Hello everyone, this is Charlie Severance at LiveWell Colorado. I'll be your moderator today, or at least helping Wendy Peters-Moschetti moderate today's webinar. I have a few housekeeping items to cover before we get started today. First, we will be recording this webinar and sending a link to the webinar video and a PowerPoint presentation via email to everyone who registered. And that webinar will also be posted on the LiveWell Colorado website. Second, we will have some time for Q&A at the end of the webinar. If possible, please let us know who your question is directed to when you ask it and to ask a question, simply type it into the questions tab on your on-screen control panel. And now, I'm going to pass it off to Wendy. Good afternoon everyone. Welcome to Fruit and Veggie Prescriptions in Colorado, How to Build and Sustain Food Access Programs in Healthcare Institutions. That is me. I'm Wendy Peters-Moschetti. I'm director of food systems here at LiveWell Colorado. And we are very excited to showcase this one example today specifically about the many, many connections that we can help make between our hospital and healthcare industries and agriculture. And as one of our speakers we'll be talking about today, there's increasing connections being made across the country between healthcare and the roles that they can play to build healthy and resilient food systems. And as you all are probably aware here at LiveWell Colorado, we are huge fans of prevention and of finding new, unique, innovative ways to increase access to healthy, affordable food and beverages and quite often very specifically access to fruits and vegetables, specifically for lower income and underserved populations. So we're thrilled to have this sort of topic in front of us today and to share with you some really exciting examples of how people are getting this work done across the state. Just so you know, so this is what our agenda, our time together is going to look like today. So we have three presenters with us today that will be speaking about the following topic. So we will, our first speaker will talk about strengthening healthy food systems through healthcare. So we will start with a sort of an overview of what is sort of the landscape. You know, what connections are we seeing being made through healthcare and food systems nationally and across the state of Colorado to kind of just set the stage. And then we're going to move into some very specific examples. So we will hear from the Arkansas Valley Organic Growers Association and from St. Mary Corwin Hospital in Pueblo about some very specific work they are doing around their food and vegetable prescription programs in Pueblo. And then as Charlie mentioned, we will save a little bit of time at the end for Q&A. So before I pass the baton, I wanted to introduce you to our three lovely women here today. The first person you're going to hear from today is Katie Stroh. She is, well, I don't know if there's any Harry Potter fans out there. You know, nearly headless Nick. Well, Katie is nearly an MPH and I'm sure she's very excited to be almost done with her master's degree in public health here in Denver at the School of Public Health, along with being a full-time student. She's also working as a policy coordinator at Jefferson County Public Health and is looking forward to doing a lot more healthy communities work when she's soon to graduate. The second person we're going to hear from today is Becky Guyon. She is a general manager at the Arkansas Valley Organic Growers Association. She is originally from Canyon City, Colorado, moved away for a little while, got a bachelor's of arts and ceramics, so she's very creative and multi-talented. She came back several years ago to start farming with her family and for about 10 years did that, a variety of products. She farmed organic vegetables, grass-fed beef, pastured pork, and poultry. And then a few years ago in 2013 was actually started full-time as a manager of AVOG, the Arkansas Valley Organic Growers Association, excuse me. And then the third speaker you hear from today is Reverend Linda Stetter. She's the director of Mission Integration and Spiritual Care at St. Mary Corwin Medical Center in Pueblo. She's the United Methodist Minister in Chaplain, and she has extensive experience in corporate and academic business management and incredible passion for innovating programs that alleviate the effects of obesity, diabetes, and access to care in southeastern Colorado. So I'm now going to pass it on to our first speaker, Katie. Hi, everyone. My name's Katie, like Wendy said. I am going to talk a little bit today about mostly national initiatives. We're going to go through four examples of some of the things that are happening across the United States and then a brief overview of some of the things that are happening in Colorado. So first I want to look at nonprofit hospital community benefits. So in 2011, nonprofit hospitals got $26 billion to provide community benefit. As you can see on the United States map in front of you, it varies by state how much money that they're receiving, and to keep their tax exempt status, hospitals have to provide community benefit under the New Affordable Care Act. So this is a new and big opportunity that is still being explored and is kind of wishy-washy in the IRS on how those dollars can be used. So they're using a lot of different ways. So community benefit events have been an obligation of nonprofit hospitals for decades, but now they're being leveraged in a different way. You can, when thinking about doing healthy food systems work with hospitals through community benefit, it's advantageous to get in front of the community health needs assessments and the community health improvement plans to collaborate with hospitals in the front end to do their assessment process. You can do like a food access landscape with them. The community benefit dollars can also support programs like fruit and vegetable prescription programs. More on that later, mobile farmers markets, fund local food policy councils, and spend time for exempt employees to volunteer at hospitals to run like farmers markets, and also think about maybe like water costs to run a farm on a hospital campus. Nationally, Mary Dale DeBoer at Fresh Advantage is, she runs this consulting group and works with a lot of hospitals nationwide to find opportunities for healthcare to support healthy food systems, specifically through community benefit. Next slide. The next thing I would like to talk about are food hub collaborations between hospitals. The biggest one that I came across doing my research with Wendy this summer was the Farm Fresh Healthcare Project in the San Francisco Bay Area. It was launched in 2011. The project consists of 10 small to medium-sized farms to produce distributors and six hospitals. These hospitals pull together their purchasing power, selected specific crops for purchase and distribution, change their menus to reflect seasonal changes in produce, and increase supply chain transparency. While there's little data available on the success and setbacks of this collaborative, this is one of the biggest examples of a food hub collaboration. Some of the considerations that they listed in their document that kind of outlines a how-to guide. You can just Google the Farm Fresh Healthcare Project. It will come up pretty easily. Our preparations for the distribution of the food and the commercial kitchen, local procurement is tricky due to pre-slicing, seasonal produce, and changing of menus and the consistency of the product. It's crucial to have enough space and staff to pre-slic certain vegetables and fruits, delivery staff, multiple farms, and alternative methods of procuring fresh foods, thinking about things like preservation. Another example, next slide, is procurement policies and hospital farms. Two of the examples that I came across are the Rodale Farm in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and the farm at St. Joe's in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The Rodale Farm collaborated with, what is it called? Oh, it's the Rodale Farm Institute, collaborated with St. Luke's Hospital on the Bethlehem campus and grows organic produce to serve in its cafeteria, and is gradually working to incorporate that produce into patients' meals. They've doubled from 5 to 10 acres. They have 12 types of produce to now 30 types of produce. They're up to about 50,000 pounds of produce per year at this point. And they have incentivized people to eat the salad bar by reducing the price by 25%, and they have weekly farmers markets at each of the campuses. As for the St. Joseph Farm, as you can see, they also have a greenhouse, which is pretty cool. This farm has revamped its menus to incorporate seasonal produce. The most dramatic evidence to their commitment is the 20 acres on the campus that sprawls the property, and they also have an educational farm. And the final example nationally that we're going to look at is the Fruit and Vegetable Prescription programs. They're most widely done by Wholesome Wave right now, and the one that I kind of dug into this summer was DC Greens, which was initially a pilot out of Wholesome Wave in Connecticut. They now funded by multiple farmers and has adapted their program to fit their own community needs. They work with Unity Healthcare, but that's expanding. So it runs for six months, and this model looks different at a lot of different places, and we'll hear more on that later. For this specific program with DC Greens, the Fruit and Vegetable Prescription that they get is $1.50 extra per day for a family member, and they must have Medicaid eligibility. So this is just a bit of a flowchart on this slide that demonstrates how this program can work in a general way. Next slide. And finally, after doing the national scan, we looked at Colorado this summer, and some of the biggest things that are happening in Colorado are food security screening, and that's coming out of Kaiser with Dr. Sandra Stenmark, and she has created a food security screening that's a little bit easier for physicians to use and more adaptable in different settings, and that is lengthy. That's really valuable. Percurement is happening at Valley Roots Food Hub Policy with the Denver Sustainable Food Policy Council that's supported by Denver Health and Fruit and Vegetable Prescription programs, including Valley Food Partnership and St. Mary Corwin Slash Ventura Health. Great. Thanks so much, Katie. So I'm just going to pass it directly over to Becky with the I'm going to say it correctly, or Arkansas Valley Organic Roars. So Becky, take it away. So I first just want to start by giving a brief overview of where we are, what we came from, and where we're kind of going in future. I guess that's not a brief overview, that's the whole thing. So Arkansas Valley Organic Growers officially became a cooperative in 2007. We've been working together as growers since about 2004, and then some of our growers have been working together since the late, the early 2000s. And so basically, we are a group of farmers who got together that needed to provide a distribution system for ourselves. We all have the same goals as far as growing, so we all want to distribute to different institutions, hospitals, and restaurants and colleges. And the best way to do that with our size of farms is to band together. It's easier to get insurance, liability insurance, and it's easier to buy a truck to deliver in and to do all those things. So we banded together and we formed our cooperatives. You can move to the next slide, please. So we recently have come up with our new brand, it's Headwaters Growers Cooperatives. You'll see this a little bit on our items. It's mostly for branding individual products, but the significance of it is we are all situated in the headwaters of Colorado, and it's important to think about the region that our food comes from in relation to where it's delivered to. Next slide, please. So we are located in the Excelsior Farmers Exchange, which is an old middle school located between Pueblo and Fowler, Colorado. We are in the middle of a farm country, so some of our member farms are as little as a mile away. Some of them are as far away as on the western slopes. It's really neat this building. We have 7,000 square feet of at least from the school districts, so we have a great room to expand. Side note that our newest expansion is possibly going to be with the family farmer seed cooperatives to help see some of their packaging, and we're just a good dry seed climate. Next slide, please. So in our facility we've put in walk-ins and freezers, and we have a commercial kitchen that we're almost finished with. As you can see in this picture, we have a wash line, which is the item on the right-hand side there, which allows our growers to move more products. Our growers are small. We have anywhere from one acre to 35 acres as big as our farms are. And so one of the bottlenecks that they have is at the wash stations. So they're able to harvest and bolt, bring in and bin, and we can wash them through our wash line for them. And that just helps keep them on the farm longer and actually growing products over. Next slide, please. Walk-in coolers and freezers. You can move forward, please. It's our kitchen. So, yeah, we are cooperatives. All of our board members, and Julie, who I believe is online here today with the health department in Pueblo, she is one of our board members as well. Our board members also are workers at our facility. So we're all together working to make a difference in this cooperative. Can you move forward, please? So our member farms, we're located kind of all over the state, the mid-state, I'll say. So from the western slope, we have Oceto orchards. And then in Pueblo County, we have Country Roots Farm, Blue Ravens, and Larga Vista Ranch. And then in Buena Vista, Weathervane Farm, Howard is Ringending Farm. And then in Colorado Springs, Fountain Area, Ventuchee Farm and Frost Farm, Family Roots Farm, which is my farm, is located in Canyon City. Can you move forward, please? That's our little buddy there. So we were approached by Julie from the health department, was really kind of the catalyst who got Linda and I hooked up to do this food prescription program. And I really have to give props to Linda and Julie for making it happen. What it does for our end and for our growers is it allows us to do production planning. We can sit down and say, okay, these are the things that they need for their prescription program. And so, you know, who's going to grow this and who's going to make sure that we have enough to fill these orders? Another really nice thing that it does for our growers is that it allows for some flexibility. So Linda orders with us each week, and I'm sure she'll get into that a little bit more, but she places her orders and we fill it to the best we can. And then, you know, if there's something close, if she orders kale and our growers have kale but has charge, you know, we can do some substitution stuff that way. And that makes it really great for our growers because they're still moving the products they have online. So it's really nice to work with her. And she's very flexible and does a really amazing job organizing the program. The other thing it does for our growers is it really, it hits very close to home and the heart.  And to see it going into a food prescription that is going to help somebody's health, that makes it all worthwhile as a grower and as, for me, as, you know, the manager of A-Vog. But it's just a really great idea and program and we are really excited to expand it. Like I said, I can't say enough good things about Linda because she's really just done a great job with the program. But in 2016, we're hoping to expand to a couple of the other hospitals, possibly St. Thomas, Warren Canyon City, and then up North in Colorado Springs. And then, my final note, I'm going to talk a little bit about the High Plains Food Cooperative. They're located in Northeastern Colorado, western Kansas. And so they have a cooperative that does a senior program. So it's kind of similar to the prescription program, but they are just getting baskets of food into low income senior housing. And it's a really neat program. So the significance of that is that we have been working together as food hubs to try and do cross docking and get more product from them down here and more product from us up there to expand our product line. And I think that's a really important piece is to, you know, work hub to hub. And I'm interested to look more into the Farm Fresh Health Care Project because that sounds a lot like what we're doing here with the distribution systems and stuff. So it's very important work. And I'm excited to be part of it. And I think that Linda will be able to fill you in very well on what she does on her part. So, oh yeah, here are some pictures of the farm stand for St. Mary Corwin. This was last year's. So. Great. Thanks so much, Becky. And just one quick reminder before I pass the phone over to Linda is if anyone in the audience, you can type in questions as you have them. So just a reminder, just type them, even if we don't answer them right now, feel free to just type in questions or thoughts or comments as they come to you and we will address them at the end. So, Linda, let's pass it to you now. Well, good afternoon. And it's nice to be with everybody here and Live Well Colorado to share some of the lessons that I've learned from building two farm stand seasons for St. Mary Corwin. I just wanted to touch base on one thing that Catherine said about the community benefit. Any of you who are in non-profit hospitals know how important it is to accrue community benefit to offset what we normally would be paying the government in income taxes. And I can tell you that just my time alone for this season of farm stand offset about $7,000 in community benefit. So just one person in one project can accrue a lot of community benefit. And I had to grin when I was looking at the beautiful hospital farms in Pennsylvania because St. Mary Corwin has been around for about 135 years. And I read an article in 1914 where Dr. Corwin, who was the forward-looking doctor there, was talking about how important it was to feed patients exactly what they needed to get well. And, of course, there were no suppliers back then. So he literally had vegetable farms and animal farms to support the dietary needs of the hospital. So exactly 100 years later, by coincidence or whatever, I'm launching the farm stand and going back to what we knew as wisdom is 100 years. So that's just kind of ironic.  Go ahead and go to the next slide. I want to spend about 12 minutes talking about what I've done and how I've done it, and I'm going to talk very fast. If you have any specific type of questions, please do. So you see the yummy box of fruits and vegetables here in this picture, and it just looks like it's so easy to get there. But like most projects, there is some complexity in getting that little box of veggies to a table for sale. I came to St. Mary Corwin in Pueblo two years ago, or three years ago, and I inherited a very well-written community health needs assessment that I identified obesity and diabetes as two serious health issues in our particular area. And with the help of Julie at the Pueblo City County Health Department, we quickly established that our zip code, 8104, where the hospital is, it's also known as the Bessemer neighborhood. It's a neighborhood of elderly people, poverty, a lot of people who have physical impairments as well. Well, and it's also a targeted neighborhood for some of our community health improvement efforts. It was in fact both a food desert and a food swamp, and I bought a house in that neighborhood, and I found out firsthand that there was no gas station, no grocery store, no pharmacy, no accessible restaurant to most people in that zip code. So it was a really big desert from a lot of perspectives.  So I said, well, okay, we need fresh produce in this zip code. So I'll just go get myself a farmer's market. So I zoomed away to the farms and asked the farmers to show up at the hospital parking lot on Saturdays to bring their produce. And boom, I met my first brick wall because being new to the community, I didn't realize that the farmers were working with Skeleton crews because they were in the middle of a drought. So they really couldn't do that. And that put the brakes on my grand idea for about a year until summer 2014. But that turned out to be for the best, you know, not to get in such a hurry just to do the first thing that comes to mind. Because over that winter, I learned so much more about the community and its needs. And I refined my goal, which evolved from just getting more access to produce via a farmer's market to a deeper strategy of getting the right produce into my neighborhood. And so the farm's stand concept became the foundation of my food work. Next slide, please. So one of my really big learnings was that I got to develop some great relationships, and that those relationships really did take the time to build but they truly are the foundation of having the outcomes that I hoped for in my project. I would say that the relationship work I needed to do before I ever put that first box of produce on a table was about a year and a half. So I continued meeting farmers and visiting other farm stands and markets of the Pueblo City County Health Department and their mid-level obesity stakeholders group really helped me get well acquainted with the community context. And of course, as you just heard, led me to Becky and the Arkansas Valley Organic Growers. They were the big piece I was missing because this is one tiny project I do amidst all my other work. And I really needed a time-effective, single delivery, single invoice source for my produce. And of course, freshness and quality were extremely important to me because our patients were going to be eating this food and hospitals, as we all know, have to be very careful of food safety and liability. So that led me to my internal relationships. I had to check with regulatory to make sure I wasn't violating any JCO regulations. I had to really schmooze my chef because I needed access to his walk-in storage capacity. I had to get to know the doc supervisor to make sure that the timing of my deliveries wasn't causing her congestion and heartburn. Security and facilities helped me identify a good space for the farm stand. Environmental services, you saw Becky's picture of the tables and the tents. Bless their little hearts. They had to show up every Saturday morning and move that stuff to the parking lot. Volunteer services was crucial because they helped me pack the vegetables. And they also did all of the customer service at the farm stand because our model is not to make money. We want to sell it wholesale, and we just want to make sure we recover our costs to give people the most affordable produce possible. The medical residents at Southern Colorado Family Medicine helped me learn what foods we needed to get into the population in Pueblo and how we needed to time that during the month. And Centurial Legal and the Colorado Department of Agriculture helped me figure out that I really needed to buy a Colorado produce dealer's license in order to do what I wanted to do legally. The infection preventionist at the hospital got in on the act, medical records. Also, the gift shop was critical because that's where our retail manager is in the hospital. I have no way of taking in and dispersing money, so I had to have somebody who could independently account for the incoming and outgoing money. I really appreciated CSU Extension because they formulated easy recipes for us for the things that we had as a produce stand to get people excited about trying new things and getting new ideas. My marketing at the hospital was incredibly important. They made sure we had paid ads, other news articles, radio spots. And this year, two ACOs, Accountable Care Organizations, InnovAge and Integrated Community Health Partners. So the big lesson I learned was not to underestimate the number of people I would need to cooperate with me. And the wonderful part was that they were all just really joyful about stepping up to help because they knew they were doing the right thing. The next slide, please. So some basic operational considerations. Once that produce license came through in June 2014, I had the farm stand up and running in about three weeks, to all of my internal and external partners who knew their parts. So as Becky said, we ordered on Monday mornings for a Friday delivery. And my strategy was to order a combination of fragile produce that I really needed to be able to sell in one session and then other more hearty things that I could buy in greater economy and a little more quantity that would last more than one week. And the doctors told me not to offer beans and corn and really high carb stuff, except at the end of the month when people had less money to spend on food and needed more energy value for the food money they had. And when we packed the food on Friday afternoons, we packed everything in $3.00 increments, which required a little math and some scales. But what we found out is that there's a social justice issue. If everything is the same price on the table, then people who haven't had something in a long time feel like they can afford it again and people will risk trying something new because it's not very expensive. And of course then we stored things overnight in the walk-in refrigerator once they were repackaged. I got up early on Saturday mornings and got there and loaded the stuff on a vehicle and hauled it over to the parking lot. And then my volunteers set up and did the customer service and also gave out recipes and food safety information. Right now we have cash or we have payroll deduction for our hospital people, but I'm working on having SNAP next year because we know we have about 700 families within a six-minute walk to the hospital who need that service. I also did three internal farm stands for the hospital associates and some case pricing on some popular produce from my associates. Next slide. So once the farm stand was up and running, I found out that I could piggyback other programs on top of the basic farm stand thing. And this is where we started our food prescription program. And that was to solve a program that the doctors had at Southern Colorado Family Medicine for their diabetic and obese patients who just couldn't afford the really good food they needed. The doctors were frustrated, the patients were frustrated. So in 2014, our hospital foundation funded 37 scripts for diagnoses of diabetes, obesity, and malnutrition. And what we learned was that $15 a week was the magic amount wholesale because that offered people three servings of healthy fruits and vegetables every day. So that was 21 servings a week that we got into them above and beyond what they were already doing. And it offset the choice people have to make between drug copays and office copays and transportation and food. So one of the unintended consequences was that they really beat a path back to their doctors to get those prescriptions renewed and it solved the 20% no-show rate in our clinic for appointments. So we learned that the docs would write the scripts, that the patients would come and get them filled and that we could track them in the medical record. That was in 2014. And in 2015, we piloted a group with ICHIP and InnovAGE to see if we could get food prescriptions into some of our most medically fragile populations. We increased the farm stand period from 11 to 14 weeks and we increased our sales by 30% this year. And some of the patients were able to get to the farm stand for the InnovAGE people. We packed theirs and actually delivered them to InnovAGE and they went home on the bus with the people. And InnovAGE and ICHIP actually paid up front. They funded the food prescriptions. One was for a diabetic group. One was for an obese group, obesity weight loss group. They had pre, mid, and post farm stand exams and they're crunching the outcomes now because each agency established its own metrics and I'll be really excited to see what that is. Next year, I'm hoping through fundraising to extend it out in Linux to be able to fund hundreds of food prescriptions and I'd really love to fund some at-risk pregnant moms. So if anybody's got money for that out there, I'd sure like to talk to you. Other things that are starting to emerge as a result of this, is the consortium of church gardens and Lois Illek from CSU Extension and Jill Kidd from the public schools are working to help me create classes on food safety practices to help those church gardens alleviate the liability of growing their food and donating it to other organizations. We hope to have some container gardening in homes in Bessemer one of these days. Like I said, I'll have SNAP next year. And I have one church in the north part of town who's interested in being a satellite farm stand provided that my license allows that I've got to research that. So now my big challenge is to provide for some succession planning for sustainability to actually get another human being to assist me and to write an operations manual. And so the lesson I've learned is that if the foundation is solid, other programs will be attracted and can be built on it. Next slide. This is a conclusion to this slide of the castle because we're all trying to get there in different ways. And we've all started in different places. This castle can be gotten to from the road, from the water, from air. And I just want to encourage everybody because no matter where you start, if you understand your assets and you start where your assets are, if we keep sharing ideas and information, we're all going to end up in the same place over time. And if we keep working together, I believe that our population will be much healthier and it'll be much more capable of making better lifestyle choices not only for the current generation but for generations upstream. And that's my story and I'm sticking to it. Thank you, Linda. We hope you do stick to it. And keep on telling your story. So thank you so much, all of you, for the enthusiasm and leadership. We do have plenty of time for questions. We've had a couple of questions come in already. So keep them coming. Before I pass on a couple of questions, I did just want to call out one other really great model that you can jump online and read about. Earlier on, Katie did mention one other fruit and veggie prescription program that we know about that is well established in Colorado. And that is over in Montrose. She mentioned Valley Food Partners. So a collaboration between Valley Food Partners and Live Well Montrose is they have started a local pharmacy program as well. And they're very easy to find. It's a beautiful website. So if this is a model of interest to you, I encourage you also to look them up. Their website is localfarmacyrx.org. And pharmacy is F-A-R-M-A-C-Y. So localfarmacyrx.org. And we can send that out as well when we send out the follow-up slides. But another beautiful example and a beautiful website with lots of great information about how they're actually running another fruit and vegetable prescription program. So we do have a couple of questions that have come in.  You did mention some work support you got from Colorado Department of Agriculture. Are there any other examples about how CDA does support these types of programs? I'm not totally sure. My needs have been very specific. So they were just incredibly supportive in helping me get the produce dealers licensed and processed in record time. And I know they have part of the SNAP process as well. And when I started asking questions about how our local gardens could create an audit process by which they really knew they were practicing best practices like the big production farmers do so that we could kind of guarantee with some confidence that the donations that come from those farms really are safe and healthy, they were incredibly valuable at furnishing me tons of information on that. So you know what I found out? If you just call them and ask, they'll get you to the right people, and they're really on board with us. They really will bend over backwards because they want us to succeed. Absolutely. So one quick thing, too. For SNAP support, you would actually go through the Colorado Department of Human Services. And then for the Department of Agriculture, can you maybe name names or at least departments so folks on the line know who they could reach out to at CDA? Yeah, actually, gentlemen by the name of Mark Gallegos, who's somewhere in northern Colorado. I've spoken to him on the phone and emailed. He's the guy, the go-to guy for the Colorado Protostealers license. And he's the one who actually got me to the right people in human services for the SNAP process. And he was the person who got me all the information I needed to know on the best farm practice audit system. So he was a great guy. Great. Thank you. So another question. Have you seen any changes at Health Sciences? So I think this question is directed to medical school, primarily, about educating doctors and other health professionals about how to engage in programs like this. Has that come up for you yet, Linda? Actually, it's one fascinating thing. You know, we have a medical residency. So we have 18 medical residents. And I guess there's some really big clearinghouse process by which every medical student who's going to be in a medical residency puts in their top three choices and they all go to this big clearinghouse fair where all of the residencies and all of the applicants come and talk. And I got a call last year from one of our residents who was recruiting for Pueblo and she said that the single best recruitment tools they had for doctors and residents was the fact that we had a farm stand going because the new graduates out of medical school are all seriously interested in nutrition. They are interested in farm fresh food. They are interested in food for healing. So out of the six new residents who came this year, three of them were really recruited because we had some kind of food, pharmacy, food stand program going. How about that? That's fabulous. So another question just came in that you already did address Linda, I think. But the question is about why did you, me, the Colorado producer dealer license? So is there anything else you'd want to add to that? Well, no, but I just really will clarify because instead of asking the farmers to donate and giving the food away, we actually were literally buying the produce and reselling it. And we needed a license to be in business, if you will, to be able to do that, just like grocery stores and other businesses are. Fabulous. Okay. Well, we are way ahead of schedule so if there's any last questions anyone wants to get in, we still have plenty of time to do them so please submit them. But I want to thank you all again for participating. As Charlie mentioned, we will send out a link to the recording of this webinar. Oh, and I'll just keep talking because more questions will roll in, that's great. A new question that just popped in is about the role of local extension offices in supporting these programs.  And then, Linda, Katie, is that anything that came up when you did your national research about working with Leningrad University's and Extension offices? Of the Extension offices that are predominantly working in this area, I've seen Penn State out of State College, Pennsylvania. One of the studies that we started with for my independent study this summer was came out of the Penn State Department of Agriculture with the Center for Livable Future. John Hopkins? Yeah, it was Ann Palmer and... Mark Winnie? No. But in any event, they work with their Extension office a little bit, but I haven't found anything extensively as it relates to food and healthcare. Yup. Becky, do you have anything to add about support you get from local Extension offices and any of the work we specifically talked about today? Not specifically what we talked about today, but as far as food safety goes, which I guess Linda did touch on, we do get a lot of support from CFU, Colorado State University, so they do a lot of work with gap certification and on-farm food safety stuff. Yup. Linda, do you have anything to add about Extension's role? Yeah, actually, they were really critical. It sounds small for them to have given us recipes, but when I get recipes for them, I know they're easy to prepare. I trust them because they're tested recipes, and I would never have time to figure that part out. And I'm amazed at how much kale I got down people in the first farm stand. They didn't even know what kale was when they showed up, and because those recipes were there, they actually tried it, and they developed a wonderful flyer on how to safely refrigerate a store and clean farm stand produce, and that was an integral part of our plan for mitigating liability.  I had to really think about every little part of the liability, so having that handout actually was a part of our plan to mitigate our liability and educate people at the same time. Absolutely. So I'm going to ask you to keep going along that same vein, Linda, and there's a question about if you offer cooking classes to help recipients learn how to use the healthy food. And so before you answer, I will just flag that the local pharmacy, our expert in Montrose does that, and there's information about it on their website. But do you want to comment on that as well, Linda? Yeah, I'm green with jealousy because I haven't gotten to that yet. I'm getting to know the cooking matters people here. They actually interacted with the Innovage Group at Innovage and made sure that they had recipes and lessons on how to cook the amazing things that we took to them this year. But that is something I truly, truly hope to get going in the future. I think it is awesome and indispensable. So I'm looking forward to that. Great. And then do you, are there any other national examples that pop up in your mind, Katie, where they integrated nutrition education or cooking classes? Yeah, it's better. DC Greens, the example that I talked about earlier, actually does their fruit and vegetable prescription program in a cohort style, where it's a cohort of patients that get to cooking classes. They go through exercise protocol. There's a little bit more extensive, but the cooking classes are weekly, and I know for the pharmacy program and mantras, they're also weekly and pretty extensive. They do them in a few different churches throughout the county there. Great.  Great questions, y'all. Keep in common, by the way. A question to anyone who's spoken today. To what extent does your work extend to schools? So, Becky or Linda, do you have examples you want to speak to? We have worked with schools a little bit. One of the things that a lot of the school districts require is a HACCP plan, hazardous analysis, and critical control point, and it's a very detailed plan that we haven't put together as AVOG as a group. Once we get our kids in certified, we might move forward with that, but we've worked with some colleges, but as far as elementary schools and local school districts, we have not a whole lot. Okay. And Linda, I know you briefly mentioned working a bit with Jill Kidd, who's a food service director in Pueblo City Schools there. Can you elaborate a little bit more about what a partnership with Jill is looking like right now? Yeah, the partnership is that I'm actually learning from her because she's had an extensive amount of training in best practices and food safety, and so we're using her as a major resource as we reach out to educate our church gardens. One of the things, and they just have their act together so well this year that they didn't need us exactly because they were doing a wonderful job of introducing fresh local produce into the cafeterias. I think they even had some lifestyle posters of some of the farmers, and every day they would put up which farmer grew a lot so that the kids would have a real personal connection with that. So they've had their own programs that have done very, very well. You know what I forgot to mention, you asked a while ago if there were any other national programs. The program that inspired me to do this whole thing comes from Boston University Hospital in Boston. Boston University Medical Center, they have a half-acre farm on one of their skyscraper buildings at the hospital, and they have a full-time farmer on their hospital payroll. Wouldn't I just love that? And they have a half-time economist and a kitchen, and she trains, you see the little bitty kids who are oncology patients going up to pick their food on the roof and coming down to cook it. She works with people who are going into halfway-house situations. She works with cardiac patients. Anybody who needs special dietary training and food preparation, she works with. And you can go to the Boston University Hospital website, and I can't remember what they're called, but it's in prominent place. They have their recipes. They have pictures, and they are there for the use of anybody who wants to learn from their example. So that's another very rich place to go for a model. And we will find that link and send it out when we follow up on this webinar as well. And we have another great question that I'm going to punt to Becky. Before I read the question into the question, we have a webinar on Thursday on food rescue and redistribution. So I'm just going to float that up there to remind everyone. This coming Thursday, we have another webinar. We just want to jam pack in this week, specifically on issue of food rescue redistribution. Remember, 12th this Thursday, 2.30 to 3.30. We will also send a link out, a registration link out, with that to everyone who participated in this webinar as well. But the question is, to Becky, can you explain the reasoning for buying and selling the produce versus donating and distributing? Do you have thoughts on that, Becky? Yeah, we do some donations, but part of it is trying to... Part of what my job is, is keeping our farmers making a living. And so it would be great if we could donate it all. And I know that you can get right off and all that, but these people are just passionate about what they do and they want it to go somewhere that's meaningful. And so I think a lot of our growers do donate, and they do have field-gleaning and food rescues involved with their projects. So it's happening a little bit. It's important for them to make a living. It really is. Mm-hmm. Linda, do you have anything to add to that? Well, my take on it comes from a very different direction. And that is that we're a faith-based hospital and I'm a faith-based person, and our respective denominations actually have done studies and actually have guidelines for us and suggestions that as a faith-based organization, we support local family farms as best we can. So there's a real imperative there from a faith-based perspective to help small farmers, family farms, in the face of competition from huge farms to stay alive and stay well in our food chain. And so that's part of the reason why we purchase our vegetables and then resell rather than asking for donations. The one thing I forgot to mention in that realm is that if I have something left over that's not going to make it, to the next week we have a zero-waste policy with our farm stand. I will take it to the Pueblo City Soup Kitchen so that they can use it. But the vegetables and fruit that we've gotten from AVOC have been so pristine. I think last year we had about 10 pounds of waste in the whole summer this year. It was a little more because the summer got off to a weird start weather-wise and some of the produce was a little more fragile. But we really try for a zero-waste kind of a situation. Great. So we have another great question that I'm going to pass to Katie here about what research studies can we cite when we're persuading an organization about the benefits of implementing a fruit and vegetable prescription program. So good research to back up what we want to do. Sure, there is not a lot of research right now just to put that up front. The best research article that I have found looking at healthy food initiatives that can also support finding different white papers. Those are like strategy documents from hospitals and the like is healthcare sector support for healthy food initiatives. It was written by Jeffrey O'Hara and Ann Palmer. That's the article that I was trying to talk about earlier. I also know that the program that's being done in Montrose is being done in collaboration with the Colorado Foundation, the Health Foundation. So there will be data coming out on that. As for other academic articles, I have a handful of them that I'm happy to pass along to anybody who wants to email me. During my scan this summer, I came across around 20 articles in white papers. So they're not all specific to fruit and vegetable prescription programs, but they do touch on the benefits of healthcare supporting local food systems. Great. And we can include links to some we think may be most relevant when we do a follow-up after this webinar as well. And also, so we wanted to close down here with all of our contact information. Also, you know, just speaking on behalf of Live Well Colorado, we are hosting this webinar, not just because we want to be one and done. It's because we actually want to understand how we can support and grow and evaluate and learn from these kinds of programs and really help them spread across the state of Colorado. So my email is on, this is Wendy. My email is on there as well. Please do reach out to me if you have ideas about how we can be a partner in really learning from and adapting and growing and spreading this work across Colorado. As we all know right now, this work is grant dependent, which I think gets back to that interesting question before about buying and selling versus donating and distributing. These programs really are very grant dependent, and that's not always the most ideal. We'd love to find ways to make these really sustainable, but I think together we can really learn from and grow some of these programs. So anyway, please do contact me if there's more about this talk about. We will follow up with a lot of resources. And Charlie, is there any last closing logistics? There's not. All right. Thank you so much for your participation. Join us on Thursday again if you want to, and you'll be hearing from us soon. All right everybody, good afternoon.


Nigerian ginger production has been on the rise as global ginger markets report of 2021 to 27 exceeded $6.82 billion in 2020. It is expected that the markets will reach $8.46 billion. The key driver of the global ginger market growth according to Global Ginger Markets report 2021 to 2027 is an increasing skin problem. Ginger powders are used in cosmetic industries as add-in fragrance in soap and personal care products. Also, ginger is used as a condiment of flavoring agent in salad dressing, tomato, kachup, sauces, sprinkles or curry dishes according to statistics. German-based international business-intelligent platform, Nigeria, the main producer of ginger in Africa as of 2020, the country produced over 734,000 metric tons. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Are you paying attention to what's going on around us? The enemy is strategizing to keep the church silent in the Gospel at bay. Those who speak truth are often labeled as bigoted, small-minded, or old-fashioned. Persecution is on the rise, but take heart. Even with great pressure coming against the church, it's important that we keep a victorious mindset for Christ has already overcome. The Gospel hasn't lost its power. The Great Commission will not fail. Christ is seated in the highest seat of authority.  Have faith in God. A great harvest of souls is inevitable. The harvest is plentiful, but the laborers are few. So instead of hiding in the corner and waiting for a retreat, advance. Move forward. Spread the Gospel of Jesus Christ in the power of the Holy Spirit.


This is Berry Pomeroy Castle, which is billed as one of the most haunted houses in England. But it's just not. I could only find one ghost here, and I don't think that really qualifies as the most haunted. Follow me for more info.


Today's topic is Geometric Realization of an Abstract Simplicial Complex. Before I begin this one, let me take care of a few more examples that I have listed already, but could not cover. This example we have seen, this example we have seen, but this is also an important example. If you start with a simplicial complex, look at all phases of dimension less than equal to one particular number, say Q, less than or equal to Q. Automatically all the phases of whatever you have taken will be also there. Therefore this will be a sub complex. This sub complex is called the Q dimensional skeleton of K. And the notation is K power bracket Q. For example, when you take F as a simple X, its Q minus one dimensional complex is the previous example, the boundary of F. Only F itself will be omitted. All its proper subsets will be there. Because F is the only Q cell, Q simplex and that will be omitted because I am taking only Q minus one skeleton. So, this example generalizes the previous example that we had here. If you have any simplicial complex, K0, the zero dimensional simplex will be just a set of vertices. The one dimensional skeleton could also be set of vertices if there are no one edges, if there are no one phases. That means the original simplex complex itself is just set of vertices. So, you have to understand this notation carefully. So, here it should be strictly less than Q, right? No, Q dimensional simplex complex will include Q. This Q minus one skeleton, the Q skeleton will include Q also. Okay, zero dimensional skeleton will include only zero dimensional simplex. That means only vertices will be there. One dimensional skeleton will have all the so called edges. The two dimensional skeleton will have triangles and of course edges and vertices. But suppose there are no triangles at all, okay, to begin with, then the two dimensional skeleton, three dimensional skeleton, four dimensional skeleton, whatever you take, it will be just the one dimensional skeleton only. In particular, a Q dimensional skeleton is a sub complex of a Q plus one dimensional skeleton and so on. Okay, I am not saying anything more than that, whatever immediately implies from the definition here, okay? Here is something constructing a new simplex complex out of the world, not just taking sub complex and so on. So, take K1 and K2 two simplex complexes whose vertex sets are V1 and V2 and simplices are S1 and S2, okay? We want to define the join of K1 and K2, okay? This join later on will become a topological join when you take geometric realizations. So, this is not just concocted something, but in principle this is much simpler than the topological join. So, join of K1 and K2 is defined over the set of vertices which is disjoint union of V1 and V2 and nothing more. You have to take all the vertices of V1 and all the vertices of V2 as a disjoint union, okay? Then what is the set of simplices? That is what I have to define. The set of simplices will also take every simplex in K1, namely S1 and every simplex in K2 and take their union. So, F1 union F2 where Fy is run over Si, including the empty set, okay? Remember, Si is included empty set also. In particular, all F1 belonging to S1, they will be there. F2 belong to F2 will be also there. Then their union, disjoint union, because these are treated as disjoint, V1 and V2 disjoint subset, this will also disjoint union, okay? So, this is the simple shell complex on K1 called K1 star K2, the join of K1 with K2. Now, by the very definition, K1 star K2 is K2 star K1. So, this operation itself is, you know, commutative operation because V2 is joined union or V1 disjoint union, they are the same. So, here also. So, that is an obvious thing. Now, if K2 is empty, then what do you get? You will get just V1 here and here you will get S1, okay? So, then you will just get K1 and this is one of the reasons why the topological join X star Y is also defined to be X when Y is empty, okay? If you recall, Y, I have taken that previously. In any case, if K2 is empty, then this is just K1 or K1 is empty, then this is just K2. Now, if K2 is a singleton set, then this becomes very interesting. Suppose, it is a singleton set, V, that means one vertex and only two simplest is empty set and singleton, okay? So, it is a point, it is a single vertex, simple shell complex. Then the join will be what? You can just simply write instead of brackets and all that. It is just the cone over K1. So, this is a definition, okay? The cone over K1. This is a special case, okay? So, what are the, let us have a look at it. What are the simplices in K1? All simplices in K1 will be there. This extra vertex will be there, okay? And for every simplex here, you put this extra vertex also. If this is a K simplex here, you will get a K plus 1 simplex by putting extra vertex, okay? All those things will be there. So, that is the cone over K1, okay? So, this is special case of the join, all right? Similarly, I could have defined the suspension also here. Suspension will be taking double cone, okay? That means I have to take K2 to be just two vertices and no edges, nothing, just two vertices, okay?  That would be a suspension of K1. So, when I want it, I will recall it. There is no need to worry about that. One of the important things which is very obvious here is that the dimension of K1 and K2 is dimension of K1 plus dimension of K2 plus 1. Why did this right hand side is defined? Of course, if anyone of them is infinite, this will be also infinite. In that sense, this equality makes sense, okay? So, let us see how. Look at the top dimension cell here, top dimension simplex here. See that it has, say, it will have dimension of K1 plus 1 elements, right? This will have dimension of K2 plus 1 elements. When you take the union, that will have this plus this plus 1 plus 1. So, this plus this plus 2 elements in it. Therefore, its dimension will be this plus this plus 1, 1 less your take. So, that will be there already. So, dimension of the left hand side has to be at least this much. But it is also equal because if there is any simplex here, okay? It will be made or disjoint enough two things here. Then its dimension has to be dimension of this plus dimension of this plus 1. It has to be less than or equal to 1. So, there will be corresponding simplex is here of the, at least of that dimension, okay? So, if you take, for example, a vertex here and a vertex there, they are zero dimensional. But the joint F1 union F2, that will become one dimensional, 0 plus 0 plus 1. So, from each simplex wise, you can verify this identity. There is one interesting example here which is of importance in many, many, you know, other kinds of mathematics, not within spiritual complexes, okay? So, within topology, of course, yeah, this is called nerve of a covering as it is, as it says. It has something to do with a covering of a topological space. So, that you be a collection of non-empty subsets of a non-empty set, the state or everything non-empty. So, you have subsets of X, each of them is non-empty and you have at least one element in it, one member. We get a simplex complex KU by taking U as the set of vertices.  Not all of them but with the property that their intersection is non-empty, okay? So, if you take empty set here, you would have been in trouble. That is why you would like to have first of all each Ui non-empty, then the intersection must be also non-empty. That is the condition. Then only you will declare this as a simplex. For example, you take two open sets, they are vertices. Will there be an edge provided U and intersection U2 is non-empty? If it is empty, then you will not put any edge there, okay? So, if you take a sub-collection here, that will be also non-empty. Therefore, I mean sub-collection, intersection will be non-empty. Therefore, this is automatically a simplex complex. So, this simplex complex is called narrow of U, okay? When U happens to be an open cover for a topological space, this is defined for any collection of sets. Now, suppose this is an open cover for a topological space X. Its narrow KU plays a central role in topological dimension theory. The dimension of the narrow of a covering is what is used there. Then, ultimately, for an appropriate covering, the dimension of the narrow of the covering will become the dimension of the manifold itself. Okay? So, this is there in dimension theory. I cannot explain it anymore. If you want, you can see this very fantastic book, for every Swalman. Okay? I have also included some exercises from chapter 3 of Spaniard. You can have a look at them also. For us, there is another important thing which can be used in usually, but again, it is not in this course. Namely, in the study of check homology of a space. What is called a check homology? There also it is used. Okay? So, this example is very useful, but in this course, we are not going to use it. Similarly, the, you know, simplicial complexes are being used in many other mathematics, especially in combinatorial algebra and combinatorics itself. And as I have told you, computer scientists use it quite a bit. So, I will give you one more example, which is somewhat dual to this, this construction, but this is more combinatorial, there is no topology here. Okay? You start with any vertex set, okay, of, let V be a, the set of k subsets of a k plus 1. Start with any set. Set is fixed set, but now the set of vertices is k subsets of a k plus n set. We should have something more known. So, let us fix this k plus n. Okay? Then you take k subsets of that one. For example, k plus n may be 3 and then you are only taking all the 2 subsets, 1, 2, 2, 3 and 1, 3. So, if there is 10, okay, then you are taking say k equal to 3 and k plus n is 10. Then what you are taking, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4, like that, all the 3 subsets you are taking. So, that is the set of vertices of this new simplification complex that I am going to define. Okay? Then what are the simplices? The simplices will be subsets v naught, v 1, v r, where v i's are inside v. Each v i's are subsets now, k subsets. Remember that. Okay? Now you take a k subset, r of them, r plus 1 of them, such that intersection is empty, disjoint. If you have taken 1, 2, 3, you cannot take 1, 2, 4. 1, 2, 3, you can take 3, 4, 5. Right? That is why I am told that this is somewhat dual to the previous example. There we took subsets which are, subsets which intersect. Here we are taking v i intersecting v j's empty for each i not equal to j, pairwise disjoint subsets, k subsets of a k plus n set. Okay? If you take a subfamily here, that will also satisfy the same property. Therefore, it will be there. Therefore, k is a simplification complex. Okay? So, this thing arises in pressure's conjecture in combinatorics. And if you are interested in that kind of mathematics, this Loa's paper is a very fine paper. You can read that, 1978. So, let me go to now geometric realization. Okay? This begins with the basic idea of graphs. How do you do graphs? But you have to be careful with whatever you have learnt in graphs, real or not here properly. Okay? So, graphs, you are familiar with drawing them on a piece of paper. When you do that, you get a subspace of R2. Right? In graph theory, the topology of subspace is not used so much. It is a combinatorics. Namely, whether a vertex is an incident at edge and what edge is used to join two observatory systems or that kind of interrelation between edge and vertices is given a lot of importance there. Okay? But you get a topological space there, namely, so start with two vertices and joined by a line. Okay? If V1, V2 is an edge in the graph, that is what you do. Now, consider a one-dimensional simple complex. Okay? One-dimensional means what? There are vertices and there are edges. Okay? One-dimensional simple axis are there, nothing more than that. Let me just look, concentrate on that. To keep the discussion simple, assume that it is a finite also, namely, number of vertices is finite. We can then select as many distinct points of the Euclidean space. Okay? Try to do it in R2. May not be possible. Let us see. Okay? Representing distinct vertices of this case. Okay? We can now join those pairs of vertices for which V i, V j is an edge, is a phase of this capital K. That means V i, V j should appear inside S. Then only we will join them. The only thing that we want to ensure is we would like to have an independent state for this V i, V j. Suppose you join V k and V l and the intersection of these two, you know, they may intersect in the interior of one of those points. I don't want that. Okay? That is not allowed even when you are drawing a graph and so on. So that poses a problem that not all graphs are embeddable in R2, you see. You must, if you have known such a thing. So but you can go to R3, R4, then it is possible to choose such that points have been chosen such that these edges don't intersect. Okay? The line segments should not intersect.  What you get is a geometric object, a subspace of R2. So there is a topology on that. So this is just heuristic idea. We want to make this one more rigorous. Okay? So let us see how. Let us go step by step. Only snag, I told you, is that two line segments, if you have chosen vertices arbitrarily, they may intersect. If they intersect only at the vertices, then there is no problem. But if they intersect in between, that point of intersection should be also declared as a vertex to be fair, to be fair to graph theories. But it is not a vertex in our typical complex. There is no such vertex. That is why you don't want them to be intersecting. Okay? So difference between representing graph and representation of K is only in that fact that we have used only straight lines inside Rn. Okay? So this is not such a great issue. If they intersect, you can slightly bend it so that they don't intersect and get away with that. Namely, take a curve instead of a straight line. Alright? Inside R2, even if you take a curve, it may not be possible. For example, you know that the complete graph on five vertices cannot be drawn on R2. Okay? So that problem will still be there. So in any case, given a K, we have been able to assign a collection of segments in an intermediate space by increasing the dimension of the intermediate. Maybe go to R3, R4 and so on. So after all, this is, I have taken, started with the finite set. Suppose the finite set has n elements, then I can definitely do it in Rn plus 1. Absolutely no problem. So Rn itself I can do. Right? We have done it already. Namely, I can take the standard, what are they? The standard basis elements, e1, e2, en, e3 and so on, any of them and we done it. Then the entire simplicial complex on that one is there already. All the sub complexes will be also there. Over. Alright? So this brings back, brings us back immediately to the geometric and simple as that we have introduced. In a sense, whatever I have told heuristically has already solved this problem. At least for the case when K is finite. Okay? Right? So we are going to do it independent of choice of elements and so on. Some kind of universality should be brought in.  So here are some examples of what is the representation of a graph and a simplex and so on. The first example here is an example of a graph but it is not a simplicial complex. Why? If it is a simplicial complex, these two round edges must have been there. But given two vertices, you can have only one single edge there, v1, v2. So this is not a graph, this is graph fine for some people but this is not a simplicial complex. This is a simplicial complex. This is a one-dimensional simplicial complex with 3 plus 2, 5 vertices, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 edges. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 edges. Right? Okay? This is a one simplex and that is a two simplex and this is the three simplex, the tetrahedral. All right? So in general a simplicial complex will be built out of this, this, this and more higher dimensional things and so on. Okay? We want to define the, we have already defined abstract simplicial complex independent of any pictures or any geometry but we want to come back to the geometry and this process of coming back there must be some canonicalness, there should not be any ambiguity, there should not be any choice, you choose something or he chooses something and so on. That is the kind of thing we want to do. Okay? So let us see how, what are the kind of problems. If k is a two-dimensional simplices also say like v1, v2, v3, k is such a simplex. We then take care that the three vertices are not chosen on a straight line. Right? So this then enables us to fill up the triangle formed by three vertices. Right? So we do this to all two simplexes but again the two simplexes, several two simplexes should not intersect at all. So that also has to be ensured. We have to ensure that two distinct triangles do not overlap. This gives us a subspace of Euclidean space which is the union of number of triangles, lines, etc. Okay? So that is what I have already shown you here. All right? So far whatever idea we have it is possible to avoid some of these ambiguities but there will be some choice after all why you have chosen your definition you may say but my definition has been chosen so that it brings a unification among just all such ideas. So we go back to the affine structure of Rn. All right? In Euclidean space you forget about the origin just think of this as a geometric object moment two points are given the line segment is well defined. It is consisting of t times 3 plus 1 minus t times q the convex hull of these two points. If three non-colonial points are given they define a triangle. Okay? You can say three points always define a triangle but if they are collinear it will be a degenerate triangle so I do not want that. So what is the set of all points inside a triangle?  So I am just recalling whatever we did in affine geometry. Observe that there is a 1-1 correspondence between the set of points t1, t2, t3 inside i3 because these are all elements of i 0, 1 and so three of them will be in i power 3 but summation ti is 1. Okay? So this is this itself is our standard two simple x the joint of e1, e2 and e3 the the convex hull of e1, e2 and e3. Thus a point in the triangle can be thought of as a function now this t function the t1, t2, t3 there are three coordinates of the function. So it is a function from 1, 2, 3 into i. Okay? So t is a function 1, 2, 3 into i t1, t2, t3 combine it with the vertex is here v1, v2, vqr or v1, v2, v3 you get a point of the simplicial complex the triangle here. Right? So t1 plus t2 plus t3 must be 1 that is the condition it is not any function. So these are some of the ideas which go back to algorithmic definition of geometric realization. Okay? Which will bring a remove all ambiguities involved and bring some to reality.  Okay?  Then mod k will denote the set of all functions on the vertex set taking values in the interval 0, 1 such that this notation support alpha means what? All points of v wherein alpha v is not 0 some points of v may go to 0. Right? So this itself is a subset of v it should be a simplex in k that means this set support of alpha must be inside s. Okay? There is a condition on alpha I am not taking all functions this must be good. The second condition is there namely some total of alpha v must be 1 as observed previously. The support must be a simplex the sum total must be 1. The support is a simplex just means that support is finite. I am not assuming v is finite now. The support is simplex automatically implies this is a finite set when you take the sum total is the finite sum because all other v and v alpha v will be 0. If it is not 0 it will be inside this one support of alpha. So second thing makes sense because this left hand side is a finite sum it will be equal to 1. So it is a condition. Look at all these that set is called mod k. So in the simplest case is this is a subset of i raised to v satisfying this condition this condition. So it is a closed subset of i raised to v. i raised to v means. Hello sir. i cross i cross i v times. Hello sir. Yeah. Yeah this alpha are this supposed to be some kind of coordinate function type thing. I have already told you that I have already told you here t1, t2, t3 right. Okay. Any function from v to i is an element of i cross i cross i raised to v v times. Okay. So you should know that product is same thing as functions. Cartesian product is same thing as functions where? On the indexing side. What is the value of the function? It is the ith coordinate. Yes. Okay. So this elementary point set thing that you have known used in point set ecology. Okay. Here I have the extra condition coordinates must be summed up to 1 and each point as finite coordinate only finitely many coordinates are not 0. Okay. So that is the meaning of it. Okay. Okay. So this is the way we are looking at now a simplex, a triangle, an edge. An edge is a function, elements of an edge is a function taking values defined on the vertex set, taking values inside 0, 1. Some total must be 1. So that is the meaning of points between these edges. So this way we are not using any kind of picture but we are still using the algebra and topology and everything of i the interval is 0, 1. So those things are still there. Okay. We should understand that. For each phase s, take of f, phase of the simplex, let us introduce these two notations which will be used again and again. The mod f is or bracket f I have put for just the sake later on I will make it mod f. Okay. Just not to confuse with this mod k. So all alpha belong to mod k such that alpha v is 0 for every v outside f. Okay. So that is mod f. That means the support of v must be contained in f. May not be equal to whole of f. If it is whole of f then this is the open simplex f. This is the definition. Open f. This is closed f. All alpha, so alpha v is 0 for every v outside k minus f. Okay. There is some problem here and not equal to 0 I have put here. What is this? Why? These two things look the same. No. Support of alpha equal to f. Okay. So there is some problem in the first part here. For every v outside it is 0 but not equal to 0 for v inside f. That is what I have to write here. It is same thing as the support of alpha equal to f. This is correct. Okay.  That means those which are contained in here but at least one of the things must be 0 already. That means it is proper. So only those things are boundary of f. Okay. For every f it must be non-zero is this one. Maybe at least one of them extra it may be 0 other than k minus f. One of the vertices of f also advantage. Such things are in the boundary of f. Okay. This f and this open f are called closed simplex and an open simplex. Corresponding to a simplex, abstract simplex, we have a closed simplex and an open simplex. Okay. Respectively and boundary is called the boundary of f. At this stage these are only names. We shall see the relevance of the names closed, open, etc. When you actually see what is the topology we are going to take. Okay. So I will stop here and continue in the next module.


Hello everybody. Welcome back to esoteric Atlanta. Of course, my name is Bryce I wanted to do a quick little video for you guys because I've had a lot of people requesting to practice with me virtually in my Classes on Sunday mornings at sacred garden yoga. And so I spoke with Cindy at sacred garden yoga. You guys all know Cindy She's on the channel a lot And that is now a possibility. So if you would like to practice with me on Sunday mornings You are welcome to do so. So you're going to go to the sacred garden yoga website Which I will put a link to that down in the description box below And you're going to go to the Sunday morning class. So this is going to start Sunday, January 8th this upcoming Sunday This first sign up is for the in-person and then the virtual is right here This is 8 30 a.m. To 10 o'clock a.m. Eastern at a standard time You do need to sign up prior to taking a class. You're going to click this button It's going to take you to the sign up So you'll see next and then you'll actually set up your account so that you can actually be on the zoom for the class now a Disclaimer that I am going to give you guys so if you are if you understand the ashtanga practice meaning you've practiced Ashtanga yoga before so ashtanga yoga is not Vinyasa flow vinyasa flow is fake yoga ashtanga yoga is a lineage-based yoga Just like a yin guard just like seven Honda with ashtanga in my lead primary class usually on Sunday mornings I teach the half the first half of lead primary series and so again, this is not something that I've choreographed This is coming from the old karantha. This is an established practice And so I would definitely recommend for anybody wanting to take this class that you have some experience with ashtanga yoga specifically ashtanga yoga Before you take this class. I will put down in the description box I will also leak ashtanga nurses have primary series So you can see what it is if this is something that you're interested in taking now Here's the thing normally I don't like doing virtual classes because traditionally ashtanga yoga You need the teacher to be there to adjust you However, because so many people have requested it. I am now making this an option Here's the thing though My priority in the lead class is to adjust the students who are actually there in the class And I usually have a pretty packed class So I will be walking by occasionally to check the zoom to see how you guys are doing on zoom This is another reason why I am asking for only people to sign up for this class Who are familiar with the ashtanga practice? So if you've never done ashtanga before this is not the class for you to take Okay, you need to follow along with ashtanga nurses Pre-recorded videos. You're more familiar with it or or even better find a teacher in your area To teach you the first half of primary series before you sign up and start taking this virtual class I hope that makes sense. There's also other classes you can take here at Secret Garden yoga that are not as intense as ashtanga if you want to look at some other classes That's open to everybody virtually Again, this class on Sunday mornings is probably the most advanced class on the schedule So I just want you guys to be fully aware of that before you sign up now for everybody who took my yoga Intensive back in December. You're totally eligible to take this You can ask me any questions that you have about this down in the comment section below and I could try to answer your questions So once again, that's at Sacred Garden yoga 8 30 a.m. To 10 o'clock a.m. Eastern at time so wherever you are in the world So if you live in central time here in America in America up You're an hour behind me that will start at 7 30 a.m. Your time if you're over in England your five hours ahead of me So what that's like 8 30 a.m. Is like 1 30 for you over in the UK 1 30 p.m. So that's what time you will you will take the class So just make sure you've aligned up your times with these times and yeah I hope you guys who want to take it are there and you enjoy it speaking of our online intensive We have a new online intensive that is starting on Sunday, January the 22nd. So There's still some seats open So this course is designed for those new to yoga for those who want to brush up on the ancient philosophy taught through the practice of Yoga, this is a four-week online learning modality designed for all levels This course will be taught by KPGA authorized teacher Bricell is with Watson That's me and will also include two private sessions with a Reiki practitioner Emmy Simpson This course will start on Sunday, January 22nd 2023 at 2 p.m. Eastern time the Sunday class will be for two hours from 2 to 4 p.m. Each Sunday ending on Sunday February 12th during the two-hour class You will go deep into the yoga centers of Patanjali as well as review the chakra system and the Ayurvedic dosha system Each student will receive an online PDF manual the evening before the start of the course along with a zoom link for the day of the Course before the start of the course the student will be required to work to purchase a copy of Sri Swamy Shrutiananda's commentary of the yoga sutras of Patanjali and a link to that book will be provided in a welcome email after Registering for the course. So Sri Swamy Shrutiananda That's my favorite commentary. If you are a avid student of yoga, I would suggest getting all the commentaries I have multiple commentaries. Ram Das has a great commentary Deskachar has a great commentary. Iyengar has a great commentary. I Traditionally like to use Sri Swamy Shrutiananda's commentary because I do feel like his is the best especially for a Broad range of students. So just you guys know the yoga sutras of Patanjali And we're written about 5,000 years ago Sri Swamy Shrutiananda's commentary as well as the other commentaries I mentioned were all written in the 20th century So it's basically just a look at these a deeper look at the sutras So that is the commentary will be working within the course But once again, I would highly recommend people getting multiple commentaries to it's always it's always really good to hear multiple people's Perception, right? So this this the students in this course will also be divided up into two or three smaller groups for Asana our posture work during the week times to be determined by the group This posture work will have a heavy focus on sun salutation Sarayamaskar and the vinyasa count the sun salutations are the basis of all Asana posture work And is an excellent starting point for one's journey into this practice Basically what we did in the last group was I had them at on Wednesdays and Saturdays on top of the Sunday class So I was meeting with the group three times a week The Sunday class was for the philosophy talk the deep lecturing and the Saturday and Wednesday classes were Asana classes posture work and Basically what I did with the last group was I just allowed I didn't divide them into smaller groups I just said whoever can come to these times come and so it was open to everybody in the group And I think that's what I'll probably do going forward. That just seems to be a lot easier To with people's schedules and so that's probably what I will go do going forward So basically with this this four-week intensive you're gonna be working with me three days out of the week out of four weeks Each meeting will be recorded on zoom and a copy sent to each student after class There will also be a recording of Bryce doing sun salutation sent to the group as a way to help each student in his or her Practice during the week. I will put a link to that also in the description box below The zoom so all I record is the two-hour class on Sunday, which is the discussion the lecture I don't record where I don't record the practices with you guys because I want you guys to feel comfortable But the the lectures are recorded and sit to you after after the class is done This will be a high-demand course with homework only serious students should apply There is limited seating due to the private nature and individual attention given to each student because of this There will be no returns or refunds 48 hours before the start of the course the price of the course is $500 This ink also includes two private reiki sessions with Emmy We have incorporated raking into this course for the student to have a better understanding of the energy taught in yoga As well as a better understanding of their body's own ability to help Super important, please note that because this is a study of traditional yoga this course nor its teachers are affiliated with the yoga Alliance we're gonna touch on that a little bit on Monday's episode In my opinion the yoga alliance is completely deep-state cabal. It is not there is no good It is no good. So um, I The serious nature of this so for me as a real yoga teacher a traditional yoga teacher If I were to be associated with the yoga alliance, I would lose my authorization That's how serious they take this over in India. The yoga alliance is hugely offensive To the parm gurus of India. So that should give you a clue as to how corrupt This organization is Nobody can become a yoga teacher in 200 hours. So if you think you could become a yoga teacher in 200 hours I hate to tell you you're being scammed It takes years to become a yoga teacher Just like any profession out there. You have to go to school You have to actually go to a school not go through a training course at your yoga studio yoga Shala you go to an actual school in India. It's not just posture study You're taking deep philosophy classes, chanting classes, Sanskrit classes, all that kind of stuff. So please, please, please don't be duped By any type of scams. Just be very aware knowledge is power and knowledge protects Be knowledgeable about what you're doing if you want to teach yoga Then you need to be looking at going to schools in India shalas in India like KBJ AYI the school that I went to or the shala in Pune, India That's the Iain guard shala all that information is available for you And I promise you what you're paying for a teacher training course to the yoga alliance Will pay for your trip to India and total so so it's it's if you can afford teacher training You can afford to go to India So so I'm just gonna just putting it out there But with that being said if you are somebody that's caught up in the yoga alliance I cannot offer you ours because I'm not affiliated with them nor will I ever be affiliated with them No, no proper yoga teacher is affiliated with them Okay, so just know that in your journey that that's a huge huge red flag right here. This company is a huge red flag Okay, so for payments, you are gonna send the PayPal send it through PayPal. However, I do need you to register Through the shala through a strong yoga Atlanta. That's this courses even though this course is being taught to you virtually on Zoom it is going through a strong yoga Atlanta So I do need your registration through a strong yoga Atlanta so that I know to send you a welcome email So when you send the pay it through PayPal, I don't get notified right away of a register So in order for me to know that I need to send you your manual or know that you've actually Paid for the course and registered for the course. You have to also register here as well If you have any questions regarding this this is the email address, okay? Now I have multiple email addresses associated with my business. I'd be esoteric Atlanta. I have the shadow work email I have this email. Please guys. I keep my email separate for a reason My esoteric Atlanta at gmail.com email address gets bomb-barded with emails that I know I miss emails I know I do because there's so many coming at me all the time that it Emails just get lost so I'm gonna ask you guys Please be respectful this email is only for people interested in the yoga online course If you have questions about the course all that kind of stuff use this email Just so I make sure I get all the emails, okay I don't want any type of truth or stuff or whatever sent to this email because I need to be able to Respond right away to you if you have a question about the online course I don't want to miss your email So make sure that you are being respectful of that and send the truth or stuff to the esoteric Atlanta email and send the shadow works up to the shadow work email just so I can get back to you More proftly right and I don't miss your email Okay, I get thousands of emails daily to the esoteric Atlanta email So I just want to make sure that that's very clear Also people have been asking me about private lessons. So we're gonna offer private lessons again I used to do private lessons all the time. I kind of stopped when I started doing YouTube But I'm gonna do them again. So a one-hour zoom private lesson is 150. You can buy a pack of three Zoom so three three three one-hour classes for three hundreds. It has to be used in one month This saves you $150. You can also split this with a friend So if you want to do like a semi private you can have a friend do it with you and you can split the cost with Them no big deal if you want to do it in person a one-hour in person private will either meet a strong yoga Atlanta or sacred garden yoga That's 200 an hour So please note that for private zoom lessons the focus will be on strengthening exercises based on the yoga practice For in-house private lessons the focus will be primarily on a strong yoga practice unless Specified otherwise by the client for private lessons, please first contact Bryce at Bryce yoga at gmail.com to be scheduled And for payment information to be exchanged, please note all payments should be made in full prior to private lessons So and also my resume is here along with Emmys resume for the Reiki Alright you guys again, if you have any questions, please ask them down in the comment section below I hope to see some of you guys Tomorrow Sunday, January 8th for the virtual half primary series class And I hope that those of you that want to take the online intensive will join us on the 22nd And for those who want to start doing private lessons with me, send me an email at Bryce yoga gmail.com And we can start that rolling for you. Alright you guys. I'll talk to you soon. Bye