Team keep it clean. What's going on is engraving here with another video and in this video We are going to be doing the 53 man roster prediction for the Baltimore Ravens Hopefully it goes well Before we get into this, let me introduce myself me. I'm engraving viz. This is my YouTube channel engraving viz And I'm a Ravens fan, but on here we just talk football Periods no matter what team you a fan of make sure you subscribe to the YouTube channel Turn your notifications on and leave a like or video click that thumbs up button This question was asked from my boy Sean O'Connor in the comment section a while back. Well, not a while back. It was after the draft But he asked can you do a prediction of the Ravens 53 man roster? My boy Eric? Eric is the fastest person in the chat right now. So shout out to my guy Eric So yeah, appreciate y'all coming through make sure you subscribe to the YouTube channel and also For NFL questions from subscribers because I know shout out to my guy Tyrell and somebody else I tweaked the intro on the video so they will be easier to listen to so shout out to Tyrell for that suggestion That's why this is team keeping clean. It's a team So if y'all got something y'all ever want to tell me anything that y'all feel will make the the video is better You let me know you let me know. What's up, charlie? Appreciate that rams fan for life.  See that's what i'm talking about um, but For for team keeping clean if you ever want to be a part of NFL questions from subscribers For those of you that don't know I know most of y'all know already But if you ever want to be a part of it, all you got to do is send me a question On instagram twitter or snapchat send me a dm my dms are open You can send me a dm on either one of the three with your question and we'll answer it in a video just like that so, um This we're gonna do some live questions from subscribers, but first First we're gonna do a prediction for the 53 man roster The phone that i'm recording from we got our first question from subscriber. It's an iphone six plus six plus um So, yeah, we've been wanting to upgrade. We got to go fund me to to to try to get some Uh to get some upgrades, but that'll happen when it happens. No rush. Hey, no problem. Appreciate you. Thank you. So Let me get my calculator ready because I don't need to go over. Um, I don't need to go over the number We need to get to 53 Uh, hopefully carter won't wake up because he is knocked out right now Uh, will any undracted free agents make the roster? Hey, we'll see. I know this this roster is not going to be completely right Uh, I believe i'm gonna get most of it right, but not completely You see, I even had to I even had to put my glasses on Um, not my at home glasses my at home glasses.  They got glue on them and stuff Um, you see that glue right there On the right side It's they all beat up. They they done been through a lot But I use these glasses at home because I have a two-year-old son named carter Which you all know who likes taking daddy's glasses and grabbing them just like this and just Taking them off your face. So shout out to carter. Um, but yeah Oh, he said glasses mean serious man. We'll see. We'll see. Maybe I should have been in the stream from the computer So I wouldn't have to hold the phone the whole time either way. Um Let's get started man. Y'all ready to do this this draft. I mean not the draft. Y'all ready to do this roster prediction Let's see, man All right. What happened to my wrist something I don't know if I'm I'm getting carpal tunnel or something sometimes my wrist just feels it feels like tight and stuff I don't know what it is man. Oh, he said thank god. His kids are old enough Yeah, man, man, but for carter, man, he's getting He's getting to that cool stage man where he's like super cool, man.   I love that. Yeah, I'm on the east coast, but um, yeah, he's he's just getting so much better Man, I love it. Um Anyway Let's get started Um, yeah, yeah, it is fun man. Looking forward to it Um, so now How the bear is gonna do? Whoa. Hold on. We're gonna do this roster prediction first Then we're gonna do the question from subscribers So quarterbacks we have right now joe flacco robber griffon lamar jackson and josh woodrum And my phone is telling me that it only has 20 left already So i'm gonna have to get even more uncomfortable than I already am so shout out to this iphone Let me know that it's getting ready to die. Um, you know what? Let me try to flip this Nope, not working. Nope Okay Okay, all right So let's try this All right Okay, couldn't flip it. Yes. It was definitely a fail. All right. Here we go. So Let me get my calculator back and I appreciate y'all man appreciate y'all I love y'all because I can't switch to the computer. I can't do it because um Yeah, it just won't let me I can't switch to the computer It's not gonna let me do that mid string if I could I would and I probably should have did it on the computer, but Stuff happens. It's like It's all good. We'll be all right. So Um, say android uses where you at all right quarterbacks joe flacco Um, and y'all can let me know throughout if you disagree if you agree. Have you feel man? Um, no, I got it on the charger right now. So we should be good. Um, I'm gonna go with joe flacco Jackson and Woodrum's not gonna make it. So that's our first three Um Oh, yeah, that would be a nice feature cowboy expected and appreciate y'all coming through y'all make sure y'all leave a like on a video too and follow on instagram twitter snapchat Um, so that's quarterbacks fullback Let me minimize this and appreciate y'all man. See that's why I love y'all man because y'all Once we once we finally do upgrade and get like better equipment and stuff It's gonna be great because i'm gonna know like man They were there with me when we had when we were streaming from a phone That's how I know y'all appreciate the channel and stuff because y'all we we streaming from an iphone We make videos from an iphone from an iphone an iphone so It's crazy man. It's wild um Yeah What do I do at 10k? I don't know probably same old stuff. Um, so yeah, that's that Oh, what did why did it erase my three? All right, so three Um, I'm gonna go Yes, injuries can't affect it, but we're going off of the right here right now So right now the first three flacco robber griffin and lemar jackson. I think all three make it now um And that could be tricky. Um, obviously robber griffin got the Josh woodrum. No, he's not gonna make it. They're not gonna give him a shot. Um, robber griffin got a chance of being cut, but Excuse me. We'll see but i'm going with those three for now fullback Let me is record. Where's the card at? patrick rickard Uh Where where's the full back yet? Did they not have him listed or did they have him listed as a running back or something? Well, anyway, patrick rickard. I ain't even got a I ain't even got to look for his name on this list so record now running backs running backs buck alan alex kylems kenneth dixon now I think that is has a high possibility. It could be subject to change um because uh kenneth dixon And I'm not even getting on them like I usually do but it's because he He hasn't stayed healthy hasn't been reliable been suspended been all that stuff And they just don't know if they're gonna have him or not. Uh, hopefully they do but we'll see now. Ricard ain't get cut last week That was ricky or tease He got cut last week um fourth running back Hmm, that's tricky. What's he won't we'll see when we get there Dixon's about to have a good year. I hope so wide receivers. Oh, everybody's favorite to talk about Everybody's favorite to talk about What's up king hd? We just doing the roster prediction. That's it Wide receivers. Whoa, we got a stable level Is it quality or quantity? I don't know. Um, all right, so So Willie Snead That's one Willie Snead Chris Moore Willie Snead, Chris Moore, John Brown, Crabtree. I can't even do all my fingers like that. Willie Snead, Chris Moore Crabtree John Brown, that's four Uh, and Who's the six five guy Um Where's it Jaleel Scott And lastly, so I think those six will definitely make it. Um, tim white I don't know about him and I say maybe one more because we still got devia posi um Andre Lovrona, he's an underactive free agent Janorian Grant. I mean Janarian Grant Right now I feel like as a return man, he that's he's got a uh, he's got an upper hand in that Um, and with him being an explosive return man, it's a big possibility there Um, because he can do punts and kicks So we're going to add him on there as well. So plus one so seven receivers. That's a lot That's a lot. Um, they normally carry about six But Grant may just make it because of his returnability period. Well, that was his name task Um, hold on. What do you say? What do you say? I will take payment over more I ain't mad at that. I mean payment like Boy Payment he I want him to make the team. I don't think he's gonna make the team though Um, but if he made the team But if he if he made the team and he be stashed away somewhere No point You got it. You would have to give him shots give him opportunities if he was gonna make the team If not, just let him be free somewhere else. Let him go somewhere else. Somebody else will pick him up and he'll be fine Watch So that's why receivers Tight ends We got max william vince, uh, male Nick kaiser, I don't know who that is. Hayden hers, of course. Nick Boyle mark andrews So mark andrews and hayden hers, of course Plug those two there. Um, then we got nick Boyle and max williams Uh, will ravens. Um, but ravens like to keep it tight in um They like to keep it tight in for special teams I say nick Boyle Because he actually stays healthy. He just don't stay clean Um max williams I feel like they may try to either trade max williams or just cut him um And then keep my office but male I may is it male maily maily. I think it's maily Um, and I think they keep maily for special teams And max williams will be the odd man out I had high hopes for williams had high hopes for williams So, you know, I just want to say you're doing a great job. What are you doing? Keep going? Hey, I appreciate that zavin. Thank you. Thank you. What's up, moron?  They separated by tackle and offensive tackle And guard slash tackle man. Amen. They should have just put everybody an offensive line And somebody that said that patrick rickard is listed as a d-line slash fullback. I appreciate that because I'm looking at it right now Now I found them. Thank you um Pick one dude from nfl that would be a dude you would have a beer with Steve Smith senior You mean somebody playing right now. Well, I don't like beer though Maybe like a drink like a margarita margarita. That don't sound too manly But I would drink a margarita or something like that or long island or whatever like that But I don't like I never like the taste of beer. It's just so I don't like it. Um What's up cj boy are gonna get cut because he always get in trouble. Hey, you could be right Um, so yeah back to the offensive line Um, he said somebody playing right now. Orlando brown jr. Check. That's one Uh, moving on up go to the tackles Uh, marsha yonder alex louis elemanoa scorer serigusa, that's six So plus six Um Who else we got? Serigusa This offensive line of the heart. Oh bozeman Bozeman could end up being a starter. I think he's like a dark horse to be our starter at center um With all the other linemen go where ronnie stanley and company go With them Where they put everybody yet? They got these dudes like spread out. Oh, here they go James Hurst. He's making it. Um James Hurst ronnie stanley. That's two more Plus two um Oh, steven more he was on practice squad last year, right? That's not the rookie. He'll go to practice squad this year. Um Hmm It's tough He said lil zoo's gonna be a day one starter. I hope so by that right tackle um Who else this is tough man, let's put that pressure on you right away I wish they had everybody like grouped together, but it's all good man. We'll get through it eventually Um, and i'ma go with one more I don't even know who this one more is people overlook slur. Oh, you mean scurra? He held his own out of position last year. He did he did I said yonder already Both of them was picking the same spider jensen.  That's three. Let's get that over with That's done.   Is that who you talking about? All right, he could make it man, especially if he could play special teams um Who else the db's they have listed here kaiden mccall Oh and the shon elliott they got him listed as a db Um, so as far as db's what they got anthony levine as a db lineback. I like that. Um, as far as safeties I'm going with the shon elliott uh anthony levine, he's definitely making it um with eric weddowett With my safeties that with my other safeties that But yeah, where they go So anthony levine Uh, the shon elliott. I cannot find these safeties now Maybe they got them listed as something different Oh, there you go. Chuck clock. Tony jefferson eric weddow So what that's five we did five safeties, right? I think we did five of them Oh, avert can play he's physical All right, so eric weddow for sure. Tony jefferson for sure Chuck clock The shon elliott adam levine eric weddow. Tony jefferson. Chuck clock the shon elliott Perfect. That's five Oh, we're getting there We're getting we're getting filled up man. We might have to cut some people um lionbackers Lionbackers Inside was cj mosey um Cj mosey kenny young Now cj mosey kenny young Mmm Peanut Cj mosey kenny young peanut that's three And then Bam bradley So that's four I'm going with those four um And you know what I say A question mark for those guys Will be peanut Because I feel like cj mosey, obviously kenny young, obviously um McClellan, I think I think he's out I think McClellan I think he'll be gone Y'all give me one second Okay, sorry about that. All right, so carter's waking up. So I'm gonna cut this a little short, but anyway Lionbackers cj mosey Cj mosey kenny young Um peanut I'm I'm feeling hesitant about him man. Um, but peanut And bam bradley. I feel like album will tell him I feel like they'll get rid of him reason being what's up dustin reason being because He's great on special teams. He can come in and play But they saw what life without him is like And they can manage So I think He'll be gone So that's the well, that's my middle line backers outside linebackers Did I add them to the roster already? I hope I did So Thorell Suggs, of course Tim Williams Bowser Jude on so them four Let me add those four. Oh, we had 51 people How do we get to 51 already? Wow, imagine being a gm if it's this hard imagine being a gm It's that's a 53 man ross and you can have only have 40 For the 45 active on game day Of 46 I think it's 46 Wow, we didn't even put dns or d tackles in here yet. So hold up We at 51 already Now we got to get to 53. I don't know if I can do this That's tough man That's tough Wow, so you still got willy henry Uh, willy henry one only Brent urban's gonna make it brandon williams Wow Too many dps. Yeah, we had a lot of dps man Wow This is crazy man. This is work. These dudes work You know what? Yeah, a lot of hard decisions, man So some people we think gonna make it it ain't happening It ain't happening I um, wow What's up mojo? This stream just took a turn that I didn't even expect Um, wow, you know what? We'll just go position by position He say cup flack off and out returning text get out of here Yeah, that is why they give pay the big bucks.  I mean we did that we did Justin Tucker. Um Oh, yeah, if you talking about the kicker punter and long snapper we did that already, but um You say a lot of late picks going on practice squad There's some undrafted free agents too possibly. Um But with practice squad you can only have 10 people on there Uh, but I I'm just trying to do the roster And that thing is tough This is such a hard assignment That's why they do though. That's why they give away them great prizes when you guess the 53 man roster, right? Wow Okay Um so Right, we may have to run it back Wow Well, we can't really well, we can pick special teams but guys from the team will go on special teams Yeah, they stash a few on injuries. You know what? Let's do this tough style, man. That's what I'm starting over. Sorry y'all that'll that'll hit some repeat names I'm gonna try to breathe through it. What? Um, flack all of them are Jackson saying no rg3 So we're doing it like that Because we gotta make some cuts, man. Um Alice Collins buck Allen kena Dixon those three um No fullback no fullback He's a two-way player no Patrick record out Um wide receiver probably gonna stay the same um Oh, no, so crab tree one John brown two uh Willie Snead three Jaleel Scott four Chris more five Lastly six That's it. I know I know my if my vegan king is still in here.  He played two positions only one person though. So he only take one one uh one one spot Um, yeah, we had 11 so far. Oh shout out to 410 Byron keeping track um tight end Tight end Hayden Hurst Mark Andrews uh nick Boyle and That's it Special team gonna be interested. That's it. We're not keeping it anymore. Um Tackles they got listed here Ronnie Stanley. Well, we'll just do offensive line go from top to bottom uh Ronnie Stanley one uh James Hurst two Ronnie Stanley James Hurst. That's one two um Orlando Brown jr. Three Marsha yonder four Alex Lewis five Eleanor six scurra seven Saragusa eight Yeah, that's it. We'll do eight Well, no, we got to have more than that because five start And just three backups. Well, they did it last year throughout some points Yeah, we'll run it like that. Um, yeah, we did cut tight in the three Oh bozeman. Thank you. Okay. So There we go and bozeman. So Nine nine linemen nine offensive linemen Appreciate that. Thank you. Uh, thank you mojo. Almost forgot Well, this thing is tough me. This is work All right cornerbacks. We're gonna run this back again cornerbacks So Anthony Avery one Brandon Carr two Marlon Humphrey three Jimmy Smith four Tevan Young five Candy six That's cornerbacks Jaylin Hill no longer um Maybe the PUP list Let's see Um, then the safeties Uh, we got Deshaun Elliott one Levine two Uh, and Chuck Clark Tony Jefferson Eric Weddle. So that's five Five and safety Okay Um, let's do the defensive line first So defensive tackle Willie Henry Michael Pierce Brandon Williams That's those three um I think Carl Davis could end up being the odd man out And they may go with an undrafted free agent right there So I am going to go with Gonna come back to that uh defensive in Brent Urban Um, I think Kofusi is finally gone after all them games being inactive um Brent Urban, who was the last pick we made? What was his name? Was that Xyla? Is that Xyla? Was this him? Was that him? I don't remember the last pick. I don't remember the last pick's name we made I don't remember. I know it was a DN. Hold up. If I look at the school, I probably remember Oh, it was okay. What's that? Okay. Appreciate y'all. So we'll throw him in there too Um, Brent Urban Okay, there you go. We did a detack. So defensive ends Brent Urban um I think Kofusi's out of there We'll just do Brent Urban for now outside linebackers so Bowser, Judon Tyrell Suggs 10 Williams Throw those four in there. It's Darius Smith out Linebackers Let's go back to this again. CJ Mosey uh Kenny Young CJ Mosey Kenny Young um CJ Mosey Kenny Young Peanut So them three boys, who did we miss? Hey, I appreciate that Gabba um What position did we oh Justin Tucker, Sam cooking Morgan Cox We didn't do those three yet. So that's 49 We got four people left And we we got all positions and we got four people left So this this roster was more strict And we got some leftovers, but it's tight man It's tight um Bam Bradley He's good on special teams. They get hit Would I give him a shot? I'm gonna go with Bam. Bam will be one um Oh rg3 So yeah, we could still keep our three quarterbacks with rg3. So that's another one appreciate y'all um Bowser Suggs, Judo and Tim Williams Michael that guy used to play fullback and Brandon Michael. Oh Michael Pierce you're talking about um So yeah, we got two more spots Who gets the last two spots? Tim White? No, I'm not Tim White. We're gonna we're gonna pick up a generian Grant What's up Caesar?  So somebody said something about Darius Williams. So could he be the next Jalen hill? Now Jalen hill has a disadvantage because he's not healthy. Um Oh, yeah tighten with one two because we got three right now But you know, um, yeah, they they always need corners, man They know how their corners is me So Jalen hill has a disadvantage versus Darius Williams or anybody else because he's coming off his acl mcl pcl whatever it was um So we'll go with Darius Williams there No, we'll go with Darius Williams there for the 53 and that's it That's it. That was hard. So like we're taking a test So That's it. That's all 53 man roster prediction Um, appreciate y'all. Hey, maybe more maybe we'll see we'll see I don't That was hard That was hard. I didn't know it was gonna be that hard. Appreciate it CJ. Appreciate you see Wow And that's that Charlie they say he would hate to be in charge for roster spots.   We're gonna leave that alone though doing the roster was enough, but As a gm you gotta be the one to tell these people like hey You didn't make the team Um, so your hopes and dreams of being an NFL player Uh, probably gonna be over Unless you just happen to get lucky and some other team thinks you even got a shot and you get a trial with them or whatnot so Say you look like a roman reins guy. Oh you talking about because of this thing. That's probably why you say that um But Yeah, that's that. We still need to get this We'll see how that goes man We obviously got a good chance to get in them, but Everybody got a good chance to get them. Have I seen Acklin play? No, I haven't not at all. Not at all Um, I haven't seen any of these rookies play at all What I do to my arm. I was saying earlier I don't know if I got carp a tunnel or what if or from developing carp tunnel, but my wrist sometimes just like stiff and like If I like move it the wrong way and try to pick up something the wrong way, then it won't feel good If I just keep this on when I'm at home Uh, it helps a lot. It helps a lot We're not getting this anymore. You turn this down. Yeah, you probably right But it ain't over till it's over. So He's still a free agent till he signs somewhere Shout out to baltomoravins.com for having this roster because they have every player All 90 people on there right now so I thought I was gonna have to I thought when I put it in google I thought it was gonna come up with a bunch of different crazy lists and stuff and that might not even be accurate and whatnot But thank you. He said engine from playing made But thank you to baltomoravins.com for having that right. It's called getting old. Yeah, I'm I'm 54. So I am uh, oh, I'm one I'm one year older than the uh, the amount of players we can have on a roster So that's that crafty can mentor payment. He could but I don't think they're gonna keep payment Paramount around for him to get meant mentor.  Smith. I think that'd be a good pick up for them I think it would be I think it would be um So we'll see we'll see No Yeah, 54 man. I'm 54 five four five four single quattro single quattro Yeah, Paramount man. Well, I want payment to go to new Orleans. I want payment to go to new Orleans I want him to play with drew breeze or I want him to go to even new Orleans of the packers um I just I want to see that dude shine, man I want to see that dude reach his potential. It's not gonna happen with ravens. They're not gonna give him a shot Um, and they signed and jacked all our receivers. They're clearly over parryman. So he ain't gonna make the team Um, but I want to see that guy go get a shot somewhere, man Um, so we'll see we'll see Anyway, team keep it clean Appreciate y'all. Thank you Thank you for watching. Thank you for being a part of this. Thank you I'm thinking about if I can I'm thinking about streaming madden If I can because I haven't streamed madden in a long time um so If I can then Y'all will see it and if I can't They all see some more episodes in the fail in their fail questions from subscribers and again For anybody that will want to be part of nfl questions from subscribers Because I've done literally every question. I don't have any questions right now, which I'm so glad for I probably shouldn't have said that because now we're going to get a boatload, but that's what it's about. Um If anybody that wants to be a part of it, all you got to do is send me a dm on instagram twitter snapchat with your question Uh, we'll answer that in the video. That's it That's it. Whatever question you got about nfl. That's it That's it. Um, so appreciate y'all do a weekly live stream at a certain time. I thought about that But I feel like I'm so unorganized and I Need planning to stream at a certain time every week. That'd be tough I could barely get to work on time. You talking about me streaming on time or me streaming at a certain time every week I don't know man. How far do you think the Ravens playbook will be a year too? well If it was a fist Lamar Jackson, it just opened stuff up, man. It opens so much stuff up Um, so yeah, I appreciate it charlie. Appreciate it a lot podcast, hey Podcast will be cool man podcast is more organized than these but that would be something I would have to figure that out because that would be something So, I mean, I feel like it's the same thing as this just with no video with no, uh No camera just audio so In the days when I'm looking a little more rough than others that would be great that would work out Because right now man, my legs look like I look like two different like two different skin tones all in one um My back's gonna be a start quarterback on Yeah, he probably will be Let's see how the qb coach does the flack. Oh, yeah, we're gonna see man. It's gonna be a season Going to be a season. So anyway, let me get off of here now Thank you all for coming through make sure you subscribe if you haven't already Um, leave a like on the video click the thumbs up button and again, like I said Follow on twitter instagram snapchat all that good stuff We're going man. There's 53 man rocks and prediction was very hard We'll see how close we get Or how far away we will be now. You ain't gotta thank me. I gotta thank y'all Thank you all for coming through man. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you


The Feynman propagator is a solution of the quantum Hamilton Jacobi equation, which can be calculated using either the path integral method or the Hamilton Jacobi equation. In the former, the path integral is used to compute the propagator, while in the latter, the propagator is derived from the classical Hamilton Jacobi equation. Both methods yield the same result, but they differ in their approach. This article was authored by Mario Fosco Girard.


Hello, and welcome back to the Sports Biomechanics lecture series. Today, our first of two talks today, I'm joined by Celeste Wilkins, who is a PhD student at Hartpree University. And this is another really interesting topic that fascinates me because I wouldn't know where to start with this one. But Celeste is studying the coordination between equestrian riders and the horse, and as her Twitter bio says, no, riders don't just sit there. So I'm quite looking forward to finding out what the riders actually do and learning a little bit more about equestrian biomechanics. So over to you. Thank you Celeste. Hi everybody. I am finishing up my PhD at Hartpree and my research area of interest is equestrian rider of biomechanics and like Stuart said, I'm looking at the coordination between horse and rider. And I'm going to talk you through a little bit about how we collect the data, some interesting analyses that we use, and some really cool future directions that we have in equestrian sport. But I realize that many of you have never had any exposure to equestrian riders or the study of biomechanics in equestrian riders. So I'm going to talk in general terms. But I'm also going to refer you to a few key references should you wish to delve a little bit deeper. So equestrian sport is really part of the culture in the UK where I'm based. But it really came to the fore during the 2012 Olympics when Team GB took home five medals in equestrianism. And arguably the stars of the show were Charlotte Dujardin, pictured here, and her horse, Allegro. They won individual and team gold for Team GB and they compete in a sport called dressage. Dressage is a little bit like the floor routine and gymnastics. So the rider pilots the horse around the arena doing a series of transitions in different gates and within the gate. Some changes of direction and different movements that are all judged by a panel. And they're really looking for the rider to be very highly coordinated with the horse. And appearance of flawless simplicity, which is very hard to achieve in practice. Horses like Allegro are worth millions. So it's like Charlotte sitting on the equivalent of an F1 car. Now other than dressage in the Olympics, we also have show jumping, which is where the rider pilots the horse around a course of obstacles that at the Olympic level can range and height up to 1 meter 60. And we have eventing, which is the triathlon of equestrian sport. And it involves a phase of dressage, show jumping and cross country, which is over some natural obstacles on a longer natural terrain course. And so the horse can have a career that spans multiple riders. It takes about 10 years ish to get a horse up to that Olympic level. And really the career killer for a horse can be orthopedic injuries. The horse can't necessarily tell us with words any sort of underlying issues that could cause a problem. So we rely a lot on gate analysis with our horses to understand how their performance may be affected and also monitor them for any changes in particularly the asymmetry of their gate. So gate analysis in the horse is very similar to what you would do with your human participants. However, we have a few challenges that are very specific to horses. For example, the average stride length of a full sized horse can be up to 326 centimeters in trot. And we like to look at successive strides in the horse when we're measuring their gates. So we would require at least a 15 meter track if we're going to look at five strides. And that requires a lot of cameras and wires and tripods. And we're working in indoor riding halls that don't necessarily have the setup that we would like for motion capture. We're going to use the gold standard of biomechanical analysis. And so we're setting up these tripods and these wires, but we also have horses that are quite fit and highly strung. So we have to consider their health and safety so it can be quite a challenge. Thankfully, we have these inertial measurement units that have been validated against motion capture for use in the horse. And these look at the symmetry of the horse's gate so we can monitor them for signs of lameness, which is an orthopedic problem in the horse. And these really give us a chance to assess a lot of horses in the field, both ridden and trotting in hand without a rider. But they cause a bit of a debate within our equestrian community because this new level of precision has never been seen before. So traditionally we'd have a practitioner, whether that be a vet or somebody who has been highly trained to assess the level of symmetry in the horse's gate. But now we have these IMUs that give us really precise information about the rotations of, say, the horse's pelvis. And now practitioners have to decide what level of asymmetry is actually clinically relevant and how to use IMUs or sensors in the field and whether they should be used in practice. So there's two really good references there that delve into that debate and I could see it continuing in the future. At heart pre, we're pretty lucky. We have some outstanding facilities. We have arenas for riding, as well as our stables and our equine therapy center, where we look at both horses and riders. So if we want to standardize the incline or the speed of our horses when we're doing research, we can use the high speed treadmill. And as you can see, we can set up our cameras much easier in this setting than in a riding arena. And it's excellent. It's an excellent tool for both our research side and our strength and conditioning of our horses. My supervisor, Dr. Catherine Nankovish, she looks at the kinematics of horses on the high speed treadmill. And we also have a water treadmill, which we use for conditioning and research. And she's used motion capture and IMUs in that setting as well, which is led to some pretty cool studies. So obviously the horse plays a huge role in the outcomes of performance in competition. But there are a lot of international research groups that are looking at the rider as well. And we can lump those studies into several categories, such as the characteristics of injury. If you fall off a horse, you have a high chance of sustaining an acute head injury. These are the most common in falls. And so there's an emerging body of research that's looking at riders and jockeys, how they fall off the horse. And also testing the safety equipment from a biomechanics perspective. So as you can see this rider here competing in eventing dressage is not wearing a helmet. And helmets are quite common in the equestrian sport, but not necessarily taken up by all riders, particularly in competition. Also chronic back pain is quite prevalent in riders. And there have been a few studies looking at the potential mechanisms of injury there. When it comes to coaching and progression in sport, there's a big question, how do you become an elite rider? From a biomechanics perspective, we've looked at the difference between a novice or a non-rider and an elite rider. And the differences within the kinematics and also muscle activation patterns that the riders have that make them say an elite rider. And then of course we're riding a moving animal and we have to consider the horse's welfare. So there have been several studies that have looked at rain pressure. So the rains are the leather straps that's attached to the metal bit in the horse's mouth. And that bit rests on very sensitive gum tissue. So rain pressure is very relevant for the welfare of the horse, but also the saddle pressure. So the rider applies pressure with their seat in the saddle and that can influence their kinematics as well of the horse. And then use of different types of equipment, training equipment and interventions is quite commonly studied as well. But my area of particular interest is performance based. So we're looking for quantitative performance indicators to use as benchmarks for the rider and to be able to assess their performance with a higher degree of precision than we have previously. So when we talk about technique in the rider, we have to stay on the horse first and foremost. That's the prerequisite to riding of course. But once you're able to stay stable on the horse through the repetitive movement of their gait, then you learn to use your hands, your seat pressure and your legs independently and together to cue the horse to move in different directions, to speed up, to slow down, etc. And that's really the hallmark of a good rider that they're able to independently use different parts of their body to train and cue the horse. But in terms of their performance, we don't have a standard of what that should look like other than the vertical alignment of the rider's ear, shoulder, hip and heel. And that places the rider in a quite stable position. If you think about it, it places their center of mass within the limits of their base of support. If you take that horse out from under that rider in that picture, you would have a rider that would be kind of crouching on the ground. So it is a stable position. And that's the position that's traditionally prescribed by coaching manuals such as the British Horse Society. When we look at the studies, the riders are more likely to be classified as advanced by a qualified judge if they have their trunk closer to the vertical. So judges like this position. And this is a trunk orientation that's developed with instructions. Kang looked at riders when they had never ridden and up to 24 weeks of tuition twice week and found that as they're riding tuition progressed, they were able to straighten up and sit closer to the vertical. But the problem is that this is based on a static image of the rider. So it doesn't actually indicate how the rider is absorbing the motion or following the motion of the horse. For example, an excellent study by Lagarde in 2005 showed that a recreational rider compared to a professional counterpart was able to achieve a consistent trunk to vertical angle. So they're riding along and sitting trot and their angle was quite consistent. However, that pattern was not sustainable. After a few strides, they had a degenerated movement pattern and descended into a bit of chaos, whereas the professional rider oscillated in time. So moved their trunk angle to absorb that movement of the horse. And riders do deviate from this position. So their angles do change over the course of the horse's stride. And that's been shown in several studies, like the one by Schilds and Lovett. So there's much more to the story than just that vertical alignment of ear, shoulder, hip and heel. And that's really what we're trying to get to with all of our rider biomechanics studies. Another key buzzword in equestrian sport is the rider's pelvis. We're really interested in understanding how this movement interface between horse and rider. So the rider's lumbopel, the hip region absorbs the movement of the horse and allows them to remain stable so that ultimately their hands and legs can also be stable. As you can see in these skips, there's a lot of movement in that area. And there is a potential implication for rider back pain. So we're starting to drill down on that issue and assess and treat our riders based on what we know. We know that elite riders follow the movement of the horse by rotating their pelvis. And in the sagittal plane, like you can see side on with these riders, the rider follows a pitching motion, so forward and back, that resonates with the horse's stride. So two beats per stride and trot, so the rider pitches forward and back twice every stride. Riders may control the angle of their pelvis in the anterior or posterior direction to influence the horse's stride. So riders may tip forward or backwards and hold their pelvis in a way that directs their seat pressure to cue the horse to shorten their stride or what we call collection, where the horse has a much more elevated stride. And that's what you're seeing here in these dressage horses. One study by Munz in 2014 found that professional riders may tilt more anteriorly, significantly more so, than beginners in walk trot and canter. So there's really a question as to what kind of pelvic tilt is necessary for the rider. Actually, recently one of our Olympic dressage riders said on social media that her saddle held her pelvis in a more neutral position, which was more beneficial for the connection between horse and rider. But the research hasn't quite delved into what position your pelvis must be in and whether that's a facet of elite technique. And so my first PhD study wanted to look at these preconceived notions, both riders' pelvis, because it is that crucial movement interface between horse and rider, and how you assess it. So I wanted to see whether you could assess the riders posture statically, and so whether if they're sitting in the saddle at halt, whether any of the information that we can get about their pelvis would correspond into the movement condition. And also, if it is true that you've developed your seat through years and years of riding practice, whether there was going to be any sort of difference between a top level rider and somebody who was just starting their competition for it. So to do that, I looked at riders on our race with riding simulator. So I recruited 35 dressage riders, and they had to have results at the international level, which is the FBI levels, or British dressage competitions, all females. And they were assessed using Polysis Motion Capture on the Race with Eventing Simulator in Walk, Trot, and Canter. And the Race with Eventing Simulator is a really high-tech piece of kit, we call ours Margaret, and she moves in three dimensions and simulates the movement of a horse's trunk. Now, a lot of riders get on and say, well, this is not exactly like my horse, but it does allow us to expose all of our riders in our studies to the same frequency and amplitude of oscillations and cut down the variability that would be given by the horse. And it allows us to set up our motion capture cameras and collect data all day long and not have to worry about horses being tired or having every rider ride every horse and recruiting different types of horses. So it's a really, really good piece of kit for research, and it means that we can develop our analysis procedures and our protocols in a simulation environment, just like you would say with a treadmill or a bike. And then once we're ready to expose our riders to live horses, once we've developed our experiments as thoroughly as possible, then we recruit horses. So it's, from a welfare perspective, it's actually quite a good piece of kit. So this is what the rider looks like in our motion capture software, and this is a sitting trough. And this pink segment here, the rider's pelvis is what I analyzed in the sagittal plane. So looking at the pitch, and I took the minimum maximum range of motion and mean tilt over the course of an oscillation cycle. So it was all split into the cycles that were given by the vertical displacement of the riding simulator. And so I tested the effect of gait and the effect of competition level on mean pelvic tilt at halt and during motion. And riders were split into their competition level categories. Novice was the first three levels of British stress, intermediate, the subsequent three levels and elite, everybody competing at the elite levels of the sport. So the international levels, including the Olympic level of Grand Prix. And what you can see here in this bar chart is that at halt there was no pelvic posture, whether that's anterior, so tilted forward, neutral, so front and back were equal and posterior, so tilted backwards. There was no posture that was more indicative necessarily, or statistically so, in any competition level. So that was quite interesting. And then when we compared the halt tilt to the dynamic tilt in walk, trot and canter, we didn't find any correlation between halt and dynamic tilt. Actually all riders, regardless of their competition level tilted more significantly backwards or posterior in trot and canter than in walk, which seems to suggest that there's a dynamic strategy going on. That was a little bit different than what months found, so they found more anterior tilts. And there was no interaction between competition level and mean pelvic tilt. So regardless of whether you were competing at Grand Prix or the first level of British stress, which is called pre-limb, you might be doing the same thing. So therefore, I would suggest that we should be assessing our riders dynamically rather than looking at a static image of the rider. And using single subject designs were appropriate, so trying to figure out what that individual rider is doing rather than saying that all elite riders are doing this. Because there could be differences between those elite riders that would be very interesting to unpick. So if we want to have a dynamic analysis of the rider, we need to really have a goal in mind. So if you see these three riders, this is in our motion capture software. And if you're a biomechanist looking at this, you could see many, many different possibilities in terms of the analysis. So if we think about a goal for equestrian analysis, we think back to what the judge is looking for. In Dressage, it's a judge sport, so we want to judge the rider performance in a biomechanics way on what it means for their upcoming performance. One of the key judged qualities of the performance is the level of coordination between horse and rider. And colloquially we call this harmony between horse and rider. And so if we're going to derive something that is useful for riders and judges, harmony looks like a very, very good prospect. And there have been a few studies that have looked at the level of coordination between horse and rider. And typically these are using analysis techniques from the dynamic systems theory approach. So using variables such as the relative phase between horse and rider and segmentally as well between the rider to come to a conclusion about what's important when it comes to the coordination between horse and rider. And these studies have used only a few participants, and so there's definitely more work to be done here. But these early indications are telling us that as the rider is more progressed in their experience level, that there is increased coordination between horse and rider. And this is for with the relative phase analysis. Also that riders that are more experienced and more coordinated with the horse induce less variability on the horse's gate. And this is something that we're really looking for in the dressage competition. So rhythm and regularity are these judged qualities of the dressage competition. And so anything that the rider can do to decrease the variability of the horse's gate is definitely a positive. Also riders that have greater coordination with the horse as described by the relative phase, they were judged more beneficially by a dressage judge. So they got higher scores. And that's again something that we're looking to use as a performance indicator in equestrian sport. When we look at the segmental relative phase analysis of the rider, more experienced riders had greater phase matching with their elbow to the horse's movement. And that seems to indicate that their rain lengths or their contact with the horse's pit would be more consistent throughout the stride. And there was also an interesting ankle strategy that a professional rider showed in relation to the beginner rider. So they were absorbing the motion through the flexion and extension of their ankle. And that meant that they were able to keep more of their segments in phase with the horse. So rather than saying that all riders need to be aligned from ear, shoulder, hip and heel, which you can see in these riders who are all competing at Brom pre-level, which is the Olympic level. We can start to have more indicative analysis of the rider that speaks to our performance goals rather than just applying a template and looking at angles. And so that's what we're really looking to do. Offer some kind of analysis that can influence how the rider is being coached. Any programs that they have off the horse that might influence the level of coordination between horse and rider. And how riders progress through their coaching levels or their riding levels in a much more dynamic way. That takes into account the self-organization of the system of horse and rider. And we're also looking at some indications of what variability means for horse and rider. So all of these riders competing at Brom pre-level are doing things a little bit differently. And we're looking at measures that might take that into account and describe that and its impacts on the rider's performance. So right now we're looking at this level of coordination on the riding simulator and developing our analysis procedures, which if anybody has undertaken any dynamic systems analysis of the rider or of other sports, it's quite a complex process that involves a lot of coding and is fun, but still at the same time quite complex. So we're developing this on the riding simulator and what we're trying to do is then understand what variables we need to be looking out for so we can take that into the field. But like I said previously, analyzing the rider in the field is no easy task. And having enough cameras, having wires buried under surface, all of these things need to be taken into consideration. And of course, while we do have IMU suits and things that are available to analyze humans in the field, these don't necessarily tell us what we need for the rider or, well, we don't know yet. So there's a lot of more testing and analysis that needs to go into our procedures in order to only recruit the riders and horses when we're absolutely ready for action. But as you can see here, it is a lot of fun to use our international arena, which has great access to power and all the facilities that we need to analyze horse and rider. And at Herpree, we're also looking at different student projects. So this was a really fun project that we did with the students looking at jumping kinematics. And it makes it a great way to make biomechanics accessible to a population that might not be as interested. So equestrian science or equine science are very practical minded. And when you bring it to the horse or when you explain things with reference to the horse, which our students know very well, then you can start to get a better idea of exactly what's going on. And we're making more scientifically oriented equestrian practitioners, which is not a bad thing at all. So in conclusion, equestrian sport involves a dynamic interaction between horse and rider. And we can analyze both horse and rider in the field. More information is available all the time, but we have to analyze this information critically and think what is actually necessary to report back to our coaches and riders and how we can make that information accessible and relevant to improve safety, to improve performance, to support horse welfare and empower coaches. There's a lot of coaching research also going on looking at fusing biomechanics and particular dynamic systems with how riders are coached. And that is an absolutely massive development for our sport too. Rider performance indicators need to be relevant to performance. So if you give a rider a report, it needs to tell them things that they can understand and that they can use within their practice. And that's true for any sport, but at the equestrian level, we're only at really the start of our journey exploring what variables really impact performance. So the research to come in in coming years is going to influence that development. And at Heartbury anyway, we are really poised to be able to do a lot of research with horses and riders. So that has been a really great thing in my PhD anyway. I'd like to acknowledge my supervisors. I have a great team including Dr. Catherine Nankovis who keeps me on track with horses and riders. That's her focus. Dr. Laurence Prodderot who's a biomechanist and Dr. Steven Draper who looks at the physiology of runners and has really contributed a lot to this project. So thank you very much. Okay, thanks Les. That was really interesting. I think so you alluded to it yourself. It's always really good when the research poses even more questions so kind of watching that and making a few notes. But kind of I kept coming up with questions and more questions and more questions which I think is always positive. Yes, one of the things I was interested in was the difference when you talk about pelvic tilt and the fact that you've got both anterior, posterior and intermediate or neutral tilt at all competition levels. I was and I know nothing about equestrian. I'll admit that I was interested in that and think if it doesn't seem that it's something to be corrected. So it's not necessarily the case that elite and the elite do one thing. So we should try and make everyone do that. What's the application? Are there any if you can identify that someone is anteriorly or more posteriorly tilted at the pelvis would you then put slightly different implementations and interventions in place for those people? Well, there are some practitioners that would argue that yes, it is very relevant and as it does influence the spinal curve. Yeah, possibly there is some some effect of the pelvic tilt on potential back pain. However, I think that it really needs a more full body approach. So if the pelvis is tilted anteriorly, what does that mean for the rest of the rider's body? I think that riders should look at their body as a system as a whole and analyze it dynamically. So at what point in the stride is the rider interior or posterior or neutral because the rider is moving. So if it's a mean pelvic tilt, what does that mean? And I think we're getting closer, but I don't think that we have all the answers with that yet. Okay. Yeah, I think when you say about looking at the whole system and other things that could play a factor. Again, I'm very kind of unknowledgeable in this topic, but I was wondering whether limb length or other joint angles could play any role. So just when you have the three kind of gifts up of the different riders, I was looking at it and thinking whether like people with longer legs or shorter legs, leading to kind of greater or less than knee angles or hip angles, whether that would play any role on what kind of pelvic tilt they were displaying. Yeah, definitely. And we run rider performance clinics at Hartbury and we screen all of our academy riders. So we have an equine academy where riders can bring their horses and compete while doing their university studies at Hartbury. And that is limb length inequalities are something that we look at in those screenings. So I don't know that we have definitive answers as how it influences the rider, but also bear in mind that the rider can choose their stirrup length. So their feet are in the stirrup and they can choose if they want to have shorter or longer stirrups. So that definitely will have an impact on how they're using their legs to follow the horse's movement. There's some really interesting actually by mechanical models of the rider. And the leg is a key component of that system that allows them to be able to follow the movement of the horse. But of course the leg is going to be impacted or in its usability by the length of stirrup. And that's going to affect the ankle and the knee angles and the hip angle. So there's probably a lot more to unpack there in terms of both the symmetry of the rider and the length of the stirrup that that rider would choose or is instructed to choose, which would make for some pretty cool studies I think. Yeah, I agree. I think as we said earlier, lots more questions, but that's definitely a positive thing I think at this stage. Absolutely. Research. Yeah, the other thing kind of I'm really interested in is the actual simulator, which looks like really exciting. Does just out of interest, is there any variability in I think you mentioned the frequency and amplitude of the oscillations? Is that the same every cycle or does it vary from cycle to cycle? It is the same every cycle within each gate or each simulated gate. And then there's three different frequencies of walk trot and canter, frequency and amplitude. So you can have collected, medium and extended. And that would simulate what the horse would be asked to do as well. But I think that the question of variability is a very interesting one and shouldn't be discounted. I think also, though, that that would be a great thing to analyze with the live horses rather than the simulator. I think the simulator has its place, but you can't beat going out into the field and looking at what kind of variability the horse throws up as well. Yeah, definitely. I think the whole idea of functional variability as well and saying is there anything that the elite riders are able to do to cope with that variability that lower level riders maybe aren't. But yeah, it's just an interesting thought. I think the last probably last question for me, I've got a lot of notes here. But you mentioned in that answer about the walk trot and canter. It was interesting that if I remember this correctly, all levels of riders had a more posterior pelvic tilt in the trot and canter than they did in the walk. I think that was correct. Do you have any ideas or any guesses as to why that might be or why that pattern exists? Well, there could be many factors that would influence it. Within the level, the riders had different patterns. So the meme tells us that all the riders within the competition levels were more posterior. But within that, there were some riders that went interior in walk, neutral in trot and then posterior in canter. So there's probably a lot to unpick there as well. But typically, I guess the riders were trying to get behind the movement or follow the movement with a more posterior tilt is what I would say is a rider myself. But I think that poses a lot of interesting follow up questions for the data that we're looking to explore as well. Thanks. I think that's brilliant. It keeps coming back to more questions. I think that's where I always get excited in my own research where rather than just answering the question and then that's kind of job done. It's always good when you can see a path for both yourself and others in the future in various different directions, people can choose to go down. Definitely. And I think also the fact that equestrian is getting more exposure in the water sports biomechanics community means that we can have questions from people who don't know horses. And that always throws up the most interesting things that I never thought of. So it's only a bonus. Yeah. And I think personally, I definitely fall into the category of people who don't know horses. But yeah, that was really, really interesting. Thank you. And kind of, yeah, really novel topic. And I think I definitely, as I said at the start, we said, no, the riders don't just sit there. I think it's definitely increased my knowledge of what the riders do, but also the coordination between rider and horse is a really interesting topic. And could you just go on to your next slide, please? Yeah. So just as a final thing for kind of people watching. If you've got any questions, then either use the comments section on YouTube or gain touch on Twitter with either Celeste or myself or the hashtag at the bottom of the screen and we'll try and get some answers for you where we can. But don't forget there is another talk later today on rugby place kicking biomechanics, which should be another interesting novel topic. The final thing for me is just a really huge thank you to Celeste, because as I keep saying, that was really interesting topic and something where I feel like I've gone from zero knowledge at all to actually having a bit of a bit of knowledge and a lot of interest and questions. Yeah, thanks very much for that. Thank you.


I am gonna throw out three names, three X factors that I'm told could play a difference in who wins this war. Who's the victor, who falls to defeat, whether it's the Rizzuto mob or the Hell's Angels and Marty Robert. The three names are Dabadi, Baldi, Barbario, who we've talked about the last month or so. And then Petro Tantonio, AKA Tony Suzuki. He's about 60 years old, dates all the way back to Old Man Beauty Rizzuto. And then finally, Joey Gator, AKA Giuseppe Buccarazzo. All three of them have survived murder contracts on their head throughout this decade and a half ordeal.


In cell biology, the spindal apparatus or mitotic spindle refers to the sinus skeletal structure of eukaryotic cells that forms during cell division to separate sister chromatids between daughter cells. It is referred to as the mitotic spindle during mitosis, a process that produces genetically identical daughter cells, or the mitotic spindle during mitosis, a process that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. Besides chromosomes, the spindle apparatus is composed of hundreds of proteins. Cerebral tubules comprise the most abundant components of the machinery.