional because it is a any multiple of let me just say W is span of this vector let me multiply throughout by 3 X1 is minus 4 X2 is minus 2 so let us say 4 2 X3 is multiplying throughout by 3 and minus 1 I am multiplying by 3 I am multiplying by minus 3 okay 6 minus 3 minus 3 X1 minus 2 X2 3 X2 that is 6 minus 6 is 0 so this is the subspace W which is annihilated by these 3 functionals okay again it is only solving homogeneous systems one more problem where we will determine the annihilator second example find W0 if W is spanned by these vectors let us say U1 is let me take one more W is subspace spanned by these 4 vectors I am not claiming that these vectors form a basis for W, W is spanned by this set of vectors what is W0 annihilator of W okay remember that W is a subspace of R5 not the whole of R5 there are only 4 vectors here so W is the subspace of R5 I must find the functionals that generate W0 okay. So I will determine a dual basis for a basis corresponding to for a basis containing for a basis contained in this set these 4 may not be independent okay so let us what do we need to find we need to find W0 okay so let us look at the functional if F belongs to W0 what is the condition that F must satisfy okay but before that let us look at these 4 I will again write it in the matrix form 1 1 minus 1 minus 1 minus 1 minus 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 apply elementary row operations W is a subspace which is the row space of this matrix W is a subspace corresponding to the row space of this matrix okay row space does not change if we do elementary row operations so I want to do just probably one more one operation I not reduce it to the Rode-Steclone form I will just do one of these so minus this plus this I will keep this one also as it is and then observe the last one is 0 0 2 in the next step what could be done is this 2 could be made 0 so I will make that here itself this could be made plus 2 does not make a difference so what is clear is that the 4 vectors are not independent only 3 of them are independent dimension of W is 3 we need to determine W0 okay what we know is that any functional F in R5 any functional on R5 if F belongs to R5 star then F can be written as alpha 1 X1 plus alpha 2 X2 alpha 5 X5 any functional on Rn can be written as A1 X1 plus etc A and Xn so Fx is of this form I need to determine okay I do not know how many are there so I will just keep I need to determine F such that F of these 2 vectors I will call them V1 V2 V3 I will call these row vectors V1 V2 V3 I must determine all F that satisfy these 3 equations again homogeneous equations okay so let us write this it is almost in Rode-Steclone form so I want 1 1 minus 1 minus 1 1 into X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 equal to 0 I will have to interchange okay let us say I make I keep this as it is so from here I get this 0 I do not have to really do it but I get a 1 here this is not the Rode-Steclone form so let me not get into the details there from this I can write away tell you what these functions are see from this what follows is that remember I need to determine F so I need to determine the Phi unknowns here alpha 1 alpha 2 etc alpha 5 is that clear I need to determine W0 F belongs to W0 if F satisfies these equations these equations give me this into alpha 1 alpha 2 etc alpha 5 that is equal to 0 now what is clear is that from this alpha 5 is 0 is that okay alpha 5 is 0 okay let me write down second equation tells me alpha 5 is 0 third equation okay so from this I have 3 equations in Phi unknowns so I need to fix 2 of them which one do I fix it cannot be the third one it cannot be the first one and so it is a second and the fourth which you get by the Rode-Steclone matrix so let me say I fix alpha 2 equals alpha see this diagonal entry this is 1 2 this is 3 so these 3 these 2 will not be fixed alpha 5 is already 0 1 3 so 2 and 4 alpha 4 is beta then determine the others in particular the third equation gives me alpha 3 alpha 3 is alpha 5 minus alpha 4 minus beta the first one should give me alpha 1 this is gone alpha 4 plus alpha 3 beta plus alpha minus sorry alpha 5 is 0 alpha 4 plus alpha 3 that is 0 so alpha 1 plus alpha 2 is 0 so alpha 1 is minus alpha so can you see that the basis consists of just 2 functionals because there are just 2 variables alpha beta all the others are in terms of these let me summarize f belongs to W0 implies f is of the form this is what I have minus alpha x 1 alpha 2 is alpha plus alpha x 2 alpha 3 is minus beta alpha 4 is beta alpha 5 is 0 alpha 5 does not figure here now I can write alpha and beta are can take arbitrary values in particular alpha 0 beta 1 alpha 1 beta 0 so I can write this as alpha times x 2 minus x 1 plus beta times x 4 minus x 3 which means I can write this as alpha times f 1 of x plus beta times f 2 of x f 1 and f 2 are independent functionals f 1 of x is x 2 let us say minus x 1 plus x 2 f 2 of x is a second term x 4 minus x 5 sorry x 4 minus x 3 f 1 is this f 2 is this any f and W0 is a linear combination of these 2 these 2 are independent these 2 are independent because you can think of f 1 as the vector minus 1 0 sorry minus 1 1 all other entries 0 f 2 is 0 0 minus 1 1 0 so these 2 are independent okay finally W0 is span of f 1 f 2 so please verify the calculations essentially it is solving homogeneous equations even remember the first problem when we determine the dual basis that was solving homogeneous equations okay. Let me stop here next time let us discuss the notions of the double dual once we have done once we go from V to V star can we go from V star to V double star so this can be done and when we discuss the notion of double dual we will also consider the following question which we have not dealt with before what we know is that given a basis for V finite dimensional case given a basis for V there is a dual basis for V so there is a basis for V star where there is a natural correspondence between the basis for V that we started with and the basis for V star that we constructed. The other question is given a basis for V star is there a basis for V such that the basis for V star is the dual for the basis of V that we would construct the answer is yes for finite dimensional space the answer is yes for infinite dimensional space the answer is no infinite dimensional spaces will be discussed in function analysis for finite dimensional spaces we will show that the answer is yes okay this is one of the main results that we will prove in the next lecture okay let me stop.


There are two general concepts of torts. The first is the legal wrong that someone suffers because of someone else's actions. The second is the benefit that comes to the tort-feasor from the wrong that he does to another. From long before the American Revolution, these had been separate in the English common law, even being handled by different courts. The first had been addressed by courts of law, the second by courts of equity. To some extent, these are still separate today because of having different evidentiary requirements and different legal remedies that the courts can apply. A man's neighbor children, who are minors, borrow his car without permission and take it around town, giving their friends rides wherever they can. If they have an accident and the car is damaged, it is a tort in law. The man suffers damages to his car and can sue them in tort to recover those damages. Then again, their adventure can be advantageous, with several of their riders paying a few dollars each. When the neighbor children return the car, they leave half the money on the seat for the owner. The man suffers no damage but comes out ahead through their borrowing action. It is still a tort, a wrong against the man to take his car, and he can sue in equity seeking remedies such as unjust enrichment. The courts then have two separate purposes to serve, and both are based on justice. The one is protection of the victims from losses due to the acts of wrong against them. The other is discouragement or prevention of the wrongs as a public service. The action in law requires victims to prove that a wrong was done to them and that they suffered loss. The remedy is restoration of the victim by satisfying so far as is possible the losses suffered. The American legal system has bridged between law and equity with both the concept of pain and suffering as elements of loss and with punitive damages. The value of pain and suffering is subjective and cannot be proven to any dollar amount. It is a way to hold the tort-feasor accountable for real but unquantifiable damages. Punitive damages provides an answer to corporate protections, situations where a tort-feasor acts as an officer of a corporate effort, such that the corporation commits the tort instead of the officer as a person. Collecting recovery of proven losses from the corporation often does not serve justice as one who caused the damages protected from the consequences of the tort. The concept of punitive damages are also available to address acts in tort that are so anti-social in nature that simply paying the losses is not a detriment to the ones who do wrong. Actions in equity often differ and give different remedies and the plea is not for simple restitution. The action in equity can even be entered as an injunction to discourage the tort that has not yet caused damage. The American courts strongly favor actions in law where damages to be addressed are well-defined and actions of the court prescribe. Actions in equity are common law actions seeking justice and domestic tranquility instead of simple application of legal codes and legislative mandates. Still, the continued support of equity actions is universal. Supported by both leaders and citizens and the American legal system is arranged to handle both of these actions. Actions in equity always involve judicial decisions. It is the search for justice in legal application where the restitution action of the court does not serve the people. A state legislature decides to buy textbooks for all state students in public schools not having the money to do so they determine to tax the peanut industry which has been doing very well economically. The law to do so passes over the strenuous objection of the peanut farmers and the industries that make and sell peanut products. It will destroy the livelihood of a quarter of a percent of the people who have been profiting well on this industry and will either force many of them out of their businesses or impoverish them. The legislation is legal in terms of the legislative process, it is just unfair, it is wrong against the few for the benefit of the many. The action is in equity seeking an injunction to prevent the law from being given effect. It is here that the question of fairness and justice can be adjudicated within the court and an order may be issued to stop the implementation of that tax until there is a court determination of its meeting the legal requirements for justice and equal protection of law. There has been no tort committed by the passage of the law but there is a promise that there will be a tort based damage unless the action is halted, the action is in equity. For tort lawyers, engagement and justice conflicts is a blood sport with them as higher champions to carry the strength of their clients causes into the arena of the court. One side will win, the other will lose. Tort law does not promote win-win situations. They are peaceful settlements in terms of those who have disputes to settle but they substitute conflict between legal champions. The combat is just as real even if no blood is spilled upon the floor. It is just a combat that is maintained by our legal system even if the outcome is delivery of a publicly appreciated level of justice the cost has been very high. The courtroom is a theater where the conflict is played out and satisfied. Those who would have their issues settled in court face the very real cost of supporting that combat. If they do not know the rules that will be applied and few do other than the judges and lawyers who practice tort law, they need to hire a legal champion.  It is such an expensive process that the very cost of pursuing court involvement is recognized as legal damages. Many times the very threat of legal cost is so great as to bring the parties to private agreement to settle their differences. That has become a recognized aspect of the value of the court system that it is so expensive that it is often better to accept than otherwise unacceptable settlement than to enter into the courtroom theater. It is such an expensive process that it probably would not work at all except for the recognition of legal cost as part of the damages suffered by the victim of a tort. The shifting of costs to the loser of the court contest skews justice in favor of avoiding the increased damages of seeking justice through the courts. The lesser costs of legal settlements drives less certain applications of law and equity to settle out of court at less expense but also with less assurance that justice and fairness will be served. And then we have to address insurance, the non-party party to the tort, who will be a party in the legal actions. And simple matters can become immediately and horribly complex if some insurance carrier has paid a claim to one of the parties and takes their place in the suit or becomes the wronged party. They can pay the legal fees of the side they represent, minimizing damages in a way that skews the findings of justice. The involvement of the insurers interferes with economic responsibilities. They have a corporate insurer who interferes with the traditional application of justice. Perhaps the worst example of interference is through medical malpractice, where the insurer takes economic responsibility for non-negligent torts of the medical provider. What then is the service of justice when the tort-feasor has no detriment to the commission of future torts? The cost will be borne by the insurer, who will then spread that cost among all insured providers. There is little in terms of justice to be served in equity when the insurance provider is the one who is punished for the wrongs of the tort-feasor. This is the nature of legal malpractice insurance as well. The lawyer who enters into this legal arena of a courtroom faces another who is every bit as determined to win. If there is a loss and justice is not served, it is likely that the attorney will be blamed for the loss and may be sued for damages incurred as a result of the unsuccessful legal action. The court action declares winners and losers of tort actions. There are almost always those who are unsatisfied with the outcome and have the urge to seek legal restitution for the damaging expenses that are incurred in an unsuccessful legal support. The courtroom supports combat, and combat is never neat or settled. There are always questions of what would happen if it was a little different. There is then also a chance for the losing side, half of those who go into court, to satisfy wrongs having some basis for complaint. This is the system we have. It works to some good effect, but is horribly expensive to use. It is accordingly most used, but where those damages are severe, or the need for the use of authority of the court is great, lesser matters are subject to an alternative agreement just to avoid the damaging costs associated with our legal system's handling of torts. It is indicative that avoiding the courts is a value in itself. The purpose is not serving justice and domestic tranquility through operation of the courts, so much as forcing people to resolution outside of the courts. Still, courts are there to handle the really critical issues. Courts are there to handle equity when there is no other good alternative. It is there to address justice and public tranquility when it is government that would act against its own public purposes to the harm of its citizens. Even being unwilling to recognize the sovereignty of the citizen, our courts do act to protect citizens from the more obvious challenges of abusive, unfair, or otherwise forbidden government actions. The drawback is that handling disputes and protecting citizens from torts are not accepted as the mission of the courts. They serve only the people who come to the courts seeking services. The courts only take action when there is a citizen who makes a formal demand for service. Otherwise the actions of the sovereign government they serve go forward without any legal restraint and wrongs against the citizens go unresolved. But then the process of legal justice is itself a barrier, a cost in time required to make the demand in the form of and substance demanded by the courts as a basis for its involvement. There is a high cost of legal process that discourages the use of the courts. Whether this is or is not a service is not a given. It depends upon your personal sense of values. This is one of those issue-based disagreements. Whether the justice is served is worth what the citizen user pays, plus any tax dollars committed to the court operations. It is a serious question. This is one of those services that if you really need it, it is there. If your need is less, then it may not serve you at all or even be a detriment to your just cause.


Wow that light is really strong just so you're aware that light is really strong For those of you who are standing in the back. There are still some seats that are I believe Left in the balcony If you'd like to sit down Okay, I take that back So good evening and thank you for coming There is a Jewish prayer That expresses reverence and awe for synagogues and other places of worship in Hebrew it's called Matau vu How goodly are our tents? Oh Jacob your dwelling places. Oh Israel as for me Through your abundant grace. I enter your house of worship With awe in the safety of your sacred place That is Matau vu the first two lines of Matau vu Interestingly the first line of this prayer is a quote from Balam a man sent to curse the Israelites when they were wandering in the desert But is instead overcome with awe at God and the Israelites house of worship the first line in this prayer is the only prayer Commonly said at Jewish services that is actually written by a person who wasn't Jewish and It is about entering a house of prayer and a house of worship We are all here together this evening To mourn precious lives lost to honor To honor their memories To seek and find comfort in the company of this wonderful and amazing community and to find understanding What each each of us today and in the days to come can fully appreciate the true enormity of the events in Pittsburgh and How these events impact Jews here in Burlington and around the world? My name is Karen Paul I'm a member of the Burlington City Council and a member of this Jewish community, and I am proud to be among you this evening We have a number of people who will be offering words from their hearts on the unspeakable hateful and vengeful tragedy this weekend and perhaps most importantly They will be imparting their message of resolve and unity Please join us in the following two songs My name is David Edelson Rabbi David Edelson at Temple Sinai to make the people standing feel comfortable Those of you who are physically able I want to ask to stand now And I want to ask you to introduce yourself to the people on either side of you and you So if the person next to you is comfortable with putting your arm or touching that's fine But we have many different faith traditions and so some people are not comfortable with that But make a community however it feels comfortable for you and sing this with us How pleasant for brethren for those of us who are in kinship of faith To be together in unity you may be seated those of you that have seats And now we're going to sing a song Called guest shirts are mode and it's from a rabbi called Nachman of Bratslav and the word seemed very appropriate now All the world is a very narrow bridge. The key is Not to fear at all And it starts off slow, and then it goes high and gets a little rowdy. So make it work with us So everyone can join. Yeah, thank you. That was beautiful It is my pleasure now to introduce the mayor of the city of Burlington mayor Maro Weinberger Good evening everyone Let me start by thanking Rabbi small for her leadership and bringing us all together tonight Welcome everyone. Welcome to our city hall. Welcome to Contoy's auditorium. I Must say, you know, I've been in this room now many times This is one of the fullest rooms. We've had here in recent years and as mayor As a Jew it is very comforting to stand up here and see how many people have come out to to be together at this time I Already have a sense of how this evening is going to go and the humanity and love that I'm very confident is our faith leaders and musicians are Going to elicit and bring together I as a Political leader as a mayor what I've been reflecting on today is Also, what is what is Incumbent on us as a community. Where do we go from here? What do we have to do? Tragically Because of the hate-filled anti-Semitic actions in Pittsburgh this weekend There are 11 people who are not with their communities and their families tonight Joyce Feinberg Richard Gottfried Rose Malinger Jerry Rabinowitz Cecil Rosenthal David Rosenthal Bernice Simon Sylvan Simon Daniel Steele Melvin wax and Irving Younger are not with their families tonight What happened in Pittsburgh this weekend was a product of two deeply troubling trends in America The first is something that I've talked about and we've debated as a community many times before here in Burlington and that is the Laws and the attitudes on gun policies that we have in this country With the Pittsburgh shooting the Jewish community has become the latest in a long line of victims of those flawed gun policies Burlingtonians have been on the forefront of calling for change here in Vermont and Thankfully, we are finally starting to make progress I'm committed to working towards further reform these massacres are virtually unique to the United States They are a function of our laws of our policies and I believe that we can and then we must change them in addition however, the events of this past weekend are about something else they are an indication that here in America bigotry generally and anti-semitism specifically are on the rise This is sadly a predictable outcome of Our president's willingness to sympathize with to empower and to enable white supremacists This is a grave and disturbing threat and there's only really one thing that we can do to address it And that's do what we're doing here tonight doing what we're doing right now coming together Standing together and to speak out The urgency for doing that I must say came to me apart from listening to a podcast this morning the New York Times podcast the daily maybe some of you heard it and if you did you heard this incredible speech by Rabbi Prince who was the rabbi of the Jewish community in Berlin in Berlin during the rise of the Third Reich and in that speech he said Powerfully that the most important thing that I have learned In my life. He said is that bigotry and hatred are not the most urgent problems The most urgent the most disgraceful the most shameful and the most tragic problem is silence Tonight we are not being silent. We are gathering. We are standing together We are speaking out and sadly I think we are going to be called on to do this together many more times in the weeks and months and years ahead Thank you for all coming together and being part of this tonight We are very privileged to have with us tonight the lieutenant governor of the state of Vermont. It's my pleasure to introduce David Zuckerman Thank You Karen and Rabbi Small and all of the interfaith leaders from Vermont interfaith action and others who are Here in brother and sisterhood as well as all of you here in brother and sisterhood With our community in Pittsburgh our community here our community across the country and our community Frankly around the world of people that believe in peace believe in love believe in caring for our fellow humans and not in hate and violence Thank you for organizing this. I Want to briefly mention there's still some room in the corner here Some of the folks standing want to slowly work your way in because there's still a lot of folks outside So folks can even slightly shuffle in I won't mind while I'm speaking But there is quite a bit of room. I grew up in Brookline, Massachusetts another deeply Jewish faith-based community and I'm thinking a lot about family and friends in That community as well as our community here and our friends in Pittsburgh and I'm thinking about how We reach out to each other We can soul each other in these challenging times These violent times and how we also stand with each other to think how can we improve our community and How so much of the of the true faith that many in this room have across all the different religions It's about making our community better It's about helping those who are in need It's about giving love to those who are in pain and that's what we must continue to do as Political leader a white male cis economically stable in power I Want to say it is most incumbent upon those of us who have the privileges that we have to speak up for those who are most vulnerable and if we as Political leaders and religious leaders speak up Against the hateful rhetoric that we were seeing from our president and other political leaders and Sadly even from some religious leaders in this country Who will if we don't and that's why we are here and that's why we are in places of worship all across this country in halls of governance all across this country Arm and arm spirit in spirit We will get through this Not just this moment, but the bigger this We will hold each other's hands. We will hug each other and We will continue to speak up and speak out. We need to bring reason to hate We need to bring love to pain and we need to bring peace to hostility Thank you. Thank you David for those inspiring words Congressman Peter Welch could not be with us this evening. He wanted to be he's actually in southern Vermont tonight But he does have a statement which will be read by Rabbi Amy Small Congressman Welch was anxious to be here and sad to have to send a statement, but wanted to make sure his voice is heard None of us can begin to comprehend the loss suffered by the tree of life community None of us can begin to comprehend the evil that would inspire someone armed with combat weapons and Malignant anger to take the lives of 11 extraordinary individuals who gave Selflessly to their communities and lived each day with love for neighbor and stranger alike Yet all of us can be inspired by the example set by the tree of light Community they have redoubled their commitment to each other and to the resolve to love their neighbors and help all among us the devastating tragedy happened in an extraordinary community the horror of targeting people who are different as other affects many identities every day in communities across our country each of us Must repudiate this prejudice at every opportunity We are all in this together And we must reaffirm our conviction that every human being is deserving of respect Dignity and security each and every day Our first reading this evening will be from Sharon Lyftschitz the Assistant director of UVM Selle. Hi everyone Thank you For being here this evening My name is Sharon Lyftschitz. I use she her pronouns, and I'm the assistant director of UVM Hillel And my heart is broken. I find that in times of immense sorrow and Also in times of immense joy when things just feel so overwhelming that I Turn to Judaism my my Jewish faith For some guidance maybe a little comfort to help me try to center What's happening and Reflecting on the tragedy that happened on Shabbat. It's past Shabbat. I'm I'm drawn to two words Shamur viz ahur To keep and to remember And I think about what I'm feeling the anger the frustration the fear the pain And then I think about the choice that I have the choice of what I choose to keep And what I choose to remember And through what I'm feeling I am going to keep with me joy And compassion and empathy I'm going to keep the faces that I'm seeing in this room keeping this memory of the community in my heart I'm going to remember These 11 souls that were taken from us because they were Jewish And I will remember what I can do every single day To make a difference and combat the injustice we see in the world And then I think about what I believe I believe I can be a light I believe that each of you We can be a light in this darkness And in my work at UVM Hillel, I am surrounded by light every day And the students that I am privileged to work with And it is my honor to be able to introduce two of them to you now Who have helped me navigate these really challenging and difficult moments The first is a la Collins Who I don't know how you did this put together a vigil at UVM Saturday evening through your pain and suffering led a community In remembering and honoring 11 souls that were taken too soon Absolutely Needed and incredible And I also have the privilege of introducing Alexis Katie after that Who will be sharing her story as she is from squirrel hill And dealing with this tragedy in her own community Alec Hi, my name is Alec Collins. I you see him pronouns Uh, this prayer is entitled a prayer for healing after a hate crime It's adapted from Rabbi Seth Goldstein Hello, hey, no fellow.  We pray to you May strength come from our vulnerability So we can support one another and receive the support of others with gratitude and humility May compassion come from our fear So we do not act from that fear and we can pursue justice not revenge Peace not more violence May wisdom come from our anger So we are able to see that an attack against us is an attack against all And we are able to join in common cause with those who are similarly oppressed and targeted May healing come from our brokenness So we are able to rise from this challenge with renewed life commitment and connection May our shared grief be a comfort to the loved ones and friends of those whose lives were taken too soon May their memories be a blessing And may our sorrow be a source of strength to those who were injured whether in body or in spirit God and god of our ancestors in light of this act of violence and hatred We maintain our commitment to be shaharit yisrael the remnant of israel continually upholding the teachings and traditions of your covenant Pursuing righteousness and compassion justice and mercy peace and understanding love and friendship May you frustrate those who seek to do harm And uphold those who seek to do good May the shelter of your peace spread over us and over all who dwell on earth and together we say Amen I never thought it would happen near me This cliche has been repeated all too often lately and now piss perk repeats it also My name is alexis katie and I hail from squirrel hill mere blocks from the tree of life synagogue And this saturday a deadly shooting devastated my community and rippled across the world because of hate and fear I never thought it would happen near me My community. I am proud to say is one of inclusion and diversity And interwovenness like many people are finding out through the news But all but do not let this gloss over the problems and hate that exists there, too Please don't misunderstand me. I love my city It has taught me to understand difference not fear it But it is also a place where racism prejudice and anti-semitism exists Whether in the shadows or in the daylight And these issues exist in every part of our country in some way or another We must stop glossing over them It is hard to confront this but to stop it to stop adding to the shootings the bombings The misunderstandings we must confront it in every community. We are a part of To stop the repeating of the phrase. I never thought it would happen near me We must act small and big. We must vote. We must talk and try to understand each other We must be caring and pull people in not push them away Do not leave this do not let this phrase spread to more places fight it Pittsburgh feels your support, but do not let it stop tonight Support your own communities confront these problems and help with the solution We need each other for this Otherwise one day we will all be saying I never thought this was happened near me Thank you That's hard just hard to know what to say after that The next reading that we have is is from the cry of sarah It will be from rabbi jan salzman of rucha hamakom So holy brothers and sisters, I invite you to silence your cell phones There is a scream in the jewish retelling of the opening verse of this week's Torah portion Chaya sarah or the life of sarah This week our tradition asks why is the portion called life of sarah If in fact it is the announcement that she has died What caused her to die? Our tradition offers a midrash an imaginative reflection on the opening verse of the Torah portion Chaya sarah the life of sarah By connecting it to the binding of her son yitzchak of isek in last week's Torah portion Last week her husband, abraham, sneaks off in the morning with their son Isaac to walk three days to a sacred mountain In order to offer isek up to god The midrash imagines that sarah is awakened by an angel Some say an evil angel Some say a beneficent angel To let her know what is about to transpire And she screams a scream that shoots through time and space And it is that scream which interrupts abraham's knife And with that scream She dies In solidarity with each other And all those who suffer needless execution by madmen I offer that there is a very great power in a scream Our scream can interrupt the violence It can bring to the world the interruption that it needs In order to recalibrate our nation Our world actually towards the ark of justice We must never hold that scream inside of us We cry out from our deepest core to interrupt And redirect Our voices are our tools Our feet follow the clarion call of the outrage Time and time again in Torah It is our screams Our calling out our vayikra'ing That initiates the moment when change begins When the move towards liberation is initiated When justice rains down from the heavens upon us all But only when we call out for it to start raining May we all find that scream within us and let it out Who knows what evil we might dismantle Our next reading is from Barry Weiss of the New York Times And it will be delivered by Rabbi David Edelson of Temple Sinai Hello everybody, I so appreciate you coming This is from an editorial that she wrote a few days ago called A Massacre in the Heart of Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood We are living in an age when anti-Semitism is on the rise here at home You need only think of last year's chance of Jews will not replace us in Charlottesville Or the president's constant attacks on globalists, international bankers, and the corrupt media All of which are commonly associated with Jews in the minds of anti-Semites It isn't at all surprising that these rhetorical tropes have translated into acts of violence According to the Anti-Defamation League, anti-Semitic incidents rose by 57% in 2017 And even if Mr. Bowers also reviled the president as insufficiently nationalist He said there is no make America great as long as there is a kike infestation Every Jewish community in America will now have to make sensible decisions about how to ensure That they are not the next victims of such a crime But those hard choices should not make us forget the core values That make communities like Squirrel Hill what they are Welcoming, big-hearted, and profoundly decent One of the gifts of the Jewish experience in America Is that because we have been so welcomed and so safe here These values have been able to flourish Just as every Jewish couple gets married under a canopy that is open on all four sides A replica of the tent modeled for us by Abraham and Sarah So must Jewish communities keep our tents open This is the true source of our longevity and our resilience Now the Jews of Pittsburgh joined the growing list of communities around the world that have Been terrorized by anti-Semitic fanatics from Kansas City to Brussels to Mumbai to Jerusalem The heartbreak is indescribable But Squirrel Hill I am certain will continue to live By the values that Jews have sustained for more than 2000 years Those values can never be gunned down We're going to interrupt our program because we're very fortunate to have with us Chief Brandon Del Pozo of the Burlington police Who just got back from a trip just off an airplane and his first stop was here Thank you for being with us. It's a pleasure to have you here Chief Brandon Del Pozo Usually when I speak extemporaneously, I use humor to bridge the gap And I'm in a little bit of a loss tonight because I don't think I can avail myself of that technique Thank you for asking me to take the podium I'm Jewish. I've been by Mitzvud when I was young I was so proud of my grandfather for fighting in World War II as a paratrooper against the Nazis that I Enlisted in the ROTC to continue that tradition to defend our values And when I was young I was in a Secular Jewish family. I loved Hanukkah seven nights of presence Not so hot on Yom Kippur And I would wonder how Jewish I was was I was I Jewish enough, you know Not just to enter the kingdom of heaven, but was I Jewish enough to Meet the the needs of the religion and to feel authentic and one of the things that My grandfather would always say is that When they come for you Don't worry. You're Jewish enough And I never quite forget that that you know when people ask me if I do the to fill in or not if I do the We're a miyamika. I've had some heart to hearts with the rabbis You know, it loses sight of The problem which is that you know In this community in this room, we're blind to distinctions that are arbitrary and don't matter about The manner in which you worship God or the manner in which you love your family the manner in which you come together Is a community I look around the room and I see jews, muslims, christians, agnostics I'm sure there's atheists in this room.  I shall lack nothing He lays me down in green pastures. He leads me beside all still waters He revives my soul.  You have anointed my head with oil My cup is full Only goodness and kindness shall follow me all the days of my life And I shall dwell in the house of the lord for many long years. Thank you We're going to chant the 23rd psalm It is a pleasure to have with us this evening for a reading imam abdallah al ansari who is the imam of the islamic society of vermont Good evening I have two selections from the quran that I would like to read The first one It speaks about the importance of judging others By the content of the character by the interior instead of the exterior It also addresses the importance of being steadfast and patient in the face of misfortunes and adversity The second reading teaches us the importance of not fighting fire with fire Not responding to evil with evil, but rather fighting evil with good Nabi Wahi Righteousness Is not that you turn your face to east or to west Rather true righteousness is one who believes in god the last day the angels The scripture and the prophets And gives of his wealth in spite of his love for it to relatives orphans the needy wayfarers Those who ask and for the emancipation of those in bondage Those who offer prayers Give alms and fulfill their promises when they promise Those who were steadfast in times of misfortune adversity and conflict Those are the ones who are true And it's they who are conscious of god Good and evil are not equal. They can never be equal. So repel evil With that which is superior i.e goodness You will find that he Who had previously been your most bitter enemy Will become your nearest and dearest friend But none is granted this level of tolerance and self-restraint Except those who are patient And none is granted it except the one granted a great share of goodness And if there comes to you from satan The evil suggestion to retaliate To fight evil with evil Then seek refuge in god Indeed he is all hearing And all knowing Thank you Our next reading First they come will be delivered by Reverend Ken White of the college street congregational church First they came for the socialists And i did not speak out because I was not a socialist Then they came for the trade unionist and i did not speak out because i was not a trade unionist then Then they came for the jews And i did not speak out because i was not a jew Then they came for me And there was no one left to speak for me With the h i a s statement and a reading from um uh abraham joshua hershal will be read by amy small of ojave zedek synagogue immediately after The tragic And horrific events this statement was released There are no words to express how devastated we are by the events in pittsburgh this morning This loss is our loss and our thoughts are with the tree of life congregation Our local partner the jewish family and community services of pittsburgh the city of pittsburgh and all those affected By this senseless act of violence As we try to process this horrifying tragedy We pray that the american jewish community and the country can find healing Hias is one of nine national refugee resettlement agencies They partner with the united states government to resettle refugees as part of the refugee admissions program hias was founded in 1881 as the hebrew immigrant aid society And it was originally an organization to help jews And now it is an organization for jews to help the world It was called out as the reason For this massacre And so they issued another statement and i'll read a selection from it Some of judyism's wisest traditions are around morning After someone dies we are told to sit low to the ground and to really sink into our grief Only after we have engaged in the morning process do we rise up and return to our lives And rise up we will Even more committed to the jewish movement for refugees More than ever before But in this moment We take the time to lean into our grief and to lean into community and to stand lovingly With friends families and communities of those who lost their lives in pittsburgh In deep is sorrow and solidarity From all of the staff at hias Many of us will now redouble our efforts To work with hias on refugee resettlement as a result of this tragedy Now the words of abraham joshua heschel To despair is to betray To us of this generation who have walked through the ruins of aborted dreams and desecrated ideals and have arrived at the 20th century The supreme question is How does the road sign read? Abandon all hope ye who enter or To despair is to betray At the end God's mercy will prevail The one road sign May be almost everywhere The other road side is revealed in the lives of those who would rather suffer than bear falsehood In another reading Relating to the holocaust He said we still feel the blow to our head Huge chunks are falling from the heavens But we have yet to grasp the rupture and the misfortune that has been fallen us We are still waiting for the funeral not yet ready to sit shiva distraught broken confused And petrified We are living in a state of chaos We celebrate our joyous occasions, but it's akin to holding a wedding ceremony at a cemetery Our world is a godless world We have forgotten that we live in a world that is impure Our conscience is mute We are distracted by the follies of this world I do not seek merely to unburden my heart We will not fulfill our obligation by reciting lamentations Our task is not to bang our heads against the wall Our task is to find an answer to a crucial question What is our generation's obligation? What is the task? Not to forget Never to be indifferent To other people's suffering The next reading dreaming of home by murrell felled Is from rabbi, uh, sorry rabbi reverend Just so used to saying it what can I say? Reverend reverend earl cooper camp the president of vermont interfaith action. Thank you I'd like to acknowledge that we're joined here this evening by uh, the right reverend tom ealy the Episcopal bishop of vermont So welcome bishop ealy sisters and brothers Even though our hearts are broken this evening our hearts by god's providence are called to love deeper Stronger and longer than the hatred of anti-semitism than white supremacy or than christophascist nationalism we need to learn to live together it says in uh proverbs uh michela 29 18 where there is no vision to people perish We will not perish because we are that vision as we gather here muslim jew Atheist diagnostic buddhist christian we gather here men and women we gather here trans bi gay lesbians We gather here as that vision to continue to love in god's way Dreaming of home by murrell felled We want We want so much to be in that place Where we are respected and cherished Protected acknowledged nurtured Encouraged heard And seen seen and all our loveliness In our fragile strength And safe safe and all our trembling vulnerability Where we are known and safe safe and known Is that possible Our next reading is merger by judy chicago From the reverend i've got reverend right now this time Laurel and laura angle can the director of uvm interface center Thank you for many of us poetry is a kind of prayer So hear this prayer from judy chicago And then all of what has divided us will merge And then compassion will be wedded to power And then softness will come to a world that is often harsh and unkind And then people of all genders will be gentle And then people of all genders will be strong And then no other person will be subject to another's will And then all will be rich and varied And then all will share equally in the earth's abundance And then all will care for the sick and the weak and the old And then all will nourish the young And then we'll all and then all will cherish life's creatures And then all will live in harmony with each other and the earth And then everywhere will be called eden once again May we each in all our different ways in our different religious and philosophical Perspectives and practices be part of this prayers becoming In our homes and our communities and our nation and our world May it be so It is my pleasure and honor To introduce the former governor of the state of vermont former ambassador to switzerland Member of our wonderful jewish community and just amazing vermont er madeline cunan It really is a beautiful site To see all of you here And i'm just the reverend's words ringing in my head safe and known I must confess that when I first heard about The slaughter in pittsburgh I wondered if I was safe If I could be known as a jew And still feel safe We're looking at all of you I think you make all of us who are jewish or whatever religion we are safe Safe because I'm reminded of jfk's word isp and i'm berlina and I think You are all jews at this gathering And in that there is safety There is safety in numbers There is safety in declaring who you are Declaring that you have nothing to do with antisemitism and you never will Declaring that you will fight against antisemitism And be identified as one who does so For many jews, you know 99 percent of our lives We're not identified as jews We are americans Um, but when it comes to something like this Our religion counts our religion matters We can be proud of it. We don't have to duck for cover We can be americans and jews in safety in this country. Thank you One of my favorite songs is osesha lome. I'm so glad that it was chosen Please join us in singing osesha lome Next we're going to have a candle lighting. I'm done by uvm. Hello And that will be followed by a reading after sorry, I guess we're are we doing the No, we're doing this. Okay. I'm sorry. We're doing the the reading first Nishmat by marge piercy. This is uh, susan left the executive director of the jewish communities of vermont From nishmat march piercy We are given fire to see against the dark To think to read To study how we are to live To bank in ourselves against defeat and despair that cool and muddy our resolves That make us forget what we what we saw we must do We are given passion to rise again like the sun in our minds with the new day and burn the debris of habit and greed and fear We stand in the midst of the burning world Primed to burn with compassionate love and justice to turn inward And find holy fire at the core to turn outward And see the world that is all of one flesh with us See under the trash Through the smog the furry bee in the apple blossom The trout leaping The candles our ancestors lit for us the traditional jewish prayer for mourning is called kaddish It is a prayer of praise for god In gratitude for the precious gift of life It doesn't mention death. It doesn't speak of loss It speaks of the great opportunity we have To live as human beings and to be god's partners in this world For kaddish, I ask that we all stand, please I know you can't all see but the sight of those 11 candles is Both beautiful and heartbreaking And dramatic may the light of their lives And who they were never die out Yiddh gadaal Yiddh gadaa shemai rabah Baal maa divah rahi rutei Vi amlich maah rutei Beh khaehechonu vio mehechonu vah khaehei dekhor Beit Yisra'el Ba'galahu vizman kari vimru amen Yehei shemai rabah mev'arach La'alam ule'amei amaya Yiddh barach v'ishtabach V'id pa'ar v'id ramam v'id nasi V'id hadar v'id ale v'id halal Shem'id kudasha b'richu La'eila amin k'obir chata v'shirata Tush pechata v'nechemata Da'amiran ba'ama v'imru amen Yehei shlamaa raba amin shemai'a V'chayim aleinu ba'alkor Yisra'el v'imru amen Oseh shalom bimramav Huya'aseh shalom aleinu ba'alkor Yisra'el v'imru amen You may be seated. So we're going to conclude with this song. Go ahead. Okay. Yes, we're going to close off with one of the things about Judaism is even in times of grief. We look to our own responsibilities to do what is right regardless of what is done to us and we also look for a world that is better And we work towards tikkun olam making the world better so that one day we don't have to gather like this And so we join together in matisyahu song one day and please sing with us if you know it Thank you so much a wise woman a wise young woman wise beyond her years Anne Frank once said What is done cannot be undone But we can prevent it from happening again How wonderful it is that nobody need wait a single moment before starting to improve the world If Anne Frank's words have taught us anything it is that actions and language matter We hope this evening has given us all a time to reflect and appreciate the greater understanding Of the need to address the evils that pervade But cannot be allowed to prevail if we each Amongst ourselves if we each in our own heart Resolve to act to improve the world to practice tikkun olam improving the world As often as we can we can go forth from this evening an even stronger community in unity. Thank you so much


Welcome to Graham Farm and Nature Center located in Estill 4, Alabama. This 491 acre farm was in the Graham family for 81 years. Nita Graham Head was born on May 9, 1931 in the paint Rock River Valley in the mountains. During high school, she played basketball on an all-boys team. Her passion for sport and a little encouragement from the coach caused her to pursue a college degree in physical education. When she was teaching at Murray State, she helped start a tennis program with a $300 budget. Her passion for sport made her push her players more. I mean, everybody had to push themselves. I had to push them because I didn't have money either, but we got it done. On the farm, everyone in the family pitched in, including Nita. My dad told me if I wanted to make a little more money, I could raise my own cotton. I polled cotton, I picked cotton, I sold cotton, just did everything. chores at the farm kept Nita busy, but during breaks, she could be found reading in a tree, doing cartwheels, and being active. Well, my dad would sit on the porch, he would sit up there and throw the ball, and I caught it. And I threw it back, he caught it, and threw it back, and caught it. Before her passing in 2017, she joined the farm to the Alabama Cooperative Extension System to be used as a center for environmental education, animal sciences, and youth development. Make sure to check out Aces Graham Farm and Nature Center on Facebook for more information.


Lonely Piggy, salutations. Ichichon Chat. Back from New York City, good to catch a stream. Lonely Piggy, are you here? Lonely Piggy, you sent the package? First time chat. Swiftie. 116 Iran is a shihaia. They always threaten, all barred by Iran? No, Iran doesn't threaten.  Hell yeah. Do we? Okay gang, we're not going to kill the stream on sensor tube yet before we get into the heavy stuff. And by the way, we'll go at least, I've booked it off to 330. If need be, we'll go further. Okay, I'm going to come back. Lonely Piggy is here. Lonely Piggy sent the care package to me. So I'm going to show you what he said because I have no idea what it is. It's been sitting there and I'm like, I haven't lonely piggy. I haven't been doing it, right? Cog face infection in public and private are totally intertwined by subsidies, lobbying, and most importantly, personal connections 100%. Daniels and Chichon, when is the full beard making a cut? Let's see. I've been thinking about it. I've been aching to do it. Travel longer, please. Longer, please. We try, we try. X. How are you doing? Package time, package time. Let's do package. Okay. I didn't block off any of the addresses. So I'm going to show it to you in this side, like this, because the addresses are on this side, right? So let's crack this open. So this is, I have no idea what kind of wall this is. I don't know what this is, right? I'm killing her for it. I thought it was ridiculous. All right. No, you're not misreading a panic. But we'll talk about that. Let's lighten the mold because we dropped a couple of bombs there. How was the convention lonely piggy? Did you get some goodies? No, no. I learned my lesson. Oh my God. What was I thinking? I'm pretty good at learning lessons. If I make a mistake once, I try not to do it again. I try not to do it again. Oh, it's over here. Oh, you sent a letter too. Lonely Piggy, what you doing with?  I got a bunch of comics mostly.  Awesome. Awesome. Oh man, I got to read this. Lonely Piggy, where's my drink? Okay, there's a little, okay, I'm going to cover up Lonely Piggy's name. Well, no, I don't know what's in here, so I can't show it. There's a letter here. This is a CGC graded book. Okay, let me read this letter. Dear Cheecho, first and foremost, I hope this package finds you well and arrived in good shape. I typically overdo it on the packaging always. That's a good thing. That's a good thing. But still, we need, we never know how beat up a box king could be until it arrives to its destination. 100% Lonely Piggy, 100%. No, man, I'm going to, I'm going to stay strong, brother. I'm going to stay strong. Secondly, I wanted to write this brief letter by hand, but I'm sometimes told I write like a doctor. Yeah, me too. So I opted for the safer option, which is to do it like this. I hope you're on the side for sure. I can't, I have a hard time reading people's writing, brother. I think you'll appreciate what's inside with, resides within this box far more than I ever could. You'll see why once you go through the layers of packaging, I was lucky enough to win this item in a recent comic book claims sale on YouTube censor tube, I mean, and it only made sense to pass it along to someone who would enjoy it more than I really, but beyond, but beyond that, I've wanted to do this sort of thing for a while now, but could never find the right opportunity to do it. So until now, also, awesome. Thank you very much, brother. I first found your channel through one of the honey jarring videos and have since been hooked to your content, be it past, present or future. You've helped countless individuals like me with your educational videos, your personal philosophies, your advice and motivations, your expert ability to create ASMR content and help us relax. And that's just to name a few. I could not possibly mention everything you do in short letter, in a short letter, but I hope you know the real positive impact you've had on people. Lonely Piggy, you son of a, the community you've built and the countless forums of open discussion that were born from it. It is, it is what it's all about, especially in the often crazy times we live in people being, being people helping and looking out for each other. All this to say, thank you. All this to say, thank you Chichou. Seriously, I hope you enjoy this package, brother. Cheers. Cheers. Okay, let's crack this baby open. Let's crack this baby open. No, hold it together. Thank you. It was a serious word game. She know I'll answer your questions after we do this. Okay. I read this. I read the name. Awesome. Let me show it to people. Awesome. Indeed. Indeed. Awesome. Chichou box out of cure. Yeah. Temper, we love you. Love you as well. All love, brother. All love, brother. Thank you. This is awesome. I gotta, I gotta blow my nose. I gotta runny nose happening here. At a 9.8. Gang. Gang. A 9.8. C.G. C. Grant. Lobos back. Awesome. Awesome. Awesome. Fantastic. We're getting so much better. Hey, can you see what's in the background? The plants? Bite me, fanboy. Awesome.  Lonely piggy. Fantastic. Fantastic. Thank you, brother. And you got Batman in the back. Can you tell I love it? Can you tell I love it? Thank you, brother. Thank you. What a smile. I knew you dig that big. Strongly, strongly suggested for mature readers. Most definitely. Most definitely. Awesome. Awesome. Awesome. Lobo. Lobo. Man. Tell you the truth. We need a lobo on this planet. We need a lobo on this planet. Right? We need the main man on this planet to take care of some business. It's a lonely piggy. Awesome. It's a lonely piggy. Awesome package. All the gods says. Awesome.  So we deserve love. You well deserve love. You've been fantastic. My pleasure. Thank you for the kind words. Lonely piggy. Appreciate it, brother. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Definitely a treasure. And check out Lobo's back, number two. Right? This thing looks a little more suspicious on Lobo's back, number two in Lobo's elbow. Business got fired because of it. Lonely piggy, man.  All smiles all over. Indeed. Indeed. I was like, oh man, can't wait to open it. Can't wait to open it. Ryan MC, if the peach countries are the west and the blue countries are neutral, red are eastern powers and yellow are eastern aligned. Oh, let me put on the here. Here's our legend, by the way. Hold on. Hold on. Here's our legend. I forgot to pop up part of legend here. Here's the map legend. Okay. Blue is safe areas. Yellow is civil war and this needs to change. Orange is supporting war and red is in full loan war. Okay. And these guys here, these were pipelines we're talking about regarding Niger, what happened to Placer and Niger and Mali and the pipeline going through there with Nigeria. Though multiple countries here on BST in the United States were about to wage war on invade Niger and that was a bad idea.  And then they stopped the pipelines and all that jazz. We're going to take these down and talk about this. Okay. Lonely piggy, appreciate it, brother. Thank you very much. Let's talk world map, man. Let's talk world map.