We're back. We're live. I'm Jay Fidel and Think Tech. This is Hawaii, the state of clean energy. Let me say it again. This is Hawaii, the state of clean energy. Whoa, very important. It's probably the most important initiative we have. We've got to focus on it all the time, spend all the money we have to spend. Never be distracted from our, won't you agree? I agree. Let's keep moving forward with it. This is Ramsey Brown from Hawaiian Electric. I'd rather say Hawaii Energy. He's an energy engineer at Hawaii Energy. Next to him, we have our principal guest today, Godwin Savera. He's an assistant researcher at HNEI, the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute at UH Manila. Next to him, Trevor Morgan, again an assistant researcher, but doing different kind of research at Hawaii Natural Energy Institute at UH Manila. Welcome all of you to the show. Thank you. All right, Ramsey, your turn. Well, we were talking about verge, and so I thought I'd tell our guests about this excellent conference that happened. And being newer in this industry, it was fun to just be alongside and rub elbows with a lot of high profile folks in our energy industry. But the biggest takeaway for me was to be in action and to empower other people to be in action. We talked about policy. We talked about price signals on our way here to starting the show. But really, what can we do to get the ball rolling and get in action? And that's what I saw on some of the panels we had. Brian Kealoja was on a panel with Commissioner Keeba, so we got to talk about policy there. And then we had Caroline Carl, our deputy, who was on a panel with an LED salesperson, who was in there installing LEDs, telling us from the front lines what's going on and how do we connect the policy and the research to what's actually the boots on the ground and what's happening out there. You were clearly in evidence there. You and Brian and Caroline. And it was great to see Hawaii Energy be so well represented and be involved in these policy panels.  So I hope you do it all the time. Yeah, that's what we want to continue to do, continue the conversation. And we'll show some of your viewers exactly what Verge was about through a little short video clip. Okay, let's see it. Thank you guys. So that was Verge. We're going to keep the conversation going, keep this synergy working together. We want to leverage other community groups as we talked about. My personal goal this upcoming year is to get out more in front of the customers to work with other groups such as HNEI, the Chamber of Commerce, the Architectural and Engineering Organization to see what we can do to actually make this happen, be in action. Yeah, you can be the glue. Everybody likes you guys. So you can be the glue. You can bring all the players together and sort of a coalescence. Have them work together. Yeah, have them collaborate. Play nice. Yeah, yeah. Okay, Ramsey, this is great. Thank you for coming down. Thank you for doing the conference. I thought the conference was very good. Think Tech made a movie of it, part of it anyway, and I'm happy that you made a part of it, a movie of part of it too. Our movie will play, oh gee, a couple of weeks from now on OC16. Well, definitely. That's Spectrum OC16. Spectrum. Thank you very much, Ramsey. Thanks for having us. Aloha. We'll be right back. We're going to take a short break and then we're going to discuss the research that's being done at HNEI with Trevor Morgan and Godwin Severa. We'll be right back. Hi, I'm Pesulter, and I'm the host of Power Up Hawaii, which you can see live from one to one-thirty every Tuesday at thinktechhawaii.com and then later on YouTube. I am an energy attorney, clean energy advocate and community outreach specialist, and on Power Up Hawaii, we come together to talk about how can Hawaii walk towards a clean, renewable, and just energy future. To do that, we talk to stakeholders all over the spectrum from clean energy technology folks to community groups to politicians to regulators to the utility. So please join us Tuesdays at one o'clock for Power Up Hawaii. Hey, Aloha. This is Andrew from Integrated Security Technologies out here on behalf of PSA and your Cyber Security Committee. I got through Denver. I thought I'd give you a quick update on what we're doing, heading into convention. I hope you all get down there in October. If you haven't gotten into Tier Zero yet and worked on that material, I encourage you to do so. But I can tell you that our committee is moving on through tiers one through five. And we've got some great new tools to help you sort of gauge yourself and help you with your policies and your implementations through tiers one and two. I'll be presenting that material down there at convention, so please come on down. And in the meantime, if there's any particular issues that you have and feel free to send them to the committee, we've got a great group of folks working there. And if you've got some people on your team that are more interested in this, feel free to have them call us up and maybe they can join our committee and help out a little bit. So thanks a lot. I look forward to seeing you there. Aloha. Some say scuba divers are the poor man's astronaut. At Diveheart, we believe that to be true. We say forget the moon. Diveheart can help children, adults, and veterans of all abilities escape gravity right here on Earth. Search Diveheart.org and imagine the possibilities in your life. Okay, we're back. We're back. We're live with the second part of our Hawaii State of Clean Energy show today. And it features what are we calling it? Energy technology for the future. Breakthrough innovation. Whoa, exciting. There's mystery there. I feel excited now. And in case you didn't recognize the lady on the far end, that is Sharon Moriwaki. She's co-chair of the Hawaii Energy Policy Forum and a central figure in the development of Clean Energy in the United States for about 100 years. She only knows. Say hello, Sharon. Hello and welcome. I knew you'd say that. Okay, so we're going to break this down. First, HNEI, Hawaii Natural Energy Institute. It's at UH Minoa, but it's also a facility on Cook Street or near Cook Street downtown. And we have been meeting this month. We're meeting some fabulous researchers from really all over the world who are doing world-class research and energy right here. In case you didn't know it, you got to know that. That's a big take-home point that we have real talent here at HNEI. Yeah, and so they're working on things that are really cutting-edge and the world needs these things and certainly Hawaii needs these things if it's going to, you know, make traction in renewable energy technology. And you need new technology. If we don't do it with somebody else, I promise we'll do it. The stakes are huge. And these guys are working completely different things. I hope you talk to each other. Have coffee once in a while. We do. Say hi. Okay, Godwin, let's begin with you. Godwin Savera, assistant researcher, PhD and MBA. What do you need an MBA for? To commercialize technology. Oh, got it.  That's it about your madness now, yeah. So tell us about your research. So my research at HNEI is focused on developing new materials that we can use for hydrogen storage and for air purification because you need clean air for your fuel cell. The air that we have in the air is compounds like carbon dioxide, like sulfur dioxide, which can combine with the platinum catalyst in fuel cells and reduce the efficiency of fuel cells. So part of my research is trying to make new materials that can be used to remove the impurities before the air can get into our fuel cells. So we have fuel cells now at work, right? Yes. But you're going to try to make them more efficient in the way they burn the fuel. My intention is really to try to make sure that the fuel cell operates with the efficiency that it's supposed to because that's why I'm more like working on the ends of the fuel cell firstly on the air that's going into the fuel cell that's providing the oxygen that's needed to maintain the efficiency of the fuel cell. I want to make sure that that air is pure so that you don't lose your fuel cell efficiency. And the process you're working on would include little tiny little fuel cells like that that you put in a computer but also very big huge scale fuel cells that you use to generate lots of power, right? Yes. In other words, whatever you're doing will affect all fuel cells. Yes. Mostly the main focus for now has been the PM fuel cells the ones that we intend to use for automobile applications. Oh, okay. So how do you make the air pure, the air that you feed into this chemical process? So what you do is the state of the art right now uses compounds like poracium hydroxide that's being deposited on activated carbon but the challenge with these state of the art materials is that they are not reversible. So it means after a while you have to take out that filter and throw it out and then at the end of the day you can imagine if we have a lot of fuel cell cars you are going to generate a lot of hazardous waste. So my intention is to make filter materials that you can be able to regenerate so that you can continuously use it and that have higher capacity so that it lasts longer than the normal materials that are used currently. So is it that you never have to throw it away then if you're successful in your breakthrough? Eventually any chemical at some point will lose efficiency but my intention is to really just to make sure that instead of throwing it maybe after 100 hours maybe throw it after 1000 hours and also instead of capturing 100 grams of pollutants maybe capture 200 grams or 300 grams of pollutants so I'm looking at both ends of the spectrum trying to increase performance but also increase the longevity of the air filter materials. We can do things to recycle instead of going to the waste and the dump is getting so full if there's any way that we can stop that from going as well. Yeah, that would be helpful. What I hear you saying is that the membrane and the fuel cell deteriorates. If there are contaminants in the air that's fed into the process the fuel cell is going to deteriorate quicker? Yes, specifically what I'm looking at is the issue mostly has to do with the platinum catalyst because for instance when the platinum combines with sulfur dioxide it forms... Which would be an impurity. Yeah, which would be an impurity. It forms platinum sulfide and then that platinum is no longer available for helping with the production of energy in the fuel cell. We boil down all the wedding rings. Okay, that'll do. But Godman said there was a thing on the back end too that you're working on, right? You said you're reducing the impurities of going into the fuel cell. But on the back end are you doing something? You said there are two things you're working on. Oh yes, on the other side I'm trying to make hydrogen storage materials because currently we are using the state of the art is the 700 bar hydrogen tanks. I mean which are really... So in the short term that's a good thing but in the long term we need materials which are much safer. The way you don't have to worry about the high pressure that's being used with the 700 bar. And also where you have less... you have more space in your car because with the 700 bar hydrogen tanks it's very big. So the solution would be to... I have compounds called metohydrates that can store hydrogen in the solid state and you can store more hydrogen per unit volume compared to the amount you store in the high pressure tank. So right now I actually have a DOE Department of Energy project where I'm looking at making new novel materials that are geared towards improving metohydrates for automobile applications. So you're working on multiple aspects of the fuel cell. The air and the materials that go into the fuel cell itself. Yes. And the storage materials. So you're all over fuel cells. Yes, the intention is really to make sure that we make it into the clean energy economy and we think of things that might not necessarily be of concern now but that could be of concern once that clean energy economy is there. So what's the potential breakthrough in your area that you're working on that you think will take us... transform or take us into the future for an efficient fuel cell? Cheaper, more efficient fuel cell? So in terms of fuel cell, I think the fuel cell itself I think that topic was discussed with Dr. Jean Pierre. But what I can talk to is on terms of the storage. So what I'm really looking at is trying to have materials that are reversible that you can still... that can reversibly store hydrogen for long periods of time without having to throw the material away. Similar to what I'm working on with the air purification materials. But I'm also trying to make sure that those materials work under normal operating conditions of fuel cells which is around ages to 100 degrees C. So the biggest breakthrough in terms of metal hydrides will be really to try to make the materials reversible and also make them work at the lower temperatures of between 80 to 100 degrees C. So that's really where most of my research is. You're looking for a patent? Do you have a patent? So you're looking for a patent? Oh, I actually have a patent based on magnesium boride. We did... this is a patent between the University of Hawaii and the Sandia National Labs. And we managed to hydrogenate magnesium boride back to magnesium borohydride. So the magnesium borohydride will be the material that you can potentially use in your... as a hydrogen source for your fuel cell. And then it forms the decomposition or the... after removing the hydrogen you end up with the magnesium boride. So that had never been done before to hydrogenate the magnesium boride back to magnesium borohydride. And there's a lot of research that is going on right now with the Department of Energy that's focused on trying to make this material work at lower temperatures and lower pressures. Yeah, we hope so. We hope the Department of Energy will continue to support your research, but we are not sure that will happen these days. But what is your PhD in chemistry, material science? What do you have? My PhD is in chemistry. So my thesis was on hydrogen storage materials development for my PhD. I actually did my PhD here at the University of Hawaii. And then after that I did my postdoc where I was looking at Hawaii Natural Energy Institute where I was looking at using ionic liquids for the pretreatment of biomass prior to the use of that biomass in biofuel production. Okay. Well, let me ask Trevor. Trevor, are you impressed? Very impressed. I knew you would be impressed. I'm very impressed with him, too. Okay, okay. And Shannon and I are impressed with both of you. So, Trevor, tell us about your science. Okay, so I'm more of a chemical engineer, but I've also got a... My first degree is analytical chemistry. So it's a combination of analytical chemistry and chemical engineering. And the work I'm doing here in Hawaii is mainly focused on thermochemical engineering. So that's using basically heat temperatures, that's the thermo part, to drive chemical reactions to produce products that we want. So particularly... And chemical reactions includes combustion, no? Exactly, yep. So that includes everything from combustion through to gasification to pyrolysis. So just to briefly explain, combustion is a process where there's enough oxygen to fully react with the carbon and hydrogen in your fuel to produce CO2 and water. If there's not enough oxygen, then the material will break down producing CO, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen. So their reactive gases that have a number of uses, they can even be burn, which is more efficient than burning, say, biomass and burning biomass directly to produce heat and power. You can decompose the biomass into a gas which is composed of hydrogen and CO. Now that can actually be used to feed a fuel cell as in the work that Godwin's doing. But the problem is if there are any contaminants in that gas, it will damage the fuel cell. Same gas, the same issue. You guys do have a common denominator, right? Exactly, yeah. There's a lot of overlap with these things. And also you can use that gas to drive reactions to produce methanol, diesel, gasoline, jet fuel. So some of the projects I'm working on is looking at making jet fuel from biomass here in Hawaii. That would be an amazing discovery. Is that happening anywhere else? It's being done all around the world. But it's a question of whether it would be done efficiently. We're specifically looking at tropical feedstocks because most of the work happens in Europe or mainland US and they're not looking at tropical feedstocks because they don't have them. Now if we do turn to a biomass economy, it would make sense that most of the biomass could be produced in tropical regions in much greater yield than in mainland Europe or the United States. So when you go to work every day at the laboratory, at the East West Center Road up there in UH Madal, what do you do? You test, I guess both of you, you're testing on different processes and materials to see how they work together, yeah? Yeah, so we do a lot of experimental work. So we design reactors and then we build those reactors and then we put our samples in their process. We do this on small scale mainly because you've got much greater control of the variables. It's one of the things people don't really appreciate when you go to a much larger scale. It's much more difficult to isolate individual variables and understand their role in the process. So processes like I work on gasification pyrolysis, you've got many, many competing reactions and processes, pressure, temperature, time, all have an effect. So Godwin, Godwin looking for a patent, he's talking about material science, talking about taking one kind of compound or another and seeing if it works to do what he wants. But in your case, what are you looking for a patent on? Do you have one? Well, so I don't have any patents actually. Most of the work I do is just put out into a public domain and with the idea that that information is then available to anybody and if industry can make use of that, go ahead and make use of it. Because for me it's not about me personally making money, I would rather see progress. That's very altruistic. No money, we want that. We want Hawaii to be a center. You can get carried away chasing money. And a lot of the work we're doing is building off of maybe like 100 years of research that's gone into coal and petroleum. So a lot of the processes we use are very similar. Developed and petroleum. Biomass is a much more complicated material to work with because it's very variable in its composition. So we say coal, we know that this type of coal has these properties no matter where you find it in the world. So when it goes into a power station, they know what they're dealing with. The problem with biomass, you can have eucalyptus growing on this side of the field and it will have different properties so eucalyptus on the other side of the field sometimes and particularly if it's on different locations. You have to know about plant science. So you really need to know about these things. And this is the problem. So a lot of people sort of think biomass is biomass, it's all the same. No, it's not. And particularly when you become to waste streams like municipal solid waste, we do work on that as well trying to produce hydrogen or usable fuels. But again, the inhomogeneity of the fuel causes you a lot of problems. So what we see would be a good idea if there was more sorting of the waste when it was collected. So if you collected wood waste separate from plastic waste and keep glass amounts. Best practices thing. Because then you can get a more uniform feedstock which your reactor can handle much better when the composition is constantly changing. So what's the big innovation you're looking for I'm anticipating Shannon's question. Just before that question, I just wanted to know of all the testing that you've done on different feedstock is there any one that rises to the top is it plastic or how do you or is it plant sources or how do you identify what are really good feedstock to get the most energy? Well, there's always trade-offs. There's no sort of perfect solution. If there was a simple perfect solution it would already be done. So a lot of the time it's actually just getting good quality data and building up those data sets and then making decisions based on what your actual application is and what you have available. So a good fuel is wood. So like eucalyptus wood is a good fuel. But the problem is that's kind of a high value wood because it's a clean material that's got many uses. So often we want to use lower value materials. So there's one thing we're working on called barnar grass which basically looks like sugarcane. It's actually a grass that has a very low sugar content. But that material will grow about 10 foot tall in about six months with a big, thick stem which is maybe one or two inches in diameter. So it produces very, very high yield of material. But on the downside it has a very high ash content and that high ash content can cause you problems in your construction. So one of the things we look at is say like using water washing to wash the biomass first we move some of those ash components and then we can get the fuel properties closer to a good fuel such as a wood. So what's the big innovation you're looking for? What's the aha moment? What's the achievement you want to reach here? It rarely happens that you get the big aha moment. What you tend to find is you make small steps towards your goals. And then as other researchers are doing things often it will be somebody else other than the people doing the research who will take an overview see different aspects of different people's works and then see a way to put that together in a way that will be financially viable. Because there's lots of things we can do but we can't do them cost effectively. So it always really comes back to cost to be commercially applied. So you might have the best process in the world it's clean but if it's going to make your electricity cost two or three times as much as you're paying now no one's interested. So in a funny way I see you guys in competition. What I mean is you're both looking for a way because you're trying to achieve a disruptive technology that will change renewable energy and rise to the top of the attention span somehow where everybody will say well that's it that's what we're going to do. Everybody to that side of the boat. Isn't that true? Aren't you in competition? We are in because the good thing about HNEI you have a lot of different areas which really can come together perfectly. Like it's producing hydrogen but that hydrogen can be used to for my materials that I'm making because I need to put hydrogen to absorb so that I need to absorb hydrogen on them and then we hand it over to the fuel cell the people doing the fuel cell actual component so that they integrate it into the fuel cell and then we have also the other people that are doing the demonstration of some of these technologies that we are making so there is really a lot of synergy which I think makes us even more competitive and more unique because you have different people working or different researchers working on different aspects and they can share ideas and come up with a better product than having individual groups in different parts of the country. So the other focus, your MBA focus on commercialization what kinds of things are you working on or anyone at HNEI working on is like almost there or there in commercializing whatever the research might be. So in terms of I haven't really yet the opportunity I'm starting to want to go towards commercialization now but most of the years commercialization is handled through OTED I think right now I think in collaboration with the University of Arizona's patent office so most of it is and also I think there is another group within the university that's been created to help small, if you have a good idea that you want to see if it can be feathered or that could be commercialized you can get maybe $5,000 or $10,000 and then you try to see if it can be commercialized on a smaller scale. Now I understand the MBA. I'm sure in a few years time or maybe in two years I might be coming back.  He can fund my research. General out of time, we want to try to summarize is the obligation of the co-host is? I think this is wonderful that Hawaii Natural Energy Institute has researchers like both Trevor and Godwin that really looking at different technologies also storage whether it's biomass and uses of biomass but that there's a hookup to the commercializing aspect so it's not just pure science but it's science that is useful for the society so I'm really looking forward for you to come back and tell us what your breakthroughs come through to share with the public as well because everybody is interested in renewable energy and what we can do most cost-effectively. So it's not only altruism then Trevor. There is a commercial aspect. I like being paid. I would say this though. We spent a month with you guys. We've had four shows and it's really beautiful. What you're doing, you're putting Hawaii on the map in terms of the highest possible science as far as renewable energy is concerned. We're so proud of you. We want you to export knowledge everywhere whether by altruism or sheer money. Either way is fine. We want to be a leader in clean energy.  We'll be back again. Thank you, Trevor. Thank you.


You're watching The Daily Decrypt. Welcome to currency competition, friend. I'm your host, Amanda B. Johnson, and today's episode is brought to you by BitShares. When we heard that the new Ubuntu phone would come with an Ethereum wallet in which the user's thumbprint could replace their password, we had to find out more. So we reached out to Christopher Josephson of BlockApps, the developer of this wallet, which is called Stratto. The biometric fingerprint reader is really just a way for you to not have to deal with the passcode. It doesn't give any information to the browser or the app on your phone about your fingerprint. It just gives you, is this the right fingerprint or no. So Christopher clarified for us that the Stratto wallet does not, in fact, utilize user's thumbprints to interact with the Ethereum blockchain itself. And in fact, the wallet works just as well without the thumbprint option enabled. But we were not ready to ditch the topic of identities online just yet. To discuss the use of identities in payments, we reached out to none other than security and blockchain expert Andreas Antonopoulos. Because we didn't have very good mechanisms for protecting financial instruments, programmable money, automated escrow, digital signing articles, and all of the things that we now have with Bitcoin and blockchain technology, the alternative was to attach identity to transactions for two reasons. The first one is to use identity as a weak proxy towards default risk. To say, well, if I know this person and this person has a certain history, we can deduce to a certain approximation their future behavior based on their past history. That's a very, very weak extrapolation of past history, and it leads to a lot of problems. But it's the best thing we had in the absence of programmatic security and solutions like escrow. The second one is really for recourse, which is if you do end up defrauding someone, then if they know who you are, they can take action against you. And again, this is a weaker form than collateralized security or escrow. Andreas notes that while identity-based payments can now be considered obsolete, there is another reason why one would find them undesirable. The bigger concern for me is the price that we pay for these solutions, because apart from the massive issue of identity theft that we've seen is now a built-in problem into the entire financial system. It leads to a broader issue, which is an issue of control and surveillance. These systems have now expanded to fulfill this dream of regulators to create completely closed controlled financial systems where every transaction can be surveilled. Andreas further notes that surveilled and permission-based payment systems have yet another drawback. In order for that false sense of security to justify this level of surveillance, we basically pay the price of leaving 4 billion people outside of the financial system. And quite honestly, I don't think that's a price worth paying. So if the tools now exist to remove identity from payment security entirely, why should anyone use them? Anonymous Finance has these two advantages. First of all, it doesn't have the problem of identity theft. Instead, we rely on programmatic security escrow assurance bonds and things like that in order to provide against credit and default risk, diversification of loans, peer-to-peer lending. All of these things can massively improve the risk profile. But it also means that we now give unfettered access to financial resources to the unbanked and underbanked. I think Anonymous Finance is something that is not only better, practically speaking, because it has better security, but it also leads to more freedom and better conditions for people around the world. You can find more of Andreas' writings and resources at his website at tenopolis.com. You can trade user-issued assets, as well as smart coins like BitUSD and BitBTC, all without having to give up control of your private keys to a centralized exchange. You can learn more about the currency and its ecosystem at bitshares.org. Follow the Daily Decrypt on Twitter if you tweet and or head on over to our Facebook page where we upload our videos completely separately so you can watch them without having to leave Facebook at all. You're welcome. Have a good day. The Daily Decrypt


You will understand if you want to win if you want to attack it exactly how to free can do it Understand this who in this room is making under 10 grand a month. It's cool. Don't lie. Raise your hand under 10 grand Every single one of you will finish November with 15 grand. I swear to God Listen to me Guys I can name stories all day long all day long about how many of you I've taken you to 30 grand a month Okay, guess what you're done. You keep running back to where you started. Why you haven't given yourself permission to have a good life yet You don't think you deserve it anytime good shit starts to come your way You know what you do you're afraid that it's gonna be taken away from you real fast Am I right some of you guys ever do that have your best month and you start getting worried about the next month What are you worried about what I'm gonna show you this morning is how you'll never be worried again in your life You will understand if you want to win if you want to attack it Exactly how to free can do it and it all starts with your mindset every bit of it I'm gonna get the skill all day long, but it's your mindset. I see so many of you keep quitting You see this book right here. It's empty. It's empty for a reason. Okay, because I don't want to tell you how to think That's what the rest of the world's been doing your whole life trying to tell you how to think I want you to think for yourself today.   Okay, but I didn't quit. Guess what? You'll find the right people with you at the end. Do you feel me? You'll find the right people with you at the end when someone burns you along the way welcome to life It's not fair but this book today I would love for you to not sit here and take notes and go back home and hope that it helps you sell something else I would love for you to recreate your freaking life Totally, but I'm gonna start with mindset and I'm gonna tell you how I think and I'm gonna tell you how I think Winners think in anybody and everybody that I've studied I've studied my whole life and I'm telling you everything that I studied I'm gonna give you this morning and I'm gonna tell you that look pretty much look It's called turning decades into days.  I studied for 20 years I'm gonna tell you what I studied in those 20 years that allowed me to kill and crush it break every record, right? And all you got to do is copy you that's it But I'm gonna tell you this there has to be a belief in this room right now If anybody in this room has self-doubt if you got self-doubt get that out of here I ain't having it in here. I mean it when I say this to you, right? It's the number one thing that stopped people It's not someone else stopping you. It's you watch this We're gonna go to number one. I'm gonna tell you this. Does anybody I know who Tim Grover is Tim Grover was Michael Jordan's coach Kobe Bryant's coach. He has a place called Attack Academy in Florida. What does he do? He teaches the best of the best of the best in the world how to go to another freaking level Do you feel me now if you're in the NBA? Do you got a pretty good coach? Yeah, you got an NBA coach So these guys got the great coaches. You guys got GM's. Yeah, you got managers You got people that mentor you that help you why didn't Michael Jordan leave his NBA coach go to the Attack Academy with Tim Grover why because he wanted 1% better every every time he practiced every time he wanted it So what happened? He decided to go on the pursuit for every day until he died to get better, right? What's your life look like? Is it like that every single day? Don't lie if it isn't like that from now on That's the way your life needs to look every day remember has somebody ever told you every day your jobs to get better every day Isn't it funny that the person that told you that doesn't get better every day. Isn't that funny? Okay, don't give advice if you can't take it yourself.  I do the same crazy You guys got a sales team.  Look at mine. I don't have a problem with the sales team I can grow anybody the best people in the world are made not born All I need you to do is believe what I believe and if I believe what you believe I can do anything with you We brainwash people to believe that they can become massively successful people say hey, you're a cult. We are first success You're right. We are not a cult for losing. I'm sorry. We've chosen to not be around losers Okay, there's two types of people in this life people who win and people who lose. I don't want to lose I'm sorry.  They don't stay down. They don't play the the victim game the victim game Some of you played what value is there in complaining? What value none? You know what? Why would you complain? Nobody cares nobody cares think about it Take your circle right now in this room look to the left and look to the right of you And I pray that some of you guys connect with some people and you guys be lifelong friends And you guys stay close and you push it everybody, but I want to talk about this Tim Grover said this Michael Jordan was able to get in the zone You know what that means? He was able to get into a place and block everything else out. Does that make sense? Okay, how many of you go into work and can block everything out? Not most of you Okay, you got the world coming in on you and you can't stay focused Michael Jordan when he was going to take the shots What did he have tens of thousands of people booing at him boo? Nobody was cheering him on shot hit bam come on baby doubt me now Okay, he played from a state of madness. Can you guys feel the passion that I have? Can you feel it? Can I ask you a question anytime that you've watched me? Obviously, you're here not because one of my coaches called you and said hey, there's a guy named Andy Elliott I think you should look at him probably you started following me somewhere and you noticed I didn't shift and I didn't change Do you feel me? I didn't change which means I should be able to walk into your dealership and watch you work The same way for one year and never go down and shift this right here every day I get myself in the zone is it your job to prepare yourself to get in the zone every day. Yes or no Do you think the world's gonna tell you to get ready? I mean, do you think it's gonna tell you to get ready when I wake up in the morning? You know what I do? I know it's time for me to do what I need to do today My job is to get better every day if I'm gonna get better every day, and I'm gonna break records every day What do I got to have mindset?


Hello everybody, welcome to my channel, it's Iwa from Bohemian Crafting and today I'm coming to share with you these two journals. I just finished a tutorial for my Patreons with altering one book and this was happened. I'm gonna switch off my lights just to show you the effect on this book and then slight shining on both of these books. So please be prepared, I'm gonna switch off my lights. And I hope you are able to see that beautiful glowing of my book, it does glow all over of this book cover. Unfortunately right now it's too late when I took it from sunshine when it's on the sun for a few hours. Then in the darkness it's glowing all the cover, I just used the lamp to put this shining, put the light on the front cover. And I can also show you how my book is shining through the cover here. And here we have the Adrovane, which does have shining around as well. So because these books are witches journals, it's like the spells I shining through. I'm gonna switch on my lights again and I'm gonna make small flip through to both of these books. I really did enjoy to make these books, it was kind of like... It went more crazy than I expected to be honest. I didn't thought at the first that I will end up with two books made from one started altered book. But because it was just too much to put it into one book, if you will imagine this as one book, it was like too much, I end up with two journals. These are witches almanacs and both of them have kind of like beautiful moving effects, like opening window here. And they are inspired by story I read in the book about Marta English who was living in the Salem and she was accused to be a witch. It was like a real trial in the past in 1698, I think I do believe. She moved to New York and because I read that story I was kind of inspired to create a book from the things her grand-grand-grand-granddaughter found in the attic when they had to move from their house too, you know, so they need to clean the house and she found so many things about her great-grandma that she was from Salem, you know. I made that story in my head and this was happened after that. These two books, like she found all this stuff in the attic and she made her journals. So here we do have Flying Cletra, I really love this effect and I do have in this book also a few spells and also a few Herbal Cards. So here we have First Spell, these spells I found on Pinterest, so if you are looking for some design, spell designs, you can have a look on Pinterest on many beautiful, beautiful designs are on graphic fairy website, so you can find so many things in there as well and I do have here many pictures which are related to kind of like ghosts and witches and many amazing ephemeras related to Salem. So here I do have kind of like, it's like secret circle, I'm gonna call that secret circle, you can write some notes under this picture and these envelopes are holding mostly Halloween invitations from the past and they are so funny to read so I had to add them in there and I used also designs which I shared in my Halloween week through the, on my YouTube channel through that Halloween week, so I used the design which I made for trick or trick and treat coffin box, I used that design to make small notebook, so I do have one here and here on the bottom you can see embossed Minitag, I hope you will be able to see that embossed effect on this Minitag, it's really gorgeous and I just love it. So both these books they do have so many pockets and in these pockets I do have those pictures and invitations and also small spells and that background paper I designed it myself for this witch's almanac and it's right now it's only on my Patreon, I was kind of like in that very busy moment that I made tutorial for my Patreon with this book and then tutorial for YouTube with that Halloween folio, so I forgot to share it on my Etsy, so all these designs they are on my Patreon right now and also tutorial for these two books and here you can see one of the labels I shared also as a freebie through to that Halloween Halloween week on my YouTube, here I made kind of like semi-transparent vellum papers and I do have tutorial, pardon me I do have tutorial how to make these semi-transparent vellum papers, so I will put the link down below pardon me and here I do have another of these embossed Minitags, it's really gorgeous and it's so funny to have a look on these Minitags and here another ephemera from Salem, here you can see Salem and these ephemeras are really gorgeous and I do have a Salem map here and also picture of the Martha English which was used to be to be witch and here I can see I forgot to close my box, I do have here a little box, it's like magic box, so when I put some messages inside and I will close it I can find another messages here, I know I'm like a small child, I do like these thingies because they make me happy, it's funny, here I do have another kind of like invitation for Halloween and I used tea bag and I did paint that tea bag, first I made a stamping of course and did stamping and then I used my paints and I did paint that stamping all over with my paints to make there are some shades and stuff like that and here I used stamps just on the that tea bag, you know, hanging thingy, here I do have again those circle secret messages or secret notes and they are holding also these notes or the spot for notes, both of them, so you can up, you can kind of unfold it here as well, oh come on, you can unfold it from there, don't get stuck and here on that opposite side I have decorated CD cover in kind of like grungy style to make it really kind of like scary and I do have this picture of the witch and I think it looks so cool this way, it's very grungy and I used just you know few papers and it looks so cool and here I do have a through to that book, I do have also the pictures from the book dance of the vase and I really love them and here another spell and beautiful picture of small witch and again another balloon paper and pocket here, this is also from that book dance of the vet and here we have small opening with writing spot and again one of these labels I shared as a freebie and can be lift up and I do have space for writing here and another envelope for saving goodies, another that embossed, 3D embossed mini tag, they are so beautiful and I do have pocket here with another goodies, again from Salem, some epimera and these two witches and I do have writing spot here and here and again that secret circle or not sure how to call that secret circle message and another invitation, halloween invitation and this is kind of like I'm not sure if it's called spell when witches are cooking their poisons and what they are saying around that I think it's called spell and here I do have pocket, I just forgot to put there something, I made this bellyband here which is holding this gorgeous picture and another another spell and I do have here, pardon me, this used as a pocket to spell and opening here some envelope for Martha English and another mini journal using same design for that coffin so I use it here and I created this small note pad and I do have another picture in the pocket this way and here opening so we do have writing spot here and I do have this cute decoration and again small embossed mini tag, I really hope you can see that embossed effect on these tags, it's really gorgeous and here these pictures so I think I'm just gonna show you because I don't have to tell you that is ephemera, you can see that and that's something is picture, you can see that too so here I do have opening for this this number of protection and here is explanation what that mean and I do have here a mini notebook with the undertaker like poem or gossip or not sure how to call that undertaker poem and another opening here and I do have here also pocket kind of like envelope made from that veloom and another ephemera here from Salem and again picture from the Dance of the Dead book and here at this if I'm not mistaken this is the picture of the major I think it's called major of the Salem and here we do have lifting up and it's like pocket mayor not major mayor sorry that's yeah I was now very hardly thinking how it's the right pronunciation mayor of the Salem you know sometimes the English it's very confusing for me we just spoke with Jacob I can't ask him if he can explain something that how it's possible that uh name e-v-e you are saying that if in English right but the occasion events hopefully I'm saying that right that events are happening sometimes you know some Christmas events events is that right word it's saying events if I'm saying that right I'm still confused from that because it's written down e-v-e and t-c I think and it's just confusing that sometimes it's really makes me makes me stuck with open mouth how how I can learn that how we can understand so I'm gonna continue with this book so some writing pages and we are on the end I do have here my shining lighting page and it can be it can be opened separately with this opening you will move that bottom and you will kind of open the secret box with the poison powders and with those schools and with shining inside I'm gonna switch off my light again and just to show you how beautifully it looks like how beautifully these gorgeous powders looks in the darkness and you can slide it back and this little waterfall it does have pictures and envelopes so some goodies can be stuck inside it's always one picture and one envelope and the picture and the envelope and just slide it back and that is at the end of this which is almanac and this second one that glowing one I so enjoyed to make this one it was kind of like surprise surprise that I'm gonna make another one because I have just just so many parts from my altering book so this has my small opening right here and inside is this school and it's also space for saving some goodies so I can slide it back and it does have kind of like keyhole here you can flip it down and it does have also light or all around I'm gonna switch off the lights again so you can see that maybe some spell is shining through I'm gonna switch on the lights again I need to say that because sometimes it's very harsh for ice so I need to warn you that there will be changes in the lights so if you saw ever I think it's Colette magic of color of magic it's inspired by Terry Pratchett books there was a book which was shining because the spell inside fly away and it was kind of wiggling all the time so that that was kind of like inspired inspiration for this one and in this book I do have so many writing spot spots I do have also so many embellishments here I do have like an embellishment number 31 or number 13 depends of you what you're gonna choose and there is October or there is coffin so it depends how you will change it that is going on and we do have here mini notepad with all kinds of herbals writing spot and then some herbal so you can write down some some herbal mixture you know it can be healing or it can be as a poison you know it depends which way you want to go and again I do have secret circle here and here I do have this is one of the labels I shared as a freebies through to that Halloween week and I do have it as my accordion and you can slide something behind this skull so I'm gonna close that again hold it there and again one of these invitations made as a pocket and here I do have another accordion book accordion opening and there is a pocket here and with this book there will go so many goodies in my collapsible envelopes I had so many questions about my collapsible envelopes these collapsible envelopes I do have prepared a tutorial for these but it's for my patreon it's like Christmas marathon and it's already scheduled on my patreon so I can't share it on on youtube I'm so sorry I hope you will understand this is what I created for my patreons and they it have to stay there but you can you can find it there if you will join my patreon you can join the patreon just for a month and then leave the patreon it's nothing what you have to subscribe for a long time you can be there just for four months and then just leave nobody will judge you nobody will try to kind of push you somewhere where you don't want to be so I'm sorry I can't share this on the youtube because it's already scheduled on my patreon and I hope you will understand thank you so much for that so I'm gonna continue with this it does have again opening again these circles and again opening here and I do have belly bent right behind that opening and here another picture this is also from that dance of the death book I just love these pictures they are very well made they are very old I think that book it's from now I don't remember exactly I think from 16 something 1626 but I don't remember exactly so maybe I'm wrong and here I created using these these are team holds wings it's like the 3d embossing cutting folder and they are just perfect for to make you know to make a holder for my ephemera here it's just perfect and here on the bottom I do have charm the school head here go and sit down and this is also as an opening when you flip it up you can get access to another pocket and here I do have another of these secret circles and here you have this picture writing spot and it can be lived up and I do have writing spot here and here small mini notepad with the poisonous mushrooms so I do have a few of them here and it's very kind of like easy navigator if you are going to find some mushrooms and you will see that they do have these ripped bottoms of the hot of the hot of the mushroom if they do have these ripped parts the the mushroom is probably poisonous so do not take these take those which do have this nicely and smooth not those ripped parts these are mostly 90 percent of the mushrooms with those ripped parts are poisonous they are not eatable so do not ever take them if you are not sure and I do have pocket here this is picture from the salem it's the store in the salem and these are all of them are actually store store stuff that was interesting to read and I do have here on the bottom I do have mini bottle there is a poison but in that mini bottle there are actually tarot cards mini tarot cards so for some fortune teller and one more time just to show you how beautiful this effect is I do have here flying letter in this book as well because it's just it's just makes me so happy to see that opening letter and I do have opening here and kind like semi-transparent image here and we are nearly on the end I do have here a few pages for writing here if you want to show some magics that the page is following you so you can do you don't have to pass this page because you can manage the page with this one and I do have few writing spots opening here opening here and we are nearly on the end I do have another accordion journaling spot here and journaling spot here again some writing pages envelope for some goodies here and I do have here on the end I do have my magic beetle is that right word beetle or I can take it like a moth and that's end of this book this book will come with so many goodies because I didn't put inside too much so I will add so many goodies with this book and here we are on the end and also this book has opening picture so that is end of my second book I hope you did enjoy to walk through two of my witches almanac books I hope you found some inspiration and if you like to join my patreon I will welcome you there really so much I hope you will you will like it there thank you so so much for all my patreons who helped me to go through to month of october and who were big inspiration for me really that was amazing those messages I received that they were so so amazingly they was just such a joy to read and you helped me so much to go through to month of october and I think this that's why I did enjoy this book so so much so thank you so so much again to all my patreons and thank you so much to all of you on youtube who are following me and who are watching my videos I hope you did enjoy this flip through I hope you found some inspiration if you want to see a little bit more about those books tutorial it's now on my patreon also all the images I used inside of these books if you like this video please share that with your friends on your social media help me to grow up this channel it's same like with any other youtuber we all like to have our weavers and we all like to share what we do so I will appreciate that very much and I will be forever thankful have a beautiful day take care about yourself and I will see you soon bye


So, let us continue the discussion with regard to the dynamic range problem in FTNMR. We said last time that when you have a huge solvent signal and a small sample signal because of the limited ADC resolution, the solvent signal overrides the ADC and then you will not be able to detect this small signal at all. The small signal will not get representation in the ADC and therefore no amount of signal averaging will help in recovering the sample signals. So, therefore what one needs to do is to suppress the solvent peak and that is what we are going to discuss today. You look here this is the spectrum of a sample which is in water and you have a huge water signal and this is a spectrum without water suppression and you will see only the signal of the water, you do not see anything of your samples at all. So, one way to suppress the solvent signal is to do what is called as a kind of a double resonance experiment where you use the second RF and irradiate the solvent resonance and the second RF frequency matches exactly with the water resonance therefore you put that RF here with a high power and well reasonably high power so that it only affects the energy levels corresponding to the water and all the other signals which are present here are not affected to a reasonable approximation. Therefore the signals from here will get saturated, the water sample water signal will get saturated all the other signal will not be perturbed. This is achieved in the following manner like this. So you have a pre-saturation, this is called a pre-saturation period where you put a second RF on the water resonance following that you apply 90 degree pulse and you collect your FID as usual. So here at this point here the water resonance is reduced to a very significant extent and once you apply the 90 degree pulse along with the other signals you detect the FID and this will not overload the receiver or it will not cause dynamic range problem and this is indicated here, this is the same spectrum what you show in the previous slide and this is with water suppression by pre-saturation here, you see the water signal is substantially reduced and you are able to see the other signals of the sample, this is a spectrum of a protein and you are able to see the other signals of the protein here pretty with good intensities. So this is one technique to suppress the water, there are other techniques to suppress the water signal and one of the popular ones there is the inversion recovery sequence. What you do here is you apply a 180 degree pulse to the entire magnetization which includes the water as well as the other sample signals and you wait for a time now following that you apply 90 degree pulse along the X axis and then you detect your FID as usual. What is to be done here, here the trick is to optimize the value of tau so that in the end you do not get enough water magnetization here and your other magnetizations are not perturbed as much. So that you get your solvent suppression effectively and you get your sample signals in a reasonable good intensity. How does this work? So let us look at that with the following vector diagram. Here the magnetization is represented by these arrows here initially at equilibrium all the magnetization is along the Z axis the pink one represents that of the water and the other ones are of their sample signals although this is very huge for schematic purposes we have drawn them in the same height although this actually the pink arrow has to be very very large compared to the other ones. Now what happens if you apply 180 degree pulse this entire magnetization rotates from the Z axis to the minus Z axis here now this is a non-equilibrium state after the 180 degree pulse you allow the system to relax back what it will do it will relax back to the Z axis and this will be determined by the spin lattice relaxation times of the individual spins different ones will relax differently depending upon the their relaxation times which are characteristics of the individual spins for a small tau if this is extremely small and the entire magnetization is still down here and if you apply a 90 degree pulse to this situation then you have the magnetization rotated into the transverse plane the Y axis and this is the negative Y axis and then we get signal here the negative magnetization which is the three signals these are two these two are the sample signals and the pink one is your water signal for a very small value of tau. So suppose you are adjust your tau in such a way that the solvent signal on the during the recovery has come to 0 here and the blue lawn has gone on the positive axis and the other line is still on the negative axis but it is quite substantially reduced because it has recovered along the Z axis. So now if you apply a 90 degree pulse to this situation your magnetization is rotated in the transverse plane and this fellow will be here this blue one is here the water is at 0 and your other signal is still on the lower side. So if you do a Fourier transformation you will get this signal which has recovered you will have this sign because this is opposite sign compared to this sign here. So this will be your positive side this will be on the negative side if this you apply for a give a very long tau then of course all of them will have recovered back to equilibrium here and if you measure then applying a 90 degree pulse then you will see all of them positive in this axis. So therefore the trick for water suppression is to choose your tau such that the water has come down to 0 here and your other signals have recovered completely or partially or they are along the positive Z axis or the negative Z axis but the trick is that your water signal is at 0 therefore you when you detect it after the FID the after applying the 90 degree pulse the FID does get a representation of these signals. So this is technique called as inversion recovery technique which is also used for other purposes which we will soon see. The other technique which has been commonly used is called the jump and return sequence. The idea here is the following here you have the strong water signal let us say it is at 4.7 ppm if you are recording the spectra and water typically the water appears around 4.7 to 4.8 ppm and you have many other signals which are little far away from there somewhere around 10 ppm. Now let us assume that we are interested in these resonances and not any others which are close by here and things like that. So therefore we want to maximize the signal intensity of these ones minimize the water intensity we do not care so much about the ones which are in the close vicinity of the water signal here. So therefore we want to get maximum intensity of these signals because we are interested in these ones. Assume that this distance from here to here in terms of frequency is nu max if this is 10 ppm 4.7 ppm this difference is 5.3 ppm. So we use that trick so that we get maximum intensity for these resonances for others we may get more reduced intensity but that is not a concern to us because we are interested in these particular peaks. So how does this experiment work? The pulse sequence for this experiment is like this you have a first a 90 degree pulse which is applied along the x axis then you wait for a time tau then you apply as another 90 degree pulse but now with a opposite phase this is with minus x axis if it is applied along x this is along minus x and following that you deduct your FID and Fourier transform it to get your spectrum. So let us look at it from the vector picture how does the magnetization rotate? So here are two arrows drawn one is for the water and the other one is for your interested signal. And you put the carrier on water which means the carrier is at zero frequency all your other frequencies are away from the water and they will have precessional frequencies. The water will not have precessional frequency because you put the offset on water which means that it is zero frequency with respect to the carrier. Now when you apply 90 degree pulse along the x so let us say the magnetization is rotated onto the minus y axis so both the magnetizations are here. Now what happens during this period tau after that the individual components will start precessing with their characteristic frequencies. Now after a time tau they would have precess to different extents but the water would have remained there because water is at zero frequency which means it has no precessional frequency it stays there and your sample signal which is of interest to you would have moved. Now you wait for such a time that this magnetization which is this orange magnetization which is of interest to you has rotated by 90 degrees. So for maximization you allow the magnetization to rotate by 90 degrees so that it has come here and that is dependent on your tau period. So adjust your tau period so that the desired magnetization is rotated through 90 degrees. So what is the angle of rotation here how do we calculate that? Now if nu max is your frequency of interest then the angle of rotation of this transverse magnetization is 2 pi tau nu max times tau, tau is the period for which the magnetization is precessing. Now if you want it to be rotated by pi by 2 with 90 degrees then you said theta is equal to pi by 2 if you put this equation in this equation here then you get tau is equal to 1 by 4 times nu max. So if you adjust your tau to this value then your desired magnetization has rotated by 90 degrees and is along the x axis. Now you apply a 90 minus x, 90 minus x meaning you apply it along the other axis here, here this magnetization is rotated here along the minus x axis if you apply. So this magnetization the orange magnetization does not rotate because it is along the minus x axis itself it stays there only. But the water magnetization which was here now rotates back to the z axis it comes here. So the water magnetization is come back to the z axis your desired magnetization has remained in the transverse plane now if you detect the signal you will get the signals from the desired magnetization only. Therefore this is one other way of suppressing the solvent signal and detecting the signals of interest. This is called as jump and return. Notice one thing here in this case we had kept the carrier on the water. Now there are signals which are on the left side of the water and on the right side of the water as well. So here we have put the signals which the water is here and we had we are interested in the signals which are at this PPM that is 5.3 PPM away. So if you go 5.3 PPM on this side there will be signals on this side as well. So with respect to this if these frequencies are positive frequencies these will be negative frequencies. So whatever applies to this 5.3 PPM here will also apply to the 5.3 PPM on this side and those also will get excited how will that show up in your spectrum. That is I have not shown it here but one can visualize this how it could have happened what would happen to those. In this magnetization the orange has moved in this direction during this period tau the other ones which are a negative frequency they would have moved in this direction. They will come like this right and at 5.3 PPM they would have aligned along this axis here the opposite axis here the ones which are shown with orange they are here the other ones would have been here. Therefore these two have opposite signs. So if you Fourier transform this 5D which you collect from here the signals which are here would show up with one sign and the signals which are here will show up with the opposite sign. Therefore in your spectrum finally you will get on one side of the water signal you will have peaks like this and the other side of the water signal you will have peaks like this. In the center you have the water there are peaks on this side peaks on this side as a result of the water suppression and maximizing at 5.3 PPM peaks on this side of the water will go like this and the peaks on this side will go like this and that is of course not a very big advantage you get maximum signal nonetheless and one can select only one portion of the spectrum for your analysis depending upon which one is interested on. So that is there are other techniques for water suppression we will come back to it later but before we actually do that we have to consider one other important concept in multiple experiments or in the Fourier transform NMR or various other experiments as well and that is called as the spin echo. We will now consider another important invention namely the spin echo. This was made by Erwin Hahn in the 1950s and it turned out to be such an important technique and that was a period when many many important techniques were important concepts were being developed. So this was almost worth a Nobel Prize but however Erwin Hahn missed that one but we all realize how important this invention was. It now appears in all kinds of multiple experiments it is an integral part of many multiple experiments and therefore it is very crucial to understand the principles of this spin echo and see how it can be used in various experiments. It is a very simple experimented technique that it now consists of two pulses a 90 degree expulse and a 180 degree pulse it could be 90x, 180y or 180x it does not matter. You apply a 90x pulse to a spin system wait for a period tau then you apply a 180x pulse to the spin system and wait for a time tau. It turns out that the signal which is actually decaying here because immediately after the 90 degree pulse we have seen that there is there will be an FID there will be a free precession and the magnetization decays in the following manner as this indicated here. It turns out that application of this 180x pulse reverses this decay of the magnetization and starts building it up. So as a result at the end of this period tau which is exactly equal to this tau there will be a refocusing of the entire magnetization and this is called as the echo and the magnetization here is called as the echo amplitude and following that of course it starts decaying once more which is the normal FID and the data is actually collected from here onwards. We do not actually collect the data during this period we collect the data from here onwards. The important point to note here is this echo amplitude is essentially a recovery of the magnetization which had decayed during the first tau period and the 180 pulses reverses this decay and you get this echo of the main magnetization. How does this work? So let us look at that and try to understand how it works. First let us consider two uncoupled spins and these two have two different frequencies there is one frequency here there is another frequency here and initially the magnetization of the two spins is along the z axis when I apply 90x pulse to this magnetization this is rotated into the xy plane comes along the minus y axis if it is a 90x pulse. Now during the period tau the two spins will start processing with the respective frequencies the one which is here is a higher frequency which is here is a lower frequency therefore this orange one has moved more than this cyan one so therefore these are going in this direction processional direction and the B has moved further than A in the transverse plane. Now we apply 180 degree pulse to this which is along the x axis now the magnetization rotates out of the plane and comes back here to this position. So the A which is here comes here and the B which is here comes here. The sense of rotation remains the same so they will continue to move in the same directions therefore B will cover a wider angle than A and eventually after the time tau here they will come back to the same y axis so this is called as the refocusing. So no matter how much was the difference between the A and B in this motion they will come back to the same position in phase at the end of this period tau and that is called as refocusing. So the chemical shifts we say are refocused because this is regardless of what the frequency difference between A and B is essentially this is the chemical shift difference. So therefore regardless of what these differences are they are coming back to the same point at the end of this period tau. So 180 pulse actually causes a time reversal and we get a refocusing of the magnetization at the end of the period 2 tau. Here we consider these 2 spins are 2 independent spins or 2 separate spins however it can also be that these are different frequencies of the same spin located in different portions of the sample if there is in homogeneity in your magnetic field. The magnetic field is inhomogeneous one portion of the sample sees one field other portion of the sample sees another field and that may result in 2 different frequencies. And for example water water at one portion of the sample sees one frequency another portion of the sample sees another frequency and they may be 2 different frequencies because of the inhomogeneity in the magnetic field. But then as a result of the echo they come back to the same position that is what we say that the echo amplitude is unaffected by field inhomogeneities. This is an important idea important concept and we will see how this will be used later for the measurement of transverse relaxation times. Now let us take 2 coupled spins we saw in the case of one coupled spins the magnetic the chemical shifts were refocused. To look at the coupled spins we will have to look at this energy level diagram and understand spin system little bit better. So let us draw the energy level diagram for 2 spins see if there are 2 spins there are 4 energy states. So these are alpha a alpha x we are considering 2 spins a and x alpha a and alpha x alpha a beta x beta a alpha x and beta a beta x. Now if you look at the transition from here to here which is which spin is flipping it is the x spin which is flipping alpha x goes to beta x alpha a remains the same. So therefore this we call it as a x 1 transition. Here also it is the same thing alpha of x spin flips to the beta and therefore this is the x transition we call this as x 2. If you look at the transition between these 2 levels then here alpha of a spin flips to beta and therefore this we call it as a transition and label it as a 1 and this is again the a transition and we label this as a 2. If there is no coupling between the spins then these 2 energy differences are identical and therefore the a 1 and the a 2 frequencies will be identical. Similarly the x 1 and the x 2 frequencies will also be identical. So if you look at the NMR spectrum of this then there will be one line at the chemical shift on u a which will have the 2 transitions a 1 and a 2 likewise for the x spin also there will be 2 transitions x 1 and x 2 will be degenerate and they will be at the same position which we call it as the chemical shift of x. So this is nu x and this is nu a. Now what happens if the spins are coupled? If the spins are coupled these energy levels get changed. For example this energy level which was here will now go up in energy by an amount j by 4. This energy level which was here will come down by an amount j by 4. j is the coupling constant between the 2 spins. This energy level which was here comes down again by an amount j by 4 and likewise this energy level which was here will now go up by an amount j by 4. Now what is the consequence of this? Now we look at the a 1 transition. The a 1 transition has reduced in energy by an amount j by 2, j by 4 here and j by 4 here therefore the energy is reduced by j by 2. So we say nu a 1 is reduced to the nu a minus j by 2. Likewise the a 2 transition which was from here to here has now gone up by the same amount j by 2. So the nu a 2 is now nu a plus j by 2. So a 2 is always taken to be a higher frequency compared to the a 1. That is a convention. You could have labeled them the other way around as well. And therefore the separation between these 2 transitions is j, nu a 2 minus nu a 1 is j and that this separation is j. Similarly the x 2 transition has the frequency nu x plus j by 2 and the x 1 transition has the frequency nu x minus j by 2 and nu x 2 minus nu x 1 is equal to j. Now notice here one more thing that is the higher frequency a 2 transition has the x spin in the beta orientation in the beta polarization state. And the lower frequency which is a 1 which has the x spin in the alpha orientation. Sometimes we also call them as faster spin and slower spin because if the energy is increasing in this manner we call this as a faster spin, faster moving spin and slower moving spin. If you sit in the rotating frame of the nu a here for example then this one is to the left, this is to the right, this is a higher frequency then and this is a lower frequency. Sometimes you also refer to this as a faster moving spin and this one as a slower moving spin. Same applies to this situation as well. For the x 2 transition the a spin is in the beta polarization and for the x 1 transition the a spin is in the alpha polarization. What happens next? In the case of the spin echo experiment we had this 90 pulse and then followed by 180 pulse after the certain evolution period and what is the consequence of that? Let us look at that once more here. Here you remember from the previous slide the a 2 transition has the beta polarization of the x spin and the a 1 transition has the alpha orientation of the x spin. Now an a spin with a frequency a 2 moves faster than an a spin with a frequency a 1 in the transverse plane. After you applied a 90 degree pulse the magnetizations corresponding to these two transitions are in the transverse plane and as they start processing in the transverse plane this one moves faster compared to this one, that is what we are trying to say. In the rotating frame of the a spin there is a chemical shift nu a that is in the middle here this is a nu a position. The two spins move in opposite directions in the transverse plane because these in the transverse plane once you put the magnetization in the transverse plane the magnetizations corresponding to these two spins move in the opposite directions. We treat the faster moving spin as moving in the anticlockwise direction and the slower moving one in the clockwise direction. Now what happens when I apply a 180 pulse on the x spin? X spin when I do I flip the x spin right x spin alpha goes to the beta and beta goes to the alpha therefore the one which was moving faster has to become slower. The one which was going slower now becomes faster. So the x spin flip converts a faster spin into a slower spin and vice versa that means the transitions change labels in the transverse plane. Let us look at that explicitly here we have the same diagram as before in the case of uncoupled spins except that we are looking at the a spins in the rotating frame of the spin a. So this is initial rotation here and we are looking at the a1 and the a2 transitions until at this point then the two transitions have moved in opposite direction. We said the a2 goes in anticlockwise direction and a1 goes in clockwise direction therefore this goes in this manner this goes in this direction. If I apply 180 y pulse then this one gets rotated onto this this one gets rotated here. So a2 goes here a1 comes here and they continue to move in those directions a2 goes here that will continue to go here and a1 which was going like this is moved here and that will move in the opposite direction a2 goes here a1 comes here a2 goes there and a1 comes here but the sense of rotation remains the same after the 180 degree y pulse. If I apply 180 x pulse now then what happens we said the labels will get changed the faster one becomes slower and the slower one becomes faster. So this comes back here the a2 comes back the a1 comes back to a2 and this a2 goes back to a1 and this will continue to go in this manner this will continue to go in this manner as before because this is a faster moving transition and then you will see in the during the next tau period these ones have spanned out more than before instead of refocusing they have actually moved apart away from each other as a result of this evolution during the tau period. Therefore what we say is that the four J couple spins evolution due to J coupling is not refocused angle between the two lines a1 and a2 at the time of echo is given by 4 pi J times tau this is easily possible to calculate and because of the separation between the two transitions is J and during the time J the cover the angle J times tau and multiply by J times 2 tau and multiply by 2 pi to calculate that in terms of radians. Now so the spin echo has become an extremely important technique and it is also used for water separation which we discussed in the previous class and that experiment is called as water gate to use spin echo for water separation. The pulse sequence for that is given here you have a 90 degree X pulse which is a hard pulse which is applied on all the spins and then you give a certain time tau during which you apply a field gradient pulses field gradient pulse this is applied for small period of let us approximately 1 millisecond or so and following that you have a soft pulse on water soft pulse this indicates this is a soft pulse on water this is a 90 minus X on water 180 X pulse this is a hard pulse again this is applied on all the spins and followed by again a soft pulse on water again 90 minus X and the carrier is placed on water therefore water is at zero frequency. Now what is the consequence here of this pulse let us look at this pulse more explicitly this is very important pulse it essentially tells you that on water there is effectively no pulse zero degree pulse on water 90 minus X 90 minus X is 180 minus X and this is 180 X together it means there is essentially zero degree pulse on water whereas a hard 180 pulse is applied on your sample signals. How does it help in water suppression this we will see in this slide the field gradients as I mentioned this is the field gradients are applied along the Z axis. So if I have the main field H0 like this B0 or H0 we call it and we apply a field gradient along the same axis called as Z. So if I have my sample here various spins at this point they now see different fields at different positions for example the water here will see one field water here will see another field water here will see another field likewise the sample spins as well. So they will see different kinds of fields which will manifest itself in their precessional frequencies. So let us first of all look at how this affects the precession of the sample signals. So to begin with you have three different positions and all of them have the same frequency the sample frequency is the same the magnetization is in the transverse plane here oriented in this direction. Now during the field gradient pulse which is for an approximately 1 millisecond this is something which one needs to optimize with reference to this we keep this as constant these two would have moved to different extents because the fields have changed because the field here and the field there are different. Therefore they move at different extents let us assume that this moves here with 180 degree rotation and this has moved in this direction by 120 degrees and this is can be simply calculated by the field strength how much they have moved. Now if I apply 180 degree pulse to this what happens this spin moves over to here and it comes here this spin moves over to here and it comes here. Now I apply another field gradient pulse the same GZ which is identical to this what it will do it will continue to introduce a phase angle to this they will continue to move it because of the field change and this will move to the same extent as it moved here from here to here it will come back to this position. Similarly this one which was moving in this direction it was moving in this direction here it will continue to move like this and it will come back to the same position this is our reference this has remained the same with respect to this now all of them have come back to the same place. So the sample signals have refocused because you remember we are applying a 180 pulse on the sample signals the other 2 pulses were soft pulses they were not applied on the sample signals they were applied only on to the water. So therefore the sample signals have refocused here at the end of the water gate pulse sequence. So they are all in phase and therefore you produce a good signal from the sample. What happens to the water? Until this point it is the same these are water positions here now it is the water signal it is not the sample signal this is the water signal here I have applied a 0 degree pulse 90 minus x 180 90 minus x means I have applied a 0 degree pulse essentially no pulse. So at the end of this therefore this will stay here only and this will stay here only. So when I apply the next gradient pulse GZ so it will go further defacing of this magnetization. So this one which has moved here it will continue to move like this and it will come here to the exactly it will make the same amount of rotation it will come here and this will make the same amount of rotation and it will come here. So therefore these are not refocused now and we have only taken few particular positions here and illustrations. So typically what happens? There are spins all over the place and none of them will actually refocus therefore you will get at the end of this if you consider as water signals from all over the place then you will have in the transverse plane I have water signals here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, everywhere there is a water signal and therefore they all cancel each other and that is why we say the water signal will be completely cancelled out at the result of this pulse sequence. Initially it causes a defacing here and we do not apply any pulse to the water and apply another gradient pulse here it causes further defacing therefore when you consider an ensemble of the water signals from all over the place there will be complete cancellation of the transverse magnetization due to the water. So this is what we wanted to achieve and that is what has happened here and we see the result in this experimental spectrum. So this is a spectrum without water suppression see this is a huge signal and nothing well the other things cannot be seen at all and here is water suppression with pre-saturation this is what we discussed in the very beginning and you do pre-saturation saturate the water here and then you reduce it to a certain extent alright and you start seeing some signals which are present here. Now you see with the water gate you will see so many more signals and you are getting all the sample signals with good intensities in this experimental example. This is of a blood serum and you have so many signals here some with higher intensity some with small intensity and all of them can be clearly seen. And another important point to note here is that in the case of water pre-saturation the signals which are under the water will also get saturated and you will lose them. In this case that is unlikely to happen and it is only the water that is defaced and the other signals are not defaced and therefore you will get all the will recover all the signals. With that we stop here and we will continue with the things discussion on multiple experiments in the next classes.


Welcome to the Maine course, with me, Natalie Roth. Growing up in a small town in Minnesota, the only exciting cuisine was that of our state fair. Now that I'm in Maine, I am so excited to meet all the talented chefs that create such delicious and unique food. Come with me as I explore Maine and all the different foods it has to offer. Brittany and Hope, our chef and our restaurant owner, we're very excited to be here. I was wondering if you could give me a little bit of overview to start. Well, I purchased Costin Avello four years ago. It's a brick and mortar. Prior to that, I was not in a brick and mortar. I was doing catering and I had a food truck. And this was always my dream. I loved this restaurant. It was open in 1999. The previous owner had it. It was very successful. It's a legacy. And I was blessed to have been able to acquire it. Yeah, definitely. Do you mind telling me a little bit about the name and how that came to be? Was it your choice? It was not my choice. I was the previous owner. I looked it up. It means Costin Avello means new life. I like it. I like it. Very inspirational. And what about... Actually, that's not true. It's a new house. Sorry, I did a little bit of research. New house. I like it though. It's very interesting. How would you describe the kind of vibe of the place or culture of Costin Avello? I've seen it turn from when I first purchased it. And now it's a completely different genre of people. So we have all ages. Now we have very family friendly. So people try to do their events here, special birthday parties. We do private events also. And it is evolved to a younger crowd actually. People in their 20s and 25s and 30s and girls celebrating with their girlfriends. Guys coming in with their friends. Them coming in with couples. Also very romantic. A lot of people have met here. We have a seat right over there.  We had a couple in last night. 54 years of marriage. Lots of, like I said, people getting engaged right there in the window. Very romantic. Very cool. I like it. So if you could tell me a little bit. How was your passion for the industry kind of found? And how did you kind of come to be in knowing that you wanted to own a restaurant in such a small town compared to what seems like you've been in some very larger experienced restaurants? Yeah. I, you know, like every child, you try to find what you want to do.  You go to college. I changed my major six times. I started out in New Jersey at a very, very, very large restaurant called Prona Farms. And the minute I set foot into that restaurant, I just knew. The owner, Victor Avendolio, he was very passionate. He didn't want 100%. He wanted 110. And that was my goal and I got it. I worked very hard for them. I was one of the youngest waitresses. They were open for many, many, many years. So they had an older crew. And I came in and I just loved it. I loved the people. I loved catering. I loved serving food. I loved, I just loved every bit of it. And that was my passion. 17 when I first started. And then I left New Jersey. I worked for Persephone Hilton. Left went to California, Arizona, you know, restaurant business you can do. You're always going to get a job in the restaurant business. Definitely. So I usually start out not telling them that I am a restaurant manager or whatever I did. I ended up being a bartender or a server. And then they'd say, do you want a manager position? I'm like, sure. So I traveled there from California. I got a job here at one of the biggest restaurants back in the 90s called the Village Cafe. It was an incredible restaurant. I was very blessed to have gotten a job as the general manager there from California. Wow. And I love that. Then I went to Macaroni Grill. I've always got my whole life from family to corporate. Corporate to family, family to corporate. And just wanted to own my own restaurant. My father knew that. He passed. This was his dream for me. And I went into the back door one day. Gary wasn't even interested in selling. I said, would you like to sell? He said, no. I said, I'll be back next week. I said, would you like to sell? He said, yes. And that was it. My dream came true. Amazing. It's great to hear. I mean, it's awesome. So based on a little bit of research, it seems that you guys were close for a bit there. Could you tell me a little bit about how your experience has been since reopening? And I'm sure the community, it seemed like they made a massive effort. Oh my gosh. But this Westford community is very close-knit. So if you could just tell me a little bit how your experience since then, your involvement in the community, anything like that. Yeah, so the short of it, because people are probably, you know, they've heard so much about it, was I, one of my cooks left, a couple of them just weren't doing what they were supposed to be doing. And I just said, I'm done. I was, you know, my customers didn't know if we were open full, if we were open at the bar only, if we were open at takeout, one day we're open, one day we're closed. I just, I couldn't do it. I needed to shut down. I needed to regroup. And I said, if it's meant to be, it's meant to be. I honestly didn't think we were going to reopen again. Then, Lori Vargas, she sent a message to me, oh my gosh, no, you're closed. I'd like to do a story on this. And I'm like, no, I don't like to do that stuff. And she insisted. And we, all of a sudden, the universe, the energy was just focused on this restaurant. Such positive energy, such love, the community. I mean, I was like, why me? You know, so I'm thinking this must be, this must meant to be. Yeah. Five weeks into it, well, actually four weeks into it, I was interviewing probably about 100 people a week and not one person. It was like, they were, I was doing interviews on my phone, on email, and I would book five or six at a time to come in. They never showed up. Oh my. And then Brittany, she was like, I got this message from her. And she's like, you know what, I've been working hard at this other restaurant. And I feel she's exhausted. She feels like she was underappreciated. She was just working, putting band-aids. You know, saving the whole day at her place. People weren't, were coming in, oh, I don't feel good. They call out one day. They'd rehire them the next day. They wouldn't show up one day. They'd rehire the next day. And she was like, I just want to work for a restaurant that cares. And she said, I feel like you care. And so I interviewed her and fell in love with her instantly. She was like, so bright eyed and so passionate.  Is this something that you want to take over? And she's like, this is my dream. So she came in, a big smile on her face. She turned it into a restaurant instead of a restaurant. I like that. The people that she brought with her, the people that wanted to leave, because they were so exhausted from what I was doing, ended up wanting to stay. It's just been incredible. The staff loves her. She fit in immediately. It's like she belonged here. She was the angel. She was meant to be. Any restaurant I've ever worked at, they focus more on quality rather than getting food out right away. Like most restaurants, as soon as that ticket comes in, you better get that steak on the grill. You know, you better get that working. It doesn't matter what you're doing at the time. But here, you want to make sure that every dish is tasted. It's perfect. Like, it doesn't matter if it takes 30 minutes, because everybody's going to be eating their salads. They're going to be doing a bread. So you have the ability to just focus. Definitely. And then speaking of which, do you guys, or do you think of any new dishes yourself? Are you someone that likes to kind of do a test kitchen sort of thing or bring in new ideas? I see you guys have a featured menu every week and do your wine down Wednesdays and everything like that. I love to experiment with food and specials. Like, recently I've done a chicken roulade. I have arancinis tonight, which are very time consuming to make, but they're so much fun and it's so worth it. Oh, yes. That's great to hear.  And all your ingredients are from Italy, from what I've heard. A lot of them. Either from Italy or locally sourced. That's great. I think sustainability is a big part of what people like nowadays. And so events, you were talking about some younger, maybe events happening soon, like drinks and martinis, kind of people coming in after dinner. Oh, yeah. We talked about that. Yeah. We have my daughter went to school with a girl. She's just graduating from culinary school and she does desserts, pastries and stuff like that. Plus, she cooks. So we're offering her a position to do all fresh breads and pastries and cakes.  And I had thought that possibly at night, we'll close in the wintertime and maybe eight. After that, maybe people would want a peritif or a cappuccino and a fresh pastry or gelato or stuff like that. And in this restaurant, it's an experience. People don't come in to just have an entree and leave. They have appetizers, soup, salad, special house drinks. Then they have desserts. Then they have after dinner drinks, maybe a cappuccino, a coffee. You know, it's an experience. And some people stay for hours. Some people don't stay for hours. You know what I mean? But so it works. And it's an experience. Very fun. It's kind of towards the younger crowd a little bit. We're getting there. But you know, it's funny because people in their 70s, they come in. We have this couple that's in their 80s. They come in. They have a martini. Then they have a bottle of wine. They have an appetizer. They split an entree. They split a dessert. They have a coffee. And we love them. We just can't wait until they come in. And we look forward to seeing them. And it's just a lot of phones down. Phones down. Experience. Living the moment. Talking. Looking at each other. Phones down. Definitely. So Brittany, I was going to ask, what do you think is the most popular dish? Or do you have a favorite that you like to make? Our chicken marsala and our chicken farms are the top two. Those will always, always sell. And it's great because our chicken farms are made fresh personally by me every day. And they taste phenomenal. I'm sure, I mean, if the chef is saying it, I mean, I have to try it, but that's great. And then I was just going to ask, what can we expect from Casa Novella in the next few years?  I hope not in the next few years with the community. I mean, that would be my dream. I would love to be a business owner in a restaurant like this. I mean, this place is just, it's classic. You know? It's not really going to significantly change, but you're always going to have some new stuff. Definitely. And what do you think? What do you think about Casa Novella in the next years to come? I want the younger generation to bring it, keep the legacy going. That's her. The younger generation. She reminded me, you know, I loved working. She just recently has Mondays off. So normally it's just Sunday. And she's like, what am I going to do? I'm like, Brittany, you need to start living, but I love her passion. What does she do?  I'm like, no, you need to stay home. You know what I mean? But I see she's, it doesn't matter. She's, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes. That's great. Very heartbreaking. They're passionate. Yeah. I don't think she's going to slow down soon. I hope not. So that's what I see. I see, you know, that's who I was. And I love that. And I know, I want to keep it local and I want to give it to some good hands. And that's her. And that was my dream. Definitely, definitely. You know, to do that. So being in such a smaller area outside of Portland, how does Casa Novella, you know, kind of bring in their customers? Do you guys do a lot of advertising or anything like that? Word of mouth. Word of mouth. Got the good food. People like to talk about it. Word of mouth. And it's so strange because people, that last night, a woman, she left a couple doors down. And she's like, I've never been here.  You know, I can come over and I'm like, absolutely. And she, and I constantly hear, I haven't been there. I haven't been there. I haven't been there. We've been here since 1999. So yes, I do do some TV and I do do some radio advertising and I do do push-ups on Facebook. I do do Instagram, that kind of stuff. But I don't go crazy over it. I do what I'm supposed to be doing, what percentage I'm supposed to be doing. But I do think word of mouth is the best way to go. Oh yeah, definitely. Yeah. So you're talking about you might be decreasing some hours during the winter. You slow down a lot. Yeah. We are busier in the wintertime, but people don't come out after eight o'clock. Oh yes. Sort of like that. Now that it's getting darker sooner, we can tell that people aren't coming out. And in this day and age, you have to be really careful running your business. You know, you have to be, if people are coming in the door, income's coming in the door. But for us to be open until nine and nobody coming in from eight to nine, I'm very business savvy. I have to be careful with my numbers to keep it going and keep it working. Definitely. And we do do that. And you know, that's why Brittany said our food is fresh. We have, how much waste do we have? Barely any. We have barely any. I mean like we are, when it's the day for our delivery, our coolers are empty. So we keep it as tight as we possibly can. Very environmentally sound too. Yeah. I like that. And it's fresh. And all your menu items are Italian staples obviously. Do you have anything kind of unique or anything different that you would say that's a little bit more outside the box Italian? Our marsala, it was not my recipe. It was a recipe from the previous owners, but we make it with cream and that's not traditional. And that is a really big seller. Yeah. And we put a spin on it. I mean we, we made sure that we had all these top, top, you know, and our creams and stuff like that. So, you know, I'm not going to say that we made it better because I've never had the original original back in 1999, but I know that ours, people taste it and they go, oh my gosh, how could it be better and it is? So. That's great to hear. Yeah. And a lot of your customers are they regulars or are you getting a lot of new people? We have a lot of regulars. Thank you Casa Novello for sitting down with us and speaking with me today it was great to learn about your menu and your community engagement here. It seems like you guys are doing great and we're very excited to see where Casa Novello takes us in the next few years. That's true and thank you.