And in particular on the, yeah, for the physics side, they were important for formulating the standard model on the math side that led to the formulation of Donaldson invariance, which distinguished the smooth structure. And of course, as we know, this led to a very kind of fruitful interaction between the subjects. So for these lectures, I was planning to review with the historic story, starting with what goes back to the work of Witten and the computation of Donaldson invariance balance goods as a game for rational surfaces. And if you want to reproduce these Donaldson variants for rational surfaces, in fact, it turned out that you have to understand the theory very well. You need to use the full cyberquitten solution. And then using that full solution, you can evaluate the so-called u-plane integral, all which I will explain in more detail. And there are some more recent works which I will touch upon, hopefully, tomorrow in the lecture tomorrow. So please interrupt with any questions. I'm not quite familiar with everybody's background, so if there are any questions, let me know. And I'd like to start the story with the physical theory in flat space and then work towards the theory in a compact form manifold and set up this so-called u-plane integral. And as Professor Nakajima mentioned, the u-plane is essentially the Coulomb branch for SU2 cyberquitten theory. So we are considering pure SU2 cyberquitten theory. And this pure means that we only consider the vector multiple if we don't add any matter. And the field content then consists of a gauge potential, a mu, together with a scalar field, a complex scalar field phi. And two while fermions, which are psi and lambda, and then lambda bar and psi bar. So this is a complex, so we have a phi and we have a phi bar. And let me also mention the representation of these fields under the global symmetry group. Symmetry group, which is SU2L times SU2R. It forms the SO4 rotation group. And then there is an r-symmetry group with inconvenient terminology, maybe. Let me denote it by as u2i. And there's also a u1. So this part of the global symmetry is just because we have cyberquitten theory has n equals to 2 SU2. And therefore, you can rotate the two super symmetries in a sense into each other, which leads to this global symmetry group. And if we add the quantum numbers here for these fields, we get the following representations, 1 half, 1 half, 0, and a charge 0 under the u1 group. And for the phi, we get their trivial representations for the rotation group. So we have 0, 0, 0, and a 2 for the holomorphic field and 0, 0, 0, minus 2 for the antiholomorphic field. And for the fermions, we get 1 half, 0, 1 half for the two chiral fermions plus 0, 1 half, 1 half minus 1 for the antichiral fermions. And the supersymmetry charges of the theory they transform in the same way as the fermions. So they have the same representations as this. OK. So this theory comes with a potential, which we aim to minimize, 1 over the coupling squared. And so all these fields are valued in the Lie algebra of SU2. We get a potential trace of phi, the commutator phi x and phi bar x squared. And we aim to minimize this potential to have the vacuum model space of this theory. And so in particular, this means that phi and phi bar commute. That implies that they are valued in the carton of the SU2 Gates group. And therefore, and then using the Gates transformation, we can set phi equal to 1 half times a times sigma times the third Pauli matrix is 1 half a times 1, 0, 0, minus 1. So a is a complex number. And for this, in a sense, parameter space, the potential will vanish. And we are at least the classical vacuum space of this field. So in order to parametrize the vacuum modelized space, we want a Gates invariant combination. So we take a quantity that is proportional to the trace over phi squared. And so if this parametrization this would go as 1 half times a squared. And this is what we denote by u. And so the space where u lives is the u plane. So this is valued in the. So this a has, in fact, so here it just appears as a parameter and it seems directly related to u. This is in a sense a weak coupling relation between the two. A has a more independent interpretation if we consider BPS states and their central charges. Since the electric magnetic charge is of the theory, sort of electric charges, once we have turned on a non-venancing A, we have broken the SU2 Gates group down to u1. And therefore, we have one set of integers gives us electric charge. And one set of integers gives us magnetic charge. And so this is under the unbroken u1 in SU2 on the Coulomb branch, where u is non-venus. So these are two integers which in principle can take any value. And we have the notion of a central charge or a complexified mass, which is then a times ne plus nm times ad. Sorry, I'm looking to put the n on the left side also, n e times a. And at weak coupling, where g is very small, we have that ad goes approximately like the complexified coupling tau times a. So tau is theta divided by 2 pi plus i over g squared. There are maybe some non-trivial factors here that go down from the top of my head. But this is a tau is a complexified version of this coupling constant. And we see it is always valued in the upper half plane because g is positive. And in fact, this tau and a, due to the rg flow of the theory, are also determined by u. So we have that ad, in fact, reads i over pi times the square root of 2 times u times the logarithm of u. And that a basically corresponds to the square root of u divided by 2, which then reproduces that relation. Any questions? So these are the, you should view these as the leading terms at the weak coupling. Both terms get an infinite number of corrections. It's called inverse powers in u. So the cyberquit and solution, one could say, is the solution to know all these infinite corrections to these parameters. Or you could say differently. So the cyberquit and solution gives a of u and ad of u. And we have the relation that tau, in fact, is by definition the derivative of ad to a. So we know tau as function of u, or at least the series expansion. And we can also invert this and express u as function of tau relation, where we had u tau is 1 over 8 times q to the minus 1 over 4 plus a series in q, where q is e to the 2 pi i times tau. I won't go into much detail here, but so I can explain that both a and ad, you should view them as a period of a one form over an elliptic curve. But for our purposes of evaluating the u plane integral, since this is for now enough, I will give some more details I guess by the way. We can include, if you want to work with the dimension full parameters, then u has a dimension of the scale squared. So we can involve the scale lambda. So we can make a drawing of the u plane given the solution, and it looks roughly like this. We have one, the weak coupling, singularity which I already mentioned, i infinity. Now you might think that there will be a point in the interior where u is equal to 0. But it turns out that if you include all the non-poderbative effects, there is no special point with u is equal to 0. But there are two special points where u is minus lambda squared. And u is lambda squared. Two singular points where either a monopole becomes massless, or a dial becomes massless. The weak coupling, the monopoles and dials are these very heavy objects. But if you go to strong coupling, it turns out that they can be massless. And these two points, they correspond in terms of the coupling constant to tau is equal to 2, I think is this one, and this is tau is equal to 0. There's a so-called wall of marginal stability, which is across which BPS stays decay. It's not so important for us. But for us, these three points, u is plus or minus lambda squared. And u is infinity. I infinity are the special points of the u plane, or the column branch of this theory. Any questions? OK, so this is the theory in flat space. Maybe one thing I should, before going to topological twisting, I should add. So I defined u as a trace of phi squared. If you go to the quantum theory, I should really define this as a correlation function of the quantum theory. And since this was the theory in flat space, this was a correlation function in R4. So we would like to formulate this theory on a compact manifold. And in order to have the power to evaluate, in fact, partition functions and correlation functions, we want to preserve some of the supersymmetries. And for this, we will need to apply a technique called topological twisting. And so basically why we need the topological twist is because these supersymmetry generators, they transformed us to the fermions. They all transformed in representations, which had more than one dimension. And we want to have a scalar, at least some of the supersymmetry transforming in a scalar representation or a one-dimensional representation. So to this end, we need to identify an isomorphism between the as you to R symmetry and the as you to inside the rotation group, which practically then basically says that you need to take the representations of a diagonal group of, say, as you to R group times, say, one of the components of the as you to components of the rotation group. So the new representations we get for the fields, as you to L times as you to R prime. R as follows, the gates potential, a mu, remains a vector. So it still transforms with the four-dimensional representation. Phi and phi bar, they remain scalars. So they still transform with the one-dimensional representation quantum numbers, 0. And then lambda psi, lambda bar, psi bar, they do change. And they transform as follows. One is the trivial representation, three-dimensional representation, and the four-dimensional representation. So basically, you take the diagonal of the previous as you to R group and the as you to I. And then if you look at the representations, you find this new representation for this as you to R prime, which is the diagonal of these previous two groups. So we give these three terms. They'll represent a different fermionic field. The trivial one is a Grossman valued zero form. On this side, eta zero form. Then the middle term, 0, 1, is actually chi. It's a self-dual. It's also a Grossman valued because it comes from a fermion. And then it's a self-dual two form. And the last term is a vector. So I could maybe write in this explicitly. Chi mu nu dx mu dx mu. And then we have a vector psi mu dx mu is a Grossman valued. And so since we have this one, this trivial representation, we also have a scalar supercharts q with squares to 0, which is nil potent. So let me just maybe list how it acts on A mu and phi. q acting on A mu gives us psi mu. q acting on the holomorphic scalar field gives us 0. And q acting on the holomorphic scalar field is proportional to eta to the zero form. So since it squares to 0, this is a BRT. q is a BRT type symmetry. And for that reason, basically all the observables in the theory will fall into three classes of observables. Namely, those which are not annihilated by q. I represent a generic observable by Curly O. So the first class is those for which q acting on O is not equal to 0. They don't pay so much of an overall for us. Then we have the so-called exact observables O. And those are the observables which can write as the q acting on some different observable w, or some w. And then the third class are the closed ones, namely those which are annihilated by q but are not exact. So these are the O observables which are in the kernel of q, but they are not in the image of q. Now this q is a global symmetry. And there is a famous statement from the field theory, the Ward-Tacassi identity, that the correlation functions of a q-exact observable, they should in fact be 0. So if you determine the correlation function of qw, q-exact observable, let me write it on the left-hand side, although this may be not well defined. But on the right-hand side, we get a path integral dx physically with the insertion of this operator e to the minus s and x, where x represents all the fields of the theory, very general statement in point of field theory. This is equal to 0. And it in particular says that q-exact observables decouple from the q-closed ones. If you would add a number of q-closed ones here, then it would still be 0 because you could bring them into the bracket because q is acting on those fantasies. So maybe tomorrow I will explain that in the topologically twisted Cyberg-Witten theory, we found observables for which this did not appear to be true. We found q-exact observables which seem to diverge, in fact, or be infinity rather than 0. And we needed to develop a new regularization and renormalization to demonstrate that it actually does evaluate to 0. And therefore, in a sense, this confirms again this general statement in quantum field theory. So that was the result of a paper from January this year. But before being able to explain that, I need to introduce a few more things. So this is quite a general statement for topological theories that you have a q, a BRST type fermionic symmetry. Your observables then fall into these three classes. And now in our topological gates theory, the Lagrangian basically takes the following form. This i over 8 pi sum numerical factor times the complex five-coupling constant tau times the trace of fx, where it's f. And then the rest of the action is q-exact. So this is the q acting on sum w for some specific w. In the particular, since this is a topological term, there is no metric dependence in this term. All the metric dependence in the q-exact, so the metric dependence is in part. And for this reason, if you take the variation of a physical, if you take the variation of a correlation function to the metric, then this is equal to zero. And this will infect a zero if q acting on o is equal to zero.  And we see with the vorticasse identity that the q-exact observables decouple from the q-closed ones. So if o is q-closed, then it is independent of the metric. Topological observables, q-cormology. So in principle, the theory has many other observables which one can very well evaluate. But they are just not topological. Question so far? OK, so for our topological twisted cyber-witten theory, also known as Donaldson-witten theory, there are two observables in the q-cormology which are particularly useful. One is one observable. First one is always equal to 2 times u for some to get the orientation right, actually for the matching with math. We multiply this u by 2. We discussed that if you act with q on phi, it gives zero. And since u is built of phi, if you act on this, you see it is annihilated by q. And the more complicated one is o is minus of x, which is 1 over 4 pi squared integral over x, which is an integer 2-cycle in the manifold x in h2 times z. And then on the right-hand side, we get the following. We get a trace over psi, which psi, minus 1 over the square root of 2 of phi and f. So this is a bit more work to demonstrate that it vanishes if you act with q. But it is, and there is a so-called descent mechanism which constructs q close observable starting from u, basically. I will discuss these. These are the two relevant funds for this talk, which will be relevant to if you rate these observables or these correlation functions with these observables, you will produce the invariance defined by Donaldson. So I already mentioned before we are considering a compact four-manifold m, let m be a compact four-manifold smooth. And so let me say a little bit more about it. There is the lettuce, or maybe let me write it the lettuce, or the two cycles, h2 and z. Gives naturally a rise to a lettuce, l gives. So we allow for the possibility of torsion. So this l is basically this group, but modding out the torsion. You could say you embed this group into h2m r, and then l is the embedding of h2m z into h2m r, because in r there will not be any torsion. And so the signature of l is b2 plus, b2 minus. And so on this lettuce we have a quadratic form. l is denoted by b. So this is l times l to z. And we can extend it to l times r to get a form over the reels. So we are interested to evaluate the full path integral. Let me note it by girly z over this four-manifold integral of dx, which are these fields of the cyberquipment theory. And then we integrate, or we multiply it by the exponentiated action integral over m of the Lagrangian l. And once we put it on the compact manifold, it turns out there are some curvature couplings, which I denote by mu of u. So these are some curvature couplings, which you don't see in the Lagrangian of the cyberquipment theory on the flat space. But once you go to a compact manifold, they become important. And it turns out that this, so we do a path integral on a compact manifold. And what is a bit different from doing at the integral over a compact manifold than doing the path integral over flat space is that we now also integrate over u, because it is no longer a boundary condition in the non-compact space. m is compact, so we can integrate also over u. There is an integral over the u-plane if you work over a compact manifold. And so let me just maybe sketch again the u-plane. The u-plane, since I have these three special points, a weak coupling limit, and then two strong coupling singularities, u is minus lambda squared and u is lambda squared. And now this path integral turns out has delta function support on these singularities, which is known as the cyber-griton contribution to this integral support, plus or minus lambda squared. And this can be completely specified in terms of the cyber-griton invariance, which was discussed by Lothar this afternoon. And then there is a second contribution from the remaining non-compact part of the u-plane. Let me just denote it by a set of the u-plane. And this contribution from the u-plane is an effective u1 theory, as I already discussed for the BPS states, because once you have a web for u, then you have broken the gate symmetry. So in a sense, it's now at least the gate scope. You don't have to work with the non-a-billion gate scope anymore. You can work with the u1 connections. My interest lately has been in this contribution from the u-plane. And in fact, it does not always contribute. So I was discussing the signature of the four-manifold, B2 plus, B2 minus. If B2 plus is larger than 1, you can show that the contribution from the u-plane is 0 set u-plane is 0 due to too many chi 0 modes. So this field chi was a fermionic self-dual 2 form. And if B2 plus is larger than 1, you get too many of those. And just the rules of the grassman integration will put it to 0. And so it does contribute for B2 set u-plane is not equal to 0 for B2 plus smaller equal 1. Although actually the case of B2 plus is equal to 0 is not very well studied. So we will focus on the case that B2 plus is what will continue with B2 plus this one. OK, so even for this class of spaces, you would figure it happens that, in fact, the cyber written contribution venesis, then you can put a metric of constant curvature on your manifold. This is, for example, the case for the rational surfaces. And then the full answer comes from the u-plane integral. So if you want to reproduce, for example, the Donaldson invariance for the projective plane, or P1 times P1, then physically you need to evaluate this u-plane integral to reproduce those two discuss. And we will also set, in fact, B2 B1 equal to 0. This is more for simplicity to avoid later the zero modes coming from the psi field. In principle, you can include them. There's paper by Mourinho and more. But to keep things simple, we set this one equal to 0. But I'm not imposing that it is simply connected. So there might still be torsion in B1, which would lead to torsion in H2 as well. So we are aiming to determine the full path integral of this theory on the u-plane. And there is, in fact, a very, quite a beautiful analysis of what is actually contributing to this integral. And it turns out, let me give the reference for this. This is the paper by Mourinho and Witton from 97, that the u-plane integral reduces to an integral over the zero modes of the fields, the zero modes. So they argue this by taking a limit of the metric, g sending the metric g to d squared times g, and using that the theory is topological. And then it turns out that only the zero modes survive this limit. So this, now we come pretty far in setting up this u-plane integral. It takes the following form. It turns out that this, most naturally, or one unnatural way to formulate it is in terms of these parameters a we saw before. And then we get the following zero modes. We get the zero mode of the fermionic zero form, the self-dual two form. And there is an auxiliary field, d, which I haven't really mentioned. But there is one field to make the supersymmetry algebra close. And then we have these, the curvature couplings I mentioned before. I call them nu of, and they are more specifically given by as follows, au times pu power sigma e to the minus the integral m over the manifold m. And now we just have the zero mode Lagrangian. So you can put all the derivatives in the fields, all the kinetic terms you can put into zero, and just keep the constant terms in the Lagrangian. So this was what I earlier called nu of u. And now I'll notice the zero mode. So let me see what we want to get. So maybe let me just give this Lagrangian. Actually, there's not so much left after you produce the zero modes. So it reads as follows, 1 over 16 pi. And then we get tau bar f plus the self-dual part of the u1 field strength, which the self-dual part of the u1 field strength plus the holomorphic tau, which couples to the anti-symmetric parts of the u1 field strength. Then there is the part of the auxiliary term, y, maybe I should just call this imaginary part of tau, over 8 pi d, where it's d. It's a self-dual real two form. And then there is a term with the fermions, i over square of 2, 16 pi d tau bar dA bar eta chi wets f plus d. So that's the zero mode Lagrangian. And then these factors, a u and b u, I can give them a little bit more detail. They are proportional to dU dA to the power 1 over 8. And bU is u squared minus 1 to the power 1 over 8. Chi and sigma are the Euler number and the signature of the manifold m. So these are just topological data of the form manifold. Yes? Yeah, we don't really see it. It would just be multiplied by the order of the torsion group. And it comes out of the integral. For some choices of signature, you're forced to have torsion by the Röklund's theorem. So in that sense, implicitly, it will be dependent on sitting in chi and sigma. But you don't really see it. Yeah, that's right. There are other questions. And there's one thing missing from this expression, which is the sum over the u1 fluxes, these f plus and f minus. So it's a sum over h2, so the u1 fluxes. So we have normalized the field strength. So it's at 1 over 4 pi times the class of f is contained in h2 mz. This is for SU2. If you want to consider gaseous group SO3, which cannot be lifted to SU2, then there will be a shift by a half integer. OK, so let me kind of write things a little bit more explicitly. If I want to consider correlation functions, so in general, I will note them by this phi. And the field we put in the correlation functions I put between the straight brackets, I mentioned that for as a free gaseous group, you can turn on a hoved flux. So this results in this mu, which is then contained in 1 half h2 mz. Our lattice elements would lie at 1 half spacing in the lattice. And we saw in the zero mode Lagrangian, it depended on f plus and f minus. So there is a dependence on the metric there. And in fact, we find that these expressions are only locally constant as function of the metric. And to indicate this dependence, I put this j here, which is the period point of the four-manifold. So then on the right-hand side, what we get is the following. I will write it as an integral over d tau, where it's d tau bar. We saw, maybe I shouldn't have erased the zero mode Lagrangian, but if you have it on your notes, you see that there was a term there, which was d tau bar dA bar. And if you integrate over the fermions, the term comes down and suggests a change of variables to tau, which I have implemented here. Then I multiply it by the curvature couplings, but now it's function of tau, and the sum over fluxes, which I denote by psi mu j tau bar. So let me just write down the expressions for these two terms and then I will stop. Newtale, the tau, is this change of variables with now for the holomorphic side dA d tau times nu of u, and then u viewed as a function of tau. And the fluxes, maybe, it's better to psi mu j is one divided by the square root of the imaginary part of tau times the sum over k in the lattice plus mu. So this L is really the lattice. Then there is this inner product between the flux k and the period point j, which is a self-dual 2 form, q minus k minus squared divided by 2, and q bar k plus squared divided by 2. So that's the sum over fluxes integrating over d eta and d chi brings down this linear term in the flux. And then we can also insert observables in this integral O to complete the expression. So then we'll continue tomorrow by explicitly evaluating this integral partly using the mock model of forms, which also came back in the title. Thank you for your attention.


You can tell by my tires that not everybody who's driven with me is still alive. Also, that I like my drinks neat bottled and in a bus stop. Also, that we're drowning in precinct paper department store floor plans and applications to the moon. We can change the color of our snot from gifted to heart attack and tell you about ashes, where all these angels coming from smelling like the cigarette that fills.  You got nothing to say at my funeral, I'll speak on your behalf. Heroin in my smile. Mountain made a flat land robbery among some things on my mind. The last store run in the name is shared after life Friday to the field through I'm a tall tale on earth. But here's to that angel that never appeared to America. In a night of dog paddle. In a batch of hangovers looking for a home.  And that's my human will fence to speak.  I hear title months crash over the coast while I lie. The streets teak down pieces as reservoir art on the faces of stragglers. 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I'll be half eaten my entire life always walking beside myself with a gun in my head and another one pointed at passersby walking in and out of myself. But you know, I'm always happy to see you with a miraculous route you took through my threat. Honest pay is a knife in my arm. Honest paying my chest a broken lock on a monument. I tell you the truth. I forget what my hands look like. What I did with them or what kind of third eye the handcuffs cut into my wrist. There were hammers in my cradle, which made some people scared to check on me because God would have a devil on State Street would have a resurrection and I'd be a menace. Menace the veins. The veins of the city protects a precinct flesh. You know, people actually work in Mary here. The son actually comes up. Have you heard the one about ghetto dwellers bang. They all duck man. We look with the heathen jug in man. What is that my bullet? Who is that your son? Have you heard the one about last names? As you know, that late night talk is the car door to the soul. I don't think we've been there before. Some type of criminal heaven can churn every headlight for miles. If the journey has pain, it's the way I came. My name is on this seat. World tea among minds would be my right hand or be a brand new hammer or wolf traveling at the speed city's end. Interpretations of shot men. You know hands are the only place souls are actually found. If this get a road trip to maybe you should mind me. Or maybe I paid too much attention to this black coat as I was growing up in a wrong living room. At least the walls was nice guys. At least I had this seat. At least I got this ocean when her words freeze and central time is up. When my family relapses in the suicidal neighborhoods and can't depend on me. When black children are sad. When there are guns everywhere. When death is here and I'm a new kind of nearsighted and she's a new kind of lovely death is. Rights of front yard passes. People getting beat up.  You got a taste for violence. I've winked at three funerals. The Lord gave his only begotten temper to me. Death knows me by nickname.  Lord let me see the enemy in my circle. Let me see that the enemy is my circle.  Let me not stay dead. So y'all know who I am down to the street signs. Streets pass my life back and forth. Pass me under gambler jokes and cigarettes and here I am thinking this is what you call driving at night. Or this is what you call 35 miles away. Freeway and all smeared all over city. Tell me how you write letters with a building on top of your head. With a building feasting on you. With a thousand backs turned to your kids without her subtle gesture to interpret in the middle of a backfire resurrection with a president.  I only got one gun to speak up. I sleep good in August and nobody talks back in traffic.  Had to match a bounce on me. Motherless though. Less of a child. Projectiles become tires.  Five floors become audience for a dancing killer. You just a dancing killer. Midwater walkout line all over the state. I've seen a bullet become a chiefscape. Bodies in a bargain. Handsome but hardened prison. Air, Spanish sales. Black as well. Runtella by my level. And what you see me do the water. And what you see me do the men. The last of a dime group of friends. Man another city in. Shit we had the funeral in the garage but I think he was long gone. A narrator on distant rooftop smoking with new friends. From beyond the vigil skyline serious footwork can be seen. Especially when lucid quaintances look at the candles and flowers without providence on their minds. Introducing you to the colony when the concrete was in its prime and now for shuffles. Two different dates share the same daylight. We slow walk from the cornerstone to a flashback dust doing most of the talking. Talking about weird wars on the streets and whoever is fixing the drinks tonight. Whoever it is must be suicidal because there is a chess board underneath these tough guys. From beyond the vigil's jungle is the easy side of autobiography. You know a pretty interesting place to start a war from front yards up and having problems with the world. You know it's easy range for the angel everything under the sun. That's right. I could cut my throat with the sun.  I'll tell you what is I say. They say all dust eventually has to be human. In his pockets is winter already. Knuckled in wrist and sound and street green letters here lies in half asleep young skin and tattered. Page one. Page one. Off-stair cases are open air will be the first to talk at the poor so will it. Page two. Just pieces of subtitle. Mouse talk last. Page three. Someone's dead already. Someone has taught him a sign. Page four. Every system is suicidal. Of course. So will a bus loops its route last stop already. And let me sleep again. It's all a staircase here and I remember when we were out of eye with the lowest branch crime breath into the hand of an avenue. Our shirts may somewhere in the land of firsthand trash wasn't yet trash running away really isn't running away shoes with witness and informal prayer. Something like I know you see me. What should I call you. I'll never be anything. That you need to forgive. And we been new having years ago. Here comes our street shoulders which are his which is a homegrown cadence on a city bus rubber and brief fire. He was the saint of strays. The first story you learn in San Francisco. Moving with Sliver Street. Which is his my little brother slides the smoke system. A lot of God can happen in three seconds. Not much. Not much heaven though. Here is a man before fight you know leave me alone type character. Emerging from the penniless death of a one way street fiction. That's a fancy way of saying I'm gonna make it even if I have to drive backwards. All I got is chord changes in a thousand backhands driving the street like I'm choking in car full of nephews hasn't been a son since November and there hasn't been a street I can't choke the death this city better back down. You see this gun on the table and something about staring until it all feels stable what will not protect everyone on my death sleep late my son better be quick my daughter better shoot first because we fall for no one you know we fall for nothing.  How long I've been just like my father one hell of a resemblance says the anxiety of the neighborhood this is a crossroads or a crossroads near but so much crossroads people getting the habit of turning back turn back only to find themselves you know remembering me but not my last words a man before a fight to fill the heat but there's nothing to keep in mind there's nothing to remember really there's nothing to be just this moment and another then stare then it all becomes stable then the table let's go fuzzing and Friday's an unfamiliar face peeking in the window. Hey it's cool to panic for a second compulsion is wasted on your worst enemies people are marked on that sidewalk.  Shit that father yours rose from the grave and said just give me five more minutes he said running water is a myth. It's us who are running up down and all alongside this water. And people don't rise from the grave you know they not laid down neither it's us who flip all around a body so beware when the people around you look like they're about to jump. It might be your time. You'll feel the heat and when four walls demand to be four walls in the earth outside music don't panic. No don't try to recreate the earth outside don't tell jokes to yourself don't even talk disrespectfully to the four walls instead unclench your fists and walk away. There might be heaven if you understand the nature of the world then. One of these days I'm really be able to talk in between the poems man you know. It's just too hard to transition you know it's like trying to talk from two different parts of your mind you know just don't work. From a two floor skyline in the banding house talk to me. It said young man you are heroic in 10 years old. Among 20 generations of friends friends were free for the way they're free for the wall. Free fall up to. With like fifth grade speed to industrial paint you know young man I want you to use quick knife tones be boning brass be last laugh music you always leave. Always want to change the clothes from the door life and escape a two floor skyline said you're the guy that dies in the middle. The friend more blues and skin to face the cheap hotels get to finish in place with 90 mile per hour right eyes among dry heat killers once children three feet high and roaming and repeating and aiming at cotton mirrors that hang on breathing walls you were 10 years old tagging along yawning and well lived violence with some of the two shop songs you will be useful and you will be hiding alone flying on a nephew dragging from a $20 family in the sky to cause itself just more soil around walls of the just walls except these walls. Suggest you make wives out of highs and currency here the air is polite to sleepy glass and bullion walls young man you will come to admit that sometimes suicide is power because some people live stronger as ghosts. And sometimes the afterlife empties billions of souls into objects like playground bullets. And abandoned door frames even broken glass will prove it has voice to you know they're 24 hours behind your back look over your shoulder right now can you hear the sound of drums punching themselves out the sound of piano parts learning between assassination attempts be boning brass be boning up for two souls be invincible again suffer red-eyed accents professional fingertips gifted victims six in the morning beer the first month of probation to shout at the wall see these words it shouldn't be home look behind you again be invincible again be women would be a sad machete be her son be a thief still his back laugh too long and never look away. The afterlife will empty and walk you home if you reverse the car any farther you will run over all the scenes in the back of your mind. I never cared for teachers just the patterns of their fainting spills. Fainting spells induced by wall art all that to say propaganda is courage. The price sticker hides my tattoo. I treasure my problem with the world. My mother becomes from Brooklyn first thing in the morning that's a proper proverb around these parts proverb of a peasant entrance password writing short notes of famous Europeans on the back of postcards with ransom request. They reply with a newsreel or a cigarette announcement I can't tell the difference noble dollars then you die inside but on the inside they call it.  I ask my fret hand porch lights is what they call our guns. I've seen this house in a dream and I believe a trumpet was the first possessed object of flight. Keep going she cheers the draft in the room becomes a toddler a toddler obsessed with an alter the alter becomes a runaway train. I mean I got a thousand paintings like these cascading down my skinny arms. The dictionary is piled up to the window bars are reminded to the population that your blanket can work with or against you.  We stop being flashbacks then stop being three different people and then I was alone the pistol one city away.   Finally goes his way his life is finally talked about happily and it said I mean I can't possess the body of a hermit I must be the last of the smoke. Now running the other way with three blocks of Ali tucked under my arms. You ever see a man get to the bottom of his soul in a car ride down a missing cousin street and half step to the right. I mean I took the whole car outside of history half step to the right. I mean a whole pack of wolves stepped to my left. Road markers what I call the light bulb we have for a son a whole civilization might slink to the sink or a chain gang shuffling next to a sucker. Also known as the lone look in the mirror. A stack of money starts talking from four cities away man I'm off to make a church bell out of a bank window. She kitchens made more to the masses back in the day and before that we had no enemies. Somewhere in America the prison bus is running on time. You want to lose your job before a revolution here and somewhere I won't be home for breakfast. Everyone out here now knows my name and I won't be turned against for at least four months to copy the picket line is a hard working rookie. The sign in my hands is getting more and more laughs as the picket line got cops in it. I got to take care of those windows for if you want but someone else got to go inside your gas tank. It was clear to the man that rich people would talk too much this year. I want you to go ahead and throw down that marble park bench everyone's looking up at you know get the Romans out of your mind. It may be good night sleep but it changed the last 20 years of my life playing the instruments like punching the wall. What would you have me do replace the population give brotherhood back to the winter stop smoking cigarettes with the barely dead. You know they listen in on the Sabbath police called the police on me. There was a white candlestick beneath my detention.  I didn't get lucky I got what was coming to me. He tells they fight me back. The man said of course to himself washing windows with a wheel to live. Ten can on his left shoulder and joined a bright brand new blight with all party goers both supernatural and supernaturally down to earth.  No cheap furniture but we have commitment. This morning an essay opens the conversation between enemies why because you control every grain of processed sugar between here and the poor man's border. Because in the tin can on my left shoulder I can hear the engines of the industrialization man you should get in the painting you know tell lies more deeply. Hey this month I'm rooting for the trader carting cement to my pillow here we will build I mean I'm high again. Not talking much and once you climb up the organ pipe to our apartment floor I'm high again. Calling everything church singing along to a courtyard thanks to a horn players holy pastime. I mean I'm just really just putting a real jacket on it you know talking about a real five years. Keep memories like these in the pocket next to the toilet seat. That man lost the wager with the God of good causes I mean stood up for himself a little too late. Shit maybe too early. I can still see 20 angles of his jaw zigzagging through the cold world of the industrialization man there is an art to it. I will tell my closest friends one day put another way. Now real real quick man in conclusion. Capitalist dropped 10 tons of barbed wire on my Tuesday shift. We shot back at their chimpanzee pilot for the sport. The contractor has already smoked three cigars only one hour into my court appearance shift supervisor likes to smell says it reminds him of when he ran the streets and all I remember is we shot back.  Like weapon is a jacket and precinct holds Friday hostage we go through a fossil jar and see a judge the tunnel at the end of the life. I sleep until woke by dry cereal and surrender this holding sale only needs a giant panhandlers palm to shake us coin men around. I'm breaking my sister breaking my fingers for my sister's bill collectors garage casket open I mean all third world parallels kill openly breaking my lungs for my sister's rent. I am the sculptor of construction dust I miss cigarettes by mid morning I miss Hennessy by sundown I miss murder by inches $5 bills cherish my days outside always behind there's no concentration in this courtroom. Just a bunch of B plus students living out they nightmares and how do I plead with a straight face to blocks up as a rear current cliff along with slavers paraphernalia along with ordinary panhandling along with ethnic parade history along with ethnic parade along with 13th greatest bill.  Let's talk about the fact that money is death.   Hey, capitalists eat until the world is blurry to them. These streets is made of saliva. Some people have made a saliva too they usually got on uniforms. While the crazy man spins round and round trying to make a record out of this mass production jungle maybe I'll join him, count cash and cry. These streets is made of saliva and white sheets are worn by a building in which kids are supposed to learn how to read well. And white sheets on the highway too. Another mirror needs their head on the pike. One down is just one down but if you tell all this to the masses your teacher will pipeline you. They told me I was jewelry. They told me this is jungle. Well maybe not jungle, more like 50 machine guns planted in the ground. It's raining faces again in California. What does this say about heaven? What does this say about the people you killed? Waiting lines got so exhausted a million miles dropped all these faces at once. If the fastest can read the lips of a giant talking in his sleep man we might as well make art demands in prison letters. Today was born the most important trigger finger in the world. Today I begun counting down the days between now and the pile of books by a tunnel. Chicago is going to walk out of Chicago one day. Babies that drag street signs like old toys. Today the most important letter left prison. Babies laughing flags like faces that have disappeared. Maybe I'll join them. But for now these streets are made of saliva and we raise half full glasses to the basements that meant nothing. And the working poor who live there. We get shot. We get white sheets on California where the kitchen table likes to talk as much as the walls. Romance on the porch consists of hard residing.  The kitchen table knows this. The porch is almost convinced that one down is just one down. You know this town is coming to town. A circus watching itself. Half distracted. Half suicidal. Thrill children. Dressed as cops. Thrill children preaching and policing and intaking and hiring and snatching your money. This town has come to town with tough trademarks to follow today. I watch capitalism walk on water. And people play dead. So they could be part of a miracle. God by teeth goes this country. There is a cow's mouth on the flag. A peculiar notepad whole street life deer but the writer's not here. He's somewhere talking to tombstones about the good old days. Or splashing reborn water on his latest face. Or wondering how his old gun is doing in the afterlife. You know wondering how much death trap is in those gas station hours. It got to be a million dollars a day on this concrete island. New engine in the moon why it never goes down. I mean 72 straight hours of night at least according to everyone's posture around here. 8.30 in the morning is really 30 minutes to closing. Shots down for a sleepy rat race. Elevator shoe shuffle to the nearest heaven. Laughing with rats the whole way up. There are scabs everywhere. And puddles of city and concentrated schools and TV lit warm rooms. You know the light reveals military fatigue when it hits just right on the ties that are wrapped around the necks of lazy white guys. A empire is too easy baby. Channing at the walls or something if you feel like it. The best way for a target to move is shooting back. You know running for a treeline made of freeways. Wisdom says against a war machine on Tuesday you stand no chance. But may we be the last poor men to play it safe. Cows mouth on the flag. The politician raises his hand and the crowd shows their teeth. An oligarch raises his hand and little girls are not safe outside. You are all high depressed and comrades in function. In 15 minutes the closing in the city has survived another black rebellion. We just paying dues by trash fires not just anybody can set.  The writer knows that death is not a matter of dignity rather humor. In a house it smells like road races. There are percentages on tourist stalls. I mean here life never was. It's just lazy matches and manic inhumanity hands rushing away from life towards stalls. Man what are we doing here? Surviving for no reason in particular. Because nobody gone far today. Nobody will go far tomorrow.  Strange gardens with second hand clothes play. And concrete wishes to be human so that it could be accountable. When they find you drenched and drains wish to be human so that they could be worthy arms for you to die in. You know prepare for the day when every child is calm and don't say we ghost didn't write you a poem. They don't say we didn't dig your life. Remember the shotgun by the co-wrack that everybody in the house knows how to use. Remember the tight rope made of needles for walking in between driveways and man made best friends. Go ahead grandson. Tune this street again. Never mind this country kills musicians first. Broken neck nights, scarred neck life. If these walls could write lyrics they say what's your angle Angel Eyes. 30 to 50 rounds passed by on a street with no daughters. This street has no sons. This young prisoners of war in a racist city that means to make capital. And we know so much. We know it all. We were stood against walls. Who's on the third cross around here? Cow's mouth salivating over the street. And that is the story of why we aim at tea.


All right, good morning, everyone. I think we are ready to get started. It's great that so many of you are able to join us for this milestone this morning. We are excited to welcome you here today to celebrate 40 years of the Church View Marketplace. I want to thank the many visionary leaders who worked so hard to create the marketplace 40 years ago and the dedicated city staff who maintain this landmark space for the community and most importantly, the public, the merchants, the vendors, the shoppers, and visitors who make the marketplace such a vibrant and special place. We are really fortunate 40 years after the founding to have so many of those who were involved in creating this special place with us today. First and foremost, Senator Leahy, who has played such a critical role in the marketplace's history from the very beginning and who we'll hear from in a moment. And what the senator accomplished, he did in partnership with his late chief of staff, Paul Brune, who they together, they secured a grant to fund the construction, initial construction of the marketplace. And they worked closely with community leaders, including Pat Robbins and Bill Truex, who are here with us this morning, and the mayors during that period. First, Mayor Gordon Parkett, and then just as in the year that the marketplace opened, then Mayor Sanders. And the tertiary marketplace was closed to traffic and opened to visitors in September of 1981. Today, indisputably, the marketplace is the heart of Burlington's downtown. It's here that we welcome over a million and a half neighbors and visitors every year to Burlington and to Vermont. With all of the vision and enthusiasm that first supported the creation of the marketplace, what these leaders could not have known 40 years ago is what an essential role the marketplace would serve throughout the decades and including during the darkest days of the pandemic that we've just lived through. With the leadership of Carl on Izrawi, who is currently our tertiary marketplace director and is also serving a larger citywide role supporting businesses during the pandemic and during the recovery, and with the creativity and quick work of many merchants, restaurant owners, the city was quickly able to open outdoor dining and retail options in the opening months of the pandemic, ensuring not only that would this critical downtown commerce continue, but that our community could have safe outdoor spaces to gather and enjoy life even during this challenging time. The tertiary marketplace will continue to play an essential role in the recovery we now face as a space for our local businesses, artists, and restaurants to fuel the local and regional economy and foster community in the weeks, months, and years to come. And I must say it has been very encouraging this summer to stop in with all as many retailers as I could and hear from so many of them how Church Street and downtown Burlington are bouncing back and that people are experiencing economic levels, economic activity comparable to pre-pandemic times. We will do certainly a city with Carl's leadership and major support and focus from the mayor's office will continue to everything we can to support that recovery and that energy in the months ahead as we continue to move through this unprecedented period. With that, I am honored to pass the microphone to Senator Patrick Lee, whose love and support for Burlington has brought so much community and economic development opportunity to our city and to the tertiary marketplace. Senator, thank you for what you've done to make this a special place. Thank you. Thank you. Mr. Mayor, it's good to be with you to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the Church Street marketplace. Every time I walk up here of myself and I walk up the street, we're constantly saying, remember that time, that and the memories we have here, even back when I was a young lawyer, I think that I've been walking from my office around the corner down the street, running to an opposing lawyer. We'd stand and chat for a few minutes and usually work out the differences in our case. But thousands of people could tell stories like that. This is the crown jewel of downtown Burlington. It's a true treasure for the entire state. I have worked to secure millions of dollars in federal investments for our entire state and for Church Street. But there are a lot of other people that are more deserving of the honor. I see Bill Truex and Pat Robbins over here. Both of the ties on it. I mean, this is a, I know all the work that they've done in business leaders like Tim Halverson and others. So we're celebrating the 40th anniversary. It doesn't seem possible. I remember when we were doing ceremonies opening it. But what it does, the memories that come back, Church Street special for my family. Marcell and I bought our wedding rings up at the end of the street. The Preston jewelry, our children were fitted for shoes by John Adams first at Abernethy's. They did animal boots and shoes in the upper block. I don't know how many times a rest or so had lunch with the hot dog lady and I sure love other people did. And right here in the old fire station, that's where I had my first Senate office. Some had talked at that time of tearing it down because it could make some extra parking spaces. I said, you got to be out of your mind. This is a historic spot. And so I said, I can get a six year lease at the highest funding. And so we did and saved it. Now, look at the people we've worked with. Cory Paquette, Pearl Wineburger, Marketplace Commission, leaders like Molly Lambert, Ron Redmond, Becky Cassidy. And I want to mention one person who's not here. It's Paul Brune. Paul had such a sense of what historic preservation was. I wish he'd been around when they tore down the beautiful post office just a few, just a block or so from where I grew up in Montpere. But he was the one who said, we can save that. Put your office there. And he pushed on this. And then he said, why don't we get highway funds for it? I said, Paul, you're going to close off traffic. There's going to be a shopping mall. How do you get highway funds? He said, well, you're on the Appropriations Committee. What do you think? Secretary came up with a chat. So he came up and chatted. And he said, are you out of your mind? I said, yeah, but we still want to do it. And the deputy secretary came to the ribbon cutting. He said, you know, it's a pretty good use of highway funds. But he's gone from car traffic to pedestrian activity. And I do remember Paul saying and Phil and Patrick. You probably remember saying, I told you so. But it's only because we had visionaries like Bill and Paul. I'm Bill and Pat. We'd make it work. You can get money. For me, that's one of the easier parts. But the people have to make sure it works. And this, I've shown pictures of Church Street to others in the Senate over and over again saying, here's a success. So I don't mean to go on and tell you what you already know. But isn't this a special place? I remember walking here with children and grandchildren up and down the street buying Batman comic books and things like that. So before I get too far down the memory road, Carol, let me turn it over to you. And thank you for what you're doing. Thank you, Senator. Good morning. I won't take up too much of people's times after our headline speaker. I want to quickly thank a lot of people who make this work every day. Most importantly, my maintenance staff. And I see two out there, Jim and Hugh. Thank you. And Bruce, who can't be here today. They're out here seven days a week making this look the way it looks. So I really appreciate everything you guys do. Naturally, Bill and Pat for creating this legacy and the senator as well for making it all happen. And my predecessors in this role, in addition, I feel very privileged to be able to steward this gem of not only Burlington, but the city for as long as the mayor allows me to. And I just want to say, when we had the pandemic, everyone looked to the marketplace, not only to see how our economy was doing and whether people were coming out, but also when we were in lockdown, it was a place to take a walk. And then when political discourse exploded, this was the place to have your voice heard. This is the gathering place where everything from commercial activity to family gatherings to political discourse can take place. And I just want to thank everyone who made that happen. Thank you. One last thing. I want to thank AO Glass for working with me and my team to create some memorabilia for our 40th anniversary. Our founders and the senator and the mayor, please come and take that. And it represents, as you see, it's etched on the outside with all the people that enjoy this space, this public space that we all recognize and cherish. So thank you again.  And while you're doing that, I do just want to say a couple more words about Pat and Bill. I feel personally extraordinarily fortunate as mayor. And I think the community is very fortunate to have had these two individuals that have been such a stabilizing and visionary force, really a through line through the last 40 years. What a remarkable thing that individuals that led this transformation 40 years ago are continue to be as engaged in the civic life of this community as Bill and Pat are. To just a couple of examples that I've been so appreciative of, and I just want to call out in this moment. Bill led the public investment action plan process that took place early in my administration that has led to a trans, maybe not quite church tree transformation, but a comparable transformation of the Northern Waterfront. And it wouldn't have happened without the public engagement process that Bill led and oversaw. And Pat has continued to be a great friend to the city in roles that range everything from being a key advisor during the very challenging times shorting through the Burlington telecom situation to today helping us get our pension policies right and serving on the Burlington, the BERS board. So Bill and Pat, this is a moment of deserved recognition. And I just want to say how grateful I am for both of you. This is a testament that one should make notes before one comes to speak. I want to let people know that our sponsors were Truex Cullins and Palmer Lowe Real Estate. Ernie could not join us today. And also to keep an eye out on social media, we have festivities for all age groups to celebrate our 40th anniversary starting next week. Thank you. So with that, I think if there were questions, at least let's start with, if there are questions about the marketplace and the 40th anniversary for the Senator Carr, I'm happy to take some questions if there are some. Just can't resist it. It just can't resist it. Many times people ask me, so they did the scenes all over the United States and none of them worked. How do you account for the fact that Burlington is so successful? So I always like to tell this anecdote. 1977, Bill and I and two other professional friends went on a long trip all the way around the country. We went out in Seattle, Washington, all the way down to West Coast visiting these street projects, most of which we thought were dismal, that they were dead, nobody was there, the stores were empty and we said, what are we getting ourselves into? We ended up the week down in Los Angeles because we were in Los Angeles to drive fly home. So let's go to Disneyland. So we went out to Disneyland in the afternoon with our two friends and we're walking around and I was sitting on one of the character's laps on a bench and people were popping out of manholes and the place was absolutely immaculate and people were jamming the streets and we got on this ride called Space Mountain, four of us at five o'clock going, click, click, click, click, click up the hill and I turned to Bill and I said, Bill, this is it. Disneyland is it and that's a true story. We came back here and invented the idea of having a separate space with a separate tax base and separate oversight run by a group of people just responsible for this within the city and I think that one decision, more than anything else is what created the future of this thing so, thanks. It was Goofy. Goofy, Goofy was on my, I was on Goofy's lap. Thank you for that, Pao. It is such an unusual governance structure that the marketplace has. There are not many business improvement districts that are structured in the way this one is and I think it should get real credit for the vigilance and the work that's required over time to keep this such a great place and on the 40th anniversary it's a time where we're thinking about should that be expanded? Should there be, should this incredibly successful marketplace effort encompass more of the downtown and that'll be something that we talk more about in the time to come. So with that, are there any questions for any of us about the marketplace and this milestone? So I believe that downtowns are going to continue to be critical and an important part of our community life for decades to come. I know there are people who doubt that and think with the internet and other forces where we're not gonna need places like Church Street anymore. I think just the opposite is true. I think as authentic places that have a variety of experiences like the Church Street offers today are just becoming, because of all those forces are becoming more important as a place for us to gather and to really have community life. And so I am very optimistic that there'll be another event like this in 40 years where we will still be talking about the centrality and the importance of this place. It is very encouraging me as I think some evidence of a bright future that we, despite this terrible pandemic that has been an existential threat to the marketplace, we continue to have so many active businesses on the marketplace that we did not see the closures that so many other cities saw and experienced during the pandemic and even where we have had closures we've seen signs of renewal and new parties coming in. So I think Church Street's here to say I think it's gonna be more important than ever. And as I was just alluding to I actually think the future involves some expansion of what we actively manage and ensure is a great public space to include City Hall Park and perhaps other parts of the downtown as we go forward from here. So throughout the history of Church Street is marked by incremental expansion. I think it's one of the unstated reasons it was such a success is that Pat and Bill and others involved at the time experimented and had weekend closures and really worked to make sure that they got the details right before further expansions and incrementally this marketplace has grown over time. I'm very optimistic and one of the reasons that I'm so excited about having Cara in this role is I think we need to continue that kind of incremental experimentation and expansion and make the marketplace even more robust than the years ahead. If I could add just something to what the mayor said you know that travel around other parts of the country I realized more and more that the Vermont is unique and everybody probably feels their own states are but ours is and it's the sense of community that makes it that way. Church Street can bring that community. It's like Marcel and I are going through the grocery store in Vermont or coming out of church on Sunday and people are, hi Pat, hi Marcel, how are you doing? It, you realize this is a small community and we all benefit from that because you learn from each other and you gain from each other and what we're seeing here is a place where that can be done. Thank you.  Listen, if Pat says we're going to be that that's worse for me. There we go. He's actually much older than I am. He's actually older than I am. He was, we were classmates at St. Michael's. Let me tell you some stories about Pat Robinson. We haven't got time. We haven't got time. We still have time. All right, thank you everybody for coming. It's great to see you all here and onward Church Street Marketplace. Thank you. Thanks. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you.


And I'd like to introduce Max, who's going to tell us about using Uwizgi, which I've recently had a very good experience with, so carry on my hand. Thank you for coming to this talk. I know it's hard to get up this early. You know, this beer party is still the midnight every day. So, yeah, I also had problems today. Okay, first the question, who is already using Uwizgi? Okay, that's nice. I know that Roberto is here. Roberto, yeah, this is the lead developer of Uwizgi. Can we give him some applause? So, the talk is called How We Switched Our 800 Plus Projects from Apache to Uwizgi. So, who we? I work for the company called ILOVE. It's a web agency, Russian web agency. We do websites mainly. We are the part of ILOVE Group, which consists of three companies ILOVE, ITARGET and ICOM. ILOVE is pronounced just like ILOVE, not AILOVE, because some people ask me about it. I don't know why, don't ask me. So, we are situated in Russia, in Moscow. We have more than 120 people, and we made more than 800 projects during the last years. I personally work as a team lead for the ILOVE company, and this is one of the largest Russian web agencies. Okay, Hawaii. My name is Max. As I already said, I work and live in Russia, Moscow. I'm also the author of Python RedMine package, which is currently the most popular and feature-complete package to access data from RedMine from Python. Architect, probably, you've seen my lightning talk on Monday, which is a successor of Django DB Party package, which provides fully automatic table partitioning for Django, PB, Pony, and SQL Alchemy users. When we just started, we used only PHP for developing our projects within GionX on the front-end and Apache with mode PHP on the back-end, which was the best available way to host PHP applications at that time. It was a long time ago. But then, after several years, we realized that there are a lot of problems in downsides with PHP itself. So we started to search for another language and choose Python. We chose Python for several reasons, which are beyond the scope of this talk. And because we already had already working in GionX and Apache environment, so we decided to choose between mode Python, which was completely dead and abandoned at that time, and mode Whiskey, which was also dead, but its corpse was still warm. And, yeah, you know, it was more feature-rich and had more documentation. So we chose mode Whiskey and started to serve our Python applications with mode Whiskey. We used mode Whiskey in demon mode because it allowed us to run applications in separate processes and was also the recommended way from mode Whiskey author himself. Actually, everything worked, but we had several problems with Apache and mode Whiskey. Okay, our main problem was that we had projects written in different versions of PHP and Python, and the only way that we found we had to have five Apache instances one for each version listening on different ports, which was really nightmare to support. Okay, another problem was with automatic code reloading during the development. We used Django primarily for our projects in Python, so we didn't want to use Django's built-in web server, and we wanted to develop with mode Whiskey because we wanted to be sure that everything will work as expected after we deploy on our production service. And there are two modes in mode Whiskey. Basically, one is called embedded mode, and as far as I know, one needs to restart the whole Apache after the code changes. And there is a demon mode, which we were using, and you have to use your touch command to the Whiskey entry point to reload the source. Also, there was a recite from mode Whiskey author, which was hidden deeply in the docs, and it was the 100-plus-something lines of custom-made Python script, which he wrote, and we had to include the script in our projects and live with it. Yeah, I know maybe it's not a big problem, you know, but still, it's, you know, 2014 year, so there must be a more proper way to do that. Actually, at the moment, an active development of mode Whiskey started again, and there are several new versions already, and started from 4.1. There is a Django application plugin, which adds a run mode Whiskey command to the Django, which allows Python, you know, manage Py, run mode Whiskey, reload and changes command, but that's only for Django, and it's actually the same old 100-plus-line script, which is now just became the part of official package of mode Whiskey, so nothing new. Okay, another problem was that during development, we created a lot of different branches in Git, and we want them to be available, for example, you know, via URL like branch.project.com, and we also wanted each branch to run on the separate demon process, because if one branch has some problems, and these problems can crash the demon process, the other developers should continue to work, so the solution we came up with is to have a Git hook, which generates a separate Apache config file for each new branch, and then we start Apache. If a branch gets deleted, then the config file is deleted too, and we have to reload Apache again. Now, okay, if we have 20 branches, we have 20 almost absolutely similar config files, except for the different demon process name and a few other things, and this is only for one project. So what if we decided to change something in the config file of a project, we have to edit all these 20 config files, you know, this is really painful. Perhaps there is another way, and I hope there is another way, but we spent almost a month googling and we couldn't just find it, so maybe if somebody knows, please tell me. I'm really interested. Yeah, another problem, more problems. So when we add a new config file, we have to issue a reload because Apache can't load configuration files dynamically, but there are actually two problems with that. First, there is still a little time when this web server don't respond to requests. This time can be from milliseconds to seconds, depending on various factors. And second, if there is an error in your configuration file, the whole server will crash. Yes, there is a config test comment which can check the syntax of the file, but this is only the syntax, so if it's not the syntax error but some logical error, the server will crash. So this is not good. And lastly, some small problems, maybe subjective, but still. First one, Apache configuration files are ugly. I know a lot of people, and me including, who thinks that. If you look at the Apache configuration files, you need some time to understand what's going on in there, especially if there are some complex ones. So Apache is hard to configure properly. Oh, sorry. You have to be really Apache expert to configure it in a way that it could compete with other web servers in areas like memory management, CPU utilization. So not every sysadmin knows how to do that. Yeah, Apache is old. You know, even my grandma was using it in the old days. Yeah, the 2.2 version was released in the 2005. Yes, there is a 2. Yeah, it's still developed this branch, but actually they mostly fix bugs. And 2.4 version was released in 2012. And yes, it's fixed a lot of problems and limitations. For example, memory management became much better. They finally added an ability to declare config file variables. So config files became a bit cleaner too. And yeah, modWizgi seemed to be abandoned at the time when we were looking for a solution, but it's actually developed again. So this is not really a problem now. And all these problems made us to start looking for a solution and quickly found the solution. It's called QWizgi. So QWizgi. It's a modern project. If I'm not mistaken, it started somewhere between 2009 or just 2010. It has a really fast development cycle and new features are constantly adding. It supports a lot of languages including Python and Cpython, PyPy and Jython. It supports speech, Pulu, Perl, Ruby, Erlang, Go, Java. It has support for V8 engine and Mono for running ASP.NET applications and more. So it's really cool. It works on all Linuxes, Windows, PSDs and other OSes like Mac OS, Solaris and so on. Jynix supports QWizgi protocol directly and QWizgi is the best performing protocol of QWizgi. It also has a ton more features. We'll discuss some of the most interesting later. And just a brief introduction how we can install it. It's really easy. So you just go download this latest version of QWizgi. The vast majority of QWizgi features are available as plugins, which is also really cool. And if you want to have the maximum amount of flexibility and use only the minimal amount of resources, so just create a modular build, which is the recommended approach. I'll show how to do it from the source because OS package repositories may not always have the latest version or may not have the available plugins. So we just download this QWizgi thing. If you want to change install location, you can add the two following directives to the buildconf slash core.ini file. And then you create the directors, of course. Now we have to build the core. It's really easy. Core already consists of several packages that are most likely will be needed by everyone. But if you think that you're not everyone, you can also customize what exactly the core will consist of and recompile it.  Two plugins for Python, 2.7 and 3.3. And let's build two plugins for PHP. I know we hit PHP, but still. Okay, we just completed the install process. It's actually very simple. Now let's see how we can solve problems that we had with Apache and more with QWizgi with the help of QWizgi. First, yeah, multi-version plugins. This is really cool. This was the biggest problem for us. And this just works in QWizgi. You compile as many plugins as you need. And it just works. Yeah. Remember that 100 plus lines Python script, which was used in modWizgi to monitor core changes and real-trilode demon process. QWizgi has just a simple option. You just specify how many seconds you want this QWizgi to scan for your core changes. And it reloads everything automatically. There is also a touch-reload option if you need it. So no more custom-weight home scripts, which you have to search and include in your projects. Finally. We also had a problem with modWizgi's with QWizgi demon process directive. Name can't be dynamic. And we needed to separate demon process for QWizgi branch. So we had to generate absolutely similar config files. QWizgi has a thing called emperor mode, which was the solution to this problem. Basically, it's a special instance of QWizgi that will monitor special events and will spawn stop-reload instances known as vessels on demand. By default, the emperor will scan specific directories for supported configuration files. But it is extensible using imperial monitor plugins. That means that you can store configuration in Postgres, Manga, publish it via MQP0MQ, and so on. There are many options. Let's see an example for the directory monitor plugin. We start a QWizgi emperor instance and ask it to monitor the following directory pattern. Now, if we add a new file to this directory, the emperor will automatically spawn a new vessel. And if we modify the file, the emperor will restart a vessel. And if we delete the file, the vessel will be killed. And all of this will happen absolutely automatically. There is no need to issue some. We start commons, reload, and so on. Now, what if we have an error in our vessel configuration file? Actually, nothing bad will happen to the other vessels. The emperor will just say that this vessel is cursed, you know, and won't spawn a new instance of it. So if the emperor dies himself, then obvious that his vessels are died with him. So how will this actually help us with this Apache problem with dynamic Wizgi demon process problem, yeah? Should we also create the same insane amount of configuration files, the project, one for each branch? Yes and no. We'll use template config files and create Simlinks. This is an example of template config file. At first, we define our own variable called projectDue and set here the path to our project. Then we define that we'll be using Python 2.7. This is our plugin. And our other Python project-related stuff, which should be nothing new to anyone and that's how Python apps work. The interesting thing here is the person-to-an-magic variable, which is the config file name without extension. By the way, I don't know about you, but for me, this syntax is much, much cleaner, you know, compared to Apache configuration files. And also as a bonus, my brain doesn't hurt after I work with these configuration files. So it's nice. That means that from now on, instead of generating separate config file for each git branch, we just create a Simlink to the project's template file. And yes, this will give us 20 Simlinks for 20 git branches still, but the big win over Apache is that if we need to change something, we change it in one place in the template config file instead of changing every config file generated for Apache. And also because we're using the demon mode, which is monitoring our directories for config files, when a new Simlink is created, a new vessel is spawned automatically. And if we delete this Simlink, then the vessel is killed also automatically. No need for any restart commands and so on. Also starting from 1.9.1, you can now tell the emperor to spawn a vessel only after the first request has been made, combined with idle and dianidle options. This allows us to have really truly on-demand applications, which is also cool. Okay, let's briefly talk about some of the Ubizgi's interest in features. So we can implement autoscaling with Ubizgi using the Brutelord, Zerg, and emperor modes with idle and dianidle options. So it's a combination of features, you know. The idea is that when the site load is heavy and your vessels just can't handle it, they can ask emperor to enter Brutelord mode and give them some help, Zergs. So they could win the battle and serve all the requests. And after the load is normal again, the Brutelord kills all the Zergs and everything is fine again. As of 1.3, there is an alarm subsystem. It allows the developer or sysadmin to announce some special conditions via the various channels. For example, you may want to get notified via jabber when a string terrible alarm appeared in log files, for example, or something. There are a lot of also options to configure this alarm subsystem. There is also a nice feature for aliasing Python modules, you know, that having multiple versions of Python package and model is very common. And the one way is manipulating Python path or using virtual ENFs. But, for example, Yuizgi gives us another option called aliasing system. Let's say we have imports of full-in-bar modules in a lot of places in our code and we want to make some modifications to it but keep our original full-in-bar module syntax for whatever reason. We can create experimental full-in-bar modules and make changes in them and alias them and when, you know, you make an import full-in-bar instead of importing the original files, experimental full-in-bar modules will be imported. There are a lot of cool features. We need a lot of time to, you know, talk about all of them, but briefly, there is also a built-in Chrome tab. Yeah. There is load balancer, clustering subsystem, offload subsystem, which allows you to automatically delegate some heavy tasks to separate threads. It also has a lot of different plugins for different tasks and it integrates with almost all well-known web servers like, you know, and so on and so on. It has also Django admin integration plugin which shows the status of Ubis-G and allows to restart or clear its cache and there is more functionality in development. Also, it has a rich configuration system. It supports configuration files in any XML, YAML or JSON and so you can choose what you like, what is better for your brain. It has more than 30 magic variables for all sort of things, you know, like environmental variables, placeholders and so on. You can even do simple math in placeholders. You can read contents of other files from your config files. You can write four cycles and deep statements in config files. You can declare your own variables and use them in Ubis-G and much more. It's cool. Okay, finally. How to switch? Ubis-G is cool, yeah, but how? You know, there is no easy way, unfortunately. There is no some magic tool that will translate all your Apache config files to Ubis-G once. How we did that with our, you know, more than 800 projects? Well, we divided our projects into several groups that have equal or almost equal Apache config files. Then we wrote a script that generates similar analytics for Ubis-G for each group. They took us approximately two days and allowed to switch all our projects to Ubis-G on our dev service. Then we started to run our functional tests and see if all of them passed. Then whenever there was a problem, we just looked at it, and, you know, this way we tuned the config files for Ubis-G. And when we were sure that everything works on our dev service, we made a switch to Ubis-G on our production service. So that's how we did that. Again, everything by hand, unfortunately. Conclusion, yeah. Conclusion, I want to say that Apache is actually not bad. It's a very good and stable web server which is used by a lot of people. If it's suitable for a lot of situations and you can happily use it if it works for you, do not blindly trust people that say Apache sucks. Go try this or that new super cool web server.  Do you really have any problems with it and don't listen to anyone? In this talk I explained why we switched. So we didn't have any problems with the Apache performance, but we had problems with its features. So we could do everything we wanted with Apache, but we wasn't happy with how we could do that. And what I'm trying to say is that you should choose a web server by features and not by benchmark, though Ubis-G has a much better memory management than Apache. So you'll probably win something in performance. And also it's pointless to benchmark a web server because usually the old perform approximately the same if they configured properly. And in 99 cases this is an application that is written incorrectly and has performance problems and not a web server, you know, which just serves an application to the world. So thank you. Thank you Max. We've got time for a couple of questions. Anyone? Yeah. Pardon? Come here. Compared to Ubis-G with Apache, but one is I guess an application server. The other one is a web server, so isn't going to be compared to Ubis-G with more problems than Apache? Yeah. Yeah, yeah. So the question is if it's maybe was better to compare Ubis-G with more Ubis-G, you know, and not Ubis-G with the whole Apache thing, yeah? Yes, yes, of course. In front of... So we had Gionics in front of and Apache with more Ubis-G on the back end and now we have again Gionics on the front end and Ubis-G on the back end. Speaking about the comparison, if it's a fair comparison, I think yes it is because mode with G is just, you know, a thing to serve Python applications, but it just won't work without Apache itself, so of course. And well, I don't know, I think the comparison is fair, yeah? Yes, you can use Apache as a reverse proxy. Yes, you can, but you know, the problem was that it's not very comfortable to work with Apache. You have to search for some work-arounds always to make everything work. We didn't like it. One more question? About just to go to the flow about the one could have that the U.S.D. could be compared to Gionicorn, for example, and in this case you could have a setup with Gionics and behind you could have Gionicorn on Uwiski equaling so Apache is basically to be replaced with Dynex and behind this you have an application setup which could be Gionicorn to be used. Yeah, but Gionicorn, it can't serve any other type of applications, yeah, only Python. Yeah, so it's maybe you can compare Apache or their full web service. They support a lot of languages, a lot of technologies and so, yeah, this is why I did this comparison answer. We will stop now. I'm sure you can answer any questions with the corridor track. Okay, thank you, Max. Stop there, Tom. Stand up, please.