Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to InDesert Education. Today we'll talk about certain derivation of the famous Einstein formula. m is equal to 6 square, which basically specifies the energy which is concentrated in any amount of mass, and see the speed of light. So we will try to derive this formula through a slightly different avenue. We will use classic Newtonian mechanics principles and the knowledge which we have obtained by researching electromagnetic oscillations, because light is electromagnetic field oscillations. So this lecture will be very heavily related to the lectures about electromagnetic field waves, especially the lecture which is dedicated to momentum of light. So before you watch this lecture, if you did not go through the electromagnetic field waves part of the course, I do suggest you to do that because I will just use the formula from that part of the course, and this formula basically directly related to E is equal to mc square. And my personal feeling is always I want to know why that particular formula exists. So if you are satisfied with basically just taking the formula from that theory which we were presenting in the waves part of the course, well that's fine. But I think if you want to go deeper you really have to know that part of the course. And again, everything in this particular course, or course this actually, is interrelated and it's built into a sequential system of presentation of knowledge which is basically guided by the website Unisor.com. So I suggest you to basically work with the website, use all the material which is presented in there. So right now we are in a course called relativity for all. Now the electromagnetic waves, all this will be was presented in the course called physics for teens. There is also math for teens course on the website which is basically a prerequisite for for the physics. You cannot really study physics without knowing math. Calculus and vector algebra are must basically for doing this. Okay, so that's kind of a gravel and let's talk about this famous Einstein formula about the energy equals to mc2. Energy which is concentrated in any kind of a mass. Doesn't really matter which one, but the uranium or air or water. Whatever mass is, it's always carries energy basically and this is the amount of total energy which is carried by this particular mass. That was a famous achievement by physics of the beginning of the 20th century and Einstein in particular. So what am I going to use? First of all, I will use the concept of momentum from the classical physics. Momentum is mass times speed. Okay, that's basically a definition of momentum and we all know the second law of Newton which is basically relating force with acceleration which is actually, well I should use capital F of this case which is mass times first derivative of the speed by time which is actually derivative of mv by time which is derivative of momentum by time. Again, momentum of the same thing. So we all know this from classical physics. Now the thing which I would like to borrow from electromagnetic field oscillations theory and whatever the analysis we make is the formula which is related energy of light with its impulse. Now so I will just write the formula and again it's derived in the another part of the course. It's course physics for teens. Part is waves. Chapter is electromagnetic field waves and in that particular chapter there are lectures about energy of light, about momentum of light and including derivation of this formula. Actually the formula looks a little bit differently the way how I derived it was this one. If light does some kind of work or increment, well it decrements its own energy by doing certain amount of work then its impulse is in this case decremented by the same by the amount which is related to energy by this formula. Well which basically means that the entire amount of energy inside a certain amount of light is related to impulse of that amount of light by the same formula. Basically that's what it means. So amount of light. When I'm talking about the amount of light just consider you have a ray of light let's say it's a cylindrical kind of light and you just cut certain volume from it. So you have a concept of energy density. It was introduced in that course electromagnetic field part of the course. So it has certain amount of energy and this let's say one cubic meter of light if you wish. It has certain amount of energy. It's related to electric intensity and magnetic intensity of the electromagnetic oscillations. All of that was covered in that part of the course. So I'm just using a final formula which is this one. If you have certain amount of light it has certain amount of energy and it has an impulse. Great. Basically just using these two formulas I'm going to derive the energy of any mass is mass times square speed of light. Now to prove that let's imagine some kind of a thought experiment somewhere in the vacuum you have two masses equal let's call it alpha and beta. So these two masses are on the same distance from the center zero so it's in vacuum there are no external fields the external forces external fields just nothing. Now if it's nothing nobody's moving anywhere or anything everything is completely encompassed within this system. Then obviously we should have the law of conservation of momentum law of conservation of energy all that type of things. Among them by the way there is another law which I mean it's obviously the consequence of the previous two laws that the center of mass which is right now at point zero should be basically stationary it should not move. So if these are bodies alpha and beta are somehow interacting that should not really change the position of the center of mass because if we will change the position of the center of mass it means that the law of conservation of momentum is not a bait. So if all of a sudden these two alpha and beta become active like moving one relative to another then whatever they're doing the center of mass should really be at zero. Okay now after these obvious remarks let's just do the following experiment. For example let's say A has a certain switch on and off and source of light whatever battery. So it switched off and let's say we are directing the light from A from alpha to beta. So what happens? Well here is what happens. Light has energy as we know from I was already talking about this course about electromagnetic oscillations it has energy and it has momentum. Great. So whenever we send a signal a light signal from alpha to beta we are actually changing a certain amount of light which has energy and momentum. Now how do we preserve the momentum which is supposed to be conserved? Well obviously this mass should recoil so whenever we send something well you just think about this way if you just throw something like a stone from here to there obviously if we are in vacuum if you are in a spaceship you are inside spaceship so it's very inertial system as inertial as it can be if you throw if one person throws let's say a towel to another person obviously the first person recoils. Now the second person will wait until towel comes to it and when it comes to it it will also go a little bit further it will go with certain speed and two people will actually start going away from each other. So if this person throws a towel to this person first this goes recoil and this then will when it will receive the towel it will actually start moving to the same direction but their center of mass will be exactly the same as it was before so they are starting to separate from each other but the center of mass will be at the same place so that's exactly what's happening but it's happening here so light goes here so the alpha recoils here well light goes with the speed c and mass will have some kind of a d alpha speed towards this direction okay that's interesting now what if this light which carries energy and impulse does not have any mass what if mass is zero I mean we are kind of thinking about the light as having mass zero but in this particular case let's just think about it if it's zero it means this mass is going this way light doesn't have any mass this mass remains stationary during this time while light is covering this distance what is this time this time is equal to 2l divided by speed of light so during this time our center of mass would move to the left which is not supposed to happen what does it mean it means that the amount of light which we have issued this signal light itself not only has a speed but also has a mass let's use lowercase m and this guy now will have m minus m only in this particular case we can expect that the center of mass will remain where it is because we need the conservation of impulse so the impulse will be m minus m v alpha and plus m times c should be equal to zero because it was zero before it was not moving so now it's supposed to be zero afterwards because this one is always stationary doesn't change at all so this is a very interesting observation well from which we actually can conclude that the alpha is equal to minus mc divided by m minus m all right now considering the classical mechanics if something has a mass m and speed c then its momentum is mass times speed at the same time we know that this particular light carries energy e and it's related to to the momentum like this from which follows what e is equal to mc square well to tell the truth is not mathematically robust so to speak proof because we are using completely different kind of theories this is from electromagnetic oscillations this is from Newtonian mechanics which is not exactly in agreement with Maxwell equations which describe electromagnetic oscillations so i would consider this not to be like a proof but as a kind of a trick which gives correct result and what's most most important that the results of the theory of relativity were supported by numerous experiments but i think it's very interesting to see how easy it is to get to this formula if we use whatever i'm just using so again i would not really uh i i would not really emphasize the the way of this particular derivation as the proof no it's not however it's kind of interesting from my personal view that you can really derive this formula differently using something which is you see not like the whole Newtonian mechanic is wrong there are certain things in there which we are borrowing into the relativity and rightfully so and you know one of the things is probably this particular part is in correlation with electromagnetic theory with uh Maxwell's equations etc okay so basically that was my very quick derivation now i would like to talk about something which is just purely technical things related to this i would like to basically prove that our center of mass is always at the same position now how do we do this so we know that this is the law of movement of the uh alpha so the x alpha is equal to minus l that's the beginning and then i should add time times uh speed so that's negative so it's minus mc m minus m time right so that's the law of movement i should really say x alpha of t when t is equal to zero it's minus l it's this and as t increasing it goes to this way to the left with this speed okay now what's the law of movement of my light it's a signal signal of t it's equal to what minus l plus mc for t less than capital t so until it hits the beta objects right after this light disappears what does it mean it disappears well it's completely absorbed by beta object and the beta object with the energy and mass of the light will start moving to the right right the mass will be m plus m and the speed would be vb now what what would be the speed well the momentum let's just leave this alone the momentum of a light plus mass before their collision was m times c after the collision it should be the same and it should be m plus m the beta right so whatever the momentum this guy has and this one is zero right now after their after the light is absorbed the total mass would be m plus m and some speed vb would be basically from here mc divided by m plus m and what's the rule for the beta now before collision that would be zero i mean not zero l i'm sorry it would be l but after light is absorbed it would be l plus speed times time mc divided by m plus m t so these are basically the laws of motion of all the components of this system now what we have to prove is that the total momentum is always exactly the same as it was before which is zero well let's just consider two different cases for t less than capital t mc my center of momentum is not center of momentum center of mass i'm sorry center of mass how do we calculate the center of mass remember if you have certain number of uh let's say this is coordinates uh you have x alpha and you have let's say x beta this is mass m one this is mass m two what is the center of mass well you do x alpha times m one plus x beta times m two divided by m one plus m two that's the coordinate of the center of mass right and if you have three uh objects that's exactly the same thing so and this is something which you can just directly calculate what is the center of mass for example uh during this particular time well i know this is my m minus m times x alpha plus m times x sig it's of t plus m before collision my beta object has mass m uh times f it stands still on this before collision this is t less than t recall and if you will calculate this what will be well m minus m m x alpha is l minus mc m minus mc plus m times plus m times this position minus l plus mc n plus nl you will see that this is equal to zero i hope so this is m minus m l then minus mc t minus m cancels out plus m times minus l plus mc and plus ml right and it's supposed to be it's supposed to be equal to zero am i right m minus m is alpha alpha m minus m times mc mass times minus l plus no this is wrong it's something c ct this was wrong speed times time yeah i don't know why i put my mass here um so what do we do here right now um and by the way this is minus l it's another mistake which i made oh okay so many little mistakes yeah this is minus l and this is minus okay now is it zero now ml with a minus with a plus so that would reduce this one minus with plus ml plus ml and minus ml minus mc t and plus mc t yes that's zero so as we see during the t less than t we do have a zero as a center of mass now if you will do exactly the same without any small mistakes which i did for t greater than t then you will have to take into consideration this piece as well and you will have zero now every lecture has video part and textual part on the website unisor.com and on the textual part i do all this derivation much more accurately than i'm doing right now and everything is fine it goes to zero everything is okay so that's it basically i suggest you to read the notes for this lecture they are kind of more like a textbook style but after i was trying to explain something orally maybe it would be better for you to look at the at the text itself and good luck i suggest you to maybe maybe repeat the electromagnetic waves oscillation part of the course physics routines that would actually be much much more useful that's it thank you very much and good luck


Hello, this is Christian. This episode, we're going to look at model. This model, I will break into two parts. This part one here, we're just going to focus on the RAM data, nothing from database or any text files or anything like that. In a separate video in the future, we're going to create some databases so we do the other part. So models are really just data. It can be anything, right? Any from a text file, RAM, and so forth. Now, data are stored usually stored in the models folder. So here, if you expand the app folder and there it should be a models directory. And in here, you see there's a user.php file. This is, again, provided by a larval by default. So we're going to create something similar to this. We're going to create a class called maybe project and then we'll add some data to that, OK? So before we begin, I want to also navigate to my repository over here. I have a data files directory inside here. I have a data.php and it has some really simple, just simple data in here, OK? So I'm going to copy this data store here, just about for project data. And we're going to add it to our project. So in here, I'm going to close this now and I'm going to create inside the routes folder here. I'll create another directory here. We call it data file just like down there. And inside here, I'm going to create a new file called data.php. And then I'm going to dump right in here, OK? So this is our data store for now. And I'm going to make sure it's PHP. So I'm not going to load this object or this array to the view. I'm going to create a class for it and then we're going to create an instance of each of its object as a class object, OK? So before we do that, though, notice that in the models class folder, you can create a model in here yourself manually if you want to. You can just copy this and make some changes. But I'm going to show you how we can do that automatically. Well, not everything, but using the interface down here, OK? So go to the command terminal, control J, takes you there. Again, make sure you inside the application here. And run this command. So PHP artisan make colon model. And then space to give it a name of the model. The name here is the name of the class, also the name of your file. So for me, I'm going to call it project singular because the classes are usually singular and just hit Enter, right? So what that would happen is that if you look at the models folder over here, you see that it created a project.php file. If you go in that file, let me minimize this for a second now. You see that it added some stuff in here for us already ready to go, OK? It created a project class. The caveat is that your class name should be the same name as your file when you use it in this context, OK? Otherwise, you're going to have some problem issues later on. So usually use the same class as the same file. Kind of follow Java's convention of naming your classes and files. Although in PHP, it doesn't want to be quite that. But in this case, it does matter. I just want to point that out, all right? So in here, this class here is going to store the data fields of these data. So we have four of them, right? The ID, title, description, and URL. I'm just going to create a really simple class of key, whatever it provides here. And then we just add to that the data fields and things like that, OK? So I'm going to add a, I'll make everything public for now. Just make it simple on the ID field, public, title, description, and then the URL, right? So that's good. And I'll create another constructor here just so that I can use it. And it's called under, under construct. This is the constructor. The data fields would be the same as those title, description, and URL. OK, so in here, I'm going to just update them. This title equal to title, actually, ID, I'll switch those. Try to make it look nice. Description is equal to description, and then this, that URL is equal to URL. OK, so that is my class template. And usually you create, you know, using private, then you create gathers and setters for this. But for now, this is good enough, right? So use this model to create data. Notice that it uses a name space called app slash models. Now, this name space is important because we're going to use this name space so we can access this class called project and our code. So now I'm going to go over to the data file. And over here is where we're going to use that name space. So on the very top here, I'm going to use, use app slash model. And once you use the name space, then I have access to that. But then what is the exact class called? It's called project, which is, again, the same name as my project file. So app models and then here slash project. OK, and again, the same name, right? So use that, use that rule. And then down here at the bottom, I'm going to create a for loop to create an object of these four records, right? It takes the ID and title and so forth. And here for, I used the for each just to make it really quicker. Each of the data is a constant in this case, as we'll call it D. Just make it short. Let's see. Well, project data, project data as, let me ask you guys, fine. OK, and then I'm going to create a variable called project plural. So array is going to be assigned with a new project. And I pass in here the ID, which is going to be coming from the data of ID. The second is the data title. And then. In a description, one more data of URL. OK, so in the rule of PHP, when you create an object, you pass it to an array. You don't really have to push it to that. You could use the push function if you want to do that. But this is a quick way to do that. And it will automatically append to the end of that array, right? Very nice, very beautifully in PHP. Now, so I should have now created a project called projects has a full content. Now, the next thing is I'm not going to import this in. We include it into the web route over here. And I'll do that at the very top here. You can do the inside here if you want to where we want to. But I'll make it in the space up here. So it's available everywhere in this file. I usually include it's coming from the data files. And it's called data that PHP. And because my variable is really just a regular variable, not a constant. I don't have to import it. I don't have to create use and things like that, right? Otherwise, we would have to use it. But that is enough. So basically, I'm exposing everything there to this place and makes some code really nice. Now, I'm going to pass this data over to the portfolio over here. As you can see, we created a very simple portfolio here. And if you go to the view, let's open that portfolio view right in here. This is the one that we created earlier. OK, so it has nothing here yet. Before we do that, let's go and run the application. For example, let's do a PHP artist on serve again for number 8000. As you can see, there are no errors. If there are any errors, they will throw an error right here. I should have done it earlier, but as far as I go, there's no error at this point. And go ahead and launch the site just to make sure that it actually loads. Here we go. All right. And here in the portfolio, as you can see, we had, OK, we probably didn't have the URL correctly here, but it's just not found. We'll figure out why. But I should load this URL here, OK? All right, so let's go back into the code again. And I'm going to close this for now. And then in my web file, oh, yeah, because we were playing with this data here, right? So I'm going to delete these IDs. I don't need the ID here for now, because we're just testing earlier on. And then here, the title will keep going to remove this information. And in their place, we're going to create a variable called Projects. And that should point to the Projects variable we created inside the data PHP file. Now, this is the one that's going to be passed over. But you will see that it's not recognized, because if you mouse over that, it would say it's not verified. It's not available. Then when you do this, because your variable is created outside here, you need to include that inside your function. If you don't do this, you could also move this and put it inside here like this. So once you do that, as you can see, it resolves the problem, right? But if you want to use it somewhere else, then you have to keep doing that, right? So instead of doing that way, leave it as it was. And then this function here, you can use a directive function called Use. And then you pass to the Use function, then they want the variable you want to pass to it. So in this case, it's Projects. And because it's in the global space here, PHP has a really strict rule that in order to use a global variable, you must either use the global's super global keyword or the global keyword to make it local to that particular function. And this is a callback function, so it's really tricky to do that. And so in this way, the best way is to use the Use function to pass any variable to that. And so now it should be local to this function now. And then once you pass this data over to the portfolio, now we have access to that information, OK? And so over here, we are then going to use a loop to loop through all the four projects and show them here just so that it works. We can quickly just see how that works in here. So I will use here the for each again. OK, so you can see it has really nice syntax to help us already. The collection is called Projects. And each item would be since we're just going to, you know, interested in the actual project itself. And so I'll just keep the item as item, OK? Or actually, you can call it Projects. Maybe it makes more sense. And I'm going to type Project here. Project as Projects. So for each project, we're going to do something. Again, make sure you don't have too many n% in the front. And for now, I'm just going to print the project title, OK? So you can use the arrow now because these are data fields. I'm just going to print that. And you should see four of them in here. I'll make a PR just to see that actually working safe. Now go back to the browser and refresh this page. And here we go. We see the four projects here. Pretty good. OK, so now let's go ahead and create a table and make it a little bit nice. And I went ahead and already googled for the table and bootstrap. So we're going to modify this a little bit to make it a little bit nice. So on the table here on the bootstrap, you can search for it. I want to use, this is fine, maybe something like a little bit more interactive. This one's good, too. Yeah, this is fine, too. The straight one. Or let's see. Oh, the black one's pretty cool. Oh, this is pretty good, too. Let's go with the stripe. OK, I like the stripe. It looks kind of nice. So basically, I'm going to copy the table here. And let's see. This is for everything here for now. Copy the whole table here and go back to your code. And we're going to put, for now, right in here. We need to split where and where. So this is the repeating part. That means that the T-body goes in there, right? So this part here will go to the top. I'm going to move that to the top right before the loop. And then the loop takes place. Actually, the T-body also needs to go above here. And then this is the repeating part from here to here. I don't need these guys. I'm just going to close it right here, T-body. All right, so this part will go inside the loop right in here. And again, just right-click in format. Make it a little bit nice. Perfect. Now, Hang is definitely four fields. Perfect. Here, I will put the ID for the project ID. This is the project title. See description. And then this is the link of the URL. OK. And here, this is going to be the project ID. And I'll copy this. And I'll paste it right down here. This will be placed with the other ones. This is the title, description. Then this is the URL. Although, I want to have a link. I want to go to a links OK, which wrap is going to go to that URL. And it's going to come right here. Target is going to be blank. Is that again, just self-ictitious sites? OK, not real sites. And I'm going to copy this again to display the URL to the table. OK. Yeah, that looks good. Now, because this is bootstrap, it's not going to work until we actually load the bootstrap library. But for now, I just want to see that it does work on the browser first. Let's go back here and load the page again. And you can see, they're all here, very nice. Now, let's go ahead and load bootstrap into our application. So we have to go back over to the bootstrap page. I believe you go to the very top. One more thing before I go. I like the blackheading here for this table. So I'm going to put here table dark. I think that's what it is, table dark for the heading. Let me see. Yeah, table dark. Yes, let's try that. Table dark and to the T-head section, OK? T-head, add a class called table dark. We'll see. All right, so now let's go back and add a bootstrap. If you go to the get started and these are the things that you need to add. So just copy this link right here. Go to the application and go into the master file, right? And the views, master layout right here. We're going to add right above our CSS. And then we're going to also include the JavaScript to make it work. So down here, again, just click a little copy here. Copy to the clipboard, go back, and then put. I'm going to put it right below down here just in case. Make sure it loads everything correctly. And save this file, right? And then you can close that. Now if you go to the browser and review your page, it should now load bootstrap. OK, so there we go. Perfect, right? Cutter nice here. I lost the photo navigation down here, or link is too low. We're going to fix that a little bit. But so far, so good. Yeah, and maybe I'll put another message right below the project here. OK, so let's fix the footer and maybe add some room a little bit to our navigation here. Otherwise, I think so far, it's pretty good. So let's go over here. In the CSS, I think that's what we're going to fix. The CSS here, not inside the public directory. So the footer, it was kind of low. Let's turn off the height here. Probably don't need to set it anymore. Again, just control enter. And the control question mark will give you the comment. Let's turn that off. The main, we'll keep the main, the navigation. I don't have the nav. Let's see again. CF12, this is what it looks like, the navigation. That's fine. Yeah, I don't have a nav tab. I just want to add some margin. Let's see, maybe the top margin, the 10 pixel, didn't make it somehow. Yeah, I'm going to do that. The footer area, we're going to also move that added. So if you move the height, it should be fine. So here we go, we updated the footer already. And navigation, I think that's OK. But you can add a little bit more padding if you want to. But not only that, it's a little bit short. I want to make it a little bit wider. And right now, I think it's set to 50 pixels. I'm going to modify that just one quick magnification here when you're 50%. I'll make it like 80% here. The navigation, I'm going to add a new one here for the nav. I didn't have that one here. But I'm going to just add it so that has a margin top. Maybe, I don't know, 10 pixel. I think that should have some room to the top. And I think that's pretty good. So let's save that and load one more time. And there you go, perfect. All right, I think that's good enough. Again, if you want to add another one, maybe this one has nothing to do with that. I mean, I want to add another data right below here to say, you can use a caption or, I don't know, I'll use an h3 for now. Like following some projects. Something like that, OK. Yeah, so basically, that's it. For this video, and again, very simple, how we pass data model to the site here. And using loop, I'm able to display information just very easy like that using objects. OK, so in the next video, the future video, we're going to add some data kind of similar to this, but we will be coming directly from a database system. So thanks for watching. Any questions? Please let me know.


Hey guys, what is up? Welcome to my channel. So for today's video, I'm going to be doing a Black Friday try-on haul as well as showing you a little bit of what I purchased for Cyber Monday. So if you're interested in seeing what I got, then just stay tuned. So since I've never showed you guys anything about clothes on my channel, I thought I would change it up with this background. So yeah, so I never really feature anything about clothes and my style just because I am a physical education major and I'm student teaching right now. So I spend most of my days wearing a gym clothes, to be honest. I'm not the most fashionable. I love following those fashion accounts, but I don't know. They're just not realistic to me. Those girls are too fashionable to dress like them would take too much time. I'm much more simple in my fashion choices. So I just thought I would show you guys kind of what I'm into and I feel like it's just more realistic, you know? So my makeup taste is a little bit more expensive and high-end. But when it comes to clothes, I'm not afraid to shop at cheap shops. There's something satisfying about buying a really good piece for really cheap. So I'm gonna start off at my favorite store that I got some of the best pickups from, which was H&M. The Black Friday sale for H&M was 30% off your entire purchase. The first thing I purchased was a pair of jeans. I did not need jeans. I have so many, but I couldn't help myself because these are just so cute.  I don't have a pair of jeans that have just the shininess on them. So these are the skinny ankle high waist. For size reference, I got mine in a 26. Now just so you know, I am only 4'10". I'm very tiny. So as you can see in the try-on portions, I did have to cuff the jeans just because they are super duper long on me. But all jeans are unless I get them in the short length. What I don't like about these is I don't like that they're not super skinny at the ankle. And half of that is just because my ankle is where the average woman's calf is. So the ends are always a little bit bigger. And I like pants that are super duper tight around the ankle. So those don't fit me perfect. But honestly, I was very surprised by the fit of these jeans. I'd never really tried H&M jeans before. If it's not American Eagle, I feel like it always looks weird on around my crotch hole region. But I mean, this was a tad bit weird, not the most flattering. But these are originally $29.99. And with the sale, I got them for about $20. So I am so excited for these. These are going to look so cute with all of my blouses and sweaters for the winter. I also picked up this beautiful romper. So it is just a romper that's short with long sleeves. It's kind of like a fake velvet. And if you can see, it really glitters in the light. This is going to be super amazing for the holidays. Now, since I am so tiny, like I said, I'm 4'9". With super short torso, rompers never fit me. So this isn't the most super flattering. But actually for a romper, it fits me very well. Rompers don't ever fit me well. So I'm so excited about this. I can't wait to wear it around the holidays. And I thought this would look really cute with some tights underneath because of course it's super cold. I live on the East Coast. So I did pick up a two pack of tights, which by the way, these were $9.99. So I got them for $7. And they aren't super opaque. They do have some sheerness to them. I really like them. So I will say, I don't like how this fabric lays over these leggings because it causes the end of the shorts on the romper to bunch a little bit.  So by the way, I got the tights in a small and then I got the romper in a size 2. So the romper is originally $29.99. So this was a little over $20. And so I feel like I got such a good deal on this. And I'm so excited for this. I have literally nowhere to wear this to because I don't leave my house. But I also got this button down shirt and I got this in a US size 4. And this is originally only $14.99. And I love button-ups like this. I think they're so cute with jeans or when I do actually need to dress professional. I do like these with a pair of slacks or pants. You can do so many things with just a plain white button up and they look so cute with the glitter jeans that I bought tucked in. So for $14.99, this is an amazing price. And of course it's 30% off of $14.99. This was around only $11. This is one of the best deals if you ask me. So I'm so excited for this and it's really, really silky as well. So it just falls over the body really nice. So again, so excited for this. Don't sleep on these button-ups because they can be dressed so cute. They can be layered so cute. So I'm so excited for this. This is the last thing that I picked up from H&M and it's just this really big blanket scarf. It is huge. It honestly looks super huge on me to the point where it's almost unflattering. But I really don't care. This was supposed to be a present, but I think I'm just going to keep it because I love it. I love this black and white print. This, some jeans and a big jacket are going to look so cute. And guess what? This was only $5. This was actually originally $19.99 and I got it on clearance for $5, which is such an amazing deal because this feels really soft and it's really thick and it's not scratchy or anything either. So I'm really excited about that. Moving on, I picked up a shirt from Charming Charlie's.  I don't purchase clothes from them too often just because I feel like they're really cheap. I don't like the material their clothes are made of because it's always really lightweight and sheer. But they were having a 50% off their clothing and they do have some cute stuff. I can't lie. So I did end up picking up a one-shirt.  So I don't want them to see what I got. So this is originally $32. So I got it for only $16 and it's just a plain gray long tunic with this white sheer. But the party is really in the back. I don't know kind of looks like a tail I feel like, but it gets really sheer here towards the bottom. In the try-on I did have jeans underneath, but I think this would look a lot cuter with some leggings and boots. I think that would be a lot cuter. So the last clothing store that I purchased things from was Hollister. But I swear that I always find the cutest things at Hollister. I don't know, I just feel like everybody sleeps on Hollister. They really do have some really cute stuff. I did work there for three years, so I'm biased. But their store was 50% off and that's really the best time to purchase from their store just because that was the employee discount when I worked there. I always like to pick up one flannel every year from Hollister. So this is originally $40, so I did get it for $20. And so I picked up this flannel right here. I really love the colors. I didn't have a flannel that was this color. I really like that their flannels aren't too thick and chunky. I know some people like that, but I personally don't because I think it just adds extra weight to me. And this makes it more wearable for year-round. You can tie this around your waist in the summer, which is something that I like to do a lot. So I do like the versatility of how much you can wear the Hollister flannels. And I also really like the length of this. This is really long, so I can wear it with leggings and it layers really well over oversized t-shirts. So I really do love this, except my boyfriend. My boyfriend that said I look like I chop wood for a living when I wore this the other day to breakfast.  He doesn't know what he's talking about. It's really cute. I also picked up this lettuce turtleneck top. So I got it in black and white stripes because I really like stripes. And the lettuce comes from the way the ends of the sleeve and the neck are. Now I accidentally picked this up in a medium, which by the way, I picked the flan up in a spool. I think I forgot to mention that. But I picked this up in a medium on accident. I meant to get a small. So it is a little bit more loose on me than I would like. But I mean, it's naturally a tight shirt, so that's okay. If I have the time, I am going to go and probably exchange this for the size that I meant to get because I would definitely like this to be a little bit tighter on me. It has a bit too much fabric, but it's really cute regardless. It's going to look so cute. Talked into some jeans or with a skirt with the discount. This was only $10. So you can't beat it. I also got this top, which was also $10. And it is just an off the shoulder white t-shirt. I got this in a small and it fits me much better than the other shirt. And I almost want to get this in more colors just because this t-shirt is so versatile. It's nice and tight so you can tuck it into skirts, into pants, into jeans. There's so many things you can do with this top. I like that it's not cropped. I'm over the whole cropped thing. $10. This is an awesome, awesome deal and it's going to go with so many things. They have it in so many colors. And then I got three of the same thing, but just in different colors or patterns. And one thing you will learn about me is if I like something, I have to own it in every color that it comes in. So I've been really into, I guess they're galjo style pants, but just the really loose wide leg pants. Because I'm so sure I'm always looking for a pair, like my perfect pair. I did find this perfect pair in Koreatown in freaking Los Angeles. So I do like the ones from Hollister. They are a bit like two or three inches longer than I would like, but I could always get them hemmed. But honestly, I mean, they cut above my ankle so it works out. So these were $20 each, which is a little bit, but I have a really hard time finding a pair that I like the style of and how it looks on me. So I'm not mad. So I got these in a size extra small. Normally I get a small, but for these pants, I got an extra small. And so I just got a black pair and I like how these look like long skirts, you know, but they're not their pants and these are going to be really great. I love the way they look with like loafers or mules.  I don't know. I thought I was like a really cute dainty pattern and then I got this blue and white striped pair. Normally I don't really like pattern pants, but I feel like I would love to wear these on the beach, but you want to know something funny. I never go to the beach. So I bought this with the image of wearing this to the beach and I haven't been to a beach in years. So I don't know. Hopefully I go to a beach or something this year so I can wear those pants. All right. Moving on, that is all of the clothes I bought on Black Friday. I haven't bought clothes in so long, but that's just like so many new clothes to me. So I did also go to Bath and Body Works for Black Friday. They always have the three for three deals and I'm really over Bath and Body Works to be quite honest, but I do enjoy their candles. They truly have the best holiday scents. So I was going to go for the single-wicked candles just because when I light a candle, it's in my bedroom and the three-wicked candles are actually quite overpowering. It makes me a little sick, but they did not have the good scents. So I just went ahead and spent the extra money and got the big three-wicked candles. I don't need all six of these, so I'm going to throw in a few for presidents. But I got Winter Candy Apple, which this is my favorite holiday scent ever. I have so many memories with the scent. I've used Winter Candy Apple since I was young in high school. So I have so many memories wrapped around this scent that just remind me of some weird times, to be honest, my weird high school days. And then I also, of course, had to get Vanilla Bean Noel. Again, another one that's just wrapped into my young teenage years. I'm definitely keeping these for myself because they smell super amazing. I also picked up Winter. That store is so overwhelmed with scents that they all started to smell the same to me and I thought this smelled really good in the store. And now that I'm smelling it now, it's not my favorite. It does have a wintery scent, which I think is what was appealing to me about it because I wanted to... I like winter candles because I want them to smell like winter and Christmas and the holidays because it's the best time of year, but I don't know. I also got Mary Cookie and this I smelled at the last second and I put away one of the candles I got because this is like this smells like a cookie. It smells like vanilla.  I literally feel like I can taste whatever the heck I'm smelling and I just want to stick my face in it. This is one of those scents that's probably going to be too overpowering in this room, but I don't care. It smells so good that I don't care. I also got Arctic Berry, super duper sweet smelling and now that I'm smelling it alone in my room with no other scents to distract me, it smells a little bit too perfumey to me, a little bit too chemically. Now I'm sad because these were expensive. And then I also got Tiz the Season. This is very, very cinnamony. I'm really happy I got this. It's not even that I necessarily love this smell, but it just it smells like the holidays to me. Something about the cinnamon scent just really reminds me of the holidays. So I really like that. So from this here haul, I do not recommend Arctic Berry and winter, but vanilla bean Noelle, candy apple, winter candy apple, what is this? Tiz the Season and Mary Cookie.  Okay, I need to put these away. So let's talk Cyber Monday really fast. Of course, it's Monday that I'm filming this. I haven't received anything yet from Cyber Monday, but Cyber Monday is when I always become super irrational and just like purchase everything. I restrained pretty well today. I bought a lot of things I didn't need, but I restrained myself. These items aren't going to make it into a haul. So that's why I'm talking about them right now. From American Eagle, I love American Eagle because I love American Eagle jeans. They are the best for a short gal like me who's got some thicker thighs. So if you are petite with some thicker thighs, get on that. So I did end up getting a pair of jeans from American Eagle just because I love their jeans so much. So I got an ankle pair. So an ankle pair is especially good for a short person like me because they are naturally shorter. So when I get them, they're not going to fit me like an ankle pair. So I so desperately want pair of skinny ankle jeans because I just because I can't have it. I want what I can't have. I got them for $35, which isn't bad for a American Eagle jean tail. I got them in size too short, but sometimes their sizing is inconsistent. So we will see how that goes. And I also got a pair of shoes for $20 because they have size 5 in American Eagle and they never have my size in shoes ever anywhere. So I love American Eagle shoes. So I got just a simple pair of pointed toe mules. I love shoes like those. I think they're so cute. Fingers crossed those turned out okay. And I did order some Cyber Monday makeup. I did order from Juvia's place. They were having 40% off at Ulta, but I don't know why, but I ordered on the website because I didn't know it was at Ulta. But anyways, this was like I don't know what came over me and you guys know there's a monster that possesses me when I am in a sort of retail establishment or you know online looking at a retail website. And so the monster made me buy the Saharan palette and the Warrior palette. So I got the Warrior palette for $11. It's a beautiful neutral color palette and then I also got the Saharan palette. A lot of them were sold out. So I didn't really want the Saharan palette, but I wanted another one besides the Warrior palette. So that was the second best thing. So I just heard a lot of great things about those eyeshadows. So I figured I would give it a go again. I was possessed. I really, I don't know why you ordered those, but I'm trying to expand my content on my channel. So I'm trying out different brands, you know, which leads me to my next Cyber Monday purchase. I ordered 25 things from Ulta.com. Now, if you follow me on Instagram, I reached out and I said, Hey, I'm ordering some drugstore product for some future videos. I don't know what to try because I'm not super duper experienced with drugstore products. So I just ordered a bunch. All of it was on sale. I only bought the on sale makeup and I got 25 things for a hundred and like, I think it was $160. That is so good. I feel so you guys will get a whole haul video on that. I'm so excited to try all these new drugstore makeup products. But anyways, I hope you guys enjoyed this video. This is a nice, a nice change of scenery. Anyways, I hope you guys enjoyed this video. Let me know what other videos you guys would like to see. Seriously, like I say this in every video, but I mean it. I want to know what content you want to see from me. So yeah, I will see you guys in the next video. Bye.


I'm Joseph Jaffe and I'm editor of The Zeit in Germany and also teacher of American Foreign Policy at Stanford University. Your guest is, the sooner I put my picture away though you'll see his name, he wants to be known as H.W. Brand. And he has written more books on history than I have written newspaper pieces. That's an exaggeration. We are told, all of us have been told by the organizers to ask certain questions. And I will certainly stick to the rules and ask the first question which has been posed by the organizer. And so I'd like to ask you, what keeps you up at night? Before your answer, I want to give you the answer that your predecessor this morning Michael Spence gave. Okay. What keeps you up at night? He said, my wife, laughter. Not what you think. He says, she's a journalist and works late. What keeps me awake at night, and sometimes keeps me from going to bed, is my younger son, who is a teenager. And this because he's a teenager. But also in a broader sense, because I wonder what his future is going to hold for him. I think it's difficult to sketch out a scenario in which the future of the generation that succeeds me is going to be as full of opportunities as my generation enjoyed. And so I really wonder about this. He's in college now. Jobs are hard to find for college graduates. He has two older siblings who've done, who are out of college and are doing well. But the economy changed in 2008. And so I don't know. And I do spend some time worrying about that. We all do have children of a certain age. But in terms of your profession, you're a historian, historian of the United States, historian of American foreign policy. When you think about the U.S. in the 21st century, is there anything, yes in the world, is there anything that keeps you up at night? I won't say that this exactly keeps me up at night. But I've come to the conclusion that American foreign policy in the 21st century is going to look more like American foreign policy in the 19th century than in the 20th century. For the following two reasons, one is that, well, in my study of history I've concluded that there's a basic law of foreign policy and it goes like this. For all countries? Yeah. All the ones that I've observed. I'm a historian, so I only look backwards, but I think it'll probably apply going forward. And that is that sooner or later every country gets the foreign policy that it can afford. Or that it deserves. No. I wouldn't say that it deserves. That it can afford. Okay. And it works like this. First of all, to have an ambitious foreign policy. You have to have an economy that can sustain it. But the sooner or later part of that formulation is absolutely critical. And if you look at American history, American foreign policy was quite modest through the late 18th century, through the 19th century, even with the partial exception of World War I until 1940. Now, this, despite the fact that by 1900 the United States had the most powerful economy in the world. So it could have embarked on a very ambitious foreign policy. But the mindset of leaders in the first part of the 20th century had been formed in the 19th century. And it was a time when Americans considered themselves comparatively poor and therefore more likely to have to adapt to the world than to force the world to adapt to the United States. Hey, this young republic, it was merely 13, 25 years old, starts a war against the mightiest nation on earth in 1812 with the mightiest navy on earth. How does that fit your pattern? In American history, in American history and politics, it was considered an extension of the Revolutionary War. It was a second war for American independence because the British had not followed through on all of their agreements of the Treaty of Paris. But anyway, through the 19th century, it never occurred to Americans to engage in the affairs of Europe, to engage in the affairs of Asia. This is true and not quite true. I mean, first of all, one of the reasons at least as an accepted theory of US diplomatic history is that the reason that the US could maintain its distance toward Europe was there was somebody to patrol the Atlantic and keep the US protected. That was the British Navy after that little incident between 1812 and 1814. None of my kids, when I teach them that kind of stuff, knows that the Brits did burn down Washington during the war. So there was no need to engage in the war. And by the way, this isolationist tradition, I thought, at least by the middle of the 19th century, the US was really quite active in Asia. By comparison perhaps to the 18th century, but it doesn't stand in comparison at all to the situation in the 20th century. And the big turning point, of course, comes with the beginning of the Second World War with Pearl Harbor, when all of a sudden the isolationist mindset is discredited. Americans discover two things. One, that they can afford to fight a war on two sides of the world. And secondly, that war and the preparations for war are a wonderful solution to the problem of the Depression. Now, and this is something that is important going forward, because- Let's have a little war right now. Well, the thing is that in order to make it work, you have to have disposable income. And the money that government would spend on war can't otherwise be claimed by something else. But it's often claimed that World War II was what cured the Depression for the United States and some other countries, which is true but not complete. Not true for Nazi Germany. And what is important for the United States is, and looking forward from 1941 ahead and from here on out, is that it wasn't the war per se. It wasn't the fighting, the destruction, the bloodshed. It was the government spending. And if some way had been developed to spend as much money as the United States spent on armaments and fighting the war for other purposes, it probably would have had the equivalent economic effect. Now, in fact, that's what happened during the Cold War. And one of the things, one very interesting corollary to this is that the U.S. economy, since the beginning of industrialization, has never demonstrated the ability to sustain growth over long periods of time without large injections of government funds. If you look at the period from industrialization mid-19th century to the end of the 1930s, it was one financial crisis, one panic, one depression after another. Things smoothed out only after 1941. And it was from that point on that the government was a major player in the economy. I think since then we've heard about the dozen recessions since 1941. But nothing like the Depression of the 1930s, the Depression of the 1890s, the Depression of the 1870s. The long so-called long depression of the 1870s plus is a kind of tricky thing. Of course, we had panic busts and booms, but at the same time, the size of the U.S. economy doubled. We've only got 30 minutes, Joe. We can't go into all the details here. Double. Okay. Now, here's the point where I would want to challenge you. Number one is that after World War II, there was nobody else to take care of business. It wasn't. European powers were out of the game. You weren't going to let the Russians take care of business. So some United States had to take over and keep house. That still hasn't changed, at least not in a fundamental way. There's still nobody to take over the task of World Order. That's one thing. The second thing is this hegemon has a rather cheap life. It spends on the average 4% of GDP on defense. If you compare that to previous empires, that's patty cakes. 4%. It's nothing. Compared to Rome, Habsburg, even the British Empire? Americans have never had an acceptable ethos of empire. Americans have acted imperialistically at times, but they've never subscribed to the idea that the United States ought to run a large part of the world. Americans have been very reluctant imperialists. They've been active imperialists at times, but reluctant. I think what you describe that there's nobody else to mind the store, nobody else to keep the peace, that is an obvious thing for someone looking at the United States from outside to say. It's not at all obvious for someone who lives in Iowa that, okay, there's nobody else to keep the peace of Europe, so we have to do it. In the 1930s, one could have made the same argument, and Americans took just the opposite conclusion. But what's forcing America to get the foreign policy, how do you put it in the beginning? It can afford. It can afford. Until, during the 20th century, I call this the era of free security for the United States, free in the sense that not once, between 1898, the war with Spain, and 2008, with one very minor exception I'll get to, did anybody prospectively weigh cost against benefits when the possibility of America going to war came up? So when Woodrow Wilson took the United States into the First World War, nobody said, Mr. President, that's going to be too expensive. When Franklin Roosevelt with the Second World War, Korea, Vietnam, the Gulf War, you name it. This came up very briefly in the run up to the invasion of Iraq in 2003, and the general who brought it up was quickly fired. But 2008 changed the game. Since 2008, American politics has been obsessed with the American federal debt and the deficit, and the time is coming very shortly when all the promises made to the baby boomers are going to have to be either paid or modified. Now in the United States, everybody who is part of the social security system, that is everybody who works and gets wages or salary for a living, every year gets a statement from the social security system. So what you're going to get? Yes. It says, this is what you've contributed. This is what you're going to get. It's got your name on it, it's got your social security number, and it says, if you retire at 65, you'll get this, if you wait until 62, since 67, and so on. I don't get a statement like that from the Pentagon. I don't feel I have a moral claim on the Pentagon in a way I and most American taxpayers feel they have a moral claim on social security. The consequence of this is when it really comes down to a contest between keeping American troops in Afghanistan or some future country, or cutting back on social security, I think American voters are going to say, I'm going to keep my social security and let Afghanistan figure its own way out of its problems. It's not quite what the public opinion figures say, but I think let's take- Look at the rise of Ron Paul. American conservatives are starting to come back to the old conservative idea that the U.S. government was supposed to govern the United States and not govern the world. Okay. Ron Paul hasn't been doing very well lately, has he? He's not going to win the nomination, but he sticks around as a voice for those people on the Republican side. The last time around, he was hardly a Republican. He was really with the libertarians. But this idea of bringing American troops home and spending that money in America or giving it back to taxpayers is catching on. Okay. So have you been priming Obama recently? I mean, is that what he's about to do? I mean, you could say he's taken troops out of Iraq. He is about to take them out of Afghanistan. He's shifting- And look at his grave reluctance to get involved in Libya. Yeah. And another war. Well, there's lots of American ordinance being spent there. But there was this reluctance, correct? So no more war. He's also shifting troops out of Europe, the last ones are going. But even with this kind of column left-ish president, there's no inkling that he will leave the two strategic arenas which are going to make a difference. Because Europe didn't the 20th and the 21st, and you know what they are. We all know what they are. This is the greater Middle East, and of course, what we call the West and Pacific, and the Chinese call the Chinese Sea. There's no inkling of that, no indication of that. So let me put it this way to push you a little bit. The US is just shifting, shifting strategic focus. Or is it actually doing something else which I might exaggerate a little bit by calling it self-containment? Is this a real shifting in the nature of grand strategy or just in the focus of grand strategy? This kind of change doesn't take place overnight. This isn't Pearl Harbor, this isn't Suez for Britain. But the change is going to take place over time. The United States will not immediately pull troops out of Europe, to leave forces in the Middle East, to leave forces in the Western Pacific. But if some president should have in mind, you know, as George W. Bush did in 2003, let's affect regime change in Iraq. He's not going to be able to do it. First of all, he wouldn't even get the idea passed, members of his own administration. He probably wouldn't get it passed Congress. He probably wouldn't get it passed his own mind because we experienced certain problems with bringing democracies to certain countries. Yeah, and then we could get into the question of what that was, the point of going into Iraq at all. Nothing feels like failure, right? That's right. Now, having explained the financial constraints on what I'll call America's decline from sole preeminence in foreign policy, I'm going to point out there is an emotional counter-influence. And that is. And this is not something that has been part of American history from the very beginning. But since the end of World War II, the idea for well, American exceptionalism has been part of America's mindset from the 1770s. But not until the mid-1990s, until the mid-20th century, did American exceptionalism automatically mean the United States will impose its will on other countries. Through most, the mid-20th century, basically from World War II afterwards. But do you remember how Woodrow Wilson donated the nation? That's right. You've got to change them to elect good men. That's right. Wilson bought it and it expanded regionally so that by 1940 it included parts of Latin America, not clear South America, but the region. But anyway, the point is that Americans during that time, the earlier period, defined American exceptionalism as we will perfect the institutions of democracy and let the world benefit from our example. We're not going to impose those views on other people. John Quincy Adams made a famous statement. Oh, yes. Right, OK. John Quincy. And so from 1945, let's say, until roughly now, the mode of American exceptionalism has been, we will show the rest of the world how to do it. And if the rest of the world doesn't follow our example, we will force the rest of the world to follow. So the American troops in Iraq. We'll encourage you. Right, OK. Well, you invade a country that's strong and encourage you. That's very strong. But and so Americans of my generation and say 20 years older have gotten used to the idea of America as number one. And this really resonates with people. So I pose this question to my students. If there were two candidates who were equal in all of the respects and one said, I'm going to make sure the America remains number one. The other one says, number one, number two, number three, doesn't make any difference. People are going to vote for the America number one. So there is this emotional attachment to the idea of American preeminence. Look, it's more fun to be at the helm than hunkering down in the bottom, right, in the hole. But there's a generational aspect to this, because my students, my students, they're growing up. They're coming of age politically at a time when it's not so easy to be number one. It's not so automatic to be number one. And so by the time my students, who are 20 years old now, take positions of, say, national authority, by the time they're in their 50s, they will be quite used to the idea that the United States can be number one in the way it was during the 19th century. The United States... Which means? Which means that the United States will not respond to every incident, every uprising that takes place in the Middle East. Every time North Korea does something strange. Every time China tries to create a regional sphere of influence for itself. So it's gonna be a retraction. It is. And so American policy, I'm not gonna say this is gonna happen in five years. I will say that it'll happen in 10 or 20 years. So the United States will, this is related, the United States will stop sending in generals every time and send in diplomats. And one of the aspects of diplomacy as opposed to military force is that at a certain point a nation discovers what the United States knew during the 19th century, that you can't always force the world to accommodate yourself.  What the United States did in the 19th century was acquiring an empire at home. I mean, suddenly they had acquired almost the entire continent from beginning with the Louisiana Purchase, it was only a three million bucks of those days, and then we left a little war with Mexico and all that kind of stuff. So it was not that the United States was kind of pussycat sitting there harvesting the corn. It was expanding at an enormous clip, and it was lucky it was only up against pretty weak enemies, like Mexicans or Indians and what have you. That's right. And because... They didn't have to be afraid of Canadians. That's right. And because it was up against these weak enemies, this expansion came very cheaply. And if it had been expensive, Americans would have thought twice or three times about this. And this is why I get back to the fact that I think conservatives, and you'll know this, that in the late 1940s, American conservatives didn't sign on readily to the idea of the Cold War. Robert Taft took the view, who's leader of the conservatives, took the view that small government means small government. We live in this anomalous period where conservatives who on most points like to think they like their government small have endorsed the largest role for government and foreign policy. And those old conservatives said you can't have it both ways. And the best wars ever fought were started by Democrats, right? This is Wilson, Roosevelt, John Snow... And despite this, Democrats have always labored under this impression that they have to act tough, otherwise they'll be perceived as weak. And Republicans don't have their problems. They can be pussycat-like. Right. We have a couple, five more minutes, and I want to, if you want to, I'd like to shift a little bit toward, into your profession, which has to do with the study of history or more accurately, the disappearance of the study of history.  One of the games I always play with my students, and these are Stanford students, they're not exactly adults. So kids, do you know when the American Constitution entered into force? And nobody could answer the question. They couldn't even place it anywhere near the date. And then I kind of mock exasperation, I said, kids, what's wrong with you? This is not your peen history, this is not world history, this is your history. I got stares. What's the problem? Are we losing history? In the elementary and high schools we are, to a large extent. We are or are not. We are. In the United States. And this, because of I think a misplaced emphasis on other subjects that are subject to mandatory testing. And so, in the No Child Left Behind Act, there are very high stakes attached to successive students in reading, writing, and arithmetic, basically. History doesn't fall under that rubric. The result of this is that school principals get hired in fire, teachers get rewarded and punished based on how the students do on these mandatory tests, which do not include history. The result of this is that you teach what you're gonna get tested on. And so, there are a lot of very good students. I teach at the University of Texas. I have some very good students who have only a casual familiarity with American history. They can, students can get through high school in the United States. Without having a full year of American history. It gets tied into social studies. Your students at some point were told. Mine at Stanford. At Stanford. Your students were told at Stanford that the Constitutional Convention of Place in 1787 and all this stuff. They might have heard it once, and they were led to know that this isn't crucial. You really need to know this other stuff for the test. So, I would say this, that there is a countervailing trend. By the way, in Europe, it may not be as drastic, but there's the same phenomenon here. Well, it disappears. And I don't know if you have the same reaction in your classes that I get from my students. History is not made for the young. History is for us older folks. When you're 19, you're supposed to be looking ahead, not looking back. When people develop more personal history, then they become more interested in broader history. I don't know how many times I lecture to audience where the average age is 65 or over, and they say, boy, if I had had you as a teacher in college, I would have loved history. And you say, well, you probably did. But when you were 19, you weren't paying attention. You gave me two very good answers. One, of course, has to do with a market. If you get fired as a teacher as a principal by failing on the standard test, you're not gonna put a lot of emphasis on history. It makes a lot of sense, right? People respond to incentives. The incentives are wrong. The biological explanation is new to me, but it makes sense. I think you're right. If I think back, maybe you too, maybe all of us in the audience, will be that much interested in history when we were 12, 14, 16? Probably not. Most didn't sound. You gotta bring them back to school when they're 60, right? I do. In fact, I tell these people, I say, that I have an open door policy. You can drop in on my classes anytime you want. And some of them actually avail themselves of the opportunity. I have heard, I've heard an interesting incentive when you talk to CEOs, or what we call today, human resource people, they actually say it makes a lot of sense to teach them history. Because what is history all about? It's about gathering facts, putting them together, stringing them into a package called paragraphs, or story that makes sense, that makes a point, and brings a message across. I said, that's exactly what we need and what we are missing. These young people that we get, they may be good mathematicians. I've done it, gotten a great degree at the Wharton Business School, but they don't know how to use language and history as a wonderful training for the use of language and for the gathering of information and for the putting it together. Well, in fact, one of the things I tell my students is, become a historian, you will learn to take a really tall stack of papers and boil it down to a stack, maybe this small. You will be able to sift through all this information and make sense out of it. And that's a very useful skill in almost any walk of life. Do these kids still think in terms of stacks of paper? Well, I probably have to change my metaphor. Disc space. Right. We're almost done. So you don't believe that we're gonna lose history as a discipline? It's losing ground in the schools. We will never lose it among the general population because- That's the point, you look at the bookstores and they're just bounding with biographies and history and you name it. Humans apparently are fascinated with where we've been because that tells us who we are. And as long as that is the case, there will be that big history book section in bookstores. That is if there's still bookstores. Yeah, whatever that we call them, but they'll be there, right? Yeah. Okay, you've made me kind of a bit happier going out of this and coming in because I was really desperate about history and its disappearance. A, I understand why it's happening at a young age and B, I understand that it's coming back at an older age, which I think is a perfect way on this happy note to end our discussion and to thank all of you for listening, with great interest as I can see in the dark. Thank you for a very lively discussion. Yes.


Is it smarter to go for the level 3? Yes, but I'm dumb.   I've never passed an IQ test What's the score required? Oh? Oh? How's it going everybody dots and I hear back with some more Dragon Ball fighters right matches this time We are going back to another really good DLC character super baby, too. Oh the game got started so fast. Okay go Let's go. I put him in the quarter So yeah, the reason we're playing super baby 2 today is because I just feel like it's been so long and this character is Really really sick definitely definitely a really great design DLC character. I'm just this no we did we do get hit there Unfortunately put him in the corner. It's loop time.  Why darkness spring shot here and the turnaround Oh, I got hit over and definitely shouldn't have been crouching there But man the darkness spring shot such a good round side We should definitely use that if super baby 2 is here when the next character comes in we definitely got around start Darkness spring shot. Hold on I Did have a sense of being on the way, but I decided not to stick around. I'm just gonna keep this up. Maybe uh I'll take a darkness spring shot. I didn't tech the tech was actually so important there All right, I'm guard kids. Oh, no, why did you only go one kick? That was genius baited out the guard kids a flawlessly. Oh Beautiful love to see it. All right. I'm down pretty bad right now. It's parking us I was not about to get mixed like that. Yeah, the dash there gets a lot of people honestly saved that dash Going for that surprise overhead. You'll be surprised how often that works. Okay, we're gonna do exactly what I said I wanted to set up Do I have to use a level three for it though? I'm gonna say yes I'm not messing around dude. I'll spend three bars. I'm not gonna get greedy. All right round start darkness spring shot This is cheap. It's about as cheap as gojita's a stating medium I'm actually not sure which one we win, but you'll see watch this round start boom. I'm right there Pressure on rock assist. Oh the superdash was genius waited for after the rock Two bars did now he has three is he gonna spend them or is he trying to save up for some stacks? Guard cancel. I'm out of there again. Oh That was a nice two H as well, okay He's definitely playing pretty patient and I am I am swinging. Oh, why am I swinging still? All right, hold on. I gotta find peace nice, and I'm right back to mashing. I found peace.  I Did not expect that to where I was definitely getting ready to say I can't believe I got punished, but it worked darkness spring shot part two where they always come back keep Oh nice. All right, we should be dead here if he wants to get a level three from TN That's gonna kill us. In fact speaking of TN Why did we let it come down to limit break TN? I'm probably should have switched him out limit break TN is among the top The oh my goodness to H that is among the top scariest characters here In fact, we'll probably just use a level one spearball just to get him a bit closer to us Dropped it. Oh my rock assist. Oh No, okay. He's activated final boss mode. Why do I hear boss music go? Season 3.5 nerves. Oh Damage you can combo off that with 2m. Yeah, that is cheap and but cheap. I mean literally he did not spend much bar on that Krillin, what do we got? What's the what do we do? I'm nervous. I don't want to lose. Oh my Krillin. Wait, hold on five destructive this would it kill Is it smarter to go for the level three? Yes, but I'm dumb.   What's the score required? Oh?  Oh My god, okay, we got a we got a reverse 2-0 now. We got a reverse 2-0. That's the only option We can play a little cleaner. We definitely were mashing a lot Okay, I thought I thought we weren't gonna get the rematch for a second. Do I want to darken a spring shot? I've done it three times and I'm gonna do it a fourth. Oh Wow nice block.  All right, we'll take this I'm also gonna try and just set up Key Blast. Oh Specifically for and I'm bad at the game, but wait a minute. I might be good at the game redemption arc I'm feeling a bit of a redemption arc. Does it come back that comes back? That was sick grab this man toss him to the Corner. Oh my goodness the Key Blast come back. It's a little known fact. All right now We also have access to his wait. Why would I can I use go get his asses? Interesting Imagine if I had go G to that would count towards my stack. I'm not sure why it would even let me do that, but Sure, man Stupid why can I use this asses? All right toss him this time. We're gonna use the CSS. Oh You got a block. I love that we could call that dead assist dude It's really easy to forget super baby can do that especially cuz he's such a good standalone character as well But yeah, calling that CSS is gonna be really dangerous. Unfortunately go G that not the best option for us. Oh Why did I even spark? I knew the consequences. All right. We'll get Vegeta out Hey, now we got Vegeta who I also don't think has the greatest assist if we could have got no Why did I leave Tian alive? You would think I'd be smarter than this Why would you know, I guess it's fine. You probably wouldn't think that I don't think that of myself either. Oh Finish you got our block. You got a block against your own teammate Unfortunately, you didn't have to do it for long cheap.  There was not a hint of strategy in that mix-ups After which is so scary. Let's go. Is that it up to kill? I'm thinking it is. Why not just do one and two though Let's save Okay, great game that time super baby to fully dominant position go G to see assist felt really nice the other assist not so much But other than that if we get that first kill we can just lock him down with those see assist from his own team Do I make a read this time? I'm feeling like a bit of Didn't get the input my read the read I worked so hard on rock assist Rock assist is so nice. I Actually forgot his two-inch was like that. It's that's how long it's been nice DP build the Dragon Balls Well, and it sent us to the 19 frame dimension the Code Lyoko. I can see the game's code. That's plus We did block overhead That was the scariest dash up I've seen in my life, dude How was I supposed to know which way it was going with that? Okay It is lagging a little bit What a great Lariat choice. All right, we need a sense of beam. I need a sense of beam. I'm just stalling for time at this point That's a beam that's a beam. Yes I'm full help again. Give me your sea assist Aggressive super baby. Wow. He did not need to do that. Okay. We have the sea assist We also have rock assist to buy us time to do it See assist and it hits. We just get I didn't get the combo, but it would have been cool if I got the comma, huh? All right, that time he stopped his own CSS. You know what? Oh, you're good at the game. Oh See this is betray you. Oh, this is sick. This is so sick. All right get him down to the ground hit it with a level three Just throw it at him. Nothing too fancy. All right. I think this is where we do a jump medium. Oh I try to call the bee assist. Maybe that wasn't a great decision though. It's fine. We'll be over here Oh, wow, I forgot he could extend off that three bars. Does he spend them? He wants to save TN for the final product final product the final character Wait, he might spend him though. If he level twos this could be bad level two Shadow clones not bad enough to kill though. Oh, no, I didn't get sent to beam Okay, keep last those come back keep last wait for it see if he super dashes Beam all was too slow, but I had the read. I had the read. I was just too slow But still great work from super baby to you I would have liked to get a bit more damage off of them But I can take the rest from here. The boys can take the rest the earthling duo the team is oldest time Hmm. I want to read sparking here. Oh Another book for the bookshelf. My goodness. I'll put that one right next to such classic hits is I was gonna mention Judy Be joe. I've been mentioning Judy P Jones a lot. I don't know somebody brought that up But I was like, oh, yeah, I guess I did I did read that as a kid. What's uh, what's some other good? Books from the past here. Krypton Hunter. I think that's one only. I read Everybody read Krypton Hunter. Let's go. Oh No No, we're fine. I just looked we have a lot of health on yoncha even if it comes down to it I see didn't get the combo. Oh my goodness So that be my comment and I feel like we all knew that was gonna happen Please don't choke this me. We needed this. We needed two wins in a row There's a lot of dragon balls in play, but I'm not even gonna think about that to be honest Behind the back. I'm too quick. Don't drop the combo in the corner. No drops here Did I already okay, I didn't already vanish nice. Oh, I wanted to make it So it would only be two bars instead of three. I know I know I maybe I shouldn't be thinking about saving bar in this situation But it worked out. It worked out. Okay Gale claw if nobody else got me, I know EX Gale claw got me Don't you wait to be beautiful spark that that should be game as long as we do nothing fancy Yeah, nothing fancy here. Just wrap it up EX Gale claw got me in my darkest hours And we're gonna call that a game. That was a great set. Whoo. Super ready to is doing a lot I can't wait. Hopefully in the next game We get a really busted character that we could use for a sense I am all about that but great games survive for it. Let's see if we can't make it happen. It's set number two All right, we are back and wait. Oh I got confused. I was like, is that my team? Oh, no, he took my colors. He took my orange gi colors That's fine. We're gonna be more than okay. Rock assist gonna miss, but we know that no Why color two for y'all just so funny to me and I'm so used to seeing orange yamcha All right in the corner. Oh, we got me with the master a little bit of a man I just realized something I can get double rock assist cheap. Hold on. I have to make this dream come true There's no way. There's no way I can finally live out this dream Rock assist. Why did I think that would work? Okay, hold on. Hold on. I really need this Krillin I need this I need this he blast those come back. He blast those commit. You want a super dash?  Oh, no Thank you. Get back out here. I need this dream double rock assist. Are you kidding me? No, I can't when I really need it most I just drop so much. Please don't miss. Okay, good We got double rock assist boys. It's the dreams of reality. I am about to throw so many rocks. Okay, hold on No, it's me. No, I didn't even tech. I was so I was so hyped about the sense of being So I guess I do down down and then hold back No, I keep why am I getting sense of being there? Wait, this Krillin. No, no, no, that wouldn't make sense. Never mind. I was gonna say does his assist work like Um, like it used to back in the day, but no, that wouldn't make sense Beautiful micro loops here. Nothing too fancy Wait, can I just I want to throw one more rock. Thank you. Okay. Okay. We got rid of the rocks I was so focused. Okay. The rocks are actually difficult because what you call them out You can't hit back at all for a little while This guy has great assist dude. Who's chow to assist? No It lagged 19 frames. We're back. I didn't win in 19 frames. I was born there. That's fine. Wow. That was great though, man Super great. This is exactly what I was hoping for when I said I want a better assist No Oh my god, we actually teched out that That was the most fortunate Thank thankfully I am Krillin. So I'm just gonna throw it. I'm gonna for for go through the sense to be Krillin Oh my goodness Why so much stress level three? Oh He tried once you try to 2m off that. I think I would have been able to put his with lights I wouldn't have never tried it because the amount of bar you have it would have been too dangerous All right, yams are gonna get hit overhead but not taken out of the fight I'm I'm gonna do our cancel Too worrisome The fact he has orange yams just crazy to me. All right destructive this should put this game away That was crazy. I want to run that back though. I need to get more usage out of those assists And now we know now I know how to actually use the enemy rock assist can't hit back at all I just kind of have to hold that so now that I know that looking forward to getting another run with Krillin Hopefully we can kill him first. He is up on point And would you look at that I got reeds for My reeds Oh my goodness Oh, wow. I'm just running into him now. Great patience there Oh on the ground Rock assist is back in better than ever. Uh, I kind of want to spark just to keep my health from getting too low I'm gonna do it now And again, I wouldn't advise sparking in that situation, but I don't know dude. I I wanted the I want to grieve for the rock assist That was the main point. Okay three bars three and a half actually so he could get a free ex move He does have enough cool. Oh my goodness. That was well timed. He has enough The holes punched in his card to get a free mix is what I was gonna say I would still get too hard about how to phrase that Instead I lost super baby two and sparking and You know just the will but other than that, we're still good. All right. Wolfgang mix Neo Wolfgang mix. All right put him in the corner the guessing game everybody's favorite game guess the mix I'm gonna go with the classic 2m on this one. Just as expected the standard mix option. You know, it's there. It's a reason It's the standard. It's just too good spearball probably won't be enough to kill on its own That's why we got the big guns in the back Destructo disc to take them out. All of a sudden we're looking like we have the life lead now He does have sparking so that can be a bit misleading But if I get the I was gonna go with after image, but I had a feeling he would hit the double light That's fine Two bars and we get them there.  All right deal with the object get the wing. That's all we need to see behind the back Oh, you block that. How about another one? How about twice? more more fang fist I just keep throwing no boys over the corner Seven bars. He's gotta spend some of them here, but this will eat away at his time. So that sparking glass is running low I'm also gonna block 2m. I have a feeling that might be his standard as well. Oh, that was a little I was very scary No, where is this 19 frames coming from? Oh, wow. He actually got me there What is happening? He did he did he took my invitation. I didn't think he'd take the invitation Okay, that is not great for me Krillin flies in Clash with them a little bit That's fine. Get the frames out of the way mix ups You gotta watch out for the mix Level three isn't gonna kill, but I want the mix. Do I just go aftermath here for uh overhead? I just wanted to scare him. I didn't think I oh I thought I was gonna get 2h, but we'll take the heavy and the game Krillin's walking away wipe the sweat off his brow Show the shine on the forehead. We are good to go. That was a lot of fun I'm really happy we got to use as many assist calls as we did with super baby 2 And again that character is just so cool But hopefully you enjoyed this if you did definitely go down below in the comments Let me know your favorite moment from the video and hey while you're down there Make sure to like button and subscribe to the channel as the stamps at if you enjoy the videos you see here other than that Oh, yeah, also, let me know your thoughts on super baby 2. Sorry about that other than that You can also check out some of the other videos that should be on your screen right now I have been dr. Doa. Thanks again for watching all the way to the end on this video And I will see you in the next one