Okay, we're back live here at the Cassandra Summit 2012. I'm John Furrier, the founder of SiliconAngle.com, and I'm joined with Jeff Kelly from Mukibon.org, the lead analyst for Big Data on our team, and we're joined with Jason Brown, software engineer at Netflix. Johnny, all right. Jason, welcome to theCUBE. Well, thank you for having me. So we had Adrian on earlier from Netflix, I call him CTO, but he was not on, obviously, a regular architecture. And he says, Netflix doesn't have a CTO. It's true. And he says, also, they only hire adults. Okay, no children. So good to know that you're not breaking in the labor laws and software development language. Yeah. So I couldn't help but resist. But welcome. So you're at Netflix. Yeah. Tell us about your experience. Sure. Obviously, because they only hire very senior executives and developers, so tell us about your background. Sure. So I've been at Netflix for four years. Before that, I was an architect and a lead engineer over at DOM. MajorleagueBaseball.com in New York City. This one? MLB? Yeah, Majorleague Baseball. And I basically re-implemented their entire e-commerce system. Before that, I was working over in the wireless space doing mobile applications way before it was sexy or interesting. It was a little boring back then. But then, before that, just kind of wandering around and trying to build my career up and eventually land out here in California. All right, so you're a software degree. What languages do you know? So the one I've been primarily working in for the last 10 years is Java. I do a little bit of Python scripting and a little bit of other things, but it's primarily Java. It's one that pays the mortgage. It's one that lets me... It's a good meat and potatoes. You know, good meat and potatoes. Java takes care of all the memory management. You don't have to deal with that. But you can go see if you want, right? No problem. Yeah, in fact, back when I was doing mobile development, half the work wasn't see. And actually, that was probably one of the best on-the-job experiences I've ever had. Constantly got my stuff handed back to me when the phones crashed and the vices did very naughty things. Well, we had to grill you on your expertise because we couldn't help but resist Adrian's comment about we only hired people with five-to-ten years experience and good culture. We asked him about the culture at Netflix. So congratulations. We're big fans of Netflix. See Reed and his history and entrepreneurship. It's just been a storied history. He used to work for a previous investor, my Audrey McLean, my last company's and she invested into the standard. But I got to follow his career. I don't know him personally, but just great, great brand. So love the disruption. So you guys are all cloud, right? So take us through, what's it like right now, architecturally? Let's get into the operating environment. So you're programming in Java. You have Amazon explaining a little bit about it. You're running Cassandra. What's the day-to-day life like in that environment? Sure. So the day-to-day life for just typical engineers, you're working on a coder features for, like say, the recommendations algorithm. And that's the algorithm that will show customers movies that they may be interested in, based upon everything they've watched and rated in the past. And so that would get calculated and then driven to the website. And so when the engineer is actually working, you write some code, you check it in. You basically create something that will run inside of EC2. And you can launch it pretty fast. And essentially, you could go from running a piece of code right now and pushing it in prod in just a few hours. And really, that few hours is really just taken by building the appropriate artifacts and then really just testing. So people are familiar with the recommendations service. Obviously, they have Netflix. They say, hey, I ran this movie. You might like this. Absolutely. On Google, I got the little transformer app here. It's part of my thing. Suggestions. You might want to try one of those. It would pop up other movies that I like, Act of Valor, MacGyver, you know what I'm like this. So take us through some of the coding behind that. That's what the intelligence is one, using a lot of data. Yeah, and grouping different customers by the similar likes. So if you and I have similar likes, we may be bucketed together. And I really can't talk too much about the internals because I'm not very familiar with them myself, but also some of it is internal. Secret sauce. It's a secret sauce of Netflix that we hope makes today a better product. Let me try to unpack and share that for the crowd. What they essentially do is some community detection. They store all the data now I'm all again. No, seriously. So you got to get the data. So I want to kind of go through kind of the big picture just because, and I want to oversimplify. I don't have to go into the secret sauce, but you need access to the data. So from a database standpoint, you have the Netflix's data model, all the data for all the clients, and all the customers. Yeah, all the customers. So you have all that data. And you got to pull that in at any given time. Correct. So to know my likes, you got to have access to my stuff all the time. Exactly. And so how do you guys do that? How does it work? Sure, so whenever you watch something or rate the movie, it'll get submitted to a database. Then that'll get run through one set of aggregation that'll figure out everything you've watched and all the movies that you'd be interested in and generates one set of lists. Then at runtime, when you actually go to Netflix.com or you go through a device, like a PS3 or anything else, I'll let you do on the fly filtering. So there's things like top 10 videos that you may be interested in or there's things like the foreign films you'd be interested in or the critically claimed heartbreakers that you'd be interested in. You'll basically find everything that you've watched and really filtered for hopefully what you are interested in. So how about the Cassandra? I think we could rattle on this for a long way. I know you probably won't get more specific as to the secret sauce. So we'll kind of redirect into the Cassandra. So why Cassandra in the cloud and specifically has it helped you guys? Absolutely, so one of the coolest features about Cassandra is that it has this multi-data center sense built into it. Meaning you can run the same, you can house the same set of data across multiple data centers and there can be geographically disparate locations. So for us that means essentially we can have a customer's complete set of data in Europe and a complete set in Singapore and a complete set in the US. And for us that's really great because as we want to grow internationally having the customer's data available everywhere and very close to them is very critical for our business and to get recommendations and the customer's data as fast as possible so we can serve up what they'd be interested in. Except for replication essentially and replicating the infrastructure. Absolutely. So what's involved? I mean, does Cassandra take care of all that? It does, pretty much under the hood. So we've had some Cassandra committers on board at Netflix who've written a lot of a code and have contributed back to the open source project and that's essentially what we run in our production environment so that we can run inside of Amazon too and have customer's data in Europe, in the US and anywhere else that Netflix decides to go to. So there's a word that's being kicked around since the whole social data streaming. Not streaming movies like you guys but streaming data. So data is fast moving. Is Cassandra a better use case than HBase or what's the, I mean takes us through the Mongo, HBase, Cassandra, based on your expert opinion, looking at the different views. Actually we know why you like Cassandra but you know HBase has some advantages. Yeah. You've got simple DB which... We actually started off our cloud migration using simple DB. Unfortunately we found that it didn't scale up to what we needed. There were major performance problems and we just had to basically migrate or abandon pastics. It was just not scaling up to our needs. And so at that point we really need to find out a database that we had to manage and so we did a comparison way back in the day about two years ago now. We evaluated things like Mongo, Cassandra, React, HBase and Cassandra won out for us because of the data center compatibility. We found that HBase didn't work for us because it seemed more geared towards large chunks of data rather than our needs at runtime which is for a specific customer set of data which is a much smaller sort of a unit of granularity. So HBase is great for doing a lot of analytical work but didn't work for our runtime needs. MongoDB we played with a little bit. There was a team that actually deployed it internally but it had a lot of performance scalability problems. There's a right lock that every time you do a right inside of it it tries to do a lock and I don't know much of the details myself but essentially they were able to make it fall over unfortunately pretty fast. So for their specific purpose it didn't work. And as we're trying to not have a whole slew of database systems running around we decided to center on Cassandra. Got it, good. So yeah I'm interested to hear a little bit about how these two worlds big data analytics, kind of big data transactional real time products too. How they lived together in Netflix because we actually had a data scientist on from Netflix that Hortonworks Hadoop Summit talked a little bit about the algorithms and building the analytics that power the suggestions. But you've also got, once you make the suggestions you've also got to deliver the content. Correct. So you've kind of got both worlds there. Exactly. How do you purge that at Netflix in terms of making those two work together and both from a technology perspective from a team staffing perspective? Is there overlap? How does that work? Sure, so it's unfortunately not one big system that can rule them all. It's unfortunately a group of systems. In fact when we first moved to the cloud and moved to Cassandra the problem that we found that we had was it wasn't one system and then moving all the data out of one, moving all the data out of Cassandra into something else where it could be analyzed and really churned through was actually quite assured that our analytics team spent, I think the better part of seven, eight months trying to work through that process. And so that's the process of getting it out and getting it in. A lot of how that team works is that they'll upload the crunched out numbers. They'll just stash it up in S3 and then it'll be pulled in by another team to be stuffed into either another Cassandra cluster or just those runtime services will pull it from S3. So unfortunately it's not as simple as we would all like but it all works. All right but I think that it's important to point out people sometimes are trying to kind of compare and contrast the different big data approaches and they're often complementary in many ways. I mean what Cassandra does certainly is complementary in a lot of ways to what Hadoop does in terms of the analytics. It's a little bit different when you get into H-Base and then you're talking a little bit about kind of a competitive situation. So in terms of Cassandra we've heard a little bit about over the last couple of years the kind of the tool set has improved. A couple of years ago it was not great. So could you talk about that? Could you first of all confirm that, is that accurate? And how has it developed? How has it improved over the last couple of years and how easy is it to use now?  For most other companies unfortunately that's a big undertaking and it's kind of scary. We've done a lot of things. There's still a lot of room for improvement. So we've written a lot of open source, we've written a lot of tools that we've open sourced but unfortunately there's still a lot of stuff that the typical enterprise off the street just, it's a high barrier to entry. Now I think things have improved a lot over even just the last couple of years and if you think about things like Oracle and even MySQL, they've been around for decades and so there have been time for these, not only the technologies to settle in but then tools communities to form around them which maybe in a few years we'll start to see with a lot of the NoSQL solutions but at least right now it's still a lot of, you know just arrows and you know. We have one minute left so I want to ask one final question. Obviously we had a good job of Adrian, we just pumped it up on the blog so there's a blog post out there now. Go to Siliconangle.com, you can see the blog post and write up from Kit Dodson, one of our editors as well as the video footage from Adrian's video. But given Netflix's position in the marketplace both as an innovator and a disruptor as well as putting stuff in production, what would you share with some of the younger generation CS dudes coming out of college or indoor, working their way through the trenches, learning and playing in the open source community around and just trying to get some navigation around what language is, you know, philosophies. Could you just share your personal and collective Netflix mojo with the crowd in terms of just how to approach the different languages framework up and down the stack? Sure so I'll actually share my own personal story. My background is actually not in computer science, I have a master's degree in music composition. So coming out of grad school in 1999 I needed to get a job. So I basically just started at the bottom doing tech support phone calls and basically it was really just staying up late nights, studying as much as I can. Luckily I was at a company where the systemist engineer who was the founder of the company just kind of took me underneath his wing, gave me a software apprenticeship and really it was just a lot of hard work at the end of the day and reading as much as I can. And back then open source wasn't as big as it is now. But definitely reading any code you can get your hands on in all the different languages is great. But of course I think reading C is probably the best skill to have of all because that's really closest to the metal and of course you can do the most damage to the metal but perhaps to your own self. But that's really where it's at, it all boils down. All right, Jason Brown, software engineer at Netflix. We had a great Netflix contingent here on theCUBE. I'll see proponents of Cassandra. I'll see very cloud-centric in their architecture. They do have stuff on-prem just to kind of clarify that. It's not just all 100% cloud but it's heavily with Amazon one vendor and they're deploying it and saving a lot of money. We're here to talk about Europe, et cetera. So Jason, thanks for coming on theCUBE. We'll be right back with our next guest of this short break. Thanks for having us.


To do research, we need some data. The data comes from what we know as measurement. Singleton and Straits define measurement as a process of assigning numbers, and we could also say that it's a process of assigning numbers according to a known rule, to be more precise, and measurement can have different properties. The idea of measurement is that we typically start with some kind of theoretical concepts and then we need to come up with empirical measures of those theoretical concepts, and then we do calculations using those empirical measures. How it actually works, let's take a look. I'm going to use this diagram from Mikko Ketokivis' book, and it's based on Bach-Karach's article in Academy for Management Review. To analyze this diagram or use this diagram, we need a claim. And our claim or our proposition is that naming a woman as a CEO causes profitability to increase. And this is a proposition, it's a claim on the level of theory, and it contains two theoretical concepts. We have the first concept is CO-gender, the second concept is profitability. And this proposition here is basically a causal claim that female CEO causes profitability to go up. How do we then actually test this? So the idea is that if we have a proposition, then we need to have a way of assigning numbers to represent profitability and represent CO-gender. Then we make a hypothesis that these representations or empirical concepts are associated because we can't really observe causality. We can only observe associations. Then we collect some data and we test for statistical association. If we find a statistical association, then we conclude that we could not reject the hypothesis, therefore we found some evidence for the purposes. So how do we actually measure CO-gender? We could have every CEO to go through a medical examination and the doctor would determine their gender, or we could send them surveys, ask them to report their gender, but that's not practical. So how do we go in practice of determining which CEOs are men and which are women? One easy way would be looking at their names. So the names of CEOs that is public information and then we can check whether the name is a man's name or a woman's name and assign the gender variable according to that rule. So measurement is about assigning numbers according to the rule. Whether that the rule is entirely reliable and entirely valid is probably not because some names can be used for both genders, so there's a bit of unreliability, there's randomness in how a person evaluates them and also if there are names that are from different countries, they might be difficult for us to evaluate. So we get some data about specific companies, so that's the measurement process, and then we evaluate. How do we evaluate profitability? We need to define what is our measure and in this case our measure is return on assets. How do we claim that this is a valid measure of profitability? We can claim validity because ROA is actually something that investors look at when they look at profitability differences between companies. So it is valid in the sense that that is what people actually use. We can also argue validity of ROA based on understanding that profitability or performance of a company is related to how much money or how much profits that makes. And in ROA the returns is the profits and then assets simply scales those profits to be comparable across companies of different sizes. So we can do two different arguments, we can say that this is what people actually use for profitability or we can say that ROA can be derived from profitability and therefore it's a valid measure. Then we collect some data for companies and specific firms, we calculate some kind of sources. In this diagram, reliability is here, it's a very low level thing. Would we get the same data if we collected ROAs and Z-Ogenders again the next day? Probably yes, so this is probably highly reliable. Reliability also concerns the rating here. So if a person rates some companies as men-led or women-led based on name, would that be perfectly reliable? Maybe not. Maybe 99-95% reliable but certainly not 100% reliable because some names are gender ambiguous. And then validity concerns whether we can claim that actually name is valid information of gender. We can say that that is because of the tradition of naming boys in one way, girls in another way and then whether ROA is a valid measure of profitability which we can claim based on the definition on ROA or based on the fact that ROA is actually used as a measure of profitability by, for example, investors. So this is in a nutshell the idea of measurement. We have concepts and then we derive empirical representations for those concepts. We collect some data, we analyze association. If association exists, we conclude that we got some support for the theoretical purposes.


Hey everyone, today we are making some turkey thighs in the Instant Pot. This is very simple to make and it comes out pretty quick. It cooks up in about 30 minutes and we're going to end up with a nice little gravy sauce at the bottom of our pot that we can use. Serve this with mashed potatoes or cauliflower mashed potatoes. It's delicious. I'm Rockin' Robin and I'm going to show you how to do it right after our chef joke. Are you ready for chef joke number one? Here we go. What kind of weather does a turkey like? Foul weather. So let's get started with our recipe and first thing you're going to need to know about is your Instant Pot. Now that's what I'm using today and you want to use the rack that comes with it, just like this. And what that's going to do is going to keep our turkey thighs out of the liquid. Now for our turkey, you can see here I have two turkey thighs and they are very large. What we want to do is to brown those up, get a nice little crispy golden brown exterior on these. They're so big I can't do them in the Instant Pot so we're going to do them over on the stove in a cast iron pan. So first thing we're going to do is season up our turkey thighs, I keep wanting to say chicken, turkey with some salt and pepper. I have my cast iron pan here over medium, high heat. I want a nice hot pan so I'm going to add about a tablespoon of olive oil to that. I'm going to grab one of these massive thighs and place it in the pan and I'm going to do it skin side down. So we're going to let these brown up for about four or five minutes or until they're nice and golden brown. Then we're going to turn them over and do the same thing on the second side. You'll notice that I'm using a splatter guard here and it really helps keep the oil from, you know, getting all over your stove. All right, I'm going to take these off now and place them on a clean plate. So I'm going to turn the heat down a little bit for this. We're going to add our onion, some celery and carrots and we're going to saute these for about seven minutes and we're going to add just a little bit of salt to that. Now the pan is going to pick up these little bits from the turkey and add a lot of flavor to the sauce. It's been about seven minutes now and you can see that this is cooking up, softening up. I'm going to turn the heat down.  I don't happen to have that but that's what this next step is. It's deglazing the pan so I just put in a little bit of wine and I'm just going to let that cook for just a minute so that it will cook out the alcohol, at least some of it, and add some flavor. Now some of you are going to ask me, can I leave out the alcohol? Yes, you certainly can leave out the white wine, no problem. Use just more, just use a little bit more chicken broth. So now I'm going to go place this in the instant pot. So now I'll place the rack in there and then we'll add some chicken broth to this. So in this dish here I have my spices. I have some ground sage, thyme, basil, and then I have fresh rosemary just because I have a lot of it in my yard so it's easy to get. So I just want to show you that. We'll mix this together and I'm going to add a pinch of salt to this because I didn't salt the second side of my thighs and that's going to be my little rub that I'm going to rub over all of this along with some garlic, which I have right here. Now I'm going to add just a little bit of olive oil to the tops of these just so that the spices will definitely stick. So I'm just going to kind of sprinkle this on and rub it in and I'm going to flip it over and do the other side too. Now I have some minced garlic here that I'm going to also rub in just because I love garlic. Make sure that you coat both sides of the turkey thighs and then if I have any spices left over in my dish I'm going to put them in with the sauce so you've got a little bit of that flavor going in there. And then we just place our thighs right on the rack and you're going to have to kind of turn them on and a little bit if they don't fit easily. This one here is really jumbo size. I should have put that one in first. There we go. All right, so we'll put our top on and we're going to pressure cook this for 35, sometimes they even go 40 minutes because I like it really tender. Maybe I'll go 36. What the heck? We're good to go. Our turkey is cooking for 35 minutes so that means we have time for Chef Joke number two. All right, here we go. What sound does a turkey's phone make? Wing wing, wing wing. If you're enjoying this video, you know how you can let me know? One easy thing you have to do is just smash the old like button or if you don't want to smash it you can just click it. So I want to thicken up my sauce in the pot there. So I'm going to take some arrowroot and I like to use arrowroot because corn starch is GMO.  Just use cold water. All right, the instant pot is done so I like to use a wooden spoon to release the pressure. Once that pressure is released that little pin will drop down and then you know it's safe to open. Now we're going to take the turkey thighs out of the pot and I'm going to set them over here on this plate. Now I'm also going to take the rack out which is going to be hot so I'm going to try and do it with these tongs. Hopefully I can just take it out and set it over here. Now I'm going to turn the instant pot to saute. Now I only added one tablespoon of arrowroot to this. You might like your sauce to be a little thicker so you can go maybe two tablespoons. Somewhere in there. You just have to play with it. All right, so once our sauce is boiling or bubbling like this, slow simmer, now it's time to add the arrowroot. I just take a wooden spoon and just stir this as I'm pouring it in. Now you can see that it's thickened up just a little bit. You know when I first tried making the turkey in the instant pot I was floored by how delicious it turned out. I mean it is moist, it is juicy, it is flavorful. It is every bit as delicious as any Thanksgiving turkey I've ever had. Now I think some nice mashed potatoes or even some cauliflower mashed potatoes would go great with this, right? So these cauliflower mashed potatoes are easy to make and they are, every bit is delicious and they keep the carbs low. Thanks so much for watching, don't forget to subscribe to my channel, leave me a comment and we'll see you next time. Take care.


Can you just give us a rundown of cool well the problem of learning is the latest. It was established by heads of government in 1987 when they met in Vancouver at a meeting just like this and we started in January 89. The main purpose of it is to promote the development of human resources in all the countries of the Commonwealth but especially in the developing countries and to do that using what is called distance education techniques. The point very simply is that no country can any longer meet the demands for access to education if you rely only on the conventional system of schools and colleges and universities. So we have to find other ways and finding other ways means using communication technologies in order to supplement the normal ways of teaching and of learning. So people can follow courses now by the old fashioned if you like correspondence type work supported by audio tapes or video tapes or even supported by teleconferencing. There's a convergence a meeting taking place between the developments in communications and all of these demands for more education. Nearly everyone we have met here in Zimbabwe has been talking to us about how can we go on and get degrees and so on. Well not everybody can go into the university but they can do at least a part of their work using distance education and distance education is associated with print work as with books with tapes simple audio tapes where you can listen or video tapes where you can actually see how to do something or by teleconferencing where if you have a center here in Harare people can be in other parts of the country and still follow and in that way they'll be teaching and learning taking place. That is where the Commonwealth of Learning is all about. We understand developing countries have problems of foreign currency. Would you see this idea actually materializing in these countries? Well foreign exchange is a problem but you know problems can be overcome. I think that a lot of the programs we are talking about can be introduced using local currency. Where it is necessary to have a foreign exchange component it should be for the Commonwealth through the Commonwealth Secretariat through the Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation through the Commonwealth Foundation through the Commonwealth of Learning those are ways in which we must help you to overcome those problems but it should not be seen always as giving and giving and giving. People must also try to help themselves. If local costs are met by local people with local currency then we will do our best to help with the foreign currency. Do you think this you know form of learning is at all ideal for Zimbabwe? I do not know what ideal but I am sure that Zimbabwe doesn't have any choice. Speaking to Minister Feichang this week she was saying to me the 35,000 teachers in Zimbabwe have to be upgraded. How are you going to upgrade them? Are you going to take them all out of the schools and put them into colleges? You can't do that so just to take that as one example they will have to get some of their training by these techniques I'm talking about. Then they can be brought together for workshops on weekends or once a month and so on. So I believe that a combination of face-to-face teaching and learning at a distance is the only option the people have and in other countries it's working. Thousands of people in India are getting degrees by distance. We have just taken materials from Nigeria and given those materials to Guyana in the West Indies in order to upgrade their teachers. This morning I presented to the Deputy Prime Minister of the Bahamas the Zimbabwe material in maths and science because they want to train their teachers of science and mathematics. So it is in this way that developing countries working together can help each other. Everybody does not have to remake the wheel. If you have a good program in science why can't you share it with others? If they have a good program in nursing why can't you take it? This is what the Commonwealth is all about. Thank you. People helping each other. Thank you very much. From which Zimbabwe could learn? Zimbabwe might wonder whether this idea of a distance education does work. Could you give us typical examples of countries where this practice is actually being carried out? Well really distance education is not new. What is new is the application of technology to combine with print in order to make learning pleasurable. That is what perhaps is new. But as you may know correspondence education has been with us for quite a while. Very close here we have UNISA the University of South Africa which has been teaching by correspondence at degree level since 1946. But in the modern times the idea of distance education is to use all the available resources and infrastructures. I'll just give you a few examples at degree level where distance education has been used effectively. The University of Nairobi launched some four years ago a bachelor of education degrees program using print, audio cassettes and face-to-face meetings to great effect. In fact it is that same program that has now been copied by Marquerede University in Uganda using the Nairobi materials to establish their own external degree program which is being launched a week from now. University of Lagos in Nigeria has been teaching bachelor of education degrees programs in the sciences. Some people think that you cannot teach science at a distance but it can be done provided you have the right combinations of the things that are required to make a student learn. They use print materials, audio cassettes, slides, videos in regional centers where students can come and view the various programs. So what happens then you see is the effectiveness of one good teacher is multiplied many times whereas in the formal conventional system one good teacher only benefits the 30 students in the classroom but we are saying that through distance education such a teacher can teach 3,000, 30,000 because the modern technology makes it possible. University of the West Indies in the Caribbean has been teaching distance education programs using teleconferencing system. Similarly the University of South Pacific in short I'm saying that within the Commonwealth we have many examples of successful distance education programs at all levels at university, pre-university, secondary, teacher training, technical and vocational, nursing, continuing medical education for doctors as well as teaching of literacy teachers by distance methods. So Zimbabwe has I think a very good beginning in that they don't have to start from scratch. There are enough examples around the Commonwealth from which Zimbabwe could improve on their programs. Thank you very much. Now Kenya is in Africa so you have to go to there. That's it now press. Okay now you get all the countries of Africa No you don't, you get all the Commonwealth countries in Africa. Well then you can't do it until actually you get everything comes up. Now move your that thing up to Kenya, there press. So it's Kenya. Now this is government, that is economy, physical food, and there you are, a locust. No there's a film now. Yes that's a film, video. This is another dimension. I can't understand this one.  What if I come to transport? No it doesn't always have. Industry? Industry? No that person. The left one is what? Because it's still on the prototype. Next we are getting this one. How's that? Oh no it's not. You say can't do nothing. I don't know how I can see that. So it's a natural extension to what we do already and those exhibitions that we have there are already created by the countries of the Commonwealth. So again it's an extension of that concept. Right I think this will help me, this will help me be a very nice way out of this. Good. Right I think, thank you. It's nice isn't it? It's nice. The Commonwealth is not about people. Seizing power whilst the voters sleep. The Commonwealth is about free and fair elections. And that is fair. The Family Planning Association. Do not take one. Commonwealth take one. The Commonwealth of Lening is committed to finding and applying new methods of teacher education and training to complement conventional systems and speed a solution. Having been launched in Vancouver, Canada in 1988 Commonwealth of Lening has spread its feelers to all the 50 Commonwealth member countries. Improvements in quality of education are not easy to attain since the quality of education largely depends on the quality of teachers. And in a world suffering from the ravages of growth, repeat sentence, and in a world suffering from the ravages of growth and change the supply of this human element has become severely constrained. Again as this background, the Commonwealth of Lening through its desire to triumph over the problems of education in Commonwealth countries is being seeking modern distance education technologies. And its latest technology is the video teleconferencing system. This system facilitates teaching and learning at a distance. I repeat paragraph. Underlying course efforts is the Commonwealth Institute based in London. The Institute is already a huge repository of information about the countries, people, and concerns of the modern Commonwealth. Professor Peter Kinyanju. Professor Peter Kinyanju of course said the application of technology makes learning pleasurable. I was not happy. Right, Commonwealth last tag. The Commonwealth of Lening is committed to finding and applying new methods of teacher education and training to complement conventional systems and speed a solution. Having been launched in Vancouver, Canada in 1988, Commonwealth of Lening has spread its fillers to all the 50 Commonwealth member countries. These improvements in the quality of education are not easy to attain, since quality of education largely depends on the quality of teachers and in a world suffering from the ravages of growth and change the supply of this human element has become severely constrained. Against this background, the Commonwealth of Lening through its desire to triumph over the problems of learning in Commonwealth countries is being seeking seeking modern distance education technologies. And it's latest technology is the video teleconferencing system. This system facilitates teaching and learning at a distance. Underline calls efforts, repeat paragraph. Underline calls efforts is the Commonwealth Institute based in London. The Institute is already a huge repository of information about the country's people and concerns of the modern Commonwealth. Professor Peter Kinyaunjui, of course, said the application of technology makes learning pleasurable. Thank you. Thank you, baby. But could the establishment of shelter homes be the answer, one who thinks so, if there is not a long-term solution to insight, while at the same time sex education and counseling programs intensify? But could the establishment of shelter homes be the answer, one who thinks so, if there is not a long-term solution in sight, while at the same time intensifying sex education and sa... What's wrong with me? But could the establishment of shelter homes be the answer, one who thinks so, if there is not a long-term solution in sight, while at the same time intensifying sex education and counseling programs? Veronica Kutuzepisi news. Veronica had not been established at the time of their death. He survived by his wife and a child. Take two. Born in 1958 in Chimanimani district, Comrade Dmthanga, whose chimurenga name was John Z. Zrenika, joined the liberation struggle in 1975. At the time of his death, Comrade John Z. Zrenika was a major in the Zimbabwe National Army, based at the Army headquarters in Harare. He died of high blood pressure after having suffered a severe stroke sometime last year. Comrade John Z. becomes the first hero to be buried at the Manikaland Provincial Heroes' Eka. However, he's not the first provincial hero to have died in the province. Others like Comrade Jinx, Comrade Chihombe, and Comrade Mulambo, who died before him, were buried at their homes because the Manikaland Provincial Heroes' Eka had not been established at the time of their death. He is survived by his wife and a child. Fine, sir. I'm going to ask you a few questions. I'm going to ask you a few questions. One, two, two, two. Take one. The ever-increasing price of commodities coupled with some shortages at times is a phenomenon that has become the third of the day in Zimbabwe. And according to Comrade Dmthanga, he's here to stay. What, then, should people do to survive in these difficult times? Minisam Jurus said, while communal and urban people have access to engage in coming... Final take. Minisam Jurus said, while communal and urban people have access to engage in other income-generating activities, those in commercial farms and mining areas have no land to engage in income-generating activities. Minisam Jurus called upon farm owners and miners to give their workers a piece of land for income-generating activities. Martial and central Zanipiyev Provincial Production Secretary Conrad Andrew Holland also encouraged people to form groups for more production. Final take. The ever-increasing price of commodities coupled with the shortages at times is a phenomenon that has become the third of the day in Zimbabwe. And according to Minisam Jurus, he's here to stay. What, then, should people do to survive in these difficult times? Minisam Jurus said, while communal and urban people have access to engage in income-generating activities as a means of surviving, for those people in commercial farms and mines, they have no land to engage in these activities. Minisam Jurus called upon farm owners and miners to give their workers a piece of land for income-generating activities. Martial and central Provincial Production Secretary Andrew Holland also encouraged people to form groups for production.


Going on everyone Sam here with late in sports cards win 23 penini certified football hobby 4 box break number 60 pick your team style We'd offer list of our names in our teams You got Brandon S with the bangles Brandon G Saints Brian E Panthers Callum F Cardinals Broncos commanders Cameron T Packers Charlie P. Jags Frank s jets James a Texans Colts and dolphins Jason H. Bucks Jeremiah B Giants John a with the Steelers We've got Joseph M. Bills Justin are Niners Justin C. Brown's chiefs Kevin L. Raiders Lance H. Lyons Louis L with the Cowboys Dom with the Bears Michael B. Chargers Nick T. Rams and Seahawks Richard H. Titans Ronald L. Vikings Sam B. Patriots Scott M. Falcons Eagles and Steven W. With the Ravens. Good luck here everybody. Let's go ahead and do it They pulled a fake pun off dude. Did they really? Yes they did. It was a really good one That's a Dan Campbell like Me too. I think he's a good coach a very good coach Spencer yeah, Jase DK 2199 Eric Gray got CMC to 275 Tyler Lockett Rokwon Smith nice Luke Keekley 1 of 25 for the Panthers mirror signatures on the turquoise kind of a color match there That's dope congrats on that one Panthers Love me some Keekley T-Law T-Law again this time the 199 mortals Charles Woodson with Leviss Jersey card to 249 That's on that Titans. You need to be Kendra Miller 399. What's up? You need to go down so you get a chance to throw it in What do you say in the quarter touchdown here? to 199 Michael Parsons a Miles Sanders piece of the game to 199 for the Panthers again There's two-thirds of the hits right now base and base Sam Porter score touchdown here.  I know they're kind of blue Josh down to 75 for the Colts scary color match.  What's going on Matt? Yeah, nice Jordan Addison to 199 rookie Jersey auto congrats to the Vikings good stuff. They're vikes Very nice very nice Jesse was spotting 10 bucks Tuesday baseball. Very nice. It's gonna be a fun one, man Good stuff in that for sure And yeah, these are the last breaks until last breaks of the year First off looking at him that is Devin white for the box to 50 on the mirror signatures Mark Andrews to 99 Mac Jones color match red for the Patriots. Yeah, that was not a good Bad row out the back of the end Nikki coming up here 249 Josh Jacobs and not have run that play Nice Patrick Mahomes 5 of 25 Three colored patch and a color match for the cheats Grats on they see a little bit of red down in the bottom Very nice. Congrats, Casey a horrible play call. No, that's like the Greg Roman scheme When he was the freaking Osea the Ravens fiery kill B John to 275 thousands all for That press got Piece of the game is DJ more two of ten jersey number for the Bears. Grats on that Dom Go Dom DJ more to attend on the patch Josh Allen to 75 Joey Bosa 50 on the turquoise Who said let's see scores Micah Parsons that's like the great debate about if the The Seahawks when they threw the ball if that worked would be Carol B. Hale does a genius for that Not high minds Devon a chain nice one there for the Dolphins Congrats Miami. Let's go Dolphins Beat them Ravens. Harry's Halburton second straight 2020 game. My god, dude. Oh Oh You see the the yokich stat line from the other night of on Ross St. Brown will love us to 325 nice one there You'd like 26. He had like a yokich yokich stat line. It was like a triple double It was oh Tim Brown now haven't cooked to 149 you're almost rich dude. I was Almost could have just gotten up and quit group-breaking forever ever that one point that one prop bet Yeah, so you'll get your stat line the other night They had like 26 points 14 rebounds and assess whatever it was you know any shot from the field 100% did he really yes he did and yeah, and everyone's like someone was making a video.  Really? Yeah That is Tucker craft to 149 Congrats on that one there Packers rookie roll call. Do you see that too, Vaughan? That stat line. Oh, it's silly Marv Levy a DJ more to 275 is it is it Marv leave me.  No, just Randy Moss the 190 I should know some names that I will this the guy who's haunts me to 199 Aaron Rodgers for the Jets. They haunted me man Those are the 90s bills the bills Flipping bills It's Patrick Mahomes Max Duggan to 399 CPAP that is cam Smith to 149 in the orange 249 George Kittle to 199 Devin Lloyd pink for the Jags Added Chad Johnson just the Falcons left everybody on the night Just the Atlanta Falcons Jay Jettus. That is a Jaden Reed to 399 for the Packers Joe Burrow there is Davis the 325 Send the bangles face. All right. I got you friend Dylan Hertz John Taylor to 199 Grats on that one there. Uh, cool George Kittle nice Anthony Munoz to 99 For the bangles Anthony Munoz Congrats since he Such such a stud Marv Levy for a long time to 275 Trevor Lawrence He is awesome Jamira Gibbs to at 399 Jalen Hertz to 275 Broderick Jones Devo Samuel Michael Meyer to 349 for the Raiders Chad Johnson blue Jake Hainer to at 75 Jay Jettus And base we've got ooh, is that a green? That's a green freshman fabric after my homes It is will Anderson one of five for the Texans that dope on the Nike swoosh Grats each town Houston is James a congrats James nice one there, buddy 105 will Anderson we'll get that into a mag Love those dude Those are some like actually very sought-after cards are the really low-numbered RPA is at a certified like the shields do really well the shields the one-on-one black shields do crazy See Pat Jordan Addison to 399 That's a nice one right there. Anderson's good to he's like third in rookie to your voting for defense Joe Burrow to 199 that is a Mazzie Smith to 50 for the Cowboys on the turquoise and A bunch of base quick recap here. It's jerseys of Michael Meyer to bear Gibbs a Jonathan Taylor Aaron Rodgers DJ more Patrick Holmes Miles Sanders and will us that's Anthony Munoz Jane and Reed Tucker craft Devin white Jordan Addison Luke Keekley Devon O'Chain go And then a will Anderson one of five on the Nike swoosh RPA for the Texans I'll do it for the break everybody. Thanks again for the film coming up next is Wallace Gleger


A warm welcome to the 36th section in the first module of the core signal and systems where we now carry out the convolution of two rectangular pulses upon which we are embarked in the previous session. We agreed on a few things. We agreed that we will make the longer pulse put onto the platform and we will make the train out of the shorter pulse and we will now start moving the train across the platform. There we are. We have this x2 here fixed. So, you know we are going to write the convolution integral as x2 lambda x1 t minus lambda d lambda for every individual t. So, lambda is the indexing on the platform and with respect to lambda I have already drawn x2. We have agreed to make the height 1. Now let us draw x1 t minus lambda. You see x1 t minus lambda is equal to x1 of t1 when t minus lambda is equal to t1. And of course, similarly x1 t minus lambda is equal to x1 t1 plus capital t1 where lambda is equal to t minus t1 plus capital t1. And of course, t1 plus capital t1 is more than t1. So, this point will occur before. So, this is the situation that we have t minus t1 and t minus t1 plus capital t1 and we put the pulse in between. We have agreed the pulse has a height of 1. We do not want to complicate too many things at once. Now we put them together, train and platform together. Train here, platform there. Now visualize the picture. You need to visualize when they will begin a handshake. They can only begin a handshake when the front post point on the train has reached the back post point on the platform passengers trip. In other words, let us show it on this graph. When these match, that is when t minus t1 is equal to t2 or when t is equal to t1 plus t2. And where does the handshake end? Let us identify that too. The handshake ends when this matches this. In other words, when t minus t1 plus capital t1 is equal to t2 plus capital t2 or t is t1 plus capital t1 plus t2 plus capital t2. So, we now know the extent over which the handshake lasts. It lasts from well, small t1 plus small t2 to capital t1 plus small t1 plus capital t2 plus small t2. That is right. And there too, we need to take difference to prove. You see now you remember the people on the platform form a longer strip and you are moving the shortest strip in the form of the train. So, there will be 3 regions. The train just entering the platform strip. The train completely within the platform strip and the train leaving the platform strip. Let us write down where those 3 regions will be. So, train entering the platform strip. The situation is this. This is x2. This is x1. And clearly, this has not reached this. In other words, t minus t1 plus capital t1 is less than t2. In fact, you could put less than equal to it. In other words, t is less than equal to t2 plus t1 plus capital t1. And we take this region first. Now in this region, what is the situation? We need to do the handshakes of corresponding passengers. Where are the corresponding passengers? Let us mark. So, this is the region of corresponding passengers. Only the green belt. And when you multiply the functions only in the green belt and integrate over that green belt, how much do you get? When you multiply them, you get more. You get essentially 1 into 1. And you integrate them, you are integrating them essentially from t2 to t minus t. So, what do we have here? The integral, the convolution x2 convolved with x1 evaluated at t is t minus t1 minus t2 for all t less than equal to t2 plus t1 plus capital t1 and starting from t1 plus t2. So, in this region, the first region where the train enters the strip. Now the next region is where the train is within the strip. So, the frontmost part of the train has not reached the end of the strip, but the backmost part of the train has entered. That is because that is possible because the train is shorter than the platform strip. So, how do we depict that situation graphically? Let us draw it here. Second region, train within the platform strip. So, what would the situation be? t minus t1 there, t minus t1 plus capital t1 there. This is essentially x2 lambda, x1 t minus lambda. And this has not reached the end of the train. So, this has reached this, but this has gone after this. That is the situation. So, how much is the total effect of the handshake? The entire train is in the platform strip. So, you have complete handshakes from the train, but not all over the platform. So, let us look at that. Let us mark that in green. This is the portion of the handshake, all extending the region of handshake. And how much does that contribute? The contribution is all of t1, 1 into 1 integrated over a length of t1. So, contribution is very simple. So, there we go. You can write down the convolution. So, you know, in what region are we talking about? We are talking about the region t minus t1 is less than equal to t2 plus capital T2. So, t is less than equal to t1 plus t2 plus capital T2. And of course, t is greater than the previous case. Of course, t, as I said, is greater than t2 plus t1 plus capital T1. So, we have the region t between t1 plus t2 plus capital T1 and t1 plus t2 plus capital t2. Naturally, since t2 is greater than t1, this inequality makes sense. And in this region, the convolution is simply equal to capital T1. And finally, what is the region? Finally, we have the region where the train is now leaving the platform. Let us draw that region. Region 3 train leaves the platform. Here is the situation. So, this has now gone beyond this. In other words, t minus t1 is greater than t2 plus capital T2 or t is greater than t1 plus t2 plus capital T2. But on the other hand, this is before this. So, the last part of the train should not have left the platform. So, let us write down the inequality completely. And well, on the same graph, before we write down the region of time, let us identify how much of convolution is contributed there. So, let us mark that region. This is the region contributed by the convolution. How much is this contribution? It goes from t2 plus capital T2 to t minus t1 plus capital T1. So, it is essentially t2 plus 1 into 1 integrated over that length. So, t2 plus capital T2 minus t minus t1 plus capital T1, which is of course, equal to t2 plus t2 plus t1 plus t1 minus t. Now, we have an expression. We need to write down the region over which it is valid. Let us do that. You know, you need t minus t1. So, t minus t1 has gone beyond t2 plus capital T2. But or and t minus t1 plus capital T1 is still less than equal to t2 plus capital T2. So, this says t is greater than t1 plus t2 plus capital T2, but t is less than equal to t1 plus t2 plus capital T1 plus capital T2. So, this is the region. The region specified algebraically is described as follows. Now, I have identified three regions for you. The exercise that I am leaving to you is to sketch the entire function. I encourage you to do that, but we will do it at the beginning of the next session just to help you on. But I would encourage you to do it and then come to the next session. Thank you.


So before the break we were looking at 2 Timothy chapter 4, the last few verses we are looking at verse 19 where Paul tells Timothy to greet Aquila and Priscilla and I mentioned about all the good work that Aquila and Priscilla have done and are doing and how they have been good companions and co-workers and friends of Paul. So Paul remembers them and he tells Timothy to greet them. He also tells Timothy to greet Onesophorus. Does Paul mention Onesophorus before? Yes, no. Do you remember that Paul mentions about Onesophorus? Does he do that before in his letter? You can at least type. Yes, once he does. Thank you, Kannan. Paul mentions about Onesophorus in the same second letter of Timothy in chapter 1 verse 16 and Paul mentions there that Onesophorus served Paul both at Ephesus and at Rome. When Onesophorus comes to Rome, he searches, he looks for Paul and he finds him and we know that he works alongside with Paul and he serves Paul and so Paul is also reminded of Onesophorus, thankful for all that he has done and sends his greetings. It's another lesson that we can learn here from the life of Paul is that different people who journey along with us at different points in time in our life, people who have helped us, people who have taught us, people who have mentored us, people who have encouraged, strengthened us, built alongside us, built and given into the work that God has done. God has assigned for us. They have been part of it and we learn that we need to be thankful and grateful to them. Appreciate them for what they have done. Maybe just call them and thank them. Just send a thank you card or note, a text message, whatever. Good to just be reminded of people who have journeyed along with us, blessed us or mentored us and taught us to just thank them. In verse 20, Paul says, it has to stayed in current, but trophimus I have left in militis sick. And here it's very strange to see that Paul is making the statement that trophimus he left in militis sick. That means, you know, Paul would have prayed for him, you know, like he's prayed for others. And we've seen Paul doing amazing miracles, science miracles and wonders through God has done it through Paul's life. But here we see that, you know, he would have prayed for trophimus, but trophimus, you know, did not get well. He was, he was left sick in militis.  But we see that in spite of God using Paul mightily for healing and deliverance in the lives of many people, yet there is one person that he could not minister healing to and that is trophimus. So when we read this, you know, how do we respond to this? Okay. Yes, we know that Paul ministered in the same way that you and I minister we ministered and even Jesus ministered. When Jesus was on the earth he was fully human. And he ministered or he did every all the science miracles and wonders through the power of the Holy Spirit. And he did it in the name of Jesus. And he gave this authority to the 12 and then to the 70 and to all of us as his believers as his church to do greater works and he has done greater science miracles and wonders. And we do it through the power of the Holy Spirit and we do it in the name of Jesus. But we do not know and Paul also did it in the same way. He did it to the power of the Holy Spirit name of Jesus. We do not know what sickness trophimus was going through. What was the duration? What was the outcome? But irrespective of all of that and irrespective of the fact that Paul prayed for may have paid for him and he wouldn't have got well should not change our theology. He should not change the way we look at God or what we think about God or his nature and his attributes. We know that God is Jehovah Rafa. He is God our healer. He has healed people in the past. He will heal them even today. He will heal them in the future. He's the same God, same yesterday today and forever nothing changes about his nature, his attributes or who he is. So we don't change our theology around God. He is a God who will heal. It also does not change what God has asked us to do in terms of what he has commissioned us to do. God Jesus told us that we need to go and heal the sick, raise the dead, cast out demons, cleanse lepers. You know, and that is something that he's asked us to do and is something that we continue doing. We will not always see success like Paul also acknowledged that he was not successful in this area, but it should not change our theology. It does not change the commission that God has given. We only press in. We press more for more of God's anointing for more of his favor, for more of his works to be released in and through our lives. And we continue to do what God has asked us to do. We just continue to pray and ask God for more of him. Of course, when we don't receive, we pray for healing for people and we don't see healing happen. It should not be times when we change our theology or our thinking, thinking that, okay, it was a very difficult sickness. Maybe it's last days or it's way advanced stages. Nothing can be done about it or the person is sinful or this and that. We can come to our own conclusions. No, we don't do those things when we don't see healing happen for the people that we're praying to. It should get us to go into a secret place with God and there battle it out with God, asking God what should we have done that was right? How should we have approached it? What should we do better next time? Asking for more of his anointing, his leading and we learn through failures. Failures is not something that we sit back and say, okay, we'll never pray for anyone else or it's not God's will to use me for healing. I'm not going to be a healing evangelist. God will use me in other different areas. No, God will use you, but it's important for us to always go back to God and always ask him what we have not done right, what we should have done, how we should have approached it better, and how should we approach it better next time? What should we do? And we learn, we learn more about God, his ways, his ways of doing things and we grow more in him and we become more effective ministers. And verses 21 and 22, he says, Paul to Timothy, you know, do your best to come before winter. And then he talks about a few people who send their greetings. He says, Eubulus greets you as well as pudins, Linus, Claudia and all the brethren. And then he, you know, he tells Timothy that the Lord Jesus Christ be with you with your spirit and grace be with you. Amen. Okay. So that is how he ends his letter. This is the last letter he writes before he's martyred. So the key takeaway was a second Timothy chapter four was two where it says preach the word, be ready in season and out of season, convince, rebuke, exalt with all long suffering and teaching. Persevere, be patient, okay, and persevere when you minister to people. So that is the end of second Timothy. Any questions, any comments you'll want to make, no questions, no thoughts, anything that you want to share, anything that has really impacted your life, or has ministered to you.  As you studied second Timothy, anyone wants to share just four of you in the class, but it's okay. And if you want to share from this letter of Paul to Timothy second letter, what has impacted you has blessed your heart, or all of you in class. Okay. And today what we discussed, especially about the documents, people love to hear the message called prosperity message and things which good to hear, especially when we observe today's generation. People love to hear those kind of things only they don't want the strong word of God, corrections and all. So, somewhere, we were in the days, we have to stick on to the word of God, strong doctrines, that reminds me to stand in the doctrine, the word of God truth. Thank you, Thomas. Thank you for sharing. Anyone else? Anything that you learned from second Timothy? Anything that has spoken to your heart? Okay, if none of you want to share, we'll just discuss or decide when we'll have a test for second Timothy. Any date you would like to suggest is 18th or 16th March fine. March 16. Is that okay? Okay, so that says yes, Dave says fine. Okay. Okay, then we'll have it on the 16th of March. Okay. We'll move on to Titus, the book of Titus, Paul's letter to Titus. We looked at first Timothy and we studied second Timothy and second Timothy. Now we look at Paul's letter to Titus. Paul's epistles to Titus and Timothy have generally been called as the pastoral epistles, but they were originally regarded as personal letters alongside filaments because they were addressed to individuals. But though Paul addressed them to individuals like Timothy, Titus, and filaments, it also guides people in matters concerning pastoral care of the church. So basically, Timothy and Titus, the letters that Paul writes, he guides them in matters concerning the pastoral care of the church. And these books are not just limited or these letters are not just limited to personal and private communication, but were also to be read out to the congregation. So they were also somewhat official in character and hence, you know, they're called as pastoral epistles because it has to do a lot about pastoral care, personal responsibilities, how to take care of the church and how to lead the people, different aspects of church matters. And these books are pastoral in nature because they give directions, how to deal with the false teachers, how to establish the leadership in the local church and how to encourage godliness. Okay, so because he talks about all of these aspects, it's called as the pastoral epistles. Now, who wrote this letter to Titus? Or who wrote the book of Titus? Perhaps it's a book in the Bible, but it's basically a letter. Yes, it's Paul. You know, we can surely say it's Paul and Paul is the author because the letter itself, you know, mentions that it has been written by Paul just like, you know, first and second Timothy mentions that it shows us that Paul is writing that letter to Timothy, as well as Titus because it's mentioned in the letter. Now, who is Titus? Do any of you have any information or idea about who Titus is? Was he a Jew or a Gentile? Was Titus a Jew or a Gentile? No responses. Okay, Titus was a Greek speaking Gentile believer. He was probably converted by Paul either in Antioch that is in Syria today in 43 or 44 AD, or he might have been, you know, converted during Paul's first missionary journey when Paul was in Pamphylia or Galatia, that is 47 or 48 AD. Okay, we see that Paul takes Titus with him to attend the Council of Jerusalem, and he asked the leaders in Jerusalem to take the decision or, you know, not to require Titus to be circumcised because he is a Gentile believer.  And we read this in Acts chapter 15 verses 1 to 21, and we see that the Council of leaders of Jerusalem and at Jerusalem agreed with Paul, and they did not insist that Titus should be circumcised. In Titus chapter 1 verse 4, Paul describes Titus as a true son. Okay, so just looking at this, we can gather a little information about his relationship, character, personality of Titus from what Paul writes about him in his epistles, not much is known about him in person, but we basically receive some information about Titus of what Paul writes about him in his various epistles. So in this very letter, on this very book of Titus, Paul calls Titus as a true son in our common faith. So just like Timothy, you know, Titus also was a son, a true son in the faith. In 2 Corinthians chapter 2 verse 13, we see that Paul mentions Titus as a genuine brother to the Apostle Paul. In 2 Corinthians chapter 8 verse 23, you know, Titus was a partner and fellow, is mentioned there as a partner and fellow worker with Paul. In 2 Corinthians 12 verse 18, you know, Paul talks about Titus as somebody who walked in the same spirit as him. Okay, so Titus walked in the same spirit as Paul. In 2 Corinthians 12 verse 18, again, the same verse says that, you know, Titus walked in the same steps as Paul, that means in the same manner of life. Here was Titus who just loved Paul, saw his work, his ministry, the way God is using him, saw Paul's life, and he was just imitating him, just copying him, the way he was ministering, the way he was living his life. And Paul says that he walked in the same steps as Paul and the same manner of life. And Titus chapter 2 verse 7, you know, we see that it mentions that therefore Titus could be a pattern to other believers. Okay, why could he be a pattern to other believers because he just copied Paul, the way he ministered, the way he lived, the way he served God, where he honored God. He just imbibed that he just made it part of his lifestyle, he just lived the way the same way. And we see that Titus could now come to a position where he could be a pattern to other believers. Okay, Titus was one of Paul's closest and most trusted co-workers. And we know this, or we have evidence to this because of the fact that Paul sent him to the troubled churches first at Corinth and Crete. Okay, we know Corinth was going through a lot of, you know, doctrinal problems, structure of the church and the way they were exercising their gifts, the gifts of the spirit. So Paul writes two letters to the church at Corinth and he sends, Paul sends Titus there to, you know, to oversee the churches there, to work out things, to minister there. So these two difficult places, Corinth and Crete, you know, he sends Titus. So after Titus helped Paul at Ephesus during his third missionary journey, he was sent from there to Corinth and Paul sent along with Titus the first letter to the Corinthians. We read about this in 2 Corinthians 12 verse 18. Now after assisting the believers there in Corinth in doing what he had to do, what Paul had commanded him, charged him, told him to do, we see that Titus took news of the church at Corinth to Paul when Paul was at Philippi. We read this in 2 Corinthians chapter 7, verses 6 and 7. Okay, and then we see that from there Paul writes based on all that he's heard from Titus. He writes his second letter to the church at Corinth that the second Corinthians, he writes it from Philippi and he, you know, he sends it along with Titus. Okay, so Titus again takes the second letter to the church at Corinth from Philippi. Okay, we also see that Titus helped collecting some money from the church at Corinth for the poor saints at Jerusalem. We read about this in 2 Corinthians chapter 2, verses 12 and 13, chapter 7, verses 5 and 6 and chapter 8, verse 6. Okay, after Paul was released from his house arrest in Rome in 6280 that is his first imprisonment, his first house arrest, Titus travels with Paul to Crete and we read in Titus chapter 1 verse 5 that Titus and Paul worked together in Crete, spreading the gospel, establishing churches but Paul had to leave Crete and he could not just leave there because he knows that there was a lot more work to be done with the church. The church needed a lot of help, support and so he leaves Titus there at Crete to continue the work. Okay, in this letter that Paul writes he summoned Titus to rejoin Paul at Nicopolis and we see that either Artemias or Taikikus, you know, would have come and taken over the work at Crete so that Titus could join Paul at Nicopolis. And we read about this in Titus chapter 3 verse 12 and so assuming that they would have taken over responsibility at Crete when Titus was at Nicopolis and Paul would have, you know, commissioned him or given him a job to do or work to do or an evangelistic mission to a place called Dalmatia and later tradition tells us that, you know, Titus returned back to Crete and he was described as a bishop there until his old age. That is what we learn from tradition that after he finished whatever work that Paul had for him, you know, he goes back to Crete and he later on becomes the bishop of the church at Crete until his old age. Okay, so let's look at Crete. Now Crete is one of the largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Cretan people or the people at Crete had acquired a very disgraceful bad reputation in the Roman world. They did not have a very good reputation. They had a very bad reputation. And, you know, Paul in his letter to Titus or in this book of Titus, he mentioned, so he quotes one of the poets, the Cretan poets, Epimandus in Titus chapter 1 verse 12 and Epimandus who is from Crete, he writes about his own people. He says Cretans are always liars, evil beast and lazy glutton. Okay, so this is the image that Cretans had and the people living in Crete also knew that, you know, the people in Crete were liars.  And Paul is quoting this poet Epimandus in his letter to Titus. Okay, we read this in chapter 1 verse 12. Now, how did the Gospel reach Crete? Probably they are saying that on the day of Pentecost, the Passover, you know, when the disciples had where filled with the Holy Spirit, the 120 of them, and we see that Peter gives his first message. And because of the strong mighty hurricane wind that came, the sound of that hurricane wind that came, many people who had come all from all over the world to Jerusalem to celebrate the Passover, they heard the noise in the upper room, they gathered there. And they saw each one of them, you know, speaking in different tongues, but in languages that each one of them had come from and they understood because they said they were praising God. And we know that Peter preached the message and 3000 were saved. And so, you know, some of them who had come from Crete, probably, you know, these Jews who had come from Crete were converted. When Peter preached and they went back to Crete and they planted churches. So we see that in Crete, some of these Jews were promoting false doctrines as well. We know that in 1st Timothy and 2nd Timothy, also Paul mentions about this Jewish fables myths. And they were making and also the some Old Testament rituals like circumcision, and they were making it very difficult for the believers, the Gentile believers by opposing them by saying that, you know, talking all of these myths and fables which they need to know, and also, you know, be circumcised. And there was a problem and hence we see that, you know, Paul feels the necessity to leave Titus back there at Crete. Now what is the date this letter was written. It was probably written between 63 and 66 AD after Paul left Titus at Crete. And he went on to Macedonia, where he most likely would have written to Titus in response from a letter that he received from Titus, or maybe he received a report from Crete. So he's writing the letter to encourage Titus and also to talk about some church matters and to instruct him and guide him. So Paul wrote this to Titus instructing him to put into order all the remaining matters which was left undone in the churches at Crete. And Paul wrote this letter because he knew that two other workers, Zinnis and Apollos, who are mentioned in Titus chapter 3 verse 13, were going to Crete and hence Paul thought he could send this letter with them and also, you know, inform or instruct Titus the remaining matters of the church that he had to deal with, he had to take note of and that he had to do. So that is the introduction to Titus, all about Titus and Crete and why Paul writes this letter. Any questions, comments, any doubts? Okay, nothing. Okay, if there's nothing, then we will not begin chapter 1. We'll do this next Wednesday. Okay. So we'll look at Titus chapter 1 next Wednesday. Just to confirm again that test or the second assessment for on second Timothy, the whole of second Timothy is on March 16, which is a Wednesday. Okay. Okay. Thank you all for joining class. Have a blessed day ahead and take care. Okay. Thank you. Thank you, mom. Thank you, Thomas.


Thanks everyone for coming over here. So again, we'll just, Jules and I will quickly kick off the track and then you'll take it from there. To quickly introduce myself before that, I'm Sanjay Patil from SAP. I am a product manager for SAP Cloud Platform working from Palo Alto, California office. I have been involved with Cloud Foundry for quite some time and the topic of containers has been very near and dear to my heart. In fact, at the Boston Cloud Foundry Summit, I gave a talk on why do I need Kubernetes when I already have Cloud Foundry. I named the title a little bit attractive, but the topic was pretty close to what we'll be covering here. So it's really exciting to see that at this summit we have an entire track focused on this topic. So let's kick it off. So I thought let's just start with a couple of haikus just to lighten the mood over here. I'm sure many of you have seen the Haiku for Cloud Foundry. This one is by Anzi. Many of you know him and as it reflects upon the main benefit that Cloud Foundry brings for the developer, whereby developer really focuses on writing the application code and then the platform takes care of finding the right binaries for the run times and frameworks, creating the deployment, standing up the instances of the server, doing all the plumbing, scaling, logging, security, all the good stuff you need for running an application. Awesome stuff. We are totally into this idea. We are very passionate about this idea as a community and we are perfecting this art over the years. That is really great, right? However, meanwhile, we also see this another movement in the industry which is reflected by the Haiku on the right side, which probably is not as popular in this community as the one on the left side. This Haiku is saying that the developers, some of them, are not quite happy to be at a distance from how do I drive the infrastructure. These developers want to get their hands deep down into defining the deployment, customizing the deployment to the specifics of their needs. There are many scenarios in which this is needed. I think at the keynote as well, some of the speakers spoke about this. You might have creation of stateful services, backing services, what have you that requires more finer-grain control over where the application runs. Maybe your application requires a GPU server. Maybe you need to spin off an entire cluster to isolate your tenant. Maybe you need to have a couple of components always running together, or maybe they should never be running together. So for a variety of reasons, in many cases, the team of the developers want to be more precise about how the application binds to the infrastructure. And that is the Haiku for Kubernetes as is represented over here. And the source is really a quick Google search, quite handy for me. So just to contrast this, the benefit that Cloud Foundry offers in terms of the simplicity by shielding the developer from all the complexities of the infrastructure as a service, because it's an opinionated platform. The developer is really free to innovate faster. I think there was a user panel earlier on stage over here. And most of them spoke about the main advantage of Cloud Foundry is quick time to market, to bring a cultural change in the company, because now developers can quickly be productive. That's a great reason. At the same time, the other community, well, the containerization or the Kubernetes community wants to have empowerment with greater control to shape the deployments. So if we quickly contrast the very high level stack diagram for these two, on the Cloud Foundry side, we have this nice abstraction of Bosch that would then allow through CPIs to run the platform on a variety of infrastructures, whether it's on-premise OpenStack or any other on-premise IS technology, or most of the major hyperscale providers like AWS, Microsoft, Google Cloud, and others. So that simplifies where the platform runs. Once the developer team is used to programming to the Cloud Foundry platform, then because Cloud Foundry platform can be available on a variety of infrastructures, you can easily take your team and innovate wherever your business needs to. Likewise, on the Kubernetes side, the fact that Kubernetes can run on multiple hyperscales is also given today. And then the abstraction of the platform is also rising steadily. It is not just at the level of clusters, but now you are having past qualities also shaping up in that community. With Knit, Istio, you have similar offerings like you can push an application code, have the platform do auto scaling, even scaling to zero, blue-green deployment. So kind of you get very similar environments to have developer productivity. So on this side, you can do very simple 12-factor apps as well as stateful applications or services. And of course, Cloud Foundry is best suited for your innovative 12-factor applications. Just talking about SAP, we obviously have customers in our own requirements where we need to support the innovation platform in terms of Cloud Foundry as well as the Kubernetes clusters for our stateful service requirements. This may not be unique to SAP, by the way. This is probably a scenario at most of the customers and partners and vendors. So this is the diagram we are seeing at SAP. And it has a couple of issues with this. One is there's quite some duplication of efforts in terms of engineering, similar components doing similar things in the two stacks. We're obviously seeing a lot of give and take between these two communities. Like you can see components like Istio or technologies like Istio being used in both. Likewise, build packs are now showing up both in, obviously, they have been in Cloud Foundry from day one, but now they are showing up in Kubernetes as well. But from a customer perspective, when they look at these two stacks and they think about, OK, what do I model my architecture to, it could get confusing. So it's in the great interest of all of us and the two communities to bring these stacks together. In particular, within Cloud Foundry Foundation, there have been a few work streams to bring these two stacks together. The first one is about publishing services from both of these walls and having a single catalog of services so you can cross-consume services. A low-hanging fruit, a necessary thing to take a step forward to bring these two stacks together. The second one, and this is probably what Jules will talk a lot about in his technical talk later in the day. Is it today or tomorrow, Jules? It's today at five. Be there or be square. Yep. And that will then talk about how you take a Cloud Foundry application and schedule it on a Kubernetes cluster. That's probably the next leap in this path of bringing these two stacks together. And the third one is pointing at how do you containerize the entire Cloud Foundry control plane and run it on Kubernetes. So that is just tip of the iceberg. There are lots of topics where there is a great innovation going on in the community. This is just an opening of the whole track. I have just put a screenshot of the presentations on both the days over here. Please stay around and enjoy the talk. So I think with that, Jules and I want to get out of your way and have you get into the actual session presentations. Thank you.


The word distribution of the human population is controlled by a density of the population, the number of people per square kilometer or number of persons per square miles. So this is actually controlled by again the economies of the regions and the resources, the location of the country and the most important is the facilities or opportunities which are suitable for the human cluster. So here we are dealing with the today discuss the density of the human population. Now what is density? It is the measurement of the number of people per square kilometer. Population density persons per square kilometer in South Asia was actually 350.18 in 2013. So it is one of the highest density of the word. Why because the persons are living in per square kilometer is large. So why because of the things which are suitable for agriculture. So that's why persons are living in the rural areas. But we see that the developed word is in the urban population, we get densities like this, but the farm lands or rural areas where there is a rural population, there is less per square kilometer population. So in the developed word and developing word, we see some differences. So why because the developed economies, most of the persons are living in the urban areas. But in the developing word, most of the people are living in the rural areas. So that is actually the difference between the two economies. Now this is word map and it shows the human population density. So it is actually controlled by the areas which are under the human clusters. So we see that the areas where there are more densities are the ones that come in major clusters. Like in East Asia, you see Japan, South Korea, North Korea and China. And in South Asia, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh are under the high density zones. In Europe, again we have the example of certain countries which are under the high densities. But one thing is very important here that when we talk about any country of density, there are evenly distributed densities. Some areas are under mountains, some are under planes, some are under the water bodies, some are under the deserts. Like in Pakistan, again, the Pakistan 60% of the total area is under mountain and semi-mountain regions. But 40% are in deserts and lowlands. So same is the case with the USA where water bodies are present and mountain areas are in the western side, eastern side, there are mountains. So those are actually the areas which are under less population. So thinly populated areas will be where there are mountains or deserts. But no population in those areas, like in the water body, if there is a lake, it won't be there. So it means density is actually controlled by the suitable regions. So when we are discussing the densities of the population, human population, two things are very important here. Number one is the arithmetic population density. It is actually a density which is total area divided by the total number of population. Take the example of Egypt, which with the population of 71.1 million in 2002 has a seemingly moderate arithmetic population density of 185% per square mile. However, it is mostly in desert and the vast majority of the population is crowded into the valley and delta of the river Nile. It is estimated that 98% of the all Egyptian live on just 3% of the country's land. So the arithmetic population density figure is pretty well meaningless here. Number two is the type of the population density is the physiological population density. It is actually a population density relates the total population of a country or region to the area of cultivated land it contains. This is called the physiological density or physiological population density, defined as the number of people per unit area of agriculturally productive land. Now this is the map of the Egypt. Here we can see that the darker shade represents the densely populated area of the country and that is actually the river Nile area of the Egypt and the rest of the Egypt is covered with desert. So when we are discussing the physiological population density of any country like we have the Egypt, although millions of people live in its great cities Cairo and Alexandria and smaller urban centers, the irrigated farmland is densely populated. When the entire population is divided in Egypt's confined arable land, the resulting physiological density figure for the year 2002 is 9,245 per square mile. This number is far more reflective of Egyptian population pressure and it continues to rise rapidly despite Egyptian efforts to expand its irrigated farmland. Now Pakistan ranks number 6 in the list of the countries by population. The population density in Pakistan is 233 people per square kilometer and 37% of the total population belongs to the urban area. So again Pakistan is a densely populated area of the world but most of the regions are vacant like desert area of Pakistan. So that's why these areas are thinly populated regions of the country but most of the population belongs to the Punjab and Sindh. Why? Because of the river land and the canal irrigation system and the urban centers where we have mining. Those are very important areas like in Balochistan we take the example of Sui. So when the deposits of gas come out from there, now this area becomes one of the population cluster of Balochistan. So these are the opportunities where the sources are, where the availability of soil which is suitable for agriculture is. So this is actually an example behind the population cluster.