Okay, let's start my presentation. Hello everyone, my name is Kinari Deguchi. Thank you for coming on my presentation. I'm a member of Panasonic Automotive Systems Company. I'd like to talk about achieving a software defined match display system with unified HMI. Okay, this is my first presentation at the meeting, so I'd like to introduce myself briefly. I'm working for Panasonic Automotive Systems Company for three years, and I'm focusing on graphic related development, especially display virtualization, a close match display. I like watching baseball games, and this year I went to watch a game at Cauchy & Sturgeon, and I live in Kyoto, so I sometimes go out to Kyoto city for exercise when I have free time. Okay, before I start my presentation, I will introduce the players presentations about a unified HMI that is software-defined match display technology. Our company, Panasonic, have introduced the overview of unified HMI at such as yesterday's Jerry Sun's SDB EG session. Panasonic has contributed to automotive-grade Linux, AGL. AGL is a collaborative open source project that is bringing automakers, suppliers, and technology companies with Linux at its core. In September this year, we integrated some of the features of unified HMI to AGL unified codebase. And today I will talk about detailed main technology on unified HMI and how to use unified HMI that has been integrated into AGL UCB. So by listening to this presentation, you can easily try using some of the features of unified HMI. Okay, let's start my presentation. Agenda is as follows. First, I will talk about why software-defined match display technology unified HMI is needed by automotive industry. Second, I will talk about the clinical overview of unified HMI. Next, I will explain that we have integrated one of the unified HMI components to AGL UCB. Next, I will talk about how to use RVGPU that is integrated to AGL UCB by illustrating sample use case. Finally, I will talk about the future vision of unified HMI and conclude my presentation. Okay, in the first section, I will provide why automotive industry needs unified HMI. First, before my explanation, please watch the unified HMI concept demo video. An open-source display virtualization technology developed by Panasonic. In this demo, we will show how unified HMI enables to design and develop entire cockpit UI and UX efficiently across multiple displays without dependency on hardware. Here is a cockpit UI and UX development environment that virtualizes the physical automotive environment. For example, this environment virtualizes a cockpit consisting of AGL and two Yachto Linux to evaluate the cockpit UI and UX across multiple displays. It's a unified HMI associated layout design tool. It enables to develop cockpit UI and UX across multiple displays in the virtual environment. Take this sample graphic application of the Linux Penguin as an example. If you want to change layout of it, you can flexibly move and rescale the application across multiple displays. You can even design across display animations. Once the layout design is complete, you can easily verify the entire cockpit UI and UX in the virtual cabin environment. Now, you can see the designed animation across multiple displays and operating systems. Last, after verification in the cloud virtual environment, the developed cockpit UI and UX can be seamlessly deployed to the physical ECUs with same binary. In this way, unified HMI enables to efficiently develop entire cockpit UI and UX by anyone, from anywhere, without dependency on physical automotive hardware. Therefore, it greatly contributed to reducing lead time and costs of entire cockpit UI and UX development. Okay, thank you for your, thank you for watching unified HMI demo video. Next, I will introduce tolerance in automotive industry. In recent years, the number of in-vehicle display has been increasing, especially in high-end vehicles. For example, the appearance of head-up display, camera monitoring system, and the digitization of information display, such as meters. This has led to a focus on flexible application display technologies across multiple display. And these technologies are expected to provide new UI and UX possibilities. However, if we want to develop this flexibility using existing graphic frameworks, ad hoc interoperability development of displays for each hardware platform, and it is required, so it is very costly and time-consuming. Therefore, in automotive industry, there are needs for software-defined display framework that separates software from hardware. Okay, we developed a software-defined display virtualization platform based on Bataille GPU called Unified HMI. And Unified HMI allows for flexible development of the entire cockpit and cabin UI and UX, across multiple displays, and it is independent of hardware and OS configuration. The entire cockpit of UI and UX is developed using virtual environment, and it can be seamlessly deployed to physical issue. Okay, and let me introduce some values that Unified HMI can provide for both automotive developers and automotive users. First, automotive developers will be able to agile and software-defined cockpit UI and UX development. And specifically, Unified HMI enables efficient and integrated cockpit UI and UX development and evaluation across multiple displays on virtual environment. It is independent of hardware and OS configuration. And it is scalable to deploy seamlessly to various scale grades and models. And second, automotive users can experience first and personalized evaluation with cockpit UI, UX. And specifically, users can receive upgraded customer experience from frequent over-the-air updates on UI and UX improvements. In addition, flexible cockpit UI and UX able to be customized according to user preference, no matter all the grades and models. Okay, so Unified HMI provide a value mostly for automotive developers, but efficient development using Unified HMI leads to UI and UX experience, which meets user preference. And so it also provides value for automotive users. Okay, next section, I will provide a technical overview of Unified HMI. Unified HMI consists of two main components. The first component is remote battery or GPU device, and we call this RBGPU. It is shown in green box in the figure. And we recently integrated this RBGPU to Azure UCB as a part of Unified HMI features. RBGPU can render application remotely in different SOCs or virtual machines by a network. The second component is distributed display framework. It is shown in yellow box in the figure. This allows flexible layout control of applications across multi-display. And in summary, distributed display framework determines the layout of the applications across multiple display. And RBGPU renders application remotely in different SOCs or virtual machines as needed. And thanks to this system, Unified HMI allows for flexible development of the entire cockpit, UI and UX, across multiple displays, independent of hardware and OS configuration. The following describes these two components in detail. First is RBGPU. RBGPU is a network extension of battery or GPU that is commonly used for GPU virtualization in virtual machines. RBGPU can be further divided into two components. RBGPU proxy presents on the left side and RBGPU renderer, it is present on the right side of the figure. RBGPU proxy transfers the GPU commands generated by OpenGL ES and to other SOCs or virtual machines. And RBGPU renderer receives GPU commands transferred by RBGPU proxy and renders application graphic using that commands. RBGPU also creates virtual input device, such as mouse, touch and keyboard using UI input devices. If you touch remote display, input events can be sent to application via your input device. Okay, next is distributed display framework. As shown in below figure, distributed display framework maps multiple cockpit physical displays into a single large virtual screen. By placing application on the virtual screen, you can control the layout such as placements, sites and display audits, multiple applications. If applications are placed across multi-display on the virtual screen, RBGPU renderers those applications remotely in the corresponding essence sheets or virtual machines. Next section, I will provide the past and the future unified HMIs contribution to AGLE-UGB. In September, we integrated RBGPU, showing the green box. It is already available in the latest version of AGLE-UGB, Blickly Pike. Specific usage of integrated RBGPU on AGLE, we will introduce in the next section. In the future plan, distributed display framework shown in yellow box will be committed by first half of next year. The application shown in blue, it is currently only available for QT application, but will be available for AGLE Flutter applications by second half of next year. And we will continue to make contributions in bringing more advanced features of unified HMI to AGLE-UGB. Okay, next section, I will provide how to use integrated RBGPU features on AGLE. Learning RBGPU on AGLE can be implemented in total seven steps. Those steps contains from preparing your environment to rendering applications remotely. In this section, I will introduce details of those seven steps and focusing on differences from the AGLE official document. Okay, step one is about how to prepare your environment. Next slide to learn RBGPU on AGLE. And in addition, I will talk about flow of RBGPU commands. Currently, RBGPU supports three platforms, X86, Raspberry Pi 4, and AGLE reference hardware. And to use RBGPU, you have to prepare at least two of the above three platforms and use one as the sender and the other as the receiver. And sender and applications are running on the sender and application graphics are rendered in receiver. The sender and receiver can be changed as you like. Even if you don't have any ECU devices and if you only have an Ubuntu PC, you can easily use RBGPU by using Ubuntu PC and X86 emulation. All used platforms must be connected to the same network and accessible by IP address and connection port. The following figure is a flow of RBGPU command. First, learn RBGPU block sheet command on the sender site and learn RBGPU renderer command on the receiver side. And then a virtual DLM device related by a virtual GPU called this CardX here is created and RBGPU is connected to the network. On the sender side, if Western and Wayland applications use this device, CardX, those applications will be rendered in the receiver display. After the transfer, those applications displayed on the receiver can be operated by, for example, touch and keyboard using U-Input devices. Okay, once the environment is ready and step two, it is needed to download the software necessary to learn RBGPU on AGL. First, you need to download the AGL software referring to downloading AGL software section in the AGL official documentation and showing this URL. After that, you have to get the RBGPU recipes which were recently integrated. RBGPU is in the meta-AGL level directory and it is available in master branch or after version 16.0.2, that is the latest version of AGL UCB, Prickly Pike. The software will then be downloaded in the following configuration. In the figure, meta-RBGPU contains the recipe for RBGPU and AGL RBGPU contains the feature to use RBGPU on AGL. Now, the software is downloaded. From step three to step six, it is about build and boot the AGL demo image. Step three, initialize environment variables and path settings in the build environment. If you add the AGL RBGPU feature, when initialized, RBGPU is installed in your build. Step four, customize your build referring to AGL documentation. Here, no specific operations are required. Step five, build your AGL image. Currently, RBGPU supports AGL demo platform and the AGL image Western and so on as AGL demo images. Here is the example command of building AGL demo platform. And step six, once the build of the AGL image is complete, deploy images on each platform you prepared referring to the AGL documentation. Here is the URL of deploying AGL image on x86. Okay, finally, in step seven, I will introduce how to use RBGPU commands. In the use case here, Unified HMI renders sample application that is running on sender to remote display of receiver. Here is an example of an experiment with Ubuntu as the sender and the AGL on each platform as the receiver. Please check our GitHub documentation on how to use RBGPU on Ubuntu. Only main commands are shown here. So, but several setting commands are required to learn RBGPU. And so please check our readme documentation in Meta-RBGPU directory on how to use RBGPU on Azure in details. And first and second commands are learn RBGPU renderer on the receiver side and learn RBGPU proxy on the sender side. And RBGPU proxy specify the window size of application and the receiver's IP address and connection port. And RBGPU renderer specify application window size and connection port. And when these commands are complete, DRMDeviceCard.x is created and RBGPU is connected to the network. Okay, third command learn Western applications with specifying the DRMDeviceCard.x that is created by RBGPU. And the Western application is rendered in the receiver display. And next fourth command learn Wayland application while Western application is being transferred the Wayland application can be rendered in the receiver side. And here you can see that the GLmax application which is not installed in SGL by default. This is rendered in the receiver display. Okay, while application graphic is rendered, application is running on the sender side. This concludes introduction of how to use RBGPU on SGL. But what is described here is just an example. For example, SGL can be configured as a sender to transfer an SGL application to another Linux hardware. And therefore we think that the value of SGL can be enhanced as unified HMI expands. And if you are interested in unified HMI, please try running and playing with it by referring to our GitHub documentation. Okay, final section, I will provide the future vision of unified HMI. We are currently targeting the following three activities to achieve more flexible virtual display framework with unified HMI. The first activity is expansion to support flat application, as mentioned in our activities on SGL. The second is enable applications graphics to render in and out between Linux and the other OS. A currently on remote transfer of application is possible only between Linux's. But in the future, we'd like to support transfer applications from Linux to Android and from Android to Linux. The third is to extend unified HMI to more media, for example, audio and video. Currently only graphics are supported, but in the future, we'd like to expand the media that can be controlled by unified HMI. Let's work together to create an ecosystem to enable new values of UI and UX in the multi-display environment with unified HMI. This QR code is GitHub page about unified HMI. If you are interested in unified HMI, please access it and give it a try. Okay, finally, let me give you a preview of the future development for unified HMI. We are going to show a demonstration about cloud-native unified HMI at AGL booth in CES 2024. The cloud-native unified HMI technology enables designing, developing and validating cockpit UI and UX, without depending on underlying hardware architectures. It empowers developers to rapidly and efficiently create cockpit UI and UX, which leads to software-defined digital cockpit solutions. We are planning to exhibit a demonstration at CES 2024 to show such values, and we'd be delighted to meet you there as well. Okay, I'd like to conclude my presentation here. Thank you for listening. Is there any question or comment? Is there any limitation or minimum requirement for the remote processor or the local processor which is rendering 3D graphics for, I don't know, having glitchless communication and no delay and no lag? Okay, thank you for your question. There is a minimum limitation. For example, using ECUs include the virtual IO and graph drawing performance will be decreased such as frame rate, network speed, by depending on using applications or network environment. But the performance will be, for example, frame rate is maintained on 60 FPS. So in automotive quality, this limitation is so... It is sure that there is a limitation for performance, but it is a useful technology, I think. Okay, so... Let me give you some follow-up explanation. So I think regarding your question, so basically two points need to be considered. The first one is the connection between the two ECUs. So you need to probably enable a high-speed Ethernet so that the communication itself is smooth. The second one is that when you're checking the architecture, actually it's transferring the GPU commands or say the OpenGL commands. So that means when your original data has... Original rendering contents has a lot of texture. So in that case, probably the performance, there will be some overhead. But for most of the cases, it should be guaranteed with the 60 FPS. Hi, so thank you for your presentation. And I just want to clarify the minimum... Like the previous gentleman said, the minimum required specs of CPU and because the old rendering of the one unified HMI is done on the server-side CPU and the rest of CPU is just receiving the image. Is that correct? The unified HMI depends on GPU performance. So CPU performance is so... Yeah, GPU performance. Yeah. So only the server-side CPU, SOC, is related to rendering the whole frame buffers of the image. Is that correct? Yeah, CPU... Yes, it is correct, so... Remote ECU. So it will be the GPU on the remote side where we render the contents. But the application itself is running at the local ECU. So that means you still need computing resources on the center-side. Yeah, so on the receiver-side, we still can utilize the DRM device as a rendering device. Thank you. Is there any more questions? Okay, there is no question. I conclude my presentation. Thank you.


I will explain about the file system structure now, go to applications, then accessories and here you will see a terminal tab, click on that, you will get the terminal. Now do ls space slash, okay after opening the terminal type ls space slash, it will give the root hierarchy of the installation. So as you can see there are many directories such as bin and mnt proc, so I will explain each of these one by one. So as you can see there is a directory bin, all the binary files are in this directory, these are executable files, the next one you can see is where, slash where will be there, all the log files are the variables that is log files will be stored in this directory, then there is directory called home. So if you do ls space slash home, you will see the home directory of the user you have just installed, you have just configured, these are the files by default created in your home directory. Then do ls space slash, you will see a directory called etc, ls just do ls space slash etc enter, these are the configuration files of the system installation, will not go into details of what these files are there for what, do clear screen using clear command. Then ls space slash, you will see a folder called proc, so do ls space slash proc, these are the files where the system information is stored. For example do cat space slash proc slash version, if you then you can see the information about current version of the Linux you have just installed, so there are various files in this proc directory, where you can see different system information, there is one more directory called boot, do ls slash boot, these are the files which are loaded at the boot time, the kernel files are there, so that kernel will be loaded at the boot time, there will be one more directory in the slash that is called lib, do ls space slash lib, all the library files will be stored in this directory, then there is one more directory called tmp in the slash, the temporary files which are created will be stored here and these get deleted automatically, so if you do ls space slash tmp and enter, you will see these files. One more thing is at the boot time there are some services like networking and all are started, so these services are listed in this file slash etc slash init dot d, do ls on this directory and you will see a listing, these are the services started at the boot time, so till now you have created only one user at the time of installation, suppose you want to create more users, so how do we do that, there is a command called add user, you can use it as follows, as you have logged in using different user than root, you have to use sudo command, type sudo space add user sudo space add user space any user name and type enter, it will ask for a password, you enter the password of your current user, then it will ask for new unix password for the user which we are going to create, so enter a password, it will again ask for re-typing the same password, then it will ask for few details such as full name, you can enter the details or keep it blank by pressing enter, at the end it will ask whether the information you have given is correct, press y and then enter, now a new user will be is created in the system, you can check this user by going to ls space slash home slash user, your new user name, so every time you create a new user, its home directory will be created in the slash home directory, as you have already seen slash home will contain the previous user and the new user you have just created, you can check it with using this command ls space slash home, okay next thing, now where the passwords are getting stored, so there is a file, you can open it with WIM, WIM space slash etc, space slash past WD, open this file, okay where the passwords are stored, you are creating a user and the password, you are specifying a password, so where these passwords are stored, so there is a file called slash etc slash past WD, you open that file using WIM command, so VIM space slash etc space past WD, so here you can see the user root in the first line, then the users you have just created at the end, at the end of file, so here I have just created the user Nishan, so at the last line it will say this user and there is more information such as which is the home directory for Nishan, which is the shell it is using, the bash shell and as you know on Linux only hash of the password is stored and that too is not shown, thus it is not stored directly in the password file, if you are done with this file there is one more file called slash etc slash shadow, for getting out of this file you press shift colon Q enter, you have to do pseudo space WIM space slash etc slash shadow and here at the end you will see the new user you have just created and the hash of this password is stored in the second field, so you will never get a clean text password of any user, Linux always stores the hash of this password, there is one more way in which you can create a new user with using UI, click on system go to administration, there you will find at the end users and groups, click on that you have to click on unlock and enter the root password then press authenticate, so here you will see the users you have just created, there is one more option like add user, if you want to create a new user you can press on add user, it will ask for some user name enter a different user name you can left the contact information fields blank, enter password in the user password field for the confirmation you have to re-enter the password and then click on okay, so after clicking okay you can see in the new user getting added to this user listing at the end, so now these are the local users that we have created, there is one more option like suppose we have to delete the user after we do not want that user to exist anymore, so you can select the user you do not select the user that you have first created that is at the time of installation, so select any other user than that click on delete, so here this user will be deleted as you can see from the user listing, close this window, there is one more way in which you can delete the user with command line option, the command is called del user and the command line type del user space, now type the user you are just created with using add user command press enter, you have to use pseudo option before del user, so pseudo space del user space the user name, so it will give the message user is removed, type ls space home it will still show the home directory of the users you are just deleted that is because we have not used the option of del user to remove the home directory also, so by default it retains the home directory and all the files in the home directory will be retained, so if you want to delete the home directory also there is one option that you can see using man command, type man space del user, there is this option called remove home to get out of this page press Q, now if you use this option del user space remove home space the user name, as I have already deleted this user I cannot use this option anymore, but if earlier if you had used this option it would have deleted the home directory also, as I did not use the remove home option the home directories are still retained, so now you want to delete the home directories, so how do we do that the command is called rm it removes the files, so type rm space minus r space and the directory which you want to delete that is the home directories slash home and your user name will be your home directory, so give that path here press enter, again you have to use sudo sudo space rm space minus r space the directory path, when you press enter the directory will be deleted, you can check it using ls space slash home it will not list the directory which we have just deleted, minus r is the option used with rm command that will recursively delete the all the directories that might be there in the directory that we are specifying.


Well, it may be early to start your Christmas shopping, but for some the deadline is approaching fast. Our Josh Peterson introduces us to Operation Christmas Child. The sights and sounds of Christmas are popping up just about everywhere you go. But for some, the Christmas shopping deadline is coming up fast. Operation Christmas Child's purpose is to bring Christmas to all kids all over the world who may never have had the experience of opening up a Christmas gift. Boxes, approximately the size of shoeboxes, it can be plastic or cardboard, to send gifts around the world to kind of spread the gospel. At Hobby Lobby stores, plastic totes the size of shoeboxes are available and throughout the store, areas are labeled with Christmas Child markers, recommending an ideal gift to add to your shoebox. Now to send a shoebox full of Christmas joy around the world is easy. Simply find a shoebox size box, fill it with items for a young boy or girl, and add a donation of $7. Your efforts are sure to make a Christmas morning a lot brighter for some lucky boy or girl. At Bemidji's First Lutheran Church, a shoebox packing session was held, filling and wrapping over 90 boxes, but this church takes it a step further. Half the boxes will include a handmade book bag, but the other half will include hats and mittens, because half of the boxes will be given out locally. Well, we like to support not only ministries, but also to keep it local. First Lutheran Church knows firsthand the shoeboxes are appreciated. Recently, a letter from a shoebox recipient in Africa was sent to the Bemidji Church. One of those boxes a girl in Africa had received, and she wrote back to that particular girl and just described herself and told her a little about her life and thanked us very much for sending that box to her. For some, it's not only the gifts that make it all worthwhile, it's the idea of spreading Christmas cheer and the gospel. Our owner of our company is really big on spreading the gospel around the world, and so that's why he felt it was a good organization to get connected with. Operation Christmas Child's National Collection Week will be held the week of November 14th through the 21st. With this week's community spotlight in Bemidji, I'm Josh Peterson, Lakeland News. And for more information about Operation Christmas Child drop-off locations, you can visit SamaritanPers.org. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


What's going on you guys? Rafe de Rossi here, and I just wanted to do a little update since I Posted the video about a month ago about which competition. I'm gonna be prepping for so good news bad news Bad news is that I won't be able to compete in that competition I believe it was the first or second weekend of August So what I didn't realize is that there is a limited number of shows that as a pro you can compete in this is gonna be my first Pro men's physique bodybuilding competition So I've never done it before and I just assumed I could basically pick a competition like I always had Previously as an amateur and then just go to that show and compete as a pro So it wasn't until I was trying to register and sign up for the competition that I realized Oh, I can't I can't compete on this date So that's when I looked at the list of available dates for the pro competitors And I went over, you know, I was trying to at first I was trying to pick a date that was really close to it so that I could make it work but in the end, you know considering things like convenience how far or close the competition is and Factoring costs of travel and stuff like that as well as just all the other things going on in my life with timing and all that I've settled on a new competition date. So that's the good news. The good news is I've Secured a competition date where I can compete as a pro and it's actually really cool because previously unbeknownst to me for the first time ever INBA PNBA That's the Federation that I'm competing for is gonna hold their competition in Muscle Beach That's in Venice, California as most of you know Muscle Beach is very very famous for bodybuilding bodybuilding history There's still plenty of competitions that go on there and that's where the famous Gold's Gym The Mecca is located. So they're gonna be having their first ever Tested event at Muscle Beach Ironman magazine will be there covering it as well Ironman magazine is a big bodybuilding magazine and they have recently Switched over to covering and focusing their energy on natural athletes, which I think is really cool And I think that's something that the industry needs to move towards more and more in order to maintain respect and credibility In the industry as a sport and especially if we want to be recognized as an Olympic level sport So that's why INBA PNBA has Olympic level drug testing We're gonna be doing that at Venice Beach Muscle Beach covered by Ironman magazine. I think that's really awesome I think the competition therefore is gonna be really really big because it's a first and it's a really cool and it's great exposure so Honestly, I'm not not it's not even on my radar to win. I just I would I would be Amazed if I placed if I was like top five. I would be really really proud of myself There's a lot of veteran pro athletes that just look absolutely incredible And who knows what international competitors will show up as well and they're just adding more talent to the mix So I think that's really cool I think it's really great event to be a part of it's historic in a lot of ways. So that's the event I'm gonna prep for I'm gonna be starting that with my coach starting July So just after I get back from world pride in New York and I will most certainly keep you updated on my prep Now that we're starting up in July Stick around this is gonna be a really cool prep and a really cool show at the very end. All right guys. Peace


All right. I think I really get started. Hi, everyone. My name is Nicolas Beaus. I'm director of operation engineering at Adobe for the Adobe Advertising Cloud. I'm here to talk a little bit about our OpenStack journey and what lead us to cloud bursting and all this exciting stuff. So first, let me introduce briefly what is Adobe Advertising Cloud. And it's really the industry first and platform that allows you to manage advertising from traditional TV to any digital format. It will make it simple to deliver video, display, search advertising across any screen and in any format. And what I want to talk about specifically today is one part that is called programmatic ad buying. So that's one specific part that came up over the years. And that's really what this platform is about and what this talk is going to discuss. So originally, most of the ad on this industry has been bought through a complex manual process, RFP, IOS. And you can see the sales guys doing a bunch of facts and trying to get inventory on some website and sell that to some clients. And even so, the ad delivery was in some way automated. There was still a very heavy sales process going on. Nowadays, it's a fully software-based. And you can see that as a stock marketplace where you go on the website, you have a video. Well, the ad you may see before seeing your video is going to be a real-time bidding process where a different service will be called and tell us, like, oh, is there is this user going to see this video? And you have to make the decision in process to say, OK, I want to bid on this. I want to bid on this user, and I want to show this specific ad. And depending on your bid, depending on the competition, you may win or lose the auction. It's very transformative. It does mean there is a lot going on nowadays and on all those platforms. And what it means is a lot of exacting technical change for us. One of them is definitely latency. You have to be able to deliver and make your decision in process in a few milliseconds, 95 percentile generate around, like, 50 milliseconds. So you have enough room for network or something like that. But so it does put some different change on what you're doing. It's also high-volume traffic. We are processing hundreds of billions of requests every day. There are really, like, all those web requests we are getting from that get transformed, like, in ad auction. And all those ad auctions are coming to us, and we have to make decisions, like, do we want to bid on, do we care about this user, or do we have, like, an ad to show to this user or not? And to make our decision, we have to store, like, huge data set. We have a lot of information, a lot of object to store, a billion of objects. You can see that as cookies or device ID and things like that. That are used to allow us to target users to decide in which segment you may be in and which ad will be the most relevant to you. So all this, like, presents, like, new set of challenge to be able to provide a relevant ad quickly to the user. And we started all that in public cloud. And public cloud can be very helpful, but it can be very annoying to, as you grow, as you have to manage such huge volume, controlling costs become a real pain. Each cloud provider may have a different way of measuring costs. You may have, like, a hard time to build, like, a relevant projection. It can get very cumbersome. And you lose quite a bit of visibility and technical limitation on our performance. You kind of have to do a lot of iteration to understand, like, packet per second limitation or any resource stolen by a noisy neighbor or thing like that. Especially if there is any incident or network problem or stuff like that, it may become, like, even more harder to troubleshoot and try to analyze. And then from there, it's kind of become a blame game between your provider and yourself and trying to figure out, like, what is the best strategy? Like, there was a knowledge you suffer from.  You can't necessarily do that in all use case. If you are dependent on latency, you can't easily think about multi-region, for example. So you need to find a solution to those problems or you can still serve your business but considering some of the limitation you may have. Private Cloud works. I mean, you are in control of everything. You know everything and you perform the best. At least that's what you want from a private cloud. So you may start looking at private cloud and that's where you want to be. And that's very natural thinking process. You can think you can do better. But the idea is that you will most likely end up with some hybrid cloud where you try to leverage, like, what you are building in ours. You have some data center, bare metal deployment. You have some solution on a public cloud provider. And you try to leverage, like, depending on the use case, you try to leverage the best solution for each platform. And you may end up with very siloed infrastructures that may become hard to manage, may work for some use case. But as your platform grows, it's become less obvious that you benefit of each solution and you have a really standardized infrastructure and automated infrastructure. So with private cloud, there is some scaling challenge that came to it. And the obvious one is, like, you can't scale quickly enough.  So it's become a new problem or old problem if you were already in a data center before. And if you make that up, it's really impact your stability and your growth. And that's something you don't necessarily want to try it on. So from there, you obviously want to implement cloud bursting. That is, like, what could be the natural thought to have. Like, OK, I have my core in ours. I have all this bare metal server. I have built my private cloud. But I still want to be able to bear some workload because I have seasonal traffic or things like that. So you want cloud bursting to quickly overflow your computer sources on public cloud, whatever is a public cloud you chose. That will help you mitigate, like, a controlled peak of traffic, seasonal traffic, and things like that. And it will give you some buffer for procurement data. So you still want to have your core in ours. But you know that it may take, like, three months, six months, depending on the market. If you have SSDs that are out of stock or whatever. So you have to factor all these details that are complicated and annoying. And the business doesn't really care about that. If you have to deliver a service. So the buffer is useful. But that's not that easy to do. And overflowing is that's a picture of the Orville Dam in California. I don't know if you follow this story. But after, like, 60 years or something like that, that's the first time they use this spillway. It's kind of a disaster. And it's very hard to build right. It's not something you want to use all the time. It's really like your safety net in some way. And it can be very costly to operate. At least at the beginning, you think it's a good option. But then you can realize that it's not that cheap to operate. So what I'm going to do is to go a little bit more inside our journey on what we did, what bring us to do a cloud bursting with the advertising cloud. And to us, it's really a journey about infrastructure automation. It's more than just open stack or cloud bursting or private versus public cloud. It's really how we automate our infrastructure. And now we scale the service to best serve our client. So the cloud journey started in 2011 with just an ideation that was mostly driven by cost and performance. And at the time, public cloud was definitely already a standard. But there was a lot of changes. Not everything was there. EBS was just starting to get there for Amazon. I think VPC was not even there or just starting to be there. On the private cloud solution, there was a lot of open source project coming up, like a Calib2, OpenNabila, OpenStack, CloudStack. So everybody was thinking about it. And 2012, we tried to evaluate that. We were more and more excited about it because all the technical challenge we were facing on trying to address with our public cloud provider, we were not able to address them in a meaningful way. And we are still growing. So we have been trying to evaluate Calib2. And we were looking at EC2 compatibilities. The API compatibility was very important for us at that time. And the reality is that we were not able to do meaningful progress on this. It does require a lot of effort. In 2013, we chose to have some vendors helping us, trying to go on the Zingam model, which was heavily based on CloudStack at the time. But when we did that, that was kind of a big failure. We were not very excited about what we were getting. We didn't see any cost saving. We didn't see how we could get the technical solution we were looking for. So there was no way we moved further on that. And at the time, OpenStack took more. The community was growing. And there were real appeal to look at that. All this modularity of OpenStack gave us the confidence that we could probably find the technical solution we were looking for. So we started to look at that. 2014 was really the do-it-yourself. That's where we started to design and build our infrastructure to fit our need. And that's really what drive the rest of the journey. So we built something that is meaningful for us. And we had to stick to the core. We had challenged with any block storage solution. But we went through this. Well, in 2015, we got our first production cluster deployed. That was a make-it-work moment. There was definitely challenges. But at the end, we were able to find good success in this deployment. But we had to accept some reality of this. We totally give up on the easy to compatibility. There was no real point for us to do that anymore. Having multiple API to deal with, that's not that much a big deal. It's easy to automate, to build your wrapper or your tooling. And as the year goes on, you know that there is new tools that allow you to do that even more easily, tools like Terraform and things like that. 2016, we grew even more. We added three more data center locations. We spent a lot of time scaling, automating. And we did a lot of iteration to really understand, to improve the platform, to make sure we can scale that. And so we went through this journey with some very specific philosophy. We are not an IT shop. We are not here to build an open-stack solution. We can resale to someone. That's not our core business. The time to muggle was a small startup growing fast. We are no part of the Adobe Advertising Cloud and supporting this growth. We had to be very lean. We didn't have 100 people to manage this solution. That came from three people working together like overnight and trying to build a solution that worked for our need. So we were really embracing this value of doing a lot with a little. And we didn't really care about what was nice to do, what was a fancy or last training option for open-stack. That was really like, how it's going to serve our problem and solve our problem. We wanted to really, really embrace the approach of Kettle and not pet. When we look at the infrastructure, we want to deploy. We were not talking about deploying two or three servers in our rack somewhere. We really took an approach of what we were designing was a full set of full racks that we designed end to end and make sure that when we deliver to the data center, it's a full rack that is delivered. With our minimum footprint was actually two rack at the time. And that's a strong commitment because it does mean like if our need was lower that this amount of server, then we will stick to a public cloud. And that's very important. And the other element that we keep moving with is a continuously every aspect. We want to automate everything. Being a lean operation team, being few people, we can't afford to not automate anything. We have to make things easy to rebuild, to repeat, to iterate on so everything is needed to be automated. All our bare metal, all our open-stack deployment is free done like push button, almost kind of deployment. What we have today is a six open-stack location. We are in six geographic. And we have this multi-cloud kind of philosophy where some of this physical open-stack deployment are actually a mix of bare metal, open-stack, and also like public cloud solution where we really try to integrate all this together and take the best of each one. I'll get in a bit more detail soon. Some of the challenge with that is really that there's a long learning curve that was needed. I think nowadays it's much easier because there is way more like collective knowledge on what can be done, how it can be done. But it's still like a huge learning curve, especially to deploy like an open-stack infrastructure. The complexity of deployment of grade or patching is also like a big challenge. You really need to put an excessive amount of effort to automate from your pixie deployment to your configuration management on open-stack and the release or the management of your VM all that need to be thought through. And the other challenge is that there is a lot of immature options. There is a lot of things that just doesn't work. Or doesn't work for your use case. And that's where it's become very critical, like understanding your use case. So some stuff that we thought we wanted and we gave up on was the cloud API compatibility. In my opinion, it's something that is kind of an utopia and it's really not necessary. At the end, each cloud provider, each cloud solution has their own versions, their own tech on how to do things. So trying to abstract that with a different API code kind of abstracts the performance or the challenge you will have at the end. So in my opinion, it's just better to acknowledge that and deal with it. You will have different behavior on different cloud provider, on your private solution, on your bare metal, on your VM, depending on how you configure them. You need to consider all those parameters. And the big challenge for private deployment is really that there is no mature, on-premise block storage solution. Unless you are going to buy something from a vendor or buy something expensive or have like an army of people working on it to build something stable, you will have a lot of change for that. So going through the journey for us was really to stick to the core of OpenStack, keep it simple. We could not afford to try to build like a specific deployment to start looking at ironic or other stuff. It was not what we were trying to do. Having a simple network design to scale and innovate and iterate quickly, that was also like critical to us. We leveraged VLANs easily, which allowed us to have like our bare metal server and our VMs to communicate together easily without necessarily having some extra layer of management. We keep our operation very lean. We do leverage of VAR. It's very important to get the value added of your VAR. If you don't have that, you are just getting a reseller and that's pointless. For us, they do the full work, they make sure that the color coding is there, they make sure the labeling is there, they make sure that the cable are in the white part and when they don't do that, it gets us upset, obviously, but that's what we expect from a VAR. And that's important because we want to deliver a full work. We don't want to go back and say, oh, this server, we need to add a bit more memory, we want to add a bit more disk. It's just become we are there to operate and if we are at this point of not knowing what one server needs and not standardize globalism, we are better off going on public cloud and change our image from time to time and stone-style, things like that. And the other thing is that we did acknowledge that we are not in the 90s anymore. We really tried to leverage any of the technology of the time and try to embrace what was working and how we can get our infrastructure fully automated. So there is a lot of code. Our world pipeline is a CI CD pipeline where we can code and automate everything. We leverage a lot like configuration management tools, full Jenkins workflow and things like that. Some of the outcome were like an observed saving of 30% cost saving on a reduced server footprint. I heard this morning during the keynote, someone mentioning a 75% cost saving. I don't know how those people dance. We didn't see that and when we look at the number and when we are fair with our public cloud provider, that means when we include like the headcorns that need to be added to building your private cloud solutions there in the effort, we only end up to a 30% cost saving. It's still very significant when you spend a lot of money every month. 30% can mean a lot. But you have to be fair and think about the engineering effort you put in it. It's not just the OPEX. It's really like also the human resources and all the investment you have to do and keep doing to improve your infrastructure. So you need to keep the ongoing air in the effort to make sure your platform is living and evolving. It did give us like clear visibility on what is going on on our stack. We did learn a lot about our own applications, things that we were not able to know and learn easily with a public cloud. We understand better our workload or network traffic, some of the bottleneck, things that were kind of hiding or hard to catch. We know are able to find them more easily. The real bottom line is that you need like a strong technical need for it. It can't be just cost driven because in many cases 30% cost saving may not be enough compared to the opportunity or loss of opportunity to not move faster. So you really need to have like a compelling use case for you. And we cannot add that, but now we have new challenges. That's hyper-growth and seasonal traffic peak. Being in a house may not allow us to answer that. We have difficult time to do like proper capacity planning. When you grow quickly, when your use case changes, you have like new features being deployed. You have a big advertising traffic season. It's become very hard to predict how the business is going to do and you obviously wanted to do like better every time. And you know that you have long delay to procure hardware. So if you know that next week, if two days a business guy come to tell me like, hey, we have a big deal coming and we are going to triple business like tomorrow or next week, I won't be able to solve this problem with my private cloud deployment unless I plan like huge buffer. So that's where we wanted to really implement cloud bursting and make it a reality for us. So we can still answer the business use case and can be still able to move with the business and not prevent the business to grow. So we identified like the compute candidate for us that were able to burst and that's really in our use case, it's the bidding system or the bidder on the ad-serving system that are the legitimate candidates. We did a POC to validate the feasibility and the POC was very, very straightforward. That was basically just a VM on AWS VPC, a bare metal server, SSHL2 tunnel, everything on the same network. And we just put that in our load manager in house and we send the traffic to it and look what's going on. We know that we'll have more latency. We know that things will happen but it allows us to correct metrics and really understand what we are going to get if we want to scale that. It's going to be the impact. Can we truly do cloud bursting? So it was very important for us to measure this service impact. Are we able to deliver the service? Does every cloud provider can answer this need? If they are like in Oregon and we are in San Jose in California, we may have like too much latency. So how do we do that? Measuring this data was critical. It allows us to build it at scale and the reality for us, like if we wanted to be able to burst like 20 to 30% of our workload, well, we needed like a 10 gig AWS Direct Connect always on basically. We had to commit to that. So that's become a new baseline on our infrastructure. If you want to have bursting capability, we need to have this link ready to be used at any time. That means you start paying for the 10 gig port every month. 10.7 if you don't use your bursting capabilities. We link that directly to our OpenStack network. We just play with some routing and we have like a fully AWS VPC that is just dedicated to our bursting and that's the one on which we are going to provision our new compute nodes. We automate all the scanning we still have like in new eras with the new tools that are available to us. We try to leverage that and improve our system every time. Terraform make it very easy for us to deploy like a new set of resources in AWS VPC. And the only thing left to be done on our side is just making sure our CI CD pipelines that deploy the application is still working to be able to deploy in a seemingly less way. Anyway, to deploy easily to the AWS VPC. And from there we have like a cloud bursting solution but there is still some limit and I kind of touch on them. You have to understand the constraint of cloud bursting. And the network is probably becoming the biggest one. Depending on how your private deployment or data center deployment is made you may have like 1 gig, 10 gig, 20 or 100 gig packed but this has a hard limit on how much you can put through and your public cloud provider will have this one limit too. I believe the virtual gateway on Amazon some limit on how much bandwidth you can put through if you try to leverage AWS VPN solution you will have even like smaller limitation I think the limit to 1 gig or something like that. So there is different use case like how you are going to implement it keep it very simple and really understand those blockers or those new limits that may not be like just the CPU or the end balance and how your compute is going to perform on this cloud. Kind of a moot point if you can't even get the traffic going there. Latency is going to be a big one and the other one is going to be to understand the cost. If you have like a commitment for a direct connect with Amazon you pay the part, that's great. But then when you start bursting you also need to pay for the bandwidth and that's not bandwidth per gigabit it's going to be the total bandwidth transferred and this can be very pricey at some point. So you really need to understand like what am I getting is a business case where it's there. The good thing is that at least for us it allows us to burst as we need but it's very important to continue to measure service impact not all service like we have some of our service where the bidding latency is so critical we can't burst on it we need that to be close to our data store so 2-3 millisecond extra going to our cloud provider will be a killer for this workload so we need to make sure we measure constantly and understand like as the application changes as the interaction with the other backend service and change we need to constantly revisit and monitor that to make sure that we are bursting services that are okay to burst. So here we are now, 2017 we expanded our footprint to 2 new data center locations in US we implemented cloud bursting as I mentioned in a very simple way and lean way like we have done all the time and we start to leverage Terraform and now I think our next step and now we are going to move with our time is really around like SDN containers that's kind of things that we haven't figured out on our side but we know that at one point we need to be able to deliver this kind of solution to our engineering team to make sure they can keep moving the product forward the bottom line to me it's really about infrastructure automation it's more than just open stack it's more than a container or like private or public cloud it's really about how you automate your infrastructure and to us it's really like automate everything code everything including the network there shouldn't be any hesitation on that and all your hardware like software, rack and roll if you really get stuck in this idea of like going to change the memory or the disk of one specific server you will not succeed in like a private or hybrid cloud solution you really need to standardize your hardware what was hard before is no way easier and I think it's important to acknowledge what may feel like a failure there was like discussions this morning or like failure of the private cloud I think today it's way easier to do and that's probably an opportunity to look at business use case and make sure that you leverage a new technology to do that at the end I think it's very important to not lose yourself in a tech trend it's very easy to try to get everything you need to understand your business use case because at the end if you are not in my t-shirt if you are not here to build like a storage solution or a compute solution or a public cloud you are here to delight your customer and you are here to really serve like the business solutions they expect from you and that's where we have been focusing a lot and that has been our motto for a while and that's it any question? yes you mentioned briefly that some of your applications require some data is input when you run these workloads in the public cloud how do you deal with moving data back and forth and that was the biggest limitation we saw and that's something that requires strong collaboration with the engineering team because we have this back and forth to this big data store we use AeroSpike for our big SQL storage solution so when you have your compute node bursting in a public cloud and you have like all your AeroSpike code going back you add up like 10 millisecond latency just for like one or two calls so that's definitely one of the parameters and that's why we can't burst every workload only the one that is okay to have like a smaller a little bit higher latency is okay and the effort for us now is really to work and bring this data to the engineering team and try to be creative like how we can change the application to consider this use case should we have like some copy of this data in the public cloud so instead of going back it will just use it in the public cloud where we are bursting that's definitely something we are looking at and that's one of the challenge of cloud bursting so how often do you burst how long does it take and what's the biggest challenge we started to do cloud bursting like three or four months ago and since then we always have something bursting because we didn't necessarily do the proper capacity planning so right now I will say we are bursting all the time but the ultimate goal is really to just keep that as a mitigation plan and more like for Q4 season where we have like high peak traffic and that's not something we expect to use like for a daily peak for example that's really like for a big seasonal peak so what do you find the biggest challenge in doing that since you've been doing it for three or four months so the biggest challenge is definitely not like putting it in place I think the biggest challenge is to keep this measure of like the back and forth data like your application is really the driver and how efficient and how realistic is cloud bursting and that's where like having this discussion and bringing that back to the engineering team to see what are the options is probably the difficulty and the cost aspect of it is not that obvious so you end up like discovering like oh we are bursting but no our bill is like so is that the cleanup or bringing the state or data back from the public cloud into your realm is that a fair summary so we'll say it again sorry so then you have some state that's in the public cloud right at some point you say I no longer need it or whatever it is do you discard the data do you bring it back so right now it's what we burst in the public cloud is completely stateless so everything that needs to be stored is going back to the data center and that's where this big network limitation comes from alright there's no more questions thank you everyone


Dear students, in this topic we shall discuss the animal navigation and migration behaviors. Migration is a regular long distance change in location which involves navigation or traveling over long distances. During this migration, animals travel through many unfamiliar territories and environments which they have not previously encountered. Dear students, the stimuli for migration include seasonal droughts, harsh weather conditions, hot summers, or cold winters. Different animals in the stimuli area have long distance migration. The migratory behaviors are observed in a wide variety of birds, fishes, butterflies, gray whales, and many other animals. The navigational abilities of the animals rely on several sensory cues or signals which guide them in orientation and finding their path or way. Some types of cues used by animals are not perceivable by human beings. These types of cues, which are used by animals, include sun compass, celestial cues, arts magnetic field, visual auditory, and alfactory cues for migration and navigation. We shall discuss all these cues one by one. First of all, let's talk about sun compass. Sun compass is used to track the position of an animal relative to the position of sun on the sky. The sun's relative position changes during the day. Animals adjust for these changes through a circadian clock. The circadian clock is an internal mechanism that maintains a 24-hour active-rhythmic cycle. But animals understand the sun's movement in this way. The nocturnal navigators cannot use sun compass, rather they use celestial cues. These celestial cues have stars, moon, etc. One of the most important celestial cues that animals use is the North Star, which has a constant position in the night sky. Some long-distance migrants have magnetic sense, so they navigate by sensing the position relative to the arts magnetic field. Many birds also use visual auditory and alfactory cues to find their path to their destination where they migrate. These visual cues have certain landmarks, as well as a plane of polarized light in the visual cue. Other than this, there are certain types of sounds in the auditory cues and certain types of orders are used as alfactory cues.


Income tax 2022-2023 payments. Let's do some wealth preservation with some tax preparation. Support a counting instruction by clicking the link below giving you a free month membership to all of the content on our website broken out by category further broken out by course. Each course then organized in a logical reasonable fashion making it much more easy to find what you need then can be done on a youtube page. We also include added resources such as excel practice problems pdf files and more like quickbooks backup files when applicable. So once again click the link below for a free month membership to our website and all the content on it. Most of this information comes from the form 1040 instructions tax year 2022. You can find on the IRS website irs.gov irs.gov looking at the income tax formula we're down here at the bottom of the formula finally with the tax payments remember and the first half of the income tax formula is in essence an income statement although a strange one where we have income minus the above the line deductions or adjustments to income to get to the subtotal of adjusted grossed income minus the greater of the standard or itemized deductions to get to the taxable income which is basically the equivalent of an income statements net income so that's the bottom line of the income statement component then we're going to be applying the tax calculation onto that taxable income not with a flat rate but with the progressive tax tables and so on and that's going to give us the tax before credits and other taxes so we're not done yet because now we have the credits that we need to deal with down below which could be broken out between the non-refundable and refundable credits as well as other taxes which might include the self-employment tax for example and that will then get us to our total tax and then we have to think about the payments that we have made as well as refundable credits notice that we had to break out these credits to the non-refundable and refundable components we'll talk more about the credits in a future presentation but they kind of muddy up the situation because the refundable credits are those types of credits that could take the tax below below zero so even if you don't have any tax that you still might be able to get a refund if you have those refundable credits that are applied out but here we're focusing in on the payments now just note that if this was like a perfect situation if it was a simple type of tax code the tax code is actually designed to be more similar to the reporting that you might see in a payroll reporting situation if you think about payroll when they report the 941s on a quarterly basis and the 940 at the end of the year then the reporting is usually just that reporting the payments have already been made in other words with payroll you pay the payments during or after the payroll and then when you process the the tax returns the 941s then it's just going to say hey here's my liability here's what I already paid if everything went smoothly those two things will be equal I will not have any refund or any added payment at the time I file the return the return is just an information return in that case the end of it the form 1040 is designed in a similar way they like they want to get paid during the year so we're talking tax year 2022 you're gonna have to pay them during the year either with withholdings from your w2 withholdings or with estimated payments you have to do that in order to avoid getting hit with penalties and interest and then when you file the tax return by April 15th or whatever of the following year this in this case 2023 in a perfect world the form 1040 would just be an information return like the payroll returns in other words we would calculate the actual tax and then we would say hey look this is the tax this is how much we have paid you and then we would have nothing that would be due or no no refund at that point in time it would just be an information return we cannot do that in practice because the form 1040 is way too complex the tax code is changing all the time and it's way too complex to be able to do that when we have a progressive tax system we have all these different kinds of deductions that are changing we have people that are working and changing they're working situation all the time and then we have these credits that are basically changing all the time therefore what we try to do is we try to overshoot how much we're gonna we're gonna be paying not just because we want to refund that's not the point it's not just like we want a celebration day for a tax day or whatever when we get a refund no we're trying to avoid the penalties and interest and we can't get it exact and we know if we underperform if we miss the target by it being too short we will get hit with added costs of penalties and interest on top of the tax that's why we shoot for a little bit over so that we can get a refund and avoid and avoid the taxes so that's the general idea all right so we're on the second page of the form 1040 we're in the payments section most people have the payments in the form of the withholdings from the w2's although if you have a schedule c business it's likely that you might make estimated tax payments which you have to do in a more conscious way you can also have withholdings from other things if you're retired for example you might have withholdings from the 1099 or or something like that from distributions from a pension or retirement plan of some kind all right so we have the payments line 25 federal income tax withheld line 25a forms w2 add the amounts shown as federal income tax withhold on your forms w2 so the most common tax form the form w2 box one has the income that helps us to calculate the actual taxes on the income and then box two i believe is the one that has the withholdings that's how much your employer took out of your pay already and that should be on the second page of the form 1040 as what you already paid in again in a perfect world those two things would basically match you would use box one to calculate your tax and then your tax hopefully would be equivalent to how much you paid in because you already paid it as you as you worked and you wouldn't get a refund or any amounts due but because of the complexity the withholding structure is typically designed so that you will withhold more substantially more than you owe so that you have a cushion so that you can avoid penalties and interest so the amount withhold held should be shown in box two of form 1040 attach your forms w2 to to your return so line 25 b forms 1099 include online 25 b any federal income tax withheld on your forms 1099 r note that if you're working with individuals and they're working years it's likely that they're going to have w2 forms because they'll be employees if you're dealing with people that are in retirement it's likely that your major forms that will be reporting income are the 1099 r distributions from retirement plans and so on and in that case you could do the withholdings from the 1099 r there might be withholdings from that form or they might structure their payment system so they make estimated payments so the amount withheld should be shown in box four attach your forms 1099 r to the front of your return in federal income tax was withheld so if you receive a form uh if you received a 2022 form 1099 showing federal income tax withheld on dividends taxable or exempt interest income unemployment compensation social security benefits railroad retirement benefits or other income you received include the amount withheld in the total online 25 b so these are more or less more unusual type of items or forms but remember that any kind of 1099 form is a form that usually is reporting some kind of income and you might have the option to have withholdings for those income forms as well but it's less likely that it'll be the case with these forms it's more likely of course with the w2 form and then the 1099 r which is usually going to be a bigger dollar amount of of in a bigger percentage of someone's income than some of these other 1099 forms so this should be shown in box four a form 1099 box six a form ssa 1099 or box 10 a form rrb 1099 line 25c other forms include online 25c any federal income tax withheld on your forms w2g and uh so the amount withheld should be shown on box four so if you got a w2g then if that's going to be a significant amount then you're going to want to report that uh you might choose to have withholdings for that income so for example if you if you did some gambling or something like that and you won a substantial amount of money that could be substantial for taxes then you might want to withhold on it or you might be required to withhold on it in some cases depending on the situation so that would be more kind of an unusual one so the amount withheld should be shown in box four attached forms w2g to the front of your return if federal income tax was withheld so if you had additional medicare tax withheld include the amounts shown on form 8959 line 24 in the total online 25c attached form 8959 include online 25c any federal income tax withheld that is shown on schedule k1 the schedule k1 is going to be a flow through type of form typically from from other taxable entities that are flowing through to your to your tax return your 1040 so also include online 25c any tax withheld that is shown on form 10 uh 42 s form 8805 or form 8288 a you should attach the form to your return to claim a credit for the withholding so then we have line 26 2022 estimated tax payments those now we have the estimated taxes so remember the two major ways that you pay the irs one is through the withholdings someone is paying you money and you withheld some of that money they took the money from you before you even got it in other words the most common example being the employer withholding money given it to the irs on your behalf the other way is that you make estimated payments typically on a quarterly basis most common in situations where you have a schedule c and secondarily most likely when you're retired or something like that and you're making estimated payments for the income that you might be getting from retirement instead of reporting to mona on the 1099 are withholdings maybe you make estimated tax payments so enter and enter any estimated federal income tax payments you made for 2022 include any overpayment that you apply to your 2022 estimated tax from your 2021 return or an amended return so when you look at your estimated tax payments it can be a little bit confusing to think about the cutoffs note that if you're just dealing with withholdings it's a little bit it's pretty easy because because it's being handled by your employer and they're going to be assigning the year the proper year so any payment that was in the tax year of 2022 the withholding related to it will generally be applied to tax year 2022 but when you have estimated tax payments then you want to make sure that when you're making the payment you're properly applying it to the proper year so you might have had like an estimated tax payment that that you made you know in a prior year that is for what's for 2022 that you made in 2021 or you might have a situation where you had a refund from 2021 and instead of receiving the refund you want to say I want you to keep that money IRS and just apply it to the 2022 estimated tax payments which is quite common when you have the estimated tax payments that also gets confused if there's an amendment to the return so for example if you did the 2021 return and there was like a thousand dollars that you would have gotten on a refund and you said IRS you can give me the thousand dollars but I'm just gonna have to give it back to you for my estimated payments for 2022 so you just keep that thousand dollar refund from 2021 and apply it to 2022 everything is fine but what if there's a change to the tax return either an amendment that you made consciously with a with a form 1040x or the IRS has a proposed change that changes that thousand dollar refund to something other than a thousand dollars like 800 or something like that well then you've got to make sure that you you're picking up the proper amount after the amendment that has been happened to to your payments that are happening in 2022 hopefully this will be easier to do once the iris gets better with their online portals so you can look at you can look at your information on your online iris account to see if any changes were made from your prior tax software because usually what happens is the tax software is going to be is going to be the thing that helps people roll over to see the estimated tax payment from 2021 to 2022 for example if the iris made a change and we just accept the change but don't input it into the tax software for the following year then you can see why you might end up with a mismatch between the prior year and the current year because there's been a change but and sometimes the client doesn't give the tax preparer the information to show the change that happened and so then you don't so then you have a mismatch of your of your payments but if we get to the point where it's pretty easy to look on the iris website for a particular for your account as a as a taxpayer and see what the estimated payments were as a matter of general practice that will catch a lot more of those those issues I would think so if you and your spouse paid joint estimated tax but are not filing separate income tax returns you can divide the amount paid in any way you choose as long as you both agree so you have a joint tax return then you're basically in this case and this you're you're kind of paying as though you are one in essence right because it's your joint tax payment so so and notice that gets a little bit messy when we think about like social security when we talked about social security has to be applied to the to the correct spouse to make sure the benefits are are being paid so it gets a little bit messy with the merit you would think people that are single and then they get married they would be treated as just one entity for taxes but we have some exceptions to that rule when you get to like the social security payments to make sure that they're being applied to like the proper the proper social security number for example but so if you can't agree you must divide the payments in proportion to each spouse's individual tax as shown on your separate returns for 2022 for more information you can see publication 505 be sure to show both SS ends and the space provided on the separate returns notice that this issue often comes up between spouses in a married couple situation because oftentimes the dividing of the of the work is going to be someone takes care of the house more often and then someone earns more revenue oftentimes and so you would and what happens is the person that earns more revenue is going to push people from taxes into a higher tax bracket so if another spouse is earning some revenue then they're going to then their revenue is going to be pushed up to the higher tax bracket than it otherwise would if they were if they were not working there and obviously then you have to think about how you're going to be breaking things up given the fact that that even though it's not income for federal income tax purposes you have work that's other than that like working for the home and that kind of stuff so it gets a little bit confusing to kind of figure what the proper withholdings should be for spouses that have different income levels and what the breakout should be for the for the refund who should get the refund and this and that can be somewhat of a confusing a confusing topic but usually it's better off as a whole to be filing married filing joint most of the time and then trying to work out what the best splitting and whatnot of the of the income and what the best withholding structure would be just to negotiate that situation so be sure to show both SSN social security numbers in the space provided on the separate returns if you or your spouse paid separate estimated tax but you are now filing a joint return add the amounts you each paid follow the instructions even if your spouse died in 2022 or in 2023 before filing 2022 return divorced taxpayers if you get divorced in 2022 and you made joint estimated tax payments with your former spouse enter your former spouses SSN social security number and the space provided on the front of form 1040 or 1040 SR if you were divorced and remain and remarried in 2022 enter your present spouses SSN social security number and the space provided on the front of form 1040 or 1040 SR also on the dotted line next to line 26 enter your former spouses social security number followed by DIV so name change if you changed your name and you made estimated tax payments using your former name attach a statement to the front of form 1040 or 1040 SR that explains all the payments you and your spouse made in 2022 and the names and social security numbers under which you made them


I'm about to show you all my beats, about to go ahead and get this jeez. That's bread, just in case you was wondering. The pickup location is Lowe's, we're about to pull up at Skoll. Now, we are picking up a snow blower. We're gonna drive five miles to guess how much. $80, we're about to pull up and pop our collar. Let's go. It's super slippery out here, so we gotta take our time. Gee, this is gonna definitely have to be heavier than the other one. There it is, your new toy. And just like that, it's over. Yeah, yeah, it's over.


What's good Josh your boy Ross back again with another video, so we're gonna check out when talking trash goes wrong Episode two you guys are enjoying the first episode, so we're gonna check out the second episode This should be good man Like I said on the first episode man When it comes to this trash talking especially in contact sports You got to be able to back it up and if you can't back it up And you get your ass whooped whoop, you know well That's just part of the game man And videos like this get created, you know saying so we're gonna check this out appreciate all the love and support I know you guys do want me to check out some more mma Uh type content, so guess what I will for sure So send me the links of some different compilations and mma clips You want me to check out and uh, we will get right into it man. Let's do this man It's supposed to be you know First grateful to cowboy for taking the fight maybe against his better judgment Oh, okay.  I look great.   I focus on one thing and one thing only I know i'm gonna be a champion. He's number two. He's always been number two. I'm gonna be number one Oh There's a difference between watching the man on the screen and watching him stand across from you And there's gonna be none of that respect upheld. I won't respect his space I won't respect the air he's breathing And i'm gonna press and break him in the octagon completely different world.  What you gonna do better than me?     I had to pause this he's he's definitely he was getting worked here But apparently isn't willy supposed to be fighting jake paul I'm I'm more than positive.  So it's yeah I'm not well well versed in MMA and who people are and their records and stuff like that their accomplishments But like I said, I'm trying to get more involved and trying to start watching more UFC cards and stuff like that. So I do Recognize these two people, you know I'm saying these two Athletes warriors because there's no way in hell. I could be in that the octagon getting pummeled like that, man But shout out to both of them, bro. But yeah, willy.  I hope this doesn't happen to him against jake. Please don't bro Oh Oh We ate that. Oh my god. Oh Oh, oh When it comes down to grappling, I will break your arm flat out. There's nothing you can do in that energy I'm faster than you.  This got personal Not just on no trying to set up a fight Connor was going out his way to disrespect kabeb And his beliefs his family his religion It wasn't and kabeb don't play that I'm I'm sure kabeb doesn't really care too much about the trash talking But when you go for his family his religion his faith He did not play that bro He legitimately Was trying to end Conor McGregor I saw How that match ended and the type of submission he had on him like Uh, I believe it's called a neck crank Like even when the ref stopped the match he was still holding on with just in In this incredible grip like he was trying to end Conor McGregor. It was not No, no respect anything like that. Oh man. We got to watch this.  Yeah, hold on to legs my dear life.  What kind of what kind of fighting is that? What kind of man?  You're a phony a fake It could be just not Not saying a single thing the whole bus incident too McGregor throw I said McGregor McGregor throwing the like just little steel like rail At the bus, you know shattering the window it just it got out of control very quickly But it was great hype for the uh for the fight, bro I'm gonna expose you now.  Thanks.  He's an amateur. He's a 20, which I believe he's 26 and 0 I've never met a 20 an unbeaten an unbeaten amateur in in a professional game.  I'm gonna pick him apart.  He's like, yeah, let's talk now Let's talk Let's let's keep that same energy that same energy this entire press run the disrespect to my family The disrespect to my religion You attacking my my tour bus my my, you know, like well, I wouldn't call it a tour bus But him attacking the bus that he was in like Just not respecting him as a fighter as a human being damn there.  Let's talk brawl. That's all that's a different level of savagery Connors talking about his only business to him. No, it wasn't business, bro To him he's like All right It's only business. I bet I'm still beat the brakes off of you whether it's business or not.  It's like pressure like right under the chin. Look how tight he's holding it Like brawl. Look out.  No Cabebe was not happy here, bro.  Like that's a different type of flex man So I'm glad they put this clip in here or hopefully there's more some more parts to this We definitely will check them out if there are some more parts to this man But this is dope, man Once again, if you're gonna talk trash, you gotta make sure you back it up because if you don't back it up You end up on compilations like this and people will forever mean you you will be a legendary mean So comment down below. Let me know if you guys want more of these MMA when trash talking go wrong type videos Or you want me to check out some MMA clips some boxing clips, you know, let me know, man I'll definitely do that for you guys because you know, I have you know, I've been recently getting more into MMA and into well, I've been in the boxing But you know, actually checking it out on my channel could be Something interesting if you guys will want that send me some clips. Appreciate all that I can't even talk right now, man. I'm just so amped up right now. Appreciate all the love and support road to 60k. Appreciate y'all kicking it with me. I'll see y'all next one. Peace


Here, the authors characterize a SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine candidate that contains full-length spike protein stabilized in its pre-fusion confirmation and show immunogenicity in baboons and protection in mice with matrix M adjuvant vaccine. This article was authored by Jinghui Qian, Nita Patel, Robert Horped, and others.


That's important in our society because we face challenges in making education more accessible to a wider range of people on a more equitable basis at lower costs, wherever possible and technology can make that happen. My name is Rachel Beckett. I'm head of Special Collections and associate director of the John Lyons Library at the University of Manchester. Augmented reality is a really Fy enw yn dwy'r cyllid gweithio'r material o gweithio'r wrth i'w pethau i gyd ymddangos, ac yn ymgyrchu'r newydd a'r i-pad. Yn y ffrindig, yma, mae'r technologi wedi'u chyfeidio'r cyllid rhai a'r hynny'n ddweud bod yn ymgyrch o ddweud ymgyrchol yn ymgyrchol o'r material ar gyfer y gyrch. Mae hynny'n meddwl ymgyrchol ar yr ymgyrchol yma. Team Scala is a mixed team of academics, technologists and librarians in the University of Manchester. So my involvement was based around the fact that I'm an Italian medievalist who works with the special collections at the John Ryman's Library. There's lots of other information about that material in the form of video, academic articles, catalogue descriptions, digitised versions of that material. Augmented reality allows us to bring all of that together for the benefit of learning or simply understanding and enjoying the collections. By using the augmented reality app we're able to allow students to have a very direct, very visual encounter with the object but to do so in a virtual way. In 2012 we were awarded the joint runner-up prize for the Learning Technology of the Year team award and we won that prize for the work we've done on the Scala project. ALT's recognition of our work in the Scala team has just been absolutely tremendous for all of us. With this recognition we can take it further and tell the world about what we've done. It is very new. Not many people are working in this field and we're very excited to be at the forefront of it. But until we got the award from ALT we haven't really been taken if you like seriously and having that award enabled us to really springboard onto other opportunities and take the work further. ALT offers openness, new ideas, credit and recognition. It's a very powerful seeding ground for the sorts of ideas and developments that we've achieved with ALT. It's about having access to the conference and the network of people that attend that conference. They come from all over the world. Joining couldn't be easier. You can do it online. Membership fees start from £10 a year. If you don't join ALT you're missing out on a very important opportunity within your career to actually start connecting with a very useful community of people, a very knowledgeable community of people. A community that can actually really help you with what you're doing. You've got a network there that is personal to you that enables you to develop yourself and your contacts. I'd say it's completely changed the direction of my career. ALT is about people. It's about the network. It's about the community. You're now able to talk to them or even learn from them about what works and what doesn't work is really valuable and important. I can't even emphasise how important it is to feel part of the community because I know that if I run into any difficulty or if I have questions, it's a very cooperative community. It's part of a very lively, alert, intelligent community that mixes learning technologies with teachers and researchers. I think it's the greatest benefit is things like the ALT members' discussion list where I can get information when I need it really easy. I can pose a question there and I will get lots of really informative and helpful responses. It's enjoyable, it's human and it's unlimited. Accessibility and participation across different communities is a big part of what technology can achieve. Technology really has the potential to change education across the globe and it's incredibly exciting.


Alright, let's get started. Me and you have it a little bit of a conversation. So, I made the video discussing why I haven't been talking about Trisha Paytas on my channel. I did that, got your feedback, and I said I wouldn't make any more videos until I saw and consumed your feedback. Now, a majority of the feedback was like, yeah Chris, you're doing commentary now, like just make videos, right? There was some other comments in there, stuff like, you know, things about consent and everything, which I disagree with. Like, if I reached out to the President of the United States and he never got back to me, can I not comment on the President of the United States? So, when it comes to commentary, I disagree with that, but there was an overwhelming good response. Now, at the end of the day, this might still come back to bite me in the ass, but I live in Las Vegas and I am a betting man. I am hoping that this whole James Charles situation and seeing how everything got blown out of proportion, I'm hoping that it calms people down in the future if things are to come up, alright? But anyways, I wanted to chime in and just get this out of the way. So, let's get started and let me give you my opinion on this situation between Trisha Paytas and Nika Kato Avocado. What is up, everybody? This is Chris from The Rewired Soul, where we talk about the problem, but focus on the solution. And if you're new to my channel, what I like to do is take a look at the YouTube community, some of the drama that's going on, and take this mess and turn it into a message because there's always some lessons to be learned. So, if you're into that stuff, make sure you subscribe and ring that notification bell. Alright, so, some of the comments I got, a lot of you wanted to hear, by opinion, my thoughts on this situation. Alright? So, there's a few things.  So, first, let's start out by she refuses to apologize. Alright? She's refusing to apologize and I get that. I get that. Like, when you're standing firm and you're like, I didn't do anything wrong. So, I'm not going to apologize for that. At the end of the day, the reality is, she did a crappy thing to Nick. Now, I made an apology to different communities, to different YouTubers, and one of the people I apologized to was Trisha Paytas. Alright? And something I teach people about making amends or apologies is, it doesn't matter what you think you did, what matters is, did it affect the other person? So, while I still believe to this day that I was commenting on things that were public knowledge, at the end of the day, it did hurt Trisha Paytas's feelings, which is why I apologized. So, to see her standing firm in this idea that she didn't do anything wrong, so she refuses to apologize, I think is a little bit ridiculous. And that's just my opinion. Like, I don't think everything is owed an apology.  But, if you hurt somebody in some way, just apologize. Just do it. Like, get rid of the ego and just do it. No matter how right you think you are, apologize for your part. Because, at the end of the day, it is wrong to ghost people, okay? Like, here's the thing. Back in my dating days, right? Like, back in the dating days, I would ghost women. And it was messed up with me. It was messed up, alright? This was before I got into the whole, like, 12 step thing and making amends and everything like that. But I've gone back and made amends to women I ghosted back in the day, like when I was going through my recovery process, because it was messed up, right? Like, a lot of it is because, like, if a guy's ever ghosted you, if a girl's ever ghosted you, a lot of it is because people don't like confrontation, at least in my case. I just didn't like confrontation. I'm like, well, maybe if I just tiptoe out of here, right? But it's messed up. It is messed up. And I think, I think it's a ridiculous justification to say that, well, everybody does it. Well, everybody does, like, what? Like, when in the history of mankind has that ever been a valid reason to do something screwed up, right? Because that's Trisha Payness' logic behind there's nothing wrong with ghosting somebody because everybody does it. And her justification is, well, people have done that to me, too. And I will say it all day, or day, all right? Be the change that you want to see in the world, okay? Like, this whole tick for tat thing, oh, somebody screwed me over, so now I have the right to screw somebody else over, right? And I, for an I, makes the whole world blind, right? Like, think about that for a second, like, like, for example, for example, I have met, I've met people who, who, like, one time they, like, gave a homeless person, like, a sandwich instead of money, and then, like, the homeless person was like, oh, screw you, right?  What? You know what I mean? Like, it's kind of like that logic.  Like, at a certain point, we have to look at it and say, oh, how does it feel when people do that to me? Oh, yeah, that feels kind of crappy. Maybe I shouldn't do it to the next person. You see what I mean? I'm like, those of you who have been following me for my channel, right? For a while, like, this isn't just about Trisha Payness. Like, one of the reasons I really wanted to make this video is for all of you out there. For all of you, because all of you, me included, we've all done this same thing. We've all done our pride and our ego get in the way of apologizing to somebody. Now, my advice for Nikikado Avocado in this situation with Trisha Payness is it sucks, but it's what Trisha said, like, let it go, dude. Let it go. Like, you said your piece, it's done and over with. I don't know, Nik. Never met the guy. So he might just be making videos because he's a YouTuber. He pointed out in his last video that he doesn't monetize or anything like that. But at the end of the day, he's got to let it go because if I sit around expecting people to apologize to me, like, my life gets miserable, right? Like, I hate to say it. I hate to say it, but Trisha Payness was right.  You know what I mean? But at the end of the day, he needs to let it go. And let's play out this scenario.  I was wrong. I was completely wrong in this situation. I'm going to make a public apology to Nikocado Avocado. Like, how well do you think that would be received? How well do you think that would be received? She would get blasted. Like, she has gone way too far down that road to do that at this point. And even if you look at Nikocado's situation, like, and how he would receive it, he probably wouldn't even believe it. But when it comes to apologies at all, it takes time. Like, people have to prove it. You know what I mean?  Hell, I'll use myself as an example. For the last two months since I've come back to YouTube, I have steered away from speculating on a person's mental health. That was one of the main criticisms that I got. I haven't done it. If I talk about somebody's mental health, it's a fictional character. You know what I mean? Like, that's just what I've done. And there are certain things that I still agree and disagree with. You know what I mean? But I am working really hard at it because here's the thing too. To thine own self be true. And I have a video that I'm going to be making about James Charles tomorrow, but you are always going to have people who say that you haven't changed. I have been sober. I have been sober for coming up on seven years. Did you know? Did you know that there are still people who knew me before I got sober who says I haven't changed? Like, think about that for a second. They say I haven't changed at all. Like, one major change is that I haven't snorted any opioids lately. You know what I'm saying? But at the end of the day, this whole situation is a mess. And I just want to talk about it because, again, like, if you're watching all this stuff go down and you're not taking a step back at the end of it and asking yourself, like, how many times do you refuse to apologize? How many times do you refuse to take a look at how people are treating you and using that as a justification to treat other people? When you're looking at the avocado situation, how long do you hold on to resentment for, right? Expecting something from the other person. Because something I was taught a long, long time ago is that it's a lot easier for me to work on me than it is to try to fix the rest of the world. The more we place expectations on other people and hope for them to change, the longer that you and I sit in misery. You see what I mean? So this whole situation is a hot mess, but you picking sides, you trying to cancel Trisha, you taking the side of nicocado avocado. That does absolutely nothing for your life unless you're taking a step back and asking yourself how can you relate to the individuals involved in this situation. And that's the goal of my channel to help you start thinking about that. But anyways, that's all I got for this video. If you liked this video, please give it a thumbs up. If you're new, make sure you subscribe and ring that notification bell. And a huge, huge thank you to everybody supporting the channel over on Patreon. You're all amazing. And if you would like to become a patron, get your name on these beautiful credits right here. Get some perks and benefits like our monthly Q&A, free copies of my books. Click or tap right there. Alright. Thanks again so, so much for watching. I'll see you next time.