The Columbia Network takes pleasure in bringing you suspense, suspense, a new series of programs with one strict purpose in view, your entertainment. Each week at this time, CBS sets aside 30 minutes to excite you, to mystify you, and on occasion to horrify you with a catalog of the world's great thrillers, dramas from the stage and screen, from fiction and radio, dramas that bring you. The second offering of a new series is a unique one, certainly it is one of the very few pieces of suspense literature that somehow manages to tickle your funny bone while busily engaged in tingling your spine. Make no mistake though, nobody's kidding. CBS presents its adaptation of John Collier's well-known short story, Wet Saturday. Yes, it's a wet Saturday. Never saw it rain harder. I'm Princey, Frederick Princey, just an ordinary family man. I have a son, a daughter and a wife. I might be out golfing now if it hadn't been for the rain. I'm Mrs. Princey. I plan to drive over to the nurseries this afternoon for some arbiters. The board, as you know. Oh, the whole lot of them make me sick. Yes, I'm George, son and heir. I had a date to go punting. Puntings. Couldn't find the blasted punting as well, so I'm home too. I'm Millicent. Play croquet. Why happened to him? The mallet. Yes, that's the Princey family. We find them at home. Mrs. Princey, Millicent, George sprawled on a couch, Mr. Princey, biting on a dry pipe. Their living room is dull and overstuffed. Rain beats at the windows. They are any middle-class family at home on a wet day, except for one small item. As you sit with them in the living room, you can see through the door to the sun porch a pair of men's feet encased in black boots. They look like the feet of a curate. There's a tenseness in the room. The air is charged with excitement, but the feet are very still. Don't keep staring at them. Listen to me, all of you. Don't you see? They'd hang her. That's what they do. They'd hang her.  Awful? It's catastrophic. A supposedly sweet, gentle, intelligent girl, respected, loved by the whole village like this? Think of the publicity, the disgrace. You think I'm going to resign from the bench, the best way? Sell out and live in some foggy hotel abroad? Oh, no, no. No.  I will. I will.  Any more than you have been, the governor of England. Be quiet. Wouldn't be so bad if it were you. Everybody in the village knows you're not responsible. George. Yes? Get off that couch. Sit up on your spine. You might be of a little use here if you could think. Listen, governor, this isn't my funeral.  As long as I can remember, George, you've been a trial and a tribulation to me. Oh, I can't stand it. I can't stand it. You've got to stand it, my dear. And keep that hysterical note out of your voice. You hear? Yes. We are... we are talking about the weather. Now, George. Yeah? George, if he fell down the old well, say, striking his head several times, what about it, eh? I really don't know, governor. What about it?  I'm asking you to think. He'd have had to hit the side several times in 30 or 40 feet and at all the correct angles. No. No, I'm afraid not. I'm afraid not. We'll have to go over it all again, Millicent. Oh, no, father. No, no. I couldn't. I couldn't. Millicent, we must go over it all again. Oh, Fred, you're torturing her. Oh, face facts, mate. With him lying there, there's no use pretending it's a picnic. They might hang you, Millicent. Oh, stop that shaking. Stop it here. You must stop it. Just keep your voice quiet. Millicent, we are talking of the weather. We will proceed. I should have thought of those boots, Millicent. I'm not moving them. Oh, sit up, George.  Now, Millicent, look at me. Answer me truthfully. You hear? Answer me. You were in the croquet corpse. Who knew you were in love with this wretched curate? Oh, the whole village. They've been sniggling about it at the pub for three years past.  Millicent, we continue. You were on the croquet corpse. Yes. You were putting the croquet set into its box? Yes. It was starting to rain. I was carrying the balls and mallets into the sun porch. The box was there. You heard someone enter the garden gate and come across the yard? Yes. Could you see who it was? Oh, not at first. I was going into the sun porch. I threw down all the mallets at the red one and turned around. It was withers? Yes. So you called him, loudly? Did you call him loudly? Could anyone have heard? No, Father, I'm sure not. I didn't really call him. I just spoke his name. He saw me as I went to the door. He just waved his hand and he came over. How can I find out from you whether there was anywhere about? Whether he could have been seen. I'm sure not, Father. I'm quite sure. So, you both went into the sun porch? Yes. It was raining hard then. What did he say? He said, hello, Milly. And excuse her coming in the back way, but he set out to walk over to Lisbon. Yes. And he said, passing the park, he'd seen the house and suddenly thought of me. And he thought he'd just look in for a moment. He... he had something to tell me. Go on. He said he was so happy. He wanted me to share it. He'd heard from the bishop he was to have a vicarage. And it wasn't only that. It meant he could marry. Then he began to get all confused. And of course, I thought he meant me. Don't tell me what you thought. Tell me exactly what he said, nothing else. Well... well... Oh, stop crying. So, actually, you can no longer afford. Tell me what happened. He said, no. He said it wasn't me. It's Ella Braxton-David. And he was sorry. And all that. Then he went to go. Then? I went mad. He turned his back. I had the red mallet of the croquet fit in my hand. I forgot to drop it in the box when he came. Did you shout or scream? I mean, as you hit him? No. I'm sure I didn't. Did he?  No, father. And then? I threw it down. I came straight in here. Oh, poor baby. No. No, I don't leave a child alone, friend. Not such a child, Mater. Milly, I had no idea you... Keep quiet. I'm thinking. You see, George, he probably told people he was going to listen. Certainly no one knows he came here for he didn't decide until he crossed the park. He might have been attacked in the woods. We must consider every detail a curate with his head battered in. Don't bother. Don't. A curate, head battered in.  Kill with us? Well, I would with pleasure. How'd you do, Mrs. Princey? Oh, sis, don't pray. You mustn't get up for me, Mrs. Princey. You either, listen to my word. I wanted to ask you about those danger bulbs, Princey. Took a shortcut on account of the rain and walked right in, knew you wouldn't mind. Oh, he had your father. My dear, we can all have our little jokes. Don't pretend to be shocked. This way, Smollett. This care, facing the fireplace. Sit down, Mother. Just straightening the curtains to the sun porch, dear. It looks so gloomy out there. Might as well shut the rain out. Just talking about a little theoretical, cure-at-killing, Smollett. You know, young people these days like thrillers. Pass on his side. Justifiable pass on his side. Have you heard about Ella Braggden, Davis? I should be most properly laughed at. Why? Why should you be laughed at, Smollett? Oh, and the shot in that direction myself. She half said yes, too. She told most people.  Oh, too bad. Oh, a fortune of war. Yes, fortune of war. Art how it happens, isn't it? Sit down, Smollett. Millison, console Captain Smollett with your best light conversation. You too, Mother. George and I have something to look at. Outside is this rain, you know. Bad, very bad. Come, George. Right, old Governor. Maybe we'll need raincoats, what? Oh, I don't think so. Just make yourself at home, Smollett. Make yourself at home. A cigarette, Captain Smollett? Thank you. Thank you. A nasty day to be going out. It's something about the old will. Just off the Sand Forge door, you know. This terrible, southern weather seems to have loosened some of the stones. Oh, too bad. Dash too bad. Spoils the tennis and croquet. You don't like this, doesn't it, Millie? Doesn't it, Millie? Oh, yes, it does. She was practicing out on the croquet court earlier, but, uh... Oh, do pull your chair near the fire, Captain. It was so damp, we thought it would be cozy to light it. Thank you. I'm quite comfortable. I, uh... I hope you don't feel too bad about it, Anna Davis. Can't always win. Can't see, though, what you women see in these bloodless clerics. Oh, I always thought Mr. Withers was, uh... is a very charming man. I'd agree, but why should anyone want to marry him? You wouldn't want to marry him, would you, Millie? Not now. Maybe that. Are you? Oh, no, of course not. Smollett. Yes, yes, Prince Hin. Good Lord, man, you come in all of a sudden, eh? Yes, I did. Oh, don't mind this old, double-battle shotgun. Been working on it. Smollett, may I have your attention for a minute? There's something on the sun porch I'd like to show you. Why, yes, yes, of course. Smollett. George and I went out to see if we could shoot some rats, which have been driven out of the old well by the high water. Afraid they might get into the house. Now, you must listen to me very carefully. Very carefully, or you will be shot by accident. Prince Hin, what's got into you?  You also heard Millison make a comment, an unguarded comment. Well, what of it? Very little. Unless you were to hear that withers had met a violent end this very afternoon. And that, my dear Smollett, is what you are going to hear. What? Withers? Yes. Who killed him? Millison. Yes, it's a mess. And, of course, you would have remembered and guessed. Maybe, yes, I suppose I should. Therefore, you constitute a problem. Why did she kill him?  Pityable, too. She eluded herself and he was in love with her. Good heavens, Millie. Oh, yes, of course, I see. He had told her about the Davis girl. I understand. Now, I have no wish, as you will comprehend, that she should be proved either a lunatic or a murderous. I could hardly go on living here after that. I suppose not. On the other hand, you know about it. Yes, I see that makes me your problem. I am wondering if I could keep my mouth shut. If I promise... I am wondering if I could believe you. But if I promise... Things went smoothly, yes. But not if there was any sort of suspicion, any questioning. You would be afraid of being an accessory. Why, I don't know. I do. What are we going to do? I can't see anything else.  You can't get rid of two corpses. No, I regard it as a better risk than the other. It could be an accident. Or you and Wither could both disappear. There are possibilities in that. Listen, you can't... I can, but there may be a way out. There is. Smollett, you gave it to me yourself. I... I did what? You said you would kill Wither's. You have a motive. I was joking. Of course you saw that. You are always joking. Listen, Smollett. I can't trust you. You must trust me.  I mean that. You can choose between dying and living. God! Now, there's the old well just outside the Sunport store. That's where I'm going to put Wither's. No one outside knows he has come up here this afternoon. No one will ever look there for him unless you tell them. You must give me evidence that you have murdered Wither's. I murdered him? Why do you want that? So that I shall be dead sure that you will never open your lips on the subject. I see. What evidence? George, hit him in the face. Sure. George, don't... Keep out of this. Captain, you should be more careful. Look what your teeth did to my knuckles. Again, George. Okay. I can't stand it. Keep quiet. You women, keep out of this. I'm sorry, Smollett, but there must be traces of a struggle between you and Wither's. Then it will not be altogether safe for you to go to the police. But... Can't you take my word, man? I will when we are finished. George. Yeah? Get the crookie married. Right, Governor. Take your handkerchief to it in there on the Sunport floor. Yeah. Yes. I got it, Governor. There, Captain. There's the weapon.  I shall shoot you if you don't. Good Lord, you can't! All right. There. That's it. Now deposit it out by the side of the house, out of the rain, of course. No. Wait, George. Huh? First you'd better pull a few hairs out of his head and put them under the nails of Wither's right hand.  Do you know what you're doing? With this gun? Yes. Go ahead, George. Sorry to mush your hair up, Captain.  That's all we need. Now, for Wither's, we'll fix it right up. Be right with you, Governor. Smollett, you may turn around. Wither's is just there in the sun porch. Draw back the curtain. Yes. Messy. But we'll get him fixed up. Now, you, Smollett, you've just got to drag him through the door and dump him in the old well. Just beyond the door, Captain. I won't touch him. I won't try. All right. Stand aside. Out of range, George. There's only one place I want this bullet to go. Father. Father. Keep quiet. My aim's not to go... Wait a minute. Wait a minute. That's... I've... Better, Smollett. Much better. Go on now. In here, you'll have to take him outside. By the shoulders ought to do it, Captain. Keep quiet, George. Go on, Smollett. Go on. You've seen dead men before. Bring him. I'll just hold the gun here to make sure that everything goes all right. Oh, mother. Come away from the deal, window dear. Don't look. But, Captain Smollett, your father is a very resourceful man, Millicent. I'm sure what he's doing is right. But the Captain... It mustn't question your dear father. I say, are you two still at it? There's enough trouble around here without blubbering. I'm not blubbering, George. So, you see, Smollett, everything is perfect. They never look in our way. Do you see how safe it is? I guess it is. Oh, good heavens, man. You're dripping wet. Why didn't you slip your raincoat on? Tea ready, my dear? In just a minute, dear. I'll bring for Bridget. Exactly what you need, Smollett. Cup of tea. Best thing in the world to ward off a cold. Sit down, won't you? Oh, don't mind getting the chair wet. Cigarette? Help yourself. I stick to my pipe, you know. Funny how... Everything's hot, ma'am. Oh, Bridget, yes. Put the tray in front of me here, on the table. Yes, ma'am. That's it. I say, Captain, you've got to catch a lift. I just knocked it. Oh, how dreadful. Dear Bridget. Yes, ma'am? Sit the Captain, this cup. No, no, thank you. I rather think I've been running along now if you don't mind. Oh, Captain Smollett. Without any tea. If you don't mind, Mrs. Prince Eve, if I could just have my raincoat. Oh, I'll get it for you, Captain. Oh, this is very distressing, Smollett. Very. Oh, I'll be all right presently. I'm sure. Here we are now. Let me help you. Thank you. Thank you, young man. There.  Walk is dry. Oh, let me hold the door for you, Captain. Don't worry, old fellow. Don't worry at all. No, no, no. Nothing serious, I imagine. A little rest and he'll be as right as rain. By the way, Millicent, you're not looking any too well. No, not well at all. I'm sure it was that croaky coat. Being outdoors in weather like this is simply foolhardy. The mate is right, Millie. You saw what happened to Captain Smollett. Come along, dear. I shall give you a hot foot bath and put you to bed and a couple of days in bed and you'll be fine. Get plenty of rest, Millicent, and don't worry about a thing. That's the best cure. Well, I guess I'll have a little rest, too, Governor. It's a fine afternoon for a nap. Indeed it is, son. Well, enjoy yourself. I'll see you later. I'll see you all later. Oh, would you get me the police station, please? Police headquarters, Sergeant Yancey speaking. Oh, hello, Sergeant. This is Prince of Abbott's Road. I believe you know me. Oh, indeed I do, Mr. Prince. Sergeant, a horrible thing has just happened. Quite extraordinary murder, in fact. Murder? I'm afraid it looks rather bad for a close friend of ours, unfortunately. We saw him do it. I think you'd better send someone over right away. Well, our man should be there right about now, Mr. Princey. I beg your pardon? This post right below your house there. Just rang in. Certainly didn't understand. No, no, no, I won't, Sergeant. Thank you. I'm right here. Stop shouting. We have some visitors, Governor. Oh, yes. Yes, yes, I can see that. Well, Constable, good afternoon. Good afternoon, Mr. Princey. And Smollett. I see what a remarkable fellow you are coming back like this. Here to reenact the crime? Only the one against me, Princey. The one against the curate. I'll leave to you, people. Extraordinary sense of humor. Mr. Princey, I just had a look at what's in your well. Not to criticize that, not pretty at all. Yes, Captain Smollett was thorough, if nothing else. You saw him when he did it, sir, out in the back. Oh, quite. We were just returning from a walk. Smollett evidently had been laying for the curate, hiding out in those bushes by the road, I imagine. He was never inside this house. Never. And you say, Captain. I say that while I was inside this house, a guest of the family, I was coerced into dragging the curate's body outside and dumping it in the well. Well, there we are. Not entirely, Constable. I'll just remove my raincoat. There. And demonstrate how damp I got my clothes when I went outside without it. No. That's interesting, isn't it? Quite. He undoubtedly removed his coat at some point between here and your post. I might as well tell you that his weapon, a red crookie mallet, is out by the side of the house. I shouldn't be at all surprised, but that you'd find his fingerprints all over it. All over the end of the mallet, Constable. The end that mashed withers his head. Not the end I'd have had the grasp in order to do the mashing. Governor. That's a decent try, Smollett. But it won't work. There must be other evidences, Constable. You'll undoubtedly find them when you examine the body. He means my hair under withers his nails. Well, sir, if you look carefully, I believe you'll find a few of my precious hairs under his son's nails, too. Here, what are you trying at? Constable, this is an utter waste of time. So far as a violent struggle between Smollett and withers is concerned, Smollett's face speaks for itself. Quite eloquently, I believe. But no more eloquently than your son's knuckles. As you see, Constable, a fresh abrasion. He did that on my teeth. Or did he? What? I say, or did he? He might have done that on withers his teeth. Oh, I see. I see what you mean. But I didn't. Governor, he said I... Keep still, you nitwit. Let me think. Let me think. As a matter of fact, George, the more I think of it, the more I'm convinced it was your voice, I heard. Quite a vigorous quarrel. Something about the cure, reducing your sister.  Very well, Princey. If your son didn't do it, who did? That's what I'd like to know. How about it, Mr. Princey? Well, that. That is a sticker, all right. George, my boy, it looks like you're elected. Elected? What do you mean? I didn't do it.  I won't. I'm not going to take the blame for her. Millie did it. She did it with that mallet I saw. You could prove that? Prove it? I... I... Yes. Her fingerprints on the mallet. The handle. Why, George, don't you remember when you made me touch the mallet? When you picked it up with your handkerchief? No, I... George, I'm sure you wiped that handle clean. Oh, well, I could hardly expect you to remember that. If you can't even remember killing the curie. Governor, I... I told you to keep still. But, Governor, you're not going to turn me over. As long as I can remember, George, you've been a trial and a tribulation to me. Governor, I... You shouldn't have done it, son. You really shouldn't know, George. That was definitely wrong. I see, Prince, I think I'll have that cup of tea after all. Nothing like it in weather like this. Wet Saturday from the short story by John Collier. You have just heard the second in Columbia's new series, a series designed to bring you the best in thrill entertainment. Outstanding dramas from the field of fiction and radio, stage and screen, dramas of pure... This Columbia feature is produced and directed by Charles Vanda, with script by Harold Bedford and score by Bernard Herman. Be with us again next week at this same time when we present Suspense. This is the Columbia Broadcasting System.


USS Carney is the first of three ships to test the improved, flame-resistant variant coveralls. The trial period will be a deployment-length wear test to evaluate the quality, durability, comfort and appearance of the coveralls. Across the Navy, talented sailors, Marines and civilians create innovative solutions to our most complex problems. The SECNEV Innovation Awards Program gives commands and organizations the opportunity to nominate exceptional innovators. Deadline for nominations is October 31. For more information, visit SECNEV's Innovation page. National Prescription Drug Take Back Day is September 26. This gives sailors and families a place to dispose of medications to help prevent the misuse and abuse of prescription drugs. If you have expired, unused or unwanted prescription drugs, visit the DEA website to find a collection site near you. For these stories and more, visit navy.mil.


Look at us. We finally made it off the island.  Only one way to find out And here I thought nooblar was the trippiest place I ever seen We shouldn't go in there which means we're obviously going in there come on


Hello and welcome to the session in which we will discuss total quality management known as TQM, which is a management approach. The goal of it is to improve the quality of the product and services by involving all members of the organization in continuous improvement effort. This philosophy emphasizes customer satisfaction. We want to make sure the customer is satisfied and employee involvement and continuous process improvement to achieve whatever the company wants to achieve organizational goals and objective, which is what? Customer satisfaction increased sales. Before we proceed any further, I have a public announcement about my company Farhat Lectures dot com. Farhat Accounting Lectures is a supplemental educational tool that's going to help you with your CPA exam preparation as well as your accounting courses. My CPA material is aligned with your CPA review course such as Becker, Roger, Wiley, Gleam, Miles. My accounting courses are aligned with your accounting courses broken down by chapter and topics. My resources consist of lectures, multiple choice questions, true-false questions as well as exercises. Go ahead, start your free trial today. No obligation, no credit card required. There are seven key principles to TQM and we're going to look at all seven of them. One, as we mentioned, continuous improvement. What is continuous improvement? An ongoing. We don't stop. Ungoing effort to improve product, services and processes based on the focus is the customer. Customer needs and feedback. We are also focused on customer, customer focus, understanding, meeting and maybe anticipating and exceeding customer requirement. Also, people who are working for the company, they want to be empowered, employee empowerment, providing employees with the necessary training, tools, the most important thing, authorities to make decisions and solve problems. Also, in any company, leadership is important. We have to have the leadership involved. Top management must be actively involved in promoting and supporting what we call TQM philosophy, which is, again, it involves all of those. Other key principles of TQM is process management, which is identifying, analyzing and improving key processes. We want to look at our key processes. How do we do things to achieve quality and efficiency? Also, data is important in these decisions, especially these days, companies focus, work with data, making decisions based on data and facts, not what you feel or what you think rather than assumptions and opinion. Also, supplier quality management because your suppliers, you're going to see in TQM, we rely on just in time, are an integrated part of your company. Therefore, you have to build a strong relationship with your supplier to make sure the quality of input and material is good. Because what goes into your product is what the suppliers are going to provide you. So you want to make sure you have a good relationship with them. Do look at an example of Toyota, Toyota Motor Company. It's known for its focus on quality and continuous improvement. So Toyota have implemented a number of practices and tools to achieve this TQM, which is called the Toyota production system, which emphasizes on what we call lean manufacturing. What is lean? Lean means no fat, no extra unnecessary steps, which is eliminating non-value added activities. Lean manufacturing means no overproduction, no defect, unnecessary motion, unnecessary movement, no excess inventors. We want to reduce all of those and no over processing, simply put, waste reduction. This is what mean reduction is. Also part of the Toyota production system that emphasizes on TQM is something called Kaizan, which is a word in Japanese which means continuous improvement process. We are continually improving. Also part of TQM just in time, which means aimed to minimizing inventory level by producing product that are needed. Remember we talked about just in time, which is a pulse system rather than a push system. Toyota also encourages employee involvement. Remember one of the key principles of TQM is employee involvement and engagement in quality improvement effort. And it has implemented a system to identify and resolve problems as quickly as possible because we need to resolve this problem in the best interest of the customer. So as a result, Toyota has become one of the most successful and respected automakers with a reputation of producing high quality vehicles. I'll tell you, for the past 10 years I only purchased and drove Toyota for myself and my wife. So this is an ad for Toyota, I believe, in their product. So what are the benefits of TQM? Well, quality. It's primarily aimed at improving the quality like it. When you think of quality, I think of Toyota cars, of product and services, which can lead to increased customer satisfaction. I'm very happy and this is maybe my third or fourth car of Toyota. Increase efficiency by focusing on process improvement. You can help the organization streamline operation. Reduce waste because you are constantly looking. You are encouraging employees to do what? Look for areas that we can reduce non-value added activities. Reduce waste. Therefore increase in efficiency and productivity. Also, employee engagement is very powerful. When you empower your employees, they work harder. They're more loyal. Therefore, you have a happy employee, which would lead to happy customer, which would lead a happy bank account, which would lead to happy stockholders, TQM involved employees at all levels of the organization, which can lead to increased employee engagement and satisfaction. And all research shows that if your employees are happy, your customers are happy. Also, TQM, if implemented, it could give you a competitive advantage. Toyota, it's a prime example. By consistently delivering high quality product and services, organization can gain a competitive advantage. And I am a living proof that that's why I believe in their product. It will give you a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Now, there are risks of TQM, risk in a sense of cost. The first risk is implementation cost. Implementing TQM can be costly. It requires a significant amount of training, tools, and technology. So it's not just easy to say, okay, I'm going to implement TQM. You might be able to implement it in small steps. It's also time consuming. Well, under cost, well, you can say time is cost. TQM requires significant investment of time and effort. Because it can be challenging with organization that have limited resources. They cannot invest in TQM. They have to do, produce what they need to produce. Therefore, they cannot devote time, resources, employees, training for the purpose of TQM. Also, human are resistance to change. They don't want to implement the new system. Can be resisting to change. This is naturally in every human being in processes and procedure, which will make it difficult for TQM because they don't believe in it. They say, we're doing a good job. We've been doing it for the past 10 years. We are not going to change. Another risk of TQM is over emphasis on metrics, on measurement. If the focus on metrics becomes too intense, you're asking employees to measure and show always improvement. There's a risk that employees will prioritize meeting target. They want to achieve the number over quality, it's basically substance over content. What we want is substance, not content. So what we do, they will basically emphasize just the numbers and they forget about the quality itself. Also, TQM could lead to lack of flexibility, which is when the organization, they become too rigid in their adherence to TQM, they may find it a little bit difficult to adapt to change in market condition or customer view. Maybe we don't need to improve it or don't. We need to create something new and our focus is continuous improvement of the existing process. This also could be, again, a risk. What should you do now? Go to Farhat Lectures and look at additional resources, MCQs, questions. That's going to help you understand TQM, whether you are studying for your CPA exam, CMA exam, accounting courses, or some sort of a professional certification, Farhat Lectures can help you. Invest in yourself, invest in your career. Good luck and stay safe.


Bradford have hit some serious form following up the last weekend's 1-0 win at Racksome with a Tuesday night demolition of MK Don's here. Three straight league clean sheets too. Tough task for the bottom club then. Sutton in sharp contrast to their opponents without a victory in nine EF Allent. They begin the weekend. Seven points from safety. Just four maximums all season for United. Conceded the most in the division leaking 62 goals in their 32 matches to date. The bansom's on the charge kicking off in 13th but just four points off the top seven a playoff push. Definitely is on the cards.  A hero from Racksome to set up a great few days and he will feel by his high standards he should have scored the deadlock breaker there. If he disappoints it. The visitors with just the one-away triumph in 21 third-tier travelling assignments.  In comes the search in Crossford Cooke again. That's a great save from Dean Bazanis. Sparkling between the posts. Another glorious opportunity. Cooke would be the man they'd want it to fall to. It was a sumptuous delivery and when he connected he must have thought he'd scored but Bazanis had other ideas. Here come Sutton with an attack and some career guard work. It's put behind by Liam right-holt to take no chances there with Dior Maw loitering behind him so it's a set-piece opportunity for the visitors. Plate seven drawn four lost three is the league record of Morrison since taking the range as the ball comes over and the header flashes wide and that's a really good chance for the away team. Fantastic corner kick. Keeper wouldn't have got that but it remains goalless. Graham Alexander's outfit left it late at Wrexham seven days ago. Their midweek success much more comprehensive. They seem to be hitting their stride at the right time but Sutton aren't just going to roll over. An angle did well there and now it comes back for Lakin hoping to create something here. Lakin glanced the header on away by right-holt and Adore tried to complete the clearance but in doing so committed the foul. Rafferty Mark Edwards had a very good view of that and he gives the free kick to Sutton. Angle with the right or Lakin with the left. It's gonna be Lee Angle. He generated really good power on the ball there. Walker scrambling to his right. Not sure he would have got that. Really good hit. Londoners did edge the meeting between these two back in October. They've never done the league double over the Yorkshire side. They're competing well in this game. It's been such a tough season for them and now Harry Smith he's in here. Good save Walker. He's been fantastically consistent of late the Sam Walker. Harry Smith prostrated for Sutton. Perhaps sums up their season. It was a good ball over the top. He timed his run. He fancied his chances but Walker stood for Sutton having a good spell. Weighted pass for Amari Patrick behind for a corner kick. Charlie Lakin with the responsibility from the set-piece scenario. Lakin left-footed from the left wing and it falls now for good lift back towards Lakin from open play this time. Surely no! It's saved superbly by Walker. Smith with another opportunity. That is top-class shot-stopping from Sam Walker. We've said that a few times this season. So close to the opener for Sutton. Good foil Smith. Sutton have looked dangerous at times. Walker bowls it out intelligently and now Adore taking the pass from Halliday and now they're in. Kavanaugh! Excellent finish. One nil Bradford. A midweek hero. Now weekend delight for Callum Kavanaugh. Two in two for him. Could it be three wins in three for Bradford? Surging up the standings. Tough on Sutton who just spurned excellent chances but that's how it goes when you're propping up the table. More misery for them. More joy for the home side. Alexander will be great for the Bansom's. They're definitely having a good time of things just at the moment.  They'd love the buffer for the second goal. That is for Sutton and Cook. Can he force it? Oh no! Lozanis made himself large to keep it at one. Well, might have had a hat trick and he cooked on another afternoon. He's getting into the right places. Just hasn't quite fallen for him. Typically combative. That's a good battle with Ben Goodliff. Good work from Lozanis. Sutton still believe as the ball is spun by Sanderson the sub. Have they got something in the locker here to get a much needed point or three over the bar by Harry Smith rather like the Bradford number nine. He's got into some good areas without necessarily finding the finish. It would have taken some head of that. He was stretching and straining. Couldn't keep it down. It would take some act of escapology to get out of trouble for Sutton United. They knew this was going to be a really difficult assignment. Bradford. Free kick. They close in on another victory. It's one goal going to be enough in this game. The Yorkshire Club. One you never totally comfortable. O'Dore is in the middle here and he meets it. The nearly story for him enjoyed his afternoon in the Watt conditions. He would have enjoyed it even more if he could have guided that one into the net to secure all the points. There was a well-plighted ball into the penalty area for Bradford's number 12, spread by Joe Kizzi. Smith has kept running, kept leading the line with admirable appetite and here's the shot saved. It's Chris Bapper from Sanderson but Sam Walker closing in on yet another shutout. He's some keeper. Is there a better shotstopper in the division? Bradford looking for number two and maybe Tyreek Wright now. Oh that would have been some solo goal from the substitute. Tyreek Wright. Excellent pace but they've done enough. A boy of Bradford maintaining that momentum. A superb week for them with three wins on the spin. It wasn't easy. Sutton will feel hard done by. They had their opportunities couldn't take them to remain rooted to the foot of the lead two standings. They hopped and they perked. They couldn't find a goal. Bradford had other chances of their own and played some really good stuff at times. Bradford won. Sutton nil.


So thank you for coming to our talk about building a patch with on Kubernetes or the motion says pattern data. So first, there won't be any line of YAML in this presentation. So you can get out now if that's what you can for. And also we're going to talk about what we are putting in our Kubernetes, what workload we are running. So maybe not the best plan in KubeCon. So I'm Alex Triget. I work at Daily Motion as a Senor DevOps engineer. And I'm Cyril Corbon. I'm DevOps architect at Daily Motion. So at Daily Motion, we are the DevOps team. And we are building Kubernetes platform over different cloud providers and on-premise. We are also helping developers to set and productions all their workloads. That's what we use to deploy the CSCs and to enforce best practices for them. And we are also doing all the on-call stuff. At Daily Motion, we are companies that build video platform, if you don't know us. We have like 4 billion views per month. And we have two main projects. So the DailyMotion.com service. That is our main platform. And a network of partners with advertising platforms for other customers. And we serve all the metrics and all the partners that are through Druid. And we will talk about that in this presentation. So yes, I'll introduce to you what Apache Druid is. But first, does anyone here run any Druid? Quick show of hands, please? Really? I'm so happy. Great. So basically, what Druid is, it's a database. You use it for analytics capacities. It's all up. You want to use it for time series. And that's a lot of benefits, like time series. And it's a column database also. So plenty of exciting capacities. So anyway, here we have a presentation of the architecture. It's pretty complex. There are different ways to run it. Basically, let's take a top-down approach. You have your query nodes at the top here, which are with what we will interact. Basically, they handle all the routing, all the queries that are made to the historical nodes that will serve the data. The indexer of the mirror walls of the historical is in that they ingest the data into your clusters to be served by the historicals. Underneath, we have a layer of deep storage. We are running on, well, S3 protocol at our CSP. And on the side, you have a control plan, which is actually fairly complex, because here we can see Apache Zookeeper, metadata storage, actually. It's a database. We are running some MySQL. And you have some other Druid nodes that handle all the persistence of the data, all the balancing, so that all your historicals are in synchronization. Now, I'll explain to you how a query works with Druid. So basically, we have a scatter-gather approach. So when a request is made to the broker, it will scatter this query to all the historicals. That will each execute a partial query and then send back the data to the partial results to be aggregated, the gather part, at the broker. It has, it's felt nice because actually, if you have good patterns, you can have all the RAM intensive stuff in your historicals and just ends up doing reconciliation almost on your brokers, which is very efficient since all your historicals are built with a lot of RAM to be able to serve that very efficiently. Thank you. So why use Druid? Basically, I've listed you the pros, but really the big thing here is the ability to do OLAP on time series. It's rather unique. You can do that with other stuff, but not as well. And also you can do it with columnar data. So it's, well, it's a standard in terms of OLAP. So this way you can just add in other columns as much as you want and never have to think about your schema while what you're using as long as you aggregate the data. It's easy to scale because actually you can scale horizontally all your nodes. You can increase the number of nodes. You can just increase the storage if such as what you need. So very powerful on this. Yeah, also documentation is great which ties into a big cons here. It's that the configuration is pretty complex. Once you have your setup up and running, you will need to do quite a bit of tuning with your values. You need to adapt it to all your use cases to really make the best out of what you have. Otherwise, you can just throw more RAM at the problem. It will eventually work, but it's not exactly why we are here for. And yes, as I mentioned, the setup is pretty complex. We have a lot of moving parts and our Druid run like five different nodes, the different type of nodes. So that can be a bit of a hassle when you're doing a rollout. You need to make sure that everything is in the right order. So it's kind of thing. And finally, you need to need it because that's something that's pretty unique and that's only adapted for a bunch of use case, use case that are fairly spread. Mostly I'm thinking about statistics here. It's very powerful for that, especially since we are using a lot of approximate counts to save on group buys, this kind of queries, which makes it very fast. Yeah, now I'm gonna briefly present to you the Druid UI. I'm not sure we can see it quite right. We have some color problems, but basically this is a standard SQL query. You can interact with Druid by using native Druid query language, which looks like, which is a bunch of JSON, where you list all the operations you need and in which order. Or you can use SQL and we have a translation engine here. It works fairly well, especially with the latest version, but you always run the risk to have inefficient queries because we are on fairly specific data patterns. So specific queries run best here. And yeah, also I didn't mention you have two kinds of, well you have three kinds of fields in Druid. You have your timestamp, so that will be your primary aggregation means. Yeah, that is unique. And so you'll have dimensions, which are basically strings and can even be arrays. Not something we are using. I think it's dangerous to be honest. And I don't have any here, but you have floats for your aggregation, for all the stats. You want to be serving, that will be your metrics. Also I wanted to mention, so let's talk about ingestion. We usually ingest data hourly and daily. Basically the data is reconciled at the end of the day. It's standard business practice for advertising data. So some things are just done about everywhere. And we have usually data freshness of a bit less than two hours. Like once an event happens two hours afterwards, it is counted in our Druid cluster. We use Apache Airflow for that. So it's an orchestrator. I'm sure a bunch of you are familiar with it. It runs quite well. The only problem we have is when we want to run very heavy tasks. So when we are backfilling an entire table, it's called data source in Druid, but it's a table basically. It can take some days. It can be very cumbersome. It can kill the cluster basically. So what we are doing is we are popping adobe clusters. We use it as a SAS and it runs well. It's not my favorite part of it to be honest. I would advise against doing it. You can find other patterns, especially with latest version of Druid, but legacy is legacy. So now we are going to talk about how we set up our Druid on Kubernetes. Just to know, are you running stateful workloads on your Kubernetes clusters? Okay, we got some, okay. In prediction? Yes, okay. So that's nice. Just a brief recap. For some people that don't know operators, the goal of the operators is to have a declarative state and to have all the logic on the operator. You will reconcile the state and apply the resources. Each time you change the state, it will reconcile, apply the change and report the status. That's how it works, almost all the case. We have some use case at Dailymotion and we are running a lot of operators. These are the main use case we tackle. So we have data management, database management, application monitoring, application deployment, monitoring and logging, machine learnings and infrastructure management. We use with Druid some of the operators like set manager to provide certificates and uningresses. And we are using all those operators, such as logging operator, to manage our friendly and friendly dynamically. For Druid operator, it's a single, just to note, just a point, recently we forked the repo with the maintainers. It's now maintained on this GitHub repository, not on the Druid operator, the old one. For Apache reasons, they don't have any maintainers currently working on the project, but others people do. It's containing one and only one CRD for the moment, that is Druid clusters. And the CRD is deploying the clusters with several type of nodes that we have presented. And so the routers, middle measures, coordinators, historical brokers. Basically it's by default all stateful sets, but it's also, you can change the kind, depending on the type of nodes. So for example, in our use case, we have only these toy cores that are statefuls. And that, it was the operator. The goal of these operators is to do these features. So, a routing deploy, that's mean when you made the changement, a modification of the configuration on any Druid objects, on any parts of CRD, it will redeploy the cluster on the good way. That's mean in order we will talk a bit later about it, but with the historical first and using nodes, parts by parts. Then it provide auto scaling and HPA on all the components. Also volume expansion that's useful for historicals without any description. We can, we didn't use it, but we can manage our own PVC and delete PVCs of the stateful set if they are living. And the features that we really want to use is steering management. That's mean you can create several historical nodes and serve different type of data in these historical. That's really interesting. And the operator is doing it pretty well. Yeah, so basically what happened is we had a legacy cluster by Druid. It started as a POC. It ended up in production, but it was still kind of a POC. So, also mostly it was working. It was kind of reliable, I'd say, but main issue was that we didn't knew what we wanted to do with it. So basically we provided this to the data engineers and they had fun with it. So we ended up scaling a lot in terms of storage. We didn't think we would have that much stuff like this. And so after about two years, we ended up with an old version because we had never made the effort to update and a bunch of needs that had changed. So it was time to do a refactorization of re-architecture even. We got rid of TIDB. I really like TIDB. It's a good product. But the problem is we used it on our cluster. We run on a CSP as a database in cluster and it didn't really suit our need because it's good for performances, stuff like this. But what we needed was simplicity. Basically all you need is a MySQL to do all the progress, to do metadata data. So in the end we ended up cutting it, but we are pretty happy about the experience we earned on it. And we intend to reuse it on other projects. And also, yes, we had a lot of pain points. Mostly it's a rollout. Like it took 28 hours. We couldn't do any operations on our node pools. It was very complicated. So the main goal was to change this fact. We were using local SSD, which is good for the price. Very good performance for the price, but it wasn't satisfying enough. In the end we calculated that we saved a lot of money by switching to PVC, which are twice as expensive, but just the time, the engineering time saved was massive. So all we did that is that we used GitOps to FluxCity, which is something we use very widely. Basically we have moved about two thirds of our projects to FluxCity and all new projects are on it, obviously. We intend to be done by the end of the year, I'd say. So, yes, that was why we needed to change all of that. Also, the deployment was manual.  And so we needed to take back the ownership of our stacks. So that's why we did this mission. And basically the point was to build brand new grid clusters that was in face with our needs. And that enforced best practice and also that would cost less because we were using big machines with 128 gigabytes of RAM and, well, money to save. Yes, and we are going to talk about this. This is the current state of our grid clusters. So we have the standard node pool with all the main parts, so the coordinators, the routers, the brokers and the external null parts of the real operator. I would like to remind that ZooKeeper and MancacheD are not deployed with the operator. That Mshad that are deployed separately. Even the ingress controller is not managed by the operator. It just deployed to the operator, just deployed in ingress. So we have this on a separate node pool. We have a node pool dedicated to the exposition of the service with an ingress and ingress controller and the application that serves the API and all the statistics. And that queries the grid. And we have then the stateful nodes, so the historicals. So pretty huge in memory utilization and on storage. We have like, if I remember correctly, it was more than one terabyte of PVCs and we have 80 gigabytes of memory for each port. These workloads are very memory intensive and that's a point of grid and that's why we do that. We have a part of our grid historicals to reduce cost that are in spot instance and because the grid cluster when it kill an historical just does not return the queries that are running and it's retrying on all the nodes and we have a very pigmentation factor at two. So we can backport the query on all the nodes automatically and that save us a lot of money. That's almost everything for this part. Yes, so as I said, we wanted to save money. We wanted to improve preferences. So what we needed was benchmarking. What we did was obviously made a set test of requests. So you have the number of seconds to run the whole test here as smaller is better and obviously the yellow one. I guess it's yellow here is the old one. What we did was we created two sets for benchmark. Basically one test to test all the limit edge cases. Basically recovering all the data in the cluster trying to break it. It all does to test resiliency as well as performances in this context which is not really conducive of real usage and also using real requests taken from production. So we ended up with this test. We have more fine grained results but those are the summary.  One interesting stuff that we did was we mimicked what we had. So basically we had local SSDs and instead of replacing four local SSDs with one PVC, we replaced each time one local SSD with one PVC to ensure good performances. And we saw very important differences when using more PVCs and it cost exactly the same. So it was really almost a hack. Pretty happy about that. Also we tried remote caching. So we used to have caching or no do it but caching is very good for do it because as I mentioned earlier you have all those states for your queries. So you can have query results, partial query results or even data caching with segments on the historicals. So use the spare RAM to do that. So the more caching you have, the more efficiency you can have especially when you are serving traffic for statistics with often redundancy between your requests. Everybody wants to see the data from the last seven days, stuff like this on Monday. So yes and in the end remote caching was very interesting in terms of performances. It was very easy to set up with Memcached and NChart as Cyril mentioned. I really advise on adding caching when you can to trying to do it. I really, I think it's neat. And yeah, so now I'll talk about the migration process. So this was the biggest headache, I'd say with the configuration because what we needed was no downtime. So we need to do a double run of our clusters. The problem is we had to have the concurrency between operators, which were now the same version. So we had to chill a bit. And what we did, we started by killing the old operators. When that was done, we still had our CRG in place with none of the control of the operator but it was fine, especially with someone doing an operation on it. And afterwards we set up the new operator, all that with FluxCity. So everything was ready to roll out. It was really, really easier with this to perform this operation. Then comes the even trickiest part. So we scaled down some nodes, the ones that writes information to database so that we were able to do a database migration because we wanted at the same time to change what we used. So we scaled down the nodes that write to the DBs that interact with it. We killed all the ingestion tasks. So that was our only downtime. We had a bit of less freshness on our data, which is for use cases, perfectly fine. And then we set up all we had with the new cluster. Ended up with, yes, and so we migrated the database and in the end we just switched to the new cluster and we were about to kill the old one after two days. So the whole operation took about one hour to migrate about 13 terabytes of data, which is nice to be honest. And we didn't have any downtime and most time consuming was actually dumping the database and restoring it. I guess we could have made improvement on that but we were happy about the whole results of this. And now we'll talk about monitoring and exposition. Yep, so for our use case, we are using Datadug but there is a lot of plugins. So you can see all of them there. There are open metrics, Promethysense, that's the plugins available. And we have two ingresses. So that we deploy one for the console that we showed before. And one for the APIs that is protected with MTLS. And we use Set Manager to prove all the certificates on our case. That's how we did. Just a point, we also use Datadug.app to monitorize all the traces. And that's useful sometimes on Go API. We are going to talk how we get up, that's mean how we deploy it in our cluster. So as Alex said, we are using Flux CD in our case. That's working with two controllers, mainly the customized controllers and the M controllers. And with different kind of sources. So in our case, we have GitHub sources and ML repositories. And we deployed several customization to in our clusters. And we are doing some tiering too. That's mean we have a first customization that is deploying all the CRD stuff and all the operators. Another one that deploy all the business namesways. One with the memcajd and the keeper. And finally, the root clusters. That's all us to stop, to suspend the customization if we have to do a modification production and then to back port. If we have to back fix faster. And that authorizes us also to have dependencies between our deployments. That's really nice and it work perfectly well. On our common operations, we talk about automatic rollout that's a feature that's operator bring. That's mean when we made a modification, it will always roll out in this order. So that's mean if the historicals are impacted, so historicals will restore one by one or two by two, depending on your update strategy. And then it will take the overlords, the indexers, the real time parts, the coordinators and the brokers. Another part is the storage update. In Dread, we want to add that as sometimes and meta that as too. So we want to scale horizontally and vertically. The operator provides volume expansion dynamically and it's worked really well. And another point is recently we had to migrate from a CSI to another one and the operator helped us a lot in this case. That's mean when we are changing the configuration, only the CSI on the new SDS, state first, which change and it will load the data one by one. So we don't have with the replication factor any disruption. So yes, we're going to give you as a feedback. As I said, everything we did was perfect. It was very nice. Congratulations, we congratulated ourselves a lot. So well, no. So we had a few issues. One of the issue we encountered is performances. So basically we are using SQL as it's a part that is not maintained a lot. We have a lot of changes of teams. And so we don't have a lot of skills around using native queries right now. And the problem when you do that is that you don't have control over what is running on your clusters. And sometimes you end up with big inefficiencies like you are running a bunch of group buys, you're running aggregations of aggregations while it's not done for that and you don't need that. So that's one of the points. In the end, we were able to make it do what we wanted by playing a bit with the SQL by using the latest versions, which have a very good translation engine. To be honest, it's really getting there. So you can just use SQL. And if you have bad performances, rewrite your SQL to adapt it to the use case. And we also had a lot of tweaking to do about the configuration. As I mentioned, there is a lot of good documentation. So we will explain what is default, how you should do your calculation, but you need to get in there and pull your calculus, your Excel sheets, and do a bunch of operations on how many threads will I need, how many burphers, which sizes, what does it mean for my brokers, stuff like this, which is something really that you, you can do a pretty good job on your own, but in the end you will need to test it to make sure that everything makes sense and that it runs properly. And also about the migration, we ended up with a big surprise in that when we migrated our data, we changed the bucket we used underneath. And we didn't, we, we didn't, I didn't know actually that in the database for all your data, you have the location, the bucket it uses. It's not needed because it knows where, in which bucket to search for, but it's specified in there as well and we didn't change it. So we ended up with the staging not popping up, like that I wasn't there. It took us a bit of time to understand what was going on and we ended up running for two weeks on two different buckets at the same time, which was very messy.  And finally we had some very, very strange behavior, which by using preemptible spot instances, we had some very, very down to the machine problems that we weren't able to explain, but it was very hard to debug because we were using Java 8 and it's not done for Kubernetes. And so you are not able to monitor what it's doing with RAM. You can just give it a huge chunk of RAM and hope for the best basically, which is not the best because the more RAM you have on your Dread clusters, the better it operates. And especially with spare RAM, it can cache segments, stuff like this and it gets a lot of benefits out of this. So we had a lot of issues on this. Now we'll talk about all the improvements we see for our own clusters, but to be honest, it represents a bit of what is happening right now around Dread, I'd say. Yeah, currently we are planning to migrate to Dread 25 and to migrate to Java 17 because we had some issues with the Java 8 version currently. Just to precise, we got all the RAMs that is cached by JVM, but not usable by the Dread when we are running on spot instance. That's what happened. Then we have some nuts that are running on ARM and we are planning to decrease the cost to migrate all the Dread clusters on ARM, I think in the next quarter. We plan to add a proxy SQL in front of our SQL engine and to run Dread without the creeper. That's when we plan to use the DCD and the Kubernetes API to get all the endpoint and all the information that we need. It's currently unstable from this documentation that we plan to test it on staging soon and we hope to have this take all in the next months too. How long does it take? I don't think we have any time actually to talk about the long term. Anyway, maybe we can finish with a closing remark. It's that in the end, what we are doing is running stateful sets on Kubernetes and really taking advantage of it. I would understand very well that you wouldn't want to do that but basically it's not something that would run better on bare metal in my opinion. So in the end, maybe it's not that well suited for Kubernetes but what is it suited for in the end? We don't know and so we think, no, we think Kubernetes is the best really that can be done even though it's not maybe that easy and finally we'd like to address a special thanks to the DUDE and the DUDE operator community especially the maintainers whom we have worked a lot and thank you.


So this morning the band's communications and information technology committee met. Actually the house and senate committee had a joint committee hearing and they invited Arkansas Farm Bureau to come speak about the efforts we are doing in broadband. So I spoke about how involved Farm Bureau has been with organizing the county meetings. And as of today we have had 15 county meetings that our members have invited the broadband development group. And I expressed the support of our members that emphasize how helpful our members have been and how passionate they are about broadband in the state and making sure that every our Kansan has access to affordable high-speed reliable internet. Farm Bureau has become the leader on this as an advocate for our members and so the state government has recognized our role in this and because of our members need and desires for this Farm Bureau continues to push forward in helping the state solve this problem.


You want to know what true wealth is to be able to drop whatever it is you're doing Being able to go do something else or not liking where you are We don't get up and travel without a worry in the world. That's true wealth


We're going to move on to our next speaker. I would like to introduce David Victor, who will be speaking on the topic of global commitment. David is a professor of innovation and public policy at the School of Global Policy and Strategy at UC San Diego. Thank you very much, Sarah, and thank you, Tom, for that excellent scene setter and to Stanford for the invitation. I'm going to do something outrageous, and I'm just going to talk instead of have slides. Because I think when people address the question that's been put to me about the role of global commitment, we have a tendency to think of that role as one that instructs everybody on what to do and how do you set out all the obligations, and how do you enforce those obligations, and so on. And that aligns with our view of governance, which is governance is a centralized process. But at the international level, governance isn't really a centralized process. And if anything, it's become more decentralized in the last few decades. Gone are the days when the US was a reliable leader, not just on this topic, but on a lot of other topics. Gone are the days when there was one economy that was reliably dominant over all the others, and others could like it or not like it, but that was life, and you had to kind of follow and align. Gone are the days when most international institutions were almost automatically credible. Think trade institutions. Think international investment arrangements. Think the framework convention on climate change. So in a different world, it kind of much mess your world in a more decentralized world, in a world where the governing institutions are not as powerful. And I think that then informs the topic that we have in front of us today, which is about how should we think about the role of global commitment, or commitments generally, and then investment in these new technologies around carbon capture and storage, direct-deer capture in particular. So I wanna say three things in my remarks, and then look forward to the question and answers. And I first, why does global commitment matter, especially if almost all of us, to put it bluntly, have the wrong idea about the role of global commitment? The international institution and global treaties are not nearly as strong or directly relevant as people think they are. So I think the reason it matters is because commitments, not quite the right word, it's credibility is the right word. This is really powerful result that comes out of essentially all the energy models that look at a world of deep decarbonization, which is a world of deep decarbonization is a world of electrification and a world of capitalization. In effect, you're moving from OPEX, from buying fuels to a lot of CAPEX. And the models that show that the overall cost of that will be tolerable, maybe zero, are models that make a key assumption that almost nobody talks about, which is that the cost of capital is gonna remain very low. And that is true because of macroeconomic assumptions and it's true because of the credibility, the assumptions, frankly, of credibility around the quality of the policies that are in place, the commitments that are there. The assumption is that those commitments are robust. Tom talked about the IEA net zero report. I don't know how anyone at IEA has time to sleep because every week there's a new IEA report and it's not just a small report, it's a big report. This week's big report is this phenomenal investment report that looks in particular at the emerging economies, but actually makes a larger argument about costs of capital and about investment includes some scenarios where the IEA team varies the cost of capital and shows a big impact. I think they do big variations in the cost of capital, but my sense and the intuition of the models is that even 50, 100 basis points has this really huge impact on where do we deploy capital? What is the overall cost of deep decarbonization? And so that's my first point, which is we really need to pay attention to commitment in the sense of credibility. And my guess is that the credibility of global commitments per se is very low. And instead what we're gonna be observing over time is variations in the credibility of policy environments and places where the credibility is high is where we're gonna see reasonably efficient deployment of capital around deep decarbonization. And we're gonna see frankly, if you're worried about inequality right now, we could see inequality on steroids where we have a complete bifurcation of the world between the parts of the world that do deep decarbonization with low capital costs and the parts of the world that struggle to do deep decarbonization where the capital costs are relatively high. That tells me that in the domains that we're talking about here today, CCS, Director of Captions on all emblematic of capital intensive technologies, in those domains, investors are gonna shop the world for poor space and so on, but the world's a wash and pour space. What they're gonna shop the world for is credibility. And that's where we're gonna see these projects emerge. When I was at Stanford, way back in the Stone Age like 15, 20 years ago when I was there working with the program of energy and sustainable development, we did this big project on the future of natural gas and in particular on the transportation networks for natural gas, LNG pipelines and things like that. And we're working with a team of collaborators who have built a model that knew about where all the gas was or we thought we knew about where all the gas was and what it cost to build pipes, what it cost to build LNG facilities. And what the model would do is it'd go find inexpensive gas and start pouring capital there and building projects. And then when you look at the real world, which you see something very different, which is investors shopped the world for places that had a combination of a lot of gas underground and then enough political stability above ground that whatever you invested in and you sunk your capital in literally bolted to the ground wouldn't get destroyed by the above ground factors. And so when you look at the world in terms of the availability of natural gas, there's a huge amount of natural gas and then you should just find the cheapest gas. When you look at the world, when there's this marriage between the resource and the environment above ground, it's much scarcer. And so thus you saw the early projects in the Atlantic Basin and Trinidad and Tobago because for a while that was stable. Turns out that didn't pan out. You see interesting things like people are more excited about investing in the offshore in Nigeria than the onshore, even though it's more expensive to do offshore. Why? Because it's easier to protect your asset offshore. So all these things that are interesting that we know from the history of oil and gas operations and other capital intensive mining operations and so on that I think that same scenario is gonna play out in the area of deep decarbonization and climate change. It also helps explain a very important thing that's in Tom's presentation, which is this huge uptick on CCS projects in natural gas processing. I'm at Abdullah as the lead author on a terrific paper in ERL that came out in January where we did an elicitation about the costs of carbon capture and storage technologies. And one of the things we did as part of that is look at the death rate of projects that are proposed. The death rate for natural gas processing projects is very low because everyone knows how to do it. The policy environment is relatively stable. You just go do the project.  And then when you look at the death rate of the projects that really matter, which are the projects that are dealing with flue gas, industrial sources, power plants and on and on and on. The death rate there by our estimations about 95% because it's easy to propose a project and really hard to put the policy and the investment together along with the variations in the immaturity of the technology and hold the project together to the point of operation without blowing up at some point along the way. So that's the first point I wanted to make which is we as analysts should be paying much more attention to credibility. How do we measure it? How do we know it when it walks down the street and says, hi, I'm credibility and how do you believe different kinds of policy environments? Cause I think that concept is gonna be dramatically more important than the more abstract idea of global commitments and so on. Second of the three points I wanna make is about politics and the relationship between politics and technology. I think it's useful to think about the deep decarbonization phenomenon as a series of technological revolutions that have to unfold. I happen to think that most of those revolutions are gonna unfold relatively slowly and thus I'm pessimistic as people know, pessimistic about 1.5 degrees, two degrees and so on. People are just smoking and inhaling some amazing product when they develop those scenarios. So I'm glad people are doing it, great product. But when you think about this realistically it's very hard to see how the rates of normal technological search and uncertainty and risk, how that plays out at the same time scale needed to deal with the climate crisis. Now, had we started 20 or 30 years ago and gotten serious about this problem as opposed to basically develop the skill of going to meetings, had we done that, we'd be in a different situation today, but we didn't for various reasons and so we're in the situation that we're in today. The processes that test and deploy these new technologies are experimentalist in nature. They involve government and business together, collaborating because neither has enough control over its environment and control over the investment space to be able to do the search individually and in effect a portfolio of different kinds of technologies that work sector by sector. Frank Heels, who is historian of technology and a student of innovation, fundamentally. Simon Sharp is part of the British government, part of the team that's hosting COP26 and I had a paper that we released, not a paper book actually, we released a COP25 in Madrid way back before the pandemic or before we knew we were about to be in a pandemic that lays out this vision of the sector by sector approach of technological change. I think it's useful when we look at CCS and direct air capture to ask ourselves the questions around where are those niches gonna be. Tom mentioned a few in his remarks. I happen to think one of the most interesting and important projects being developed right now and the CCS space is the Northern Lights project. There's the stuff around Rotterdam. There's all these other hubs where you see a combination of government and business working together to try and really deploy technologies in these niches, drive down costs. And here's the part of it that I think is so interesting as somebody who's originally trained in political science which is as the technologies improve the politics also shift because the firms that succeed in this they gain market share, they gain resources, they gain the capacity to behave politically and greater resources and authority in that realm. People study trade will recognize the logic here immediately as new new trade theory which is the interaction between trading rules and the power of firms that are successful in an open trading environment because they gain market share, they gain power and then they can help anchor those rules and expand those rules. We're gonna have something equivalent to that. I think in carbon which is kind of new new carbon theory, if you like. And for those of us who study technological change and try and model it which is a lot of people in the meeting here today they need to engage more seriously with the interaction between the technologies and the politics because it makes you frankly this is why I'm more optimistic as time goes on is political barriers that exist in time step one start to melt away as the interest groups get more powerful in time step two, three, four and on. That's the lesson from the history of solar in the early days of the solar revolution. We have Greg Nemet with us here today is a leading scholar in this area. The early days of the solar revolution you had some governments, notably Germany investing massively in it and the solar revolution spoke German and then it started speaking Mandarin as solar went global and at each step the interest groups that favored more investment in solar got more powerful and thus the solar revolution was a technological and a political phenomenon together. So that's the second of the three points that I wanted to make about this. I wanna just poke IEA a little bit. IEA is so polite about this real state of technological change and I think this comment that half the technologies are not ready and half are more mature and we know what they are is brilliant because it allows everybody to see the glass either as half full or half empty. Things that the IEA says are maturing are also themselves still in the early stages. And so we really have to take seriously the need for profound technological change and the fact that we aren't that far along and what we're trying to do here is not just drive down learning curves but we're actually trying to manage the politics and make the politics more favorable for deeper action. Third and last thing I wanna talk about more briefly is about net zero. 70% of global emissions now come from countries that have net zero pledges by mid-century. Most 2050, China's 2060. I think that this is great in the sense that it reflects political ambition and pressure. You got a lot of firms making similar pledges as these firms are run by folks who are concerned about existential impacts if they don't take the climate change problem seriously. They lose license to operate. This helps explain the variation why the European oil and gas companies are doing a lot more than companies and headquartered in other countries because they're faced those kinds and have long faced those kinds of existential threats. Nobody really knows what to do but they know they gotta look like they're doing something and then you go work on the problem and you learn along the way what it's gonna be. Are you gonna turn yourself into an electric company, a green electric company? Are you gonna turn yourself into a CCS hedge amount? Are you gonna turn yourself into an offshore expert and expert in due offshore wind and platforms and things like that? Nobody knows but now we're seeing some experimentation and experimentation has to be with capital on the ground. You can't just put out a press release and say we're gonna do a $100 billion project with the Gulf of Mexico. You gotta actually go work on a project like Northern Lights and a variety of others. So I think that's exciting and net zero I see as symptomatic of the pressures on these companies and on these governments. I do think it's very important that we in the analyst community not confuse symptom with cause and symptom with reality because there's a dark side in net zero which is that zero is a small number. And if you continue to have emissions and that means you have to do offsets and there's a very, very powerful incentive right now to do offsets of the type nature based solutions or I have a particular IR for them offsets of the type that are not real. And I know there's a whole workshop in the last in this series but when you look at the markets right now the markets suggest pretty strongly that the counterfactual problems have not been easy to solve that there are strong incentives for perverse investment and that the vast majority of the offsets in the compliance markets at least are I think the technical term for them is garbage. They just don't represent real reductions in emissions. And then you've got higher quality offsets to the extreme investing in direct air capture machines and so on. I think Tom called it the cherry on the top. It's an expensive cherry. It's a gold plate and not just gold it's a solid gold cherries. These are very expensive options right now whose costs will come down to a point. Second law of thermodynamics dealing with a 419 per million gas initially is gonna be rough on us but the costs will come down but we have this disconnect and the disconnect we need to be much more serious about because if we allow the markets to basically continue to invest or over invest I should say in the low quality carbon offsets that are dominating right now we have Gresham's law applied to decarbonization and we won't get real changes real investment in new technology real credibility to my first point. I think that's a central challenge. Ryan Hanna and I have a piece of nature energy last week which takes the pulse of where we are with the energy transition and includes some discussion of this kind of dark underbelly of net zero that we probably as analysts need to spend a little more time talking about and let me just close by saying that these are all questions, these political questions questions about commitment to credibility of commitment and so on are I think fundamental to the investment environment these days but they're also amenable to systematic treatment in models and a team of us, John Wyant among them we're on a paper that came out I think today in nature that lays out some ways of bringing more of these institutions more humans into the integrated assessment models a lot of people involved in this activity at Stanford are working on similar problems I think it's the frontier for the modeling it's obviously a frontier that must be crossed in teams where you've got people who are social scientists who think about the credibility of institutions and where and how does capital get deployed along with people who are technologists along with people who are macro economists teamwork is hard but it's rewarding and I don't see how we're gonna get serious about answering the core question here on this panel which are about barriers, questions about barriers and in particular the questions around global commitment as an essential part of investment and deep decarbonization without doing that kind of analytical teamwork so with that I'm gonna stop and look forward to the discussion. Next one, as you look at the evolution sector by sector to decarbonize how do you then look at the system level question of optimizing the use of capital? Well, the system-wide question has market answers which is cost of capital but I think actually the system-wide stuff gets in the way because if you're gonna create a bunch of revolutions you need each corner of your revolution first of all revolutions are not planned by global committees they're implemented by revolutionaries and they are often brutal processes especially for the incumbents so a lot of people kind of rubbing their necks wondering, you know, am I gonna be next and so on, you see that in the auto industry today and it's really, really interesting to watch and my guess is that most of the firms most of the incumbents will be dead but some of them will survive and make the transition. I think that we've got to focus more on where and how does capital get deployed and held inside an individual sector and the more we think that there's economy-wide solutions to these problems where all you need to do is, you know set a carbon price for example and then voila, the markets figure out the right place to do that. That works for mature technologies that's the experience for example I think with the EU ETS that's experienced in Britain right now those experience in the US Sulfur Trading Program really good at getting firms to optimize their choice of mature technologies but when it comes to creating the revolutionary context you've got to do the opposite of economy-wide you got to zero in on a particular sector hold it together not make the resources fungible outside the sector that I think is one of the lessons from the way the Norwegian government in particular has put together the Northern Lights project. Question with reference to the politics, technology and other agents all coming together do you believe that there will be a tipping point in the US and maybe other countries where high momentum is reached and multiple renewable technology low carbon technology takes off and we transition to a low carbon society in essence and if so, when do you think that's going to happen and if not, what's the alternative vision? Well, I have an app on my phone that's counting down to that exact date the problem is I can't find the app on the phone because there's so many apps and plus the phone update of the software so I don't know. My guess is that there's going to be places there will be lots of tipping points. Here's where the ecological concepts and the political concepts where they don't quite speak to each other because when you imagine there's a tipping point you think that everything's going to change the next day and then when you look at real markets where the facts on the ground are changing Indian power market, a great example where in most settings now solar just crushes everything else but you still have some coal being built and you have questions about what's going to be the firm power supply that's going to integrate the renewables and so on and so you don't have a tipping point in terms of the overall system behavior but you have kind of a hysteresis where the history of the system then creates conditions where the system's properties change over time so I think that's probably the right way to model it and to think about it and it's going to be done individually in individual segments and sectors. I want to push back a little bit on the renewables part of it. My guess is that on the power side on the power side that the dominant investment for zero carbon is going to be renewables but a bunch of people have been working on what do you do with the last year, 20 or 30% or whatever the fraction is and how do you integrate renewables reliably what's the clean firm power source and I think that the jury's out as to what that's going to be. I think that's an area where natural gas is dominant in my mind, last thing I'll say about this we'll go back to the question. The single most important and the most uncertain and profound question about the future of the energy system is the question about the future of gas because of the value of gaseous fuels, ease of storage, Rob Jackson's with us today, others, I mean, this is what you guys work on but it's just central and the more renewables you put on the grid the more actually that question becomes in stark relief. So over investment and offsets is a very interesting point. Is there a good estimation of reality versus this potential, is it a smoke screen and what percentage of the investments are in real nature-based solutions? Don't know the answer to that question because they're very powerful incentives for everyone to lie and there's almost nobody really paying attention to the truth. I mean, I'm kind of beginning to sound evangelical about this, but maybe I am. And frankly, I've learned the person who's taught me the most about this is Danny Cullenward. It's really impressive, really impressive what he and his colleagues have done most recently in the work they've done on the California offsets market. And it's through that work and related work that I've just, I think we're not ready to be awarding in effect money, direct money, which is what an offset is once it's monetized in a system where nobody really knows how to run the accounting system. And then every time people come back to oh, we got some fancy in the satellite and we got this drone is gonna go over and like hug every tree and figure out what's going on, but nobody really fundamentally deals with the core problem which is the counterfactual against which the offset gets computed. So I think offsets should be done as a sandbox kind of idea right now where you've got companies who want to do something that's quality, they should be running in effect an auction around a variety of diverse portfolio projects and seeing what scales, that's what Stripe is doing to some degree, a handful of others. I'm trying to make some progress, but we're not making progress in the compliance market, we're making progress in the non-compliance of the voluntary market. What are your thoughts on carbon price? And in particular, whether this code or should vary as a function of the degree of certainty of permanence? Well, I've always thought, so there are two issues here. One is that concept applied to offsets. I've always thought going back to when I look closely at the Kyoto Protocol and I wrote a book about it called Collapse of the Kyoto Protocol which kind of reveals a message, it's not uplifting, that the liability rules were all screwed up, that the pressure to create volume in the offsets market in that time it was called CDM. But the acronyms change, every few years you have to just update all the acronyms, do a global search and replace the underlying problems don't really change. And I'm sure there'll be people irritated at me for saying that but I just, having looked at this for a long time and really, really impressive. I've always thought that the pressure for volumes created an incentive for streamlining rules, common procedures, seller liability, so once you get rid of your permit then it's monetized and it's fungible. And that mindset, I understand the logic behind the mindset which is you're trying to create a market with as much liquidity as possible and get that completely. The problem is you don't know what the quality is and so you should be doing the opposite. You should be having buyer liability such that these things are constantly being repriced as we learn as opposed to being commoditized. And I think you were seeing a refresh on that there's been a handful of reports in the last six months arguing for standardization of rules and so on. I don't know how you standardize rules in a market where you don't really know how to do the fundamental oversight questions. It's very different from a lot of what central bankers do where central bankers, tools are not perfect but they have some concept of the money and how to assign value to the money that they're managing and that is not the case here. So then is there any way to tailor policy for mature versus immature or short-term versus long-term technologies? Yeah, we should be assigning areas where we're extremely confident of the robustness of the adjustment should have a higher value than others. And I don't know off the top of my head what that would do but for example, that would overweight DAC projects because no sane person's gonna go off and do a DAC project with robust sequestration and deep sale on aquifers without, you know, on their own. There's gonna be no selection problem there whereas a lot of people with clever accounting procedures are gonna go off and pretend to do something in a forest and then gain a big credit for it. And so long as all those credits have the same value, the DAC will be underweighted and the garbage force projects will be overweighted. If net zero by 2050 is not a good target, then what is? If I were running a company that was highly exposed in this area and people are super gluing themselves to the front door and that's inconvenient for my business, I'd do the same thing as these companies. I'd say, hey, we're gonna do net zero by 2050 and we set up a committee and we're gonna go off and invest and we're gonna redeploy some capital and work on a problem. So that's great. So I would do the same thing. I think what we need to do in the analyst community though is focus less on the net zero and the degree of obsession about net zero right now is worrisome. There's been some treatment and we should downplay that and focus much more on where and how are we really bending the curves? What do the revolutions look like? How quickly do they scale? That's why Ryan Hanne and I wrote this piece that was in Nature Energy last week which just takes stock because we look at the global picture, it's not great. You look at the revolutionary picture and the individual issues, it's much more encouraging. So we should be focusing much more on that and less on whether the overall numbers add up. They won't add up. The probability that the world's gonna do net zero or even most of these places that say they're gonna do net zero, the probability is not zero because there's a small number, but it's low. Who do you think ends up funding CCUS and DAC projects to achieve scale? My guess is the backstop funder is government and the government is gonna fund it either on budget, tax credits or direct cash payments and things like that. That's the bulk of the Northern Lights project, for example, or they're gonna fund it as an unfunded liability where they're gonna have a mandate and the mandate's credible and thus private capital is gonna flow in. And so think of that as something similar to the renewable portfolio standards but with a zero carbon standard and then firms will see that standard, they'll believe it and they'll then invest in it because they know they're gonna have to meet the standard. My hunch is it's gonna be done either mode. It's gonna be over-weighted by more credible firms. I think regulated utilities are gonna end up playing a very big role in this space. And people often think of regulated firms as kind of lumbering and not innovative and so on and that criticism sometimes applies. I think it's been overstated. The average Johnson effects have not seen as many as you might think but that's what the regulated utility brings to the table is low borrowing costs, highly credible policy environment and stability around their infrastructure.  Okay, thank you so much, David. This was really wonderful, really wonderful to hear all of your comments. I'd like to thank you for participating today.


Hello, everybody. I'm Cody, Program Manager for Visual Studio for Mac here at Microsoft. Today, I'm going to show you how to get the most out of Visual Studio for Mac by navigating and searching your projects. To do this, I'm going to use a Xamarin.ios app. This app is a chat app which uses the Microsoft Bot framework in Xamarin.ios. To get started, let's look at the project we have here. The first thing I want to show you is how to navigate through the project using your keyboard. One of my favorite features is the ability to move lines of code with option and arrows up and down. If I want to reorganize this, I can do it quickly without having a copy and paste. Let's move this declaration to the top, as well as this. And finally, this one. And why not this one up as well? There we go. Organize code without the use of a mouse. There's other things we can do too. Let's search the project and see if we can find what we're looking for. I want to find the bubble chat section because I know that's a huge part of this project. So, I'm going to search for the word bubble. All right, let's search in solution. Here are all the different usages of the word bubble. Bubble factory. That sounds like a fun place. Let's go there. We'll click on it. You get navigated to exactly where you want to be. So, here we declare a new bubble factory. Okay, I see some comments here that maybe I should uncomment. I can either copy and paste and move this around or I can just right click on it. Toggle line comments. You might have noticed that there was a shortcut there too. That would be command slash. You can also select multiple lines. Command slash those as well. All right, let's see what else we can do with our keyboard. I'm going to search down here and go to the outgoing bubble image data. Here we see again where we declared our bubble factory and where we actually use it. This isn't too far away but still demonstrates the technology. Let's right click on bubble factory and say go to declaration. Here takes us up to where we declared it. On the opposite side we can click on bubble factory and say find references. Here you search for all the different references where we used our bubble factory. Click on it to send your focus there. Another thing that we can look at is this messages.add. Now, I don't know where this is. So, let's again click on it and say go to declaration. Awesome, it's the thing that I named up here. All right, messages, not super descriptive. Let's right click on it and say rename. This will rename all the references of messages. Let's name it my message. All right, so now right click on it, say find references and you can see all the different my messages populated. I didn't have to do anything. Just all I had to do is right click, hit rename and did it for me. It's pretty powerful. Another powerful search feature is the ability to find references to all overloads. Let's try that again here. So, right click on my messages, hit navigate and find references to all overloads. Here again, we see all the references here. As you can see, there are many different search options within navigate. You can also find drive symbols, base symbols and extension methods. You can find a lot using this simple tool. All right, so that does it for searching. Let's see what else we have. Let's say I get really angry one day and totally mess up the format of this document. Everybody would be terribly mad if they checked this out and tried to see what the heck I was thinking. So, let's see if we can fix this. Hop up to the edit menu, choose format and set format document. It also has a keyboard shortcut, so you don't have to go through the menu. Let's click format document. Look at that. My anger is gone, project is fixed and everybody's happy. I can now check this back in and my co-workers will be my friends again. One issue near multiple people working on the same project is formats of variables. Let's say that my team wants to use all lowercase, but I don't.  I can do that by seeing edit, format, lowercase. There we go. It goes down to lowercase. Same with this guy, edit, format, lowercase. I can also do the opposite and I can make these shout at you. Edit, format, uppercase, but that's terrible. Command Z, switch it back. In this video, I showed you how to get the most out of Visual Studio for Mac by navigating, searching, and editing your project. There's a bunch of technologies that didn't have time to show, so please download it and give it a try for yourself. Thank you and stay tuned for the next video in our series.