Hello and welcome everyone to the Active Inference Livestream. This is Active Inference Livestream 7.2. It is November 3rd, 2020. Welcome to TeamCom, everyone. We are an experiment in online team communication, learning, and practice related to Active Inference. You can find us on Twitter at inferenceactive, at email, our public Keybase team, or on YouTube. This is a recorded and an archived livestream, so please provide us feedback so that we can improve on our work. All backgrounds and perspectives are welcome here. And also for video etiquette on livestream, remember to mute if it's noisy, raise your hand so we can hear from everyone in the stack and use respectful speech. Today in Active Inference Stream 7.2, we are going to go through our introductions and have some warm-up questions, and then we'll get into the discussion of 7.2. We'll talk about the paper Variational Ecology and the Physics of Sentient Systems, Ramstead et al. 2019. And we'll go over the goals and the abstract and the roadmap. Then we'll talk about some big ideas and questions in ecology. And then we'll go through the figures. I remember last time we mentioned figure 6, and so we've gone the figures in reverse order. So we'll start with 6 and we'll just go down from there. And also for the rest of 2020, we will be discussing papers 8, 9, 10, and 11, which we'll go through in a second, and just check out our Twitter or message us if you have any questions. So what are papers 8, 9, 10, and 11 and the dates? Paper 8, Scaling Active Inference on November 10th and 17th. All discussions are at 7.30 to 9. PST, Pacific Standard Time in the morning. Paper 9 is Projective Consciousness Model and Phenomenal Selfhood. Paper 10 is a Variational Approach to Scripts. And paper 11 is Sophisticated Active Inference, which as we were just talking about before the stream, we'll also have some cool accessory content. Let's go to our intros and warm-ups. So for this part, just introduce yourself and your location. You can say hello and give a short introduction and then pass to someone who hasn't spoken yet. So I'm Daniel. I'm in Davis, California, and I'll pass it to Shannon. Hi, guys. I'm Shannon. I'm usually in Merced, California, but I'm in South Dakota for the pandemic. And I'm going to pass it to Ivan. Hi, everyone. My name is Ivan. I'm from Moscow, Russia, and I pass it to Sasha. Hi, everyone. I'm Sasha, and I'm in California. And I'll pass it to Marcus. Hi, I'm Marcus. I am in Linköping, which is a small town in Sweden, a couple of hours outside of Stockholm. And I'll give a brief introduction to myself because I'm new here. So I did my PhD in medical imaging, and my research is mainly focusing on cardiovascular MRIs, so quite different from FAP and Active Inference, which has become sort of a hobby for me the last couple of years. And I find these live streams very good to explain these concepts. And I'm looking forward to the discussion today. So I'm going to pass it over to Cameron. Hi, I'm Cameron. I'm in Zurich. I was here for the first time last week. I just started a PhD in philosophy in Zurich. And I pass it on to Alex. Hello, everyone. I'm Alex. I'm in Moscow, Russia. I'm a researcher in System Management School, and I pass it to Maxwell. You may use it, Maxwell. Right, thank you. Hello, everyone. My name is Maxwell Ramsted. I'm a postdoctoral fellow at McGill University, and I'm zooming in from just outside Montreal in the suburbs. And I'm a first author on this paper, so very excited to discuss it with you. Has everyone spoken yet? I lost track. Okay, great. Thanks for all the introductions. Let's go to the warm-up questions. And here it'd be cool to hear from everyone, and you can just answer as narrowly or as broadly as you like, and go ahead and raise your hand if you'd like to speak here. The first question is, what is your niche, or what could it be? So I'll just start with my local niche right now. I'm looking at the video screens. I'm trying to balance getting the information from people's face versus the slides. What's another person's just niche right now around them? Or a related question is, what skills help us find affordances in a changing world? So our niche definitely presents us with uncertainty, multiple scales, perhaps, of uncertainty. What's behind me in the door, or what happens in the deep future? So how do we find affordances, or how do organisms find affordances in that kind of a context? I'd like to mention of your niche as the computer screen and looking at people's faces. I feel like for every different communication program, like if it's Zoom or Jitsi, we can organize our digital environment in different ways so we can see different people's faces or see different aspects of the screen to allow for as much nonverbal communication as we want or need to make that particular communication effective. Cameron? For the first question, going back to Nisha, I constructed for myself about a year ago when I was coaching tennis. I would often work in the late afternoon to late in the evening, and I noticed how my diet changed to make sure I had a high enough sugar level so that I could give really energetic lessons to the kids in the late afternoon and then sort of tone it down in terms of an energy level for the adults and then have a massive kind of slump as soon as I got home so I could sleep properly in that kind of round of coaching. So I noticed how my kind of diet set up my energy levels just for that kind of lifestyle and as soon as I stopped coaching tennis, it was away with the biscuits and chocolate. Yep, that kind of just reminds me of like looking forward to dinner. You're not exactly sure what it's going to be but it's going to be a physiological thing. It's going to reduce your uncertainty about food. Anyways, what is one thing you're curious about or you want to explore in today's discussion? So that could be something that you wanted to figure out from the paper or something that the paper kind of resonated with you or just something from the side from the rest of your life that came into context today when thinking about this paper. So I'll start. One thing that kind of motivated me in the slides was just exploring how the variational ecology is linked to big questions in so-called, I guess, traditional ecology, non-FEP, non-active inference ecology. How do we make that connection? Because if that connection can be made then the expansion of the theory from just a few equations to something that's in use in a lot of applied situations would be a lot more easy. Any other random thoughts or that's totally chill? We can just go onto the paper and people can raise their thoughts as they see fit. I'd be curious to hear like everyone else on this. What did you hope to get from this? Because as the author I can respond to some of these questions. Let's go Cameron and then Shannon. muted, sorry. At the very end, Max, you write about shared intentionality and I wondered how you think about the debate between shared intentionality and theories of minds and that kind of very mentalistic idea of interactions. Yeah, I had that sort of same topic of shared intentionality. I was also wondering in our universities like seminar yesterday we were talking about collective memory and I wonder whether this like variational ecology can tell us anything about what we choose to remember or what we end up remembering as a culture or as a society about our cultures past. It might not it might be that might be a little abstract for what we're talking about currently since it's not necessarily behavior or it's a behavior that we have to verbalize and speak out loud but those are great questions. Yep, I agree. On the part about remembering it's like there's this multi-level remembering process. How much data do we retain from yesterday, from 2 seconds ago, from 200 years ago, from 2 million years ago and then there's always different perspectives on just the facts or the events of whatever did or didn't occur and all this narrative weaving that occurs. So how we model and remodel how we update our models of those multi-scale memory processes some of them are extended, some are internal. That's everything. So I think it's really interesting question. I hope we'll return to that. Sasha? Yeah, that's a kind of great point to link it all together that individuals that are interacting can spur more I guess memories or common experiences by revealing more or less about their current niche and so yeah, just really thinking about how individuals should or should not interact when trying to build common ground and how much of their niche they should be sharing in that communication. But yeah, a lot of fun things with that in the virtual space that we can reveal to each other. Cool. I think that hopefully sets the stage to talk about the specifics of the paper and also big ideas in ecology and also things that are happening all around us. So the paper is Variational Ecology in the Physics of Sentient Systems from 2019. And we reviewed the goal of the paper last week, but the shorthand kind of equation form is that variational neuro-ethology, VNE which is about organisms and their neurobiology primarily, can be kind of jointed together with VANC the variational approach to niche construction and then that summation, that continuation of explanation from kind of the neuro-biology into the extended niche is called variational ecology. And then the non-active inference phrasing would be something like how do you make a multi-scale ecology framework that builds on ecology, evolution and development and also adds in insight from physics, mathematics and complexity. We also talked about the roadmap last week and sort of formulaic in that it introduces the two separate ideas in section two and three and then adds them together to result in a synthesis framework represented here and with a connector added between the actinth orange connector to the purple. So to kind of just start the discussion, I wanted to begin with some big questions in ecology and some other people may have done ecology in a specific formal or informal way but there's so much to it and it's just interesting to connect it to the questions that motivated that field before this kind of synthesis of even ecology, evolution and development, which is its own pyramid of ideas that connected and people who bridged evolution and ecology and all these kinds of things. So let's just look at the big questions in ecology and think about the context that this synthesis is happening in and then think about all the cases where ecology is applied. So conservation and policy planning and stuff and then think about how a mapping between FEP and active inference broadly and ecology could allow for a lot of translational and applied use. So here's one kind of interesting historical coincidence. It's a 1983 paper by Richard Lewinton called the organism as the subject and object of evolution. So this is kind of before the whole in biology approach was becoming mainstreamed but he was coming from a very integrationist perspective and he wrote before Darwin theories of historical change were all transformational that is systems were seen as undergoing change in time because each element in the system underwent an individual transformation during its life history so like the muscle cells became different or something. Lamarck's theory of evolution was transformational in regarding species as changing because each individual organism underwent the same change through interweal and striving and organism would change its nature and that change would be transmitted to offspring. So that's what people often call Lamarckian evolution. Now here's where the historical coincidences in contrast Darwin proposed a variational principle. Now it turns out that this is a different variational principle than the variational principle from physics that we're going to be discussing but I thought it was really interesting that Lewinton and Darwin used the same idea and so what's the idea individual members of the ensemble differ from each other in some properties and that the system evolves by changes in the proportion of different types. There's a sorting out process dot dot dot and so variation among objects is transformed into temporal variation. A dynamic process arises in time as a consequence of static variation in space. There's no historical process other than the evolution of living organisms that has this variational form at least as far as we know. So that's actually going a long ways towards this sort of what is Schrodinger's question about what is life just an interesting way that variational has interwoven from the history of biology from Darwin from Lewinton and now finding itself with a formal definition ironically with the same name related to variational principles. So anyways sorry for the little bit of a history side. Let's get to the ecology questions and if anyone has thoughts on that previous link they can kind of address it here. These are some questions drawn from a 1999 paper by Sir Robert May called unanswered questions in ecology. So we can figure that they're probably still unanswered. But let's just look at some of these and if anyone wants to reflect on it how do they see it playing out or how do they think or wonder that active inference could play into it. I'll put up the first two. What determines population density and what determines the spatial structure of population. These are actually like the first two that May brings up. So what could an answer to this look like or where do you think the FEP and ecology could intersect here. I'll just list them all. Also how can we study stability and complexity in ecological communities and what is the proper scale of analysis for ecological studies in space and time. So what might be in approach or what might be in mapping that we could draw here. One thought is the proper scale of analysis for ecological studies is kind of related to our discussion about what time scales ergodic systems or the ergodic hypothesis exists at. Because there might be some time scales or spatial scales that don't make sense to study. Like if you're studying the lion hunting the gazelle the centimeter squared time scale or spatial scale in the one second might not capture some important dynamics of the system. But then if you study it at too broad a level it might be not able to be studied for another way just happening too fast underlying. So just one thought there anyone want to yeah Shannon go ahead. Yeah so I don't study ecology but I know we've learned some about like predator prey models so population density is determined by you know the amount of resources in the environment and as the praise depleted then the predators depleted because they don't have enough food so the prey can come back and you have this structure over time and the same kind of thing happens even with trees and these beetles that eat trees so you'll see like forests even over a much longer time scale having like trees that die out and then they grow back eventually and the beetle population will also follow that predator prey structure and die out and come back Yes so there's these rhythms and some slower ones some are across species some are within a species they're all related to measurements so at the very least we're going to be able to use different mathematical frameworks to analyze our measurement just like we use different statistical tests but the deeper question is whether the FEP or whether the active inference framework describes what these ecological communities are doing or what is actually occurring versus to what extent it's a really convenient model fitting approach All right the second next slide What would the difference and implication be I think the proper philosophy of science attitude to have with regards to any scientific model whatsoever is that truth has nothing to do with what science is doing this might be slightly controversial but I think science has to do with model comparison effectively I mean all of science has moved into this kind of game I think what we're doing is so first of all data is never presented in a naked way so your neuroimaging data for example will be organized as a heat map of the brain for example like data is always presented as a model of data and basically what we're doing is confronting different theoretical and formal models to find which explains away the variance in our data the best so from that point of view we need and read the free energy principles making any literal claim about anything just the same way that any other scientific model is just going to be kind of a useful description so I'm putting on my Mel Andrews hat today and being an anti-realist but or I mean a non-realist right it's just it's not like Newton's laws became false after they were shown to be a special case of relativistic dynamics these are just like successively better models that successively and iteratively explain the variance in our data better but I don't know if it's appropriate to ask the question you know are these merely models are actually the way that the world works I mean from that's the quote right all models are wrong but some are useful exactly yep and then the what is useful must always be unpacked to whom and who else is influenced by it and then what is their value structure all these types of second-order effects and I agree that nothing else it's a useful multi-scale framework just like a multi-level regressor regressor model or the the Gaussian distribution I mean linear modeling is used for some computational benefits so yeah it's unfortunate when it does constrain the phenotypic distributions in the world but perhaps with flexible tools we could actually accommodate for very very high-dimensional preference systems or things like that rather than using like a excel spreadsheet that takes an average and then aggregates that into the next level of the aggregator so how could we go and look at variation across multiple levels of the system and yeah good interesting things there let's look at a few more just classic ecology questions before we go to the figures so this is from a 2013 paper in journal of ecology called identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions so those are just the little small ones I'm just going to list all 20 of them that I just grabbed the first 20 so people can think just you know pick a random number spin something roll roll 3 die whatever it is but these were just the questions that this large set of authors basically used some polling and discussion methodology to converge on these 100 questions and so they definitely thought about which ones to put at the beginning and they definitely thought about which ones to include so I just think these are kind of what ecologists broadly may find to be some of the biggest questions so that means that if somebody can make a connection where something that was previously modeled in an incomplete or in a really heterogeneous framework if there's a way to pull it in a more unified way then that's something that addresses a fundamental question in ecology and so that's one of the ways that we can apply theory and then think about what are the downstream applications like look at their number one question what are the evolutionary consequences of species becoming less connected through fragmentation or more connected through globalization so that's roads being built that break migration corridors that's also barnacles being brought around by global fishing fleets and so different species and different ecosystems are connected in new ways their Markov blankets their ergodic levels of analysis these are all changing and so how is that going to shape phenotypic and behavioral and genetic diversity that's conservation ecology so if that can be re-understood or mapped into a active inference framework it's again at the very least a super useful way to think about multi-scale systems because it includes that bottom up and top down element which a lot of these questions implicitly include but often through very constrained ways like specific types of partial differential equations or specific types of simulations that aren't really grounded in this type of methodology and then yeah I just think that's kind of an interesting thing so I thought it was why is worth taking the time to at least look through some of these and anyone can raise their hand if they want to jump in on one of these 1 through 20 but it's just useful to think about these because these are the questions that people want to see answered in ecology. Shannon? I mean number 5 is exactly what we're addressing if we're asking what can multi-scale free energy tell us about these different levels of selection also different levels of behavior or different levels of insert phenomena you're interested in here yep what are the relative contributions of different levels of selection gene individual group life history evolution and the resulting population dynamics yep definitely something that's super interesting to think about and does a variational principle that links these levels of analysis like if you have a multi-level regression model you don't say that one level has causal priority over the other level it's just a different way that variance was partitioned and that reminds me of Evelyn Fox Keller's metaphor of the two people who are pumping water together and that's the nature and nurture so-called and that's how you can really do a partitioning of labor only for certain tasks but not for kind of shared tasks like her water pumping example and so maybe the partitioning is a statistical post-hoc and some trades will partition highly onto the heritability or some trades partition highly onto some other unidimensional axes but then in a fuller variational framework we would have a more nuanced way to talk about how those parts are related yep and then another question that is definitely related to the whole area is 16 how do organisms make movement decisions in relation to dispersal, migration, foraging or mate search so definitely a lot of work on everything from the ocular motor to epistemic foraging the movement of the eyes towards informative areas of the visual space to focus on to search behavior and that could be in an abstract computational space so many of the optimization algorithms we know are named after animals because they're kind of bio-inspired colony optimization cuckoo search all these kinds of things are related to ecologically observed strategies so maybe if we had a way to tame those different strategies in nature we could do bio-discovery and then we could implement a lot of cool ways to who knows what optimize things make swarms of robots that are useful who knows what could happen number 11 also what are the evolutionary and ecological mechanisms that govern species range margins that reminds me of this concept of the ecology of the fundamental versus realized niche and so I think that has a lot of nice parallels to kind of how humans behave but also thinking about cognition and how we choose to think about the world and what sort of niches that that model is tailored to what is the fundamental versus the realized niche full disclosure I also do not study ecology but I'm teaching an intro to bio class to freshmen and so I'm learning about this as I go as well it's kind of fun but the fundamental is the environment with the combination of abiotic factors that allowed organism to survive so anywhere where you could live and then the realized niche is where you actually do live based on your interactions with other species and other biotic factors that influence your niche do you know if this overlaps with Karola Stotz's concepts of the developmental versus the selective niche so Stotz basically argues that effectively you can think of the niche as the set of selection pressures which organisms are subject but also as the set of reliably inherited resources that are necessary for the reconstitution of the life cycle in every generation and that ideally they coincide but they don't necessarily so that you know your developmental niche ideally prepares you for the pressures that you'll be undergoing in your selective niche but you know for various evolutionary reasons or other into the wrong environment for example and then die off so but it does seem to overlap with the distinction that you're mentioning here Wow very interesting and changes in the different things can lead to the realized niche where things actually exist if the population hits a critical point then it can just extinct locally or even regionally and that's like a non-recoverable and so it can change in a very like the niche can be modified rapidly and so that definitely relates to it. Let's actually do one more slide on niche and affordances and then this is before we just get to the figure so if anyone has any more like general thoughts now we're bridging the gap we're seeing how the regular ecology brings over to this new way of thinking about it so niche and affordance are linked and that's kind of cool that we just were talking about that because there's the niche example here is the different bird so flamingo is digging the deepest into the dirt or under the water to get food the birds on the right are going more shallowly and so their beaks are different, their behavior is different everything is different about their biology and they may or may not be able to have general versus specialty like maybe the flamingo can also get the shallow but not vice versa or something like that that's a sort of physical niche concept but our niche includes objects, includes other people and trees and bike paths and digital experiences as well so what happens now that technology is part of the human informational and ecological niche maybe bringing in what was just being discussed about the fundamental and the realized as well as the selective and the developmental niche concept so how could active inference be used to understand and model and design in these situations so I start there is for politics or for information systems especially with digital there is certainly a vast number of degrees of freedom in the design and the realized info niche that we're in is just like literally whichever whichever one we're in however it ends up whoever's behind the scenes doing whatever that's the realized one we're going to get what is the fundamental info niche what is the actual bigger habitable space and which parts of that habitable space might have some features or some benefits that we don't realize through a current existence in that realize well so conceptually I would want to distinguish between the physical environment and the niche so the way that we're defining it at least the niche is the set of affordances to which organisms are sensitive so that doesn't overlap exactly with the physical environment so I mean two species can share the same physical environment but not occupy the same niche because they're not sensitive to the same things so you know like something maybe like a prey item for one and just be like you know part of the background for another species so I think that's how you get around that I was confronted by Kim ster only when we we gave a talk in Australia I think in 2017 or 18 about this and I think this helps to dissolve that issue there isn't like one ecological niche there's one physical environment that we all share and then relative to essentially the skills and the concerns that we embody the world will appear very differently and so we live in different niches even if the physical environment overlaps okay Yvonne yeah thank you if we return that now we share one virtual niche we do it by our brain work and before the internet we can speak with each other just physically present near or by telephone but now we can we can do it we can choose what type of communication we can choose the type of communication and so we construct different ways to create niche itself yes thanks for sharing that and it's I hear you Maxwell on the niche concept definitely an idea that ecologists have debated over as much as species but the idea of the shared informational resource let's go with that certainly there are things that are becoming knowledge resources that are not only non evenly shared across the globe but also are related to new kinds of informational connections that haven't occurred in any individual sensory niche hearing languages that one wouldn't have heard access to perspectives and the high throughput nature of media so these are all things that I think change our match or mismatch or our fitness between our evolutionary priors on biofeedback or on safety or on the veracity of language these kinds of things are being connected and being played out in new ways so I would think how can active inference be used to understand and design these situations well we can define the remote team and we can also think of it as almost a reduced case and a known mismatch case with our own like quote natural ecology but first our ecology is so flexible and humans have displayed so many lifestyles that this is really one of many there's no reference wild type that's one thing and then the second thing is when you take an animal into a laboratory you know that it's not going to be getting the same microbiome or the sun or the temperature variability or the prey or the predator or whatever it is but you go you forego that degree of freedom and naturalism for an element of controllability and so in ecology they do a lot of mesoscale experiments well they'll set up like 200 fish tanks and add exactly three salmon and exactly 11 algae and set up these tanks and they can demonstrate things like dynamic oscillatory systems or like an instability point with the ratios of different initial conditions of two different species or the role of different nutrients and then the critique just like it is with animal behavior in the laboratories like well that's not exactly the natural ecosystem and so it's just an interesting topic how in ecology there's this continuum from super long scale systems like cosmology that you're never going to be able to intervene in or make experiments about like tectonic plate level understandings of biodiversity ranging to very local understandings that are often very controlled but then those are often subject to the same kinds of holistic criticisms that so many other frameworks are and so to turn again to active inference there's a way to build positively on this and just think great there's this mismatch between levels or at least apparently why don't we kind of think from the top down and set out a really big scaffold for multi-level systems and then we'll figure out how to map different levels and scales of analysis within this just like people learned how to use multi-level regression this is going to be like a variational tool at that kind of category or of that kind of type alright figure six so here Maxwell on figure six I'll let you take a first pass but the next slide just you let me know if you want the box to come up but let's just focus on this image and maybe start off just like what does it convey or what is it there for but go ahead okay just let me pull up the figure myself alright it's called a particular partition it's a pun yeah just to explain the pun I just wanted in front of me while I explained well so basically this figure explains how you add I mean I would prefer to explain things in terms of the figure three because this is a slightly more technically complicated version of the figure three like it figure six basically tells you how you I mean effectively take a bunch of states and like add them to the superordinate scale but I think it's slightly easier to explain using figure three so what we basically do is we're going to take a bunch of states that comprise our system and then partition it in partition those states into Markov blankets and then from there construct a reconstruct the system at the superordinate scale on the basis of these Markov blankets so basically in new work especially in the particular physics monograph we speak of this in terms of two operators that we use G and R G is a grouping operator effectively and it allows us to construct Markov blankets from the base states that we're considering and then R takes these Markov blankets and then reduces their dimensionality so I mean effectively we're going to be dropping some of the states to construct the states at the scale above so we start with a bunch of states and these are all the states that are of interest to us in the system so you know I mean these can be literally any states whatsoever these techniques have been used recently to partition fMRI data so when you're dealing with fMRI data each state is a voxel so a 3D pixel effectively and so what we do from there is you have all of your states and you have this continuous time series data typically and so what you do is you construct an adjacency matrix so an adjacency matrix is essentially you're plotting all of your states by all of your states so the diagonal is basically your degree of self-coupling and what you do is you populate this matrix with coefficients that express how tightly this state and that state are coupled and then so from this adjacency matrix what you do is you take the Jacobian and the Hessian of these adjacency matrices so the Jacobian and the Hessian are basically the same matrix but rather than having the coupling coefficient in each entry what you have is the partial derivatives of each entry so effectively there's a very technical and complicated way of saying what we're looking at is the relative rates of change of every variable with respect to every other variable the reason we're doing this is that a 0 in these matrices that contain the partial derivatives means that effectively there's no relative change meaning that you can vary one of the variables and the other one doesn't change so this is a way of testing for conditional independence is the short story so basically using these mathematical techniques what you do is you read off the conditional dependencies from this coupling matrix this adjacency matrix and from there you're able to rebuild the well you're able to construct Markov blankets in terms of the states that are independent of each other conditioned on so I mean to recap we started with a bunch of states that just compose the system that we're interested in explaining at one scale we put these states through a grouping operator that chunks it into Markov blanketed particles based on the conditional dependencies and so this takes us from the bottom of the figure to the top left so what we're left with after applying the grouping operator is a bunch of Markov blankets effectively Markov blanketed particles so then in order to get to the next scale what we do is we reduce the dimensionality of this partitioned set of states so effectively what we're doing is we're dropping the internal states and the fast stable modes of interaction at every scale in order to construct the states at the level above and this gets us basically from the it's the other half of the image basically moving from these partitioned states back to a new set of states at the superordinary scale so conceptually what we're saying is that states at a superordinary scale are literally constituted by the slow metastable modes of interaction between states at the level below so just conceptually this means that you take say an organ like the heart well the heart itself is constituted by the slower modes of interaction among heart cells so for example like you know the the main compartments of the heart for example are literally constituted by the modes of interaction between the cells that are components of those of those components effectively of those compartments yeah so the then the reduction operator we're dropping the internal states because they're effective all of the information that you need to know about the internal states are already is already summarized in the blanket so you drop the internal states and you drop the fast stable modes of oscillation and that gets you from the the partitioned system back to a set of states at the next scale so hopefully that explains what's going on but again that might sound very technical but the idea I think is pretty simple and it's just that we're constructing superordinate layers of the system from the slow modes of interaction of components at the subordinate scale very nice explanation Maxwell really thanks a lot for that pleasant yeah super helpful so let's go over that because I think it's really critical and I think for some people it's like wait weren't they just talking about ecology so what just happened there how did we go from the big questions in ecology to this grouping operator loop that was just described and so the main pivot I think has to do with multi-scale systems and how we're going to be modeling across different scales and so what the question is is again thinking about understanding and modeling these dynamics of multi-scale systems and there's an unprincipled way and this is a principled not the only principled way but a principled way to do this multi-scale integration so an unprincipled way would be for example you use method a to go from the fast dynamics to the next level so you have a heart cell simulator proprietary program heart cell sim form and then you make just another software pipeline that connects the outcome of that simulation to a model of the whole heart physiology and then you kind of run the results from these two different models back and forth so maybe it works maybe it's functional so no one's saying it isn't it's just that the way that those two pieces were joined together was a bit a priori it was a little bit just chosen and it would be better if there was a way that we could for example take measurements across levels and use information that they provide to constitute our better understanding of the whole system so not just throw away the model that went information that doesn't fit into each little bottleneck of information but how could we have this full variational in the like constituting variance across multiple timescale as well as variational from that physics side which brings along all these really positive benefits related to computability and tractability and relationship with Bayesian statistics and 40 factor graphs and all these kind of cool areas it ends on bridging so if there's a hinge with multi-scale systems having a useful description then we're in the category of the physics models like spin graphs and game of life and then also at higher levels at the very least the tools for dealing with the kinds of things that those kinds of simulations like the game of life were invented to describe so that's sort of the main key point and so this is what Maxwell has run through and represented here is describing just like you could use model selection techniques to figure out which multi-level statistical regression model or which multiple ANOVA was the most appropriate or whether to include an interaction term or not or a multi-scale model from a Bayesian framework whichever modeling framework you're working within hopefully there's a principled way to go about doing model selection and doing model comparison and so if I can just interject Carl Carl Friston calls this the particular partition and there's a play on words here there's a double on tone by particular partition he means partitioning the system into particles which are the internal states of a system plus the Markov blanket but he also means it's a particular partition as in there are other ways of doing this there's not necessarily one unique way of cutting things up and so the partition itself is named to reflect that fact I thought it was kind of fun to bring up yes now let me connect that point right there about one particular choice relating to dimensional reduction techniques and where degrees of freedom come into play for the experimenter so in real data sets you can do techniques like principle component analysis and you can do things like linear discriminant analysis which looks basically for group separation as an additive combination of principle components so it tries to explain the most variation with these orthogonal axes through the data that's principle components analysis now there's some data sets where the first principle component explains AD and the next one explains 5% of the variance and has a long tail now whether you need the first principle component and you're just going to take only the first one and you take 99% of the variance being explained by 500 principle components where the explainability of principle component 74 on your Netflix consumption doesn't really map to like a real world understandable trait it still could reduce your uncertainty about a machine learning model but it doesn't like map on to something that's actual about the group anymore and maybe misaligned with all these other things those kinds of analyses are always up to the experimenter to decide how many dimensions they want to reduce to do you want to reduce down to a two-dimensional space just upon the data points in the principle component one principle component two just remap onto the two dimensions that explain the most variance linearly or do you want to map into a 500 dimension space that's where a lot of the freedom comes into play so just like there's a particular principle component analysis is presented in a paper but principle component analysis is a general technique a particular system will have a particular decomposition statistically and in this way and that will also reflect degrees of experimenter freedom and modeling it and the statistics but the framework just like the ANOVA framework goes a little bit beyond and isn't necessarily about any specific system well one thing to point out is that there's a kind of recursivity at play where I mean what you can actually see what is the best way to partition the system just kind of recursively in that like what you can do is take your system and then write alternative generative models of how you think the system is actually behaving and then you can use free energy as a metric to see which out of these alternative models of the system structure is the one that best explains its behavior so there's a metabasian kind of aspect to this where like we're not only just like modeling the system as if it were an active inference agent but we can use generative models to assess which out of the possible ways of cutting up the states of carving up the system is the most appropriate and again it's using the same metrics so model evidence it's always model evidence I had a call with Carl yesterday and he was saying whatever the question the answer is always multiple evidence let me connect that's one more niche idea we talked about the skilled intentionality framework and how that's like part of the niche is the affordances and that can reflect a lot of aspects that are learned or that are cultural but the niche can also include mercury that's influencing you and you can't taste it or detect it but it's changing your phenotype or something like that so again maybe some niche concepts are more affordance oriented like the ecological psychology niche is more oriented towards action unsurprisingly however for many ecologists when you talk about that means like how much light is hitting the ground what temperature is it at night so that is also reflected by the realized versus the fundamental niche because especially when you're talking about those abiotic factors you're sometimes talking about oh yeah rocks that you can knock over but a lot of times again people just think of rocks as being in the physical niche so things can influence and not be reflected by sensory states and then all we have is the model so you have the model of decision making it doesn't know that it's being slowly drifting off into a non-adaptive state space because of the cup that has led into it all it is experiencing slash reducing its uncertainties about is its generative model of its niche and that's more on the ecological psychology side and that can even be extended to like a molecular level like chemicals that can't be tasted they can still influence you so it's not only about how the action is enabled in the world but that is the primacy when you're coming from an organism or a system of interest perspective and that's where you make this initial like what are the measurements to make like Maxwell started off with you start with states those are measurements you could say we could measure this we could measure this thing over here we could do it over here but you got to start with at least the idea that measurements are going to be made or at least that there are certain distributions or types of measurements that could be made one other thing was the grouping operator that you mentioned that kind of reminded me of click detection of conditional dependencies and so the the other way of saying that is click detection of the conditional dependencies because if in order to find out which ones are zeros you got to find out which ones are non-zero and then when you think about there's this representation ability to transform between the matrix and the network like through the adjacency matrix or more advanced relation related matrices then you can do click detection on a matrix so matrix is going to be able to make a network that has the exact same data in it whether it's just one zero like edges or not edges or whether it's a weighted edge or a different type of edge there's such an equivalence between matrices and networks that click detection on a social network or something like that is going to be also detectable on the matrix form so that's something to keep in mind when we're talking about like a matrix coming in here but then there's like maybe a network of interactions coming out another side okay Any thoughts or questions that was definitely worth explaining maybe we could now return to six or we could also go to four where there's a few questions from previous I really wouldn't necessarily go to six honestly it's like the most technical slide like in our papers sounds good so I mean like unless unless the really nitty-nitty-nitty nitty-gritty-gritty detail is of interest I would suggest that we not and I think figure three captures everything conceptually the figure six really just tells you how you add states to every particular thing so it's just running through the same thing but like okay we're taking this state and now what do we do with it okay we'll do seven point three late night maybe if we need to but for now I think let's just return to figure four which we've actually seen in previous weeks and I just wrote down a few questions one was I believe Alejandro's question from several weeks ago about what are some differences between simulating systems like those that can at least apparently engage in deep counterfactuals and morphological systems and so the question rose like okay but is the cell really doing a counterfactual analysis of alternate cell shapes it could be in a way that the brain may be doing some type of modeling of what behavioral states could be and then so that's the previous question that we're definitely going to return to your new perspectives on from anyone who wants to raise their hand and then the second set of questions is cool where does evolution fit into all of this and so a little bit more broadly how does this Bayesian perspective play into evolution ecology development and learning because this is a morphogenesis problem it's a divo problem and we know that eco and Evo are going to come into play with divo so how do we think about all these levels and how does figure for make its appearance in this paper what is it relevant what does it show so any thoughts is just about how morphogenesis and in general higher order pattern formation happens under the variational framework so I mean we discussed this in previous episodes but the idea is always essentially the same it's that what is it to share a generative model well in the context of active inference to share a generative model means that you share the same beliefs about the kinds of sensory consequences that follow the effects of states in the world and in particular the effects of my own actions in the world so the idea is that if we share a generative model we expect to perceive the world in the same way as a consequence of the same kinds of things so pursuing on that idea if we have the same generative model then if I just do my thing and you just do your thing we're eventually going to end up zeroing in on the same overall pattern because we share the same expectations about the kinds of things that we should expect conditions of same kinds of states so if you have a system that's equipped with state or yeah state dependent observation profiles so for example if I'm a heart cell I should expect to sense other heart cells and to register blood flow and whatever whereas if I'm a brain cell then I really shouldn't be registering blood or other heart cells at all so if you have these kinds of state dependent information distributions then you can start to see how sharing a generative model would allow for a bunch of components to zero in on well first of all on a target configuration and second of all kind of settle into a mutually coherent pattern of inference about what is my role in these higher order patterns that I'm part of yeah and so the idea there I guess is the so this is the vertical stack idea that we discussed last week the variational ecology is a horizontal and a vertical story a vertical and a horizontal story it's a vertical story in that you have nested systems of systems of systems of systems which is what I tend to emphasize in a lot of my work but at every basically in between every two scales there's a niche construction where you know the body at large is a niche for the organs the organs at large are a niche for the cells and so on thanks I'm going to address the evolution side and then return to this idea that Maxwell is just talking about about shared generative models because that was also very helpful so how does evolution play into this well let's imagine this morphogenesis creature that we're watching okay it turns out that there's a lot of parameters in this model that are detailed in the paper but it's not like all parameter combinations lead to this solution on the bottom right only specific priors and specific mapping relationships between sensory and action states will result in this exact kind of light bulb shaped creature okay you can imagine there's some arrangement that might result in a circle there's some arrangement it might the state space is large and it might not fix upon a stable point or it might do it very rapidly what cuts through all of these models what does model selection evolution it turns out that the wind is blowing from the north to the south in this image and that this shape it has worked in the past and it left more offspring that believed that that shape was the morphogenesis position to approach you'll just see that around it doesn't mean it's the only solution it just means it is what has existed so this is sort of an ab initio or a computational simulation of an artificial situation obviously but in the realized world where creatures are evolving then you find that only the organisms that have the phenotypes that adequately reflect regularities their niche are going to be left carrying forward and so it's kind of like wow how did the ants know to drag back this fly from 30 meters in the desert it's like it's all they do it's all they've been doing if they couldn't do it they'd be doing something else or they wouldn't exist it's not like you'd see an ant just struggling and failing to do it that would be a very short lived strategy so there's wacky stuff that happens again when a niche is transiently misaligned with evolutionary priors or when an evolutionary prior tends towards just like except everything into the nest you know pull in threads or something like that but I think that's really important to keep in mind that evolution often does model selection for us to actually find the solutions that work bottom right and the expectation action relationships top left that relate morphogenesis top right through the extracellular target signal being the coordinating mechanism in this morphogenesis example on the bottom that's development mediated what appears to be by this basically monotonic decrease in free energy representing the utility of modeling this system in converging or converging towards a developmental attractor using a free energy framework well notice that it spikes initially right interesting so all the agents are kind of trying to figure out what their position is and then they settle into like a mutually consistent group inference and you know that this work has been recapitulated across several scales Ensor Palacios and colleagues have a cool paper where they do this across three scales so they have like a micro a mezzo and a macro scale all premised on the same free energy functional and you get these nice layers of like organelles within organs within an organism cool and let me also go back to one thing you said about the shared generative models you talked about like the neurons sort of being in their niche you know wrapped in a specific type of glia or receiving certain types of communication at different developmental time periods from different inputs there's almost this not a complete replacement that you can do of having a shared generative model as you mentioned between the cells and the generative model at a higher level like through the neurons own expectations and its own niche it subsumes and it becomes a functional part of a larger generative model brains know things that neurons don't and so that is very naturally accommodated in a multi-scale framework because at the level of analyzing just the two cells you'd find that they act as if they had a shared generative model and so it would make sense so at the level of the social interaction it's like two people are having shared generative models like they both know how the movie is going to play out or they both know who's turning this to speak but then at a higher level and that's all happening at the same time it's also like being part of a shared generative model that is the higher level whether that's thought of as collective computation or collective cognition or distributed intelligence whatever framework it ends up playing out as the brain knows things that the neuron doesn't and so the social group is having dynamics that constrain and facilitate the individual level in a way that specifically will evade the computation or the understanding of the individual so I think that's kind of an interesting consequence of this and yeah good yeah to address a question that was asked initially about shared intentionality I mean so we have this paper now out in entropy where we basically argue that the free energy principle provides a formal synantics and by that we mean that so what it is really to act on a generative model is to have an intentional relation with some features of an environment that you're inferring constantly I mean that's effectively what having a generative model allows you to do it allows you to go from your sensory data and from your architecture of priors and likelihoods to an estimation of what most likely caused your sensory data and you know intentionality seems to come prepackaged with that as in like if intentionality means being appropriately receptive or to features of an environment that stimulate you well then having a generative model just means being intentional in that sense and sharing a generative model it means that you you're participating in a form of shared intentionality so a shared way of systematically relating your observations and embodied priors to like patterns of behavior and so on cool one other thought and this was something that my friend blue was talking about at our event a couple weeks ago was this multi-scale agency concept so the individual agency concept a relational agency then the small group and then the community and so we can't necessarily directly experience but what can you tell somebody to participate in at the local level that does engender this higher order adaptive process to play out and so I think it's this space between having a shared generative model and being a shared generative model like we're going to have shared norms so that we're going to take cognitive diversity and help that map our search space for the critical problems that influence us all so we'll have the best search and we'll figure out the outcomes that are going to be reflecting this kind of a distribution that we want to converge toward that's the kind of well specified harnessing of differences within the niche because you said Maxwell agents that see the world in the same way so I know that you didn't mean that from the overlapping because literally no one's generative visual model is going to be the exact same but there's this question of how much seeing the same way versus basically the variation within the niche in the exact same way of course not but it's a Goldilocks situation because if everyone had exactly the same predictive model then we would never see literally differences in opinions or ideas and so when thinking about the heterodox or the novel or the informative the adaptive that space is really about the mapping of the individual you know action perception loops in a sense onto this collective level and there's individual states that can be healthy in one context and unhealthy or considered unhealthy in another context and so it's just I think it's just the beginning of thinking about multi-scale systems from this way but then as we know people's concept about themselves and their social world changes their behavior and in ways that are really subtle kind of what is water so just very interesting stuff cool any other thoughts on this figure so just to go through the figures in reverse order we had six which will again it's a late night spooky special for another time five any thoughts on five also looks like there's a lot of equations on there not needing to unpack now four talked about three and then five and six for those of you who really want to drill into the I mean we could have like a a seven point three or something at some point ideally with a few of the more like technical people to really unpack that because five and six like really unpack the math in some detail but I don't know how useful it is for like a high level conceptual discussion like we're having right now so perfect yep totally agree and sounds good about that yep well those were the figures does anyone else want to return to any slide or want to bring up any other thoughts or questions like what was something that was interesting that they heard about or something that they didn't expect for the discussion to introduce or another direction that they would like to see it go towards well early on there were some remarks about theory of mind and so on uh huh yeah so we have a whole paper on this that came out actually it came out in behavioral and brain sciences so we're very proud of that it's called thinking through other minds and yeah it's it's basically like a well it was a target article and there are like twenty seven or twenty eight peer commentaries and we wrote a response and so if you're interested in how this fits in with theory of mind and you know the debates between simulation theory and theory theory and all that well we have like a paper length treatment of that um yeah and the I think the kind of in a nutshell response is that well you can you can both you can have your cake and eat it too using the variational framework I mean you might have noticed that this is sort of our argumentative strategy is often to say well there seems to be the split in the literature and actually both sides of the split can be made sense of and justice too by appealing to this active inference framework and here as well I mean we kind of strike a balance between these kind of explicit theory theory mind reading uh accounts and these more implicit kind of simulation theory embodied resonance kind of approaches again by appealing to our multi-scale story right so I mean you know you have more explicit and more implicit forms of inference about others and the more explicit they become the more like the more properly you're heading into theory of mind territory but I mean that that could also be a topic for discussion that in the later podcast but there's there's a whole paper length treatment though it was my point if it's of interest to anyone super cool I'll check it out cool yeah I think that it will be really good for the next two months last two months of 2020 that's eight weeks so we'll have four papers the ones that we laid out we'll cover a few few uh old stomping grounds and a few new areas as well for eight we'll be going into math a lot more and I think in some other social domains maybe with the scripts paper and yeah I'm just like looking forward to these conversations making our queue of papers for 2021 having special events if there's anyone who wants to arrange for like a special interview or a session modeling like a like a simulation approach these could all be kind of fun types of discussions to have because it's fun to bring in all these different angles on it hear from the medical hear from the practitioners yeah awesome thank you so much again for the the really nice treatment that this podcast gives to our work my gratitude is overflowing I hope you can good yeah these really is unpacking they help a lot and this is when the game is about just understanding and learning and turning it over hearing in different ways so thanks for participating I guess this is 7.2 but next time in 8, 9, 10, 11 for the rest of 2020 we'll finish out strong with more learning and more exploring areas that are new to everyone so send us any comments or questions that you have that we could unpack live the follow up form is in the calendar invite so if anyone wants to provide any feedback there that'd be cool and just stay in touch this has been a great team come so thanks so much everyone for participating very cool take care yep peace thanks a lot


Dozens of people have been reportedly killed after an air attack targeted a busy market in Ethiopia's northern Tigray village of Togoga on Tuesday. The bomb hit the market at 1 p.m., injuring a man and his two-year-old daughter. Health officials in Miquela say more than 80 civilians have died. The air raid comes a day after residents said fighting had fled north of the regional capital, Miquela.


Bidwell McCormick takes you behind the scenes in Hollywood. What is always a source of interest to me is the amount of trouble and effort directors go to in order to photograph a scene that is on the screen often for only a fraction of a minute. Whole crews of artisans will work over a background or some incidental object in the scene so that it may appear lifelike and realistic to the minutest detail. For instance, here are some notes gathered when Douglas Cirque was directing Summer Storm some time ago. Nathan, will you tell about it? Well, there's a lot of artistic camera angles and odd photographic effects in the picture. But none cause director Cirque so much trouble as the shooting past the nose of a horse at George Sanders and Linda Darnell. It's one of those shots that when viewing the completed film, it's just taken for granted. That's alright as long as everything goes smoothly, but just let anything go wrong and watch out. Well, the first time the close-up was made, Cirque didn't like it because the horse's head looked artificial. Then he realized it was because the horse's whiskers were white and wouldn't photograph no matter how he arranged the lights. Finally, in desperation, Cirque called the makeup man and had him put mascara on the horse's whiskers. They photographed perfectly and took the bare artificial effect away from the horse's nose. And Hollywood defied space and time too in making movies. For instance, you see George and Linda walk from the interior of a woodcutter's cabin out into the woods. But it wasn't that easy in the making. The scene was actually shot backwards. On location in lower California, a scene was shot showing the couple leaving a cabin and entering the woods. But because the cabin was real and too small to accommodate a huge camera with crew and the necessary lights, it was three weeks later back on United Artists' sound stages that the start of the scene was filmed showing them leaving the interior of the cabin. It took three weeks and several hundred miles of travel to take the two stars through a simple doorway. One of the reasons moviemaking is so costly. And then there was the time the beautiful corpse was cold in death but the weather on the United Artists' sound stage was hot. Beautiful Linda Donnelly in a silken bed for hours under the hot lights of the summer storm set still is death. After several rehearsals of the scene were made and directed Douglas Cirque was satisfied with the action, he called for the cameras to turn. But they had barely started turning when Cirque yelled cut. Linda, you spoiled that take, said Cirque. But it wasn't your fault. You'd better fix your makeup. There are beads of perspiration on your brow and I've never heard of a corpse suffering from the heat. All this adds up to one thing. One of the things that in my opinion has contributed so much to the fact that American motion pictures surpass the rest of the world. It is that insistence of nearly everyone on the lot to see that each and every detail is carefully considered. Everything from securing authentic scenes of pheasant hunting even if they have to go to Mexico to get them to the proper lighting of a horse's whisker. And now a word from your local announcer. And here now are a few production briefs from behind the scenes in Hollywood. Pretty 19-year-old Gracie Hannaford, daughter of Poodle's Hannaford, the famous circus performer, made her screen debut in Warner Brothers San Antonio, co-starring Earl Flynn and Alexis Smith. A triple talent scoop in connection with the scheduled screen version of the celebrated novel by Ayn Rand, The Fountainhead, is announced by Jack L. Warner. This production will star Humphrey Bogart and Barbara Stanwyck and is to be directed by Mervyn Leroy. Current plans call for early shooting because the film must be in the bag before next August when Leroy is committed to direct the robe for Frank Ross. Rusty Ferrell, former powers model and Broadway dancing beauty, has been cast in RKO radios, those endearing young charms. Robert Young and Lorraine Dayer co-starred in the screen adaptation of the Edward Shoderoff play. Although she's too young to read scripts, eight-year-old Margaret O'Brien has appeared many times on national network radio programs. In all instances, she memorizes her lines and cues. Her recitation of Lincoln's Gettysburg address in this manner remains a radio classic. And Ruth Hussie has been borrowed by RKO radio from MGM to co-star with Pat O'Brien in Man Alive. They teamed before and Maureen Raiders. Adolphe Maju has a top role in this comedy, dealing with a man, supposedly dead, who comes to spy on his wife's efforts to commune with the spirits. Shelby Payne, who makes her film debut in This Love of Hours, has joined a growing list of actress writers with a volume of poems to be published soon. Marking the completion of his 40th year in show business, more than 30 of which have been in motion pictures, Wallace Berry recently signed a new contract with Metro Golden Mayor Studios and began preparation for his next film, Bad Baskham. It's the story of a colorful bandit leader in the 1860s who was reformed through his affection for Little Girl. Raymond Massey, in real life, a veteran of both World War I and II, has worn a uniform in only five of the 152 stage and screen roles in which he has played. Philip Terry gets the romantic lead in George White's scandals of 1945, the musical co-storing Joan Davis and Jack Haley. This will be Terry's third straight appearance in a musical. Music in Manhattan, his first, will be followed by Pan Americana, in which he's one of the principals. Terry will play opposite Martha Holliday in George White's scandals of 1945. Gene Krupa has already been set for a featured part. At least one soldier believes Gary Cooper doesn't know when he's well off being sick. The story goes like this. Cooper and Ingrid Bergman were playing their 18th love scene in Saratoga Trunk when the soldier visited the Warner Brothers set. As do many of the romantic sessions of the Edna Ferber story, the scene began with a battle. Climax of the scene came when the sizzling angry Ingrid softened and was swiftly gathered into the Cooper arms and soundly kissed, only to hear him say, You know something, honey.  In the silence immediately after director Sam Woodard ordered cut, the soldier visitor cast but loudly, I'd be glad to be awful sick for that kind of medicine. And who wouldn't? Over at RKO radio, Boris Karloff has been signed to a new contract calling for him to make three pictures within the next two years. He starred in this studio's The Body Snatcher, drama adopted from Robert Louis Stevenson's story of the same name. With Robert Montgomery set to portray the leading role and they were expendable, director John Ford is now making extensive tests of players to complete the cast. Production is scheduled to begin before the end of the month. Floria Hope, young MGM actress, is forsaking a really promising screen career to marry her childhood sweetheart, Captain Jack Lewis of Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. She asked for and received a release from her contract to do it. She has a top role in MGM's forthcoming, twice blessed. And here's a case of really turning tables. Anne Blythe, a young actress who portrays one of Joan Crawford's daughters and Warner Brothers' Mildred Pierce, has turned the tables on autograph collectors who visit the set with a picture of shooting. Whenever Anne spots a particularly ribboned military or naval uniform on the set, she steps up and requests an autograph from the decorated veteran. This program is for your entertainment and we would be very glad to hear from you requesting more of that portion of the program which pleases you most. Just dropping hard to me. But well, McCormick, post office box 2941 Hollywood are to the station over which you are now listening and state whether you wish more facts about motion pictures, Hollywood studios or what the stars are doing and we will try and bring this information to you. And now a word from your local announcer. Because there seems to be so much that should be said about the man chosen for the personality close up in today's issue of behind the scenes in Hollywood, we are breaking our usual practice in presenting the story of only one person, Walt Disney. Okay. Arriving in Hollywood, two decades ago with only $40 in the pockets of his well-worn suit, Walt Disney has mixed equal proportions of persistence, imagination and hard work to parlay a series of animated characters into a corporation that today occupies a $2 million studio. Walter Elias Disney was born in Chicago on December 5, 1901. Disney Senior was a contractor and builder in the windy city and later moved to a Missouri farm.  The Disney's soon tired of rural life and Walt completed his grammar school grades in Kansas City. After classes he ran with the track team, his only excursion into athletics. The family moved back to Chicago when young Walt enrolled in McKinley High. Just about this time the ambitious youth began to sketch and became interested in photography. While doing illustrations for the high school paper, he also started experimenting with motion pictures. The two mediums he later was to combine to give the world a new art form. Meanwhile, Disney attended night classes at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts to improve his sketching technique. The First World War was underway and he tried to enlist in the Army, but was turned down because of his age. Finally, he was successful in signing up as a Red Cross ambulance driver and went to France. Covered from stem to stern with Walt's drawings, the Disney-driven vehicle was probably the most unusual conveyance of its kind along the battlefront. Then came the armistice and an animated slide company needed a cartoonist and Walt landed the job at Kansas City. He rigged up a studio of his own in a garage and in his spare time began experimenting. His first output was a short reel of Kansas City happenings which he sold to the owner of three theaters. They were so popular with audiences that he was commissioned to turn out one such an animated picture every week. From boyhood, Walt Disney loved mice and kept several as pets. One of them used to crawl over his drawing board back in those Kansas City garage days. Walt named the pet Mortimer Mouse, but that sounded too formal and before long the moniker was changed to Mickey. This was the model for the character who subsequently became a screen star. While experimenting in the garage workshop, Walt retained his $35 a week job so he could eat. But nights in his studio, a volunteer staff of cartoonists enthusiastic about the idea worked six months to complete that short subject little red riding hood. Disney liked the finished results so well he quit his job and formed a company to make more of these animated fairy tales. Things began to look rosy when seven were completed and sold to a New York distributor. Then the New York outfit went broke and Disney's enterprise suffered the same fate. So using his old motion picture camera, Walt took photographs of babies around Kansas City selling the prints to adoring parents and getting enough money together to move to Hollywood. He landed in the film capital with a new sweater but a suit that was two years old and only $40 in his pockets. Besides that he had a little film and some drawing material. Walt's brother Roy was already in Hollywood. Roy offered Walt his sympathy in a $250 bank balance. As a result they formed a partnership with an uncle staking the brothers to $500 more. Walt was overjoyed when a print of a fairy tale sent to New York brought an order for a series like this sample. The brothers rented an old real estate office, bought a camera and Walt taught Roy how to use it. They hired two girls to help them. Walt did all the drawing. The quartet then began turning out an Alice series and then Walt fell in love with one of the girls. Lillian Bounds was her name and they were married. They're still married and have two children, one of them adopted. Soon the Alice series had been exploited to its fullest and Disney conceived another character, Oswald the Rabbit. The public took to the new animated star and Disney bubbling with ideas went to New York in an effort to get more money for the film so we could experiment with the technique improvements. The distributors refused and there was a break. The New York outfit keeping Oswald. His high hopes were shattered. Jobless, Walt and Mrs. Disney started back to Hollywood and on the way they discussed their future. In search of a new character he considered several animals without success and then he excitedly exclaimed, a mouse, my Mickey Mouse, why didn't I think of it before? His third Mickey Mouse picture, Steambode Willie was synchronized with sound. Critics, film executives and paying audiences were wildly enthusiastic about the picture. Mickey went on and on until he became a household word. Then came the silly symphonies, plotless artistic creations that were pure fantasy in color. Since 1932 they've won Academy Awards year after year. Restless and never satisfied with his own work, Disney was not content with the turn in fortune that brought him prestige and a great deal of money. He dreamed of a full-length animated feature in color. It was a terrific gamble as no one could foresee public reaction to a feature picture composed entirely of drawings. Dipping into his own financial resources and then borrowing $1,500,000 Walt produced Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. This Disney gamble is one of Hollywood's favorite success stories. Three months after its release, Snow White had paid back the loan and then went on to become one of the greatest money makers in all screen history. Disney was now firmly established in the feature field. He then produced a number of full-length films appealing to adults and children alike, including Pinocchio, Bambi, and Dumbo. Walt again made screen history by putting Leopold Stokovsky and a symphony orchestra under contract to bring some of the world's greatest music to the screen in Fantasia. Now in the Three Caballeros, Disney scores another technical triumph by emerging animated characters and real-life actors in the same film scenes. And this is the word picture of a young man with an idea, a chap who has endeared little guys like Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck to the whole world, who has made lovely legend walk and talk and glorified color on the screen. Listen next week when Biddle McCormick again takes you behind the scenes in Hollywood.


At Griffith University, your future will be employable. We go beyond the classroom to give you the practical, hands-on and real-life experience you need to stand out from the crowd. Our employability initiatives include work placements, internships and industry projects for real clients, and they cover a wide range of industries and study areas. From journalism to tourism, from filming to nursing, Griffith offers a range of opportunities that prepare you for the future world of work. At Griffith, we create graduates of influence who find inspiring, engaging employment and go on to make a remarkable difference around the world.


The National Clinical Database, NCD, of Japan has been collecting data on gastrointestinal surgeries since 2011. Over the past decade, the number of surgeries has steadily increased, with the exception of 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, the average age of patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgeries has risen over time, with more than 20 percent of surgeries performed in 2020 involving patients aged 80 years or older. Furthermore, the rate of endoscopic surgeries has increased significantly, while the incidence of postoperative complications and mortality have remained relatively stable. These findings suggest that the quality of care provided by Japanese gastrointestinal surgeons remains high despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. This article is authored by Yashiki Kajawara, Erida Takahashi, Hideki Weno, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.