Hi, I'm Binxing Wu, computational fluid dynamical engineer from Philadelphia Missing Solutions. In this video, I'm going to give you a brief introduction to large-edit simulation of mechanical missing in anaerobic digesters. Anaerobic fermentation can convert biomass into biomethane, which is a biorenewable energy. Effective digestion is highly dependent on efficient mixing. Mixing can not only prevent the settling of solids, but also enhance the nutrient delivered from the substrate to anaerobic bacteria. The primary goal of mixing is to create an optimal physical environment that favors the bacteria grow up. Generally speaking, mixing can be studied using practical image velocity, which is an optical method of flow visualization. Here I show you the PIV set up in our company lab. My co-work, Jason Dragonberry, is in charge of all the PIV test tests. And there are three major components for this PIV test. Laser uses to light up the solid particles inside the tank. The camera takes the picture and the computer shows you how the particle moves. The PIV test is good for small mixing tankers. However, it is unsuitable to the medium mixing tank and large mixing tankers. Here is the large mixing tanker with 750,000 calories. Let's take a look. We have a large scale mixing tankers for different imperial titles. We can observe highly turbulent flow inside the tank. Alternatively, mixing can be simulated using computational fluid dynamics techniques. Basically, the turbulence simulation method includes direct numerical simulation, large eddy simulation, and renal's average Navier-Stokes simulation methods. In this study, the following three sub-grade scale models were used in the LES simulations. In terms of characterization of imperial rotation, we can use multiple reference frame method and the sliding mesh method. CFD simulation was conducted in a mixing tank. In this tank, the imperial has only three blades and no bubbles were used. So one third of the mixing tank was used to the computational domain. In the pre-processing, how to generate a high-quality mesh is the key. The flow patterns in the LES simulations are very complex. They change with the time, even at the same location. These patterns are supposed to be identical for a regular simulation. In the LES simulation, for monitors, were instantaneous velocity, mean velocity, imperial torque, and imperial flow rate. Especially, the imperial torque exhibits a high-frequency oscillation. The simulation results show that the sub-grade scale models produce almost the same flow patterns. Validation of LES simulations was performed using mechanical agitation, both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids in the mixing tanks. Additionally, SIGS range models were used to compare with the LES model. In addition to the flow patterns, the imperial power and flow numbers are two important parameters used to evaluate the LES performance. Comparations of nine results indicate that the LES with kinetic energy transport model performed the best, but it took the longest time to obtain one solution. In conclusion, LES is an excellent turbulence modeling method, but it still has limitations for industrial applications due to its high computing costs. Using the embedded LES, which combines the LES and the range model, we are able to simulate the mixing in large and aerobic digesters. Thank you for watching, and I hope this video enhances your understanding of the paper published in biotechnology and bioengineering.


Hey guys, welcome to Path to Nowhere. So we're going to be going over team priorities specifically for each group. I'm actually going to be grouping our sinners according to three groups. First is going to be our frontline. So just to give you guys a definition, your frontline is the one that is stopping your mobs from reaching your tower or stopping the boss from moving forward. So they are in front, they don't necessarily have to form a line, but they basically block the path of incoming enemy. So that is the definition of your frontline. I'll give you guys a sample later. Let's just discuss who should be there and what type of a sinner should be there. So first and foremost, your frontline is composed of your Endura, which is your defender, basically your Fury, which is your DPS, DPS, lots of DPS. So and next would be your Umbra. Umbra is your assassin type and your specialist type in terms of frontline. So Endura, I am suggesting that you bring in, we have, let's just sort this one out first. So for Endura, I would suggest that you have at least one, one that has the capability of blocking two enemies. I know Countess Chelsea is good because she brings in an extra summon or cat. But again, at the start, especially if it's a rush, a rush of enemies coming in, you will definitely need, there is actually a stage or two or three that I recall that you will need an Endura to block two persons at once or two enemies at once. So Chelsea is good, but again, you have to, she can't really block two in one lane, she can, on one square, she can only block one. So she just has to summon her cat so that the cat could block the other one. So my recommendation will not include Chelsea for Endura for you to build. It would include Kawakawa here, probably best Endura that we have. He can block two plus shield. He has Sudu healing built in his kit. He can offer shield to everyone and also Demolia here. She is your best bet as your starter.  But you only have to develop one.  Okay, so next up is going to be our Fury. Okay, for our Fury, I am recommending that you develop at least two Fury because these are your DPS hitters. They should have a lot of DPS or damage depending on what's available to you. If you don't have Nox, actually most of us or all of us has Nox. Nox is given to us for free, especially when launch started. Nox is given for free. So definitely you'll have Nox. The other one that you should consider early is Zoya as well. If you have the two of them, you won't be developing any of the Furies here. So for Endura, I'll develop one. For Fury, develop two. So you have Nox and Zoya. What if you don't have either Nox or Zoya? Who should you develop? The other consideration is also Wendy. She has damage, range damage similar to Nox. So you can develop her if you guys have Nox, if you don't have Zoya. Wendy is good. Also, you can consider Pakasi as well. Pakasi because I'm considering her for her core breaking abilities. She is good. We'll go to core breaking in a while on how many you should bring in your team. Pakasi is good because of core breaking and also Chet. Chet is a nice addition to your team if you don't have either S rank Fury. As you can see here, he core breaks a lot within this area. So again, there are a lot of options here. Just have to make sure that you only prioritize building up two. So Nox, Zoya, Wendy, Pakasi, and Chet are my recommendations. Let's move on to Ombra. For Ombra, this is a bit of a specialist field. Most of you guys are going for Bayi. Of course, she is one of the best in terms of damage dealing, core breaking. You guys should have her. But what if you don't have her? What if, and also I'm only recommending you develop at least one Ombra to start, especially if you are running out of resources, develop at least one Ombra. If you don't have Bayi, Labyrinth is your best bet. Sudo, Bayi, similar abilities but not to a point. She can really be that Ombra that you're looking for in terms of core breaking, in terms of how you use her. Labyrinth if you don't have Bayi. Probably my best other recommendation would be Sumiri if you don't have Bayi or Labyrinth. Sumiri could be that girl. Aside from that, those are my recommendations. Again, for your front line, guys, your front line is going to be composed of Endura, Fury, and Ombra. You should focus on one Endura, two Fury, and one Ombra. That's four. In terms of your front line, the one that blocks your enemies going forward towards the Chief, develop at least three to four. So you would have more or less a flexibility in terms of who you want to put in the front line. Also, if you want to use four, then that would be good as well. You have already built up up to four front line sinners. So let's go to the back line. Your back line will be composed of your Arcane first and foremost. So your Arcane, this is the class that is so wide-ranged in terms of usability that I'll be recommending a couple. So priority, if you don't have Irene yet, please get her. She will play a part later in core breaking. One of the best core breakers, to be honest, because she has ties with the Chief as well. Irene, free to play, version would be Hikate. Hikate based on one of the best core breakers as well, but she is with Arcane. Aside from the two, oh, before I forget, only develop to start two arcane, then probably grow from there. The third one, if you want to develop would be, this is my opinion, guys. So Kelvin is actually very nice in terms of slowing down mobs. So I've been using Kelvin for her freeze ability. So these three are my core. Stargazer is my fourth, but I told you guys only develop two. So please, if you don't have Irene, prioritize building Hikate. Either Kelvin and Luvier Ray as well would go for the second slot. Okay, so Luvier Ray is also a good damage dealer for your Arcane. So again, for Arcane, only develop two. There are a lot to choose from. From Stargazer, Irene, Hikate, Kelvin and Luvier Ray. Eventually, you'll have to expand your Arcane lineup. So but again, to start, only develop two. Moving on, we have your Rectical. These are kind of your, your Arcane basically are your spellcasters, AoE damage dealers.  And these guys have big damage, but more or less with, you know, one target. So Rectical, I would only suggest building one to start, because again, all the resources that are available to us, if you don't have Langley, Langley is the top one. If you don't have Langley, go for EMP. Of course, you guys know that already. If you don't have, I'm sure you're gonna have EMP guys, because EMP is actually easy to get. But again, the other, my other option here is also go for Flora. If you don't like EMP, if you want to go for Flora's kit. So Flora has a good kit with good damage as well. So although she doesn't have core breaking, that could be a problem. But again, Langley and EMP are your priority. So if you're Rectical, only choose one if you don't have the other. Again, this is all about developing your team from scratch, especially if you don't have an idea who to focus on. This is basically the guy that I'm sharing with you. So moving on to the last one to your catalyst, your catalyst is broken down into two types. So first type is going to be your healer types. So you have your healers, like for example, priority would go to Hamel and Ariel. So both of them are your healer type. So backline is composed of three to five. So develop three to five for the backline, two for Arcane, one Rectical, one catalyst, one catalyst healer and one catalyst buffer. Those are your options. So for catalyst healer again, going back is Hamel and Ariel. Eventually Hamel would would take over Ariel's duty. So I would suggest that you don't build Ariel as high as possible. If you don't have Hamel yet, do not phase three Ariel at some point. So she will just be your substitute teacher while the teacher is actually, you know, if you don't have a male, Hamel is your teacher when the teacher arrives. So priority is still Hamel. Ariel is secondary up until a certain level only. Do not over level her up.  Chameleon has damage buff and she has attack speed buff. Okay. So as you get 10% normal attack damage and attack speed bonus. The other one that I'm recommending is also Mr. Fox. Mr. Fox is going to be for damage reduction. Okay. So but your catalyst buffers are your secondary catalyst. If you're starting out, definitely go for your healers. So backline three to five to start, but definitely only three to four, two arcane, one rectical and one catalyst healer. Okay. So that is it. So for your front line, backline, we've discussed it, but we're going to be going over your core breakers. So just going to remove this confirm your core breakers should be within the team that you have built. So if you have a lineup of between eight to nine or eight to 10, at least have three core breakers within them. So for my lineup, I have as a core breaker Bayi. So Bayi is here. My first core breaker. I wasn't able to develop Labrith because they have Bayi already. So Bayi is number one in my team. Irene is number two. Ekate is number three. Okay. The other core breakers that I have would be Langley and EMP. So those are the five. Yeah, those are the five basically in my team. So this one, the first nine here is basically my first nine. These are the team. This is the team that I created. They basically cover everything that I need. The one that I don't have here is still under development is going to be Chameleon. So Chameleon, I still need to promote her up. I haven't worked on her yet because I've dedicated resources to others, but definitely she's going to round out my top 10 sinners in my team. Okay. So again, core breakers should have at least three to five in your team. Again, your core breakers can be as varied in terms of what they can do like Bayi, Ekate, Irene. They have different types of abilities in order for them to core break. So please make sure that you have at least three to five so that you could mix and match core breakers and also take note that your chief, the chief herself or himself is also a core breaker and is going to be very efficient, especially if you have Irene beside the chief. Okay. So let me just do a formation here, guys, a formation so that you could you could see what I'm going to do. So let's do a formation here. Okay. So your formation, this formation is going to be, I'm going to showcase you on how to fit or probably insert core breakers into your team. So let's say, for example, you will add a chief as a core breaker. You need to use this skill, Dark Sound. So it's a it has skill cost to for the chief to at least core break consistently, you have to put Irene. Oops, okay. You have to put Irene beside the chief in this cross section here so that the chief can gain, you know, energy and also Irene as well. So that is my other core breaker body is here, Hecate is here, and we have we have Langley here as well. So basically what I have is one, two, three, four and five core breakers, including the chief. So again, it should be a minimum of five so that you are sorry, minimum three, so that you'd have a flexibility in terms of core breaking. Let's try this one out. So again, the one that I mentioned guys is front line. So you could either have three front line or four, you could probably, if you don't want another one, you could have here another front lines, you could have four, you could have three, depends upon you. But with this lineup, I'm confident that I only need three. So let's try to do this one. Put Hecate above and start. Okay, so again, your front line is three. Most front lines can usually hold off any attack if they are three, at least minimum three. So four would sometimes be overkill depending on the lanes that are going towards the chief. So as you can see here core break, then one from the chief. Let's just move. I need a healer definitely for this lineup. Okay, so at this point, I just need to kill the boss. Oh boy. Oh boy. There you go. Nearly died there because of the devil. My point is core breakers should you should have a balance of everything. And the chief, you have you have to have a minimum of three core breakers, you could include the chief for the fourth. If you need more space for healing, definitely you have to lessen your core breakers and include Hamel or Ariel in that composition. So again, it's going to be tricky. So frontline three, backline three usually and core breakers should fit in that equation depending on who you're up against and how difficult the stage you are going to be taking down. So anyway, guys, if you have questions on team priorities, on team building, on sinner composition, please put down in the comment section. Let's discuss and I'll see you in the next one.


Yeah, maybe do you guys went through a process of a vetting process a training? No, no interviews. No There are no interviews no application forms nothing They just like they were just like okay.  And I'm not picky picky punky. No picky. What? No picky picky punky a few weeks ago I had gone to pitch something to Aziri. So I'm so sure that's why he was like, yeah This girl is very smart. Yeah Hello, my name is Claude and I sub what I recently appointed talent a hella console member and I'm also a TV presenter Yeah Tell us about talent a hella. Well talent a hella is about monetizing Kenyan talent There's some fukoni. Oh, I'll you not Atlanta. Yes. So in general, that's what it is The all-existing and upcoming musician. I'm a content creators. I'm an artist Well, it's cut across it's for everyone as the CS has said talent a hella near kill them too. I I could not age brackets any co-limited. I'm gonna need co-exempted no So, maybe what is your role? Maybe your plan now? How you plan to execute me before to make sure that artists are benefit for this? Execution that would be that would be for that would need for me to go a bit into details And then it is committees Malimu Churchill and Carol Radul are the ones who are doing majority of that So I think they will break it down But there is the talent a hella up that anyone can access anyone can download it To put your talent out there make us see you make us see the talent that you have and so that you can be able to Be brought up as a radical state. There is so much row talent in Kenya We need to develop that talent Such a young age, that's what you want to do for our Kenyans So maybe just to understand what will be your role maybe because you're representing the young generation Well, first of all, I am here as a voice of the young generation as a 10-year-old voice of the young generation My role is to make sure that talent is acknowledged Talent is monetized properly that you are well compensated that you are well taken care of as a talent in the Kenya So Claudia tell us just as a media personality you've been doing as a content creator Online you've been doing the content. Do you expect that maybe probably you'd be you'd get disappointment. Did you see it coming? Well, I did not I did not see it coming but I Had gone to I am not I wouldn't say that I don't I'm not I'm not supposed to have it I am supposed to have it. I it's as about we say it as sorry as Moshi my ababa said Yes, I'll see us ababa said is Polenik can we take that again? I'm so nervous. Why are you guys making me nervous? No, I will edit. Did you see this coming? No, no, no, I did not see this coming but see us about who said that everyone who's given a role Everyone who's appointed was out of merit So I believe that I deserved to get this and it's by the Lord's grace And of course they have seen something in me as a young girl who's very talented very skilled and of course I have the brain power Yeah, maybe do you guys went through a process of a vetting process a training? No, no interviews. No There are no interviews no application forms nothing They just like they were just like okay. Yeah, she's she's doing a good job and No piggy piggy punky. No piggy. What no piggy piggy punky a few weeks ago I had gone to pitch something to a theory. So I'm so sure that's why he was like, yeah, this girl is very smart Yeah, so what do people expect from you now because I know you have the brain you have the create you're in the creative space I will deliver don't have expectations because you don't know what's coming as we know what's coming You don't know what's coming. We know what you're building for you guys. So I just To my utmost best I will deliver. I will do my best Promise to not disappoint and I also want young girls to look up to me as a role model and say that yeah She's been able to do this. So we can also be able to do this believe in yourself Put yourself out there and let me tell you when you're doing the right thing the right people will find you Are you gonna change your ways now because the way you dress the way you do your videos, you know I'm going to change my ways cloud the people like the cloud that's already in existence So cloud is just going to be a better version of herself. I believe I'm okay If there's any problem, I really don't know but I believe I'm okay and I'm going to be a better version of myself I'm going to ensure that everything I have put I've put for myself I will achieve it and of course all the goals. I'll make sure that I check take all those boxes Okay, let me allow me to add this question. You're very good friend as you did I was trolled online because what will he say my could talk to Caspace for government But I understand from my position as it is very very creative and she really deserve to be there first of all media what you put out there as a media personalities as influencers as Socialites and what you put out there is what we want you guys to see so you guys don't know anything about asian She just shows you what she wants you to see that's perception and everyone new asian because of a dancer So you want her to stop dancing and start doing what that's what people know her for that's what she's really really good at That's what stood out for her and as I said from that There's so many other things that people might overlook and you might not even discover but she's very smart I believe that everyone who's been appointed to the committee or the council. They're very very skilled people and Equipped really really equipped. Okay. Lastly to Kumaliza talk to your fans your family your friends talk to honorable Babu CS Abab na momba. Now his excellency William Samoe Ruto for you are now a national apartment Thank you so much to The government. Thank you so much to his excellency William Samoe Ruto. Thank you to honorable CS Ababu na momba It's an honor to serve in the council. I will ensure for the creatives who I work with I will ensure for all the people who are talented skills and they believe they're equipped you do your best We will find you the talent a hella up is is gone It's gonna be up and you guys can put your work out there so that you can be discovered and brought up and you know Really really groomed properly for the international market not only for the Kenyan market, but for the international market And for me as Claude and Esabua, I could not be less proud of myself I'm very thankful to God because it's not easy. I Look at my age sometimes and I'm like But I also look at the work I put in I don't just wake up and just move around not knowing what I'm supposed to do I usually have things I really made it my purpose this year to be very objective and intentional And I'll also advise you if you're doing anything, please be very objective and intentional about it Make sure you sit in the right tables. Make sure you meet the right people Make sure you put yourself in positions that will make you meet the right people Otherwise all the best and to the talents that we're going to be to discover that I have already been discovered You know what you got this you're in the right hands You're gonna be taking care of you really really well and let me not forget to say this There is the logo competition the first competition for talent a hella is the logo competition as CS has said second runners up and up at a hundred K First runner up and up at a 200 K and the winner gets 300,000 well, this is Pesar ahisi you can just do it So if you know you're really talented you're very good with the graphics go out there make that talent a hella logo Yeah, and let's hope you win. Thank you so much my dear wish you the best


My passion is long range rifle shooting and in order to have a perfect rifle, perfect scope, or the best that money can buy, you've got to spend a lot of money. Spending $5,000 to $10,000 on a rifle, another $5,000 to $8,000 on a good scope. It's a good way to go. I suggest that if that's in your budget. If it's not though, great news. Now right now it's 2017. For the last few years there have been some great new guns and scopes and such that become available that you don't really need to break the bank to still be able to get pretty consistent hits at a thousand yards. Today I'd like to talk about the least expensive option that I suggest. For under a thousand dollars you can get into thousand yard shooting and that's a that's a pretty neat thing. So long story short the Ruger American rifle series, they're inexpensive as can be. $400, $450.  Get the SWFA Super Sniper scope, a fixed reticle. You can get a 10 power or 12 power. Yes this is not going to be as nice as an accuracy international rifle with the Schmidt and Bender scope but the scope itself that I'm talking about the Super Sniper 300 bucks, the gun 450 bucks and you're getting a pretty decent setup. You're gonna have to have some scope rings, get what you can on on Amazon. Just yeah it's not going to be as good as the high end ones but start out with what you can get. You're gonna definitely want a bubble level. You can get one that attaches to the actual scope that for 40, 50, 60 bucks. Get the $10 one that just bounce on top of the rail, the Picatinny rail. That'll work for now.  That's some of the best advice legendary long range shooter from Texas, Mack White. We're having a discussion one day after a long range class in Marfa, Texas and he made this great comment we were all talking about well if you could spend a few hundred extra dollars on equipment what should you buy? And after we're all tossing out our ideas about this and that, Mack says forget that, buy ammo, send rounds down range, see what the wind is doing to them, see what the different environmental factors, see what impact they're having. That was just brilliant advice. I suggest that to you. Start out inexpensively, get used to shooting at 1,200 yards and then when the time comes step up to a ruger what is the new precision rifle the RPR in 6.5 Creedmore. Now you can consistently shoot at 1,500 yards, add on an even better scope maybe a Vortex Viper the 6x24. Those are great scopes. Super Sniper still a great series. There are actually a number, Bushnell has a good scope, Burris I've been hearing has some good scopes. There are a lot of options that you can get into a scope for under $1,000 that is still pretty darn capable at 1,500 yards. These are a few tips to get going on the bottom rung that is worth doing and I say bottom rung the Ruger American, the Super Sniper fixed reticule 10 or 12 power is perfect. That's your bottom rung. Your next rung up would be the RPR Ruger precision rifle with a Vortex Viper scope and then another time we can talk about the higher end gun and scope combos but this is enough to get you going and having fun out in the desert or prairie or wherever you are.


So good evening, everybody, what's going on with your contents? Does that generally say a few words, often we should have taken lessons. Very good. Good evening. I'm sorry to disturb your Friday evening before the beginning of the weekend. We've just landed, actually, I don't know, three or four minutes ago, after what has been a very important week, I believe, for Ukraine and for nuclear safety. Before I take your questions, I want to give you a very quick overview of how we see the situation at the plant and to do that, you know, I like to be graphic and clear so that you can have our best assessment, our best technical assessment of how we see things in a way which is clearly understandable for all. So as you know, we went there with our team, we were all in all 14 from the agency, including myself and experts from the Department of Safeguards and Nuclear Safety and Security and I was accompanied, of course, by the deputies and the team that came with me. You see some of them here and six of them stayed there. As you know, what I conducted there was an initial visit which lasted a few hours, we went on for a few hours, I was able to do many, many things there and I'm sure you will have questions about it, so I will not say everything now at this point. Also, after that, as you know, six of our experts remain there. They are going to continue the work that we started yesterday and after that, as I also indicated in Kiev and after the visit and the inspection in Zaporizhia when I came back and at the plant itself, we are establishing a permanent presence on site, this time with two of our experts which will be continuing the work. You know that I have, from the beginning of this situation, I have been trying to describe what is going on and its impact on the safety and the security of the plant through a number of pillars that try to address the things that in any nuclear power plant, in any nuclear installation in the world should be taken care of. So what I am trying to describe here with a very simple traffic light type, red, yellow or green, with all the arbitrariness about this kind of color-based description, but what is behind here and sustaining here is a very thorough technical analysis of course of how we see the situation at the plant. So I will not be spending a lot of time here just to describe to you how we see it now, so then I can take your direct questions about them. So first is the physical integrity of the facilities. What you see here is a red and is a big red. Why is it a big red is because there is still, we have been seeing military activity around the plant and I was able to see myself and my team impact holes, markings on buildings of Shelley, so it means that the physical integrity of the facility has been violated not once but several times. This is something irrespective of the kinetic power of whatever you are throwing at the plant is unacceptable in any way under any safety and security criteria. When it comes to the second pillar, the second pillar refers to the safety and security system being fully functional, we assess it with a yellow because some of them or most of them are working and are working relatively well but there have been interruptions, some of them related to the physical break in cables or in some connections and still also in some systems that are not fully back in place so we cannot get the full information. But it's not a red, it means that the activity is continuing. When it comes to, I hope that I'm not, yeah, you didn't lose, sorry for that. When it comes to the operating conditions for staff, this as you know has been one of the main points and continues to be one of the main points of concern because this situation in sub-Princia, we have this unique unprecedented situation where you have a Ukrainian nuclear power plant which is controlled by the Russian occupying forces, creating a situation whereby you have a cohabitation of the operators, people, the Ukrainian people, employees and professional experts that have been working there and there are also presence from Russian nuclear experts and also military forces. We don't put it fully red for one reason and it is that the plant continues to operate and there is a professional modest, they bend it if I can put it like that. They work together and the plant as it is obvious because it has been operating two units as of today are still operating including unit number five which was scrammed a couple of days ago and now is back in operation. So all the physical conditions are there and the plant continues to operate. The same code we are applying to off-site power supply. This has also been a matter of enormous concern and interest around the world because as you know if you don't have off-site power supply the cooling systems for the reactors cannot work and if they cannot work this can lead to a major accident. We have seen on several occasions that there have been blackouts or interruptions or one or two or three of the lines feeding the plant from outside. At the moment there are two operational and what we know also is that when there was one situation of a total complete blackout the diesel generators operated normally. We visited them, I saw them, I was talking to those in charge of that part of the operation of the plant. Logistical aspect and supply chain. This is important in terms of the replacement. You have to think about Zaporizia which is the biggest nuclear power plant in Europe also as a big industrial facility and any industrial facility you need spare parts, there are things that need to be replaced and so on and so forth. Given the anomalous situation of a war it is obvious that logistical chains are interrupted. We were quite probing about this, we were discussing with people on site and the impression that they gave us is that here there are no major problems, there are some interruptions hence the qualification we are putting here. In the case of the radiation monitoring and emergency response we have had some complete interruptions hence the half red situation but also some systems are working well so we do see a mixed back. In terms of reliable communications with the regulator it is also an operating function with some difficulties. So this gives you a bird's eye view of a situation which we are of course not wanting to banalize in any way. We believe and I continue to believe that the situation is extremely complex, extremely challenging and it will continue to require the permanent support and the monitoring that we are trying to provide now that we are there. So now that I gave you this general overview I am open to your questions. Thank you very much. A couple of questions, first of all what do you know now that you didn't know just before going to Zapparizia and secondly you mentioned specifically on the IAEA presence at the plant, you mentioned six people who are there now, I think if I heard you correctly you said something about two people staying in the longer term. So when does that presence get drawn down and these two people who will stay on are they just supposed to stay there till the end of the war or are they going to get rotated out, what's the plan for the long-term presence there? I started with the easiest part so those who are there will continue to be there. The end of the war we all wish for that, we hope it happens soon, we don't know. We believe that it was important, it was important for the agency to be there permanently. And this is a good segue for the first part of the question. You were saying what do you know now that you didn't know before? We knew a lot but of course our trade is inspecting. The difference between being there and not being there is like day and night. So many things we had information including remote data transmission etc but when it comes to many other things that are important it's very different to go. Now I saw as DG but also my technical experts things that were being said and we were able to assess the seriousness of them and what other questions. You can compare it with the inspections in the safe culture. You see something then you ask something else so we know much more and we are learning even more as we speak. What I was getting at is the fact that you said you're going to report to the Board of Governors next week and so I'm trying to get a sense of how much information you expect to have by then, at what point you will obtain this information? We are getting this information all the time. We have been getting it from the very beginning and now we are trying to have an in-depth assessment of how things stand at the moment. I expect to produce a report early next week as soon as we have the full picture of the situation by the end of the weekend more or less. Hi DG, how are you doing? I hope you're fine. We are fine. I'm happy to be back home. OK, so DG, my main question to you, what is it that you are, what is your biggest concern in terms of the safety of the plant? I mean we can see the red spot here on the physical integrity. What is it that could happen? What is it that you are mostly worried about? I mean we all know about the cooling necessity, about the radioactive waste storage that is there. What is it that you are mostly concerned about? I also have another question. You mentioned that there is a cohabitation between the Ukrainian staff and the Russian occupiers. Could you give us a bit of a sense of the atmosphere, of what is it like to be there at the plant? Well, yeah, yours is a very deep question, Stephanie. It's a very deep question that has human and psychological factors that I should be very prudent in answering. What I can tell you is that the plant is operating. There is a professional relationship between these experts. They are all nuclear experts. So they know what they are doing. They know what they are talking about. But they are human beings. And they have sides on a wall. That is affecting them and their families. So the situation is one of, I would say it's admirable for the Ukrainian experts to continue to work in these conditions in the way they are doing. They care for the facility. They work very, very well. But of course, there is a tension. There is a latent tension there because of the obvious reasons of the war. So I would say this is something that needs to be, must be dealt with enormous caution. And again, our presence there has a very big added value, I believe, because we can interact with people constantly, frequently throughout days. They know that the IAEA people are there. So I think it is very important that we have this presence there. I missed something of your question. That was the second question. My first question was in terms of the risks, the nuclear risks. What is your biggest concern? I think we have to be looking at the main points. And when it comes to the main points, first of all, is the physical integrity. Why? And here I will not get into that, but I will simply mention that it is obvious that there is a lot of fighting in the region in general, in this part of Ukraine. So the military activity and operations are increasing in that part of the country. And this worries me a lot. This worries me a lot. There are references to offensives, counteroffensives. I don't want to get into that because it's not my domain, but it is obvious and we all know it. And everybody acknowledges it on site. So it is obvious that the statistical possibility of more physical damage is present. Let me give you an example. The physical damage to the plant with the exception of the event on the night of the 3rd to the 4th of March with this fire, the shelling actually started in August. So it is quite clearly a more recent trend, if I can call it like that. So what we see with this increase of military activity is that the physical integrity is more compromised. And with that, I take you to fall, I take you to the power supply because it is clear that those who have these aims, these military aims, know very well that the way to cripple or to do more damage is not to look into the reactors which are enormously sturdy and robust, but to hit where it hurts so the plant becomes very, very problematic. So my concern would be the physical integrity would be the power supply and of course the staff. So these are the areas. The rest are things that we can work on, radiation systems, supply change, all very, very important, all very important, but of course they have a lesser degree if you want of dramatism when it comes to what, if I have to address your question directly. Thank you, next. Mathias Röder, German Press Agency. You call the mission now a permanent mission and how sure are you that the agreement with both sides will be a stable one and will there be a moment when you describe the danger which might be increased in the next weeks or month when you will withdraw your own staff? Well, how sure I am, you know, we can never be sure what we need to do is to always try and to improve. If you look at what we have now, it is far, far better than what we used to have. Now I have my people, I was there. We have a big team there. We have people who are going to stay there. This has tremendous value. This is a huge difference. And of course if something happens or if any limitation comes, they are going to be reporting it, they are reporting it to us. It is no longer a matter of A, set this and B, set the country. Now the IAEA is there. And this is, like I said, from night to day. In terms of the people being there, naturally for me the safety of my people is the first thing.  And this is what I have been doing. Now that we know that we have a certain degree, a system that is working, we have our people there. And it has been very challenging. Of course, we are looking at this. They are in constant communication with us. If something happens, of course, we will take the necessary measures. Thank you. Jordi from Agencia Efe. So just to be clear, the two who stay are in the group of the six who are there now. Yes. And the four are coming back the next few days and with whom did you negotiate? Is it both sides agreed that these two people will stay there? Yes. Yes? Yes. And the four will come back the way you came back or is this going to be a different way? Well, there are logistic aspects related to that, but they are going to continue to count. And thank you for the question because I want to recognize the support that we received from the United Nations Department of Safety and Security. We have incredibly good people there that are coming from the most, you know, difficult hotspots in the world. And that they were accompanying us and guiding us through what they themselves recognized was a very challenging thing. So they are going, of course, to continue to have the support. But that's regular updates you were sending in which you said the Ukrainian side told us this and this. It will change now. It will be always your own information. Of course. Yes, Jordi. There are information that you don't have the access to the inner circle of the facility. Can you confirm this? What do you mean, sorry, by the inner circle? In the circle, the crisis center. Ah, no, yeah. Okay. The crisis center. Let me. Thank you. And it's a problem to control the situation there. No. If you can't go there in this inner circle or in this crisis circle. Let me explain. Every nuclear power plant has a crisis center where certain operations can be handled in every circumstance. This place is being used for other things, but there has been another center set up for the facility to continue working. So there is no, I would say, influence in the operation of the plant because of the non-availability of this place that has been chosen, of course, by the military occupiers to have a place. I cannot get into that because I don't know, frankly. I'm not hiding anything from you. But it is obvious, and we will be recommending that the plant should have its normal operational centers and rooms for that. I want to emphasize this because this idea I have seen in some of the comments and reactions that we were not shown that we were paraded, we have seen what I requested to see, everything I requested to see. Even as we were going alone, when something we thought should be seen, I said I want to go here and there and we saw everything. I want to emphasize this because I think it's very important when we go somewhere we do what we need to do. And if we are prevented from doing it, we just come back and say we were not able to do it. So thank you for the question. Hi.  You mentioned that the presence of the IAE is very necessary to stabilize the situation. Now, apart from getting the hands-on information from the group who are going to be there, what else do you expect this presence would help? What is your expectation of having them there in terms of stabilization? That's number question number one. Could I just do the second one? Yes, yes, yes. Everybody has two questions in one. Yeah. OK. Very efficiently. So there are expertise of three major areas, the security, safety, and safeguards. And now you're leaving two people. Are they the safety people or are they the safeguards? Because safeguards was one of the top agenda, actually, although it wasn't really reported much. But it was a huge, huge agenda for you. So what would be the constellation? And would that hinder your presence in assessing if one of the three is missing among the two? Well, what we try, when we put together our teams with the support of my deputies here, we try to have the best combination of knowledge as necessary for what we believe we are going to be doing at the plant. We chose a very experienced team. And I can assure you that we will at all times have the necessary knowledge on site, on safety and security and on safeguards. It could be two, could be three, but at all times we are going to be able to have that. And the first question was? Well, this question of yours, of course, has a subjective factor to it. But I would say that the fact that the IEA is there, that we have our people there informing 24 hours a day assessing what is going on. And for those who may have intentions on the plant, knowing that international inspectors are there, witnessing and informing immediately what is happening, has, I think, an inherent, very important stabilizing effect. I don't want to aggrandize or pretend that what we are doing is going to either settle this terrible war or give back the plant to Ukraine. This is beyond our capacities. What we are doing there is stabilizing, looking at the safety, at the security, at the safeguards aspects of the plant, in the conviction that if we get this right, this will have some bearing influence in what happens overall. Hello, Paula from ZDF. Ukraine criticizes that the IEA does not speak out clearly in favor of demilitarizing the zone around the nuclear power plant, while Russia on the other side welcomes your presence there, while also protecting the side military. Doesn't that make the IEA a political play ball that it not should be? Listen, your question, which is very interesting, one, can apply to everything we do. If you look at other situations with other countries that I'm not going to mention now, because they are not part of the discussion today, you will find the same thing. When people tend to like what we say, they will praise us. When they don't like it, they will say that the IEA is a puppet of whomever, or that we are being manipulated, or that we are never manipulated. We never lose our north. We know what we need to do, and we listen, of course, respectfully to all this noise. But our ability is to keep focus on what we need to do. We are aware of the comments. And, of course, it is very legitimate for member states to expect that the agency or myself will say exactly what they would like the DG to say. Of course, I have to be very clear in what I do. I have to be prudent in what I say. My responsibility is 360 degree one. So I have to be looking at all the factors involved, and how everything I say will be affecting other important pieces of the operation that we are having. So frankly speaking, there are enough political players in this game, and there are enough people saying what they feel or condemning one or the other. The nuclear watchdog has to remain what it is. The nuclear security, safety, and non-proliferation watchdog, and it has to do its job to have its credibility. We respect and we understand that people have these expectations, that we will demand these things. But what we believe is that the IEA adds value is in its technical work. Not if I am one more of those saying A or B against A or B. Since we can ask two questions, the second question. Yes, you're right. Do you think the IEA can now stay constantly there to watch the side and give us information about what happens there? I hope we are not going to be constantly there. I hope that normalcy will return. I hope that there will be a day not in any distant future where the plant is going to be operating again normally and with its normal owners and operators. And we are going to be visiting periodically as we did. I think in all its drama and in all its tragedy, this proves why you need organizations like the IEA. That can go there, try to provide a degree of stability, a degree of certainty about what is going on. Now, when you will hear that there is an allegation that something has happened at the plant, you will be able to turn to us. Because you are doing it now, but now we have people there. People who are going to be telling this is the situation, this is what happened. We are talking to A, B, and C, or the engineers, and this is what we see. Or we are not being allowed. We are locked in a room, DG. What's going on? And then we will know we are in trouble. So I think that's the difference. My question is, you said you're technical experts, but for sure you met the heavy armed soldiers. You spoke to them. How was the connection with them? Was it terrifying with them? Were they friendly? And did you maybe try to speak about demilitarized area with them? Or was it clear, no speaking about this? Can you tell us about the atmosphere with the Russian soldiers? I would say that the military present, those there, did not approach us in any way, were not available. For I asked on a couple of occasions to talk to one of them, but they were not available. Precisely on this issue of the control center, of the crisis center, because I wanted to ask why they were there and if this room could be returned to its normal functions. But it was evident that this group was very withdrawn throughout our presence there. But what we got from our Ukrainian counterparts is that in general, this is the case, they are working with their Russian technical counterparts. And I described this situation before. It's not an easy situation. It's a tense situation. It's not an ideal situation. It's a situation everybody is coping with. I have a question. So you said they are still operating, two plans. How is it a situation that there are occupants there and people, Ukraine, and people working? How is this possible when there is a war going on? It is possible. It is happening. It has been happening since the plant was occupied. There is a military force that has taken over not only the plant, that part of Ukraine, and they are in control. The plant continues. Some decided to leave the plant and are not working there anymore. Some decided to be there and to continue in their work. This is why I have been saying that this is a situation that we cannot envisage this to continue for a very long time until there is clarity about what is going to happen. These people basically are very fundamentally uncertain about the future. As we all are, do you know what's going to happen with the war? I don't. You don't. We hope for peace, but we don't have it yet. And second question, very short. Which impact could be, especially on Austria-Vienna, for example, if you compare 86 Chernobyl, but it was far smaller plant, right? Well, I would say I've heard comparisons, and they make sense in terms of the public interest, because people, of course, relate to Chernobyl. I think the situations are quite incomparable. These are operating nuclear power plants. They have degrees of safety that are immensely higher than what happened there. There are, however, risks in terms, for example, of the spent fuel storage, which is there in case it was attacked or there was an impact there. It would, of course, not be comparable to what happened at that time. But it could have transpondering, perhaps, effects, or regional. It would depend. I don't like to avoid the question, but I don't like to speculate too much, because it could be a big thing or a small thing, depending on the damage. OK. Thank you. I have a few more questions for you. Yes. Did anything surprise you at Zaporizhia? There's a lot of things you've described or things that pretty much what you'd expect or what we'd known before, but were you surprised by anything there? Not surprised. Not surprised. I haven't a couple of questions. My colleague, but I have one question in French. Monsieur Raphael, avant de partir, vous avez dit que vous avez peur de la situation. Est-ce qu'après votre visite, il y a toujours le danger? Parce qu'il ne s'agit pas qu'une, disons, centrale en Ukraine, mais centrale qui risque d'être dangereuse pour tout le continent. Je crois que c'est un peu la question de notre collègue ici. C'est une question, dès que vous avez un accident nucléaire, si c'est un accident grave, majeur, évidemment, les effets peuvent théoriquement aller au-delà des frontières, de la zone, de la région où l'accident s'est passé. Dans ces cas-ci, je crois que la question, c'est d'éviter un tel accident. C'est pour ça qu'on fait cette évaluation pour vous donner une idée claire de où l'on est dans chacun de ces catégories-là. Je suis toujours inquiet. J'ai dit aussi là-bas, quelqu'un m'a dit, vous m'avez posé la question, vous étiez inquiet. Non, j'étais inquiet, je suis inquiet et je serai inquiet pour autant qu'on n'aura pas une situation stabilisée de manière permanente. So, one more question. I got the impression that you will be there as long as the military forces are present, so that the red dot in number one will not go away unless they move away. So, may I understand that the IAEA intends to stay until the military forces? I said yesterday you are right. The IAEA is there to stay for as long as it is needed. Yes, we are not leaving, we are not going anywhere. Yes, but my question was that, is that means that until the military forces move away either by force or peacefully either way? Well, we would evaluate at that time. We had a similar situation with Chernobyl, you remember? Chernobyl was occupied as well and on the 31st of March, there was an evacuation. Interestingly, that didn't mean that the IAEA left. It meant that we came even in bigger numbers with more help to assist them to reconstruct the safety structures and we have a big programme of assistance which, by the way, we are also planning to have for Zaporizia. When? As soon as we can, of course, as soon as we can. As I said, we have to be realistic, we are dealing with realities. Let me thank you all for your interest. We are going, as I said, to continue our work at the plant there and hopefully have a deeper degree of information, hoping that this is going to help stabilise the whole thing. On Tuesday, I am going to be briefing the United Nations Security Council about our findings and what happened. I thank you again and I wish you a nice weekend to you all. Thank you very much for having come. Thank you.


Good morning, and welcome to our 2015 update on the Insight Project for Newborn Sequencing in Genomic Medicine and Public Health. I'm Anastasia Wise, and I'm a program director at the NHGRI National Human Genome Research Institute at the NIH. And my fellow program director, Tina Irv, will be following me to tell you a little bit about the Insight program and provide you a brief introduction to the group before we have each of our investigative teams provide you a brief update about where they now stand with their project. So to get started, we'd like to tell you a little bit about DNA sequencing, which all of these projects make use of. So DNA sequencing determines the order of the four chemical bases or ACGTs that make up a DNA molecule. And you can use a number of different technologies or devices in order to perform this DNA sequencing to determine the base's order. From sequence information, we can determine which stretches of DNA contain genes, and furthermore, where there are regulatory stretches which contain instructions which let us know whether the genes are turned on or off. From this information in the genes, we can also find regions which are just the exons or coding regions, and in these regions we can sometimes find variants that are associated with disease. Many of these projects will be making use of two different types of sequencing, which you'll hear about today. One of these is exome sequencing, and the other is genome sequencing. When you're talking about genome sequencing, it's like the whole pie. So in genome sequencing, you're looking at analyzing all of the three billion base pairs that are in humans at once, and we're able to sequence most of them. But when you're talking about exome sequencing, we're just selectively looking at just one little slice of that pie, and it's capturing about 1% of the human genome, which are those exons or coding regions of the DNA. Lately, the cost of sequencing in general has been dropping as new technologies are developed, and this allows us to gain a better understanding of variation in the human genome and to consider new uses for sequencing technology. And so one of the questions that we had is how could sequencing technology be applied in the newborn period, and what opportunities would it lend? And so I'll turn it over to Tina to tell you a little bit more about how we're thinking about using sequencing in the newborn period. So hi, I'm Tina Irv. I'm from NICHD, and I'm a program officer. So newborn screening is a highly successful national public health program. In the United States, we screen about 4 million babies each year, and the purpose of newborn screening is really to identify the babies with serious conditions so that treatment can begin before any harmful effects can happen. So at the NIH, we started thinking, what if we combined genome sequencing and newborn screening? What could we do? In 2010, the NIH coordinated a meeting. Experts from academia, industry, and federal agencies in the fields of newborn screening and genomics participated. The outcome of the meeting was that people felt that it was important to evaluate genomic data in newborns using newborn screening as a framework, and it was important to prioritize clinical validity and clinical utility, not just analytic validity. So we really wanted to see that it would make a difference for the babies and their families. It was also important to address ethical, legal, and social concerns. So we decided to come up with a project that focused on we wanted to explore in a limited but deliberate manner opportunities to use genomic information for broadening our understanding of disease identified in the newborn period. So each of the projects that came in under this program had to address one or more of the following questions. They wanted to look at, for disorders currently screened for in newborns across the United States, how can genomic sequencing replicate or add to the knowledge of newborn screening? What knowledge about conditions not currently screened for in newborns could genomic sequencing provide some answers for? And what additional clinical information could be learned from genomic sequencing relevant to clinical care in newborns? Each of the projects has three components. One, the technical component, as we call it, is the genomic sequencing. The second is a clinical research, really looking at the clinical care of the infant. And the third is the ethical, legal, and social implications of doing sequencing at such a young age. The awardees of our insight grants are Robert Green and Alan Beggs of Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Stephen Kingsmore. And that project is located at Children's Mercy Hospital in Kansas City, as well as Rady Children's Hospital in San Diego. Jennifer Puck, Barbara Koenig, and Puyang Kwok of University of San Francisco. And then we have the final project, Cynthia Powell and Jonathan Berg are at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and back to Anastasia. So thank everyone for joining us today. And I just wanted to let folks know that unfortunately we are not going to be able to take any questions during the presentations today. But we will be posting the entire live broadcast online at the website that you can see on the slide as well as making the slides available. And if you have any further questions that you would like to have addressed, please feel free to reach out to our NIH media contacts. On the website, we also have the press contacts listed for all of the individual sites and you can feel free to reach out to them as well. And we'd be happy to take your questions and try and provide answers to them offline. Thank you very much, and I'll now turn it over to Cynthia Powell.