So, we have you know sort of looked at a lot of these preliminaries now yeah. So, we very quickly jumped to the real stuff yeah we talk start talking about stability ok and I have written as you can see separately in the sense of Lyapunov ok. So, this was of course all of these notions are due to the notions that we study are due to A. M. Lyapunov pressure and mathematician probably non-linear control the way we know it will not exist without it ok. So, maybe somewhere in 1860s, 70s and so on he wrote couple of articles which you know which sort of delineated what is the notion of stability and how do you know ensure that stability is achieved ok. So, very very I would say important contributions to the field you know like I said the field itself may not have existed because this stability is basically the notion that we are always hunting as control guys ok whatever you do whatever system you are trying to dive any anybody who is working with any dynamical system eventually most of your feedback and most of the control that you talk about be autonomous cars be it you know aerial vehicles be it smart grids you are always trying to hunt for stability yeah because the basic idea is and you all already know from linear system you have the notion of input output stability right and then you have internal stability, but most people hardly study internal stability in linear system usually talk about input output stability yeah, but it is still a notion of stability the idea being that external disturbances do not make your system deviate significantly from its operating point ok. So, once you achieve an operating point for example you know your robot has a converge to a trajectory that you wanted to follow yeah you do not want it to deviate you know if there are any disturbance ok. So, notion of stability is how you classify almost all problems in dynamical systems and control ok. So, there is no of course there is notions of optimality which is a separate sort of line of thought in itself where you do not talk about you know being resistant to disturbance being robust to disturbance and all that, but then it is open loop what we call open loop ok in the sense that any optimal trajectory or anything optimal that you come up with and again trajectory is again a very general word does not have to be something a robot is following or something a car is following no even a smart grid biological system you can always create trajectories ok. For us trajectory is just a bunch of a smooth curve in state space any smooth curve in state space is a trajectory for us ok. So, these trajectories that are designed with some considerations may be optimality considerations yeah for example, if you want a satellite you are launching a satellite and you wanted to go to the moon once it is the first thing you do it is you put it in a low earth orbit then you know it tends to expand its orbit expand its orbit then after a certain point it has something like a swing ok between the earth when the moon gets closest to earth there is a swing which is which means that there is a thrust extra thrust that is applied at a particular trajectory at a particular time. So, and once it applies the trajectory it escapes the earths trajectory and it sort of starts rotating about it moves in straight line then it goes to the dark side of the moon then it starts rotating about the moon ok. So, there is like a particular escape route it takes from the earths trajectories by doing a thrust maneuver at a very specific time ok. This is very optimal this is like one of the purest applications of optimality you will see ok here it is mostly its open loop there is no feedback or anything at that particular time when you see that you are you have this earth moon sort of a very nice appropriately located earth and moon you do the burn you do the burn maneuver you create the thrust you escape the earths trajectory earths orbit and then you move on to the moons orbit ok. So, this is more or less standard way of how we fly satellites because otherwise we will never have enough fuel if you if you did some random ridiculous things you will never have enough fuel to reach anywhere ok. So, I mean we have only limited fuel it is not like we have you know petrol pump or something that is going to fill gas for us in between. So, you just have enough. So, this is where all the optimality questions come open loop optimality is purely open loop. However, once you get into orbit or you think of the lander problem you need feedback because there will be disturbances which are trying to once you have an optimal trajectory you try to follow the optimal trajectory ok. You need feedback why do you need feedback because you want to keep following the optimal trajectory what if you deviate what if you have I know suppose you had some solar panel and then some serious solar radiation happened at that time ok because some particular moment when you know some sunspot exploded there was some extra solar radiation coming through. So, you started you know reorienting and tumbling in your orbit and doing some crazy things which you do not want to do ok. You want to be pointed in a particular space then you need feedback right. I mean you have sensors which are picking up that ok I am starting to tumble. So, now I do a detumbling control or any general attitude control orientation control. So, I sort of make sure that I come back to a particular orientation and I do this ok. So, that is where stability comes in ok this is feedback this stability optimal open loop ok. Both are very important these days there is of course concepts of doing them both together also and people are trying to derive stable laws by running optimal engines. So, that is also one way but it is numerical way of doing things maybe something that is more research than reality at this point. But yeah our field relies completely on stability optimality obviously there are quite a few courses yeah in SISCON and otherwise also you can I would say you should always get exposure to both sides of the coin ok. All right very very big preamble I think very motivating all right stability ok. We are always talking about a system which looks like this x dot is f t x ok with some initial condition yeah whenever I specify a dynamical system I specify a initial condition ok without initial condition yeah does not make any sense. Then there is a solution once I plug in the initial condition usually denoted by a different symbol ok most mathematically precise textbooks like Vidya Sagar for non-linear systems you will find the notation for the solution is different from notation of the state although in a lot of my notes you will find ok so fundamental matrix is more a linear system motion yeah so the state transition matrix comes from the fundamental matrix. So, that is little bit more of a linear system motion in non-linear systems the terminology is different the notation looks similar ok. So, this is called a solution if I wrote this as phi t x0 ok just this just change the notation to and put the t as the subscript ok this is called the flow this is called the flow of this dynamical system as stress ok why is it called the flow it is very beautiful it is amazing yeah I mean how we have made everything very geometrically intuitive yeah so just think about this here it looks like just a solution right I mean I plug in some initial condition initial time mostly whenever you talk about flows you sort of do not talk about the initial time you sort of forget the initial time technically you should remember the initial time also but most often more often than not you forget the initial time you say that it is some fixed time t0 and then you keep changing the x0 ok. So, here we are just talking about plugging the initial condition getting a solution. So, this is a solution function of time but the flow is something way more interesting right it gives you something more interesting when I look at it in this form why say I have a bunch of initial conditions say these initial conditions come from a ellipse which I call capital X0 ok now by virtue of this differential equation solution once I plug in one x0 ok and I flow it flow it for time t ok just like you can think of flow in the river you put one leaf at one point another leaf at another point in the river another leaf you put a bunch of leaves from this ellipse into the river and it flows along this solution right because once I plug in a x0 and I plug in a time t I move in a certain way right. So, what is this I move here say I move here I move here. So, it may so happen that I make it a little bit distorted right and basically what I am saying is this is time t so this is time t. So, basically all these leaves imaginary leaves that I put in this flow they of course move differently right they cannot all be even though the average velocity of your stream may be similar and all that but overall because of obstacles or whatever everything flows differently and you may have a distorted shape now yeah you may have start with an ellipse you may have a distorted shape ok. So, this is the notion of a flow ok and a lot of controllability and observability notions are based on flows ok we do not again we are not sure if we will talk about those in the nonlinear context in this class I am not sure if we will have the time and it is also deeply more intense mathematically. So, I do not know how much we will be able to prepare ourselves for it but that is the notion of a flow ok. We basically just talk about the solution ok why because we are at a lot of times interested in this function of time ok because we want to look at this as a function of time all right. Once you put in the initial condition and initial time we have a function of time here ok and we look at it sometime we just call it x of t by the way yeah I do not actually specify this I write it as x of t ok. So, whenever I write it as x of t please understand that we are talking about the solution all right great great yeah I know it seems like we are talking too much about just some notation but it is not because the solution is fixed only by the initial condition once I change this everything changes all right great. Once I have a system like this I need to talk about equilibrium what is the equilibrium the equilibrium is the state from which you never move ideally ideally yeah in reality you will always move but ideally it is a solution from which you never move yeah very simple if I have rolling objects like these I mean in fact every point is an equilibrium for this right this is a very interesting example right every point is an equilibrium because once I put it here it is fixed put it here do not disturb it fixed right. So, this sort of a system everything is an equilibrium this is an example of a non-isolated equilibrium ok because every point in x is actually an equilibrium all right. So, equilibriums are class how do you compute the equilibrium you compute it by equating the right hand side to 0 because that is what makes sure that x dot is 0 if x dot is 0 states are not going moving anywhere. So, you are fixed in state space means yeah that is essentially what you want you are at equilibrium. So, equilibrium is computed by equating this to 0 ok what is an isolated equilibrium equilibrium is isolated if there is no equilibrium arbitrary close to it ok I do not write it as a definition deliberately yeah because there is no need to make it mathematical all you want is that cannot if you have one equilibrium no equilibrium should be arbitrarily close to it ok then it is an isolated equilibrium this is an example of a non-isolated equilibrium this is an equilibrium this is an arbitrary close to this have equilibrium everywhere ok. And this is also an example if you look at this right here x 1 dot is x 1 x 2 x 2 dot is x 1 square what is the equilibrium equate these two 0 all I need is x 1 to be 0 right all I need is x 1 to be 0 x 2 can be anything right I hope this is clear yes I am equating x 1 x 2 to 0 and x 1 square to 0. So, once x 1 is 0 both are 0 nothing moves. So, x 2 is arbitrary. So, I mean equilibrium look like this and what is that if I draw it on the x y axis is the entire y axis ok the entire y axis is the equilibrium this is a non-isolated equilibrium we do not like this all right we do not like this because all our results are based on convergence ok. Now so stability asymptotic stability these are all properties which somehow connect to convergence. Now if you tell me that I am talking about the origin for convergence you cannot because when a when the trajectory comes very close here yeah. So, this is also arbitrary close to the origin right. So, basically what I am saying is there will always be a point which is so close to the origin that the talking about convergence of the origin and convergence of that point is identical yeah you will never be able to talk about convergence to the origin because you will always have a point so close to it equilibrium so close to it that talking about convergence of origin and talking about convergence of this other equilibrium is exactly the same okay. So, you want to in a lot of cases you can transform the system so that your equilibrium becomes isolated all right you may be able to do it yeah if not you cannot talk about stability in the sense of Lyapunov in these cases okay. I hope that is clear you will not be able to talk about stability in the sense of Lyapunov if you do not have an isolated equilibrium okay. So, please always verify that your system has an isolated equilibrium if not figure out a transformation if possible to convert the equilibrium to isolated equilibrium if not sorry Kandor Lyapunov stability you will have to figure out other notions of stability okay all right and that brings us to the first notion of stability let us see if we can highlight this all right so this is the notion of Lyapunov stability just called Lyapunov stability okay for stability in the sense of Lyapunov all right okay great remember we are going back to epsilon delta definitions yeah what does Lyapunov stability try to classify in terms of solutions it says that if you start close to the equilibrium you will remain close to the equilibrium that is it this is what is remain Lyapunov stability yeah in words it just says if you start close to the equilibrium that is if your trajectories are initialized close to the equilibrium that is x0 is close to the equilibrium then x of t that is the solution will remain always remain close to the equilibrium always for all time okay that is Lyapunov stability in when you talk about when you say Lyapunov stability there is no notion of local or global it is just Lyapunov stability there is no notion of local or global all you are not talking about convergence notice I did not say if I start close to the equilibrium I will go to the equilibrium no I just said if I start x0 close to the equilibrium my solutions x t will always remain close to the equilibrium that is it okay it is actually Bebo stability in typically it is sort of comparable to Bebo stability it is bounded input bounded output stability comparable not the same okay comparable to bounded input bounded output stability from the typical linear system sort of motions okay alright how do we put it mathematically we put it as a challenge solution always like this yeah give an epsilon find a delta yeah remember when we talked about convergence we talked about given an epsilon find an n okay here for all epsilon this is the notation for all epsilon positive there exists a delta which can potentially depend on the initial time and epsilon itself positive such that whenever x0 is delta close to the equilibrium x t is epsilon close to the equilibrium okay so always start with epsilon okay please never try to flip this I always get this question first you are given an epsilon then you find a delta not the other way around okay although the way I said it in words seemed like the other way around if I start close I remain close but that is not how the mathematical challenges or mathematical definition mathematical definition says first you predefined how far you are allowed to go from the equilibrium then I will give you how small my initial condition should be okay first you give me an epsilon then I give you a delta such that if you start in a delta ball around the origin you remain in an epsilon ball around the epsilon sorry equilibrium clear by the way whenever I talk about this I may very instead of saying norm and norm different x0 minus xc and all that I will keep saying delta close or delta ball yeah please get used to this because we have already spoken about what is the you know norm what does the two norm x two norm of x less than equal to one look like looks like a ball okay so whenever I say ball doesn't have to be a ball can be a square can be a rhombus depending on the norm you choose yeah here depending on the norm I choose notice I have not mentioned any norm here yeah these are all vector norms this is also vector norm but I did not specify one norm two norm you can choose any norm okay doesn't matter norms are comparable just don't change the norm so important thing is you are given an epsilon then you find a delta okay and I keep using the word delta ball epsilon ball just to indicate norm x less than something norm x less than one norm x less than delta norm x less than epsilon okay please be aware can anybody tell me if epsilon ball will be larger or delta ball will be larger or epsilon greater than delta epsilon less than delta epsilon equal to delta does this this definition indicate any relation between epsilon and delta epsilon can be larger than delta that is a very vague answer delta should be equal to epsilon no doesn't necessary not necessary huh epsilon should be smaller so you are saying that if I start in a larger initial condition ball I will remain in a smaller final condition forever I will remain at a smaller ball okay let's let's look at all cases what happens if let's look at cases right I mean what happens if epsilon is less than delta suppose you give me an epsilon and I give you a delta which is larger than epsilon what happens can you check both conditions this condition this condition is obviously satisfied because I gave you the delta right so you will this has to be satisfied what about this condition actually this is by the way I am sorry it is not evident unfortunately the way I made this this is included in this definition yeah I will just do this yeah that's fine yeah for all t greater than equal to t0 is already obviously included okay so now if epsilon is less than delta what happens for to this guy what happens to this guy not satisfied at t0 if I put t0 here the distance between these guys is delta which is larger than epsilon so this is not satisfied at initial time itself so there is a problem if epsilon is less than delta okay if epsilon is equal to delta no problem yeah yeah but so this is not possible no this is not possible okay so epsilon has to be greater than equal to delta it makes intuitive sense also right my initial condition ball will be smaller than where I want to remain for all time yeah I mean if you if I tell you that I want to remain in say you know I mean in in a in a 5 centimeter ball for all 5 centimeter radius for all time my initial condition definitely has to be smaller than that I mean much smaller for me to be able to because I have to allow for some expansion I can't just assume that the system you know remain inside you know even equal is difficult to achieve in most cases okay all right great so this is sort of the picture here that you that I typically show so this will be the epsilon ball the larger ball corresponding to it you will always find a smaller delta ball so that your trajectory start here allow for it to get out obviously I mean or remain inside but definitely can't go inside instantly right yeah so delta has to be less than equal to epsilon okay so that's the picture


a lot, a lot of gaps. Really? I think a lot of things are probably gonna work, but K up N as the main one and Hain in the middle. Okay, I'm watching Twitter now, we gotta get something. I don't see anything setting up yet. Okay, I'm not gonna do this before I do Faye. Faye stopped 16.75, 50 cents, it's a little bit late. Faye, if you want it, I'm gonna pass and look at these other things, they're like a little bit better. Okay, 91 by 35, Hain. 91 by 35, Hain short, nothing yet. I'm back looking at Twitter. Twitter, 16 by 55, 16 by 55, Twitter. Here, do it, do it. You can do it right now, it's gonna hit. There, put the stop in, 55. We'll talk about the entry later. 55, Twitter. There, we got something and it's gonna work. This does not look like it's gonna hit. This don't do it all and this one did go. It's just the target's 16, it doesn't have a big target. That's why I passed on it. All right, here it goes, Twitter. That was a great entry, man, that was a really good entry. 30 is the first target, 29.50. Here, here it goes. Here it goes. Here it goes, if this bounces at all, 30 were out. Long did I, even though the market could pull everything down. Just not gonna go after this here. This is getting, did anybody do the Faye? Pain isn't gonna set up and this one. Okay, really good entry here, here it goes. All right, here we go, new low on Twitter. Take it down, take it down. Let's see if we can get it to 30.50 and then watch it. I think this could go all the way right down to 30. I remember what I said yesterday. For those of you that have been making mistakes, scalp out of everything to chunk yourself back. So like if you're up in this, make sure you get out of this with profit. I think this is gonna go straight down, but you gotta pay attention. And no talking today when we're done. We're done, we're done. Talked too much yesterday, my throat's bothering me still. 62, you could have been out right in there. This is trying to go, didn't call anything in this. That is trying to go, this worked and the other one, this is just, put it down a couple of things. I think Twitter's moving too fast so to do anything else besides this. Here it goes, nice call. Here it goes, great call on Twitter and this is just a great call. Let it break 60, see where it goes. And we'll be out. But this could do what the other one did yesterday here. 938, here it goes. There it is, beautiful. Let it sell off. There it goes, look at that.  Here, hand the button. I don't know if this breaks 50 right here. I know it wants to though. Very badly. Here it goes, everyone. This is, what a nice trait, everyone got it. Here it goes. Hold it as long as you can under 50. Here it goes, it just broke. Wow, what a nice trait. And it was the stop, just perfect. Here, I'm out. I'm not letting this get over 60 or anything else like that. I'm done, nice trait. We got it through the first level. Again, if you're still in this, it probably goes to 30 today, great job. Yay, we haven't had an entry like that in like 150 years. And I just kinda made it up as I went along there. So I am very happy. This is fine. And this is done, got within 10 cents of the target. All right, we're done. Great day, everyone should be up.  But after yesterday, I don't know if I really do that. Yes, the market's red. Do we bounce somewhere in the market? Probably, any quick questions? Okay, have a good day, everyone. I'm still resting up, a little bit better every day. I'll see you tomorrow, we'll hit it again. Excellent, very good, have a good day.


Hello and welcome to this session. This is Professor Farhad and this session would look at Chapter 7 bankruptcy. This topic is covered in advanced accounting. Now this topic you could also you might also see it in business law. Actually, it's more it's covered more in depth in a business law course. It's also covered on the CPA exam direct section and you need to know a little bit about bankruptcy for far when you have that restructuring. As always, I would like to remind you my viewers to connect with me. If you don't have a LinkedIn account, please create one and connect with me. It's very important for your professional image. YouTube is where you need to subscribe. I have 1500 plus accounting, auditing and tax lectures. If you like my lectures, please like them, share them, put them in playlist. Let the world know about them. If you're benefiting from my lectures, other might benefit as well. So share the wealth. This is my Instagram account. This is my Facebook page. I do have a website where I always have CPA offer right now. I have an offer from Becker, which will take $1000 off if you sign up for the CPA course with Becker with unlimited access. Let's talk about Chapter 7 bankruptcy. In the prior session, we looked at options that the business would have in case they cannot pay their bills. And one of the options was to voluntary submit their assets for sale. So basically, if you remember the last option in the prior session was to voluntarily, voluntarily assignment of asset. So what they would do, they will transfer their asset to a trustee voluntarily. Another option, which is a more legal and formal option, is to file for bankruptcy. And specifically, we're going to be looking at Chapter 7 bankruptcy. Here, what's happening, the business is closing. The business is closing their door. Liquidation bankruptcy is Chapter 7 bankruptcy means liquidation. That's it. We're going out of business. Chapter 7 can be voluntarily or involuntarily petitioned. So basically, the business can say, I would like to file for a bankruptcy or the creditors can ask to file for a bankruptcy. Now, for the creditors to file, we looked at the requirement in the prior chapter, in the prior recording of the prior chapter. Upon filing, the bankruptcy court must decide whether to accept or dismiss the petition. Now, if involuntary was filed, the debtor might try to reject, might try to dismiss the case. Okay, dismissal often occur infrequently. Because think about it, if the creditor is being paid, why would they file for a bankruptcy? And why would they involuntarily force you into a bankruptcy? So most of the time, you may not be paying your bills. And that's why it's the dismissal occur infrequently. Okay, the debtor may dispute the involuntary petition in which case a trial will be held to determine whether the petition should be dismissed. Then a trial will be held to find out if it should be dismissed or not dismissed. All what they have to show, all what the creditors have to show is you are not paying your bills. And once it shows you're not paying your bills, they will force you into bankruptcy. Okay. If the petition is accepted, an order of relief is entered and the bankruptcy court will appoint an interim trustee to oversees the activity until a permanent trustee is selected. Simply put, the court will assign either a lawyer or an accountant or some person that's going to run the business in the meanwhile. Okay. Also, the court will call for a meeting between the debtors and the creditors. Okay. The debtors creditors, not the debtors and the creditors, the debtors creditors who will select a trustee and elect the creditors committee to assist in the administration of the estate. So simply put, the debtors will meet together and they will select a trustee. Now if they cannot agree on a trustee, the trustee that the court appoints will be the trustee. Now bear in mind, the only creditors that can be involved in this process is who filed a claim at or before the meeting are entitled to vote. Those are the only creditors who are entitled to vote, who have filed the claim at or before the meeting or before the meeting. Okay. The interim trustee examined the claims and accept them and if the claim is improper, if there is a claim that's not legitimate, they will dismiss them basically. Okay. Now the debtor must attend the creditors meeting. Why? Because the debtor knows about their business. They need to answer questions by the creditors and the trustee to clarify the content of something called the statement of a fair, which we're going to look at the statement of the fair later. Basically, it shows you your assets, your liabilities at fair market value also include questionnaires about additional information and to generally assist the trustee in the preparation of an inventory of property and the examination of the claim. Think about it, as a debtor you are basically given up your business activities to a trustee. So that's why it's reasonable that you are expected as the debtor to assist the trustee. Now what are the duties of the trustee? Well, the duties of the trustee, one is to collect all the money, collect and reduce to money the property of the estate. It means sells everything and turn it into a pile of money, cash, because what creditors want is cash. So they will go and they will liquidate everything. They will account for all the money and property received. Of course, they have to know how much they receive. They have to investigate the financial affair of the debtor. They want to see if the debtor sold any asset, hid any assets, it's not reporting certain liabilities. So they would do an investigation, examine claims and this allow any of that are improper. They would look at each claim and determine whether the claim is proper or not. Maybe some people say this business owes us money. Well, we're going to investigate if that claim is proper. Furnish reasonable request for information about the estate and administration to parties of interest. So a lawyer's of a creditor would like to have information about the trustee, about the trustee. The trustee is expected to furnish this information. Also, they're expected to operate the business of the debtor during the liquidation period of authorized by the court and file periodic report and summaries of operation with the court, which we'll look at those later. They would also need to pay creditors as promptly as possible given the due regard to secured claim and priorities. And we talked about secured claim and priorities in the prior session in case you're wondering who gets their money first. So you can look at this in case you're interested. Also, they would need to file a final report on the administration of the estate, including the statements of receipts and disbursements, basically a final income statement, cash inflow and cash outflow. Now, in addition, the trustee can hire attorneys, accountant, appraisers and other professionals as needed to assist in the affair of the of the liquidation. Now, bear in mind, once again, this topic is covered much more in details in a business law course. And hopefully in here, it's good enough to keep going for advanced accounting. If you have any questions about this topic, please email me. If you happen to visit my website for additional lectures, please consider donating. If you're studying for your CPA exam, as always, study hard, it's worth it. And see you on the other side of success.


Bills are an important role not only for the purposes of an advocate or on the judicial aspects, but it touches every person in one way or the other. But, simply is it a writing a will? Does it end there or there are certain suspicious circumstances or what is the legal journey in these aspects? Does there lie any role of an advocate or a witness? To come to the conclusion, the sanctity of a will and who are the actual beneficiaries of the will and what are the modes of fulfilling the will? These issues normally crop up in the mind of a person especially who is in and around connected with the will. In a lighter way, they say that where there is will, you have relatives and friends. And that is why will not only when we commonly say that where there is a will, there is a way. Therefore, to understand this particular aspect regarding the proof of will and what is the position vis-a-vis the advocate and witnesses. When we understand the aspect of proving of will, this particular role aspects would be dealt with as Sushila, a senior advocate, High Court of Karnataka, who has been very closely and passionately helping us in our legal journey of knowledge empowerment and legal sharing. We have done various sessions with her. We have also started a new series on role of dynamics of relationships. First part we have already uploaded. Second part would be uploaded in the coming week. So one can also be connected in respect of that series of dynamics of relationship. Those who have been connected on the LinkedIn would have seen that ma'am Sushila is taking different aspects of mediation and life as such. They can connect with that, few dotted lines by her actually gives the meaning of life in the right manner. And we are all thankful that you have connected with us on a weekend. I will not take much time. I will ask ma'am to take over the back. What do you ma'am? Thank you Mr. Vikas. Greetings to one and all. I am really happy to be associated with this Beyond Love CLC. Each one of you in the team of Mr. Vikas, you are doing human service to the society.  You have really been imparting knowledge and sitting anywhere in the nook and corner of this country. We are able to catch and learn many aspects which we couldn't have done otherwise. I am extremely thankful to you. I wish you all the best in your endeavors. And coming to today's topic, we have chosen the topic proof of wills, role of advocates and the witnesses. One thing that I would like to say here is that I have structured this session keeping in view of the difficulties faced by the advocates and what is required to be done by the advocates and what is required to be done by the witnesses. What is expected from the witnesses? I am focusing on these two aspects mainly in this entire session. One thing is that people approaches, we are lawyers, people approaches. First category is they may request our help in assisting them in drafting the will. That's one thing. Second is they may take our help in seeing to it that the will is revoked. Second chance. Third chance, all these things come within the category of drafting. Third is they may request our help in seeing to that that the will that is already been executed by them is modified altered and they may request us to help them drafting with the court decisions. This is one part of it. Second is that a person may come to us and say look I have a will in my favor. Please get me a declaration from the court of law on the basis of the will. A has filed a suit for partition but there is already a will in my favor. So as far as this portion of the property which is covered under the will is concerned, please help me prove before the court that I am beneficiary under the will. So they want your help, our help rather, Advocate's help to see to it that the will which is executed in the favor is proved in accordance with law. This is second category of persons. The third category of persons may approach us and say look A is dependent on a will and he is seeking for declaration. I know for sure that this will is not a genuine will. Please help me in disproving the will and say to it that the will is not proved by the other side. This is the third category. So keeping these three positions which we as Advocates may have to consider in our role as Advocates. I am just requesting all of you to consider whatever I am suggesting here in a broader perspective. Some sections have to be very neatly dealt with by the Advocates and these sections have to be brought to the attention of the court repeatedly though they are very simple. First is Indian Succession Act. One is Indian Succession Act, another one is Evidence Act.  Section 2H of the Indian Succession Act deals with the definition of the will. My request to all your counsels is that Section 2H says a will is a legal declaration. Please understand the word is legal declaration. This you may have to keep in mind because when I will be taking you through some of the decisions this phrase may be of greater importance. Legal declaration of the intention of the testator. So another aspect that you need to consider here is one is legal declaration. Another is intention of the testator with regard to his property. His property is the third element which he desires to be carried into effect after his death. So three elements legal declaration, intention, his property after his death. These are the elements which we need to consider. Will is often considered as the voice of the dead person which we listen to after his death. Look at this how nicely it is said. Now you have to also consider Section 59 of the Indian Succession Act. Person capable of making wills. Who is a person capable of making wills? Every person of sound mind not being a minor is what Section 59 says. Why I am requesting you to repeatedly look into Section 59 of the Indian Succession Act is that more focus is given by attempts with the advocates and attempts even the parties who are relying upon will or who do not want the will to be proved is on the physical status of the party who has executed the will as on the date of execution of the will. Please see Section 59 never never refers to physical status of the person. It only refers to every person of a sound mind. This is where your evidence has to be very clear. Advocates have to take a lot of caution in preparing the effort of examination and chief. What was the health condition of the person who had executed the will as on the date of execution of the will? If he was unwell you please state that yes he was unwell but not withstanding that person being unwell he was of sound mind. It is here the doctor's evidence may also be very relevant. If a person was ailing he was unwell for a long time. On the given date of execution of the will how his mental status was. To this extent the person who was attending to the deceased person as his doctor his evidence may also be relevant. This one aspect may have to be considered by the advocates when we are assisting the parties in the proof of a will. Or if you want to disprove the will then you have to get some doctors who would give evidence to the effect that because of ABCD diseases a person will not be having sound mind. He will not be able to give his instructions to the other party in order to see to it that the will is drafted as per his instructions. This is where you have to focus on section 59. I suggest that please see to it that the sound mind refers to the capacity of the person who has executed the will. So focus on this aspect of section 59. Many a times it so happens that people come to us and say madam the will is registered. Even in appellate courts we see in high court we see in some of the cases that come up before the Supreme Court also people say that our will is a registered will. Please see that just because a will is registered it does not dispense with the proof of the will. Part 3 SCC 209 Part 3 SCC 209 Murthy v. Sardambal This case gives you a clear idea that notwithstanding the fact that the will is registered you have to go through the formalities which are required to be followed in order to prove the will according to the statute. Now another decision which may also be important wherein the will is not registered.  In this case court has held that registration of a will is not mandatory. So just because the will is not registered we advocates need not have any apprehensions number one but just because it is registered we can't give away and tell the party you need not have to prove anything because the will is already registered. These two aspects may have to be considered. Now the next aspect that we have to consider here is execution. Will is a document it's a legal declaration it has to be executed all of you will be knowing that there is difference between signing a document and executing a document. Mere subscription of my signature is not sufficient. I should have executed the document. What is execution? With regard to this I request all of you particularly the younger generation to read this judgment of Panakonta Satyanarayanan and others Panakonta Satyanarayanan and others 2005 part 8 SCC 67 What does this citation say? I repeat the citation 2005 8 SCC 67 Exeguation consists in signing a document of course but it should have been written out as per the supposing I am the person who has executed the will it should have been written out as per my instructions and it should have been read over to me written out, read over and I should have gone through that understood and gone through that I should have understood oh yes this is what I said and this is what is written and this is what is written to me and this is how it is made understandable to me. These are the aspects these are the formerities in order to see to it that the will is a legal declaration of the deceased person that's where if you want to why importance so much of importance is given to execution is the definition under section 2H 2H starts with legal declaration of the intention of the testator so you have to read the section 2H in conjunction with what the court has said as to what exactly is meant by execution of the will that's where I am requesting your answers to see. Now see when the question of proof of the will comes two things are very important suspicious circumstances all suspicious circumstances will have to be removed if any person comes to you and says look I want this will to be proved you please question yourself question the other party what would be the doubt that may arise in the mind of the court or what would be the circumstance I mean circumstance which may be projected as a suspicious circumstance note down ABCDEF see how would you explain that's where a person who is dependent on the will has to prove the valid exhibition of the will by removing all possibilities of any of the suspicious circumstances that may cloud the will this is one aspect the second aspect is the authenticity of the will the authenticity of the will always depends upon two factors number one is the circumstances surrounding the execution of the will if a person says it is not a genuine will then it is the duty of the person who is dependent on the will to prove that the authenticity of the will is proved so authenticity of the will always depends on two factors number one is the circumstances surrounding the execution of the will number two quality of the evidence that you give to prove its geninous I repeat one is circumstances surrounding the execution of the will the second is quality of the evidence that you give in order to prove the geninous of the will this is second thing what proof should a propounder of the will give there is a will in my favor what do I what am I required to do before the court number one I have to bring it to the notice of the court and prove it in accordance with law that the will is indeed signed by the or the LTM of the testator the testator is put on the will will is indeed signed by the testator number one the testator was at the time of the execution of the will was in sound state of mind these factors should come in your examination chief appointment in the examination chief appointment of the witnesses also they should come or if you are not there somebody else who could speak on these aspects will have to be there for example second aspect testator was at the time in a sound and disposing state of mind that means supposing my grandfather had executed a will while I was in America I was not here I don't know anything about it I have not been here for the past 15 years but my grandfather siblings will be there somebody else will be there who will be able to come and tell look this was the status of his mind and he was quite healthy as far as his soundness of mind is concerned this is the second aspect which you need to prove he understood the nature and effect of dispositions many times people will say my grandmother was taken as though she was she had to sign on some papers for the purpose of getting old age pension or to get an other card in her favor or to get a bank loan but this will did is got executed from her this is no execution this is mere subscription of signature so the third element that you need to prove is that he understood the person who has executed the will has understood the nature and effect of his dispositions that also has to be understood and the next aspect is this signature out of his free will there was no coercion or compulsion or undue influence these facts will have to be established by the proponder of the will and of course all the suspicious circumstances will have to be removed and this should be to the satisfaction of the conscience of the court this is another aspect which we need to understand however we need not have to worry too much about the suspicious circumstances because the court has repeatedly held each and every circumstance cannot be considered as a suspicious circumstance but by and large any doubt as to the signature of the particular person that is the testator with regard to this there should not be any suspicion if there is any suspicion it has to be removed one is that unnatural or improbable or not normal this should not be there recently I had a case where a person had come to me telling that the sister had executed will in favour of another sister though sister herself had 7 children who were all very poor why would she execute a will in favour of her other sister is a big question so if this were to be considered as a suspicious circumstance the supporting evidence has to be given in such a way that this suspicion is removed this is one aspect now you see section 63 is very important as per us the question of proof of will is considered the section 63 says 63 A says the testator shall affix his thumb mark or he has to put his signature fine B says signature shall be so placed that it was intended thereby to give effect to the will we have seen in some cases in olden days what they used to do is they used to sign several papers and give it to a person who would take the papers always to the lawyer's office and the contents will be written in between or some blank papers for various reasons the person might have given and they would fill in the blanks the portion of the paper which is blank will be used in order to see to it that something is written there which would speak as though it is the intention of the person that is the testator but the positioning takes very important place here because section 63 B will have to be read I remember a case where a person it is a holographic will written by hand by a person he executed a will in favour of his first wife whom he had divorced he had executed a need will take this example where he had executed a clean will and beneath he had put his name in capital letters so as per us geninus of the will is concerned it is completely nobody could question it because he was a very highly qualified person the will is a genuine will but is it a valid will in order to be a valid will there has to be his signature the only contention taken by the other side was yes he had written a will everything fine he had written in his own handwriting there were two persons but he had put his name in capital letters he was supposed to put his signature which he did not put that is why it is not a valid way look at this so I do not know whether such contention will be appreciated by the court or will not be appreciated by the court I am telling you that 63 refers to a situation where signature shall be so placed that it was intended thereby to give effect to the will this aspect has to be concerned otherwise what happens is a will goes in double line spacing throat as it comes down you know suddenly it will be in half line spacing or one line spacing and it looks as though the spacing is arranged as though to make use of a paper where the tested signature was already available these are all the suspicious circumstances where you have to be very careful about section 63c is very important section 63c says will shall be attested by at least two or more witnesses so minimum is two witnesses there are some genine cases where only one witness signature is there there is nothing doing you cannot rely upon that at all there can be more than two witnesses but there has to be a minimum of two witnesses to a will if it is less than one that will cannot be looked into at all notwithstanding there being more number of witnesses at least one of the witnesses will have to be examined this is a mandatory requirement this cannot be dispensed with please mark it down one more thing that we need to understand is both the witnesses need not be present at the same time generally while cross examining we do this and the person who wants to see to it that will is not proved they also cross examine so much were you also there were you also there need not be all that I have to see to it supposing I am a witness I have to say to it that this will was drafted by a and sorry this will was executed by a in favor of his grandson and I have I saw her putting this signature and this is my signature I have witnessed this document there is yet another thing that you have to consider supposing while I put the signature I get the will drafted as per my instructions my the witness to the document need not be there I can simply take this document go to the witness and tell look I have executed this will in favor of my driver son you please attest this document on the basis of my statement also the witness can affix his signature because he is confident that she has executed a will in favor of ABC whatever it may be this is another aspect this you have to be very careful about section 74 of the Indian Succession Act refers to wordings that are used in the will while drafting we have to be very careful or while preparing the affidavit of examination chief of the witnesses or the person in whose favor the will is executed we have to be very careful about this provision section 74 says it refers to wordings of the will by and large why do we depend on the words that are used in the will to understand the intentions of the person who has executed the will there is no particular format is required anything can be explained and mentioned in any language but the wordings used should imply the intentions of the testator that is what is required to be done section 76 says this number or misdescription of object is immaterial for example I have at only one house it is my only property that I have but while mentioning the Indie schedule instead of mentioning that that property is in locality B I mention it as though the property is in locality C this misdescription will not invalidate the will please understand that court will have to go travel a long way to see to it that testated succession is respected generally what happens is the moment we place the will we start oh will may not be believed by the court no that is the provision we have the statute has given us the liberty that is the way in which I will prevent my property which would otherwise go by inheritance or succession to my own kitten I want to prevent that that's the right I have that's where I do not want to depend upon interstate succession I want to depend upon testate succession if minor discrepancies are there we need not have to worry supposing whether we can supply the words please see section 77 of the Indian succession act where words are incomplete it may be supplied by the context that is where if you read the will 10 times or 15 times you feel that it's not giving the complete picture may be this may be considered as a suspicious circumstance then take recourse to section 77 the current if the context can supply the words that's where your skill as an advocate will depend this is another aspect section 80 is also very important the extrinsic evidence is inadmissible if there is patent ambiguity I was just looking at a situation we had a case where two sisters had filed a partition suit against the third sister it was their mother's property so mother had died father was also not there ideally speaking all the three daughters should get equal share ideally speaking all the three daughters should get equal share the third sister in whose favor different in whose favor there was a will executed by the mother she said these two sisters are not at all my sisters these two persons plaintiffs are not at all my sisters I don't know who the plaintiffs are I am the only daughter to deceased testator she has executed a will in my favor it's a registered will what was the recital in the will I am so and so I am executing this will in favor of my only daughter that is a dependent is what is there the only question that we raised before the court was that if she was the only daughter where was it necessary to execute the will it would by default have gone to her that is where the whole thing turned the court would consider that such circumstances as a suspicious circumstance if I want to be the only daughter there was no requirement for my mother to execute the will in my favor because by any stretch of imagination it would go only to me not to anybody else so the question of writing there as only daughter these are the things that you have to consider very carefully now you see section 82 in fact in many of the judgments the supreme court has very well considered this import of section 82 very well meaning has to be considered from the entire will you can take one line and attribute meaning to it entire will has to be holistically looked into and a comprehensive reading of the will is what is required to be done a clause has got two meanings and one has some effect which would give effect to the state succession and one would give effect to interstate succession the will has to be interpreted in such a way that it should go in favor of the state succession that is where I request whenever a case comes wherever the issue of will is there this part 6 of the Indian succession act has to be completely read threadbare by the advocates and majority of the decisions supreme court decisions larger than decisions are there you have to go through these things this is one thing and section 89 refers to a situation where will is void for uncertainty if the will has to be rejected on the ground of uncertainty then you have to bring it within the purview of section 89 now as far as witnesses role of witnesses is concerned keeping all these provisions in the statute under the Indian succession act is concerned I request you to see what is the role of the attesting witness many a times people come to us and say look I could have examined the witnesses but both the witnesses were dead or the witnesses were not available one of the witnesses has become very old one of the witnesses has become very I mean sick he is not available he is not in India at all what do I do that is why I did not examine any witness none of these things will be accepted by the court that is where you have to follow section 68 of the evidence act and section 69 of the evidence act if the witnesses are not available supposing today you come and get a will executed and then I am one of the attesting witnesses I am already 62 year old supposing that will comes question before any court on that day I will not be alive then what do you do how do you prove that we say to it that my children are summoned to the court to say that this is my mother's signature yes she was a attesting witness I can identify my mother's signature number one my children are also not available what do you do get some of my juniors who have acquaintance with me my signature one of my juniors will come and depose before the court I have been practicing with madam for 20 years 30 years I can identify this signature somehow you have to get otherwise get some documents which I in my personal capacity would have executed in favor of somebody else I would have executed a sale date I would have executed a lease date or I would have a loan from a bank whatever it is get my admitted signature from somewhere and then see to it that the signature of Susheela on the witness is compared and then the court will agree that this witness attesting witness being not available as on this day under section 69 I can consider this proof to the effect that this deed was attested by madam Susheela that's how you have to go as far as this section 69 is concerned I request all of you to read one of the most wonderful judgments V. Kalyana Swami V. Kalyana Swami versus Bhakta Varsalam this is a beautiful judgment 2020 SCC online page 584 V. Kalyana Swami versus Bhakta Varsalam 2020 SCC online SC584 may be para 74 will be very relevant see the initial burden is on the person who is dependent on the will the proponent of the will has to prove that it's a genuine will section 2H it's a legal declaration all these things have to be considered supposing the other party says the will is not a genuine will it is a result of coercion undue influence or fraud or misrepresentation then the person who alleges it has to prove it please be very careful I suggest that we file a suit for partition supposing the different come and say that there is a will in my favor one of the different will say there is a will in our favor plaintiff should not be getting anything then immediately I request you to file rejoinder or replication in most of the cases I see that the moment the other side brings a will into picture you don't file a counter at all please say that this will is not a genuine will or he had no right or authority to execute the will because it is not his property whatever be your contention but if you mention that it is a result of coercion you have to take a specific plea if it is because of undue influence undue influence if it is a fraud if it is because of impersonation impersonation what it is you can't just take all these phrases undue influence coercion by compulsion by force all these things you can what you want to take mention that because ultimately the burden will be on you to prove these aspects that's another aspect that we have to request you to consider and I request all of you to read the judgment the circumstances under which a will is executed will always be looked into by the court in this context one of the beautiful judgments by 4 judges is A.I.R.1963 A.I.R.1963 Supreme Court 1703 Pyarelal v. Rameshwar the surrounding circumstances I had taken you through two aspects as far as the proof of the will is concerned one is that the surrounding circumstances and another one is the authenticity of the will so circumstances surrounding its execution will always be considered by the court A.I.R.1963 Supreme Court it is a judgment by 4 judges please go through this judgment now whether a co-personary property can be big question this question came into consideration and now it is no more rest integral Pavitri Devi versus Darbari Singh Pavitri Devi versus Darbari Singh 1994 1994 SCC 392 even a co-personary property can be big question that is no more rest integral now you see if a person comes to you and says I want to execute a will or my grandmother wants to execute a will you please come home help us in drafting the bill please see whether she was always putting her signature or she was always putting thumb mark if a person who had always been subscribing his signature also put his LTM because of ABC reasons which he cannot he cannot put his signatures some people will have Parkinson's disease or there will be some shivers they can't hold the pen they can't write for various reasons please bring it within the purview of the recitals also so that this aspect tomorrow should not be taken against the testator this is another aspect I request you to consider see the geniiness of the will is different from validity of the will the will may be a genuine document but did I have the authority to execute the will be quite a given property in favor of my grandson is the question there are some cases where a husband executes a will in respect of his properties and also in respect of the property standing to the credit of his wife it may be a genuine will but did he have a right to execute a will in respect of the property which absolutely belong to his wife the answer is no so it is not a valid will it may be a genuine will this difference will also be there please consider that see where there are two repugnant provisions in successive interest what has to be done see the court will have to interpret in such a way that the repugnancy is removed and the effect of the will has to be given that is where one judgment 1964 part 2 1964 part 2 SCM 722 Ramachandra Shanai Ramachandra Shanai's case a very beautiful expression is used in this judgment court will proceed to the farthest extent to avoid repugnancy I had a peculiar case where the father had said the property should go to son and son should see to it that the daughter should be given in marriage to a respectable person and he should give X amount of money every year to the daughter that means brother has to do all these things the responsibility was put on him unfortunate situation was that the daughter went away with somebody even before she was 18 year old and another unfortunate situation was that from 18th year till she became 45 year old she never was in touch with the brother so this part of the will could not be complied with at all so will with the condition what would happen whether because of this the court would throw away the will or court would consider the will how it would be interpreted these are all factors that's where a person who is dependent on such bills should see to it that the clouding circumstances which may arise due to repugnancy if any in any of the situations will have to be removed one thing that I request all of you to consider here is this Bajran factory limited case this is a very beautiful case please read this judgment Bajran factory limited and another versus University of Calcutta which clearly says 2007 part 7 SCC 183 will must be read as a whole and particular part thereof cannot be looked into by the court this is the sanctity that is attached to a person who wants to deviate himself from interstate succession that is the crux of the matter here see one of the judgments which will give you complete idea as to how to prove the will you will find in Shivkumar and others versus Sharuna Basappa in 2021 part 11 SCC 277 a very beautiful judgment which indirectly takes you and directly takes you through section 74 to 111 of the succession act and in this judgment you will get answers to several questions related to will see in some cases the question will arise what if restricted right is given to somebody and absolute right is given to somebody else should we throw off that will should we not be supposing a man would say this property as long as my wife is alive shall be enjoyed by her and after her death it shall go to my daughter but not to my son I suggest that whenever such wills are there why the other children are excluded will have to be mentioned in the recital of the will if people approach you for drafting of the will specifically brought in the recital of the will because you are an advocate and somebody comes to you and gives you the will you will have to ask how many other children the father had he had four other children but he executed will only in my favor equating the entire property in my favor please explain the surrounding circumstances supporting the execution of the will which prevented that testator from not giving anything to the other persons this is what has to be looked into the another judgment which would help you in understanding the entire gamet of this proof of the will is Venkatachala Iyengar H. Venkatachala Iyengar versus Timma Jamma Venkatachala Iyengar versus Timma Jamma AIR 59 SC 3 judges ben judgment beautiful judgment it clearly says the proponder of the will will have to place satisfactory evidence to remove the suspicions if any from the mind of the court and what are the ingredients of attestation for that you have to go back to Perakantala Sapnaina's case which I had referred to you earlier this Shukumar's case I had referred to you earlier what if one of the witnesses is not available in the absence of the witnesses how do you do about it for that you have to fall back on Shukumar's case Shukumar versus Shana Vasappa I repeat this wonderful judgment 2021 11 SCC 277 please read that I was referring to a situation where I was telling you that the testator need not sign the will in the presence of the attesting witness supposing attesting witnesses you need not have to worry take records to 63C and there is one judgment of the supreme court Ganeshan versus Kalanjiam Ganeshan's case 2020 11 SCC 715 this judgment gives answer wherever the testator had already signed and that was not seen by the person that is the attesting witness and he had subsequently put his sign based on the statements made by the testator that's where you have to look at this judgment V. Prabhakara versus Basavaraj is a very wonderful case which says that section 68 is to be mandatorily followed in view of section 63C V. Prabhakara versus Basavaraj 2022 11 SCC 115 please read this judgment again Shukumar's case Shukumar versus Shana Basappa's case says the person who alleges fraud has to prove that the will is not a G9 document but just because he has not proved that the will is not a G9 document your responsibility will not go away you have to prove the will in accordance with law section 63C has to be born in mind section 68 if section 68 cannot be complied with section 69 later the other person who disputes the will will have to discharge the burden and show that these circumstances then he has to prove here the shifting of the willness is what is considered in this case now unjust exclusion of dependents gives rise to suspicion supposing A has got 4 children who are all very ordinary and very poor are not very well notwithstanding this fact A executes and bequests a will in favour of her driver or her servant or her neighbour or somebody else some outsider then generally there will be this will be considered as a suspicious circumstance regarding this I request you to kindly read Kavitha Kanwar versus Prameela Mehta 2021 Part 11 In Shukumar's case that I was referring to Shukumar versus Charna was a false case court has considered some of the circumstances as in that particular case the shaky or doubtful signature it is not like my signatures which is found generally anywhere else shaky or doubtful signature feeble or uncertainty uncertain mind of the test data unfair disposition of property unjust exclusion of legal hairs particularly dependents I don't leave anything for my wife I give it away to somebody else unjust exclusion you and leading part this is very important in making of the will by the beneficiary under the will these are considered as some of the suspicious circumstances nevertheless I would like to say one thing here generally wherever the beneficiary of the will takes active participation in the execution of the will it is considered as a suspicious circumstance but nevertheless you can always explain this suspicious circumstance supposing the signatures are on some sheets only and not on all sheets this is also considered as may be a circumstance where which will be considered as a suspicious circumstance use of different pens three of the pages I signed in one pen and the rest of the pages I signed with another pen this has to be explained if this is done please explain the situation is what I am requesting and as far as evidence of the doctor is concerned this case may kindly be concerned Murthy and others versus Shardambal 2022 3 SCC 209 where the person who executes the will dies immediately thereafter within few days or few months or whatever it may be and had some ailments better you get the doctor's evidence done all said and done we Prabhakara versus Basavaraj case clearly says that a testamentary court is not a court of suspicion please see a testamentary court is not a court of suspicion that's where you should impress upon the court it cannot act as a court of suspicion but that of conscience that is where any proof should be the satisfaction of the judicial conscience in this context we look at armchair theory with regard to armchair theory it is as though the dead person cannot come and speak so what would the court do court would sit in the armchair of the testator and consider the whole circumstances and if the court comes to a conclusion yes if actually it takes gets into a trance where it is empathy taking an imaginary leap into the position of that testator the court takes an imaginary leap into the position of the testator and thinks whether that person could have definitely executed this will or not that's where this armchair's theory is considered as very important in the case of any proof appreciation of any proof with regard to will for this I request all of you to read year 1953 supreme court 304 Narendra this is Lakshmana Nadar Lakshman Nadar's case another case is Narendra Gopal Vidyarthi versus Rajat Vidya 2009 3 SCC 287 you have to be concerned one aspect which I was referring to you is this if a beneficiary takes active participation you have to explain the situation wherein there was a compelling circumstance on the part of the beneficiary to assist the person to execute the will that is one aspect and second aspect is if the attesting witness himself is also a beneficiary that also has to be brought into the notice of the court in an effective manner so I think with all these things I would like to the presentation if you have any questions you can contact me Mr. Vikas will have my number and you can contact me I will be more than happy to assist you with citations I am writing a book on the proof of will so probably if you explain the context and the point on which you require any judgment or any help you can please approach me within the time permissible time I would like to get back to you people my mail ID will be available with Mr. Vikas G and my phone number will also be Mr. Vikas G and I thank one and all for your patient hearing thank you all thank you ma'am I think there couldn't be a more crispier concise session on this it not only would help the lawyers to understand but it will also help to plug in for even a common man when he is drafting a will maybe personally or through a lawyer that all things are done in a right manner and we have posted some of the citations which you have done on the youtube channel it will also like to post it on our website shortly and thank you everyone for joining us and encouraging us for taking the sessions forward and that is one of the reasons that people like S. Sushila a senior advocate from Panathika Aikut also despite what we should do except because they all and I feel that once you believe in something you start connecting with the people we are all dots and we come to become a line of action only once God helps us to connect with that thank you everyone stay safe stay blessed


In June 2021, a group of renowned Colombian scholars submitted to your journal won an article with some reflections on the Municipal Epidemiological Resilience Index, IRAM by its acronym in Spanish, proposed by the Colombian Ministry of Health and Social Protection as a tool for decision-making in the country's territories to boost economic reactivation and overcome the social and economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. We would like to take advantage of this space to provide some analytical and interpretative insights on these reflections with the aim of enriching the discussion. This article was authored by Melon Rojas-Botero, Julian Alfredo Fernandez Nino, and Fernando Ruiz Gomez.


Okay folks, Larry Pesavento with the two o'clock update here for a three o'clock update for TFNN. And what I want to mention to you folks is that the stock indices were sharply lower this morning. We were down about 50 handles in the S&P. Now Jones was down 300 and rallied back to be up on the day. The NASDAQ is still slightly lower. Treasury bonds are still up. We had a big reversal in gold. It dropped from that $200 or $2,000 level all the way down to drop $30 down to $19.75. Last I saw it was trading around 1980 or something like that. So that's a reversal. Crude Oil was down $3, almost $3 a barrel. It rallied back to almost unchanged on the day. It's still down a little bit but gained a lot of it back. So all of these things are very volatile and volatility is the name of the game these days, folks. And that's what you like to see. Now, there's one other thing that you got to remember, folks, that there's a banking, supposedly a banking crisis out there. So watch the banks because if this banking crisis is really over, you're going to see the banks start to rally. Banks like JP Morgan, Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs will be the first ones to rally, then the weaker banks like Citicorp and Bank of America. Bank of America, of course, being the weakest. If they start to rally, that would be enough to sell, to help people come in and start to buy stuff. I think they will because the market's extremely oversold. We've been down here for a couple of weeks and that high we made way back here on March the 6th. So that's what I'm looking at. I'm watching the banks, but they go down every day.  If it does, in fact, I don't know, but Deutsche Bank, large German bank, was down 12% at one time today. I don't know how it ended up. But those are things that you pay attention to because you don't want to be surprised. These banks that went under, they were going down for a year long before they went bankrupt, folks. So look at the price. If you happen to be in a bank and if it's been dropping, be careful. Be very careful because you don't know what's been happening on the inside. Somebody's been selling that stuff. It certainly hasn't been me because I don't trade stocks, but somebody's was selling it. I mean, all these things have been down for a long time. You know, the investment banks, Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs, they're OK. Have a wonderful weekend. Live every day in an attitude of gratitude and may God bless.