Hello, I am Dr. Srinivas, consultant urologist working in Manipal Hospital, Whitefield, Bangalore. We treat urinary incontinence which is accidental leakage of urine in various ways. One is non-surgical treatment with some lifestyle modifications of behavioral therapy. Also, some amount of drugs that are used in very mild form of urinary incontinence. But the main stay of urinary incontinence treatment is surgical treatment. Non-surgical method of urinary incontinence treatment which is treatment of accidental leakage of urine is done in the form of lifestyle modification wherein we recommend the patient to lead a very active life wherein we ask them to reduce the body weight. We ask them to cessation of smoke that is stop smoking in case they are smokers. We also ask them to practice technique called as urgent emission technique where whenever they feel like passing urine we ask them to avoid the torch, divert the mind, sit for a few minutes and then try to use the washroom. So these are the ways that we prevent and in addition there is also a role of drugs in urinary leakage prevention but these have a very limited role. They are only tried in mild form of urinary incontinence. Surgical treatment for urinary incontinence is recommended for all forms of urinary incontinence especially the ones which are precipitated by stress in the form of coughing, sneezing that leads to accidental leakage of urine. So there you know the main step of treatment is what is called as sling surgery. Earlier we used to do what is called as a major surgery in the form of suspension of the around the urethra and around the vagina. The tissues are held up, they are pulled up fixed to the bones at a higher level. That's how they used to be treated. Now we have a very beautiful surgery wherein we just use a synthetic tape or human tissue tape. We put it as a support under the urethra which has a very faster recovery. Insertion of these synthetic tapes or tapes made out of the human body itself will act as a support. It's like a sling which supports the weak peri urethral tissues that is urethral tissues around the urinary passage that's strengthened by addition of this tape. So whenever there is a rise in the intra-abdominal pressure during acts of coughing, sneezing it is taken care by this extra support. The beauty of this surgery is though it is a very minimally invasive, faster recovery, minimal hospital stay the effects of the surgery remains lifelong. Most of the surgeries of this kind has a result of 80-90% even up to 10-15 years after surgery. They have sustained results. There are minimal complications related to this urinary incontinence surgery. They are in the form of mild pain at the operated site, mild swelling, very minimal blood at the operated site. Very rarely there are complications in the form of infection or migration of this sling from the urinary passage area to the surrounding area like vagina or bladder which are very rare. In such a case it may involve no requirement of antibiotic therapies. In rare cases it may involve removal of the sling. This surgery involves either a daycare or one day in hospital stay in the hospital and the surgery is of a duration of half an hour to 45 minutes with very minimal cuts around the genital area. During the hospital stay the patient is inserted with urinary catheter which is removed on the next day of surgery and the patient will immediately within 24 hours to 48 hours the patient will see that there is a sudden acceptance of control in the urinary passage so she doesn't have any leakage within 24 to 48 hours after surgery. That is the beauty of the surgery and the follow up is very minimal. Within a week or two the patient can come back and report about minimal side effects of the surgery and then later the patient doesn't require any long term follow up. When we say about colpo suspension it is done for a condition where after the hysterectomy, after uterus removal in women the vaginal tissues they lose support and they sag down. So they require support for them to be lifted up. So we have a surgery called colpo suspension where we lift them up and we fix it to the bones with the help of a few synthetic materials called as meshes. So in such a case it is done in a very minimally invasive technique called as leproscopic colpo suspension with very faster recovery and very good long term results. Very commonly women do not attend to this problem, they do not seek medical help because of the problem you know they think it is a problem that they have to live with. So they do not know that there is a beautiful surgery which is a very simple minimally invasive with faster recovery with almost no long term problem at all. So unerring content surgery is a surgery which many women may require. Only thing there is no awareness of this problem.


McDonald Mathunjwe's daughter details his last days. Those close to veteran actor McDonald Mathunjwe are struggling to come to terms with his sudden death due to COVID-19 related complications on Tuesday. Describing the events that led to McDonald's death, his daughter McWande Mathunjwe told Chwissa Live that her father started having trouble breathing on Saturday. My dad started having difficulty breathing late Saturday and was rushed to the doctor on Sunday. The doctor wrote a letter for him to be transferred to the hospital. He was admitted the same day, Sunday, and pronounced deceased midnight today, Tuesday, June 1, due to COVID-19 related issues. Speaking to Chwissa Live, script writer and close friend Cynthia Sidythe who was working with McDonald on what would be his last project, said she was devastated by his death. The late actor-turned-director was directing a film written by Cynthia called The Chosen, which they partnered on to develop talent in Quatsadosa. I can't even describe the pain, I'm very sad, she said. Cynthia said she met the actor more than a decade ago, as a young 20-year-old who shared her passion for writing stories and scripts with McDonald. She added that life happened and she went without seeing the legendary actor for many years until they reconnected recently when Cynthia saw him directing another film being shot in Quatima. I have a medical background, so I asked for guidance because writing is my passion but I know nothing about this industry. I asked for his help and, after looking at the script for The Chosen, he told me that it needed to be adapted for a film and he would help me bring it to life. Even though the initial script was written in 2018, Cynthia and McDonald only got the ball rolling in December last year. We advertised for actors, then we did the casting, then chose actors, and then I told him about my dreams because I see there's a lot of attention in Sowido but not in the East Rand. We shared the same vision. We wanted to put our side of the town on the map, because we know there's plenty of talented people here as well. We had only recently started with rehearsals and now two weeks into rehearsals he has died. Cynthia said she couldn't have imagined that when she saw him last Thursday, that it would be for the last time. She added that she's battling to think about how they would go on without him. I now need to find another director for the film. It hit me after the shock war off a little and the actors were calling, asking what will happen now. But I told them that we needed to wait until he's taken to the final resting place and then we will see how to pick up from there. It's hard for all of us to imagine going forward without him. He was our mentor, father, and friend. We were always laughing when we were with him. We are going to miss him immensely. It's too soon to think about replacing him and it's going to be hard to do so. We need someone who will match that passion he had for community development, who truly wanted to help the community, not just with acting but with music and guiding the youth in general.


It is now time for member statements, the member from Elgin Middlesex London. Thank you Speaker. Today I rise in legislature to question the government on the lack of funding for joint surgeries for my local orthopedic department at the St. Thomas Elgin General Hospital. Currently the orthopedic department in my writing is giving up OR times through the lack of funding from the Ministry of Health long-term care. It's very frustrating when OR times are available with an outstanding team of doctors, nurses and staff, support staff available to perform the work. Unfortunately they are unable to schedule any joint replacement surgeries for half of February and all of March due to a lack of funding from this government. The government here is hiding the fact that they are unable to provide adequate health care services due to a lack of funding and it can be directly linked to the mismanagement of our financial dollars in our province. Mr. Speaker, the current funding allows for 174 joint replacement surgeries a year. However, that is not enough. They would need funding to at least cover 220 replacement years during the fiscal year. What we're seeing here, we have an award-winning hospital in St. Thomas, Ontario. Winning awards for the wait times, however, they are being restricted on the number of joint replacements they can do. Why would you penalize a hospital when in fact they are exceeding expectations? Mr. Speaker, currently patients are waiting four or five months just for the surgery and due to this lack of funding is being pushed further down the road. Overtimes will continue to be canceled until the start of a new fiscal year. Mr. Speaker, I call upon the government to quit eroding our health care services, get your financial house in order and fund adequate health care services for my ride. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. Thank you. Member Stavins, the member from Windsor to come see me. Thank you, Speaker. I want to put you on the spot this afternoon and try not to be too embarrassed, but I wish to compliment and congratulate you on your annual award ceremony, the annual book award. Thank you, time. I'll be back earlier this week. It's been three years since you began promoting Ontario's nonfiction authors and this is proving to be a highlight of the legislative calendar. For those who don't know, 11 books were shortlisted this year, everything from a woman's history of Western Manitoulin to the tragic failure of Ipperwash to the history of the Black experience in Chatham Kent to the ashes of war, the fight for Upper Canada in 1814. Metals were awarded to all 11 authors who were shortlisted and the judging panel chose one book overall as deserving of the top prize and that was Paken and the Premier's Steve Paken's personal reflections on a half century of Ontario's leaders. It's published by Dunder and Press. Speaker, you also made sure that our young writers continue to be encouraged and rewarded for sharing their stories about this great province. This brings greater public awareness to their work and helps inspire them and makes their books more available to a wider audience. This year, the judges chose Giles Benoway for his Ceremonies for the Dead, which examines the haunting themes of intergenerational trauma, cyclical abuse and inherited grief published by Kegadon's Press. The books will be available for sale at the gift shop and the main floor in the legislature. It was a delightful evening, Speaker. As always, a very distinguished ceremony. Congratulations to all who were shortlisted and thank you, Speaker, for promoting Literacy the Arts and our publishing industry. You take all the time you want. The member from Cambridge. Thank you, Speaker. Today I rise to discuss the International Women's Day celebrations in Cambridge. On Saturday morning, more than 200 residents of Waterloo region gathered at the Vault Country Club in Cambridge to celebrate International Women's Day at a breakfast organized by the local chapter of the Canadian Federation of University Women. Later in the day, a flash mob organized by the suroptimist International Cambridge gathered around Cambridge to march to Queen Square. Women, men and children came together holding ribbons and carrying signs in denunciation of sexual violence and in support of women everywhere. At the breakfast event, a speech was given by Megan Lamb, Director of Communications and Public Relations for the Cambridge YWCA. Megan spoke about the importance on focusing on underrepresentation of women in positions of leadership. In Ontario, we should be proud that we elected a record number of women to Queen's Park last year. Megan also spoke in support of the direction that our Premier has taken with the introduction of the It's Never Okay Action Plan to stop sexual violence and harassment. Megan said in reference to Premier Wynn's leadership on sexual violence and harassment, I have never been so proud to be an Ontario. We should all be proud of this groundbreaking initiative and we should take International Women's Day and every day to reflect upon how far we have come in forwarding women's rights and how far we will go. Thank you. Thank you. Sam, the member from Bruce Gray-Olen Sound. Thank you very much, Mr. Speaker. I rise in the House today to recognize young students from my riding of Bruce Gray-Olen Sound whose group project to memorialize the sacrifice of Canadian soldiers was recently recognized by Ontario's Lieutenant Governor. This past Friday, students from Olensound Collegiate and Locational Institute in Olensound, along with students from Smith Falls District Collegiate Institute and Garth Webb Secondary School in Oakville, received the Lieutenant Governor's Unchero Heritage Award for Youth Achievement, group awards for their work on the Juneau Beach Project from the Honourable Elizabeth Bowdswell. The students researched the 371 Canadian servicemen who fell on June 6, 1944, D-Day, by using primary source documents including Library and Archives Canada, service files, war diaries and military histories. In some cases, the students made contact with surviving family members or regimental associations from across Canada to access photographs of the fallen servicemen. This information was uploaded into a lest we forget database and students at Smith Falls District Collegiate Institute create a phone app on which users could peruse details regarding D-Day and these fallen servicemen. Additionally, the Juneau Beach Centre in Hours-sur-Mer France used our students' research for a special memorial that had been placed on site. Tribute markers for each of the fallen soldiers were equipped with a QR code in the back. When swiped with a cell phone, details of the fallen servicemen would upload onto the user's phone. Juneau Beach Centre officials have reported that the special feature at the memorial has been very popular with local French citizens. The annual Lieutenant Governor's and Cheryl Heritage Awards recognize individuals and groups who have made outstanding contributions to conserving on Cheryl's heritage. Mr. Speaker, I invite the House to join me in expressing our congratulations on this important project to students Molly Bollie and Dylan Williams and teachers Dave Alexander and Ryan McMahon. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. Here are the members of this, the members from Nicobalt. Thank you, Speaker. Today, I would like to talk about levels of mental services. I meet with a lot of constituents who want services for their children with developmental handicap. Here's a typical encounter, Speaker.  Mrs. Godet expected that her two young adult son would graduate from their local school and transition into a day program, far from it, Speaker. First, she had to get her son assessed by the developmental services, which she did before her son's 18th birthday. Then, she made her own inquiry into a maze of agency and services in order to seek appropriate services. Well, by the time her eldest turned 21 and graduated from high school, he still had to wait a full year at home before being accepted into a program. And her youngest son also had time to graduate, and he's presently sitting at home still waiting. Mrs. Godet has made endless calls trying to determine how much longer she must wait, but receives no answer. She wants to tour a day program, but she's not allowed. Her requests are simple, and I quote, I want transparency. How long do I have to wait? Have they forgotten about us? The basic questions from all those families are simple. Why are children not transitions from high school into adult day program? I talked to the minister for MCSS about this. She was kind, and she agreed to follow up. But time is of essence, Speaker. How much longer will those family have to wait? Thank you. Further member status, the member from the Etobicoke Lakeshore. Thank you, Mr. Speaker, and it's a pleasure to rise this afternoon in the House to announce an upcoming event in my riding of Etobicoke Lakeshore, the March Break Free Family Skate. Mr. Speaker, the Family Skate event in my riding will be taking place on Thursday, March 19th from 2 PM to 4 PM. I'm very excited to be hosting this event at the Master Card Centre for Excellence. The building is the official practice facility of the Toronto Maple Leafs NHL hockey team, and their AAHL affiliate the Toronto Marlies. And I'm proud to call this facility a pillar for sports excellence in my riding. And it's a fantastic place to spend the afternoon skating. Mr. Speaker, this Free Family Skate event will give families in my riding an opportunity to stay active during the March Break. And after all, this is the perfect season for everybody to lace up some skates and perfect that triple axle that they've been working on all winter. I won't be doing any triple axels, though. I look forward to joining this afternoon skating with my community. And I invite everyone to join me in Etobicoke Lakeshore for the Free Family Skate on Thursday, March 19th. Thank you. Through the member statements, the member from Kitchener, Conest, Ogo. Yes, well, thank you, Speaker. It's been close to two years since the introduction of legislation to ensure prompt payment to contractors in Ontario who are forced to wait, sometimes four months or longer for work they've long since completed. Some two years later, they are still waiting. Speaker, where I come from when you do the work, you should get paid. I can tell you there are many in my area who feel the same. I have a stack of letters from my local contractors asking me why it hasn't been a priority for the government to finally ensure the fairness that prompt payment legislation would provide. I've heard from so many great contractors in my area, Doran Mechanical and the Grand Valley Construction Association, who represents many of them, all impacted by the lack of prompt payment legislation and all continuing to wait for government to finally move on legislation, it brought forth two years ago. Speaker, as GNA Masonary recently wrote me, they said the existing inequity, imperils, employment, and apprenticeship growth and inhibits the ability of small and medium-sized contractors to invest in machinery and equipment, as well as bid on additional work. That means fewer jobs and slower economic growth. Jurisdictions right across the world have gotten this right. 49 states and the federal government have prompt payment for publicly funded infrastructure projects. Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, the European Union as well. It's time for our province to follow suit. It's time to make this a priority. It's time for prompt payment in Ontario. Thank you, Speaker. Thank you for your comments. The member from Beaches East York. Well, thank you, Mr. Speaker. Today I'd like to speak about the Crescent Town Urban Agricultural Project. Now, many times you'll hear me speak as the PA to Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs of the great agricultural riding of Beaches East York. And many of you may have read the last week in the Metro news about an exciting project, a fish farm we're creating in a little area called Crescent Town. Now, Crescent Town is a part of my riding. It was founded in 1887 when Walter Massey purchased a one kilometer square country property around Daws Road and Victoria Park Avenue. The Massey Farm sold fresh eggs and poultry as well as fresh trout that they got from the many streams and rivulets that beandered through the property. The Massey Farm, Mr. Speaker, was also the home of City Dairy Company, which produced the first pasteurized milk in Canada. Now, Crescent Town has now become a property of 10,000 people in five high rise buildings. And at the center of the property is a retail market about 10,000 square feet, which the management of the group have not yet been able to rent out. And I went there with a bunch of community leaders to look and see if we could energize that space to bring it back to a local retail operation. As it turned out, there are two floors underneath, Mr. Speaker, which lend themselves to urban agricultural. And so I'm working with a whole bunch of community leaders to see if we can grow fish and food in the basement of Crescent Town. And I'd like to thank Hasina Kadar and Dr. Reza of the Bangladeshi Center and Community Services and Lori Fairborn of Neighborhood Link for their excellent leadership in this regard and Mr. Tom McGee, who's been shepherding this project forward. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. Thank you. Further comments? The member from Etobicoke Center. Mr. Speaker, in November I was in Ukraine with constituents of Etobicoke Center when we met with soldiers who were wounded during the Russian-backed invasion of Ukraine. These fathers, brothers, and sons all said they were fighting for freedom and democracy, values that as Canadians we hold dear. I am proud of what our Premier has done to support the Ukrainian people. She called on our federal government to impose sanctions, called on international observers, and provided humanitarian aid. Today, Ukraine is at war and the situation is dire. Russian-backed forces have occupied part of Eastern Ukraine and continue to advance. The soldiers I met with, Mr. Speaker, are fighting state-of-the-art equipment with outdated weapons, some from World War II, Mr. Speaker. This conflict touches all of us. 14,000 civilians are dead. One million have been displaced. And the invasion is a global threat. It is a violation of international law and the international order that was achieved at such great cost after World War II. The West's words and sanctions have not worked. Efforts at peace have failed. For months, Ukraine's President has been asking for defensive weapons so that his nation stands a chance against the larger and more advanced Russian military. Others such as John McCain, John Boehner, and others have echoed this call. And the U.S. Congress has passed authorization for the U.S. to arm Ukraine. I urge our federal government to act on the Ukrainian-Canadian Congress's February 21st statement, which calls on Canada to do, and I quote, dramatically increase sectoral sanctions, increase the provision of communications and intelligence capabilities, and provide Ukraine with the defensive weapons, equipment and training it needs to defend its territorial integrity. This is important, Mr. Speaker, not only because the Ukrainian people stand little chance without our help, not only because there is a humanitarian crisis and civilians need our help, but because the war in Ukraine is a threat to Europe, to global security, to our security, and to the values that Canadians hold dear. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. Thank you.


I am so livid after this weekend. Hey there saplings, my name is Dany and welcome back to esoteric moment. Today I just need to get some things off my chest really quick and I don't think I'm alone.  And it makes me so angry that we are living in a country where sexual assaults and abuse allegations are treated this way. Where we dismiss the victim, where we you know glorify and worry about the reputation of the abuser and then we no longer have this like base minimum of decency for political office. Yeah so frustrating and I know I have very few illusions about politics in our government. I recognize that it is a game, it is a system, it is one that has really deep roots about who gets power and who doesn't get power. And I know that progress is slow and it takes a lot of time and effort. And often that effort is on our minority groups and on the people seeking for justice. I get that. I'm willing to fight for that. But I miss the days where at least in this game and in this system we at least pretended that decency was a requirement. At least we pretended that we needed people who were unbiased and respectable on our supreme court.  Like any other time that would have happened. And I know this has to do with the fact that we have a president who himself has admitted into sexual harassment and yet we still elected him to office and like ugh. I don't understand why my body as a woman is suddenly, I guess not suddenly, why it is still a political minefield. Why do we still have this desire to make abortion illegal, take road versus Wade and remove it from our system. And that goal is so overwhelming that we can put someone whose ethical character is in question on the supreme court. Ugh. And you know, I try to be connected and aware and tend towards the more optimistic side of things and like working for change. But right now the urge to just curse the motherfucker is really strong. And I don't, I don't usually do that in my practice, but I am seriously thinking about it. You know, I, ugh. Maybe it's because we're going into the dark half of the year, but I've really felt an urge to be a little bit more persistent and direct with a lot of my magical workings. And I think that this weekend has really made that desire even stronger. And yet I don't have time to do the type of magic that I would like for this change. So yeah, I hope that whatever you're doing to cope with this just tragedy in our political system that it's bringing you some peace. And if you are feeling the rage like I am, please let me know in the comments because I could use a little pick me up. It's really stressful at work right now too. There are like a million things that have to get done right now. And I did not do enough prep work, still a new job. I didn't quite understand how intense October, November and December would be and things will totally work out. But you like top that off with all of the harvest needing to come in from the farm and like getting ready for winter. I don't even have hay ordered.  We're going to make that change. We're going to take back what we've lost. And then they do this and it just oh, it's really hard to find action for me past all of the rage. And I'm just so tired of it.  And they get to perpetuate the systems that make abuse and harassment happen all the time and for it to be okay. And like this is shitty. Thanks for bearing with me in this ranty video. I don't know if I'm going to post it. We'll see. If I'm still feeling really cranky, maybe maybe it'll go up. I hope things are well with you. I am sending all the love I can muster to the awesome people in the world who, you know, feel the same way who are struggling the same way. And yeah, I will talk to you all later. Thanks for watching. As always, may you find peace in the sacred grove.


Consider a regular room with a pressure of blank, a dry bulb temperature of blank, and a wet bulb temperature of blank. Using those blanks, determine the humidity ratio, the relative humidity, the specific enthalpy, the specific volume, and the dew point temperature. If we were in a classroom environment, I would actually use a barometer to determine the pressure in the room, and then use a dry bulb and a wet bulb thermometer to determine the actual psychrometric properties in the room. It'd be a fun in-class exercise. But since we're on the internet, we do what everyone does on the internet and just make stuff up. So let's assume that the pressure is, I don't know, about 100 kilopascals. That would be one bar. That would be nice and convenient for math purposes. Let's go with a regular dry bulb temperature, maybe something like 21 degrees Celsius. And for our wet bulb temperature, let's go with 18 degrees Celsius. So these even numbers are going to make for some nice look-ups. I don't have to do any interpolations, but the methodology is still the same, even if I had more precise measurements. Furthermore, I want to determine these psychrometric properties in two ways. I want to use the calculations to determine the best possible answers that we can come up with. And then I want to talk through how we can shortcut those look-ups by using the psychrometric chart. So we're going to be comparing and contrasting two methods to use our dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures to determine the remaining psychrometric properties. By the way, while we're here, let me point out that in addition to pressure, you need two independent intensive psychrometric properties to determine all of the rest. Theoretically, you could use essentially any combination of these seven quantities, any two of them, to determine the remaining five. So we'll start with the calculations. To do that, I'm going to have to go from my wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to a humidity ratio, and then from that to everything else. And for that relationship, I need to use my wet bulb equations that we built in the previous video. Remember that the wet bulb equations allow us to determine the humidity ratio of the actual air, but to do that, we are looking up a bunch of properties and plugging them into equations and determining quantities that would exist if the air were fully saturated. So state one represents the actual conditions of the actual air, state two represents the wet bulb conditions, which aren't actually in existence in the actual room. Or rather, they're only in existence around the wet bulb thermometer itself. So in this equation, we need T1 and T2. Those are known. T1 is the actual temperature, which is the dry bulb temperature. T2 is the wet bulb temperature. I need the specific heat capacity of air, and we're going to use the property at 300 Kelvin. We need to look up what the specific enthalpy of a saturated liquid is at state two, and then the specific enthalpy of a saturated vapor at both states one and state two. And while we're here, we're also going to need some saturation pressures. Let's look up both of them. There'd be PSAT at T1 and then PSAT at T2. And from these quantities, we can calculate omega two, which is what the omega would be, what the humidity ratio would be at the wet bulb conditions, which aren't actually the conditions of the air, but are useful for plugging back into this equation to come up with the actual humidity ratio of the actual air in the room. I cannot underline that enough. Okay, so starting from the top here. Dry bulb temperature was known. That's 21 degrees Celsius. Web bulb temperature, 18 degrees Celsius. CP of air, we're going to jump into, I believe that's table A20, yep, in our textbook. CP of air at 300 Kelvin is 1.005. Then we want the saturation pressure at state two, the HG is state two, and the HF is state two. So we will jump into our steam tables. By temperature, state two was 18 degrees Celsius. So at 18 degrees Celsius, I want PSAT and I want both HF and HG. So HF at 18 degrees Celsius is 75.58. HG is 2534.12534.1. PSAT is 0.02064. 0.02064 bar. And then can jump into T1, which is 21 degrees Celsius. And I can look up PSAT and HG. So HG at 21 degrees Celsius is 2539.9. And again, these are convenient lookups, because I had the opportunity to pick my own temperatures. If you measured the actual temperatures, you would just interpolate for better values. So HG and then PSAT, which was 0.02487. 02487 bar. And that's all the property lookups I'm going to have to do for now. So my next step is to calculate what the humidity ratio is at the wet bulb conditions, which is going to be 0.622 times the vapor pressure at the wet bulb condition, which because it's at 100% relative humidity at the wet bulb, that's just the saturation pressure at state two. And then we're dividing by the partial pressure of the dry air, which we are rewriting as the total pressure at state two, which is the same as the pressure at state one, minus the vapor pressure, which again is PG because it is at 100% relative humidity. So we'll pop up our calculator, we will type 0.622 times PG at state two, divided by the total pressure at state two, which was 100 kilopascals, which is one bar, minus PG at state two, which is 0.02064. And we get a humidity ratio at state two of 0.013109. And remember that's kilograms of water per kilogram of dry air. Now with that, I can finally start plugging numbers into omega one. We have CP of air, which we know is 1.005. So 1.005 times the temperature difference, which is going to be 18 minus 21.  And then we're divided by hg1 minus hf2, which would be 2539.9 minus 75.58. And we get an actual humidity ratio, the actual air of 0.011854. 0.011854 kilograms of water vapor per kilogram of dry air. So now that we have the humidity ratio, again, that's the actual humidity ratio, not omega two, which is a stepping stone to get to omega one. Now that we have the actual humidity ratio, we can calculate other quantities a little bit more conveniently. So next up, we have the relative humidity, which you'll remember is pv over pg. Well, pv isn't known. We know pg1, but we don't know pv. So what we have to do is recognize that omega represents 0.622 times pv over pa, which can be written as pv over p minus pv. So we can use omega to solve for pv, plug that into this equation, at which point we would have enough to calculate the relative humidity.  So omega times p is equal to pv times 0.622 plus omega. So pv is going to be omega times p divided by 0.622 plus omega. So our actual pressure was 100 kilobascals, which is one bar. So if I recognize that this quantity out front is going to be unitless, then whatever pressure unit I plug in for p is going to be what I get out for pv. So I'm going to take 0.011854 divided by 0.622 plus 0.011854, and I get 0.018702 multiplied by one bar will yield 0.018702 bar. Then p is going to be that number divided by the pg value we had looked up at state one, which was 0.02487. So when I divide those two numbers, I get a relative humidity of 71, excuse me, 75.2%. Okay, two-fifths of the way there. Next up, I wanted the specific enthalpy of the atmospheric air. Again, remember that that is total enthalpy of atmospheric air per unit mass of dry air. So I'm going to represent that as total enthalpy of dry air plus the total enthalpy of the water vapor divided by the mass of the dry air, which I can write as ma times specific enthalpy of the dry air plus mv times specific enthalpy of the water vapor divided by ma, which becomes ha plus omega times hv. I'm approximating ha with cpt at cp of air times the actual temperature in degrees Celsius, and I'm approximating hv by using hg. Now quick question, when I plug in values for t, omega, and hg, am I using the properties at state one or the properties at state two from this lookup from earlier? If you said state one because it's the actual air, you are correct. This is going to be cp of air times t1 plus omega one times hg1. Remember, state two only exists around the wicking and is only useful as a stepping stone. So 1.005 times the dry bulb temperature, which was 21 degrees Celsius, plus the actual omega value times the hg at state one, which was 2539.9. Then just to make a little bit more sense of the units, let's write that out. So because the specific enthalpy of the water vapor is expressed per unit mass of the water vapor itself, the kilograms of water cancel in the omega, and I'm left with kilojoules per kilogram of dry air, which one added to kilojoules per kilogram of dry air yields an answer in kilojoules per kilogram of dry air. Then next up, we want the specific volume of the atmospheric air per unit mass of the dry air, which again, remember, because we are modeling the behavior of the atmospheric air using Dalton's law, all of the substances within the mixture are assumed to take up the entire volume, so that could be written as the volume of the dry air per mass of the dry air, which means that we're really just looking for the specific volume of dry air at these conditions. The most difficult part of this calculation is remembering that we're using Pa instead of P. So in an effort to avoid calculating one more number, I'm going to write Pa as P minus Pb. So the specific gas constant for dry air is going to be the universal gas constant divided by the molar mass of dry air, 8.314 kilojoules per kilo mole Kelvin, available from the front cover of your textbook. If you don't know that number off the top of your head, available down here. And then the molar mass of dry air comes from table A1, 28.97. Then we are multiplying by the temperature of the dry air. This time it needs to be in Kelvin. So it's 21 plus 273.15 Kelvin. And we're dividing by one bar minus the actual vapor pressure at state one, which is 0.018702, 18702 bar. And then Kelvin cancels Kelvin, kilomoles cancels kilomoles, leaving me with kilojoules per kilogram bar. I'll recognize that a kilojoule is a kilonewton times a meter. A bar is 10 to the fifth newtons per square meter. And a kilonewton is a thousand newtons. Now kilodjoules cancels kilodjoules, bars cancels bars, kilonewtons cancels kilonewtons, and newtons cancels newtons, leaving me with cubic meters per kilogram. Calculator, you're needed again. Come on calculator, you can do it. I believe in you. 8.314 times 21 plus 273.15 times 1000 divided by 28.97 times the quantity 1 minus 0.018702 times 10 to the fifth. I get 0.8603. And the last thing I want to know is the dew point temperature. The dew point temperature is going to be expressed as the saturation temperature at PV, which means that I'm looking for the saturation temperature at 0.018702 bar. So back into our steam tables. If we start on the pressure table, we will note that we don't have a pressure that's low enough. Again, we're looking for 0.018702 bar. So we could extrapolate using 0.04 and 0.06. But the better thing to do is to actually jump over to table A2 because table A2 goes down to lower saturation conditions. So I have 0.02, excuse me, 0.018. Get these out of the way. So 0.0187. So that's going to occur between 16 and 17 degrees Celsius. So I can interpolate for that. So our actual PV was 0.0187, not less than or equal to calculator. Come on, 0.0187 minus 0.01818, divided by 0.01938 minus 0.01818. That's equal to the thing that I'm looking for minus 16 divided by 17 minus 16. And we get a saturation temperature of 16.435, which means my dew point temperature is going to be 16.435 degrees Celsius. So if the air in this room were cooled at a constant pressure, once it reached 16.44 degrees Celsius, it would begin to condense water out of the air. So you can think of that like cooling the entire room or you can think of that like cooling some of the air in the room. For example, if I brought in a cool glass of lemonade and set it on a table, the air around the glass would cool off once it cooled past 16.435 degrees Celsius, it would begin to condense water on the cool surface of the glass. So if I wanted to avoid creating water rings, I would just have to serve my lemonade at about, oh, I don't know, 16 and a half degrees Celsius. So we are through one half of what I want us to do. We went through and determined all of these psychrometric properties using the calculations themselves. The calculations are accurate. They will produce good numbers even though there are a couple of minor approximations in the process. But if we are okay with even more approximation, we can use the psychrometric chart. The psychrometric chart is a plot of psychrometric properties for a given pressure. It is primarily a plot of humidity ratio versus dry bulb temperature. And again, each psychrometric chart is only good for one pressure. This particular chart is generated at one atmosphere, which is 101.325 kilopascals, which is 1.01325 bar. In addition to dry bulb temperature and humidity ratio, all of the rest of our psychrometric properties are shown on the graph. So these curvy lines are lines of constant relative humidity, the dotted lines that are at a shallow angle are wet bulb temperature, the solid lines that are at a steeper angle are specific volume, the solid lines that are at a shallower angle are enthalpy. Note that the lines of wet bulb temperature and enthalpy appear parallel at first glance, but they're not quite parallel. So for our example, we have a dry bulb temperature of 21 degrees celsius and a wet bulb temperature of 18 degrees celsius. So we are assuming that our pressure of one bar is close enough to the pressure of 1.01325 bar that the error introduced by using this chart is okay. Furthermore, the values that we look up from the chart aren't going to be quite as precise as the values we get from our calculation. So in order to use the chart, we have to be okay with a little bit of approximation in our analysis. So our dry bulb temperature, which I will show in red, is going to be here and the line corresponding to it is here. And then our wet bulb temperature was 18 degrees celsius, so wet bulb temperature are these dashed lines. They are right off of here, here, here and here. So I have 15, 16, 17, 18. So the line of wet bulb temperature of 18 degrees celsius is this line here, which means that my intersection occurs right here. So that's my state point. So from that intersection, I can read off the rest of the sacrometric properties. First of all, I can follow that all over to the right and read off my humidity ratio. Let's color code this process to hopefully make it easier to follow. Dry bulb temperatures are down here and are in red. Dry bulb thermometer temperatures are here and shown in light blue. Let's go with green for humidity ratio. So if we follow our line over to the right using a green line, I can see that my humidity ratio is going to be a little bit more than 11 and a half. Because this would be 10. This would be 11. This would be 12. This line would be 11 and a half. So if we were looking this up, we might say, oh, about 11.6. So let's write out our lookups chart. Lookups humidity ratios. Oh, about 11.6 grams of water per kilogram of dry air fee our relative humidity. Let's go with a purple color for that. These curved lines are my lines of constant relative humidity. And I can see that I'm Oh, I would say a little bit under halfway between the 70% line and the 80% line. So we might draw that like this. So I could say 74 or 75. Let's just call it 75. As a general rule of thumb, we shouldn't try to interpolate visually unless we have a measuring device for that specific enthalpy. Let's go with a bright yellow, maybe. Enthalpy is right off of these solid lines in the upper left. So I see that my enthalpy is going to be about 51, maybe. This would be 50. This would be 52. 54, 56, 58. So let's call it 51. And again, that's kilograms of dry air. For the specific volume, I'm looking for my steep solid lines. And let's indicate those in orange, maybe. So I can see that my state point is a little bit less than 0.85. I would say it's maybe okay, orange. If this is 0.84, this is 0.85. This would be 45, 475, maybe 48 cubic meters per kilogram of dry air. Go with 848, John. That's 748, 848. And lastly, I want dew point temperature. So for dew point temperature, I don't have a direct look up on the chart. What I have to do instead is follow what would happen if I cooled until condensation began to occur. So on the saccharometric chart, heating represents movement to the right, cooling represents movement to the left. So in this situation, I'm cooling at a constant pressure. I'm moving straight to the left because no water is added nor removed. And I'm doing that until I reach the 100% relative humidity line. And then I'm reading the temperature corresponding to that position. So I can say that's 15, 16, maybe 16.2. Let's call it that 16.2. So comparing and contrasting, I got 11.85 grams of water per kilogram of dry air using the calculation and 11.6 ish using the chart. I had a relative humidity of 75.2% instead of 75 ish percent at a specific volume of 0.86 versus 0.848. A dew point temperature of 16.44 versus 16.2. And a specific enthalpy of 51.2 versus 51 on the nose. So now the question becomes, are those chart look ups accurate enough? And the answer to that question, unsurprisingly, is it depends on what you're doing. If all you're trying to do is eyeball a process, just to get you started on something in the field, then the chart look ups are probably fine. Generally speaking, if you're trying to be exact, you would use the calculations. And in reality, you would probably use a computer to do those calculations for you. Alternatively, there are about 1000 apps on the market that will perform these psychometric calculations for you. However, the chart is still useful. The chart allows us to see trends, we can see kind of what's happening visually, and we can keep track of our processes in a visual manner. Furthermore, if we just need approximate numbers to get us started on something, we can use the chart look ups for that. For the purposes of my class, I expect you to be able to handle the calculations and the chart look ups both.