Hello, my name is Monty Johnson. In this video, I'm going to discuss Aristotle's politics Book one and this is the first of two parts in this part I will discuss the first seven chapters on different kinds of rule on the definition and parts of the state and on the defense of slavery and critique of despotic rule And I'm using the Oxford translation of Benjamin Jowett, which is available in the public domain First an outline of the entire book the first two chapters are devoted to the definition of the state and Offer an account of its origin and growth through a combination of its elements People and it also draws a distinction between two kinds of rule In the third chapter Aristotle introduces the idea of household management or economics as being a presupposition of politics and political science in Chapters four to seven he offers a critique of despotic rule that is the rule of masters over slaves in chapters eight to eleven he Describes how household management is distinguished from the art of acquisition and he offers a critique of wealth-getting Which he calls an unnatural form of the art of acquisition and in the final two chapters 12 and 13 He differentiates and compares despotic paternalistic and political forms of rule Now in the first chapter Aristotle introduces a number of Relationships between rulers and ruled and explains that they differ in kind not merely in quantity So he discusses a flawed concept of the difference between these different kinds of rulers a Flawed concept that holds that it's just a matter of the quantity of those ruled So a master rules over one or a few slaves a household Manager rules over a few more people one or a few slaves plus his wife and some children a King rules over many more many such households consisting of slaves wives and children and so forth and finally a statesman rules over Many more and is ruled in turn. He says The view that these kinds of rule are all part of a single master Science differentiated only by the quantity of those ruled is advanced in Plato's statesman Aristotle doesn't explicitly refer to this Dialogue but he says that all of this is a mistake Because governments differ in kind which he says will be evident to anyone who considers the matter according to the method Which is hitherto guided us although he doesn't make it clear exactly which method he has in mind It is probably explained in his subsequent definition of the state and explanation of how these come into being now he just defines the state as a community of some kind and He points out that every community is established with a view to some good for Humans or mankind always act in order to obtain that which they think is good but if all communities aim at some good the state or political community which is the highest of all and Which embraces all the rest aims at good in a greater degree than any other and at the highest good So therefore political science which corresponds to this state which aims at All the other goods and to a greater degree than any other has a claim for being the highest kind of science Now he says as in other departments of science so in politics the compound should always be resolved into the simple Elements or least parts of the whole and this is the method that he seems to have referred to in That I mentioned on the previous slide He says we must therefore look at the elements of which the state is composed in order that we may see In what the different kinds of rule differ from one another and whether any scientific result can be attained about each one of them So this really shows the overall object I think of this entire book which is to distinguish the different kinds of rule show that they are different in kind and not merely in quantity and Determined to what extent a science corresponds to each one So for example if the rule of a master over a Slave is different from the rule over wives and children and the rule over wives and children is again different from the rules over Equal citizens then the question arises whether there is a science corresponding to each of those kinds of rules a science of mastery a science of domestic or economic Government and a science of the state or the political community Now in chapter 2 Aristotle describes the origin and growth of the state from families and Villages and he even explains how families come together First advancing a principle of union which he takes to be a very general principle So he says in the first place there must be a union of those who cannot exist without each other Namely of male and female that the race may continue and this is a union Which is formed not of deliberate purpose, but because in common with other animals and with plants Mankind have a natural desire to leave behind them an image of themselves and Again the principle applies to Natural ruler and subject that both may be preserved for that which can foresee By the exercise of mind is by nature intended to be lord and master and that which can with its body give Effect to such foresight is a subject and by nature a slave hence master and slave have the same interest so Because of this principle of union males and females necessarily come together out of a kind of biological necessity to Reproduce but also natural rulers and subjects that his masters and slaves Aristotle asserts naturally come together Now though he assumes that the same principle accounts for the union of both male and female and Natural ruler and subject or master and slaves He is quick to point out that females and slaves differ by nature only barbarians treat their wives as slaves And the implication is that there is a different kind of rule Proper to slaves and proper to women or other spheres of the household such as children The former kind of rule we can call despotic meaning rule of the master and the latter Domestic or paternalistic the rule of the husband over the wife or of the father over the children So the origin of the family is that individuals unite together for the sake of basic needs So quote the family is the association established by nature for the supply of men's every day once But the origin of the village is that various Families unite for the sake of goods beyond their daily needs beyond what is necessary just to survive quote When several families are united and the association aims at something more than the supply of daily needs The first society to be formed is the village and of quote Then the state is formed when villages unite for the sake of self-sufficiency and in fact the good life Quote when several villages are united in a single complete community large enough to be nearly or quite self-sufficing The state comes into existence originating in the bare needs of life and Continuing in existence for the sake of a good life So the family comes to be for the sake of life itself the origin of the Village the village comes to be for the sake of going beyond those Everyday basic needs and the state for the sake of a kind of self-sufficiency and good life So Aristotle holds and this differentiates him from some but not all modern political theorists But he holds that the state is Natural it is not an artificial thing constructed only by humans It's a natural thing that arises in nature and there are analogies in nature Among gregarious animals and other kinds of animals like bees and ants and so forth two things that look like Economic and political communities, but humans he says are the only true political animals So quote if the earlier forms of society and he's referring again to families and villages are natural Then so is the state for it is the end of them and the nature of a thing is its end For what each thing is when fully developed we call its nature whether we're speaking of a man a horse or a family so in essence Aristotle sees the state as the final and complete development of The forms of association that we see in families and villages those are just in a way Proto states when we when it finally comes to maturity In a state then we have a complete and self-sufficient Good and the possibility of a good life and not mere life and survival and so Aristotle again conceives of this entire process is natural and says quote hence it is evident that the state is a creation of nature and that a human is by nature a Political animal and he who by nature and not by mere accident is without a state is Either a bad man or is above humanity He's like the tribalist lawless Heartless one whom Homer denounces the natural outcast is then a lover of war And he may be compared to an isolated peace or pawn in a board game So here we see again the Serious view that the state is a creation of nature that it is a sort of natural development or evolution and that humans are merely Activating their nature when they contribute to a political society and Though there are other analogous things to Political communities among the animals humans are clear in a way the most political of animals and in fact Really the only truly political animals because they can use a speech and reason and Therefore have a sense of good and bad just and unjust and convey that to other people and reach agreements and disagreements with them Quote now that man is more of a political animal than bees or any other gregarious Animals is evident nature as we often say makes nothing in vain and man is the only animal whom she has endowed with the gift of speech And whereas mere voice is but an indication of pleasure or pain And is therefore found in other animals for their nature Attains to the perception of pleasure and pain and the intimation of them to one another and no further The power of speech is intended to set forth the expedient and Inexpedient and therefore likewise the just and the unjust and it is characteristic of a human That or a man that he alone has any sense of good and evil of just and unjust And the like and the association of living beings who have this sense makes a family and a state now one implication of This natural development of the state of which humans are a part is that the state is prior to the individual and Also that individual humans can be the best or worse of all natural things So he offers a kind of part whole argument to the conclusion that the state is prior to the individual Quote the state is by nature clearly prior to the family and to the individual Since the whole is of necessity prior to the part for example if the whole body be destroyed There will be no foot or hand except in an equivalent Equivocal sense as we might speak of a stone hand for when destroyed the hand will be no better than that But things are defined by their working and power And we ought not to say that they are the same when they no longer have their proper quality But only that they have the same name the proof that the state is a creation of nature and Prior to the individual is that the individual when isolated is not self-sufficing and therefore He is like a part in relation to the whole But he who is unable to live in society or has no need because he is sufficient for himself Must be either a beast or a god He is no part of a state a social instinct is implanted in all humans by nature So humans cannot exist in isolation from a community. They cannot exist as humans They cannot pursue the good life, but they must live like beasts or if they are entirely self-sufficient Then they must live like gods, but humans occupy a kind of middle condition between these two Where they must engage in politics They cannot be sufficient to themselves, but only in the context of a political community and so a political community is a great benefit to human beings and Quote yet he who founded the state was the greatest of benefactors For a human when perfected is the best of the animals, but when it separated from law and justice is the worst of all So Aristotle argues that in the context of a political community when working together towards the common end The common good that humans can achieve the best things in all Nature, but when they're separated from this and separated from law and justice, they can be the worst things in nature again continuing with the quote since armed justice is the more dangerous and Humans are equipped at birth with arms meant to be used by intelligence and virtue But which he may use for the worst of ends Wherefore if he have not virtue He is the most unholy and the most savage of animals and the most full of lust and gluttony But justice is the bond of men in states for the administration of justice Which is the determination of what is just is the principle of order in political society so the principle of order in political society is justice and When humans live in accordance with this justice in a political society They reach the highest fulfillment that any natural thing is capable of When they perverted or deform it or attempt to live apart from it They live in some kind of subhuman or bestial condition and in fact can be the most as he says unholy and Savage of all the animals who cannot of course rival humans in their Vice and ability to do evil because we possess such more effective arms a point far more true In the age of nuclear weapons than it was in the time Aristotle was writing, but the same point obtains Now in the third chapter Aristotle introduces the idea of household management as a necessary part of the state and here he really describes the various parts of the household so since the state is made up of these family Households we have to consider what makes up a family household itself And by the way the Greek term for a family household is Oikia And this is the root of English words like economics and ecology Economics being the laws of household management ecology being something like the scientific account of the environment or the dwelling in which we live Now the fewest parts of a family household are Master and slave husband and wife father and children Aristotle says He says you also need an art of acquisition. That's part of household life but most of household life consists of a set of Ruling and ruled relationships the master slave relationship, which we call despotic The husband wife relationship, which we call domestic father child relationship paternalistic and The acquisition and management of resources used by the household. We call economic And Aristotle treats each of those subjects in the subsequent chapters of this book So he discusses despotic rule in chapters 4 to 7 domestic rule and paternalistic rule in chapter 12 and Economic rule including acquisition and management of household resources in chapters 8 to 11 So again this point about differentiation of kind of rule Structures the entire book Now why does he discuss it in this order? Why does he immediately go on to discuss master and slave and not husband and wife or father and child which you might think By nature are prior Aristotle says let us speak first of master and slave Looking to the needs of practical life and also seeking to attain some better theory of their relation than exists at present For summer of the opinion that the rule of a master is a science and that the management of a household and the Mastership of slaves and the political and royal rule as I was saying at the outset are all the same So again, the reason he wants to return this point is because he wants to show that these are These various kinds of rule are not the same And they are not different just on the basis of the quantity of who is ruled but they differ in kind and that difference in kind can be between for example political or even domestic and paternalistic rule and despotic rule Can be shown most clearly by contrast to despotic cool So in chapter 4 and the next three chapters Aristotle discusses Despotical the rule of master over a slave. He says is a necessary part of household management so He's just mentioned some people who think that it's an important science and some people who even think that the science of politics is Essentially the same thing just a matter of a difference of quantity He points to other people who quote affirm that the rule of master over slaves is Contrary to nature and that the distinction between slave and freemen exists by law or by convention only and not by nature and Being an interference with nature is therefore unjust that he says at the very end of chapter 3 So in chapter 4 he discusses their view Now who are these critics of slavery Aristotle doesn't name them and we're not sure They may have been radical Democrats who actually argued for extending the right to of political rights To former slaves or at least those who are worthy among former slaves It could have been Sophists who argued for all kinds of controversial subjects like giving Incomiums to Alan of Troy or arguing that nothing exists and so forth It could have been early cynical philosophers who Claimed that there's no distinction between the mass of humanity and slaves or non philosophers and slaves Sophists and early cynics made a big Distinction between What exists by nature and what exists merely by law or convention this appears to be an argument of the of that kind and So those are pretty good guesses, but the fact of the matter is we don't know who these are the views of Opponents of slavery have not been preserved. It's not hard to see why Because the people who could afford to copy books were probably mostly slave owners and people who didn't want those other arguments copied out and So It was a lot more likely that the arguments in favor of slavery would be copied out by the people paying for these kind of books perhaps Now Aristotle offers to prima facia arguments in favor of rule of masters over Slaves and over the next couple of slides will look in detail at each of those arguments the first is that slaves are Necessary tools that is their tools that are necessary for the natural functioning of the family household Again, the family household is a natural part of the village in a village the natural a natural part of the state And so slaves are necessary tools for the natural functioning of the entire state Further the second argument is that slaves are actually parts of their masters and are Imperfect or incomplete somehow without them Okay, so the first of those two arguments which you can call the hypothetical necessity argument that if We're going to live the good life or if the household is going to be managed correctly and in accordance with nature Then slaves will be necessary They aren't sort of absolutely Necessary, but they are necessary on the hypothesis that some natural end is going to be achieved And so here's a kind of reconstruction of that argument first We assume that property like land buildings tools Is Hypothetically necessary part of the household without it a family household can't possibly exist or sustain itself And it would be impossible for anyone to live well without these things and living Well is again the natural end of both the household and the state Now second tools are Hypothetically necessary property without tools Property itself cannot possibly be used correctly or used well so you need tools for building buildings for maintaining buildings for Cultivating land for constructing and making use of other tools and even as we'll see using other tools So this third premise is that slaves are hypothetically necessary tools tools being of two kinds One kind animate the other inanimate The animate ones Aristotle argues are primary because they engage in activities that use the tools The other tools merely help produce the things that we need so he compares a rudder on a ship as a kind of inanimate tool to a Pilot who is a kind of animate tool you need both kinds in order for these to function and slaves are necessary For tools to be used property properly Now here Aristotle actually digresses to Make a quite extraordinary remark. He says quote if every instrument could accomplish its own work obeying or anticipating the will of others like the statues of Daedalus or the tripods of Hephaestus Which says the poet of their own accord entered the assembly of the gods if in like manner the shuttle would weave and The Plecton touched the liar without a hand to guide them chief workmen would not want servants nor masters slaves so he actually sort of imagines a situation where through you know some kind of perhaps technological innovation Tools could work themselves could be automated to sort of automatically do the work So you can have a kind of automatic robotic person to work your Robot to work your vacuum and then you wouldn't need Servants to do it or other people to do it as it is Tools can't work themselves and so they require Animate workers in order to function correctly and of course we need them to function correctly in order to maintain Our property and we need to maintain our property in order to maintain the household That is necessary for the state to exist and for us to flourish and have the good life Therefore we draw the conclusion that slaves are hypothetically necessary for the natural end of the state that is the good life to come about Now the second kind of argument might be independent is another kind of part whole argument and This results in a definition of a slave as a human that is possessed by another So quote a possession is spoken of as a part is spoken of for the part is not only a part of something else But holy belongs to it and this is also true of a possession So a thing that's possessed is like a part of its possessor and the master is only the master of the slave He doesn't belong to the slave whereas the slave is not only the slave of his master, but holy belongs to him And a possession may be defined as an instrument of action separable from the possessor but still according to the prior premise still Belonging to him hence. We see what is the nature and office of a slave And here's the definition Quote he who is by nature not his own but another's human being is by nature a slave And he may be said to be another's human being who being a human being is also a possession So the question then becomes who Among us among human beings is a possession and is another's human being and that of course Adverts to the question who is by nature a slave so the next task is going to be determined if If anyone is by nature a slave and if so who? So this leads Aristotle to discuss the appearance of despotic rule or power in nature itself So he again asks is there anyone intended by nature to be a slave and for whom such a condition is Expedient and right or rather is not all slavery a violation of nature So this is one of the clearest and earliest extant Raisings of that question whether or not slavery is not actually contrary to nature and thus unjust But Aristotle says that there's no difficulty in answering the question He says on grounds of both reason and fact For that some should rule and others be ruled is a thing not only necessary But expedient From the hour of their birth some are marked out for subjection Others for rule Now he makes this argument on the basis of a kind of inductive argument or argument from analogy where he describes seven or eight kinds of natural hierarchical Relationships between rulers and ruled that Seem to exist out there in nature in parallel to one another so he says in Even if we take inanimate substances, there is a kind of dominant element in them and This is like a ruler compared to the other elements that exist in those things which are ruled So the dominant if the dominant element in the thing is fire then it will tend to be hot even if it Contains a bit of earth or water, which would be cold these get ruled and dominated by the dominant element and he says in musical melodies even among notes, there's the kind of keynote and then the other notes and This he describes as a kind of ruler ruled Relationship one on a par with master slave Relationships among living things he says the soul is naturally a ruler and the body is naturally ruled so we think that my mind or my soul rules my body and that parts of my body like my hands or my legs are Like my servants or slaves and that I should not be enslaved to my hand or my feet but it my hand or my feet should be enslaved to me and in souls in general the intellect of the rational part rules the appetite or Irrational part by nature and in nature among animals humans naturally rule the irrational animals or beasts and This is parallel in the social sphere in marriages Males rule females or husbands rule wives in families parents rule children and Then Now we should be prepared for the example. We're wondering about in households. There's a natural relationship between master and slave and in Aristotle's view in each case it is better that Those who are ruled are ruled and that the ruler is Dominant so it is better in producing melodies that the keynote really rule the other notes And it's really better for living things if their souls or minds rule their body parts and not vice versa Or that their intellect rules their appetites and they aren't let around like a slave He elsewhere says by their appetites Certainly it would be absurd if beasts ruled over humans He thinks it's equally absurd, although perhaps it's not if females rule over males As The idea that children would rule over parents No, these would all be violations of an apparent natural order of things that includes the rule of masters over Slaves and it's better that masters rule over slaves than vice versa So this leads to a conclusion and a revised definition of the slave Where then there is such a difference as that between Soul and body or between men and animals as in the case of those whose businesses to use their body and who can do nothing Better the lower sort are by nature slaves and it is better for them as For all inferiors that they should be under the rule of a master for He who can be and therefore is another's and he who participates in a Rational principle enough to apprehend but not to have such a principle is a slave by nature now in chapter 6 Aristotle describes further critics and Defenders of conventional slavery which is Can be differentiated from this natural kind of slavery which he has just set out by analogy to other natural things He points out that unnamed People have taken the opposite view and he says Importantly that they in a certain way are right And that can easily be seen and that's because the word slavery and slave are used in different senses there are Those who are slaves and there is slavery that exists only by law or convention as well as by nature So there's a law that says Whoever is taken in war is supposed to belong to the victors But this right to take and possess and own other people as spoils of war Many jurists he says without naming them impeach as They would an order who brought forward an unconstitutional measure This is a quote They detest the notion that because one man has the power of doing violence in a superior and brute strength Another should be his slave and subject and of quote now the response to this is that power implies virtue and virtue implies justice and Superior power is naturally found where there is superior Excellence and superior excellence is naturally able to exercise the greatest power So that makes it seem as if those who are exercising power must actually be just by virtue of the fact that they have power But there's really two different concepts of justice at play here One being something like goodwill the other Power power or rule of those who happen to be stronger now Critics of slavery embrace the idea that justice is something like goodwill Whereas advocates of conventional slavery define justice as mere power or rule of the stronger so they say that slavery is just because Slaves are ruled by those who are stronger their masters And thus one can object to the position and say that doesn't make it just just because they The powerful rule or the mighty get their way doesn't mean that justice is served So Aristotle describes a criticism of conventional slavery if Even if those who are taken in war are justly enslaved What if the war itself is unjust well then the enslavement Would have to be unjust and so all those taken slaves in an unjust war would not justly be slaves or Suppose that one's grandparents were Greek nobles who were captured and sold at the end of an unjust war as a result one's Parents were born into slavery and so was one's self then both the descendants of Greek nobles and descendants of their slaves would be slaves by convention and So people would naturally be both slaves and not slaves which seems like a contradiction So this conventional idea of slavery that it's just seems wrong Quote where for Greeks do not like to call Greeks slaves but can find the term to barbarians yet in using this language They really mean the natural slave of whom we spoke at first for it must be admitted that some are slaves everywhere others nowhere So Aristotle here restricts his justification of slavery Only to those who are natural the so-called natural Slaves and all the others those who either were captured in War or were born to those who were captured in war Their descendants none of those people does he have any justification for their slavery? Again, he claims to have justification for certain natural slaves All we have seen so far is that there is an analogy between the idea of natural slaves and certain other kinds of natural ruled ruler and ruled Relationships and we haven't really seen the way to identify who is naturally an actually slave But Aristotle next argues that some slaves are not just conventionally, but naturally slaves Quote they think that as men and animals beget men and animals So from good men a good man springs, but this is what nature though. She may intend it cannot always accomplish So that seems to indicate that sometimes good people can produce defective children That is children with certain kinds of congenital Defects and that such people will then naturally be slaves it also seems to imply that good people could produce as A freak accident as a genetic mutation or something could actually produce good people who wouldn't be slaves That would have a certain mental quality for example such that they weren't naturally slaves now neither of those Practices were widely observed at the time that he was writing, but that's a theoretical possibility opened by his argument So next he says quote We see then that there is some Foundation for this difference of opinion and that all are not either slaves by nature or freemen by nature And also that there is in some cases a marked distinction between the two classes Rendering it expedient and right for the one to be slaves and the others to be masters the one Practicing obedience the others exercising the authority and lordship with nature intended them to have So nature marks out certain people as defective and who are in need of The leadership authority and lordship of somebody else who naturally has it And according to Aristotle quote the abuse of this authority is Injurious to both for the interests of part and whole of body and soul are the same and the slave is a part of the master a Living but separated part of his bodily frame But a lot like a connected body part So again if I think of my hand as being like my slave it better do whatever I want my mind Controls my hand and it is better For my hand and for me in general if my mind controls my hand and my hand doesn't spasmatically control the rest of my body or something like that, but I Should not abuse this authority injuring my hand injures me and so a master shouldn't injure The slave because that's like injuring himself injuring a part of himself Now the difference is that this part of himself is separate from his bodily frame But it is still metaphysically considered part of the master Hence he says and this is a quote where the relation of master and slave between them is natural They are friends and have a common interest but where it rests merely on law and for us the reverse is true so if we look at each of those Natural composite holes in which there's a ruler ruled relationship in every case the ruler rules in the interest of Himself but also in the interest of the ruled and it is better for the rule to be ruled It's better for my body parts to be ruled by my mind. It's better for my appetites to be ruled by my intellect It's better for Beasts and animals to be ruled by humans It's better in theory for females to be ruled by males and it is better for slaves to be ruled by masters better for them now We can make a comparison of the different Sciences that correspond to these different kinds of ruling so we've just shown that the kinds of rule differ by nature and There are also corresponding kinds of knowledge or sciences which which Correspond to each of these kinds of rule So there is actually a science of being a master But also a science of being a slave and both of these sciences are according to Aristotle teachable But he says Quote this so-called science is not anything great or wonderful for the master need only know how to order that which the slave Must know how to execute So yes being a master is a science being a slave is a science But they aren't that big of a deal So the so-called despotic science of ruling within a household is Natural and necessary but not a great or wonderful thing Hence Aristotle says those who are in a position which places them above toil have Stewards who attend to their households will they occupy themselves with philosophy or with politics So if I have enough slaves carrying out the necessities Within my household I free up time to do philosophy or politics and thus realize the good life and a true kind of Flourishing But we can distinguish when that within the household This does product relationship between master and slave We can actually differentiate it between the other kinds of rule within a household among Members who were also unequal as slaves are to masters, but the Relationship is between free people so husband and wife are both free even though the husband rules the wife and the parents Who rule the children both the children and the parents are free Now it's only in the context of a fully developed state where we have free and equal People ruling over free and equal people But they take turns ruling and being ruled that we get the true political kind of rule and a kind of constitutional kind of rule as opposed to these despotic and monarchical or paternal kinds of rule So let me conclude this first part of part one of Aristotle's politics by making some Observations about his treatment of slavery Because the theory has been widely Influential and anybody who's interested in arguments for or against slavery must read and grapple with Aristotle's arguments Other kinds of arguments have been invoked from other literary sources in the history of slavery Including most obviously the Bible But Aristotle has lent intellectual authority to certain claims about slavery But a lot of these extensions of his theory are actually quite problematic as I've argued here his primary interest is showing that Kinds of rule differ not only in quantity, but in kind so political power is different than economic or paternalistic power and paternalistic power is different than despotic power and Aristotle critiques despotic power in several ways and it's important that we acknowledge that he is that his text presents the most complete critique of Slavery that survives from the ancient world Even though he's one of the most influential people in justifying slavery his criticism of slavery is also one of the most influential So he considers the kind of knowledge that Corresponds to the master to be nothing great and to be much inferior to the kind of political power or rule that pertains to equals and Second he recognizes that the dominant form of slavery taking and selling captives in war is contrary to nature and in fact unjust Now if we focus on the existence of people who suffer from some kind of congenital mental defect such that they're incapable of using reason to direct their own lives for the better in their own interest Then there may actually be some who fit Aristotle's conception of a natural slave For example those who do the congenital defect are severely mentally impaired or Others who are so through senility or Those like prisoners who through their criminal actions show a kind of mental impairment in the form of vice We think it's justified to deprive these people of freedom and we appoint others Guardians wardens etc in order to make decisions on their behalf and we think that this is not only just but we think that it's justified and That it is in the interest of those who are ruled that somebody else make decisions on their behalf But such examples of mentally disabled people apply Only in those cases where the subject the so-called slave would Actually benefit by being deprived of freedom and it would actually be cruel and unusual to leave them to make their own decisions But this doesn't describe accurately at least the vast majority of those who were actually enslaved when Aristotle was writing and it would of course be invalid to extrapolate from the Natural or just enslavement of such mentally impaired people that slavery in general Or as it is actually practice is justified Now it's not clear whether or not or if so how Aristotle expects us to extrapolate from the theoretical existence of some form of natural slavery to the justice of slavery As it was then being practiced in fact He himself seems to argue offer arguments against making such an extrapolation with his critique and differentiation of conventional from natural slavery So where we end up at this part in the politics is a differentiation of despotic rule from political rule political rule being stipulated rule between equals does despotic rule the paradigmatic kind of rule between unequals and Aristotle has shown which form of that he considers to be natural It remains for the other chapters in this book and thus for the next lecture To discuss the other kinds of rule that are exhibited within the household the rule of husband over wife and of parents over children and then other kinds of economic power that are exerted because they are necessary components of household management and Households management is a necessary component of political science. So stay tuned for that. Thank you


So, in the previous class I had given you a bunch of problems to try out many of them I had already told you the solutions to I hope you have tried to complete at least this one particular problem that I had given which was to find rational solutions of this have you completed the solution of this because if you do you will find out there are some issues with it even after we have parameterized. If you work this through you will see that you get that radical and when we are asking for rational solutions right things inside the radicals must be perfect squares right. So, if you just substitute all possible rational values for that parameter which is the ratio of x to y yeah I am referring to the problem that we discussed the previous day right then not every value would work only those values corresponding to which the entry inside that radical inside that square root is a perfect square of a rational number only those would work right. So, please try this it is very important particularly because subsequently we shall be talking about what kind of solutions are we looking for in general are we looking for solutions that are real that are natural numbers that are complex numbers and so on and so forth, but all that in good time before that let us just do some usual routine stuff that you are familiar with as I said it is linear algebra. So, we will be solving linear equations right. So, of the form let us say 2x plus 5y is equal to 12 and 3x plus 2y is equal to let us say 7 something like this right you know how to solve this you have done this there are so many methods one of the methods is just you know what you learnt in middle school just multiply this by a certain term this by a certain term subtract one from the other get rid of one of these unknowns right. As it turns out in this course we shall give it a name a special name which we call taking linear combinations of equations right. So, that cancellation that you did what you essentially did was a linear combination there are of course, other methods you might have used the determinant particularly when you had more unknowns like a 3 by 3 system you might not have preferred the elimination of one variable at a time you might have used the determinant and then you know the inverse of a matrix you could have used for example, if a matrix is invertible you know that it is given by the adjugate of the matrix A divided by its determinant yeah and all these things. But you might have lost much of the intuition behind what is going on when you actually cancelled these equations which is what we call now linear combinations. So, let us investigate what initially worked for us right when we first encountered these objects in our middle school and let us try to see where that takes us right try to get an algorithmic kind of a structure if I may call it that towards solving these equations and then we can have some hope that we will be able to mimic it for a host of other problems. Because once we have a structure and algorithm that works we can apply it to other cases too right it should be scalable. So, that is the goal. So, what is it that we are essentially doing let us write it in the most generic form the equation looks something like this let us just deal with real numbers for the time being and we are looking for solutions that are also real. So, this let us say B is this let us say the unknowns that is this is this and of course, A has to then be of size m cross n. So, this is a standard way of representing m equations in n unknowns right.  So, if I give you the equation of say 3 x plus 4 y plus 7 z is equal to 8 what is this it is a plane right. So, if I ask you to solve for this equation what does it geometrically mean it means that I can sketch this yeah x y z whichever way you like some right handed system. So, I can just sketch this plane in some manner and basically every point on this plane is a solution equation. Now, if I add another plane's equation say 7 x plus 5 y plus 10 z is equal to 14 which is not necessarily parallel to this just think geometrically it means we are talking about a second plane which probably intersects this plane I do not know how, but in some manner. Now, when I am asking for the solution the set of solutions has been cut down you realize that right earlier every point on this first plane was a feasible solution to the linear equation, but remember that is also a system of linear equations you might call it just one equation it is still fitting in with this structure does not it right because you can just say that m is equal to 1 n is equal to 3 this is also of the form A x is equal to B. Now, we are adding one more equation where n becomes 2 n still remains 3, but what is happening is that now your solutions are confined to a line which is fewer points as you might expect right. Now, if I choose carefully a third equation and I am hoping I am choosing good enough equations that are not you know dependent or whatever we will come to that term dependent later then what we expect is that we will have a third plane and now we will talk about a single point hopefully right. So, we are cutting down the possibility of solutions it is as if with the imposition of every additional equation you are imposing more and more constraints initially you are free to choose solutions on this whole plane then I cut it down by one by adding one more constraint and now you could choose solutions only within a line and if I have imposed a hard constraint which is more restrictive then now I am asking you to choose only one point right. So, it is as if I first before someone enters this room you are free to loiter around this room right and then when probably the instructor comes in you are expected to take your seat somewhere yeah and if the instructor is like a very strict one and says no you cannot chitchat you cannot discuss with anybody then you are sort of like you have to look forward. So, your degrees of freedom are being curtailed with the imposition of every single constraint is a very fundamental principle. So, the number of constraints plus the number of degrees of freedom yeah this turns out to be a constant for those of you who have done a preliminary course on linear algebra you might recognize this as some form of the so called rank nullity theorem ok we will revisit it later the implications of this, but this is true alright we will see how this can be manifested through the rank nullity theorem, but at least at this level through this geometric construction of this whatever pathetic drawing this might look like I hope you appreciate that you are imposing more and more constraints and therefore, your degrees of freedom are being reduced right. So, that is what the addition of every equation does when you are keeping the number of unknowns fixed, but you are adding more and more constraints it might even so happen that your existence might be you know something undesirable in the sense that I give you some infeasible set of equations which have no solutions which means someone does not want you in his or her home you are an undesirable guest right. So, that means there is no solution no freedom for you at all forget about freedom you even your existence is not desirable right. So, that is what I hope you get an intuitive idea about what this means, but we will go about it in a more formal fashion and we will of course try to look beyond three dimensions for which we need abstraction we need some sort of an algorithm that works each and every time. So, what is it that we would want to do these equations with increase in the number of variables or unknowns become more and more challenging to eliminate one by one the number of variables and the number of operations and it seems like it is something based on observation you look at these numbers you look at 2 there you look at 5 there you look at 7 there and you think multiply this by 7 there has to be a systematic way right we want some structure so that someday a computer can do the same thing that you are doing through observation we do not want that vagueness in the picture. So, what is it that allows us to do so if this A matrix has a nice structure perhaps it will be easier for us to solve for this the simplest thing I can think of is when it is a square matrix and the A matrix is just identity the most desirable case the easiest case the trivial case right, but of course when you have m and n different you cannot have an identity. So, how do we go about this business of simplifying the structure of this A matrix while ensuring that we are looking for exactly the same solutions mind you. So, if you are tweaking this system of equations you should not be looking for a restricted subset of the solutions neither you should you be looking for spurious solutions that are not solutions of the original system.  So, what we are trying to do now the goal before us that we are going to set for ourselves is this we are going to say we are going to get some nice looking structure for A we are going to try to do that at least whilst ensuring that this new modified system of equations has exactly the same solution set as the original system of equations. So, what is a way of ensuring that you generate a new system of equations which has the same set of solutions well let us do a simple trial. So, let me write it down in a little more elaborate fashion now.  So, that is the way it is.   What do I mean by that? What I mean is quite simply this multiply this equation by some alpha 1 this equation by some alpha 2 so on until you have this equation some alpha m on both sides precisely. So, then what do we get? This is equation number 1 is equation number 2 is equation number m. So, what is equation number m plus 1?   So, the sum is over alpha 1 and over the first index right. Please ask if there is any question about this notation alpha i a i 1 x 1 plus summation alpha i a i 2 x 2 plus dot dot dot till I have the last term which is summation alpha i a i n x n is equal to summation alpha i b i where of course all these i's are being summed from 1 through m right. So, i running from 1 through m 1 through m. So, that is my most general construction of a linear combination where I can choose these alpha 1 through alpha m to be any real number that I please yeah so far so good nothing wrong with this. Now, what is so interesting or what is so special about this m plus first equation that I have cooked up. So, consider any solution of this original system of equations. So, let so let zeta of course in R n be a solution of A x is equal to B right. I am going to claim claim that zeta satisfies the m plus first equation is that obvious how do you check well the conventional method left hand side must be equal to right hand side. So, you just open it up left hand side and right hand side and you equate that. So, on the left hand side also all these terms they equate to the same as this is just substitution really. If there is any doubt please ask I can just do a bit of laborious writing down of those expansions, but maybe I will leave it to you as an exercise to check it is really not that hard right yes. What I am saying is that I had m equations originally I have cooked up the m plus first equation this is something that was not originally given to me this is something that I have cooked up through a linear combination of the first m equations the original m equations. Now, I am saying that if I know that this zeta satisfies the original system of equations then this zeta must also satisfy this new equation that I have now cooked up. In order to prove that all you have to do is to substitute that zeta in place of x. So, zeta has n tuples and every one of those n tuples gets substituted in place of x 1 through x n yeah and because it satisfies the original system of equations you will see that on the left hand side also you will have the same term as on the right hand side here right. So, I am meaning that proof I mean it is not really much of a proof really, but this is just the assertion, but you will immediately realize that not every solution of this is a solution of this because this has a lot of degrees of freedom right just the discussion we had about freedom and constraints. This has presumably m constraints at most whereas, this has at most one constraints. So, there are obviously situations where this admits a way more number of solutions than the original system of equations. So, just by solving this you cannot say oh ok I have found a solution to the original problem. So, you might need to cook up more of these linear combinations, but what is the systematic way what is the guarantee that you will be able to do this and still retain and zero in on the original system of equations and their solutions right. So, this is where we are going to make this claim now or rather we should first define something. So, this observation although I have not proved it please complete this proof even if it is trivial it is apparently trivial, but you should still complete this and convince yourself that it is true because every subsequent result that we prove will build on the previous the preceding results. So, now we are going to define something we are going to define equivalent systems ok. So, what are equivalent systems suppose you have system 1 given by A x is equal to B and system 2 as A bar x is equal to B bar ok right. You know the sizes let us just say A is A comma A bar ok let us let us not talk about the sizes yet let us just keep them different in general right now ok. Now, what is it that makes them equivalent the definition here ok. The definition is as follows if every equation in system 1 is a linear combination of those in system 2 and the other way round that is every system every equation in system 2 is also a linear combination of every system in equation every I mean every equation in system 2 is a linear combination of the equations in system 1. So, it works both ways then system 1 and system 2 are equivalent. So, it is all very well may be another definition for you to gobble up and stuff you know what is the use of all this ok. Why are we introducing this definition because the next result that comes up is going to be incredibly interesting ok. So, what is the result which we are shooting for for which we have actually set up this definition because we do not want to have to say all this you see I told you the other day the reason we set up definitions is because we want to use here after when we use the term equivalent systems you will immediately know what it means I do not have to always say every equation in system 1 is a linear combination of those in system 2 every equation in system 2 is a linear combination of those in you see the number of words I am spending right instead of that I will just say that equivalent systems. So, now the first important result is going to be this if 2 systems of linear equations. So, let us call this a proposition ok equations are equivalent then they have the same or they admit the same solution set that is crucial because remember our goal is to get from one system of linear equations to another system of linear equations that are much nicer ok while preserving the fact that we are not admitting any extra solutions neither are we cutting down on any existing solutions. So, if it turns out that there is a way if this result is to be believed that is then it turns out our goal is now reformulated what is our goal a way of cooking up equivalent systems you see. So, if this result is true we should now aim to cook up equivalent systems that look nicer. So, once we have a recipe for cooking up equivalent systems yeah then we should try to achieve our goal of cooking them up in a in a way that makes it look nicer, but of course for that we need to prove this ok. So, there is the proposition maybe I will just try to give you a very sketchy idea of the proof, but an important element is here. So, how do you prove to sets are equal what is the most standard way of showing the 2 sets are equal I mean if it is 2 numbers you know there are so many different ways how do you generally approach this problem of proving the 2 sets are equal yes thank you. So, you try to show if there are 2 sets S 1 and S 2 first show that S 1 must be contained in S 2 then you show that S 2 must be contained in S 1 and if both of them have to be true then they cannot help, but be equal in fact the same holds for numbers if you show that one is less than or equal to the other and the other is also less than or equal to the first then they must be equal right. So, that is the standard approach. So, let us say suppose S 1 and S 2 are solution sets of A x is equal to b and A bar x is equal to b bar respectively then what do we need to do first we have to show that S 1 is contained in S 2 this is to show that S 1 is contained in S 2. So, we pick any arbitrary element from S 1 and if we can show that it must also belong to S 2 then it must be true that the entire entirety of S 1 must be contained in S 2 right. So, pick any element of S 1 say zeta 1 that means A zeta 1 is equal to b right, but by our preceding result what does it mean? What do we know about every equation in the second system of equations? Every equation in this is a linear combination of the equations in this right and by our preceding result therefore, if zeta 1 satisfies system 1 which it indeed does because it is a member of S 1 the set of solutions of system 1 therefore, it must also satisfy let us say this is m equations here then the m plus first equation is the first equation here the m plus second equation is the second equation here until the m plus m bar is equation here is the last equation here whether m bar equations in the second system let us say. So, that is true then can I not say that it is obvious that then so, always be where when people use the term obviously yeah be very suspicious even if I am using it it is a sure shot way of probably cheating people yeah obviously then obviously A bar zeta 1 is equal to b bar, but I hope at least this is obvious. So, I am allowed to use this obviously I have given you the explanation right. So, then any element that belongs to S 1 must belong to S 2 because this implies that zeta 1 must belong to S 2 yeah. So, anything that comes from S 1 must also belong to S 2. So, therefore, what we have essentially proved I may now erase this definition here what we have essentially proved now is the fact that S 1 is contained in S 2 that is therefore, S 1 is contained in S 2, but because the definition of equivalent systems entails that the same thing goes further when the story is flipped. So, now if you want to show that S 2 is contained in S 1 take any solution of the second system of equations that is A bar x is equal to b bar right and that must also satisfy each and every equation of the first system of equations yeah because every equation here is also linear combination of these fellows right. So, by similar reasoning of course, by flipping the indices S 2 must also be contained in S 1 ergo S 1 is equal to S 2. So, that means we now need to understand how to get to an equivalent system of equations given a system of equations what is the recipe for cooking up equivalent systems because it turns out that once we are living within the realm of equivalent systems it suffices if you solve for any one of them. So, let us solve for the nicest looking one the easiest one to solve. If you have done it you solve for the entire system of equivalent equivalent system of equations right all of them at one go. So, which is the nicest one we have to identify you might argue it is a matter of taste, but there is something that is universally agreed upon as to which is a nicer way of representing which is the nicest form yeah, but the question still remains what is the way to get there how to get to an equivalent system of equations for that we will make a few observations especially pertaining to this thing that we have been using so loosely up until this point which is taking linear combinations of equations.


It's your boy Rich from your slide. I'm here with my boy Jared. We're at a volleyball competition at Kits Beach. Oh, nice shot. Nice shot. Let's watch these guys over there. Huge competition going down behind us. It's the beer garden behind me. And we at the beach. Kits Beach. What's going on back here? You guys see the audience? The stands? There's people. There's lots of people. It's a big competition. It's a big tournament. There's a lot of people playing. I've watched two episodes of the season. There's a whole tournament going on. There's literally people everywhere. Everywhere you look. Going on over here. You guys see the water? We've got the basketball courts here, too. It's just a normal day here at Kits Beach. Oh, I missed the layup. Basketball's going on. Volleyball's going on. What are you guys up to? What are you guys up to? What are you doing on your Saturday? It's crazy out here, man. Look at this. Do you know yourself? Family? Music, people, beach, sun, sand. Vancouver Open. I'm going to ask them out to see what they're doing. They're going to get an explanation. They're going to see what they're doing. Caskey Akadonovan to the drawboard. We have Caskey Akadonovan to the drawboard. Clady. Clady disappeared. He went into the beer garden. I don't know. They're going to want two guys. D.L. Balford or Debra. They just need to do two drugs. Because Accordekal sponsors this tournament. Alex Redenses. All right, you two guys. They're going to be up to two drugs. I bet those guys. You're going to get a drug. Don't lie to me. You take it from here. Please talk like you didn't give me a day. I saw that. I just wanted to show you guys what's going on here. It's beach. This is rich, misty, and alive. You're not winning. You're not watching.  Oh.


Hello everyone it's your girl Kenty here from Layton Sports Guards and I'm ripping brand new release today at 21-22 Panini Donra's Optic Basketball Hobby, 6-Box Break Number 2. Gonna go over the list of teams and we'll get started. Alex C. Warriors, Bo-Habee Cavs, Chen Wei W with the Pistons, David F. Bowles, Derek D. Pacers, Han S. Mavs, Harper B. Grizzlies, Kwon-Koo Ai with the T-Wolves, James F. Wizards, Jesse A. Raptors, Kai Seng C. with the Nuggets, Kim D. Thunder, Kyle M. Celtics, Lersack Y. Clippers, Light, M. with the Jazz, Marcos, Q. with the Hornets and Sixters, Matt S. Bucks, Michael C. Blazers, Michael L. with the Nets, Heat and Magic, Patrick C. Sons, Paul W. Kings, Ryan S. Hawks, Thomas D. with the Lakers and Pelicans, Wayne S. Nicks, Yip H. with the Rockets and Yushu O. L. with the Spurs. Alright, best of luck everyone, thanks again for the film. Only two total teams left for the daytime. Both Sixters. Alright, here we go. Here we go. It's closing again. I'm confused. Here we go. Let's see if we get another photon out of this case. Raider Rookie, Davion Mitchell, Hollow, Labrangian, Halliburton, Raider Rookie, Evan Mobley, uh, Reading Threes, Paul George, you know better, I don't know any of that stuff, so we've had this conversation before. Joe, Luca, 75 years, Kauai Leonard, oh, I literally read that as wow, not world. I think this is an insert. We have lighted up John Moran, that is 26 of 99, there you go Grizzlies. I think Harper had the Grizzlies again, he's on a streak here with some nice jobs, there you go Harper. Oh, that black had me really excited there for a second, what's up Tiktok, hope everyone's having a great day. You'd like to hop in some breaks or check out our website, the link is in the bio for you, Bones Highland, Hollow, Raider Rookie, this has damage all over the top there, Jason Preston, you can kind of see it, it's like thumbnail prints all across the top by his head. We'll send a box of the clippers on that one, yeah it was a little slow, a little slow on that one for us, judge me, it's all good, Hollow Ben Simmons, Joe Weisskamp, you've got lime green of Jinn and Springer for the Sixers on the Raider Rookie, 134-149, hope everyone's having a great Friday, Josh Christopher, 75 years, Pete Maravich, any fun plans for the three day weekend? Some people said they were barbecuing, someone said they're celebrating their first year wedding anniversary, Kominga Raider Rookie, gonna roll the dice here, gonna do one, two, three, left, four, five, six, right, that will go for the rest of the break, that is a one, so left side on these all-star inserts for the rest of the break, unless it's a one of one, so we'll go cans on this side, just make sure you know that as well, left side this time around, what's up, Rosilla, Franz Wagner on the Raider Rookie, Rainy Threes, Joe Harris, they were in Sharp Orange, Kelly Olnik for the Pistons, out of 199, 63 of 199, light it up, LeBron James, Preston, Lonzo, it got all-stars hollow, this will go to the left with Dirk in the mass, not numbered on that one, again, TikTok, Link in the bio if you'd like to hop in some breaks later today, got just a few left for the daytime, Dominator's AD, first auto up, going to the T-Wolves, a Balmorrow, nine of 99, Balmorrow, T-Wolves taking the first autograph there, and we've got half case pick your teams this morning, Robinson Earl and Hollow Devonte Graham, some tiered random tonight with Forrest, he also has the new select H2 football breaks going tonight as well, we've got Raider Rookie, Brandon Boston, Jr., all right, we've got Black Velocity here, Demontus of Bonus, 13 of 39 on the Black Velocity, there you go Pacers, Black Velocity is another favorite, favorite of mine, looks sharp, very nice, Michael, we have these available for Personals, but Personals will go tonight after group breaks around midnight Eastern, these are group breaks currently, Dirk on the left there, sounds good Gucci, what's up KGS, we've got Moses Moody Raider Rookie, Bible, Stargazing, Demian Lillard, Jalen Suggs on the Raider Rookie and Hollow of Buddy Heald, Pack Box 1, Miles McBride and Hollow Stargazing, Demian Lillard, there we go, and then Forrest will also be ripping the Fanatics Box, Memorabilia Boxes tonight, that should be a lot of fun watching that, Chris Duarte, we've got an auto, gonna go left with T-Mac there, next auto up, going to the Rockets, a Elfin Shingoon, 35 of 99, Rookie Auto, you go Rockets, Rockets having a solid case, red, green earlier, yes Michael, yeah because these are all scheduled group breaks, Personals will start around midnight Eastern tonight with Forrest, Demian Lillard, got Personals every night of the week except Sundays starting around midnight, they go until usually about 2 a.m, James Harden on the Orange out of 199, then Sunday daytime and Monday nights are all personal boxes, yep Tyler this is a new release today, Sharif Cooper, Stargazing, Hollow, AD, can't put my face on the camera legs, focused on the cards, Jalen Green, we've got Pink Velocity of Keto for the Keens, 37 of 79, got face cam over on Twitch and YouTube if you'd like to look at my face on there, can't see it on TikTok, we've got 75 years Clyde Drexler, Kessler Edwards, Zyre Williams, Hollow rated Rookie, Sharif Cooper, see some more color of these big rookies, that red, Jalen Green was sick, huge color match on that too, David Johnson, Hollow all stars go to the left, KD with the Thunder, Jalen sucks the rookies insert, Garuba, light it up KD, Kisper, Hollow, Mitchell Robinson, Tray Murphy the third, got Lyme Green, Bradley Bielder 149, 75 year insert, James Harden, Hollow, Timmy Rosier, see some color, some rookie color, Cameron Thomas, we've got red to 99, Tray Man for the Thunder, 85 to 99, there you go KC, another red rated Rookie, we'll take those, nice one there, Springer, Karim Abdul-Jabbar, semi-fifth anniversary, Fox Keon Johnson, Elite Dominator is Hollow, Devin Booker that is 31 of 49 on the blue, last pack Fox too, best car we've pulled all week, oh man, Hollow rated Rookie, Cameron Thomas, another night we pulled a one-on-one grippy dual patch auto out of those diamond icons I believe it was, that was that was a big one, some big football ones recently too, it's a hard question, it's been pulling a lot of nice cards this week so far, Josh Gideon the Rated Rookie, we've got Stargazing, Yanis onto the Koopo, Hollow, Eric Bledsoe, last time we checked everyone, just the Sixers left and the last two breaks today, Cole Anthony on the pink velocity to 79 magic, six to 79, I believe it was in number six and number eight just the Sixers, Aaron Wiggins, Hollow, Chris Paul, 75 years, Jimmy Butler, Isaiah Libbers, we've got Black Velocity, Kelly Olnik for the piston, 16 of 39 on that one, no pistons, JT Thor, 75 years, Jason Kidd, thank you for putting those in this product too, oh we got another photon, where's Mukat, see told you we might get one, let's see, show me Rookie, I don't think so, we've got a Julius Randall for the Knicks on the photon, and this is a Knicks case, Knicks doing very well, Julius Randall on the SSP, here you go Knicks, we'll put that in here, not photons, Hollow Rated Rookie, Keita, again if you're on TikTok our link is in the bio, if you'd like to hop in some breaks today, Kawhi Lunard Elite Dominators Hollow, of course has more Optic Tonight as well, some baseball, soccer, and basketball, we've got Wizards, Hollow Rated Rookie Otto, Corey Kisper, the last team taken, here you go Wizards with the last team, Mojo, James F, here you go James, nice one there, all stars go left with AI, subcard looker, we've got Scotty Barnes Rated Rookie and Hollow, Blake Griffin, one like Blake Griffin was the guy, got Orange, Joshua Coyee for the T-Wolves, do you want a 199? Um, since Victor, it seems like the rated rookies are, some of the rookie inserts or most of them so far have been sticker autos, like the optographs have been stickers, like the sucks, Hollow we pulled was on card, nice, Hollow the Rookie, Zeven Mobley, there you go Cavs, got Iodosumu on the Rated Rookie and Hollow, Bobby Portas, so next time we pull a numbered card, just I will explain it for you bud, Chris Paul, 75 years, Pete Marevich, basically so if a card's numbered out of 199 that means there's only 199 of those cards produced, we've got Cade Cunningham Rated Rookie, Miles McBride, we've got Lighted Up Donovan Mitchell so the lower numbers on the back of the card is usually typically more valuable since there's less and less of them lead, Keita Rated Rookie, Hollow Rated Rookie, James Booknights, that's what the numbers mean, box number four, always feel free to ask questions though for sure, never know if you don't know, sometimes. All right here we go, box four, good luck everybody, solid, very solid case so far, two photons, some big rookie autos, some big rookie color, we've got for the Spurs, a Dominators of Doug McDermott, so you see this one is numbered, can't get it, 96, let me show the tick box, 96 out of 99 so there are only 99 of this specific card made, that's what that means, and Lighted Up, Steph Curry, we've got Hollow Andre Drummond, make buckets, Aaron Wiggins Rated Rookie, Lime Green, Jake and Springer for the Sixers, second one of these we've pulled today, 135 out of 149, Scotty Barnes Rated Rookie in 75 years, Jason Kinn, no so downtowns for basketball are in Panini one-on-one, they're not in in optic, Jalen Johnson Rated Rookie, Lighted Up, Hollow LeBron, it's not a stupid question, you'd think but yeah that's that's where downtowns are, those are are pretty hard to hit to, 75 years Jamal Murray, familiar with the one-on-one product that says encased cards, reigning threes KD, Herbert Johns, Hollow Rated Rookie, Jeremiah Robinson-Earl, yeah Josh Getty Rated Rookie, and Blue, Chris Paul, 29 of 59, we still have the boxes on our website Matteo, yep LaneSportsCards.com, it's gonna go left with the Nuggets, Boosomitch, or Yolkish, and then you can look under personal boxes town, that's where we've got everything available for you, Clay Thompson on the Hollow, got baseball, football, basketball, hockey, soccer, racing, UFC, Star Wars, F1, we've got a bunch, nice one here Pacers, Chris Duarte, 44 of 199, nice hit for the Pacers, what's up Tiktok, hope everyone's having a great day, thanks for tuning in, I have Dosumu for the Rookie on the bowls, our link is in bio, if you'd like to hop in any breaks, check out the break schedule, see what we're up to today, appreciate it, hope everyone's off to a great Friday, and hope that you all have a fantastic three-day weekend, follow Brandon Ingram, hold on Matteo I have to read your comment here in a second, Kate Cunningham on the Rated Rookie, Miles McBride, and Red, Davion Mitchell, 30 of 99 Kings, some nice color for some rookies coming out here when the card says one of one on it, is that the brand or is that really one of one, most cards I see are one of one, oh I see what you mean, yeah so like Panini sometimes spells out one of one on the back of their cards, and then tops have one of one printed on it, Kita Rated Rookie, 75 years Chris Paul, that is an actual one of one, that's not a brand, that means that's the only one of those out there, James Book Knight, Yokech Star Gazing, Gordon, PJ Washington Jr, Hollow Rated Rookie, Dayran Sharp, Nets, last one here, Greg Brown III, we've got Hollow Rating III's Paul George, all right box five here, again everyone Magic Matt is currently live over on the Layton Baseball Breaks channel, if you want to hop in some baseball breaks he's got plenty of spots left over there, there have been a ton of different products today, again if you haven't went over there and liked and subscribed we would greatly appreciate it, love all the support we see from y'all, we have out of 99 Dominators Auto Ruihachimara, another hit here for the Wizards, last team Ojo, light it up Jamerant, and Force will be live back on this channel at five, hollow D'Angelo Russell, and he's ripping more Optic Basketball, his are going to be tiered random team, got Orange SGA for the Thunder, that is 13 of 199, he also has the new Select H2 Football Breaks, I believe those are five box breaks, random team, David Johnson in 75 years, Ray Allen, as well as some of the Fanatic's memorabilia silver boxes, I believe that one is sold out though, a couple of those going tonight, Elite Dominators Hollow, Devin Booker, Force will be breaking tonight Mark, starting at five with some soccer, Julius Randall 75 years, Dominators Devin Booker, Personals will also resume tonight after group breaks, tons of new stuff up on the site available too, Luca Garza, we've got Hollow Alonzo Ball, hey look he's actually in a bull's uniform, didn't have him on cards in the Pelicans jersey forever I feel like, Jalen Green and we've got Pink Velocity of Trey Way, there you go Hawks, 78 of 79, nice Trey Young, go Atlanta, another one of the last teams taken I believe, Jalen Green the Rookie's insert, Hollow Raider Rookie, Davion Mitchell, Corey Kispert, All-Star is going to go to the left, Mike Conley with the Jazz, Trey Murphy the third, Luca raining threes, and TikTok Lincoln bio, if you like to hop in any breaks check out the website, Chris Duarte, Elite Dominators Lamella Ball, LeightonSportsCards.com, Hollow Kevin Porter Jr, Trayman Raider Rookie, Sean Holmes, we've got Red to 99, Dream on Green for the Warriors, 27 of 99, that's a really high score in football game, is that a replay, Bassie, 75 years, Jason Tatum, 44 to 58, oh goodness, I mean, give it to Central Michigan, they were losing by a lot, came back quite a bit, Hollow James Harden, Last Pack, Box 5, Cameron Thomas, and Hollow the Rookie's Jalen Green, nice way to end that box, all right, box number six, let's see, very solid first case for us, again, Optic Basketball, 21-22, new release today, also some select each two football, later tonight with four, so another new release, five box breaks, random teams, we're interested in that Lincoln bio, Franz Wagner, Moses Moody Raider Rookie, we've got Hollow Elite Dominators, James Harden, Hollow James Harden, Jalen Suggs, Raider Rookie, Bama DeBio, Light It Up, Deem Dalla, Miles McBride, gonna go left, Sabonis Pacers, Raider Rookie of Jeremiah Robinson Earl, and Hollow Tim Hardaway Jr, they weren't sharp, we've got Light It Up, Hollow Kyrie Irving, Charles I'll have to look for you, I'm not sure off the top of my head, we've got Tim Duncan Hollow, can you look on our website how much we've got the each two boxes up for sale, Stargazing Donovan Mitchell, I believe the random team five boxes was around $80 for a random team, yes, Deviant Mitchell, Hollow Deviant Mitchell for the Kings, H2's at 400 right now, 400, not bad at all, each two box, looking for those disco exclusives, Raider Rookie of Evan Mobley, we've got Black Velocity of Isaac Okoro, another man of the hour there, 33 of 39, CAFs, so yeah, we've got them for 400 up on our website for our personal, again, personal will resume tonight after group breaks around midnight eastern, I believe there's plenty of room there, we have out of 99 Hornets Rookie Auto on the Optographs GT Thor, Hornets Rookie Auto, the rookies Evan Mobley, Sub Andrew, got Hollow Isaac Okoro, Bones Highland Raider Rookie, we've got Pink Velocity coming up here too, of Cole Anthony to 79, this is second of Pink Velocity Cole I believe too, 78 of 79, you know, Magic, one of my favorite players, we'll watch it in play, Shingoon, yeah that's what someone was saying Mark, that that white DeRozan isn't, his photons are an error card, Colin Sexton Hollow that they saw like a gold of his pole as well, because there's nowhere on like the checklist or descriptions of anything about white photons, Velen Kunis on the Orange 90 of 199, Jaylen Green, Rated Rookie and Hollow Bama DeBio 75 years, Last Pack here, Kessler Edwards and Elite Dominator's Deem Dala, one second we will do a recap, let me check on that for you, someone was asking about the price of Optic for personal, we've got Optic on sale $649.99 a box, so $650 a box for these just, Patrick if you'd like to go over to our Layton Baseball Breaks channel on YouTube, Matt is ripping some baseball breaks right now there, all right quick recap here, we had the photon Julius Randall for the Knicks, Dominators, Rihachimara Wizards, Doug McDermott, Spurs, Balmero for the T-wolves, JT Thor Hornets, Alfred Shingoon Rockets and then the Rated Rookie, Hollow, Corey Kispert for the Wizards, all righty that will do it for the first case there, thanks again everyone, we've got more coming right up.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebrakes.com coming at you with another one another break of 2022-23 Panini prison basketball four box picker team four member five and six are from the same case But they sold out before four, but we finally got to four big thanks to everyone Here for making it happen And we've got another four box break from a fresh case loaded up. So check that out jaspyscasebrakes.com Daniel ended up with last spot mojo with the calves. There's everyone here. Thanks everyone For your patience on this. Thanks for getting in. I appreciate it Now remember we marked those remaining boxes with the number four so we know they're from the same case That's right James. You can always blame me if things go wrong Things go wrong in a break Put it on me And then fire again tomorrow. That's what I say Scared money don't make money ladies and gentlemen Now my memory isn't very good. What was uh, did we pull anything significant in the first? Two thirds of this case I don't remember If not then hopefully We can find some monsters in this side No basketball action happening today ladies and gentlemen. I thought we're gonna have some uh some hoops action today But there isn't the other two uh play-in games Uh are tomorrow. I want to say Yeah, there's a tnt game early and the espn game is a late game Any uh any early predictions from for these two games bulls at heat Heat are favored by five and a half any uh Any thoughts there? I mean bulls looked good Heat did not There's my guy Austin Reeves for my Lakers and behind Clint Capella blue Is Bob McAdoo Old school lake are going out to ed p and the lake show James has got the thunder and the heat I like those predictions I mean you got to think I think this one's arkansas jalen williams i think santa claire jalen williams is like the the bigger name i think daniel with the okc With the okc with okc There's uh ryan rollins eight out of 75 for fong and the warriors Diego you have your ears to the ground. He's saying Reeves will get a big contract possibly somewhere else All right, I hope not. I don't I don't think the lakers are gonna Are gonna let him go the way they did with uh alex caruso I mean unless someone wants to I suppose someone can overpay Oh, here's a redemption Any guesses on that redemption for bragging rights? I suppose someone can overpay because I think oh, here's jalen williams santa claire edition For okc But I think the lakers have the ability to match. I think he's a restricted I think he's restricted for yager All card ship as well There you go, james. I appreciate you getting back in I know yesterday seemed seemed like a kind of a tough day break wise yesterday But you got your at that back in And it worked out There's marge marge on bochamp for milwaukie rookie red wave for Sean tk ope There's drew you banks to 125 blue ice for portland. It's gonna go to shon mattock different shon There's jamal murray to 199 Stephen with denver. I think I think the lakers will match. I'd be surprised if they did I think they're very happy with his progression I think he's a great diamond in the rough the lakers scouting department is actually pretty amazing Here's keegan for the kings roe so he's He's fit well with the team Here's a nice benedict metharian silver For david b and the pacers nice And I can't see another team giving him like this monster deal That the lakers wouldn't be able to match. Oh, look at this A kenneth lofton jr. Two out of ten for the grizzlies That is nice That's gonna go to steven olsen See see nothing to worry about he was pretty frustrated that two other breaks went before his We went out of order on these breaks. He wasn't happy but Your patience is rewarded see volsen. There you go, man That's big How much would be too much? For uh, austin reeves. I mean no one's giving him 25 million dollars a year, right? It's like that would be too much It is patin watson Goes to Sign your cards patin spurs spurs dammit nuggets That goes to seven flat Should put the teams on that How about break this? I don't know seriously tops doesn't all right next box Scoots thinking I think the concern was if paying Reeves is too much Could price them out of getting a star If one becomes available right No, we that's been or that's been floating around the shop for a bit But it's new to this new to my studio. The truck wasn't it was there. Yeah, where did truck go? The truck it rotated out Oh, he's in the store Drops next to the tv now No, I think I don't know. There was a recent interview with austin reeves.  I think he's happy here. The lakers are the ones that gave him a shot. You know, he was a undrafted Free agent something like that undrafted free agent or a second round paper something like that No, he was undrafted Lakers gave him the shot. So I think there's a bit of loyalty that's going to be there I think I think a deal will get done before he even hits the open market sometime in the summer Yeah, well, I mean because he was undrafted so he's not locked into any of those rookie deals Austin rivers different austin Brooke Lopez hyper There's max race. That was the second he was the second round pig. He's still a work in progress. He could be really interesting Probably to trade 80 to get another star I don't think they're ever trading ad. I think they're stuck with him for better or for worse I mean, what are you really going to get for ad? He's out of contract in a couple years Here's a sensational signature is Colin Gillespie That's for Denver another Denver force even flat Yes, Steve. It's a big hit. We were talking about how that that gold was a big hit, man. That's probably going to be It's probably going to be worth a lot more than that job moran autograph. You were looking for out of here Dominic Wilkins atl eric hay with that one Kyrie sign and trade for ad I don't think that's going to happen either 8 out of 49 clay Thompson for the Warriors. It's for fun Not there's not too many players that I that I would trade for ad because when ad is ad You know, you just need to find that little little window of healthy ad healthy at the right time And then you're going to get MVP caliber ad. That's just how good he is And I think with injury concerns that he has, I just don't think that he'll uh I just don't think that you can get really get full value for him But if luka wants to be traded in 2024, what would you want the Lakers to seek it? Yes But I don't know if that's a good fit not while LeBron is still around with two very Ball dominant players. I think the team that's constructed here. I think that's pretty It's pretty good if they can kind of upgrade, you know, the current pieces they have All right behind pat conaton is Trey tarry eason that is rockets ad now When LeBron eventually retires Or moves on he's not on the team Then I think Adding a luka dodge to that team could be really interesting I don't know how much of the current guys the uh Lakers are gonna are gonna re-sign, but I think de angelo russell is probably a good idea to try to re-sign If he wants to stay if he gets a good deal Jared van der beilt has been great You know austin reeves So they've got the they've got the framework of a pretty good team and then you know, they usually They usually do undrafted or get they get some great value out of that second round Wow and LeBron would ties go after joker and dunch itch And that would be quite that'd be quite a combo Norm Powell to 75 for the clippers. It's gonna be for brian frank Does dame keep drawing them? I feel like dame wants to try to get people to portland He's having a hard time with that, but I feel like he wants to get people to portland And I feel like he's happy in portland. I think he's moved most of his family and extended family to portland They all live near each other like that's home for him Because those those dame and litter groomers always keep creeping up, but I feel like they're at the end of the day. They're always They're always shot down. Here's our uh, here's our first chet holmgrim rookie card. I think this is going to go to daniel and the okc He's had him in the entire case And scottie pippen jr rookie silver for the lakers He got some minutes here and there I think the issue is uh, he's a little undersized I don't know as for my lakers. I think the lakers really with the recent trades they made Yeah, he's pretty good. He can shoot Pretty well. He's obviously the basketball iq is is pretty high. He's a smart player, but I think he's a little small So i'm not sure if he's gonna he's gonna make significant impact on a lot of rosters I'm just looking at the lakers depth chart right now basically if they can get Where can they do upgrades? I mean, is there a better like a better version of jared vander? I lack his energy though I mean, they'll probably be looking at just little upgrades here and there because I think for the most part You know with anthony davis and lebron for another year in la You know, I think they're gonna see hey, what can we do with the full season of d angela russell? What can we do with the full season of jared vanderbill? Troy brown jr off the bench You know, maybe hachimura, but maybe Maybe hachimura Moves on somewhere lani walker fourth will probably move on malik beasley. Maybe if they can find is there A better malik beasley out there something like that Don't think they have a first round pick in the summer But their lakers are pretty good as constructed if you look at the numbers since the like the numbers since the trade They've been one of the best teams um As constructed since the trade So that that should That should count for something. I think their defensive rating has increased significantly As well since the trade I mean, I May as well run it back with this team. Maybe add a couple little upgrades here and there Kind of refresh the team a little bit, but keep the main guys I think it could work town horn tucker reveals Another grizzly that's kennedy chandler It's another one for steve olson Oh, I would talk to random.org rex That's a random.org issue It's davis bertons red wave Yeah, I think the lake has last some few years or so have just overhauled the roster every summer It'd be nice to go into his off season Without overhauling with a little consistency. All right. We got sensational saintres keon ellis That will go to sacramento. That's going to be for roi That's santa clara jalen williams The higher draft pick of the jalen williams is and that's tyler hero to 75 miami michael with the heat There's lebron right there tennis shooter I think most of those guys are on expiring or or of one year A one year deal. So there's going to be some re signings. They have to do but I think we'll keep most of those guys Yeah, the rays The rays with 13 wins tying the record pretty amazing There's marjan boshamp for milwaki. That's going to be for sean tko Nice silver payton watson red wave for denver. Well, I don't know. I mean In the uh, if if you're in the uh If you're in the investing in the fortunes of a team market, this is a great time to play, uh It's a good time to to play the blue jays I mean just keep keep wagering the uh the underdog against the rays They're not going to go 162 and oh, there's tarence man for the clippers. That's for brian But the blue jays will probably be there. Uh, they're there's toughest test There's valentunas to 199 Oh, yeah, and james's red sox are pretty I mean The flip side of is that is that you know as good as the rays have been They have been playing a little softer competition So I don't think it was a huge surprise but The blue jays are going to be their toughest task their toughest test In this early season Now, what's the uh, what's the longest? Wind streak in general In baseball All right fourth and final Next pick your team is from a fresh case ladies and gentlemen I was gonna say yeah, I thought about the a's hit 20 some odd games That was in the middle of the season at some point. Charles. What's going on? Can I ask my son's clippers question for your absolutely? You don't have to ask to ask a sports opinion. Just say it charles We can cut the we can cut the little small talk just dive. Let's just dive right into it No need to ask for my permission The 1916 new york baseball giant had 26 games in a row But the a's must have like The record in this century though. All right fourth and final. Good luck everybody Appreciate everybody getting in making it happen. The next one's in the store four boxes from a fresh case Brand new prison basketball just dropped yesterday No filler yet So get your teams before someone else does or before it ends up in a filler. We can avoid that hurdle Here's Patrick Baldwin jr. Red wave rookie red wave for Golden state. That's her phone Cleveland indians at 22 straight in 2017 Jason says I live four miles away from the trod. Don't hate on the race. Who's hating on the race? Not me. There's victor ola depo with the heat I'm just saying The record's impressive. They face some soft competition. That's all 111 out of 149 will barton for the wizards I Did look at the car at sea volts and it was in good shape Centering might be a little little weird prism is often like that, but But yeah, I think everything else the corners the the the edges looked pretty good He's pretty good at with prism type products. They they cut those pretty well Now charles is asking for all the top is there has there been a lot of talk about that? I've not heard any of that for all the talk with the age of the sun's rotational players Aren't the clippers equally old? I don't know I suppose we'd have to look at Miss gary payton the second to 299 and dug mcdermot sensational signatures for the spurs. It's going to go to jason Hold we have to we could average out their ages Average average the aids of the rotational players and then we'd know I think that that number may have that average number may have changed once they moved a couple of those of Bridges and uh and pain I think right or whatever that trade was to brooklyn But I think maybe they got a little older because they brought in an older kevin durant and switched out a couple younger players. Maybe that's Missed with the average age a little bit, but An apollo banchero Who was saying that the That the sun's rotational players were were old I guess they kind of are I feel like they're pretty similar ages It's max trust for the heat That'll be for michael You read the other day the longest start was 13 by the 87 brewers, but now i'm seeing the 82 braves also at 13 Maybe people were saying the the last time the most recent time someone did it was Almost 13, but maybe not the only time there's tyler hero to 199 and That's santa clara jalen williams Rookie autograph nice one for okc daniel ruiz nice pre-solid player On a pre-solid team a lot of youngsters on that team And they didn't chat home. We didn't even play a minute on that team And the tyler hero for the heat going to michael there you go gang a nice four box break in the books Thanks everybody for watching for getting into it. I appreciate it I'm joe for jazzy's case breaks.com And i'll see you next time for the next one. Bye. Bye


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Hello everybody, I'm your board habit.  Make sure you guys follow me on all social media. I'll try on the description box below Let's get to it So we don't have internet currently so I'm unable to do a lot of things I want to do But I wanted to bring something for you guys. We're here in DCGP E92 We're just gonna go ham in the streets on this street circuit that I've Never even really drifted in But we're just gonna go full send and just Kind of vibe a little bit here in the street circuit and just have a little fun with it and See what we can get into trouble-wise here in the streets and Just go ham in this e92 DCGP car Some drift we do have I don't think we can go this way, but we're gonna go anyways We have our moza r9 with our energy innovations wheel on the moza quick release for this episode and Like I said, unfortunately, I do not have around about Back to the for the horizon vibes To have internet right now. They're coming to get it fixed. Hopefully today So then we'll be back on the full full grind They had some issues when they were fixing some stuff outside and apparently they killed my internet So I got to come out and fix it so We're just doing a little freestyle action Here in the streets, and I saw this drive when I want to go up it That was big surface change. I didn't think there was gonna be that big of a surface change with the brick But there was definitely a surface change on this brick. It's very slippery Could also be that we are losing our tires already Or the fact that this is just really Really slippery We'll see you once we hit the normal pavement. I think we may have Kind of killed our tires too Yep, we've definitely smoked our tires. I think fourth Fifth gear ripping Moke right now. Oh, yeah, definitely Probably need to spawn back to pits and get a set of fresh tires Of course, you know, we're gonna drive it in car as well See what we can do. Oh Gonna probably try and follow the same similar path as we did before But in all the different views Can't really see where I'm going when we're going up the hills in this view Well, we got this Quick pop over that into the roundabout This is some serious Forza Horizon vibes right now does not look like we've gone this way So we're gonna go this way the road map is not fully rendering As quickly as I'm driving As you can see Well, this is definitely not a road. We should probably be traveling. This looks like a very un unfixed road What we're going anyways? I have no idea where I'm going. The road is not loading. Oh That's a wall Yep, I think we found our way off the map. I don't think we can get back up I think we are now stuck in this lower section of the map For who knows how long That's happens to be fall off the world unless there's a Way up. Nope No way up. So this is definitely a very fun map And I've been having a lot of fun just driving and doing some random driving I'm gonna follow this on Dunn Road here See if this on Dunn Road takes us Probably to the edge of the world. Oh No to map that is not rendering I'm not sure why my map is not rendering fully. This is a very big map. Oh, that looks fun It's that we're to render. Oh, I definitely want to try that if it does render Don't fall off the world again This is only like dirt and then we hit slight pavement Let's see if slight pavement spots on this. I mean this DCGP car is a lot of fun to drive though. Oh No We got try and get all the way up that now Goal for this is to get all the way up without dying I'm not entirely sure where I actually downloaded this track from I mean we could try to go this way. Oh, I'm not sure where I downloaded this track from So if you guys know down in the comments where this track is from or what it's called Let me know down below because I actually do not know. Oh So this is the top so we made it up the top going the opposite way So now we're gonna go down Without falling off the world. It's kind of just set and forget using left foot brake a little bit to keep Where we're going but it's keeping throttle Tokyo drift vibes going on right now. Oh There was a curtain So because if you guys know where I got this map from Let me know down in the comment section down below because I'm not entirely sure where I got this map from So I would be very curious to know You guys know where this map is from for other people to download it because like I said I'm not 100% sure like I said just something a little different for today being a little bit disconnected from everything with you know losing Internet and not being able to do a lot of the stuff I need to do because I've ever realized how dependent Some games are to connect to the internet to do stuff So make sure you guys follow me on all social media all the tricot in the description box below As always, I thank you guys for coming back and watching. I'm for rabbit. I'll see you guys on the track I would have been a cool 360 if we could have done it right


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It ruined the walls of steel and it was falling out and their bedding was all wet, the furniture was wet and it was not livable according to our guidelines.