Welcome to the K-12 online learning conference. My name is David Jakes. I'm here to talk about learning spaces, specifically reimagining the spaces in which we learn. So the presentation is broken up into four separate videos that can be viewed independently or in sequence. I want to talk about four main ideas about learning space design, and that's about mindset, landscape, process, and impact. And in terms of mindset, we want to start thinking about how we think about spaces and how we design spaces. There's perspectives and beliefs that you should understand relative to space design. We'll talk about those in the first video. Then the landscape portion looks at how spaces are changing inside school and outside school, and sort of a different kind of new ecology about how spaces serve learning. We'll talk about a process in the third video in terms of what the kinds of things you can do to improve your spaces in the logical framework for doing that. There is a process and you need a process to do this, so we'll talk about that in video number three. And finally, we'll finish with what does this all mean and what's the impact for teaching and learning. So mindset, landscape, process, and impact, let's go ahead and begin with mindset. So the mindset about teaching and learning is literally a lens of how we look at spaces and how they serve learning. And there are some ways in which we can help you design and start developing a lens that looks at space differently. The first way to do that is to look at this particular book and this idea. The book is the third teacher and the title itself is borrowed from the Reggio Emilia belief that there are three teachers or children. More about that in the second. But the importance of this book is that it provides 79 ways to look at the intersection of design learning spaces and teaching and learning. So if you're looking for a really good book to get you started on thinking about space and help you develop a new lens, take a look at this book. If you don't want to purchase the book, you can go to Google and type in third teacher flashcards and you can get all 79 ideas. Now this book was written in 2010 by Bruce Maugh Design, Canon Design and VS Furniture and in 2011 it gave rise to third teacher plus practice. Now I had the great fortune in 2013 joining the third teacher plus practice and actually spending several years working with great designers and learning how to design spaces. And so much of what I'm going to share with you through the videos is reflective of that experience. So the notion of the three teachers of children, here they are, these are the flashcards themselves. Let me just read this to you. There are three teachers of children, adults meaning parents and teachers, other children meaning their peers and their physical environment meaning the spaces in which they inhabit. So the importance of this in terms of developing a lens on the way in which spaces serve learning and how we can develop spaces that are more effective at doing that is to realize that space plays an incredibly important role in teaching and learning. And what I like about this idea is that it elevates the construct of space into something that's more important. How often do you consider space in the design of experiences? And so, you know, we have to start thinking new ways and if you don't have flexible and agile spaces then that becomes more difficult to use but more schools are getting interested in redesigning spaces. And so as that happens, we need to understand that there's opportunities to rethink the relationship of space to learning. So the final idea here on this slide is that everybody can be a designer in that there are opportunities for teachers to assume a new role in what they do. And for many years we talked about teachers as being sages on the stage and guides on the side and we've even moved into teachers facilitator. And I think that's too weak of a way to identify teachers. I think teaching is much more elegant and much more purposeful and more difficult than being just a facilitator. So I like the notion of teacher as designer and especially as a way in which to think about given a more comprehensive and flexible and agile palette to develop with if you have better spaces then what does that mean for the kind of experiences that students have at school. So in 1986, let's talk about that. This is me. And you take a look at the classroom, you know that there's big heavy tables at a very inflexible rigid environment. There are blackboards. There were no whiteboards at the time, certainly. There's certainly no interactive whiteboards. There were no digital projectors, although we did have slide projectors and overheads. And the textbook that we had was already out of date about by four or five years.  So, you know, when you talk about life in 1986 in terms of education, we had fairly limited kinds of tools at our disposal. That doesn't mean we didn't do a great job working with kids, certainly. But given that and given what we have in 2016, obviously much, much different. And so we have an unlimited opportunity to connect with other people with resources, with ideas, through technology. Many schools have given students laptops, tablets, and one-to-one programs in addition to the very devices they carry in their pocket, which are tremendously powerful. We have different ways, and it's a different, completely different kind of landscape. In fact, it's a boundless landscape for learning. And so we start to have this shifting kind of construct away from a limited kind of design environment to one that's filled with the opportunity to have unlimited kinds of resources that provide boundless kinds of ways in which we can combine those resources into learning experiences. And the other thing that's interesting is that this is constantly shifting, right? It's always in perpetual beta. And we have a really interesting dynamic between resources, between unlimited kinds of access to resources, bottomless opportunities for learning, and an environment that is constantly shifting. And so what do those shifts mean in terms of spaces of design, of learning, and what kids do at school? And it's an incredibly important question, and spaces have to factor into that question. And that's what I want to address for the remainder of this video and in the other three. So in terms of developing a mindset, we know a couple things. We know that spaces are incredibly important. We know that we can be designers. We know that there's boundless opportunities for learning and constantly shifting. And here's another thing to add in. It's an important question to ask, and it's the most formative kind of question you can ask. And all spatial design is focused on this. It's what do you want the experience at school to be? And that's not a mission statement. That's not a vision statement, but it's a very specific set of ideas that are associated with, these are what things that kids will do while they're at school. This is how they are going to learn. This is what our expectations are for learners and the kind of experience that they will have while at school. So this question is much different than what most people design spaces around. Most of the time you see a focus on things. What kind of furniture do we want? What kind of whiteboard do we want? What kind of technology? What colors do we want in the room? And those are important questions, but they come later. So start with this question first. What do you want the experience to be? And then once you define that, then it's a much more easy and much more effective kind of process to align things with experience. So that's the first thing to remember. To learn anything, think experience first, think second. Okay, so we certainly don't want this experience, right? And this is your typical classroom, has been for years, kids lined up in rows. You know what this looks like. And admittedly, this picture is posed, but they're really good at it, okay? And so how do we move away from something like this, which is space designed for a different era, literally?  You know, do you want the experience where kids sit and listen and record? Or do you want something that's much more creative and much more engaging for kids? Or put positions of them as students that have choices about how they learn and what they learn and who they learn with? So we've taken some, you know, we made some attempts at doing that. We've gone one to one. And, you know, this is fine, but it ignores the role that space is playing learning. And I think in a lot of cases, what happens here is that we disregard the role that space is playing learning by just adding technology now. You know, does this kind of spatial layout, these desk, does it advance and amplify the affordances of technology? Do we have a more likely opportunity to engage kids in collaborative work, even though we have technology? So going one to one, for example, is a tremendous driver for spatial change. If you don't consider your physical spaces when you go one to one, I think you're missing the point. The question that comes into play at this particular point is how do you design physical spaces for an increasingly digital education? Okay. So we have these kinds of experiences and we still have these spaces in school. But there's something that is a fundamental essence of a mindset around spaces about teaching and learning. And it's this, is that that space, that classroom remains a location of possibility. And I love this. This is from the hip hop ed manifesto. And it's a plancher flags, take your claim kind of statement about the value and the importance in what's class classrooms have always meant for schools. And because this is the place where kids show up to learn and they meet dedicated professionals and want to help them learn. And there's high value in that. In fact, it's what makes school school, right? But we can do better. We can do different kind of have different kinds of spaces that even take us forward. So that's a that factors into our mindset is that these spaces have been traditionally extremely important in schools. But the needs for kids, the world in which they live in demands different development of different kinds of skills, different kinds of things that they need to experience in spaces are an incredibly important part of that. So to continue the development of a mindset. Here's another thing that you should should consider. And that's this. The first step in redesigning that space or that classroom is to discard the notion that it has to be a classroom.  And so how we talk about spaces and the vocabulary and the vernacular we use about spaces is incredibly important. If I said studio to you, instead of classroom, what is the simple name change in gender in your in your perspectives about what takes place in that space. So how we talk about spaces is part of that mindset. And so I'm going to help you with that as we move through the videos. And so the question comes up is how do we think differently about this? And it's incredibly important design question and something that will answer in the remaining three videos. And then what would it take to get this right? Important question. This is something you should ask yourself. These three questions about to present to you are extremely important. How might we think differently about this? What would it take to get this right? What would it take to get new spaces that mean everything for your kids? And what would it mean if we did? Okay, so to finalize this key point, key point experience, not things to find the student experience first things come second. And that will be a really important guiding framework for our talk in our conversation here about spaces. So up next, what we have is a discussion about landscape. So that's the first video and I hope you join me for the second.


Let's see. Oh, X. X. Like, I was going to write Twitter, and then I realized Twitter, there are a lot of characters. I'm limited in the titles of my YouTube videos to how many characters I can put in. And Twitter has a lot of characters. I can just write X now, and it doesn't have to be Twitter. But for all intents and purposes, this is Twitter. Anyway, Elon Musk tweeted or X'd posted, whatever. When was it? In August 5th, so four days ago. This is the tweet he put out there. If you are unfairly treated by your employer due to posting or liking something on this platform, we will fund your legal bill. No limit. Please let us know. Wow. So first you go, okay. Okay. I mean, all right, that's nice of Elon. And you know, nobody wants to be treated unfairly by the employer. But wait a minute. Wait a minute. Isn't one of the things that makes the United States unique? One of the things that makes the U.S. economy flexible and resilient. Isn't it the fact that we have, or at least we nominally have, we pretend we have, employment at will? Isn't that kind of the generally the legal rule? Employment at will? Shouldn't an employer have every right to fire an employee over anything that the employer views as negative, apparent, unacceptable, or dislike? Are we now not going to allow employers to discriminate about anything? Or is it just Twitter's unique?  It doesn't matter.  What is the rational basis for suing an employer for firing you for any cause if your employment is at will? So this is super anti-free markets, anti-freedom, anti-freedom of employer, anti the freedom to discriminate. I believe people have the right to discriminate. Now, it is true that our laws have watered down significantly the idea of employment at will. They've created all kinds of categories by which employers are not allowed to discriminate. Okay? Then maybe in those limited circumstances you can sue, I don't like it that the law has done that. And it doesn't matter whether your employer fired you for rational reasons or for completely irrational reasons or because he got up that morning and decided, yeah, I don't like Joe.  It's called employment at will. The will is gone. Therefore, your employment is gone.  I mean, either we believe in freedom or not. When you leave a firm, the employer doesn't ask you, is it rational for you to resign or is it irrational for you to resign? If it's irrational, I'm going to force you to stay. The rationality, irrationality has nothing to do with it. It's about freedom. So yes, we have all these legal constraints about discrimination, about race and gender and whatever. And those, I guess you can sue for, I'm not an advocate for them. I think the aberration, I think they reduce our freedom. I think they're wrong. But you certainly have a right to sue. But for everything else, including for expressing an opinion that your employer doesn't like, there's no basis for the lawsuit. There's no legal standard in the US on a basis for which you could sue. Elon Musk here is encouraging people to sue their employers for what? These are going to be frivolous lawsuits that are going to, you know, thrown out. A number of legal scholars have already commented on this. There's a good article on this by Walter Olson. There's also undervalued conspiracies, Gene Volik of UCLA has commented on this. By what theory are they going to sue? But imagine, imagine if you tweeted and a tweet and made fun of your CEO, made fun of your company or made fun of your product, who gets to decide what unfairly it is? I guess Twitter does whether they'll cover your legal bills or not.  Does he really want to work with you?  Does he really want to work for you? So there are lots of reasons why you would want to fire somebody for a tweet. So here Elon Musk is encouraging people to have a view of employment which is completely un-American. He's encouraging people to have a view of lawsuits that is completely counter to the American system. They used to be actually an idea in common law that was basically held you liable for encouraging people to sue frivolously. I guess that does not exist anymore in the law in the United States, unfortunately. But this is just a form of encouraging people to sue for no reason. We have enough lawsuits in America. We try to resolve too many things through the legal system. Elon Musk should just stick to flying rockets into space and doing the other innovative things that he does. Whenever he gets involved in anything slightly philosophical or legal, God, it gets completely messed up. Here he's advocating for something clearly that is anti-freedom. Anti-freedom of contract, anti-freedom of employment, anti-freedom, period. Just another status.


So, Biden, God, what do we do with this Biden guy?  So in every front the Democrats and the Biden administration are losing. They got a few things passed, you know, the big stimulus package, they got passed right at the beginning. Hopefully you guys all got your stimulus checks, right? And I don't know if you remember what it was, so many trillions of dollars, but you know, the one that Trump said was too small and they only gave us $1,400 checks and Trump wanted to give us $2,000 checks. Okay, I mean, that was obvious. It was going to pass. Everybody supported it. Republicans supported it. Trump supported it. Biden supported it. I mean, Trump didn't support it once it was Biden's, but in principle, Trump supported it. And then he got this infrastructure bill passed, horrible bill, terrible bill that even Elon Musk said shouldn't have passed. He got that passed because 13 Republicans helped him out and they passed it. Republicans love spending money. It's popular with a constituency. But other than that, smoke and mirrors and everything is falling apart around him. So let's just go over some of the stuff when Biden came into office. One of the things he promised was, look, he said, we're facing a crisis COVID. We've had a child in the White House for four years. Obviously he couldn't cope. I agreed with that. I'm going to be an adult and I'm going to do a much better job and I will crush COVID and COVID is going to go away because I'm going to go by the science. Well, I mean, he lied. He overpromised. For the first few months, they continued the rollout of the vaccines, maybe a little bit more effectively than the Trump campaign, but it was already going. It wasn't much because of Biden. But all of that is obviously stalled. Delta virus showed up out of nowhere, making the vaccines at least in terms of cases less efficacious. The world is still going nuts over the stuff. We still get the new variants, this new variant now. All you have to know about variants of COVID is whatever Thessie has, that's the variant that's popular, that's common. Thessie, we're going to call her the COVID magnet. Hopefully she's not offended. Oh, Thessie does not like wonderful life. Thessie has good taste in movies. I don't like it's a wonderful life either, but she does like Harry Potter. I like Harry Potter too. All right, Thessie and I like have a common view of some movies. That's good. Oh, which reminds me, somebody, I saw on Facebook, why do I ever go on Facebook? I don't know. But I saw on Facebook somebody was critical of Bridge on the River Kwai. And I need to remember to comment on that. Maybe later today, maybe on a future show, we'll see. So COVID has been politicized from the beginning, from the beginning under Trump, horribly politicized. And I know a lot of people who felt like Biden at least won't politicize it. They'll have scientists, they'll be disagreement, but they won't politicize it. It won't be based on politics. Good luck. The FDA is being told to approve this, do that, boosters, children, whatever, not based necessarily on science, often just based on, no, it is so I'm doing something. Let's distract them from my completed out of failure in Afghanistan. Let's roll out boosters.  That's the kind of stuff that we saw under Trump. And it's almost as bad. Let's do vaccine mandates through OSHA. There's an original thought through OSHA, maybe like Trump did rent, what was it? Rent moratorium through the CDC. That was a real stretch of the imagination. CDC has authority over rent. Trump pulled that off. Biden said, hey, I can use OSHA. By the way, a appellate court, the six districts just reversed the decision to freeze the vaccine mandate. Texas and other states are suing now to the Supreme Court. So the case about vaccine mandates using OSHA and everything is going to the Supreme Court. We'll see when and if and how the Supreme Court rules on it. So no shutdown of the virus, more problems. And then the incompetence that the FDA continues. I mean, Pfizer has this pill. I've talked about this before because it's so outrageous that I'm going to talk about it until something happens.  So among millions of people, maybe it'll only reduce deaths by 95, 96, 97, 98 percent. Right now, in their sample, it reduced death by 100 percent. 100 percent. That means nobody dies from COVID. And it's over. It really is over at that point. And it's safe. Appear safe. They've run the tests. FDA has told them to stop giving up placebo, placebo because it's unethical because the drug is so good. How can you give people the non-drug, the placebo? And the FDA has still not approved the drug, not giving emergency authorization. Tests. I've been complaining about tests for what, 22 months since February when we talked about tests, certainly since March of 2020. Tests should be ubiquitous. They should be everywhere. You should have them stacked in your home. They should be cheap. They should be easy to use. They should be everywhere. No. Still hard to get tests. Still difficult, particularly in the United States. You can get them much easier in Europe. Why can Europe get them easier than the U.S.?  So, Biden's failed. You have to give him a, what do we give him? Well, let's score him here. What do we give Biden on COVID? I'd give him a D. A D. He basically got it with the vaccines on a platter. All he had to do was focus on testing at that point. All he had to do was not have vaccine mandates. All he had to do was tell the FDA to get their act together. C minus, D plus maybe, somewhere in that range. All right. Now, granted, Biden got, you know, the post COVID economy. An economy was going to grow super big. Why? Because we know government stimulates the economy grows. Never worked in history. But coming out of a crisis, the economy grows and the economy was going to grow and we stimulated and it should be amazing. Amazing. Best economy ever. Well, that was Trump. But second best economy ever. Couldn't be better than Trump's. So, strong second quarter, unemployment really low, but then it turns out, like always turns out when people claim that the economy grows because of government policies and government stimulates, the economy slowed, slowed. So it's still growing, but it's growing a lot slower than it was. And critically, amazingly, inflation is out of control. Suddenly we've got high inflation. Inflation that we haven't seen in America since the early 1980s. It's transitory, Biden said. It doesn't exist. It's like Trump in February of 2020 saying the virus, it'll go away. Well, in cases, they'll go away. It's going to just disappear like a miracle. It's just going to disappear. He said in a live interview, I can't remember when, June or July of last year, what do we suddenly see? Well, inflation might not just go away. There might not be a miracle. It might not be transitory. Maybe all that money, all that helicopter money that was sent into people's bank accounts, maybe that money will actually cause prices to rise. Maybe the fact that we constrain supply chains by deciding that a lot of people's jobs were not essential and then they didn't have to produce. So poof, poof. The economy is not doing as well as Biden thought. Indeed, I would argue, I'll do a show on this at some point, that we're heading towards that inflation. We got heightened inflation. I don't see how the economy is going to grow very fast. The left was so excited about modern monetary theory, MMT, we could print all the money we wanted. And there was excess capacity. So there was never going to be inflation. And there's always excess capacity. So we can always print more money. Didn't quite work that way. Another failure of the left. Interest rates are heading back up. Maybe we'll see if there's inflation, they certainly are. The Fed now, you saw the stock market take a dive at the end of last week because the Fed now is going to fight inflation. But the markets are afraid that in fighting inflation, what's the Fed going to do? Drive us into recession. So the pricing of recession. It's not going to bode well for Biden. Not for Democrats in 2022. Not for Biden in 2024. Build back better going nowhere. They've already said it won't get passed this year. Probably won't get passed next year. Maybe they'll pass a small bill. Yeah, of course we had to get Biden in. I'm not sorry Biden is in. Let's be clear. I'm not sorry. The only thing that would make me potentially sorry is we'd get Trump back in 2024. Then Biden was a waste. We need to get anybody in to get rid of Trump. Trump is the greater threat in my view. No question. This is all incompetence. This is not a threat to the very nature of America. And as you can see, it's failing and popularity. Biden's popularity has collapsed. There's only one president less popular than Biden. Trump. But he didn't lose the election, even though he was very unpopular because no way he could have lost it. He has over promised under the livid. His supporters plummeted. You remember Afghanistan, the disaster that what Afghanistan was, right? Disaster.  American people hate it. Nobody likes it. Nobody likes them. You saw that in the election in November. Americans don't want woke. They don't like woke. Woke is in retreat. You noticed the last month they've been a lot more silent about the woke. There's a lot less cancer culture bubbling to the surface. But this is good.  Now the question is, will the Republicans grow up? Will they grow up here?  I don't know. We'll see. We'll see. My mission in life is going to be over the next two years to at least try to convince you guys that the Republicans should not nominate Trump. That's one of my missions. Sorry.  I, you know, I will not vote for Trump in 2024 if he's the nominee. So let's try to make him not the nominee. I'll take this incompetence over Trump any day. This incompetence doesn't get anything done. Not getting anything done is better than Trump. Let's see. So what are they going to do? It looks like the Democrats are going to lose in the landslide in 2022 if nothing happens between now and then, which means we'll get divided government, which is exactly what I love.  I missed Clinton's last six years. Looking back now, Obama's last six years weren't that bad as compared to Trump and it compared to Biden. So divided government guys, if you believe in liberty, it's the best we can hope for until something fundamentally changes in one of these parties. Biden will turn what, 82 in 2024. He can barely stay awake or, you know, coherent now in three years. And then that's four more years. He'll leave the presidency if he gets reelected at 86. Nobody's going to vote for this guy. He cannot win. I mean, anybody could beat him. This is why this is a real, amazing opportunity for Republicans to nominate somebody who's not Trump because almost anybody could beat Biden in 2024. Anybody. They're just incompetent. They're incompetent in Congress. They're two things. Two things are the problem. They're one hand incompetent. That's the kind of the centrist agenda, supposedly.  On the other hand, they're too beholden to the far left. And the American people despise the far left. So they can't win on the far left. God, where did Ron Paul's name come out of nowhere? Ron Paul's older, I think, than Biden. Let's not get into the Ron Paul debate. All right.   We'll do an announcement to the State of the Republican Party and the State of Trump within the Republican Party. But it's, and remember, every single agenda of theirs is collapsing. Woke agenda more than anything probably right now. Because it's a loser when it comes to the American people, as I told you from the beginning. American people do not buy into the nihilistic agenda of the far left. And they won't support the sanction of that far left by their president. And that's part of why Biden's popularity has collapsed. Thank you for listening or watching The Iran Book Show. If you'd like to support the show, we make it as easy as possible for you to trade with me. You get value from listening. You get value from watching. Show your appreciation. You can do that by going to iranbookshow.com slash support by going to Patreon, subscribe star locals, and just making a appropriate contribution on any one of those, any one of those channels. Also, if you'd like to see The Iran Book Show grow, please consider sharing our content. And of course, subscribe, press that little bell button right down there on YouTube, so that you get an announcement when we go live. And for those of you who are already subscribers and those of you who are already supporters of the show, thank you. I very much appreciate it.


Let's say you're in a Google document and you're trying to start a new comment thread instead of adding to someone else's comment thread So for example, if I wanted to You know add a new comment thread to this about this phrase But if I click here, and then if I type it looks like I'm adding to Jeffrey's thread and I am So what I do instead is again I select what I want to start a new thread about and then I can either right click and Click comment. Okay, right click on the Mac. It's control Well, first I select the thing or word of phrase I want to and then on the Mac it's control click on the windows It's right click and then click on comment and this allows me to start a brand new thread instead of Attaching it to the other person's thread the other thing I can do is I can select it and I can click on insert in the menu and I can scroll down all the way to where it says comment and If you don't know how to right click then that that's what you need to do And this is how you can start a new thread in Google Docs. So I hope that helps


It's no secret that I am really looking forward to Super Mario's Bro Wonder. It is a game that, you know, forget the pun, looks wonderful. I'm so excited to see all the new crazy, wacky ideas they come up with. Look, we've been doing that new Super Mario Bros. series for a long time. I mean, Wii and DS, which back when those platforms came out, I was basically graduating high school. That was a long time ago for me. So I'm really glad to see this new fun whimsical take on the side-scrolling Mario. And I'm honestly almost as excited for this as I was for Mario Odyssey back in 2017. I just need to see more, right? Like that's what I think. I wanna see more or more likely. I just, I really wanna play this game. But we do have a rumor floating out there that I wasn't going to originally talk about based on where it comes from. And it's because I'm very skeptical of the source. However, a bunch of really big outlets like Game Rant and others are now picking up on the story. And since it's making rounds, I really wanted to talk about it and clarify not only why I don't really trust the source, but they have had some stuff right. And if what they say in this case is true, it's really interesting when it comes to Mario Bros. Wonder. So what are we talking about? Well, it's our friend, Zippo. That's right, Zippo put up a new post on his Zippo's nonsensical ramblings and other stuff. He's been someone who has been in the insider slash leaking game with Nintendo for many, many, many years. I don't know if he's been banned at all the various forums that are typically where some leaks come from. But he has really just thrown a lot of stuff at the wall and seen what has sticked. And so some stuff has come true, some stuff hasn't. But in this case, this is stuff that's a rumor on a game already announced. So we're not talking about a game coming. We know this game exists.  Does he actually know any of this information? I don't know, but it is fun to read. And in some cases, I really hope it's true. So what does he have to say here? Well, so Super Mario Bros. Wonder is not gonna be an easy game plus more details. Now, easy's relative. It's a Mario game. It's gonna be easy. But when you think about like new Super Mario Bros. games, those were really easy. So let's scroll down here and see what he has to say. So it says Super Mario Bros. Wonder is the first brand new 2D Mario in over a decade. What do you think this game is going to be a walk in the park then you're in for a rude awakening? It's a Mario game. So of course it's going to be accessible for everyone. But I'm hearing that Nintendo has ramped up the game's general difficulty quite a bit. So much so that humorously, the game has apparently been absolutely decimating testers and people working and slash localizing the game. Talk about a challenge. So it would seem that if he has sources on this, it would be from Nintendo's quality assurance team, which they do have one here in North America. Now, in fact, internally, Nintendo has called Wonder the next Super Mario Bros. 3. And that does feel like something a game tester could come to a conclusion on. Super Mario Bros. 3 is considered one of the more difficult side-throlling Mario games. I don't know if it's the most difficult personally, but it's definitely not easy, right? Slowly down. In terms of control, physics and core difficulty, Super Mario Bros. 3 is apparently the main game Nintendo decided to base Wonder off of. Also, I'm not sure how many people who read my blog have actually played Mario 3, but it was hard.  I'm serious. Yes, as I said, it's a fairly difficult game, especially a late game. We can already see the inspiration in a few ways. Firstly, take a look at the trailer once again. Notice how much faster Mario and company are. They've not been this fast, since at least Super Mario World, I'd say. Also, the platforming seems to be much more precise and tight rather than the new Super Mario Bros. series, Loose Controls and Physics. A huge improvement in my mind. We can also see inspiration in the story so far. It's following a similar beat to the story of Super Mario Bros. 3. In that game, Mario and Luigi travel Mushroom World to save the rulers of kingdoms that neighbor the Mushroom Kingdom. Well, once again, it looks like we're doing that here. This time, we're traveling to the neighboring Flower Kingdom where it looks like Bowser and his troops are invading the kingdom for some sort of mysterious purpose. Lastly, I've been told there's going to be a lot of power-ups. He actually says it's going to be a lot of power-ups. I think he means a lot. Or at least put lots with an S. Anyways, nitpicking aside. So you're ready to see some of your favorites return, including, and he's saying that these are in the game. So we got, what, the raccoon suit? Mario looks like Ice Mario, Mini Mario, I think is the inference here, a mini mushroom. Then he goes on to say, and that's just a few power-ups we'll be seeing in the game. All in all, the game is obviously sounding amazing. I'm also elated to hear that the difficulty has been ramped up. It's been ages since the last challenging Mario game. I'm chopping at the bits for the next big bit of info to show up. Now, my big thing here, of course, is, look, I don't believe pretty much anything that Zippo says, but I want him to be right. And that's one of the reasons why we made this video. It could be right, by the way. I want to be clear. My skepticism on Zippo is entirely my own. You might have skepticism as well, but I just feel like he's thrown so much out there that hasn't happened. People get critical of Jeff Grubb, and the few things that he got wrong. Zippo's times a million when it comes to that without the other side of having a bunch of stuff correct, but he has been right on some things, and there was a report at one point, or at least a well-known now retired insider, Emily Rogers, who noted that while she doesn't know if Zippo is legit, Zippo was talking about some things. This was like a year or two ago at this point that she mentioned that she had heard about, but she thought the fault of Zippo was that he would put information out so early that as things change, some of that stuff doesn't happen, and then it obviously hurts his credibility. And that to me is really the biggest person to vouch for potentially Zippo being legit, but what I do know is I do want Mario Wonder to be difficult, and I do want it to have a ton of power-ups, and if that is true on both accounts, I'm going to be thrilled. I will say watching the gameplay footage, I just watched the trailer again today for like the 50th time, and it does look like the controls are a bit tighter and that we could be dealing with some more intense platforming, and I will say power-up-wise, I don't really know. A lot of people keep telling me that everything we see in the trailer comes from the Wonder Flower. I don't know that I buy that. I think the trailer doesn't really fully explain it all, but I will note that, hey, a bunch of power-ups is good for me. Returning power-ups is good for me. In fact, we'll probably need to make a video at some point talking about what power-ups we would like to see return, and you guys could share what power-ups you want to see return in that video. I think that would be a pretty interesting video to create a nice discussion on returning power-ups in this thing. We can start with these rumored returning power-ups and then go into other ones that are some fan favorites or maybe some obscure ones. You guys haven't thought about for a long time that they could have new gameplay elements attached. I don't know, I'm really excited by this, and I'm really hoping that this rumor is correct. I want this to be a Mario Bros. 3 level game, not only just in terms of how big the game is or how many worlds there are and how many levels there are to play, but also in terms of the difficulty and the item variety. If it does that, Mario Wonder, correction. Super Mario Bros. Wonder, let's get that name correct, might become my favorite side-scrolling Mario game. And that's gonna be tough to do because right now, Super Mario World is my favorite with three, like, right there. It's like, they're basically touching tips, right? Can it pass those games? I guess we'll find out this upcoming October 20th. By the way, if you haven't pre-ordered the game yet, you can go ahead and pre-order the game through our link down in the description as well. It does give a small kick back to the channel, so I do appreciate if you use our pre-order link and I'll catch you guys in the next video.


Let's go through some of Prince Philip's, I mean, they're called gaffes on the media. Some might call them bigoted or at least grossly insensitive. You can decide how you'd like to describe them, but we're going to hear them a lot over the next 24 hours referred to as colorful. But we're probably not going to get them plastered across the television very often. So because we're an alternative media platform, let's give you the alternative rundown of things Prince Philip has said. Remember, if he has a job in terms of public service, it's to be a bit of a diplomat. So if he's undiplomatic, that's a bit of a problem with the public service. Anyway, I'll take you through them. This was during the 1981 recession. Lots of people are unemployed. Prince Philip says, everybody was saying we must have more leisure. Now they're complaining they're unemployed, which is he was sort of moral leader for our country.  The stuff where he's speaking to people in the former British Empire is to me the grossest. 1988, we are now he was speaking to a German news agency. And he said, in the event that I am reincarnated, I would like to return as a deadly virus to contribute something to solving overpopulation. That's worth noting, you can be reincarnated as anything. He's chosen a deadly virus to contribute something to solving overpopulation. Now, when everyone says on the news, I've heard it so many times today, his redeeming factor was he was an environmentalist. You've got to remember when aristocrats are environmentalists, normally what that means is they want to control the birth rates of the poor. Let's go to 1995 to a Scottish driving instructor. Remember, these are supposed to be the people keeping together the union. He says, how do you keep the natives off the booze long enough to pass the test? 1996, we're in response to calls to ban firearms after the dumb blank shooting. If a cricketer, for instance, suddenly decided to go into a school and batter a lot of people to death with a cricket bat, which he could very easily do. I mean, are you going to ban cricket bats? This is a hereditary job. If there was any meritocracy here, someone who made that argument, unless you were in America where you could become a Republican president saying that kind of stuff, I don't think that would work here. And again, this is another racist one, which I think are the most outrageous ones, really, to then have all of this hagiography that brushes over it today. This was from 1999, commenting on an old fashioned fuse box in a factory near Edinburgh. Prince Philip said, it looks as if it was put in by an Indian. That was in 1999. That wasn't even that long ago. 2001, to a 13 year old, Andrew Adams, who told Prince Philip he wanted to go into space.  Obviously, that's incredibly cruel, but it is just very surreal to have someone who is, their job is to basically be this cuddly figurehead, and then you're telling 13 year olds they're too fat to go into space. Very bizarre. 2002, to an Australian aborigine during a visit, he says, still throwing spears. Very gross. 2009, another racist one after looking at the name badge of businessman, a tall patelle, at a palace reception for British Indians. He said, there's a lot of your family in tonight.  And my final one, this was to Malala Yousafzai. Children go to school because their parents don't want them in the house. Now, the context here is that Malala survived an assassination attempt by the Taliban, and now campaigns for the right of girls to go to school without fear. Now, Aaron, as I've said, some of those in a way were constructed in a fairly, in a funny way. I wouldn't make the jokes, but now they're there.  There will be many 99 year olds who said some bigoted things over a period of 99 years, I suppose. But it was also his job to be a diplomat. And I suppose all of the media platforms are struggling as to how to describe this. They're all talking about it very euphemistically. They were gaffes. I've heard people on the radio, the official newsreaders say, colorful language. And it is a bit like, oh, it's a bit awkward, isn't it? Sort of covering for him in that way. Yeah, I think so.  But also people say, just call it what it is, racist. You say, well, if it was just racist, that's one thing. But it's not racist. It's misogynistic.  It's racist.  He doesn't, he doesn't really leave many people out. So I think bigotry is probably the best, the best way to put it.  But what I find really interesting, Michael is, and no, this is, this is Tiskey Sass. Of course, I always, I always talk about Jeremy Corbyn, is that we have had a media for years, saying that Jeremy Corbyn is a racist that, you know, socialists in this country are racists. Then we have somebody who has an insight club media, you could fill the shelves up with all the files of him saying bigoted comments, Prince Philip, nobody's going to say the word. Right. And I think that really does say a great deal about the state of the conversation around racism in this country. You know, we've just had the Sewell report. You can correct me on that pronunciation, Tony Sewell, but it was the report that came out at the end of March.  And when we see Donald Trump say these things to Piers Morgan in 2018 saying, I'm the least racist person there is, we laugh, right? In a similar way that we laugh at Prince Philip because it's it's absurd.  But actually that's kind of Britain's national ideology is that actually we are the least racist country in the world. And the thing with Prince Philip is if you actually acknowledge what he's saying, it goes so far and it's been given such a free pass for so long, you know, you're letting our real kind of worms.  And I think that's quite revealing, really. And it tells you about the complete absence of sincerity about having a meaningful conversation about race and racism in this country. Like you say, he's a complex guy. I don't he died. I don't want him to be remembered by everybody forever as a racist, cancel Prince Philip, right? But you know, let's just let's just call facts facts. He was a guy who said lots of racist things doesn't seem a particularly difficult thing to do.  But that's what he would be associated with. And even the people that find them funny would accept they were racist. And yet we're not really, we're not really talking about that. And I think that's really important. I think that really tells you a lot about the British media and about our political culture.


Hey, Corey. I guess for you guys offensively today, you had that great first drive. And then it kind of cooled down a bit. And then got you guys involved, you and, obviously, A.J. Brown with some big plays. What's your, I guess, what's your mindset kind of going down the stretch there during the game when you guys had to make those big plays? I'm going to play at a time. We understand the caliber of offense we have. We got a lot of weapons, and we understand that every play isn't going to be a big play all the time. So we got to stick to who we are, and take it one play at a time, and that's what we did. Buck? What's up, Corey? A.J. said he told Derek in overtime to go out there and win the game, told him he was taking too long. What were you guys thinking heading into the overtime period, understanding that you had an opportunity after the defense got the stop? I mean, our mindset was win, honestly. And there's the same, as I said previously, is just taking one play at a time. And as we did, we drove the field, and O-line did great, D-hand did great, and Ryde did as well. So a lot of work to do, a lot to clean up, but we got the win. David? Corey, you guys know what this game meant in the standings. What do you feel you accomplished today towards your goal of making the playoffs? I mean, we were just focused on this game. We're focused on going one-on-one each and every week, and that's what we did. Baltimore was another team that was on our schedule when we came out and we handled business, and we're on Indy. Terry? Corey, it seemed like there was a lot of emotion on both sides, maybe stemming back from the playoff game last year. How much did that kind of play into you guys digging deep and being able to pull this win out? Yeah, I mean, we kind of knew that there was going to be some extra stuff coming into this game just because of last year or whatever, but we tried to keep our poise and go out there and handle business, nothing more, nothing less. And like I said, that's what we did. Steve Layman? Corey, you guys talk so much about being complementary in football. Is there a better example of being complementary than what you guys did in the fourth quarter, and especially then over time today with the defense getting the three and out and you guys driving the field to put it away?  That's where we're at our best. And the first half, we were a little iffy, and like I said, we have a lot to clean up. But towards the end of the game, towards that last stretch is who we are. We got to be like that every time. That was complementary. Defense got to stop when we went down there and picked the game away. That's who we are. And a quick follow up to what you just said there is it wasn't always pretty. It was a little bit greasy at times today and things like that. But do you guys almost relish these types of games where you have to grind it out and frankly be tougher than the other side? Yeah, I mean, when it comes to grinding it out and take it to the fourth quarter, and like I said, that's who we are. We don't have any front runners. We've got a bunch of guys who have been down before and they understand what it takes to come back and win a game like this. And like I said, man, we have a great team and I'm really proud of them. John Glennon. Yeah, Corey, a lot of adversity kind of going into this game. I mean, you'd lost three of four, a lot of injured players. And it was against another six and three team, too. How memorable is this victory among some of the wins you guys have had here in recent years? Yeah, this is definitely a big one. It took some grit and it took some scratching and clawing, but we have a next man up mentality along with everyone else and we trust our twos to go in there and fill that gap and be just as good. It won't be a big drop off. And that's what they did. We had a lot of injuries up front on the team in general and the twos really stepped up, so we're proud of them. Paul. Corey, you had some big catches. I was wondering about your vantage point on AJ's catch where he fought through those four guys to get into the end zone. Where were you watching that from and what did you think? It was on the left side. Like I had a pretty good view of it. Man, I don't even know. That was a crazy play. That's who he is, though.  He's a relentless player and he's faced a lot of adversity as well and that's the guy who's going to fight to the end and keep going. And I'm happier than I am to tell you that and I'm real proud of him. Jim. Corey, how have you been able to get through this last couple of weeks with everything you've had going on and why is it so important for you to be out here playing and then kind of speaking through that? What's the support been like from your teammates through everything you've had to go through? Man, the support has been unbelievable. You can tell a lot about this team. They really care about each other, not just on the field. Just outside of football, pretty much everyone reached out to me coaches and obviously players, they reached out to me and just told me they were thinking about me and my family and they were praying for us and that goes a long way. To be able to come here and know that guys got my back on and off the field and they got my families back and that means a lot. We had a tragic loss in our family. My brother was everything to me. We're going to miss him dearly. Eric. Hey, Corey, this was your third 100-yard receiving game of the season. Do you feel like right now you're playing your best football of your career? Pretty good football. I would say so, yeah. I've come a long way, not only physically, mentally. A lot to clean up, I'll tell you that there. That's why I'm sitting here at Harvard. I have a lot to grow at and a lot to clean up. But I'm happy with the way that I've been playing and as well as this team. We just got to keep improving each and every week. Three more, TD. Corey, it's really refreshing to see you consistently catch the football with confidence and just week in and week out, do what you're doing. I don't want to say something that's changed, but are you seeing things more clearly from a mental standpoint or what's really been the key for you with that?  I know each and every game and that's what this team is doing as well. Nothing more, nothing less than that. Obviously the years previous to this haven't been like this. But like I said, I'm happy with the way that I've been playing and we'll have room for improvement. Of course, it's definitely room for improvement. But we'll keep getting there, keep improving each and every week. And I'm just happy to be a part of this team. And I'm real proud of these guys. David? Good. Is that me, Orton? Yeah, go for it. Last one, Orton. Corey, when you don't have any catches in the first half, does it ever, you ever have to sort of get yourself back up for the start of the second half?  You just got to stay in it. I wasn't necessarily frustrated or bored.  Not having any catches in the first half, but I have an impact on this game that's blocking. There's a lot of other things that I can do to help the team with just catching a ball. I know it sounds crazy, but I'm proud of myself. I'm not blocking. Whatever I can to take, whatever I can do to take a few hits off Derek in the back, I'm going to do that. But just got to tell yourself to stay in it mentally and know the ball will come.


But yeah, starting, it's about never giving up, believing your dream, having fun, go and knock on every door, every door you can at the beginning, parents, friends, try to find a small sponsor here and there, go racing, try to find scholarship if you can, that's more in the US, but I'm gonna touch base on that later. I was lucky to have a dad, I could afford carding initially and Formula 1.6L and Formula 1.2L and then eventually I joined the Renault Driver Development that financed the rest of my career and put me in Formula 1 in 2009. At the beginning you need to make your proof, but as soon as you can and as soon as you get to top level, it's try to go and knock on everyone's door, Mercedes, Red Bull, Ferrari, all of them really, just try as much as you can, get into one of those driver academy, that's your best chance to go to the top, right? It's hard, there's a lot of drivers, there's only 26 in Formula 1 at the end.


Okay, so we are about to start. Welcome to the Devereen, the devereen of Postgres. Devereen, you are unwelcome. So our next speaker comes almost every year to Postgres, all the way from a very far away country. He not only comes to Belgium in Postem time, but he also comes during the Postgres conference in Belgium, which is in May. Because he loves cycling and he loves beer, which is something very difficult from Belgium. That's why he comes here. He's going to talk about his expertise in Postgres anyway. And if you have a very good question, people are giving up to 10 euros for this bowl. But if you give me a good question for Ilya, you can get this for free now after you ask your question again. So please welcome Ilya Kosmodimievsky. Thank you Boris. So it's very neat from Boris not to give the stress ball before the talk. And it's only after the question that I have a chance to leave. So, hi everyone. I'm Ilya. Maybe if you've been posted before you saw me already. I'm working for a data grid. We're doing some PostgreSQL services. I try to do PostgreSQL services as well. But regret to say I do more Excel nowadays. But still, we have some experience in upgrading PostgreSQL installations. And I would share some information we have to you. So just to figure out who already runs PostgreSQL 12. Oh, maybe someone runs 13. Cheater. That's why nobody runs 13 yet. So 10, 9.6, 9.5, 9.4. You need to upgrade probably several days already. Seven. Okay. Yeah. Just to figure out how many people need to actually to upgrade and on what version specific things I need to concentrate. Anyway, so why I prepare on this talk? Because upgrading your PostgreSQL is not a rocket science. It's actually quite easy job to do. But all this, there are some small details which are actually completely, which could completely ruin all your process. So basically, if you take a look on the documentation of how to upgrade PostgreSQL and PGA upgrade, it's simple, pretty much straightforward. But if you have really heavy loaded database and you are not concentrated on some small details, you can ruin your database. And this is actually a key problem for upgrades. So you can get downtime, which you don't want. You can ruin your database. You can ruin your data, which is not the same thing that ruining database. It's even worse. Because if you don't have a backup, for example, it could be a big problem. And you need to know your system, not only your database, but for example, how your application works, from which hosted goals, which features of database it uses, and so on. So besides of that long preparation time, long planning time, maybe a night shift, and because of this, most DBAs do not like upgrades. I don't know. Who considers himself as DBA? Who would like to? Okay. Who likes to upgrade databases? Okay. Me too. Because that person who normally works with Excel, so then I have a chance to look in Postgres, I'm really happy. But most of the DBAs are actually scaring of upgrades, and they are attached to outdated versions. And this is like sort of catch-22. So you know which sort of surgeon is the best surgeon. That one which makes lots of manual work, lots of operations.  And that's the problem with upgrades. If you are sticky to an old version, maybe then it would be necessary to upgrade. You do not have required skill because you do not do upgrades quite frequently. And that could be a problem. You ruin those things because you do it that rarely. So any upgrade became a major stress for you, and that's a bad thing for your database. You're trying to keep safe and up and running. So my suggestion actually, I can understand if your production environment should work on certain version more than one year. It's quite acceptable. Maybe you need sort of security audits, some other requirements which cannot allow you to upgrade like every year than we have when you release of Postgres. But even if you do not upgrade your productive environment, just set up the stage, put the same amount of data there, and try to upgrade. So basically if you see Devrim pushes a new package, try to upgrade. You will get that practice in your fingers and that really will help you to do real great successfully. Why we need to upgrade? Obviously bug fixes, security fixes, things like this. So basically you can only be safe if you are upgraded because there are lots of issues which are rising from time to time and we need to fix them. Recently I would say over the last five years at least, maybe even like last ten years, the tempo Postgres takes is incredibly fast. So people bring in new features that improve performance quite drastically. And now actually many software developers are much more agile than they used to be like in a bank twenty years ago. So they want new features of JSON, they want new features of something and as a DBA you actually suppose to help developers.  So in Postgres Word it's necessary to upgrade fast and that's part of the deal. And when you're upgrading on time it makes it easier.  So I cannot explain that in one talk or even in a new tutorial because for such upgrade, which is not on time, you will need a lot of preparation, a lot of investigation, what we supposed to do and so on. So then you upgrade, within this window then you need to upgrade once a year, once in two years, once in three years. It would be quite okay, but when you're upgrading from very old version, it's like complicated task. And well, I personally appreciate if you run seven something or eight something because well, as consultants we are happy to meet such customers. It's our favorite. So one big cooperation with starting with letter O, they just double the prices of the support for old versions. But well, as a community member, I always advise you to upgrade. So in PostgreSQL work, we have their specific term which goes major upgrades and minor upgrades. What is all about? Previously, we used to have a very ridiculous version numbering. So it was like 9.4 or 0.3. So we basically used to have two major release numbers and one minor release numbers. It was very confusing and that's why we moved to modern after 9.6 system of numberation like 10 point something and one is major, one is minor. So basically once a year there is a major release which includes new features. And after that, because new features always bring not only fun, well fun, it's still fun, but also lots of bugs because people rework on the back end. So we need to fix them and we have during a year lots of minor releases and we need to perform minor upgrades. So the definition is in major upgrades there are new features. In minor there are no new features. It's like fixing old stuff. So it's really important to distinguish that and because of that nature of major upgrades the methods of upgrading databases is different. And there is some sort of rule of thumb. Now we probably supposed to upgrade to version 12. Why? So version 12 was like in the autumn and it was like 12.0 and I generally do not recommend to install any sort of PostgreSQL in mission critical production which has no minor upgrades yet. Because those new features bring in lots of bugs. So generally I would say from version 8 I have some sort of not very accurate statistics and I would say like it's a half a year after the release. So basically you can start if you upgrade first some staging then non-productive environment. After that you can try to start upgrading your productive environment like version 12.2 to 12.3. It's usually like half a year from initial release. But that's like really some sort of catch-22 as well because we need to fix the bugs and if nobody upgrades that is difficult. But well there are people who upgrade just immediately because developers want new features. So rule of thumb still works. Before any upgrade that's like a very important rule read carefully version specific release notes because sometimes there are some specific issues with upgrade procedure and they are always in the release note. So basically take a look on that very carefully. Like if you are a successful PostgreSQL DBA you will learn to learn even release notes in your smartphone when you update in your application. So it's like automatic sanity check. Play with upgrade methods you like like several times before you perform actual upgrade because something can go wrong and there could be lots of problems. Talk to your development team. If they want this major Russian upgrade if they have some different issues if they use something outdated things which are mentioned in release notes. Basically a good idea is actually to sit with your architect who is responsible for application level and read the release notes carefully together just to align. Of course nobody do this but it's a good idea to do this anyway. And of course make a backup and check it by test recovery. And test recovery is most important part of this bullet because the only guarantee that you have a proper backup is that you checked recovery that it is recovered. Cross check, check some things like this they do not have any guarantee. So basically test that you do not lose your data because upgrade could be a risky process. Minor upgrades are theoretically easy. You simply install new binaries start new database on the new data directory. So there are no new features the binary format is the same, completely easy. Still there are some issues. First issue is when your data is supposed to be online you probably want to pulse pg balance or things like this and then you're stopping your database. It could stop like long time because you have lots of dirty pages and they need to be check pointed to the disk and if you do not play enough with this upgrade method you will run into problems because for example you're trying to stop you have some technological window like several seconds to restart your database it takes longer, you became nervous something calls you and says our database is offline and things like this then you try to stop database with minus M you ruin your database and well it's bad practice so don't do like this. Issue check point like several times then start to stop database then it goes smoothly so just prepare play with all these combinations not to ruin actually very easy procedure compared to another one and another thing keep an eye of upgrading all the related packages. Of course do backup check recovery as you do it's like default point everywhere. So check all the packages which could contain something considering Postgres because if you do not upgrade Postgres client that's okay probably you will get that warning your software developers will get that warning you upgrade them later but if you use some sort of contrips if you use some debug symbols things like this you should be aware that you upgraded everything and especially things like PgBouncer things like application level libraries, drivers and so on so basically the good practice is to have everything of the same version because it could be issues. Major upgrade methods are much more complicated because internal structures could be quite different so for that purpose we have several methods and we can choose which method is less dangerous. Good old dump restore, PgUpgrade and some replication based methods that's the set we have and we can try to do this. PgDump is a good way to upgrade your Postgres query instance if you can afford this because if you have a large database if this database is heavy loaded it could be really tricky to upgrade with PgDump but if you can afford this if you have a couple of hundreds of gigabytes of data it's not really heavy loaded it could be good you are on the safe side because it's simple method you can do that quickly and you will be happy. It's a frequent question actually how I should upgrade my database if I run Postgres inside Docker. Well, most of the things I'm talking about here are for just normal server not a container because usually if you run database in container it's like if it's small database for some microservice for some team which showed up and doing some research or things like this it's a small database inside the container you have the data on outside disk it's not big enough it's not heavy loaded because usually if it's like this you run into problems before you're thinking of upgrade so it basically would be much more earlier so PgDump is a good way to do upgrade with Docker there is some project of running PgUpgrade inside Docker I think it's called Docker PgUpgrade it basically runs PgUpgrade inside the container I tried to play with that I did not claim I saw that in production but then I played that on my computer actually I run into problems several times and it was advised to do this so try to keep PgDump problem is if you have requirements on downtime that could be tricky to do this another problem is disk space can be quite expensive and for PgUpgrade using dump restore most likely you need extra disk space or you need work with some tricky procedure which can ruin your data good thing it works with any PostgreSQL version since 9.7 but there could be some issues but theoretically you can upgrade even from very old versions because it has nothing to do with binary format it has only to do with your schema with logical structure so it's not like data files so nothing change there but for example if you have really old database on old version and you use intensively stored procedures something was changing during that time and you need to actually check compatibility of your server logic in this case and that could be tricky actually PgDump has option of custom format you can compress this and it's proper way to do the PgDump and it can save you some disk space actually PgDump can do several jobs so it can do things in parallel and in some cases you just need to experiment with this it could be good for you because it would be easier and faster but the problem is if you do tricky things like PgDump from this port and in pipe you restore to another port to save some time to do that faster I do not recommend to do this don't do it at home but you can try you can not do this using multiple jobs so just figure out what you need actually and try with jobs or without and if your installation can be upgraded like this that's good congratulations so that's not tricky anymore and that was probably you will be happy about this a small notice which actually would be quite useful for us on the future slides as well don't forget about locales so basically especially if you are not only using English, if you are using French, German, Russian Dutch something which requires specific locale you can be actually run into problem if you install your new database in different locale or just forget to install it using default locale everything goes okay normally so you can dump restore and at some point you will figure out that swords do not work properly, things like this you can spend lots of time on those things so put on your checklist actually that you need to double check the locale and it's supposed to be exactly the same major upgrade using pgdum the procedure is quite easy you install new binaries in service new cluster don't forget about locale, change config files appropriately that could be a problem just like with failover and switchover don't forget that you need pghba.conf same like on your old database because after that you will let application work with the database and it doesn't work that's the common problem so keep an eye on that, synchronize those things that could be very good idea to use the newer version pgdum but if you are upgrading from really old version could be issues with really old things and again read release notes, use the newer one if you are working with something very old just test that 10 times then restore your dump and try to figure out if everything is okay, test it see if application works nothing strange then switch your application to the new cluster and usually because we run into such problems many times do not delete your old cluster immediately even if there is not quite much disk space keep it for some time because something can go wrong and could be a problem pgupgrade for pgupgrades, I would say that's a major method we use and it's tricky but actually it's most useful one procedure is simple as well but to figure out how to do this we need to figure out how it works and based on that we need to choose the way how we upgrade it would be slightly different for just send on server for primary hot stand by configuration and for some tricky situations then you really really have very small technological window to perform the upgrade then you could not allow your downtime and of course details details so pgupgrade is very smart idea you have old and new database cluster and there is a mechanism which actually takes the old binary files and detach them from the old cluster somehow and then moves all the information postgres needs for normal work like transaction id counter like pg catalog statistics is tricky thing and moves that to the new thing and then you take the user data and add that to a new database and it works like this so theoretically the basic idea is very simple and well Bruce Mongeau wrote this too like many years ago and since that time it's online it works but what tricks so the idea is first with the couple pgclog and from new cluster couple old pgclog to a new cluster pop exceed which allows us actually to run database from the same point from the same transaction when then we restore the schema all the things we need to operate with our database normally and then we did that if the data files with user data would be the same everything supposed to be the same because we have the same schema we have the same transaction visibility map and things like this so we basically copy them link them or clone them to new cluster and it looks like the old one it sounds like slightly tricky and it is so procedures like this you create empty database for a new version of PostgreSQL don't forget about the KL things like this stop database with old PostgreSQL version of course you need an event application to connect because it can ruin things we need to afford some sort of downtime if you are using pgbalancer you can put pgbalancer on pause and those connections from the application will wait so theoretically it will minimize downtime again then you start upgrade procedure with pgupgrade command it is like an application it is quite obvious in this case then after it successfully finishes you start database on a new version then you start to collect statistics because during this procedure statistics is new so PostgreSQL do not bring old statistic to a new cluster pgupgrade doesn't do this and you need to recollect new statistics because if it is different if it is heavy loaded database it could be an issue then the statistic collection started at some point you can open your database for new connections of course if you do not have high transaction rate you can do that immediately and collect statistics but if you have lots of transactions most likely you start collecting statistics then it says 10% of your statistics is collected then you can open database and database proceed to collect statistics but already some plans would be quite ok this process is tricky so then you do this keep an eye that there are not a lot of logs and based on that probably let database to collect statistics slightly longer several upgrades you will figure out that you need for example a slightly longer technological window so basically it's like it's thing which comes with experience minimizing downtime pgbalancer has a very good feature pulse resume again your intention is to pulse pgbalancer and then it is paused quickly restart the database and it's like it's tricky thing so it's basically like many things could go wrong issue the check point to let your server actually stop quicker and then you can use minus k link to do the pgupgrade like very fast so basically pgupgrade has two major regimes it can copy files and that is tricky because it's like pgdump you need extra time to copy things from one location to another one and it has a problem that you need again double disk space so that's that's why for have a loaded database we use this ruling thing and that makes pgupgrade extremely dangerous because if ruling doesn't work you can lose your data so always think twice if your database is not big enough and if you can afford like a minute more of downtime most likely you can move the things with copying if you can afford this do this use relink only if you have very very strong requirements on downtime because it's much better to have a downtime of several minutes then a couple of hours is torn from backup things like this but it's everything depends on planning so common question is what to upgrade first hot stand by or primary or whatever my suggestion is actually first you upgrade primary as it is a standard on server just upgrade it leave your replicas alone if something goes wrong for example with relinking things you can just promote the replica brief and repeat the process from the beginning so basically you will be on a safe side because switching to the replica it's smooth process you're most likely do that frequently so you can do this don't try to upgrade everything simultaneously most likely that never ends well then you see that everything is upgraded it works it looks like your database not like some funk and chain style thing just instantiate your replica one by one again and you will have your replicas your cluster like it is upgraded so you pause pg balance on standby clone replica from upgraded primary pg base backup actually documentation probably still says use rsync I never advise to use rsync because even experience that people do make mistakes then they do backup scripts manually pg backup is a good tool use it or using pg backrest whatever you prefer and then resume pg balance start connections or start pg balance allow your application to go in so that's just like this now come details which can ruin everything there is no optimizer statistics so there is a script which is not a part of pg upgrade so basically pg upgrade generates a script which you need to run manually double check documentation about this so basically you need to be prepared to such things basically it does vacuum db minus minus all minus analyzing stages analyzing stages this is what I told you so it just starts to analyze in parts doesn't try to make all the analyze for entire database which can be actually quite difficult if you have heavy workload since 9.5 you can run vacuum db in parallel and which can be extremely good if you have a large database so don't hesitate to open this script read what it is in it and maybe edit it something along to your requirements so you can use different things and we actually basically just run in vacuum db minus minus all manually just not using that script we have from sort of our own and again keep an eye on logs you need to stop the script because it's relatively safe it's just statistics and block users from connecting or maybe block only some users which are issuing heavy updates or things like this then we run statistics so be creative experiment on stage not on the production and you will be on a safe side in this regard documentation suggest to you self think would say use pgbase backup so there are lots of possibilities to shoot your leg and maybe not only the leg some distributions like db and ubuntu have of course wrappers which allow you to do things like semi-automatically never ever do that for mission critical database I like db and ubuntu they are nice people with beautiful product so we have very good approach good attitude to build in the distributions but the problem is all those wrappers increase numbers of bug you can hit and pg upgrade is complex enough so don't do it try to do it as manually as you can like with the backup it should be simple as possible so manually extensions it's important thing extensions is a beautiful mechanism but slightly work in progress so some aspects of extensions are not quite good and one of the problem is the outer extension support is supposed to take care of upgrading scripts you can never ever know if the job was done properly and if it was done on time then you decide to upgrade to this version is this extension up to date or not most likely if it is extension which ships together with posgras it is because people do check those things but for third patch extensions that's not true sometimes so pg upgrade keeps all versions of extensions which could be a problem because it will not work with new database so normally the default prerequisite is to run cycle for all extension and perform outer extension name update so just at the point then you experiment on your test database do that take a look what is going on there if you have some warnings things like this if something doesn't work go for it do it some extensions are unknown to require the special care for example posgras should be updated before an upgrade actually so basically after that it would be like tricky things but once again don't believe me just take a photo of this slide and work on this every upgrade you need to go through release nodes keep in mind which sort of extensions you have and actually manually scrutinize what things you're supposed to do in order to upgrade there are lots of improvements in pg upgrades so basically I would say that pg upgrades are getting better faster now for example cloning is supported for newer versions of linux kernel it's safer than old thing with relinking and well it's a good thing but be careful you need a proper file system and some people actually trying to perform pg upgrades with cloning or relinking having database and write-a-head logs for example on different file systems it never ends well so basically check twice on every slide I can repeat this twice and see if it works using replication method to upgrade postgres call I would say that it's not the thing I would advise you what you can try the problem is in spite of all the problems with pg upgrade this thing promising you zero down time but you need to do lots of things manually so it's very variable intensive and then it is so you can like miss something forget to move some table but sometimes it's useful the idea is set up new database cluster set up replication which one is preferred for you and then just perform a follow over because those types of replication are working with different versions mostly mostly working with different versions of postgres normal binary replication doesn't so logical replication is relatively new promising method and from 9.4 you can upgrade to a newer version using this the problem is you need to check documentation carefully for each release as you do and then figure out how to manually actually migrate to entire database so basically logical replication is thing designed for like partial replication so if you need to migrate entire thing it's lots of work for you so just double check this there are some things which allows you to automate the process and check that you replicate everything you need so don't forget about sequences things like this and as well keep in mind that on your upgraded database you need user controls and permissions and things like this so this way of replicating data and upgrading data is more difficult use it only if you need really zero downtime slowny one it's old really really old method and still compatible with postgres but I would not bet that it would be compatible for long time and you can migrate from really old versions of postgres quell for over could be done very fast so basically it's trigger based even on heavy load it works it's nightmare to operate that for a long time but if you only need that for an upgrade it could be nice thing but it's complicated and if you're not quite experienced person in terms of slowny you like run twice read the documentation everything as usual but you need extra disk space and it's trigger based so if it's trigger based it could be really very CPU intensive both on the old server and new server long dice I never ever recommend it actually to use that some people prefer that to slowny slowny is complicated nightmare long dice is the same thing but not that old and not that bullet proof so what can possibly go wrong but the idea is like it's not under that heavy development like slowny used to be before the binary replication and before logical replication so it's like really buggy and it was designed for different things like transferring data partially so I do not recommend to use it conclusion so that's some sort of a matrix what we have we have methods downtime, extra disk space complexity and risking so pgupgrade with relink is low downtime low disk space, complexity is high a risk is very high but still if you want to be on a safe side use this one or use this one if you have some special requirements go for I would say logical replication if it doesn't work for you for some reason, for slowny but most likely logical replication because it's like new method under heavy development nobody can guarantee that slowny would be that good like in 5 or 3 years so that's like a conclusion it's a good written list of using some of those methods maybe not very fresh one so for example this talk of Bruce is quite old but he wrote pgupgrade and there are lots of good explanations how it works there are some blog posts so enjoy keep an eye on that and slides would be online video would be online so you can return to this and if you have questions you can email them to me later or just ask them right now thank you so the question is how to do smooth migrations then you upgrade your application so there are several tools for doing this but I would not say there is a civil bullet for this so basically some OREM framework things like this like Ruby Active Record suggest to do those migrations from the application side I would say many people who try to use that finally ending up with creating files on disk with alter commands and just basically manually preparing that from some internal logic they use to create the application so I would not say it's some automatical tools are working good in this regard if you keep in track on everything in your database for example to perform the upgrade using logical replication that's basically like some script which goes through all the database keep track on all the tables and prepares commands you need to install logical replication I would actually suggest if you are interested particularly in that part ask Boris those things because he is much more experienced in logical replication working in a company which creates that it's like yeah I address you to him so you have a question here why don't you like to use yeah well why not why do not recommend to use pg restore in a pg dump pipe pg restore well you can do this but it's not an easy thing so basically you can do this but something can go wrong if you use different things like this but if you know what you're doing welcome why not we actually used to do I think this piping from pg dump to psql before actually pg restore was written so it's really old practice yes it makes sense it's a good question it's a good question so the question was how to estimate downtime how long it takes to upgrade from one server to another one I would say that one of the best estimation is like previous upgrades so if you know your database you can figure it out and even this doesn't work I would say that it's like some rule of thumb if you have some amount of data if you are sure that you can actually disconnect some heavy updates from your database you probably can guess something if you know your database how long does it take on those disks to copy things from one location to another it's good if you have a test server which is like the same configuration or you can detach one of your replicas which supposed to be the same configuration just try to figure out copying files how long does it take so it is not like proper estimation but at least you will figure out that for example okay on such disks just copying the data files would be too long and you need to find another method for example but it's like experience things so basically that's why I suggest do upgrades recently and try to for example take your production data if it's possible try to do without any heavy load and upgrade and figure out how would it take on production and basically it's good thing with upgrades because most likely you need to close databases for heavy changes so it's much more easier than for example estimate performance on detached replica or standby so it's a good news in this regard packages and then you restart Postgres or update packages and then start Postgres, good question I repeat the question but don't give him a ball so what's the order what's the sequence of our things so by minor upgrade do we install packages first then stop Postgres and then start Postgres or we first stop Postgres then install packages it depends on the distribution actually but I would suggest if you can allow your downtime be on a safe side stop Postgres, install new binaries then do the things but in real world we actually every time we install new binaries trying to figure out that for example Dibian do not start, do not spoil some things for us and after that we actually do stop Postgres move to new things and so on only the first one will start the main one will just restart the other one will just stay over there but we will fix this problem in version 13 yeah well then you will figure there was input from DevRAM that RPMs also actually restart your database then you try to do like I described but my point is actually that you should do those things manually because you know RPMs as well as other packet managers they allow you a lot of sort of automation things to make things for DBA simpler but those automation is unpredictable so basically disable those things try to do that manually then DevRAM fix them then you will enjoy and include that on the slide that DevRAM fix things go on use automatic things so the question is if you are using not pgbase backup but using pgback rest is it applicable everything which I told or you need to make pgbase backup well what do you understand of immediate backup actually so theoretically answer is yes because you need your backup and you cannot restore that for a new version because it's binary incompatible but I would not suggest you to make a backup immediately if you have heavy loaded database which is right now collecting the statistics so there is some vulnerability period because if you will make a backup as well it would be maybe too heavy for your database so wait like several minutes then start to do this but basically you need to understand if you are upgraded to new binaries you do not have a backup anymore because all backups are backups from the previous version you need to install previous version then upgrade things like this so as soon as you can do the new binary backup or backup with pgback rest you can get me outside thank you