okay welcome back everybody to another stream hopefully you guys doing great without further ado let's get started blah blah blah me links general disclaimer same as always education purposes only blah blah blah that way let's get started uh interesting day yesterday uh pretty much went as intended with some and not really with any caveats was pretty much uh as expected uh start off by dissecting the i think we're gonna get news coming in very soon so probably need to wait for that yeah we do have a person uh today's gdp growth so quickly cover what what it potentially looks like for us if it'll stop being slow there we go so i mean other than the fact that cleared everything out in terms of long wise yesterday then came back added more longs build sort of within the territory of being sort of very long bias getting that news coming in now again we want to sort of do the opposite of what everything uh sort of builds up to first moves ultimately ends up being down we're sort of looking for a potential sort of reversal i coming down nicely uh it's what we wanted to do but off the back end of the news we want it to sort of take high if it wants to continue going down but if it doesn't sort of take the high uh if it sort of comes in and uh first moves ends up being sort of a more aggressive sort of downward selling you might expect it to start snapping up higher uh again for bearish sort of outcomes we want it it's always going to be counterintuitive we want it to go high then low instead of low then high there's bitcoin coming in right now i mean it is selling off here so we're probably looking for points to buy back at so it looks like they're targeting low then high from these looks of things and considering how we had sort of a couple bad days out of spy uh and sort of reasons recent sort of days uh sort of expected we have some retracement uh coming back at coming for us here i mean this sort of perfectly sort of gap fills here ends on a dodgy we're just looking for it so even the es what we're doing is my life there we go there's the s this sort of already coming up here we're selling off here was selling off very aggressively here again that's what we want spies here so we're looking for our gap up already we'll see when we come in on the hour how much uh this deviates from it again the more we sort of deviate from this is in essence if we start pushing low then going up much higher we'll leave a massive void from the dodgy that it ended off on then that will sort of come in and it'll be a natural sort of downward sort of move that we can expect to try fill that out but generally so uh especially right now we might be more bullish than we are bearish just by looking at the first sort of candle we're getting it doesn't mean we might not get a few candles of pain where we just get red and red but from here you're sort of looking at okay they're making an attempt at pivot here it's already selling off the making people sell that sort of aggressive news and notice I haven't even looked at the news I don't even know what the numbers are because it doesn't matter what the numbers end up being because what we really care about is how the trades end up folding here again this looks exactly like we had a couple of days ago where we had a bunch of sort of longs uh or short term longs that got undercut by these shorts so we're looking for them to at least sort of tear out the shorts and they make sense uh in addition to have this first move be short because we're just trying to make everyone who's antsy and everyone who's sort of fearful go as short as much as possible before we bring the charts up essentially and that is all you're looking for out of the current sort of move right now so again you're just looking for it to go down and sort of v-shape back up take out the highs maybe even take out the these walls here you can see that same person that came in and left came back here look at spots see if we have similar reactions again looking for signs of panic selling as well as sort of thermal from buyers again you're just a bunch of panic selling let's get rid of that side and now just look at the builds up upwards bunch of people just coming back and buying up this area here just a lot of panic selling so a lot of panic selling again starting to sell a lot off here do have walls on the downside I don't think we'd look to target those first it looks a bit too far if we're looking for it to go up so it's something that we won't really expect keep them keep them at your back of your mind don't forget them but don't whole heartedly accept them as sort of evident because they're pretty far far removed from where we currently are right now we only really care about the sort of short range that we sort of have here from here here so that's the only range we sort of care about right now again so we can divide this up 50% ends up being around here again you don't need a calculator whatever to say that's 50% again you can eyeball this and say it was sort of relative impunity that is 50% of that sort of targeted range as you can see we're just selling off very nicely to that and sort of expect potential selling off into this area here back at this sort of top as a maximum total opus if we need that sort of more induced selling so now comes a sort of divide that we're potentially looking for because again es is varying to go bitcoins varying to go spy still not open so if we come in here 830 gives you a nice little pin and thoughts reaching for the skies 930 comes in here we have it open we're already sort of this high up market sort of meets us very high natural sort of service and natural sort of reaction from that market open will probably be to resell off as they try to fill in they sort of void their lifts from repricing it this fast but generally as of now is more a bullish out outcome that we're expecting again first move being down not too much movement but generally there's volume in there so that's always nice for us so we don't need the movement if we have the volume coming in very large sort of in on this again to just selling it off which is always nice it's what we want then the day if you're looking to be bullish off of this there's no better start to the day than this big red candle here let's have a look at the numbers while we have time see if they're good or bad again see how long it took me to look at the numbers uh oh well below forecasted damn that's crazy damn that's yeah uh so look at initial jobless came full by 16 that's good news uh that's always good news uh Microsoft stake 2 billion value okay cool Microsoft news oh yeah Microsoft's up 7% surge on power as uh okay it looks like they're not printing out any sort of news oh there we go uh US economy goes off uh fast dot the ERGP shows that session may loom we've been getting recession news for so long now and boy chart of the day Coca-Cola we should have a look at Coca-Cola oh and that nothing nothing nothing that was from London they call that a surge the surge they were talking about is this again and and this textbook that okay they see the quote unquote surge and this is a surge and they people like oh yes it's gonna be good it's gonna be great then they get punished and again prior to that news release you can easily just short that uh because you see the build up of longs you see the slow gradual build up then up it comes one swipe to get rid of people who put the stops uh way too close for their comfort down it goes then finally it goes in direction that it needs to go to there we go finally getting some more some some more jesus english much uh getting more sort of movement coming out of from it oh it's great a lot more volume as well perfect uh still within sort of reason again we're seeing a massive red bar so people start panicking and get they also start panicking selling it and this sort of creates not too much panic selling but uh relative to another volume it's decent uh but it's perfect for what we're sort of trying to uh create for this which is a down swipe everything out let people sell up we go but we'll cover yesterday uh yesterday was a decent uh day in terms of what we were looking for and what ended up happening so it's good to sort of log it for people who want you want to sort of repeat the same thing but on another day because i mean things that you end up doing i think patterns you end up seeing and the volume uh ends up sort of uh residing it just it's the same thing day in day out without too much variations so we came in here we're like okay here's a nice little trip top comes in swipes out we see all these shorts we're like okay that's not ideally what you want for a down downwards turn as these shorts get absorbed so we're expecting that we might come back up for a further swipe and we end up doing that and same thing that happens again double bottom swipes higher then we get this cluster of mess where we're expecting it to try and clear and each time it does go up it does clear a bit then we go into a four hour long consolidation for the whole new york session and going back to uh sort of this back this and this uh spy you can see during this uh actual sort of new york session create a nice little high for us here create a low this went from low swipes high comes in here gives them high and you can see where it finds the bottom bitcoin then finally decides to move and this is what i talk about in terms of how one chart gets disconnected from another chart this was going down this went high this was good and this continued to go down so eventually they snapped so this snaps snapped very aggressively and you can see it undid everything it did the previous day instantly recovers during asia catch all those people who shorted here as it wants to move into a new price range again this is what repricing where they move price they had to move price aggressively because they wanted it to be in a certain price range uh then they had to snap because they were getting too much volume up here too many buys uh that were accumulated here so they had to correct for that corrected for that corrected for that then came back up and decided okay now we're here this is where we want it and we collected a bunch of shorts here as people go heavy shorts and we can see in dream book map there were a lot of shorts for us to be collected here and this is what i talk about there's the clothes but uh here's where we're potentially opening up wherever we open up we're already leaving a massive sort of wage for us again in the pre-market so we can definitely look for potentially wherever it ends off to try and try and try and sort of recover some of the moves just as a retest if we get a double bottom good morning bro how you doing man but yeah those were sort of signs that you could have said okay there were your shorts and your entry was much later up here as you are not because you we had to be uh sort of cognizant of them potentially swiping and taking the high alongside of this but once it sort of did this and went down like okay you know what we're not scared anymore from here on out count your sort of time see how long it sort of stays there if it stays there for long enough you're sort of out and it's just three hours or three hours a bit dicey but you're expecting one thing because this is already being aggressive you're not expecting them to continue going higher just because you had that already on the previous day so they had to have a magnum opus at some point but again it's a much delayed sort of entry instead of entering into here or even on this candle here you save yourself from stress you actually enter into a correct sort of trade where you potentially looking for the highest swipe but got lower got the clothes clothes is nice and even here where they're just collecting volume and flip back to bookmap we can see that here there's just there's the collection of volume they're just okay keeping it below here keeping it below here everything that's long above this is trapped and from there on out the rest is history all the way down all the way down all the way down again it went back to the 50% of the previous range that's always a nice sort of target if you don't want to target the low here so let's say first target would always be at a low would be here so you'd have sold some here then the next sort of target would probably be the 50% then the range low all the way here if we end up getting that but we only end up getting the 50% of the weekly range here paradise on earth yeah yep still digging deeper for those shorts again once you sort of hold these guys out or once these guys sort of mellow out a bit it should just naturally reverse itself back up and that's again sometimes you have to sort of flip bullish again sometimes you get that bullish bias you get that itch to be able but it's just only when you've got the moves moves like jagger tomorrow is another point where we can pivot off of so there's still that so regardless of what we do today we keep that we keep tomorrow and back of our heads as okay there's a point in view that could potentially sort of reverse everything that we did today but we're generally looking forward to the week to end bullish so we might stagnate middle mid session here and just wait out for the Thursday sort of last last calls the week if you look at the weekly uh oh they fixed this they oh they did oh wait that's great is it weekly this get me out of here okay i think it was raindrops that weren't working for yes okay uh it's it's pretty red uh on the on the tip of the green one uh i mean green week rather so we might get it haven't felt the expansion i mean i think we can dig deeper i mean it's not too far from uh sort of this area here i mean we've already sort of tapped that area so it's a nice little aside but again we can keep that keep that in mind that there's potential to have this just looking at this in our weekly it's just makes sense to have an m if we see how far we go with the m see how far we sort of push it down but generally sort of the moves uh moves are not too bad coming out from here I mean if you look at what retail sees they see a breakout they go from here to here here to here rather they're doing bodies to bodies they're doing wicks to wicks they do from here to here but either or they're just buying the quote and quote breakout they're buying the reader so we might see that slightly dip under just to catch these guys out so anytime before it's below they're shorting and they're panicking in terms of i mean that's that's i think what they would draw i'm not no good at sort of retail stuff that's sort of where your margin is there you go there's there's your top there's your bottom there's where you're looking for traps and again you can see that every time this came in came in trapped a bunch of shorts and that break low um comes back up again probably seeing a lot of people buy this here uh i mean knowing us knowing what we see or what we can see rather uh there's not too many people buying this which is always funny because usually when they don't buy it it's when it when it works which is always good for us because that means it's an opportunity they are yeah your retail pattern does work and you when you don't use it slow rise again we never like slow rises we like this this is good always heavy shorts is always good for an upturn but low rise and slow accumulations of longs never sort of we can sign in terms of saying they're done with this area or they're done going lower uh because usually they will collect these longs just to sort of push it that extra inch down underwater because they need those extra bids to target stops and get extra liquidity then once they get the extra liquidity they can easy come back up and these guys who went short won't take profit because they would have said uh you know what the spread would have killed me and i would have lost money anyhow so there's no point taking profit i i'm looking essentially is is the argument and it's it's still sort of i mean even without looking at the uh even without using a look at book maps we can still take this as if it comes in the bar closes up here you can easily just reverse it and just sort of continue digging deeper and targeting a lot more just this area here last last level of liquidity you need to again that will sort of give us a nice little breather and give spy a nice little breather down so it doesn't have to open up on a very large gap and then it can proceed with uh with its day 30 minutes left till market opens so always looking for market opens to give us something nice as long as it can give us something nice we can then go and uh reverse sort of positions an ugly chart the end of the dodgy just switch into volume view getting very even then it's still ugly uh nice nice you can see where they had that had little volume that's where they end up opening and just having a lot of volume uh take days so having fun with it but we know they went long here they got punished uh on the day and they came back up and sort of opened back up here uh collecting volume split but there's you can say there's a lot decent amount of shorts here uh they can still dig deeper and that's what you've got to look out for and come in expecting that they might sort of play around a bit before ultimately trying to uh go up higher so again our sort of main thing we want to do today is just do the opposite of what everyone else does which is in this case sell everyone's selling so we want to do the opposite of selling which is buying so we want to find points where we can buy at and this is not one of them because again you always want to look out for potential traps where they just come in close the bar give you a nice little double bottom then they reverse it and you're up here you're like you got stopped out you're like oh my god what did i do what did i get stopped out it's going against me why am i so unlucky why why and you just start confusing yourself to normal there we go again still sort of collecting those longs and and that's what very sort of saying uh that they could come back up close off that previous bar and they're doing it in terms of adding longs and you can see how that causes them to go back down and dig lower because they in that bar that they did and well pushing up they just collected a bunch of longs because people are just so ready to long the chart they're so ready to go along uh off of nothing but hope here my guess this is the correct correct thing oh there we go finally uh let's see us grew out of soft 1.1 annual pace in the first three months of the year as consumer spending was offset by declining business investments it must have been silicon bank valley silicon valley bank rather uh wall street analysts had forecasted two percent increase in gross domestic product the official scoreboard for the economy consumer spending and main engine of the u.s growth to drove the economy forward in the last in the first quarter outlies jumps at 3.7 percent the biggest increase in two years households got help from businesses however probably can't expect much in the near future companies kind of investments reduce production shaving off 2.3 percent points off headline GDP sounds bearish you know what that means that means there's an opportunity to buy for a bit but only for a bit for a bit and they can say in the next day it's like oh look how resilient the chart is okay chart keeps going up people nothing's gonna stop me now when people think nothing can stop me now that's when it comes back and says oh oh oh and again here's again probably what we do see and you can see where they go along and sort of mentally sort of track this across book map as grab this bring bars and six there's where retail is there's where retail's going along you can see every time it breaks the line that's where people get long that's where people get trapped and you can see how easy it is to punish them on on these swings you can see that doji close here went high came back down punished same thing here just buying up to it expect a breakout but uh uh uh not this it is what it is this but regardless of how it's thrown i don't care i care too care too much but it's just a nice little visualization on why you don't want to buy breakouts do they work when people expect them to work no no no it happens too often to sort of ignore as a sort of uh oh it's just coincidence it's just like uh i'm just drawing lines out on my ass oh uh this is uh happens happens regularly and people always get punished people get trapped long as they buy it the quick and quick breakout it's a very easy and very telling thing to sort of monitor if you've got if you've got an audible you can see this you can sort of print screen this and just say okay why do you not buy breakouts show show people this well you bought the breakout here and you didn't work you bought the breakout here didn't didn't work and when you didn't buy the breakout it worked well uh you tell me which breakout you bought and why you bought that one and why you didn't buy the other one where's where's the science where's the nature of it of your trading i know i sound condescending but it's the only way to sort of approach people who are so stuck in their minds that they can't sort of break out of the sort of monotony of trying to make things work because they read it in a book or they or make things work because they saw someone online do it it's like oh yeah someone using this strategy made a lot of money so i will continue to buy the breakout but not knowing that the only time it does work is when they're not buying the breakout instead they're doing uh the shorting the breakout so you gotta pick your battles and buying the breakout is never a good option unless people are shorting it then it's just oh it's a short squeeze so it's gonna break out as i ramble this sort of through this uh the chart sort of slugging at a snail's pace still sort of accumulating longs again we might miss the trade but i don't think we will uh probably looking for this again you can always come back later and if it does go up higher much later there's always like i said there's always another trade around the horizon there's always money to be made don't feel bad about missing that's why i emphasize on on these things where you just say oh yeah don't show it early you see all the shorts here we're probably squeezing as we squeeze them out they tapered off yes it's all the way down here so bitcoin's naturally gonna snap to it because you already had a day where you defied it and repriced much higher and then the net moves ended up just being from here to here so we're dead certain repricing this in this range here whatever reason again i don't pretend to know for what or for what reason they do things i just i'm just happy they do things because that means i can then trade it like a teenager trying to buy deodorant just say i'm not buying okay let's continue to go up i'm in this final logical conclusion probably expect it to try and peel back soon if not again it'll just be in v shape where it just recovers and it becomes a mess of opportunity but we look we take it on the chin and just say okay we'll come back much later at a retest where they just come back in and then we grab it a higher because you don't want to and that's the main thing you don't want to be here and the charts randomly goes down here and you're stuck holding something that you shouldn't have held especially because we haven't even opened up the us market so that's when you get most of the traders coming in everything's still within reason here so it's nothing too outlandish that you're missing out on ethereum another interesting sort of prospect you can see again similar sort of scenario where it went a high delayed a bit gave you one final swipe one final chance to get in and they'll always give people one final chance to get in because in that one final chance to get in people see that as a one final chance to sort of buy before it breaks out or because again you've got to see what retail sees which is flag or pendant whatever you want to call it they say oh yeah we've got to buy here this got to buy you have to buy here because it goes up this is your last chance to miss it for the breakout got to pay it and in in our sense you got to show it because it's your last chance before it moves in the direction it's meant to be moving uh okay and very low very on this offset here uh could easily come down again we know people are sort of on a mixed sort of bag here uh we're just looking for it to trade in that wake not sort of break too low for ethereum because it's already very low uh off of this on this margin here so pinning on the right side of things so definitely see that try coming back down as we finally get these buys coming in so we got a sort of push for the lower uh push for the potential of that double bottom before coming into uh a trade yes it's doing similar things but came in pinned out just trade back to you have large breaks doesn't take the high out uh so we'll see how far it comes down back uh probably we'll probably just take the low here if you can take the low and hold up above here it'll close off the gap that spy ends up having from yesterday and the sort of disconnect here so it'll be a perfect sort of retest uh on the day then we can sort of continue on and that'll be sort of where we're bullish other than that we're not really bullish uh until we see it sort of go much higher then present us a quote unquote missed opportunity then we look for a pullback let's see if it does this we come back around here that's where we're entering in that or we're just waiting for the another sort another sort of day to come in because remember we still have friday at 8 30 to trade something out of this there we go pin to that close that off perfectly already coming down that's what we want to see now we want to see a fast sort of case to try and take this down it'll go about 55 minutes so again it can take out time but not too long as we want to get rid of these go lower try hit for this probably jump into this wall here once we jump into this wall here we can then try push up higher and that would be where we go long when we see this sort of being taken out and it'll sort of fit into that whole narrative of just waiting for 10 o'clock and waiting for sort of 30 minutes after the markets open and to let people sort of get into the wrong side of things or get into what they see as a retail coming in they say oh yeah it's doing this i gotta gotta buy the breakout or whatnot i'm sorry i always sound bitter when i talk about breakout traders maybe because i am because i find the whole notion dothed not much coming out of it it's just looking very mellow very sort of taped exploitation very sort of sharp little double top anything you guys want charted while we while we're waiting i don't even have any other news from any other countries uh oh entry this decision coming from jp that's always nice jp's always great big uh France and they're they're a second they're a second world country at best or even third world country at best it won't really affect the markets too much again more france news again don't really care what third world countries are doing sorry can't wait for them uh 4 a.m that could be interesting uh gdp for uh the whole u in general 5 a.m coming in an hour hour later a lot of interest just just coming out on the next day you can see how us starts it off starts everything off with the ball rolling then everything else just follows it's why we that's why we care for us not because it's a good country it's probably second class country as well but it's just because it's a nice little leader any other things coming in next week trade balance and next week's also next week of the week after we've got the king coronation in the uk so that's another bank holiday so the uk market will be closed there so it's nice sort of turn out the head it's going to be quiet for a bit you can see still sort of buying the time and just buying sort of adding longs to this position here still within sort of reason again just holding this far for a reason to just try and sort of get as many people long as possible in this one move here very easy to get people trapped especially uh in free markets because they're just like okay i gotta get the move i gotta get it they just can't miss it for whatever whatever reason and as they sort of say they can't miss it they just end up missing it entirely because they end up getting the wrong trade um they end up just causing more harm than good so just watching them collect buyers till we ultimately see that drop again you can always short these moves down uh but i mean you'd rather wait for them to sort of get that definitive move get that swipe then get into the counter trade after the fact because ideally you'd probably have some residuals from uh yesterday so you'd average this down much up higher here if you entered it here so whatever residuals left over you'd probably if you entered in you'd probably drop it somewhere here depending on how much you ended up adding so it wouldn't sort of be too bad it's sort of easy into your yesterday's profit but at the same time it just becomes a lot safer then you can finally close it off once you get that reversal coming in after the fact which is taking a sweet sweet sweet past time three more minutes we wait for the spot to close see if it sort of goes down should start going our way not much to move from not much they can do with this other than get something crazy happening again doubt they get anything crazy going this late into the game with everything sort of as it is got all these longs that are trapped much up higher the point got a new level of longs coming through very very quickly one after another it's just looking to be below this get rid of them once you get rid of them then you can say push back i like i like where we are now up or down is fine with me jumping in at 10 sure sure yeah and that's what makes good trade i'm just having the ability to wait see how patient i am and nonchalant i am at this time in the morning because this is the time in the morning you're just looking at it it's just okay what am i going to do when when the actual everything when the dust settles when everything ends up happening am i going to get the move i want because next in the experience trader would just would be these people here just buying oh that's just going up i don't want to miss it oh no it's going down oh bad news i got to short it and bad news shorts it we know it's just reversed it i mean it's a tight range i mean where we're sort of trading off of i mean just to be expected because range from uh asia was exceedingly high this ends up coming 50% there you go there's where we pinned that asia 50% you see that move from here to here so instead of grabbing from here to here as a swing there's your swing low as you swing high and there we just sort of pin to it each time which makes life a lot easier finally that 50 minute closes see where we go with this first trade already coming in they're just letting people see green yes still within reason okay nothing sort of too interesting yeah we'll look at some other things while we wait for this see where spines up closing uh yes rather ends up closing pins to it just protects low you see all that movement that happened during the candle just no effect on the end of it you see all of this movement just nothing really affect just playing with you there we go finally finally are we gonna get that final push now come on push down come on you can do it originally paying for waiting for this pre-market and hardly anyone's awake right now so if they are awake they're just grabbing breakfast okay i mean this is going to drop it's just a matter of time now and i just don't want to bore you because nothing's going to change my opinion either way unless this just randomly just goes from here to the to the top of the sky but just looking at where spy is it just makes sense for it to try and push itself down for at least one more final swipe we close it we close obviously up here so double bottom with this probably sort of meet itself either here or here don't need to close it off entirely but if it does it's perfect and that sort of lead us into wanting bitcoin to give us the same thing where this leads into that fall outside of the range double bottom comes in here wherever it ends up coming in you're just looking for it do give you that and that's where you see that buy signal and just say okay you know that's where you're buying because right now it just looks like a bunch of dominoes waiting to fall as you see that cascade all the way up into this you're waiting for it to drop and with that i think i'll leave you guys to it hopefully you guys know what you guys are doing what you guys expecting if it starts going up and starts breaking these highs here you're just waiting for it to come back into range before buying again it would be just a retest why that you're looking for and that's the slim chance it does do that just to cover all bases because like i always say it's just better to be safe than it is sorry like i mean this was an easy trade but you could i easily missed grab the retest here and you don't miss out on much and the same thing story here easy short here but you're waiting for that potential of potentially price going here but ends up just mellowing out here so you basically got same entry and you didn't miss out on the down move and the stock would have been a lot clearer than it would have been if you entered into here because who knows where you'd put the stop here you'd have put a blind stop somewhere probably where they would have reached and with that hopefully you guys have a fantastic day i will catch you guys tomorrow like subscribe all that jazz stay safe and peace


V N I T Nagpur, professor you have any question? Sir, how we calculate solid angle for hemisphere? The question by one of the participants is, how to calculate solid angle for an hemisphere we have done that. For a sphere we have done, now you can go ahead and integrate with respect to what is that? That is d A N by r square solid angle therefore for a full sphere is going to be 4 pi d A N by r square would be 4 pi instead of integrating from this way I take the appropriate limits. So this what is it? This angle goes from 0 to pi by 2 and that is 0 to 2 pi that is theta is 0 to pi by 2 and phi is 0 to 2 pi you will essentially end up with getting A N equal to 2 pi r squared instead of 4 pi r square. And then put it here you will get that is that okay professor? My second question is related to convection sir, in a convection volumetric bit is equal to 1 by T that is for a perfect gas but for a liquid metals can we use this equation beta equal to 1 by T? Okay, so no we cannot use this we cannot use that you are very right the question asked is for perfect gases we can take beta equal to 1 by T but for liquid metals on all can I use this? No we cannot use this this is applicable only for perfect gases that is why in the class yesterday I told that for that problem which we solved specifically that was air that is why we took beta equal to 1 by T infinity but generally we should not take beta equal to 1 by T infinity we should give the properties if we see the properties generally they are given directly as G beta by alpha nu if you see professor Bejan's book he directly gives G beta by alpha nu but the point is beta has to be obtained it is not going to be 1 by T infinity is that okay? How we find the beta for liquid metals from the tables or which table? Yeah how do we get the beta for liquid metals from the tables yes the answer is we will get it from the tables someone has measured it someone has measured it and tabulated it as a function of temperature so beta we will be taking it from the table. Jayantiyo Hyderabad? Jayantiyo Hyderabad any questions professor why cell phone radiation is harmful to human beings honestly I do not know the answer but the I think that again cell phone radiation is again electromagnetic waves but I do not know their frequency see I think the frequency of the cell phone waves is much lower than what we are talking as thermal radiation that is why they will carry large energy as we saw equal to H nu so they are I think low frequency waves but we have to check out that is why they will probably hurt our biological tissues that is the theory but this is not actually proven theory that indeed the cell phone waves are going to affect there are two schools of thought one school of thought is that these cell phone waves whatever electromagnetic waves are emanated from because of the cell phone electromagnetic waves they are going to hurt or harm the biological tissues another school of thought says nothing doing they are not going to hurt so there is no clear evidence that it is indeed going to hurt or not going to hurt there is no correlation directly available but nevertheless what we can go back and check is that what is the energy pertaining to cell phone electromagnetic waves we can check out that is what is the frequency of this waves which are emanating from cell phones we can check out in fact there is a theory also that sparrows have vanished because of cell phones if not cell phones at least that cell phone what is that tower cell phone towers but these are all theories only there is no direct correlation anything else you want to add over this question how does medium affect radiation ok the question asked is how does medium affect radiation see if we see in the first transparency in the very first transparency what we showed in the morning what did we say now if we see here the first thing is said we said that the wave length equal to speed of light speed of not light speed of electromagnetic wave in that medium that is sorry lambda equal to c upon nu where c is the velocity of wave in vacuum and the velocity of the electromagnetic wave in that medium is given by the speed of light in vacuum upon n so that is n is the refractive index there are two things here n is the refractive if it is a perfect vacuum or air if it is non participating that is if it is a vacuum or air is also generally non participating in that case the refractive index is one that means my wave length is not getting distorted number one number two if it is non participating means we will see later on in the today's lecture we will not have absorptivity transmissivity reflectivity involved with any of because of this medium that is I took in the I took an example in the morning that is if I take an enclosure if I take an enclosure that is this room and it is filled with air and this is non participating that means one walls heat will interact with the other wall directly the air is not participating but now let us say this room is filled with suit suit is having lot of absorptivity suit is having lot suit means what you have burnt some wood in the middle of the room let us say suit is filled all over the room the suit is going to absorb some of the thermal radiation which is coming out from one wall and trying to reach the other wall so it is starting participating so participation is usually quantified in terms of refractive index of the medium and in fact the absorptivity transmissivity reflectivity of the medium are represented in terms of refractive index in fact if I have to go overboard and say this refractive index will have what is that imaginary component and the real component usually the real component is the absorptivity so anyway let us let us not get into that much detail but the point is the participation is usually quantified by the refractive index of the medium one other way of looking at it not from a radiation point of view but from if you are thinking from a light point of view in winter season you see lot of use about fog delaying trains etcetera what it means is that your visibility is reduced completely or to a great extent so if you are shining a light you would have seen pictures on television the train is coming the light is not even seen by the cameraman so because there is so much of moisture present in the air you are not able to see the light if the moment the sun comes out at around 12 o clock or something in the afternoon the same train the same cameraman same light were able to see much better that is because of the what you say the amount of moisture in the given space has reduced so this probably is a little bit easier to understand for participating that means the particles of water vapor which are there are actually taking away whatever you can see it is forming like an opaque medium in between the light and the observer so if the medium is going to act along if it is a passive if you are a participant in a classroom and you are sitting in one corner and not bothered about what is happening you are passive non-participating but if you are actively interacting you are going to be interacting or you are going to be participating so the medium is not participating it does not care what is happening between the two surfaces it is there it is not there it does not make any difference but when it affects the interaction that is called as participating medium. This effect is only with reference to thermal radiation that is heat transfer. Sir my question is in convection heat transfer how does Prandtl number and Reynolds number varies in capillary tube for two phase fluids I mean liquid and vapor phase. The question is in capillary tube how does Reynolds number and Prandtl number vary especially when there are two phase flows why capillary tube okay the answer let me elaborate the way I have understood it capillary tube is almost like a micro channel in fact one of our colleague here started off with micro channel measurements with capillary tube so what I understand capillary tube is whatever tube you get in the inside the thermometer is the capillary tube so he just broke the thermometer and did the experiments. So now what is capillary tube essentially the diameter is very small if the diameter is very small means my pumping power required is very high you have seen yesterday in our derivation delta P in a channel is inversely proportional to diameter that is delta P is proportional to 1 upon D to the power of 5 so as the diameter comes down the pressure drop is very high so so much pumping power goes up. So in the capillary tube my point is in the capillary tube essentially the flow is going to be laminar it is not going to be turbulent most of the times 99% of the time I can say that the flow is going to be laminar it is very difficult to get turbulent flow in a micro channel that is in a capillary tube because you are pumping power even if you put 10 bar pressure you are going to get 10 bar pressure drop also you are going to get a velocity you are going to get a very low velocity as long as you are taking a liquid if it is air perhaps you can still manage to get turbulent flow generally in a capillary flow it is laminar. Now I am answering with reference to single phase flow so then if it is laminar we have seen in the basics yesterday that the friction factor is dependent only on Reynolds number and Nusselt number is not dependent on either Reynolds number nor Prandtl number so as far as the heat transfer is concerned it is only going to be either 4.36 if it is constant heat flux or 3.66 if it is going to be constant wall temperature for pressure drop it is going to be 64 by Re. Now for 2 phase flow if you ask me it is a 2 phase flow in a micro channel so it is quite difficult yes but I can answer in capillary flow also little bit better see generally in capillary tubes yeah very good in capillary tubes what happens is the nature of the flow the flow pattern if I imagine it is water and vapor if I imagine generally it is bubbly flow generally it is bubbly flow but not always not always generally when I say bubbly flow I can imagine that fluid as a homogeneous fluid yes what I mean by homogeneous fluid is there are 2 phases that is one is liquid and another one is vapor but I will imagine a third fluid which is having a properties which are equivalent to the combination of liquid and vapor and I will define equivalent viscosity equivalent density and so I will go ahead and define equivalent Reynolds number but this is too simplistic an answer for 2 phase flow I have answered for your question only for single phase flow I have not answered for 2 phase flow 2 phase flow what you have asked is actually 2 phase flow in a micro channel over to you sir one more question sir how would be the thermal boundary layer and hydrodynamic boundary layer for say 2 phase fluids whether it is condenser or evaporator in a refrigeration system okay see in a condenser or evaporator how do how does thermal boundary layer and hydrodynamic boundary layer develop see it develops definitely both hydrodynamic boundary layer and thermal boundary layer develop but the way they develop depends on the flow pattern let us say if I take stratified flow when I say stratified flow what it means is that yeah so what pressure is drawing is a stratified flow that is the denser fluid will flow at the bottom and lighter fluid will flow at the top then what is happening in fact we have answered this question yesterday also so what will happen boundary layer will grow on the top also on the vapor side and boundary layer will grow on the bottom also on the liquid side and in addition there is interfacial interfacial shear stress there will be boundary layer between the two also because why we said boundary layer will be there as long as there is a relative velocity now there is a relative velocity between liquid and vapor vapor tends to go fast liquid tends to go slow you would have seen liquid velocity should never exceed 0.3.4 meters per second but the vapor velocity can be as high as 4 meters or 10 meters per second so there is a boundary layer growth at the interface also and also on the let us say if it is flow between two parallel plate on the top wall and the bottom wall also so that is how we have to handle we have answered only for stratified flow if you now say it is going to be let us say slug flow or what other flow pattern angular flow it is all going to be difficult to answer but definitely boundary layers are going to be there even in two phases see one other thing with respect to condenser and evaporator what will happen is that see condensation will happen in such a way that you will have if it is like a vertical pipe condensation will form something like this. So, vapor will be here liquid will be here this is called as an annular flow the bottom line is depending on the distribution of the liquid and vapor phase in that geometry which we call as flow pattern depending on that you will have the same fundamentals associated to single phase fluid mechanics applied only thing that you have to worry about is the what is the nature of flow pattern if the condensation rate is very very small the nature of flow pattern will be very different if the condensation rate is very high it is going to be different see one point I want to add why our basics are going to be so good so important for example you are asking condensation in case of condensation in fact if you see correlation which is the most used correlation for condensation condenser for design of condenser is again non dimensionalized using dittus bolter only this nu naught is the nusselt number which is used for single phase flow dittus bolter correlation which is used in which all the properties are calculated at saturation temperature that is nu naught, but what is there on the right hand side it is a function of thermodynamic quality that is all otherwise for condenser also nusselt number is again a function of reynolds number Prandtl number in addition to reynolds and Prandtl you have what is called as thermodynamic quality this is what we do for condensers if you want many more details on this this correlation what I am talking about is what is called as Shah's correlation which is the most extensively used correlation for design of condensers if you want more details on this you please moodle we will send you the notes what we teach for heat exchangers that is for condenser design we will send upload that is that okay professor. Thermic fluids as far as I know it is a the thermic fluid which we had used in our lab is ethylene glycol why do we go for ethylene glycol is that the Prandtl number I remember what do I remember do I remember or do I do not remember just give me a minute for high temperature applications we use and its viscosity is is equivalent to water see we this thermic fluids are generally used for thermal storage applications and for chiller applications why because its viscosity is such that it is it is almost equivalent to that of water but the Prandtl number is high because its specific heat is high its specific heat is high but the viscosity is as much as that of water but not as that of oil because for thermal storage the obvious choice would be high Prandtl number that is high CP fluid but when you try to go for high CP fluid which is usually oil you the negative point of the oil is that its viscosity is high but if viscosity is high your pumping power goes up in order to keep your pumping power low but still try to get the advantage of high specific heat you use this thermic fluid which is having high CP but low viscosity low viscosity is the viscosity not as much as that of oil but as much as that of water so that is what is called as thermic fluid we have used this in chiller but in thermal storage that is for solar power plants and all here in one of the applications in solar power plants thermic fluids are used so these are essentially what I said high CP low viscosity fluids that is the summary of the question. Sir my question is regarding the basics of radiation you mention about electromagnetic waves that it is a vibration of molecule which we take as a sinusoidal wave but when you go to basics of radiation we mention it travels through vacuum where there is no molecules so can you please elaborate on this. Mechanism of emission we said that the question is mechanism of emission not transport see this is the question asked is in the emission while emitting there is we said that the electrons are oscillating because of which we can imagine that this oscillation as a sinusoidal wave that is what we have studied in plus 2 also for a simple pendulum there is an oscillation so but then in a perfect vacuum how can it get transmitted that is the question see there are these 2 are 2 different things when we said this with reference to this transparency it is emission where is the emission happening emission is happening on this surface and we also said that radiation we consider the emission only at the tip of the surface so we are not taking it as a volumetric phenomena we are taking it as a surface phenomena if it has to emit the electron on the top surface has to vibrate and generate a wave wave form so that is all we are saying energy this is released because of the oscillations of the electrons at the surface are emitting electromagnetic waves that is all that is all the answer so we should not get confused with emission and propagation so what you are telling is propagation what I have told is emission one more question yeah we have studied Reynolds analogy okay so can you please explain with a practical example how it can be used in practice one of our professor uses the question asked is what are the practical applications of Reynolds analogy see if we go back and use if we just say that we all know that we all know that doing experiments with heat transfer is sorry fluid mechanics is much easier than doing measurements with heat transfer now let us say I said in the Reynolds analogy standard number equal to CFX by 2 now if let us say for flow over a flat plate as I said doing pressure measurements are easy and the measurements with pressure or fluid dynamic measurements have lesser uncertainty I have also told in the yesterday's class that typical uncertainties in fluid mechanics are 6 percent and typical uncertainties in heat transfers are more than 10 to 15 percent so if I do pressure measurement and estimate CFX and let us say this is for air why I am taking air because my Prandtl number is sorry my Prandtl number is equal to 0.71 which is which is closer to 1 which is closer to 1 it is not equal to 1 but it is closer to 1 then in that case I can assume that Prandtl number is equal to 1 then my Reynolds analogy one of the assumptions sorry one of the conditions for the Reynolds analogy to be valid is that Prandtl number is should be equal to 1 so for air Prandtl number is closer to 1 that is the closest one can get so for air if I have done pressure measurement and measured CFX by 2 without measuring I can now get Nusselt number because N u by R E P R equal to CFX by 2 so let me write it slowly N u upon R E P R equal to CFX by 2 so R E I know because at that Reynolds number only I have measured the CFX now and P R I know because it is 0.71 now I can get Nusselt number from Nusselt number I can infer heat transfer coefficient the point is if you have done fluid dynamic measurement you can get the heat transfer coefficient this is what I used to think earlier but one of the professors in our aerodynamics lab that is professor Menanges he uses reverse way in supersonic flow interestingly I was thinking that for supersonic flow Reynolds analogy is not valid interestingly for flow over a flat plate in supersonic flow he measures actually Nusselt number and infers the CFX very interesting it is and he says that measurements have demonstrated that even for compressible flow Reynolds analogy works. So of course there are assumptions in fact when we did all this we have done for incompressible flow most of the times when you do measurement you come upon you come up with this conclusion that Nusselt number this Reynolds analogy is working so the point is if you do one measurement you can do away with the other measurement if you apply Reynolds analogy that is the beauty of Reynolds analogy actually in fact people say that even in sub cooled boiling people have seen that Reynolds analogy is working but it is little difficult to understand because in a pipe flow there is a pressure gradient that is the another condition for the Reynolds analogy to work we made two conditions to be valid that is one should be parental number should be one and there should not be pressure gradient otherwise in my momentum equation I have dp by dx and in my energy equation I do not have this pressure drop term so but people have observed that even in two phase that is sub cooled boiling Reynolds analogy works so in spite of having these conditions not being made here and there they do Reynolds analogy works okay in the morning in the second or third transparency you told us that by giving the example of that campfire and the person that you told us that whatever the temperature of the air remains constant in between that person and the campfire so I cannot understand how that temperature remains constant for the okay there will be no convection so the question is actually I have a campfire and I have a human being and what is not able what we what we are not able to understand is how does this air which is sitting in between is not going to get heated up at all so that is the that is the question so let us look at it in a different way so we have a campfire what is the temperature of the campfire 900 degree Celsius what is the human body temperature 35 degree Celsius so 37.5 degree Celsius now because of radiation because the electromagnetic waves are traveling from fire they are able to reach the human body now let us say instead of this air if air was work to be highly participating that is if they are going to absorb all the radiation which is coming out from the fire then I would not have received any heat now if I put if I have to insulate myself if I have to not receive any radiation what should I do I should put a asbestos asbestos sheet in between the fire and myself so what is doing what is this asbestos sheet doing sheet doing in between why am I not feeling the heat now asbestos sheet is absorbing almost all of the heat why because its absorptivity is very high reflectivity is very minimal and transmissivity is almost zero for a solid body especially for asbestos sheet that is what we do know that is what the firefighters do when they go near fire they keep asbestos sheet I do not know whether you have watched or not the material whatever they keep the they are all about asbestos sheet now if I remove the asbestos sheet I am filled I have what is the medium which is in between the fire and myself air but air is having almost nil absorb absorptivity so it is not absorbing any of the thermal radiation which is coming from the fire to myself so that is why I am absorbing almost all of the heat or I am able to receive all the heat so of course air also gets heated up slightly when I say this I am I am saying with the pinch of a salt it is getting heated up slightly but not to a greater extent why because it is reasonably non-participating medium in fact this is the example quoted this example I have taken from chungal this example is given by chungal so I think this is a very good example I hope you have understood now the crux is that whether my medium in between the source and the sink is it participating or not if it is not participating everything reaches the sink if it is participating some of it only reaches the sink as much as my participating medium allows it through it allows the radiation through it that is the answer for your question so I have got a q question regarding boundary layer theory the basics so my question is in fluid mechanics we have the local velocity and the mainstream velocity ratio u upon u infinity given as 0.99 and similarly when we come to thermal boundary layer we have we take t minus ts upon t infinity minus ts is equal to 0.99 instead of taking t infinity upon ts is equal to 0.9 or ts upon t infinity is equal to 0.9 why is that yeah see this is actually actually we should have told yesterday this is a common question for velocity boundary layer we take u by u infinity equal to 0.99 but for temperature infinity temperature boundary layer why do not I take t by t infinity equal to 0.99 yeah professor had told this yesterday why because you see heat transfer is all because of temperature gradient what is that which is changing what while I am moving up it reference to the temperature gradient what is the maximum temperature gradient I have ts minus t infinity so as I come down this temperature gradient has to be decreasing so in heat transfer we are worried about temperature gradient and in velocity in the velocity boundary layer we are worried about the velocity gradient and interestingly velocity gradient is at y equal to 0 it is u equal to 0 but at y equal to 0 t is not equal to 0 it is equal to ts so I have to take ts minus t infinity for temperature boundary layer and I have to take u by u infinity equal to 0.99 for velocity boundary layer that is the answer for your question one more question sir it is regarding radiation can we consider a hot tea in a thermos flask as a example the tea cools after certain amount of time right so why that time is not a variable here yeah okay okay okay the question is the question is if in a thermos flask whether why does the tea does not get cooled initially but with the passage of time why does it get cooled so what is that we are doing in a thermos flask as I understand what is that we are doing in a thermos flask this is my container in which where I have filled my tea and outside that there is a chamber and in this chamber I have filled with vacuum I have filled with vacuum so what is that yes we can give this as an example for radiation what is the mode of the heat transfer with reference to atmosphere it can interact with the atmosphere only through radiation in fact if you have closely watched the thermos flask they are highly reflective surfaces reflectivity of the surface is very high because they are not supposed to absorb any heat so the reflectivity is very high so what is the essential mode of the heat transfer which is taking place between these two plates where the vacuum is there is radiation but eventually tea has to get cooled why again there is a radiative heat transfer there is no conduction and convection but there is radiative heat transfer because of which there is the tea will eventually cool and also this vacuum cannot be perfect vacuum correct see what professor Puranic who is sitting by my side is saying is that if I take tea the temperature of the tea definitely is varying with time no doubt about that because there is there are other modes of the heat transfer but for radiation it is only the boundary condition so the point is that the tea has to eventually cool with passage of time I cannot make any system thoroughly insulated thoroughly insulated so this is essentially what we have done is an insulator made by what is that by maintaining vacuum but if I that is what is super insulator which we were anyway going to touch in radiation if I have two surfaces and if I evacuate that is going there is no conduction there is no convection but then radiation takes place that is why they put lot of shields if you put shields then what will happen highly reflective shields then the heat transfer from this surface to the next the surface is impeded that is what is super insulator which is used in cryogenic applications so and another point I want to emphasize is that here in this vacuum there is nothing like perfect vacuum no matter which pump you use for creating vacuum there will be small amount of air and that amount of air will create small not create will make a natural convection take place so some and substance of this question is that yes thermos flask can be given as example for radiation but T will eventually cool because there is no perfect insulator in this world okay so now I think we will stop the question answer session and move ahead with the regular lecture we looked at this definitions for related to intensity related to emission irradiation and radiosity and before signing off I told you that what we define let me just go back here what we defined yeah we defined for emission e we defined g we defined j we did not have any subscript of or brackets in them those were total hemispherical quantities total hemispherical emissive power total hemispherical irradiation that is capital G total hemispherical radiosity capital J that means it encompasses all wavelengths does not care about wavelength does not care about direction it relates to the every it relates to all wavelengths all possible directions okay so this was the whole picture now let us break it and go into impose one constraint after another so that constraint now we will say is spectral quantity when I say spectrum or spectral quantity refers to wavelength dependency so I had told this already now you have put this in a logical fashion so total radiation quantities which have been integrated over all the wavelengths have been considered so far e g j were total spectral quantities variation of radiation with wavelength as well as direction both will be considered in general right now we are saying we will do both together and then we will eliminate one of the dependencies and get the other one so spectral directional quantities refer to situations where variation of radiation with wavelength as well as direction are considered and to express these quantities at a certain wavelength or per unit wavelength interval about lambda so this is jargon now let us read the definition and again understand English point of view spectral radiation intensity for I mean what it what does this tell me I lambda e theta phi okay let me write it without being lazy I lambda e theta phi I is for intensity e is for related to emission okay then lambda in front here refers to spectral okay so this subscript comes because we are talking with a spectral quantity this refers to emission related to emission when I associate intensity related to emission I will have the subscript this is our dear intensity what is intensity again we have already studied something which is related to the normal okay so this I will now write is equal to dq divided by I am flashing this and I will write is defined as rate same definition exactly the same we have just added one extra term related to wavelength rate at which that means what joule per second watts rate at which radiation energy dq is emitted that means by virtue of its temperature is emitted that is why this emission is here at a wavelength lambda in the theta phi direction per unit area normal to this direction per unit solid angle about this direction let me just go back to the earlier slide rate at which radiation energy dq is emitted in the theta phi direction per unit area normal to the direction per unit solid angle what is different between this and that definition which I have flashed is that there I have a d lambda because that is wavelength specific I told you to imagine red color light how much of intensity of red color light at a wavelength given by lambda of red light that is what is given by that definition so if I go back quickly it is nothing but rate at which radiation energy is emitted in the theta phi direction was there I have introduced an additional word at wavelength lambda that is all there is and here therefore dq by d lambda will come integrated over the differential wavelength d lambda so the units essentially will be watt per meter square steradian for solid angle micrometer and I can write this d omega as sin theta d theta d phi so I will have essentially the same units that we had before dq divided by dA1 cos theta sin theta d theta d phi this is what we had this was I this was I e theta phi this was what we defined at 930 today this quantity divided by that is what we write I lambda e lambda theta phi is equal to dq divided by dA1 cos theta sin theta d theta d phi d lambda so right now if I want to get the total energy total watts I have to integrate it with respect to theta I have to integrate it with respect to 5 and also over the wavelength of interest that was done what was given in the earlier transparency this quantity was essentially one integration and already been performed integration with respect to lambda was already done this is one more step this is like the first we have taken the wavelength dependency out here now we are saying if it was wavelength dependency was there this is my definition of intensity watt per meter square steradian micrometer that is what is given here so if I understand this for emission the same thing will be valid for irradiation and radiosity so the spectral emissive power let us just do couple of integrations here spectral emissive power so e subscript lambda that means emissive power relates to all directions so I do not care about direction anymore I am going to integrate with respect to both theta and 5 spectral hemispherical emissive power correctly if I have to write strictly it will be spectral hemispherical because the integration is like this theta is equal to 0 to pi by 2 phi equal to 0 to 2 pi it forms a hemisphere so I lambda e theta 5 this quantity cos theta sin theta d theta d 5 this I have not integrated with respect to wavelength so the subscript lambda will remain the units for this emissive power would be watts per meter square was the original units flux this will be watts per meter square micrometer so this we have to be careful this is at that wavelength but when we say spectral emissive power we are saying it is like flux only so watt per meter square but we use the word spectral emissive power so do not get confused this subscript takes care of the fact that you are using this spectrum so I am not concerned with other wavelengths at this wavelength how much is the emission occurring what is the flux what is the intensity what is the emissive power at that wavelength so I do not have to say red light how much is the emission so I do not have to use per micrometer there it is if I am talking of emissive power associated with red light then that will be watts per meter square associated with that wavelength so when the variation of spectral intensity I lambda varies like this with lambda I can just integrate it the total radiation intensity for emitted incident and reflected part why reflected because we need radiosity we need the reflected part of incident radiation we can get this by integration over the entire wavelength spectrum so total intensity I e is spectral intensity that is a spectral variation something like this integrated over all wavelengths going from 0 to infinity so these things will become clear when we do problems so right now these might look like what double integral triple integral so on and so forth but when the problems are done it will be very clear so actually this is the only definition which I have to know e total emissive power is nothing but a total quantity because it is a wavelength independent now all wavelengths have been taken care because it is a triple integral one of the integrating limits is lambda 2 lambda is 0 to infinity it is a hemispherical quantity because it has been integrated to form a hemisphere so I e lambda theta phi cos theta sin theta d theta d phi was there already d lambda if I put here d lambda is missing here d lambda here is missing so this triple integral should have d theta d theta d lambda so d lambda is missing in all these three so this is the effect of cut and paste the total e therefore is obtained by integration of this who gives me this function if I know this function I can integrate it now these functions will be known to us we will see in the problem some kind of in real life functions will be arbitrary in terms of it will be fluctuating but we can approximate for calculation purposes functions to be straight line triangular profile trapezoidal profile so on and so forth so piecewise linear or some geometric representation can be made so similarly total irradiation is intensity I lambda spectral subscript is I because it is referring to intensity coming in incident that is why this I exactly identical I am not going to even remember cos theta sin theta d theta d phi d lambda same things here everything looks same except the subscripts I and lambda has been there theta phi is there therefore it is a triple integral for total j will be e plus r so we can do all these things very easily and therefore if everything is diffuse as we saw e is going to be pi of that intensity whether it was spectral quantity or total quantity this is valid because this is been obtained by integration over all solid and this so with this I will stop there are problems which we will do now where these definitions are involved and once these definitions are over it is only black body and absorptivity transmittability. So now I think we have spent ample time although I was getting restless that we are losing time but I think professor Arun has spent enough time teaching us the definitions. So now with these definitions that is emissive power and basics with these basics I think we can move quite fast there is one simple problem which has been given irradiation there is a spectral distribution given that is from between wavelengths 0 to 5 you have an irradiation of 1000 watts per this is meter squared this is watts per meter squared micrometer so and from 5 to 20 my irradiation is constant and again from 20 to 25 micrometer it drops so how do I integrate how do I get the total irradiation total irradiation is integrating over all wavelengths so g lambda d lambda between 0 to infinity. So I get g lambda d lambda 0 to 5 because that nature linear nature I know and g lambda d lambda between 5 to 20 micrometer it is constant and again 20 to 25 micrometer there is particular wavelength particular irradiation and 25 to infinity it is 0 because there is no distribution if I substitute that the same thing that is this is area under the curve area under the curve is area of the triangle that is half into base into height that is half into 5 into height is 1000 if I do that I get the area under this curve that is this integral can be obtained as half into 5 into 1000 plus 20 minus 5 into 1000 that is again area under the curve 20 minus 5 15 into 1000 gives me the area of this rectangle and again area of the triangle 25 minus 20 that is half of 5 into 1000 so if you add up all of this you are going to get 20,000 watt per meter square so this is how we typically have the spectral irradiation and this is just a given a simple example but you will have all sorts of variation where in which you will break that into triangles rectangles trapezoids and squares so this is how okay there is another problem this is a very important problem why I say very important because you see I keep saying this always I take these hands only in my in my class also I take the hands only into account can you just yeah these are the two hands my left hand is let us say at sitting at one temperature and the right hand is sitting at another if both are normal let us say this is dA1 and this is dAn so if both are normal there is no issue now let us say if my the left hand is not normal it is inclined what should I do I have to make it normal to make it normal this has to become dA1 cos theta okay it has to be made normal similarly for this also if it is not normal I have to make it normal so to make it normal whatever angle is there that area into that cos theta so that is why always we say normal area to the direction of intensity that is to the direction of intensity both the emitter and the receiver are supposed to be normal and in the solid angle I am having who is receiving and in the other area in the other area we worry about the area which is emitting that is if you see here q1j that is the have I yeah see let me reread the question see I have area A1, A2, A3, A4 all are of 10 to the power of minus 3 meter square and the intensity is 7000 Watt per meter square steridium that is per unit solid angle and the question and the distances are all 0.5 meter but their orientations are not same you see now A1 and A3 are normal the way I showed my hand A1 and A3 are normal so let us first find out that solid angle for omega 3 1 is A3 by r squared I am taking A3 only why because it is normal similarly for 4 also 4 also is normal to the direction of intensity but for A2 it is not normal so I have to take A2 cos theta that is I get A2 cos theta 2 to make it normal by geometry you can just work out I am not going to do that the angle between if I tilt this normal to this normal to this I am going to get that as 30 so A2 cos 30 is what is the normal so that is how I get A2 cos 30 that is solid angle omega 2 1 is A2 cos 30 upon 0.5 squared that is how I get this one so point is they have to be normal now q1j that is what is the net heat transfer leaving the surface 1 intercepted by surface 2 surface 3 surface 4 that is given by intensity into the area which is emitting this intensity of radiation that is A1 but that A1 has to be normal to the direction of intensity that is A1 cos theta for 3 it is cos theta is cos 0 1 that is it is in the it is normal to the direction of intensity but that is not so for 2 and 4 so for 2 and 4 I have to tilt this tilt A1 to make it normal to the direction of intensity tilt A1 again to make normal to the direction of intensity so that tilt angle is cos theta that is all here it is cos 45 here it is going to be cos 60 so that is what I have put that as cos 45 and cos 60 and if you substitute that and if you substitute the solid angle you are going to get the you are going to get the net heat flux you see there is a there is much you can understand by these numbers you see q 1 3 is higher why because they are they are just normal directly it is they are seeing directly each other that is why q 1 3 is having higher q 1 4 actually is next higher why q 1 4 because at least 4 is normal but q 1 2 both are not normal to the direction of intensity I have to tilt that is why the net heat flux is lowest in case of q 1 4 I mean this is how you can understand how much heat flux is emitted or received by whatever is emitted is received by the other surface that is the beauty this example shows us how we can understand the solid angle I think with these examples we have understood these definitions we will move on to radiation 2.


Dear students, in this topic we shall discuss the tubular reabsorption, that is reabsorption process in the kidney tibule. The glomerular filtrate flows sequentially through the various or successive parts of the renal tibule. From the tibule, useful substances are selectively reabsorbed back into the blood. Reabsorption occurs in every segment, however the substance is absorbed and their relative concentration changes with the segment. First we shall discuss reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tibule. The cells of proximal convoluted tibule reabsorb about 60-70% volume of the ultrafiltrate, meaning that the ultrafiltrate is approximately 60-70% of the part that is reabsorbed in proximal convoluted tibule. In ratio wise this portion reabsorbs about 99% or even more than 99% of glucose, amino acids and other organic nutrients. This reabsorption involves diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport and co-transport mechanisms. Proximal convoluted tibule also actively absorbs various ions like sodium, potassium, magnesium, phosphate, bicarbonate and sulphate ions. It also reabsorbs some ions passively. Reabsorption occurs in a large quantity of water as well as in proximal convoluted tibule. These reabsorbed materials enter the paritubular fluid, meaning the fluid which is present in the tibule. These reabsorbed substances enter where they diffuse into the paritubular capillaries which quickly return these substances back to the blood flow or circulation. Now we shall discuss reabsorption in the loop of Henle. Loop of Henle is important for the reabsorption of water. Reabsorption is a proximal convoluted tibule that continues in the descending limb of loop of Henle because this loop is freely permeable to water. It has numerous water channels which are made by aquaporin protein. So this limb of the descending limb has no channel for solute so it is not permeable for solutes. For solute reabsorption, descending limb of loop of Henle does not exist. Now unlike the ascending limb that contains ion channels but not water channels, that is why the reabsorption of ions in this limb does not reabsorbs water from this limb. So overall the loop of Henle reabsorbs about half of the water and two-thirds of the sodium and chloride ions which enter into it in the filtrate form from the proximal convoluted tibule. Because proximal convoluted tibule has played its role. Now we shall discuss reabsorption in the distal convoluted tibule. The initial filtrate is about 15 to 20 percent of the distal convoluted tibule. The distal convoluted tibule cells actively reabsorb sodium and chloride ions. Distal convoluted tibule contains ion pumps which reabsorb tubular sodium in exchange for potassium ions. Distal convoluted tibule also reabsorbs bicarbonate ions to regulate the urine pH.


Hi, beautiful. Today, we're watching people do whoop-kass. Yeah, whoop-kass. I feel like people are starting to learn actually how to do them. Like, it was very rocky in the beginning. It's gotten a little bit better, but I'm still seeing fails. So, let's see what we got today. Up first, we have a video by Jonalyn Joy. My name is Jonalyn Joy, or you can call me JJ. Okay, fine, JJ. Hi, JJ. Oh, and she's following my tutorial. Hopefully, JJ, I did you a solid on this one. I am going to cut my hair. Not just any regular haircut, though. I am going to do a wolf haircut. It's gonna look so good on her. Can we just talk about the vibe?  I will be following a Brad Mondo tutorial. He's basically the hairdresser of YouTube. He does tutorials. He does reacts of other people's hair videos. Is that what I am? The hairdresser of YouTube. You know what?  Woo! You know what would have been better? The hairdresser of social media. But we can work on that. I am very terrified if one day he comes across my channel and sees all of my hair videos and reacts to one of them. I am very scared to be judged by him. Why is everybody so scared of me judging them? I'm not trying to be mean. I am just simply providing my feedback in a aggressive manner. I don't know what to say about that. Before we get into the dirty works of things, let's start with my bangs. I section off this middle part right here, and then this part is just for framing, so I just tuck it into the back of my ear. This is the shape that I got. As you can tell, there's a little triangle on my head right here. And you wanna keep that shape. Let's start off by doing a little piece. Wow, that did some damage. Okay, we're doing a little bang moment first, okay? I love the bang. I think she rocks the bang, and I like that she's keeping it longer, like a little bit under her eyes. Like, I think that's hot. I think that's sexy. I think that's modern. I think that's everything that she needs right now. This is what I like to do. I just cut upwards and just start snipping away until I get the shape that I'm really, really satisfied with. I'm going to cut off starting from the top of my lip and just working downward. I wanna understand why she's cutting the kind of details of the cut before she actually does the major cut. Like, usually we do like the cut cut, you know, the majority of the hair first. Then we dry it. We do the bangs, we do the face framing, and we kind of refine everything. But she's doing it the opposite way, which is very creative. I'm always open to new techniques. I'm sorry to Brad for not doing you justice if you're watching this. It looks pretty good actually. We're going to move on to the actual haircut.  Again, I would do that opposite. I would first do the wolf cut because what happens is it kind of looks a little bit straggly at the bottom. When you have very long hair and you cut a lot off and you do very short layers, it gets really straggly. So at the end, you might have to do a little trim-a-poo on the excess hair. I would do it the opposite way. Let's do the wolf cut first, and then let's trim the length. This is how long my hair is. It's been a while since I cut my hair.  Yo, your hair is man long and it's quite beautiful. That is a lot of hair. I am questioning now if I did a mistake. Yo, she did that. She went for that so quickly and I loved it. Yes, yes. I needed a dramatic change today from somebody. That is a lot of hair. No, it's fine. Hair grows back. Another one down. Why do I always get so emotional every time I do this? Oh, gosh. Yo, she's going for it so quickly. The damage has been done. Why do I kind of miss her long hair? Usually I love a good chop, but I don't know. She really was rocking that excessively long hair. I think it's just because everything's one length right now, it just doesn't, it's not the vibe. We are moving on to the finale, which is to do the actual wolf cut. Yes, let's do it. Can she pull it off? I mean, she better be able to. It's like literally easiest thing to do in the world.  Sorry, whoa. That was aggressive. Put your hair in a really, really high ponytail. Okay, the next step, actually another easy step, is to wet your hair. My hair is out of frame. So what I'm going to do, which he did not do in the video. So if I'm doing this wrong, I have no one else to blame but myself because Brad did a whole different technique and I'm doing a whole 180 with it. So you're not following my tutorial. So you lied and liars, they lie. I'm going to cut off this much. We're just going to do it. All right, there you go. Another chunk of my hair gone. I love this video because she's doing so much. If you do a wolf cut, you have to cut a lot of your hair. Oh, or else you're not going to see the difference and she is doing it. By the way, if you pull your hair up to the middle, you're going to get a lot more layering, kind of like in the crown area.  I think we're going to cut off more hair because why not? I can see the purpose of wetting your hair now. It does cut through your hair very, very easily. Yes! Wet your hair. It really does cut easier. You just get also way straighter, sharper lines. It's all good. Oh gosh. This is looking really good so far. Is this how you short hair people feel? Like there's no weight on your head. The fact that she thinks her hair is short. Girl, this is short. I don't even want your hair like that. I want like here. This is long. Some of us like, it's been years growing out. It's like, I decided to go shorter. Hell yes, we did. Oh, you did. I feel like I was somewhat a part of that. I don't know why, but I... Is this an us thing or is it a you thing? I don't know. Oh my gosh. One more time. I promise. This will be the last time. Wow. Oh, I'm in love with her hair. I'm in love with her hair already. Oh my God. Oh my God. Oh my God. I cannot wait to see this blown out. This actually gave me a wolf cut. I almost wouldn't have done. Now the final thing I'm going to do, part my hair right behind my ear. And this was in Brad Mondo's video too. So what he did is take this section, brush it away of your face. Where the shortest length is, which is right here. Cut straight. It literally frames your face. She's refining her face framing, which I love when people all do this. This is in my tutorial, but like people never do it, so. I'm having a whole dilemma right now because I don't know if I like it. I don't hate it. I think I just put up the bar really, really high for myself. It's not bad. It looks really good. It would look better if I styled it. This is potentially what my hair would look like with styled wolf cut hair. I think it's the fact that I'm not used to having such short hair like this. I'm so used to having long hair. Oh my God, I'm obsessed. I don't know how you're not obsessed. It looks incredible. This is the vibe for you. This is everything I wanted for your hair. The highlights are so cute. Everything came together. It looks phenomenal. Great job. Oh my God, I love it. Up next, we have a video by Hadley Grooms. You can see here, this is all my hair. Oh, whoa. That hair is so long, so luscious, so thick, so beautiful.  I would love to see this more rounded, more like shaggy and get rid of some that length. Like I think that's gonna totally spice up her style. I'm going to be trying to follow, mostly follow Brad Mondo's wolf cutting video. I love how long it is, but it is just so heavy. So I'm hoping by adding layers, I will be able to keep the length and lose some weight. Yes, that is a good idea. Let's see you do it.  She wet her hair. Win for me. Don't mind me. I have my hair perfectly brushed out for this video. The second I even get it slightly wet, it is extremely hard to brush out again. Use a leaving conditioner when you're doing hair cuts like this. It'll help you so much brush through your hair as you cut it. It's a good secret. Okay, that took me 30 minutes. Listen, that high pony is ponying, babe. Yeah, okay. So my hair is like as long as my arm. I want that. I want that feeling of just like luscious locks of hair. Just like. So I'm going to hold it up. And I know it's not as brushed as it should be, but my hair literally just isn't meant to do that. Leaving conditioner, please. That noise was like. Okay, there's like that much at the top. I'm going to take a piece out from the back so I can see where this one's about to get. Okay. Oh no, this is getting bad. She's pulling that piece out from the back and it's just like destroying this ponytail. And her hair gets so tangled so easily. You can tell. Well, she said literally said that, so we know. But that's a good idea.  This is the longest piece, so I can cut like this much off. Okay, but let me fix the ponytail and I'll be back. Okay, fresh ponytail. I know it looks slightly bumpy, but in reality, this part of my hair is more brushed and straight. So this must be a workout for her. Like my arms are sore watching. I'm just going to hold, I'm just going to cut. There you go, hold it up to this way. Okay, I have to look at the camera. Okay, wait guys, when you pull the hair up, you get it right like that and you know where you want to cut. You can squeeze that hair tight to not lose tension on it and bring it down. Just don't readjust your hand when you bring it down.  You don't have to keep it up the whole time. At least I can see it now. Those scissors are getting through there. They are the real champs of this video. I know it's like gonna not be even. Okay, having hair cutting scissors like really helps. Okay, this is a lot of hair, just cut off. I guess I'll do spinning shears and then I'll take it out and see how it looks. The amount that you just cut off your hair, it seems like so much, it really does, but for your length, that's literally gonna be nothing. It's kind of hard to tell, but I definitely don't have short pieces in the front. I have long pieces randomly. Oh no, what did I do? Oh no, oh no. Okay, I'm gonna have to dry it and see, but it is definitely not even. How did that become that?  But this is not looking good. I do not blame me on this one, okay? Okay, so now that I have blow-dried it out, there's honestly not that much going on. I expected for how much hair I cut off for it to be a little bit more. Now it does look kind of like here and then here. The layers are a little bit blunt. So I'm wondering if I should do more, because back here, I mean, I don't even think there are layers. Okay, let's see what this will look like. Can you over-direct? No, I can't see. I don't know, dude, this is getting spooky all of a sudden. This should be easier than it is being, so I don't understand, and I, yeah. I think I should just cut like here. Let's start small. That is a whole lot of hair. You should work in sections. I have a video on how to do face framing. That'll be linked below. I would recommend taking way less hair at a time. That way you can actually cut through all this. It's just too much hair at once. I might have to fix that a little bit. We need to pull it farther. The last piece down here on your hand, you don't really want to be cutting the length of that. Okay, you kind of want to go in a diagonal. So then you have that effect where it's short and it goes all the way to your length. What you did would kind of just give you like a blunt cut. It was a little bit not right. Ah! She is chopping away and it's getting worse. I'm sorry. This is becoming this fast. Kind of doing something. I feel like I'm going to have to clean it up a little, but it's a little blunt.  Over directed farther next time. The more you over direct the hair from where it grows, the more of a soft blend you're going to get with the layers. Ponytail round two, how much shorter it is though? Like it's the same length. When my hair is down pretty much, for the ponytail is so much shorter. It honestly feels so much better. I'm just going to do a little bit more. Oh, it's still like at the top of my head. Yeah, I'm just going to hold it and I can see. Yes, see? You're doing it right now. Is that even right? Why? Why are some of this so much longer? Is that because I messed up the first time? Yes, that is why. Now I'm going to use the thinning shears. Okay, we got a lot more off.  And you know why? Because if you don't cut it off with a wolf cut, you're not going to see it.  I did not mean to do that. Okay, with the thinning shears, I would recommend styling your hair how it's going to be styled. Then going in on the pieces that are chunky or thicker and go in and thin out pieces at a time where you see the chunk happening and do it evenly on both sides. I mean, you can do it this way. It's just too much hair to go through the thinning shears. They're like, it's a lot of hair on there. There's something going on. Let's see, are there layers in the back? It's coming together. I'm going to brush this again. Please, not this again. Please, please. I can't, I literally cannot see. Can you see? Can I see? Of course I didn't prepare you for this. I don't even know what you're doing. Is that the same? That's pretty close. Hello. This is the final look. I mean, I think there are some areas that are still a little blunt. I'm so happy with how it turned out. Literally, weight off my head, but I still have the lengths I want. And I get to do fun stuff with the front of my hair. This is everything I wanted. I'm so excited.  The face framing actually kind of pulled through. It was looking super sketchy, but it all came together. And this is so much better for her. It opens up her face. It gives her this cool, fun vibe and I am obsessed with it. So I'm not going to say great job, but decent job. Up next, we have a video by Sash Balls. We're going to be cutting our hair. All right. Oh my God, ew, ew. Do you hear that noise? Well, we're going for it. This is all happened so quick I haven't even had time to process what's going on. Okay, this is good. Oh, so if I just cut it while it was wet, it'd be so much easier to clean up. She didn't cut it when it was wet, but now her hair is wet. And yes, it is so much easier to clean up. It is so much easier to cut. I'm going to have to make a whole video about why you should cut your hair when it's wet rather than dry. Might be kind of boring, nevermind.  I'm not going to stop you. I think that's a great idea. I think you should just go for it. All right. Why is it still the same length? I'm going to explain it. Thank you for asking. So because your hair is on the shorter side, you could literally cut your hair probably to this length when it's in the ponytail and you'll still have your length. We're not touching the length, right? We're touching the hair up here. But what you can do is pull the hair. We already told you this earlier, but we can pull the hair from the back, measure at the top. But if your hair is this long, it's only going to measure up to here. So you can literally cut your layers to a questionably short length without cutting any of your actual length. So you're going to have to go in at the end and cut and refine the length if you want the length shorter. Yeah, I hope this works. Okay, don't use thinning shears on wet hair. Don't do that. Juice it on dry hair. Oh my God, why can't I? I literally cannot see. She's chopping everything. Oh! I need that. Although honestly, wait. And it's still the same length. This haircut isn't to cut your length. It's to give you a lot of layers. Cut the length after. Oh my God. I veered off the brand-new tutorial. This does everybody for some reason. Everybody loves to do that. People just like to watch the video and then just like try to remember parts of it and then then never turns out like what I did. And then they wonder why. Oh my God. Um, we're just going to go with that.  Is it even? I don't know. Bruh. You see this? I'm so sorry. Revealing three, two, one. I actually really like it. And Brad Mondo and other people, if you don't like it, that's on you because I like it. I do not like, don't ask me like how it turned out as good as it did. I just love it. This haircut is very foolproof as you can see. And she slayed. I love this cut on her. And then everything came together perfectly. I don't know, man. I'll never know, but great job. Good, no, decent job. That's what we're trying to say today. Wow. The Wolf Cut does it again. It slays everybody's hair, even when they think it's not going to. It always comes through somehow. Anyways, if you want to check out any of my hair care products or my hair color products, you can do so at the link right down below. And that's all for today, guys. Thank you for watching. And don't forget to live your extra life and I'll see you next time. Bye.