Yeah, now I got the link, I will post it. And we're in your house now. I'll probably rename you. Julia, yesterday did you? Oh, this is already live, right? We can talk about it. We're celebrating the year. We're celebrating the year, right? So we can also talk about it. So that was regarding the national blockchain strategy. And they have acknowledged all the inputs that we gave as a community. I remember Julian, you were part of it last year. I was very cool. I saw that right? I saw that yesterday, right? My LinkedIn. Congratulations, right? Yes, I remember the whole process. That was a wonderful thing. Well done. I remember, was it six months ago? Must have been more than six months in January. And they asked us for feedback. You guys had a few meetings, right? I attended a few of them. And then you put some feedback together. It was great. And you got recognition for that. Yeah. We see people joining in. So we'll give some more minutes before we get started. Also, you will join in some minutes. We'll probably get started.  People can watch back in that. So we can get started and we'll let people join in. Good morning. Good afternoon and good evening, everyone. Welcome to Hyperledger India chapters. Final part of blockchain stories 2021. So over the past three weeks, it has been very successful event just because of the amount of knowledge that people are gaining on these projects. And the kind of expertise and the subject matter experts that are coming in and sharing their knowledge and learning about blockchain technology and as such. And today we'll continue the same learning series. Today we'll be learning about sustainable supply chains starting from the produce forms to the all the way until the commercial products, merchandise products. And we'll see what how blockchain is helpful and supply chains. And up first, we have our esteemed speaker, Ganesh, who is who was executive at Verizon media and now he has started his own venture. It's called fiduciary AI. And we welcome Ganesh and thanks for joining us. And in your late evening, Ganesh, out to you. Hey, Aaron. Thank you. And thanks for having me on the platform. It's such a great pleasure. The moment I saw Hyperledger fabric, Hyperledger India, I felt I'm coming back home. And that's the feeling that I got. So just to give a little bit of background about myself. 97 is when I moved here. But a lot of the learning happened to me as I was raised in India, both culturally, educationally. And then since I've moved to the US, I've been doing information technology for a long time. The last decade, I've spent fairly large time primarily focused on AI artificial intelligence, building products on the cloud all the way to the edge, trying to drive revenue. So I don't recollect a situation where my team is building something and I don't know who the customer is. And that's been the strategy and approach, and interestingly from zero to tens of millions is what we accomplished. And in life, sometimes you start to realize purpose, what's purpose of life. And as I look forward, Patricia AI has just, it's very early. It's just been incorporated. The purpose is primarily to bring in very advanced technology to act tech, to bridge the digital divide or gap, enhance efficiencies, right? To build a framework of trust that becomes a platform to tell stories, that way we all can actually start to look, listen and start to trust the information on these platforms. So today on this call, I'll be reflecting the purpose of Patricia AI and the areas where we would actually start to explore with very specific emphasis on two areas, and primarily powered by artificial intelligence and a high privilege of fabric to be precise. And those are supply chain. That's one area. It's not that we want to transform supply chain. We want to coexist in supply chain to start to tell stories about produce as it starts to move from point A into consumer sand, citing very clear examples as how things happen here at least in the U.S. And I'm hoping it's the same across the world over a period of time. And also a very interesting concept of digital twin. A rise and rise in media, I had this fantastic opportunity towards the end to work with a very large team to start to build a digital twin of a cell tower. And now why is it more relevant? Why is hyperledger more relevant in a context of digital twin where there's more AI and then so on. So I'll be reflecting on those things. And I don't know the format if I'll be taking questions. Don't hesitate. Just start to post questions I'll just look at and then you guys can ask questions to you, I believe. Arun, I'm not sure what the format is, but I enjoy having being interactive. And I'm also available. You can just reach out to me at a later time. Let me start to share my slides. Slides are nothing but index, but start to pay attention to the stories that I'm starting to share in very simple language. And this is not a technology talk at all. I'm not here to actually explain to you experts about how hyperledger works and those fantastic capabilities. But I'll be reflecting on the view primarily from business perspective and how next generation applications would actually start to use hyperledger and hyperledger fabric primarily as a framework for trust. And interestingly, just to cite some examples, in the US many conversations, the moment I actually say blockchain, it just goes straight to cryptocurrency and we want to change that. It's just an application. It's one application and we'll start to discuss some commercial applications too. So let me start to share my screen. I'll run through the slides and then hope if somebody can confirm if you're able to see my slides, that would be fantastic. Yes, we can see it. Yes. Wonderful. So interesting. Patricia indirectly is actually tied to blockchain. I'll tell you why. As I started to think about what I aspire to do as part of the new journey, there are many verticals I could have actually gone and then started to work on. And with all the experience that I had in Telco, Telco was a very natural choice, but I was looking for purpose, purpose in life. And Arctic is such an area where the innovation is not touched so much. And I want to be part of that journey where I start to do my best, bring my part, innovation towards Arctic, bring in the digital transformation, bring in those next generation applications for efficiency. Feducia is trust. Feducia is how it's pronounced in Latin. And that's trust. AI is artificial intelligence. And a combination of these two, I strongly believe would be the platform or fabric to continue to build next generation applications. And the journey that we embarked on is to build globally connected, trusted communities. It's a very powerful statement. And I envision and I see blockchain, Hyperledger fabric in this context and other blockchain protocols and implementations, which would really start to play a very, very big part because we all talk about frameworks for security, frameworks for scale, framework for AI. And I'm starting to see blockchain as framework for trust. And the intent of having a platform as a strategy for any company, small or large, is to identify a lot of horizontal capabilities that are very common across any vertical and then operationalize it and then start to focus on building those applications. And technology is fantastic. Hyperledger, it's so exciting. It's so powerful too. I'll tell you why. I mean it when I say that and you start to see those reflections. How I start to use, how I start to view, how it will start to tell those stories. But the intent is decentralization is natural, both in AI, we see that in blockchain as well. And it's going to continue to evolve. Decentralization of infrastructure is inevitable. I see that happening left, right and center. I myself was very deeply engaged in edge compute where it was all about decentralization. So taking these ingredients into account, starting to orchestrate a platform which I'll start to discuss a little bit about where blockchain capability is very important and AI capability is super important too. And have the habit of sharing a very high level view of how I've attempted things in the past. I've orchestrated cloud AI strategy called Orion. There are a lot of fingerprints out there on the web. And then edge compute Leo. And then now as my own personal journey, British AI platform, primarily the intent is to bring in those ingredients that are really required to start to build those next generation applications. What do I mean when I say next generation application? An application primarily in a decentralized ecosystem. There's a need for decentralization, both for AI and then other technologies to including blockchain. Start to reflect on that. But most importantly, try to simplify these stories because we don't want to make things so complex that even barrier to think about these technologies become hard. And this is where I personally am part of an AI consortium called Neurosystem where I attempt to do that. And I'm starting to learn hyperledger and hyperledger fabric that way I can actually start to simplify stories and then see how we can make this real for the community. On the left to this platform, who are the actors? There could be IoT sensors, could be a packing house where they're actually packing produce, farmers in the fields, sensors from the fields, and many apps and so on. So these are data sources that can actually get into the platform. I envision a configurable data source as one of the very differentiating capabilities that we all have to start to look at because where is this record going to rest? In the past, it used to be one database. Now the options are plenty. And depending upon the data source, you might prefer to actually write it to only the Hadoop repository or massive data source or leave fingerprints on a private blockchain and depending upon the need and the value that we would like to bring in, we might also aspire to write it, write those fingerprints to public blockchain too. But also want to reflect on one very important thing which is not very well understood, including myself. I would like to do AI on blockchain. That's practically just impossible. And we all know the reasons why. And in simple terms, Ledger is awesome, fantastic. It brings in a fascinating concept of immutability where a third party at any point in time can request authorization to add up here. Such a powerful capability, unheard of in the entire history. So that's how we have to start to look at and then start to socialize these platforms as framework for trust. What exactly does it mean when I say framework for trust? When a record comes in, no doubt it is going into Hadoop repository. It's a long record with the image. Do you think I can save that on a blockchain? No. Get the fingerprint out and then just write it there. And just in case in the future, if people start to challenge, you have the power to explain, no, you know what? This is real. This is true. This is not edited or altered from when it was actually returned to the repository. And this is how and this is why. These are the stories we want to share. And at the bottom AI, it's inevitable. AI would become part of almost every ecosystem and application. You see that I'll tell you my own habit, right? When I go watch television today, I press much fewer buttons. It's fascinating to see how the app understands me much better than I do about myself in few cases because I start to see those recommendations. And we'll see those impressions across. And today I'm going to tell a story, a story is about how commercial applications can be deployed on a framework or a platform as what we are seeing right now. Yeah. Makes sense. So let me pause. Let me do a pulse check. I don't know. I'm not sure if there's an opportunity for folks to ask questions when we talk, but... Yes. So people can unmute themselves and ask questions. We also have a few questions on chat channels. Sure. I'll start. We can take questions if you want. Ideally, I prefer taking questions as I scan through, but see, this is where I don't want folks to feel shy. We are all learning together, right? And these opportunities, it's just a blessing to be part of a consortium like Apple is a fabric. I myself registered. I'm starting to learn from all of you, right? And it's perfectly all the way to challenge. It's perfectly all the way to ask questions, learn more. Let me scan through some of these questions and then I'll give a summarized answer for any of these questions. But while I'm doing this, you can go ahead and then ask those questions as well, please. So, Dinesh, I had a question. So how are we using digital to end near... Definitely. And there's a slide and I'll actually walk you through that. That's a second use case for today. I'll definitely address that topic, please, in short order. Okay, okay. When I start, I'll wait here. In terms of the quality aspects, so any documents and all of the... So how do you manage and... Let me repeat the question just to be sure that I got this right. So in terms of quality of the records, information being returned to blockchain, do you manage or can you elaborate a bit more, please? Suppose there's a farmer's producer and you're validating, sorry, you're not able to get this. Oh, okay. You can do it here now. Yeah, I got the point. I'll be very happy to address that. And this is where, right? So assertion, I can tell a story, but I want that story to be validated too. And you can write contracts, you can deploy it, and then you can make it work too. I can supply chain. Interestingly, for some of the characteristics, like say for example, I'm an organic farmer. I'll give you a concrete example. Global Gap is a third-party verifier. If I'm a farmer, if I say I have an organic farm, ideally I prefer getting that certified to the third party. And in this case, that could be global gap. And I get an ID. And it becomes important when they register their farm as part of this faceability solution, to have all these information available. And then we can actually be today at Fridusia. We make an API call to actually do a global gap validation and then say, yeah, this farmer grows organic produce. And it is certified for only these three produce, not just organic in general, but produce. That's a response that you get back. And then those things are actually returned to the platform. That way you can actually do a cross-check, even after the farmer asserts onto the platform and so on. And this is where we want to start to depend on the sensing capability, right? Which is less manipulative, meaning GPS coordinates, just pick it up and then write it. Sensors, which actually reflect temperature, pick it up and write it. And these are, I'm sure there'll be gaps. We'll all have to learn to bridge those gaps and then ensure that the stories that are actually told are verifiable in some way, form or fashion. Yeah. And definitely I'm sure there's a question on digital twin. I'll be touching upon the digital twin aspect as well. Oh, this is an interesting slide. And this is real. This is from the FDSI. Thanks to FDA for sharing this information to 48 million people in the U.S. They're fall sick, primarily because not just because of the produce that you're looking at, but because of the agriculture, the dairy cattle and then so on, right? And it's really not a good thing. Can we get that 48 million to zero? No. We would like to bring those numbers down. This is where some of the examples that I'm starting to give, we'll start to resonate very well. Sustainability. I'll give a few examples too. But on this slide, when you look at it, it's a very, very broad ecosystem far until the consumer. The only few of them are reflected here, by the way. From the farm, it gets transported to the packing house. From the packing house, it goes to the retail store, and then it comes to our hand. At least in the U.S., I don't believe I have actually seen a produce, a fruit, right? Or a vegetable without a label. I really don't recollect at all. The label is dead today. We want to bring life to that label. What does it mean? What are you talking? The label has something printed on it. I really can't decipher what it's written. It's just the name of the company and then some bar code. It really requires those retail equipment to start to understand the cryptographic insight behind what's there on the label. And this is where we want to simplify solutions. That way it becomes practical for us to just imagine that there is a QR code, which we are all familiar across the globe today. I mean, especially the pandemic we learned. And now we scan more QR codes than before pandemic. And we know what it is and what it means. The moment you actually scan, you start to know about the farm. You start to know about the farm or tea. You start to know what they are uprooted to grow. When it was harvested, when it was packed, and how long did it take to really get into the retail store? Here I am. I'm starting to consume this. And they're just through a scan. And this QR code scan is fascinating. I'll tell you why you don't need an app. One of the biggest challenges that we have to proliferate any good capability technology feature is adoption of app. There's a lot of friction. You have to work through the parties that I would like hesitant to name and then get those apps deployed and all this is great. This is good. There's a lot of friction. It slows down. Just imagine almost all phones today are QR code enabled. You can take the phone, use a camera, scan the QR code. Suddenly go to the website and then start to see all this information. And now let's go back and then start to think, where does Hyperledger Fabric play a role? Why should I as a customer start to believe what I'm looking at? And I don't want to know more about blockchain because we are technologists. We understand blockchain very well. So this is where it's an evolution that we all will actually start to live through, where it will start to be socialized that yes, this capability is powered by blockchain through assertions and through verifications. And this information that you're actually starting to see has a lot of meaning and value. Please trust it. And we are in a very, very early stage. And this is a voice beyond technology. And it's not just about technology too. Technology adoption in itself, it's a very long chain. And we have to start to build stories where it is well-received and it takes off. And that's going to happen inevitable at this point in time. Make sense for many of you? Yeah. Same slide. I'm just a big divide, right? A concrete wall. And I'll tell you what I aspire to see. One of the very hard-working people are the farmer. And I'll tell you my state of mind, which I'm very open to share. When I post something on LinkedIn, which I believe, oh my God, this is something very important that I would like to share to the community. I see how people are reacting. Look at this farmer who's been working so hard across the globe anywhere. He was never, there's no good gesture from the consumer. And many times it's not that the consumer don't want to. I want to appreciate when those apples taste very good. There's no medium. And this is where, when you go back and then start to look at some of the things that I'm saying, and these are fabrics or capabilities that would actually start to build. And we can, this is where connecting globally distributed community based on a trust platform. Look how powerful blockchain is going to be over a period of time. And I want to be very true to, it's very, very early, but blockchain is still not looked upon as a framework for trust. And we on the call, people like us have to start to give a shape beyond technology. And I'm very confident that would happen in short order. It's a very, this is a very interesting slide up above is today, at least in the US, I can tell you it is wrong if I say, oh, technology, you can't find advanced technology in agriculture. That's really not true. It is just that it's astronomically expensive. And I would like to share my own story, how I got so attached to act tech and then how I started to focus on bringing technology and then solutions to act tech. I visited a packing house and I'm saying that's a blessing for me. When I visited a packing house, the first thing that I was visible, I was able to notice this, the blueberries are actually going and computer vision is applied. And they are binned based on computer vision. And I was sitting in those big buildings and then I was doing AI for industrial automation. I'm seeing in these packing house, it's been there for many years. Edge compute, we talk about edge compute right now, there is edge compute is just said, it's not seamlessly connected to the cloud. So up on top, there are many of these capabilities that we're discussing, it's in bits and pieces. We don't want to transform, it's very, very difficult to change supply chain and we don't want to attempt to do that. We want to create a layer through digital triggers to start to stitch these stories and make it meaningful. And now I'll tell you this, tell you a very interesting sustainable story, at least in the US. And this is primarily around wastage. There is news about some issue to let use. That's about it, the entire United States. It's an exaggeration though, we just dump it, that's about it. Because we are concerned, we are afraid. Now let's fast forward a few months, few years from now. There are QR codes. When there is news, it becomes a natural habit to actually scan and you will see a green or a voice telling you that, you know what, you can consume this because this is not from the region where there is infection that's actually going on. And so these are stories that would actually start to evolve over a period of time. And what exactly are we solving? It's wastage is stopped just like that. Are we there yet? This is where we have to roll up our sleeves, not just from the technology perspective. Also start to explain why, because as a consumer, as a technologist I understand blockchain, as a consumer, I don't even want to understand what blockchain is. But I want my applications to use blockchain because I want to trust information that is being written on the blockchain. So at the bottom is an effort from Patricia where we want to have digital triggers right into the platform and then we can actually start to stitch these stories together and simple QR codes can. Maybe not everything is interesting and important for us. Those important things about a produce that you would like to know, it could be five lines, it could be a small video, can be shared, but I don't want to, sorry, go ahead please. Yeah, hello Ganesh. So actually there are some interesting questions like a mold 2 has developed similar software non-blockchain based, why would the optimal blockchain based ecosystem back with AI? And I have also one question like, I understand the blockchain use case here, but what is the role of AI in terms of this? Yeah, definitely. Inter, let me address the blockchain part. Why do we have to use blockchain here, right? And it's very, very simple answer is simple. You can use a database to actually do that. But the interesting scenario that we would have to pay attention to is it is not within one corporation. We have all the way from farmer telling a story to retailer. There are 10 different parties, right? What is the use of blockchain? We are making a bold statement saying that even if it's a private blockchain, we are writing this on private blockchain. It's nothing but you can, I can be audited at any point in time. Whether we know it or not, that's what we are actually saying to the word when we say we are writing it on blockchain. And people couldn't actually very boldly say that before because of the immutability characteristics or one of the very important characteristics that blockchain offers today. And I'll tell you an interesting story. This is how I start to socialize why it is powerful. At a given point in time, Kamlesh is part of one of these packing house. He would actually say, you know what? The whole infrastructure is owned by you. I want to put my own peer and I'm part of your ecosystem and I really want and I should honor that. I should give him a blueprint to very easily build up here. I should give him those credentials that way he can actually become part of our network. And these are stories today and that's the future. That's the future, right? Just saying, writing onto the blockchain means many things. Do we really ping every record every second to go back and see if it is written properly? No, it's just like audit in accounts. And it's a cultural shift. It will take some time, but people will start to have peace of mind when they start to realize it's written on X blockchain, Y blockchain. Oh, you know what? There are other people who are peers in this blockchain. They can actually start to trust this blockchain and so on. We are all learning. A lot of these things that I'm saying is primarily based on reflection of few months of learning, right? Yeah. So yeah, thank you, Ganesh. I think there are many such questions you can address in the chat. We need to actually, for the next speaker and we have networking section in the end of the session. We can want to learn more from you. Yeah, definitely. I mean, I want to be respectful of time too. I just want to see how many minutes I have. Is it okay to go five more minutes? Is that okay? Yeah, yeah. Five minutes more. Five minutes and then again, my apologies if I'm going slightly, sorry about that. And I'll try to keep brief and then folks in the call will not hesitate. I mean, accessible for technical questions. You can reach me on LinkedIn and I'll be very happy to answer those questions too. So I know somebody in the call asked me, okay, what's this digital twin? Where is AI used and why? And so this is agriculture research on left in the US. If farm owners have hundreds of acres, they don't suddenly go and then start to plant apples and then start to see it grow. What they do is very carefully, a very small lot, which could be five acres or 10 acres. They might grow 10 plans of that specific variety that they would like to grow after two years or three years. And they're very carefully monitored the plant. All the characteristics, moisture, weather, temperature, how it is growing, pruning, tasting.  This really, we can't grow this because commercially this is not viable. And oh no, this, we can grow this because we have seen it's tasted well. It doesn't require a lot of water. Now commercially it is viable. And then they go and then scale it to 25 acres. Today a lot of these agricultural research that's actually happening is not digitized. It's maintained on spreadsheets and so on. One, we would like to actually digitize this since this is a research, we would like to leave fingerprints on the blockchain platform, right? Of many of these records, either individually or in batch mode. And that's the power of blockchain. And AI, that's such a fascinating thing. So as I mentioned, we built digital twin for cell towers. What did we do? From latency of two days, we brought it down not only to now, but we can also start to forecast how consumer experience could be for the next six hours. And with plants, playing with a lot of these features, you can even predict and forecast primarily. See how these plants would actually grow based on these variations and then start to increase water, and prune and things like that, right? So it's a learning, it's a very, very new area. And this is how bringing AI and then trying to disrupt. There is digital transformation. There is trust, which is very required. AI would actually help us push, act tech to that next level where we actually start to better understand the produce even before we actually start to scale. Digital twin is nothing but a digital representation of whatever that is. And in this case, it is plant. We did cell towers. It really worked. And I'm hoping the plants would actually work too. Just to reflect on my conversation, I was talking to one of the very senior people in one of the universities here who's head of research, and it really resonated well with individuals who are very, very accomplished too. So I think there is this lot we can continue. But I sincerely thank you all. Thank you all. And my sincere apologies if I have not answered your questions, but I'm accessible. Please. Yeah. And you can address the question in the chat and we are available in the networking system too. So yeah, it's a great presentation. And now I'd like to invite Deepak Chenna and he is the chief photographer at Coingart. And yeah, over to you, Deepak. Hey, come. Kamlesh, thank you. This is Deep Chenna, by the way. No problem. No problem. I get this a lot. So that's fine. Okay. I hope you guys can see my screen. Yeah, we can see. Supply. Okay. So a brief introduction in the interest of time. So my name is Deep Chenna. I'm chief photographer at Coingart. Coingart, we are a startup. We founded in 2018. It's close to three years now. So more than three years in fact. So and MarketSend is one of the flagship product. We are basically working in a building blockchain solutions for enterprises. That's the area that we are actually focused on. And MarketSend is one of our key flagship product. And that's mainly targeted for supply chains. We have another product which is a different division. But yeah, since the context is about supply chains and hyper ledger, MarketSend is a product that was built on hyper ledger for supply chains. So let's jump on to the problem statement that we are trying to address. Okay. So since 2018 when we have to stop talking to a lot of supply chain divisions in, especially in India, we work very closely with another few key big supply chain enterprises in India. Okay. So there are a lot of problems that we came across that they're facing currently that starting from very basic human errors that could cause costly mistakes. Maybe error in the paperwork or any kind of, if these things not majority are digitized, it could lead to a lot of issues. Starting from there until the complicated problems like enforcement of SLA, dispute resolutions, the amount of time and resources spent on this are actually expensive a lot. There are spectrum of issues that we have came across and we have a special slide for that. So I just wanted to skip through all those details, but at the end of the day, what we realized is the fundamental problem for all these kind of issues is data silos. That is one conclusion we are confidently came into after understanding their problems after talking to them and getting to see what is happening on the floor. So data silos is a fundamental problem in supply chains for many of these kind of issues. So that's where we actually realized we need one source of truth across the organization in supply chain. That is a fundamental. So until we have one source of truth, there's always kind of different interpretations and different kind of copies of the same data is maintained by a different network partners and so as can result in disputes and errors. So now the challenge, what is the challenge? So we need to bridge silos. And by the way, this is not a newly identified problem that we are not saying that we have kind of found this problem ourselves. This is in fact the well-known problem in supply chains and through industry, I mean through time there are a lot of attempts to solve this. Whether it be EDI is one of the matured, closer solution to address these silos and they could be like, now I've seen there are certain supply chains which are little mature where they have API based integrations and all that. In fact, from my personal experience, I worked for around seven and a few years and I'm into factory automation. I personally worked with integrating multiple warehouse data to bring in traceability into the platform. So bridging silos is a fundamental problem. So now, can we do it much efficiently using blockchain? Is the way we kind of try to address this in a different way using the latest technology? So that's where we built a product, markets, and it's a platform for multi-party B2B collaboration that prevents data silos. We made it very simple. It's a framework. It's a platform. Now the whole idea is to bring in a platform where this multiple parties in the network can collaborate with each other. So now what can they do by doing this? A lot of things that they can do, which I'll come to in the next slide. Fundamentally, this is built upon a blockchain which is basically Hyperledger. So it enables on-demand creation of business groups. So we made it very simple. It's a product ready to use right now. I can give you a sneak peek into our product, which is deployed in live. So as simple as how you could create a WhatsApp group, I mean, maybe not that simple, but yeah, in between, you don't need to do anything technical. You just go to the UI, say create group, give you details like cloud information and everything. We have a fully automated deployment framework where it will deploy a business network for you. So that's what you could do. Now you have a business group, a digital ecosystem for cross-enterprise collaborations, right? That's the fundamental framework we have created using MarketSan. So what markets enables? Like on the left side, what you could see how our user experience would look like, okay? You can create secure, private, B2B groups on-demand, right? Groups can consist of enterprises, SMEs, banks, and supply chain, maybe, delivery side partners or supply partners, vendors. It could be any combination of in supply chain, right? You don't need to have an entire supply chain come onto the network. You could have a subset of your business division brought into the network for a different kind of value propositions and use cases. Okay? So now, so now we can, you can create multiple groups to honor data privacy for the people who are having technical background. This is nothing but hyper-ledged channels. Now we have a network. Everybody is connected with their nodes. You could create multiple channels in this network so that you could operate. Maybe you have a supplier network and dealer's network and maybe contract manufacturer's network and how do you gonna utilize this framework based on your requirement, right? This is left to use case to use case. When we talk to customers, that is where we're gonna have a close work closely with them to understand how we can, you know, kind of architect their groups, right? To have a better, you know, results, right? Okay. So now there's a pre-built workflows onto the platform. Okay.  Okay. I'm gonna show you, you know, what are the kind of workflows that we already pre-built into the platform. We have, you know, kind of learned enough in last three years to understand what are the common, you know, aspects of all supply chains and what is the delta. We try to make it in such a way these workflows are customizable, right? So when somebody comes onto the platform, they can choose what kind of workflows they wanted to operate on and how they can customize these as well. Okay. So a little bit technical, you know, overview of what's happening here, right? So on one side, we have a private groups on markets and, okay, which is built on hyperledger. Okay. So it's choosing hyperledger is one of the best decisions we have made in the past. I remember in 2017, when we are doing our homework, there's a lot of choices we, you know, explored with along with hyperledger, Ethereum and, you know, Ethereum private chain, I mean, and R3 core and few other, right? Because at that time it's new and we are also kind of learning and we kind of have, you know, all our requirements stick with hyperledger and we made that decision and we are very happy that we made that decision today. Okay. So because it's working very well for us and it went live. So we have seen, you know, zero issues in, you know, maintaining that. Okay. So one side is on-demand permission blockchains. Okay. So we also have a proprietary bridge, okay, built and connects to public blockchains and right now with the proprietary bridge is connected to Tezos public blockchain and Ethereum public blockchain, right? So there's more to it, why we did it. Okay. So this is a little bit futuristic where we thought, okay, when these networks can track with each other. So essentially what they could create is they could create a assets, okay, digital assets, right? The whole value. And we thought, okay, there is a way getting them in as part of, you know, create enterprise NFTs as assets on a public blockchain, right? So this is a little bit futuristic. We have an existing customer who is using it. This is in Korea, but yeah, where you could think of a bringing DeFi to supply chain. So that's where our vision is towards, right? And it is hosted on cloud, right? Now we are supported on both AWS and Oracle and on need basis, we could, you know, kind of make it compatible with other cloud providers as well. Okay, so we are started with AWS and based on the customer need, we have, you know, enabled on Oracle as well. And also we have API integrations. So the thing is we are not saying it will replace your ERPs, right? Whatever the businesses they're doing, they continue to do so. We cannot, you know, change their processes. So that's where we have built in, you know, API integrations with major ERPs over there. So we have a Tali connector, Oracle ERP connector, SAP ERP connectors and few other when based on the need, we're going to customize this ERP, you know, integrations, or we have a standalone tools which are, you know, kind of self-fuse and, you know, especially Tali three terms, it is like, you know, more standardized. The amount of customization within Tali is very less compared to other ERP providers. So it is like, you know, self-fuse tool where you could install it, get markets and connector on your Tali system and, you know, start to push data. So you don't need to come to our platform, where you are and everything, but you can still operate on whatever fashion you are doing and the things are coordinated.  So that's the, okay. So now, like I said, now we have this framework, right? So you can create a digital ecosystem using that and based on the kind of industry you're talking about, based on the kind of problem statements you have, this digital ecosystem can become, you know, brought in between multiple parties in the ecosystem.  So, and we, I can show you real examples what we have been using and I can also show you what are the, you know, key parties in this network. So we have seen our product being used for, you know, different kind of use. But to generalize, to simplify. Okay. So there are around five to six deployments already. Not every use case is same. Okay. Even the solution is same, but the kind of the way the value proposition they see is completely different. Okay. But we have, we try to theme them into three different categories based on our experience. First thing is digital product passports where it will create its kind of a traceability. Right. Provide, it can, it creates, you know, full entrant traceability in a digital and trusted manner. Right. During the supply chain life, life cycle of any product, there'll be multiple parties in the supply chain could be writing, you know, or updating that information on a product. So that product passport can be preserved and shared to end consumer also to show the proof of authenticity of a product. Right. And then our supply chain management, that's where we started our life. I mean, kind of a journey. So we could, you know, automate a lot of supply chain operations and, you know, bring in process automation between parties in the supply chain. In the fact that we are bringing on a shared ledger and we have a single source of truth and we can automate and you know, need to have a separate reconciliation, this auto reconcile, you can automate the SLAs as well. So I will show you how we have automated our SLAs on our platform. So people can customize these SLAs. That example, we literally took the PDF document that, you know, people will have the SLAs terms and agreement, right? And convert it into digital version, which can be auto enforced in one of our supply chain solutions. Okay. And the third is supply chain finance. So now we have a digital copies of these assets, business documents, whether it be invoice orders or shipments or inventory, everything is digitized and trusted, trustable, because this is the information flowing from multiple parties in the network, not from one party, right? So you could, you know, bring in a bank or NBFC, a financing partner and you can share these assets as a trust or the assets to them. Okay. So that is for the financial is reduced, right? So that's one. So we have one of the deployment where it is used as a supply chain finance. So most commonly what we have seen is like, you know, it could be used in these two combinations or these two combinations or, you know, a standalone solution for supply chain finance or supply chain management. So I'll try to keep it brief, three slides with each, you know, value proposition kind of a theme that I'm talking about.  First is digital, you know, product passport. Okay. So the idea is very simple, right?  So where this digital passport will, you know, enable you to, you know, create digitally signed timestamped industry of the product, right? Now you have that you could provide network partners or, you know, you can provide it to the end consumer also, this information. So it can be read and written by multiple parties. That's where it brings in more trust, right? It's not one central party who's writing this information and presenting to you. It was written by multiple parties in the ecosystem, right? Yeah. And for supply chain management, it will reduce risks, delays and costs and built in auditability. On the left side is what you see in the real, in the application where, you know, you see the full audit of an asset.  So they may give an order for, you know, for next six months, I want this material and then they may ask for delivery requests. So you can see the full audit of such, you know, orders and what happened and, you know, when it was happened, what was the agreed terms and how, what was the actual execution. Okay. So now, so you can document verification is real-time and visibility. Like, you know, there is nothing, everything is digitized. You don't need to cross-verify with your original terms and conditions. And you can automate the process enforcement and compliance. Like, let's say the shipment has to be, you know, arrived after, you know, two days of, you know, delivery request and it had, I mean, within two days of delivery request and it had arrived after two days and then you can write a, you know, terms and conditions such that there will be a penalty for, you know, supplier or logistics provider based on the kind of network you're building. Right. So and supply chain finance where, you know, currently we have a invoice financing solution, right.  Okay. So there are different levels of financing that can be built once your assets are digitized. So we're working with one of the, you know, major banks in India to build a, you know, deep-tier financing solution.  Right. You don't want your suppliers, supplier to be, you know, stuck on payment and such that your supply is actually affected. Okay. So this is a little bit, you know, significant product, how it looks like. Okay. On real time, I'll we have two more minutes. I'll try to take it to UI also and to show you, you know, how this actually executed. Okay. So on the left side is where, you know, you see transactions of workflows. Right.  And another class is invoice financing and another is digital assets where you could see your, you know, material passports. That's where like your raw material itself, you know, all genealogy is maintained here. How these kind of, you know, whole finished good has been manufactured. Right. From which raw material, how much quality is taken and, you know, and consumed into this particular finished good. So this whole genealogy can be maintained in this material passport. And this material passport is interlinked with your, you know, transactions in such a way that when you're creating a shipment, you would say you would essentially create inventory. Okay. When you're creating in that inventory, you essentially can provide this information how this finished good has been, you know, created. So and then there is a class use cases where we have built vehicle passport and how this information from telematics and service level data can sit on this vehicle passport and different partners like, you know, insurance partners and all can tap into this data and offer better products for end consumer. Okay. And we have an organization passport where like, you know, whole organization level data will be, you know, shown to different network partners by building information from different open source or public resources. Okay. So and there are few other like, you know, you can manage your group settings, everything through UI. Okay.  There's over you when it is created and everything is interlinked. It will be interlinked to its order and it will be interlinked to its delivery request and it will be interlinked to shipment and it depends if it is a quality check quality check can be interlinked to only order and so and then you have different parties and you have an audit complete audit and you have a smart contracts rules what are the kind of terms and conditions that are applied on this particular asset and those will be enforced automatically and this particular asset you know, travel station even it is created when it is kind of if it is invoice, it has a different states. So it will be like created, accepted, paid and you know, our reject depends on the kind of work flow. So this is the how I mean, I try to speed it up because we have already, you know 20 minutes time. So I just one don't want to, you know, take more time on this. Okay. So here are a few partners that, you know, we are partnered with few major enterprises for different kind of, you know, partnerships we have like the Tezos, we got a grant for, you know, we migrating our proprietary bridge from Ethereum to Tezos right. So we have partnered AWS where our entire stack runs on AWS. So we are integrated with RXAL as a platform where, you know, invoice financing request from our platform will flow into RXAL. And there are few, I mean, major customers of us are one of the major customer. Is there a question? Not sorry to interrupt you. So maybe you'll go more into networking break session. And we so we will go to next speaker for now. Okay, so you want me to stop here? Yeah, if you can wrap up or we'll I'm wrapping up in a minute. Okay, I'll wrap up in a minute. Yeah, I know it's over 20 minutes. So I'll definitely do that. Okay, so there are a few customers you can go to our website to know more of course. Okay. And so here is the team we are. Okay, you can just get this information as well on the case. So I think I'll I'll just take a pause here. This information is anyway available and open so public open source so you can just check that. So I just wanted to take you through our product for a minute and just, you know, stop there. So this is how the product looks like it's you know, ready to use platform completely built on hyper lecture. Okay, so whatever you have seen on the slides is what you could see here. So you could have orders, you know, and shipments and everything process and you can have a kind of a network. These are the kind of organizations were part of the network and I logged in as one of the organizations here. Right. And as a group admin, they can manage the organizations by inviting more organizations network into this particular group. Like example in this case there are 56 organizations in this network. Right. So that's it. I just want to take any questions if there are any and stop presenting. Maybe because of time we will take questions maybe in the networking break event and we look we are looking forward to having you in the networking break. And that was insight into it's a new concept for us connecting the word that we already know creating groups and then taking into something much more much more complex to understand on the blockchain side of things and making it easy for doing business. That's an interesting concept and we all got something new to learn today. Thank you very much. Up next we have Arvind, a VP of blockchain practice and products at IDC in Ng and we would like Arvind to take over from here. Yeah so hope I'm audible. Yes Arvind, you are audible. Yeah. Yeah. So first of all congratulations Arun and Kamlesh for Hyperledger India chapter getting into its third year I mean third anniversary and thanks for the invite so so I'll quickly share the screen and so coming to ideas we are Michigan based company established in 1996. We are a Hyperledger certified service provider and I'm heading all the blockchain practice and products as Vice President and Trash Flow is our flagship product for supply chain I mean transforming supply chain with blockchain so what we are I think most of you already gave like little context on how blockchain can be leveraged so even in ideas we always talk about ABCDs AI, blockchain, cloud and digital twin and these are some of the skill set and the teams different practices under ideas which are working in in sync and if you look at the age old challenge is to have right product at right place at right time and as Deep was mentioning it is all functional silos I mean today's applications and everything is around functional silos and someone was asking if Amul could create something on centralized what is the need for going with the blockchain so the point is all the stakeholders in that supply chain should wait till Amul does something and it is an operational burden or the infrastructure cost everything is on that centralized player Amul rather if you take blockchain the infrastructure cost gets distributed and the trust also gets distributed so of course today if you take supply chain they are increasingly becoming global and we know we are living in world of volatility, complexity ambiguity, uncertainty and today the supplier network or distributor network whatever network you take you have some trusted parties with whom you are doing business and it takes a lot of time and effort and trust to be built for some player to get into the ecosystem but even though you are a small organization with who is genuine and who is able to give good quality service you have a level playing field in blockchain because the trust is not coming from your size of the organization or the trust is not coming from your legacy or reputation rather the trust is coming on the service which you are giving so I think in that context centralized players driving centralized applications for ecosystems is not a sustainable way of doing it and if you carefully observe today if you look at a typical ERP enabled supply chain with say extra net application EDI and all see EDI enables data sharing it does not enable shared data which can be trusted by everyone so basically if you look today's kind of technology and business concerns in supply chain each stakeholder is maintaining their own copy of interactions and transactions in their respective ledgers and extra net EDI is very tough I mean as the size of the network grows the exponential number of connections you need to get is also gross exponentially so I think in that context the beauty of blockchain is one second yeah instead of each stakeholder maintaining their own copy of ledger you have a shared ledger which is in sync with all the stakeholders so you have a single version of truth there and coming to the challenges which trust flow is trying to address is the lack of visibility I mean end to end track and trace some common legacy use case for blockchain and second poor response times where users across organizations are managing the orders and there is a lot of follow-ups and everything which goes into it and complex order management and of course purchase order shipping will goods receipt note invoice processing invoice factoring whatever you take at the end of the day it is all the workflows which brings the events and the data points which should be shared across and I think in that context today's external applications and EDIS are little inflexible and of course today the supply chains are increasingly becoming I mean supporting diverse channels be it direct to customer channel or traditional distributor channel so each channel has different expectations and different workflows and different frequency with which you need to serve so I think in that context today CRPs and EDIS have I mean EDIS enable data sharing but the business logic embedded into that sharing is something which is missing and which can be driven through smart contract by codifying the service level agreements and all and of course counterfeiting another traditional challenge which people can address with blockchain because every stakeholder can actually have the provenance so these are some of the challenges which we are trying to address with the trust flow because blockchain being a shared ledger so what ERP I mean at least in at EDIS we see this what ERP did to enterprises blockchain would do to ecosystems and that is where we are trying to create a interoperable supply chain consortium so to give you a quick overview this is what we are working on where first of all third party onboarding see basically if we are talking about sustainability as one of the key thing today ESG, environmental, social and governance so there are n number of certifications n number of data points each organization should share again and again to all the stakeholders whenever they get onboarded and whenever they want to give service so one layer on which we are closely working with a couple of leaders in ESG space is the third party exchange, data exchange where all the stakeholders can have I mean can onboard themselves onto the platform and the second layer where we are working is all the stakeholders once onboarded can align their cross organizational workflows and they can have real time visibility of what is happening on the network to what level every stakeholder in the network can have visibility to the transaction history, transaction documents and of course they can do end to end track and trace of the products are produced at pallet level, at batch level and at saleable unit level and one more thing what we are trying to achieve also is whatever data we get from this blockchain network is something which we can trust and whatever analytics now people are talking about AI and blockchain interface right whatever data I get from blockchain if I can trust it and if it is really coming from the real, near real time thing obviously I can analyze the data and we can actually give some analytics on some root cause analysis where the delays are happening and where is the friction and then optimize it so that the old supply chain becomes more sustainable as well as the operation operational efficiency can be improved and back and forth coordination can be minimized and audit becomes pretty much straightforward because everything is chronologically available so in this context these are the layers of services and this is the services stack where we bring the connectedness with all the business stakeholders then some intelligence on top of the data which is there and of course we are trying to I mean most of our workflows are like low code, no code kind of thing where you can quickly configure them during the setup and of course you can improve your operations as well as you can align your cross organizational workflows and coming back so what we are trying to achieve is of course we are leveraging hyper ledger fabric here where I mean each stakeholders or all the stakeholders can define the channels in which they they interact with each other and we have channel all where multiple stakeholders all the stakeholders can have some common data which they want to see or they want to look at but of course we are leveraging private data collection concept of hyper ledger fabric as well so that all the business data or documents are still secured and selective disclosure of data is always possible and the end consumer so I think this is a long long thing because whenever we spoke to couple of people in automobile industry and oil and gas these are some of the industry players with whom we are working the biggest challenge is end to end ecosystem end to end track and trace is just an idea even today I think it is yet to happen now at least manufacturers and the contract manufacturers or manufacturers and the suppliers vendor onboarding so these are some of the down to earth use cases which are happening now and once the onboarding and the organizations coming together forming consortiums happen then the next step would be I mean order management and all these things and then on top of order management the track and trace and everything so this is a logical order in which the adoption should go and we are driving trust flow in that order and the intended benefits would be a collaborative order management where every user across organizations can have status updates real time status updates and automatic reconciliation of documents like p.o. shipping bill goods receipts and all a uniformed user experience because all the users across organizations can use the same application and again when we talk about sustainability the theme of panel discussion today see recalls is something which is again very important because you can't call all the batches just because there is one spurious batch available somewhere so if you have track and trace better track and better traceability obviously you can selectively call couple of batches which you I mean which you feel got infected with something wrong right so I think in that context because supply chain being a multi-tier organizational setup you need not do a multi-layer recall rather you can with one click of recall you can reverse purchase orders and you can do the recall so that is one important feature rush flow supports and auto replenishment obviously once the goods receipt notes are received obviously the inventory gets dynamically updated and based on the quantity available a smart contract can trigger a order without waiting for someone to place a order and of course dynamic capacity planning so we can optimize the inventory capacity faster because you have real time data on what are the goods received so you need not wait for someone to actually update the data into the inventory rather the GRN will automatically update the inventory data so I think these are some of the things which we worked on and even if you look at ROI the number of touch points and interactions can be brought down drastically and paper work other than regulatory requirement can be completely eliminated because everyone has the same version of truth and let me quickly show you the interface of our application so basically this is a hyper ledger fabric driven so we have various channels across which organizations can maintain n number of peers and we have smart chain codes chain code logic for each channel and there is an super admin for the whole consortium who can quickly onboard the organizations based on their org type so basically we have designed our trust flow with org type and role type management driven logic so that tomorrow if you want a regulator to be part of this consortium we can quickly define that org type and what is a role type and where to put that role type into the workflow so all these things are something which are loosely I mean it is soft coded so that the customization is always possible quickly so once you onboard admins for each organization as a super admin so we created this as a platform where n number of stakeholders can eventually onboard based on their org type and the consortium super admin will be able to onboard the organizations and do the I mean that exchange the data exchange which we are building as a separate thing will be integrated to this so that every application works in silos silos in the sense on their value stream and all these value streams will be aligned so that the operations flow and of course we also have a workflow driven system where you can actually have for a given purchase order you have all the documents reconciled automatically at one location and you can actually look at the comments, the pallet information, the logistics information what is the temperature so we have IOT integration into this so that we also capture what is the median temperature maintained at every level of transfer of ownership and again the purchase order history so if you look at primarily we are focusing on pharma industry because as per pharma regulators DSESA and some other regulators all the supply chains, pharma supply chains should have transaction history, transaction documents and verifiability or trackability to saleable unit of pharma product is something which is mandated by 2023 to 25 everyone should be able to achieve that and now they are relying on EDI but now we are at least working on pharma companies to actually drive that into blockchain for better efficiency and better trust flow because today supply chains is all about flow of goods, flow of information flow of financials trust is still flowing or trust is still sitting in silos with the ERP applications so with blockchain we want to enable the trust to flow and that is where we are bringing so everyone can I mean every stakeholder can actually look at the status what is the transaction ID associated with that so that it is easy to audit at every level and coming to the track and trace so once the goods receipt note is updated obviously the inventory is already there and you can quickly search inventory and enter a batch ID and you can you already get so a stakeholder need not share the XML file through email and again updating it statically so all those things all those human intervention driven things are minimized so that everyone has seamless data available to act on and if you look at a particular shipping bill and you want to go and track and trace like 10785 you can quickly go scan QR you can enter it it can be by entry as well and once you submit you know okay what is the time stamp what is the transaction ID associated with it and except at relevant scenarios we also capture what is the median temperature maintained so that every stakeholder has visibility so today I'll give you a simple I mean a known joke we all got vaccine but we never know what is the temperatures maintained at every step and we are not sure of the efficacy and we don't have a mechanism to actually check the authenticity of the vaccine we buy and we got so it is just going on trust blind trust rather but here at least we are bringing I mean we have brought that IOT integration also so that at least we can track the temperature variance at every level and you can actually check the provenance of that product so yeah that's all from my side and thank you so much thanks Arvind that was an interesting question that you asked at the end and we are all here trying to solve challenges and then we have such questions I believe blockchain technology is towards solving such kind of questions and thanks for bridging us through that example now if this is driven by a centralized IT system like manufacturer so we never know whether manufacturer is really concerned whether and the consumer is see I will tell you a open secret when we spoke to couple of former players our responsibility ends when we do this B2B transaction with our distributor what happens beyond that is not our concern so I mean it was very shocking for us they are all contract manufacturers and some of the manufacturers are like I mean the end consumer today is not questioning hey are you giving us a way to authenticate the produce because WHO says 30% of the former produce is counterfeit and no one knows whether what we are consuming is original or substandard right so thanks thanks again and up next we have our next speaker so Sretes is Sretes would like to update about the mentorship update the project update so Sretes how do you yeah hello I am Audible yes you are Audible just let me share my screen you are probably speaking on mute Sretes but we can see your slides yeah so are you able to see my screen yes we can see it okay sure so let's start hello I am Sretes I have recently done the mentorship program mentorship in Hyperledger and quick introduction about me I am Sretes I have recently passed out from NITS I put the and I have a mentor like Kai Chen and Zeng Peng and recently I am working with Samsung so basically I have worked on Hyperledger Fabric, Hyperledger Bureau and Hyperledger Basu just yeah so the aim of my project is to design an interoperative between two Hyperledger networks like Hyperledger Fabric and for testing purposes I have used the Garnash CLI network in a loosely coupled architecture so the architecture of my project is like we have a side mesh contract library which is inherited by all the smart contracts and which is listened by a mesh side mesh relay just to like just to provide interoperability between different networks so the side mesh library basically has three functions prepare, confirm and query global state so these functions are used to just send a transaction prepare it in first network and to confirm in another network just like that and the the mesh side mesh relay is just basically a spring boot spring boot web application which is responsible for triggering these functions in one or in other networks so here goes my brief architecture about it like we have a Hyperledger Basu wallet in the left hand side and the Hyperledger Fabric network which is running a smart contract on top of Hyperledger Bureau AVM and first we have to like register the few contracts into my network and then the user can define its own smart contracts using inherited by the smart contract side mesh library which I have made and it is triggered by the measure component in one or the other networks so I have used these technologies like Hyperledger Fabric Hyperledger Basu first it is run as a primary or secondary network and Basu can be used to interact with primary or secondary network and using web 3 so and Fabric chain code AVM is required for running Ethereum based smart contracts, Solidarity based smart contracts on top of Hyperledger Fabric so the measure component is built on spring framework and for testing purpose I have used ganache li, cli and reference root and web 3 so my main objective was to just like understand my my mentor has made this entire ecosystem in using 3 Hyperledger Fabric networks in chain code so basically my first objective goes like to understand that network and to convert the entire chain code into the Solidarity based smart contracts and to interact with this Solidarity based contracts we need an event driven web application which is a spring boot application which runs on Docker and third objective is to like make a sample network and make this whole ecosystem working same goes for my deliverables I have a side mesh library measure component and a sample network so I have accomplished this project with a few works in the side mesh and measure library with some changes in the initial design document like some things are not working in the chain code so I have implemented that in the Solidarity and so it's to like improve the design and the most challenges I have run into like running the Hyperledger Solidarity based smart contracts on top of Hyperledger Fabric is the most challenging part for me and understanding the go implementation of chain code and converting it to a Solidarity based smart contracts it's also a tough part and for the future works I would recommend to like we can support multiple networks like not just Ethereum based we can also support like multiple Solidarity based smart contracts networks or we can use this service mesh concept to extend this design into different interoperability to achieve interoperability between different smart design blocks and networks and here are my project results like the initial design doc and wikipage side mesh library and all these things and for the inside scan I have learned to like build an open source how to like how projects are built in open source development and writing a better code and mentor beauty the most important thing I learned about this mentorship program is not to hesitate to ask and ask and ask just like to clear up your queries and mostly my time zones are very different from my mentors so I have to like wait for two to three days just to get a few queries answer thank you and any questions thanks Ritesh I believe interoperability or cross chain communication across EVM and then any other contract which is deployed on Fabric for instance that's an interesting project and we would like to know how more deeper insights are probably you can have more detailed presentations in upcoming sessions and also open source contributions and thanks you can find a link that Kamlesh posted on the chat channel which takes you to all the mentorship projects for 2021 and also there will be new mentorship announcements happening in next few months so if you are looking for mentorship projects from Hyperledger please do watch out that space and also from 2021 Hyperledger opened it for anybody not just for students but anybody can participate in the mentorship projects thank you again Sreetish it was insightful so we also learned today that one of our members from Hyperledger India chapter is celebrating her birthday wish you happy birthday many many happy returns of the day Srishti thank you thank you Arun so we happy birthday Srishti happy birthday yes


Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to InDesire Education. I would like to continue talking about Parallel Pippets, and today's lecture is about the volume of Parallel Pippet. Well, first of all, what is volume? Volume is obviously a quantitative characteristic of the space occupied by some body, solid body, like Parallel Pippet. What's very important about volume, this is an additive measure. Now, what it means is that if I have one particular solid body, which has certain volume, which characterizes how much space it occupies, and I have another one, solid body, with its volume, then editiveness of the volume means that both of these solid bodies together occupy the volume which is equal to a sum of the volumes of each individual one, which means that, for instance, if you have a large object and you divide it into two different pieces, then the volume of the whole object is equal to the sum of the volumes of its pieces. So that's what editiveness means. Okay, now, obviously, if we are measuring something, we have to have the unit of measurement, right? So the unit of measurement of the volume is, by definition, a little cube with edge equals to some linear unit, like one meter, for instance, in one system or one inch in another system or whatever. So if we have, as a unit of volume, a cube with the edge equal to one meter, it means we are measuring the volume in cubicle meters or in cubic meters. That's how many these cubes can fit into a particular solid body, like parallelepipus, for instance. Alright, that's easy to say, but it's not that easy to demonstrate, and here is why. Let's consider the first example. We have a rectangular parallelepipus with sides A, B, and C. You know what, it's probably right to say B on the bottom and C on the height. Let's say this is B and this is C. So this is a rectangular parallelepipus, which means that A, B, C, G is a rectangle, as well as A prime, B prime, C prime, and D prime. And every side face of this parallelepipus is also a rectangle. So all of them are rectangles. So these are right angles. All of those angles are right. Now, let's also consider that all linear dimensions A, B, and C, these three dimensions completely determine our rectangular parallelepipus, they are all integer. Why do they have to put it as an integer value? Well, because I would like this cube, which has an edge of 1, to fit completely inside this parallelepipus. Now, obviously, if my dimensions are integer A, B, and C, I can put A cubes along this edge and B cubes along that edge in one row, which will have a height of 1. That will be my first row of cubes. And again, considering A and B are integer, I will have exactly A times B, these little cubes, fit into the bottom layer of this parallelepipus. The second layer will also have exactly the same. And how many layers will I have? If this is C and C is integer, I guess I will have C layers. So my volume would be equal to A times B times C. Or if you wish, the area of the base, which is A times B, times height, which is C. So S is area of the base and H is height, or altitude of the parallelepipus. So in case this is a rectangular parallelepipus with integer sides A, B, and C, then the volume is measured as this or this. Okay, that was an easy part of it. It's very easy with integer. But what if it's not integer? What if A, B is equal to 5.5, let's say, of the same units as this one? So obviously I will not be able to put integer number of these cubes along that H. So what should I do? Okay, let's consider the next case. Let's say A, B, and C are rational numbers. Now, it's three rational numbers. I can obviously use one common denominator and say that A is equal to P divided by N where N is common denominator. B is equal to Q over N and C is equal to R over N. So these are three rational numbers. So any three rational numbers can be brought into this kind of form if as N I will use the common denominator. All right. Now, how should I approach measuring this particular volume in this case? Here is my suggestion. Let's divide this cube, the unit cube, into little cubes which have the side equals to 1 over N. The same N is here.  So the total number of little cubes in this one cube would be N times N times N, which is N cube. Right? So that's how many little cubes. Now, little cubes are better than the big cube, the unit cube in this particular case because I can fit an integer number of little cubes with this edge into each side. Well, how many? Let's see. If my edge of the little cube is equal to 1 N and my side A is equal to P N, it means I can put exactly P little cubes along this edge. And obviously, similarly, I can put Q along this edge, the B, and R along this edge. So my volume would be equal to P times Q times R times where V is equal to volume of the little cube. By the way, this is not a volume, this is number of cubes. So the volume is equal to, I'm sorry, this is number of cubes. So if the volume is N to the cube, if number of cubes of little cubes is N to the cube, then the volume of each one of them, let's put it little x here. Dx will be equal to the volume of the little cube. If there are N to the power of three little cubes inside the cube which has a unit volume, it means that each one of them is this. So here, this is Vx. So here I will have P times Q times R little cubes, each one of them has volume Vx and this volume is N to the third degree.  As you see, we have exactly the same formula as with integer ABC. Which is equal to area of the base times H. So even with rational A, B and C edges of the rectangular parallelly pipette, I still have the volume expressed as the product of these three lengths or the product as an area of the base times the height. Now, irrational. Well, that's difficult. I cannot do any manipulation of that side and I really have to go back to the definition of what is irrational number. And this is a very, I would say obscure part of the mathematics because it involves to approach it rigorously, you really have to approach it using the limit theory and stuff like this. So, because basically every irrational number can be approximated to any degree of precision with the set of rational numbers. And this process of approximation to a better and better precision is the root of the next statement which I'm going to make. So, the next statement is that even with irrational A, B and C, because each irrational number can be as close as possible to some kind of a rational number. And with rational number, this formula is correct. It means that with any degree of precision, I can actually say that A times B times C, even if these numbers are irrational, they do represent the volume. Because again, I can always replace A with certain rational number and B with certain rational number and C with rational number which are very, very close. I mean as close as I want to this irrational. And that's why we basically can feel and even if it's not 100% rigorously proven, but the approach is, as I was just saying, approach is to approximate any irrational number with a rational and this is true for rational so which means this will be true for irrational numbers. So, that covers the rectangular parallelepipeds. So, for any rectangular parallelepiped, the volume is equal to a product of its three sides with common vertex or area of the base times the height or altitude. Now, let's go to the next complexity level. From the rectangular parallelepipeds, we go to the right parallelepipeds. Now, the right parallelepipeds are different in one particular aspect. At the base, I don't have a rectangle. I have just any parallelogram. However, these edges are really perpendicular to the base because this is the right parallelepiped. So, any right parallelepiped has the side edges perpendicular to the bases. Bases are parallel, obviously, and congruent parallelograms. So, that's the case which I'm going to consider next. Let me wipe out this and I will leave my beautiful picture. So, now we assume that A, B, C, G is not a rectangle but a parallelogram. Now, if you view this particular parallelepiped from the top, what do you see? Well, you will see the parallelogram, right? A, B, C, G. Now, since these are perpendicular to the plane, A prime, B prime, C prime, and D prime will be projected to exactly A, B, C and G. These are all perpendicular, right? So, that's what you will see if you will look from the top. Now, here's what I'm going to do. I will do a perpendicular from the B to A, C, called point M. And then, on the continuation, I will put perpendicular from D to M. Now, it's very easy to prove that the triangles C, N, D and A, M, B are congruent. Number one, they are the right triangles, right? Because these are perpendicular to this line. Now, this is equal to this because it's A, B, C, D's parallelogram. And the angles are the same, obviously. And these lines are parallel, so this is also the same as distance between parallel lines. I mean, we have lots of elements here. Actually, it was enough, even the first two. It was hypotenuse and an acute angle are congruent to each other. So, triangles are exactly congruent, which means if I will take A, B, C, G parallelogram and I will wipe out this piece, but add this piece, I will subtract something and I will add something. These are congruent triangles, which means their areas are supposed to be the same, which means that the area of this rectangle is exactly the same as the area of the parallelogram. And we are writing the wrong, if you wish. So, from the parallelogram, which used to be before, I convert this parallelogram into a rectangle with the same area. Now, I would like to do it in three-dimensional pictures. So, from B, I drop a perpendicular to A, D, something like this. And on the continuation of this, I drop a perpendicular from A, B, C, G. Well, I have different letters here. It doesn't really matter. And so, from this continuation, you know what? I will probably redraw my bottom. It's too many lines here. So, this is A, B, C, and G. So, this is perpendicular to B, N is perpendicular to A, G, and C, N is perpendicular to the same line. So, everything, all these letters, A, B, C, G, M, and N, are in the plane, which is a base plane of this picture. So, what I'm basically doing right now, I would like to convert my right parallelepiped into rectangular parallelepiped. So, I did this operation on the base. Now, I will cut with the plane. So, from here, I will cut here. So, that would be my M prime. And here, I would add. That would be N prime. And I will connect this to this. And, okay. So, what I will cut from my parallelepiped is a right triangular prism. One second. So, I will cut from my parallelepiped a triangular prism A, B, A prime, B prime, M prime, A, B, M.  And I will add exactly the same in all the dimensions, and obviously the volume, prism which has base C, D, N, and then the top base C prime, D prime, N prime. It's exactly the same triangular prism as this one. Well, the same it means congruent in all respects, because bases are the same, ages are the same, they're all perpendicular. I mean, everything is the same. Which means I will convert my right parallelepiped A, B, C, D, A prime, B prime, C prime, D prime into a rectangular parallelepiped BCNM, B prime, C prime, N prime, M prime, which has exactly the same volume. And it has exactly the same volume, because I'm cutting a piece from the old one and adding that piece on another side, thereby converting my right parallelepiped into rectangular parallelepiped. Now, about rectangular, I do know that its volume equals to the product of area of the base times height. But the area of the base which is M and C, B is exactly the same as area of A, B, C, D. Because of this, we are adding triangle and subtracting triangle. So that's why my formula actually remains exactly the same. Because this is the volume of the rectangular pyramid, the new one, and the new base. That is exactly the same, the old and the new one. Now, the old volume is exactly the same as the volume of the rectangular parallelepiped, because I subtracted one and added one. Area of the base is also exactly the same, old and new, because, again, I added a triangle and subtracted a triangle. Which means the formula is still exactly the same. The formula for the right parallelepiped is volume is equal to area of the base times its altitude or height. And the base is just any parallelogram. So this is one step forward from rectangular parallelepiped to any. So this step was from rectangle to the right. So I still preserved the perpendicularity of the edges. Now, the last step is, forget about perpendicularity. Now, I did use the perpendicularity in this particular case when I switched from the rectangle to the right. Now we are going from the right to any, which means that the whole construction can be tilted. Let's draw another. And I will basically do exactly the same, maybe a little bit less rigorous. So we have, again, some kind of a parallelogram on the top. And then these are slanted, something like this. Okay. Can I write this particular wrong, if I can say so? Well, basically I should use exactly the same approach. What I should do is, first I should write the edges, which are side edges. So I will drop perpendicular from A prime, B prime, C prime and D prime onto the base, which is here. Well, this is parallelogram, so it will project into some kind of other parallelogram. Say, if I will drop a perpendicular here, a perpendicular here, perpendicular here, it's not a pretty picture. But anyway, perpendicular here. So this will be C second, B second, A second and D second. So now, within this plane, I have two parallelograms, original one, A, B, C, D, and the projection of the top one onto the bottom, which is A second, B second, C second and D second. Now, what I would like to say is that the volume of the original parallelogram, which has the base A, B, C, D and A prime, B prime, C prime, D prime is exactly the same as the volume of the new parallelogram, which has the base A second, B second, C second and D second, and the top base is exactly the same as the first one, A prime, B prime, C prime and D prime. How can it be visible? Well, unfortunately, it's not easy to imagine in three-dimensional space. But basically, you really have to consider this as, again, transformation when I'm cutting a piece and adding a piece. So this type of projection converts this slanted parallelogram into the straight one. And the difference between them is something which, like you, for instance, you add this particular, it's kind of a pyramid, I guess, for instance. So you add some pyramids here and you subtract some pyramids there. And by manipulation of these parts, you are, again, you are adding something on one side and you're subtracting something from another side. And whatever you add and subtract is exactly the same. So whatever you cut from here, you add to there. And whatever you add here, you subtract from that side. So I would probably recommend you to try to draw a nice picture, much better than I do. And then it will be kind of obvious. So whenever you're shifting the bottom part from whatever it was before, A, B, C, D, into the new location, A second, B second, C second and D second, your whole object is transformed and this transformation can be expressed as adding a piece on one side and subtracting from another side. Whatever that piece is, it may be a pyramid or it may be some kind of a more complex figure. But whatever it is, you're always adding and subtracting the same thing, which means the volume is exactly the same. And since the volume of the new, and in this case, the new one is the right parallel paper, right, because I dropped the perpendicular. And since the volumes are equal, the volume is still the same of the right pyramid, which is area of the base times height. Now area of the base, A second, B second, C second and D second is exactly the same as A prime, B prime, C prime, D prime, is exactly the same as parallelogram ABCD. So we still have exactly the same formula, which is area of the base times height. Now height, in case of any parallel pipette, is basically at distance between two parallel bases, because that's the length of this perpendicular, A prime, A second. Alright, so the point is that in any parallel pipette, this is the formula. It's a very general formula, area of the base, which can be a parallelogram, obviously not necessarily a rectangle, times the height of this parallel pipette. And the height of the parallel pipette is, in case of a right parallel pipette, it's obviously the edge lengths. But if it's a slanted one, it's just a distance between two parallel planes, which are making the two bases. Well, that's it. I just wanted to demonstrate this formula for any kind of a volume of any kind of a parallel pipette. And I do recommend you maybe to try to draw this a little bit better than I do. But at least you should understand that you always can find equal elements, like A prime is equal to C, C prime, and A prime, A second is equal to C prime, C second. And everything, every element and every angle, every length of a segment and every angle between segments and even angles between planes are exactly the same on that side and on that side. That's why I was talking about aiding piece and subtracting piece. Alright, that's it for today. Thanks very much and good luck.