Good morning once again. Welcome to Y-54. This is why in the morning and this particular segment is MCM that is Man Crush Monday. We chose not to discuss relationships today so that we focus on other things that are also important in life as relationships and social talks are important. And today we are going to talk about scholarships. How do you get scholarship? How valuable are them? How do you know the genuine ones from the fake ones? And who deserves them? All that we are going to answer in this. My name is Sankara Kaisu and I'm not alone in studio. I am with people who are in this directly. Those who are going to help us find solutions and they are here. This is Purity Kavata and this is Eric Arwa. We are going to start with Purity Kavata. How are you purity? Can you introduce yourself so that we may know you better? My name is Purity Kavata. I'm a student at KCA University in Kampas, Roaraka. I'm pursuing a degree in Accounts. Yes, I'm a third year student. Oh, do you have social media handles? Yup. Yes. My Instagram handle is underscore Kavata and my Facebook handle is pretty humble Purity. Oh, are you humble? We are going to do that. Eric, how are you brother? I'm good. I know I'm calling you brother. We have some history. A lot of brotherhoods. Yes, a lot of brotherhoods. Yes. There are people who don't know who Eric is so please introduce yourself. My name is Eric Arwa. I'm the business development officer at Bafunde. Bafunde is an education technology company that helps teachers meet their students online. So as a business development officer, I am the client facing face of Bafunde. I help Bafunde in customer acquisition, contract negotiations and customer onboarding. And I help clients onboard so that they can make good use of education technology platforms that we have built. Do you have social media handles? Yes, Facebook and Twitter. In Twitter I'm Eric Arwa and in Facebook I'm Odiambo Arwa. That's Bafunde help people get scholarship? No, Bafunde focuses on technology. Technology that enables people meet their teachers online without necessarily having break and motor. That's great. There's a particular reason why I chose you for this. Have you ever got a scholarship? Yes, I've received scholarships at the end. There are some that have not accepted and others that have accepted and taken. I'm interested in the fact that they want to accept when people seek then it's like the one being sought by these scholarships. No, when you are out hunting you look for so many animals but once you have met them you have to decide which one you want to pursue. That's why you are here in this forum. You are an expert in this forum because you are going to learn how to get them and maybe how to get to know the fake ones from the genuine ones. But let's come back to Kavata. Kavata have you ever got a scholarship? No, I haven't gotten any scholarship but I have friends that have tried seeking scholarships. Some have gotten them and some have not. Have you tried seeking? The only kind of scholarship that I have tried to seek is only help, which is not a full scholarship. It is a partial. And did you get help? Are you interested in getting any scholarship? Are you yourself sufficient? You have enough funds? No, I'm not self-sufficient. Given a chance I will want to seek one. So you are our typical example of a student needing scholarship or fee or educational support for that matter and Eric here is going to help us together. So if you have anything that you need to know about this scholarship thing, let's together engage Eric so that he will tell us. Tell us your journey with scholarship. Tell us the types of scholarship you've got so that we know what we're talking about Eric. I just had her speak about help. I got help. I got all the money they can offer. All the help, full funding and they also offer basari. I also got the basari which is not paid. Is help scholarship poor and low? I just had her speak about help. So I just wanted to make note. The other one which is normally called scholarship but is not really scholarship is the Equity Bank Pre-University Program. Oh, that one is not scholarship? It's not a scholarship. What is it? It's an internship, pre-university training or attachment that gives you an opportunity to gain work ethics before you get to college. The wings to fly thing? No, the wings to fly thing is a scholarship. There is a difference between wings to fly and pre-university program. So pre-university program takes the best per district at the end of every KCSE cycle. So those who are taken from that lot, they are employed in the bank as relationship officers. Relationship officers are general term for a tailor, accounts opening, inquiries and all those people who engage clients at the banking hall are called relationship officers. So at that level you are trained on work ethics, how to negotiate, how to serve people whom you don't know and people who are mature than you. And then you are paid some monthly stipend from which you save to go and which you can use during your campus. Okay, now tell us the scholarship that you've got. What do you now call a clean scholarship? You get educational fund support fully and they don't expect anything. Yes, I applied and won the Mandela Rhodes Foundation Scholarship. Mandela Rhodes? That is a partnership between Mandela Nelson Mandela Foundation and the Rhodes Trust. So they sponsor at least 30 students from all over Africa to take any of the courses that are offered by South African universities. So in my year we were about 7500 applicants. 7500? Yes, from all over Africa. But they wanted just 30? They took 34 during my year. And I was the only one from Kenya. How did you know that there is such a scholarship? So a friend told me about it. A friend who had won it who was a classmate called Waswa. He was a very good friend. He told me that I'm qualified for it and I can win it. And that time I was looking for scholarships. So when you want to look for scholarships you start from people whom you think may have received them. And they tell you this one is available and they may tell you more about it. Kabata, are you getting now that you can get clue of how you can get scholarship through friends? Yes, so we are interested to know more about how you can know there are scholarship opportunities from you, Eric. Yes, so normally when you have just graduated and you are seeking scholarships, it's necessary that you know which places you want to go to. Baby you want to go to South Africa, you want to look at the top universities in South Africa. And almost all good universities have funding pages or funding sites in their websites. All leading universities? Yes, very good universities that care for their students. They always give a list of all the sources of funding that their students enjoy. So you will find a list of, for example, where I went to the University of Cape Town, you will have a list of all the possible scholarships that their students can apply for. If you go to other universities abroad, you will also find the same. There are universities in East Germany, scholarship, commonwealth, shared scholarship, commonwealth scholarship and so many other scholarships that are offered to their students, even if they are not from within the university. They are just scholarships that their students enjoy from within. You've told us two sources. Are you interested in knowing more? You can actually ask if you have a question. Because you're learning together. You've told us two sources. One is through friends. Two is through university websites. So you just go to their page and see the funding that they offer. Yes. Example, if you are going for a postgraduate program, then you just go to their missions, they will look at postgraduate funding. Almost all good universities will have that portion, that section in their website, postgraduate funding. Now give us the elephant in the room about the scammers.  Then it turns out to be fake because in our social media platforms, that is in Facebook and Twitter, we ask that higher education scholarship has come in Kenya and people are crying that they have been scammed. Yes, so normally you can't hear that University of Nairobi is offering a scholarship but they don't have it announced in their own website, official website. It can't happen because universities are corporate bodies and corporate governance is a major part of their operations. They spend a lot of money in public relations and corporate governance. The first thing a university will do when they are offering a scholarship is to post it in their official website and share it in their official social media accounts. That one you are sure it is not a scam. But if it is said that University of Nairobi is offering a scholarship and then the link leads you to another website which is not University of Nairobi's official website, then that is a scam. Have you ever been scammed and covered in anything? In anything, even if it's not a scholarship? Yes. Did you do the due diligence? Like we are saying that if you are getting a scholarship or anything that is offered by any company, then it has to lead you to the official website of that company. How was your scamming history? So my scam was on Instagram. I actually saw an iPhone and I thought it was their official handle, their official page. So I actually paid money. What? I actually paid like half of the money. So that they ship it to you. Yeah. And then after I had paid, I communicated to them for like two hours and then after that I couldn't reach out to them again. So that's where at least they were scammed? How much are we talking about? I had paid 30,000. But are you learning something from Mary? Yes. That you can know if it's true, you can know it's true when it leads you to the official. I don't know how you can know it's official website, Eric, because some people make something that really resembles what is official. It's difficult. Domain names are protected. Domain names are what you call like if you have a website called y254.com, it's protected. There's no other website that can have it in that manner. And then normally if you find the domain name starts with HTTPS, if there's no S, it's just HTTTP, then we have trouble. That S means secured. So they secure the website using certain technologies. So when a scammers website will just appear as HTTTP. Eric, you know you are speaking like an engineer.  So the S in HTTPS is security? Yes, that shows that that site has been secured and it's an official domain for a particular registered corporate body. And it's not for scammers. Scammers will come up and just register a website and do anything with it. So it's like Kavata's website didn't have S, so it's HPTTTP, and then it's iPhone, and then maybe .com or something like that. Yes. Okay, I've learnt that. Normally you will find permen universities will end with a dot. It's rare you will find a university ending with a dot.com. Oh, how does that end? Almost all universities end with .edu, .ca. A.c. means academic, .edu means not education. It's rare that you will find university sites, official university sites ending with .com, or .net. You don't know how to do that? You don't know how to do that. Okay, Eric, back to the scholarship thing. You told me before that you had one scholarship to... around three scholarships to do PhD, two in US and one in Canada, and you opted for the other. I'm looking for the winning ways. How do you just win? Because it's competitive, like the one you told me in South Africa, you have over 7,000 people and only 34 people were taken. What did these 42 people do that the other 6,000 and others didn't do? Every body that is offering a scholarship has a particular selection criterion. The selection criterion is easy to follow because normally it's easy for someone to just read. They need people with first class owners. They need people who have strong leadership background. They need people who are from Africa. There are some who will be that specific. They need women. So those eligibility criteria are easy to get to. Where things... where they separate people is the understanding of their philosophy. Understanding and alignment with their philosophy. Every scholarship is set up for a particular reason. There is that overlying philosophy that drives the founders and the funders. The founders and funders are different. There are people who come up with a scholarship idea and they prosecute it before people and they publish it. And they are the ones that run it. But then they are the funders. There are those who finance the scholarship program. You need, as a person who is seeking the scholarship you need to look at the philosophies that drive these people. If they are interested in women are they posing as people who are showing women that they can take part in STEM or science, technology, mathematics, engineering courses or they are looking for women who are activists who are trying to show that they strengthen women or are these people looking for black innovators? They are very clear philosophies that drive these people. The people, not the program, the people in the program that are really key founders and funders of the scholarship. If you study that philosophy very well then you can easily align your statements to those philosophies. It will be very easy to identify those kind of people. They will be listening to the way you speak, the things you say about yourself because there is so much about yourself. There is academics, there is your upbringing at home. There is also the networks that you have built from other sources. There is religion, there is politics, there are a lot of things that you have taken part in. How you select those things and how they affect the way you express yourself during scholarship interviews or the way you express yourself in your application documents will inform, will tell those who are evaluating you whether you understand their philosophy and your life in general is aligned to that philosophy. So that understanding is the most important. For example, Mandela Rhodes Foundation is interested in people who can show leadership in terms of bringing people together, people of diverse opinions. They are interested in looking for innovators who are entrepreneurial in mind. They are looking for people who have deep love for Africa and her people. So that they need to establish from the way you speak. Kavata, are you seeing yourself qualified for those? Well, I think from what he has said every organization that is giving you a scholarship has its own guidelines. For example, they could be giving you a scholarship maybe due to your needs or maybe you have to be in a certain organization for you to get the scholarship or maybe you need to have some grades maybe you need to be smart enough like maybe you passed in your KCSE you have nice grades. But you see you can... Yeah, I can. Because it's broad. They can give you maybe because of your needs. You see it's broad, it's giving everyone an opportunity to see where they fit in.   So I thought it's just people who are just know a lot of science and know maybe performers and all that. But the Rika Vata this guy was number one in chemistry Kenyam Zema in the year 2012. Was it 2012 or 2009? 2001. 2009, see those NZ what was paraded in the paper. Yeah, this guy was the best countryward in chemistry number one. And I think you were number what countryward like the overall... Yeah, number 14 like was number 14 Kwa Kenyam Zema. So I thought maybe that's what made him qualify for that. And leadership, you are not a leader at the university. I don't know how you are winning this leadership. You are not a politician at the university. No, but leadership when they talk about leadership there is no particular kind of leadership that they are looking for.  I had started several businesses and planted 30,000 trees that requires a lot of leadership. I love to learn to negotiate contracts because I didn't have money to land on those trees. There is also self leadership. There are people who come from backgrounds where they have to do so much by themselves. Yesterday I was just commenting in my was up that there is this time when you needed something so bad from your dad and you knew very well if you approached your mom it would be a valid connection that would help you get that thing. There are some of us who didn't have that that basic connection so you start networking from nothing. There are people who are their mothers as a network to their father or a senior sibling. Yes, approach their mother on their behalf. Now, from there they learn that through someone you can get something. When you get out you learn how to make networks so that you can get jobs internships and scholarships and so many other favors. As we had to learn from we had to learn those things by ourselves and that means for you to be able to push through until you finish university and set up yourself as a self-sustaining system without your parents that means you really need a lot of self leadership and that is part of leadership understanding oneself and seeing how you are able to influence others so that your best is used to get the most out of this one. Kavata, are you seeing that you don't have to be a politician to be a leader? It was not a politician at the university and now see how he has led and his leadership has born fruits is an engineer by training but he led people in the agricultural or forestry till they achieved what the Mandela or the scholarship panel would be convinced that this is a true leader. So you can lead even out of politics. Some of us were politicians and we have not been people. There is something about politics where to just make a comment. Running for position is not the only politics. James Mwangi the equity bank CEO is not just an executive. He is actually a politician because to be a CEO of a company a public limited company you need to convince shareholders on so many things who connect the board with shareholders and the staff. That is a political seat as much as it is also a really executive seat it is very political. There are also these people who influence politicians I guess you may not know but I was in the secretariat for some two guys who were running in the KU for chairmanship in Jaiquat and I was very influential in their fundraising in their manifestos and all that. That is politics. Politics is not just running for office. There are people who play a lot of politics. You don't hear that. You just realize that their influence was very important like Chris Kirubi. You don't know that Chris Kirubi introduced the deputy governor is called who? The former Nygadi. Yes. Mike Sonko made him deputy governor that is politics. That is politics. That is a lot of politics. I wish we will create time for that politics out of politics. We will talk about it. There is scholarship. We are interested to know Eric the process of how you follow till you reach now you get the funds or you get the scholarship after identifying the scholarship opportunity what follows? So normally every scholarship will have an application process you will find they have written apply how to apply so that how to apply if possible just print that site out and follow it word for word because if you don't follow the instructions you are cooked so the first thing look at what are the documents what documents do they need make sure that you have those documents in their format they need them physically you need to have two copies of them and if they need them certified look for a lawyer let the lawyer stamp them normally a commission of oaths that can notorize the documents to notorize to attest that they are two copies of the original Oh it has nothing to do with notorious commission of oaths will notorize So after sending interviews like a physical face-to-face interview Yes so in Mandela Rhodes Foundation you have to attend a physical interview in Cape Town go to Cape Town and attend the interview You are in Kenya you are not sure you are going to get that but you naturally want to come back to Kenya No Mandela Rhodes Foundation will pay the full cost of airfare and whatever Okay but if you need a visa it will cost you about 10,000 to get the visa that is if you are starting from looking for the passport then applying for the visa you need about 10,000 shillings and you will get a visa that allows you to get to South Africa and stay there for 3 months but for now you just apply go and take the interview What about the other scholarships like the ones for Canada the ones for USA or maybe Europe are they easy to get? Yes these scholarships are very very interesting because this is a researcher or a professor who has achieved funding to conduct a particular research in a particular field so they are looking for qualified personnel to help them normally you would find them in the departmental websites you will find a list of professors and then when you click the site for that professor you will find the professors as announced that they have funding for a particular research and it will be very specific like the one in Canada was for physics inspired machine learning for wind power looking at how to make sense of wind power using machine learning to predict the output profile of wind turbine now those ones they look for people with particular research qualifications so if they are looking for someone in machine learning they are very specific we want a machine learning person with this kind of background once you prove that you have understanding of that machine learning they will take you through an interview a very technical interview which involves the professor who is the need researcher who will try to establish whether you understand that topic then after that they will ask you to apply for admission if they approve you at that point it's almost a 99.9% chance that you are going to be admitted and admission will come with funding Kavata you are in the middle of attending your undergraduate and you hear the opportunities for postgraduate education you are interested that you will try Ya I will Ya because you see it's bright there are things that you must master now for you to get them like he is saying about master during his undergraduate education maybe no maybe master is your masters has anything to do with the physics and engineering and all that Ya my master shows some artificial intelligence artificial intelligence yes application of artificial intelligence in planning operation and control of power systems Kenya power grade oh so it has something to do with engineering there are so many people telling me here in social media platform and I phone on my ear that they want you because now you are a leader and you are informed about these scholarship things you lead them into getting these scholarships how can you do that they can they can reach out to me yesterday I had a very wonderful day one of my teachers just won the world's most prestigious scholarship that is the Rod Strust scholarship in Oxford wow that is someone who studied in didan kimati and we were trying to get him to apply for scholarships like the master card foundation scholars program in UCT University of Keptau and we also tried the Rod Strust and he had an interview and an interview I connected into some of my friends who had won the scholarship and they guided him offered a lot of support and he was in so those who wish to to get to to connect with you for mentorship yes they look for me in Facebook they can find me in Twitter they can also go to my Facebook page called Erika Roa Education Erika Roa Education is where you ask me questions about scholarships it's called Erika Roa Education yes there is a Facebook page called Erika Roa Education Erika Roa Education Erika Roa Education Erika Roa Education education you will find our post scholarship opportunities there those who wish to apply for them can find me there that is where this guy found me can also find me in LinkedIn can throw me a LinkedIn message and I will take you through any scholarship as long as I I can get the eligibility to criteria and then follow through to help you write the necessary essays will help you purity our time is really up and you are here to learn so can you look at this camera and today briefly in 30 seconds what you have learnt in this session okay I have learnt that when you want to apply for a scholarship you need to go to where it's saying how to apply so that you will know what they need and how you are going to apply for it and then you should also know that every organization that is giving you a scholarship has its own rules and see if you qualify to give a scholarship you have learnt so many things apart from that you are closing remarks Eric scholarships are not one at the time of application one from your lifestyle build a good profile as early as possible then you ensure your transcripts are good your leadership and all those other ventures your curricula are strong you have done so many other things and then after that when you are now applying you just need someone who can help you consolidate those things to orient them to a particular scholarship requirement and that is where you are offering to help Kenyans thank you that's so generous of you you are not selfish with information and with help I think that's so good of you if you need to be president of this country we will vote you in you can serve elsewhere oh yes that's now the connection elsewhere media is about education it's about entertainment it's about information but today was medial about education we've educated you on how you can make it money to make it and how you can get linked and make it regardless like Eri Karwa here has made it and like Kavata now will make it because she has learned and she is confessing so thank you for being with us thank you for keeping us company for everybody who made this possible we salute you for now we are getting to the next segment of the day and that is Tano Kali thank you


What's up y'all is dubbing. I'm back with a special It's pretty much going to be salary cap gameplay from here on out for the year All the other modes are over is all about salary cap getting ready for the ultimate league and here I'm playing Joel We played three games. This is the first of three games. You wanted to play This was just an early morning stream hit me up So let's play a couple of money games and this is the first one we played This is probably two weeks after I lost the Joel and the man challenge So, you know, I'm ready to play on this mode where you can't run the ball as well And you know, let's see what he got what he's gonna do Against me and salary cap when we start with Earl time is one of my favorite players in the game Makes a big play on a kick return, but Bo Jackson tackles me. Bo Jackson is the best player on the game He really starts with a little cover one He ran this a lot of man challenge try to run around me. I did well versus in the man challenge So cover one I was prepared for that. Here we go with my favorite running bag Y'all know mo money Mohammed and here we're inside the five and he's in dollars still I'm in a two tight end set and I know how to try to get pancakes some run plays I get pancakes some plays I don't I really don't know the science behind it But my whole philosophy and I actually did the same that that would get pancakes But the corner blocks me out there, you know, so I don't know how we're pancake and everybody I have ten linemen in the back of the end zone I really just don't understand the dynamic of the weak box And I actually did the same thing versus him in the man challenge on my first drive is no huddle two tight Insets against dollar and for some reason in his corner keeps coming off the edge unblocked and tackle I mean that's saving him right there First play get a lot of pressure on him. He does the ball away Second play gives it a bow Jukes clowning right away, but I have a bow Jackson unfakable He won't fall for that great tackle by him. Love those unfakable items You can put them all over the field make sure you don't get juked all over the place a lot more pressure We got here.   That's huge two possessions Here you go. He's trying to get bow involved if you fear Bo Jackson the mutt. He's the best player So got to make sure he doesn't get the ball once we here we go again He doesn't block anybody boasts against that one-on-one and eats It's a little drag underneath. That's okay. You know, we get them to a third and third and manageable here Once again, you see boasts and clown. He just right after the quarterback. He goes for this fourth down I only rush for the way was a little playmaker action. But once again, who's that Leonard Williams? I think I actually got to the quarterback there. So we're really getting a lot of pressure on Joel See there more money Mohamed sometimes you got to get down and I take those big hits man And we go get he blitzes everybody gets me with Vic there So then the next play goes back plays a lot of coverage good play by him I tried to throw this down, but I do it regular and it got picked off But we're able to tackle him at the two-yard line. So here he comes out. He tries to run a base We hit stick them with Jayne Brown. He no huddles.  So I got my linebacker up Hopefully try to guard a dive. I'm worried about tossing this formation too But hopefully if he dies my linebacker is back far enough once again We got a lot of pressure those drag boom hits thick drops it so it third and ten Here goes again, I only rushed forward those in the flat Here we go with these unfakable bow jacks and will not fall on that spin move gets him to a fourth down He no huddles again So here you are in a fourth down where you know a drag might get you the first down But you know, you don't want to over gamble.  He's the most electrifying player to have at the quarterback position. That's why I have him You know, he's really starting bringing pressure as he gets to the quarterback there We don't get a block.  Hopefully he doesn't get the ball back But here we go. We go ahead and punch this in with LeVion Bell We're getting a run on dollar now. Now it's a 19 to nothing Game pretty much in hand first play out of the out of you know, the kickoff here He goes roll out a center spy click on and pick it off One of the underrated plays and managers be able to do that anticipate who you're gonna get as you send And you know, I was able to do that click on get ready from the door to ball to the open receiver and that ended the game This game was a flood wasn't that close the rest of the game is gonna be closer They go to great play, you know right here. He rolls out. I send a spy I know it's gonna be right there click on landing cons come back and pick it off and that ended the game This first game was a flood get this to 200 likes. I'll post the next game right away. Thank y'all man


Rudraksh as a seed, this tree mainly grows at certain altitude, somewhere between 6,500 to 12,000 altitude is where Rudraksh grows in the Himalayan region. And it has very unique vibrations. If you hold a Rudraksh upon anything, which is positive in nature, it will naturally go clockwise. If you hold it on something negative, it will go anticlockwise. If you hold it on something neutral, it will swing like a pendulum. I want to show you what it does, okay? This is just paper, all right? You know about this Rudraksh going clockwise, anticlockwise, something? Okay. You must tell me which way it's going. Which way is it? This is clockwise, right? Right now, I've not done any energy transfer or anything. Just crumpled it, okay? Just crumpled it. Just watch this. Watch it. I don't know if they told you, I'm sure your parents must have told you, your clothes should be properly folded and capped, your bed clothes should be properly folded and capped. This is the difference it makes in your life. In this country, we were always told, after you wake up in the morning, if you do not fold your bed clothes, then devils will come and dance on it. Demons will come and dance on it. And then when you go to sleep, next day in those kind of clothes, it's going to affect your life. And that's justice, a dialectical way of expression and it's true. What we call as a devil or a demon is a negative form of life.  That which affects you in a negative way is a demon. So just this paper, if you just crumple it and keep it, it attracts the negative form of energy. If you keep it properly folded, it becomes positive. This is why from everything to everything, how the house should be, where you should place what, if I don't know these days it's all going away, we are going by modern aesthetics. Otherwise if my grandmother was here, everything where, what should be what? Everything should be in a particular way. In the house if you go probably, if your mother comes from a traditional background, in the kitchen if you go, always salt and tamarind will be kept together, never separately. Do you know this? Is it so, still maintained? Yes, because all this awareness, unfortunately just became tradition. It's beautiful that it became a tradition, but without giving the necessary understanding to people why it is so? Simply do it, do it. After some time somebody comes and says, why should I do it? I'll keep tamarind on my head, salt somewhere else. It doesn't work like that. All these items have something to do with how you live, everything, how it should be kept. So the whole science of seeing how this human being can function at its maximum vibrance, even a simple peasant in this country knows about it without knowing about it. You know? He does not intellectually or consciously know about it, but he just knows this is how it must be done. Because the whole system of yoga was made into a cultural format and given to people, because people saw the impracticality of teaching every aspect to every human being on the planet. So just make it culture and leave it to them. I want to see that for the next few generations later, as mothers would teach people children to brush their teeth, yoga will just happen in their lives. This was so earlier.  So these things were made aware of. A simple thing like this. Many of you were already doing asanas for at least six months now. You could experience this. You keep two shirts, okay? One shirt you do like this, both washed clean ones. Do like this and keep it for three days. Another one neatly fold it and keep it there. After three days, wear one, close your eyes and feel it. Wear the other, close your eyes and feel it. Just see how it feels. They're very different. So every aspect was brought into life. So what you see as this culture, because this is a land without God, this is a land without religion, this is just a certain science transmitted as culture. Because of various distortions that science has become all distorted, putting it back is not easy to the whole society. We want to put it back at least into a few people, hoping that they will be able to impart it to the rest of the larger society sometime in future. If we produce thousand people who really perceive, understand and live that way, I'm sure these thousand people can impart it to a million people. Those million people can do it too. Many more people. And they may produce many, many more people who are capable of receiving this and things may happen.


Ukraine Army hampering Russia's plan to build highway from Rostov region to Crimea. The efforts undertaken by the armed forces of Ukraine and the lack of manpower prevent the invasion force from building a motorway that would connect Russia's Rostov region and temporarily occupied Crimea via a land corridor. This was stated by the Chief of the Ukrainian Institute of Strategic Research and Security Think Tank Pavlo Lyciansky, who partook at the presentation of a report on Russia's plans for the temporarily occupied areas of Ukraine. When repair works are underway, along motorways, there is no full-scale construction as of today because they are distracted by the actions of Ukraine's armed forces, Lyciansky noted. According to the expert, Russia is facing a catastrophic shortage of road construction workers. They say 140 million people live in Russia, but the country is very large in terms of territory, so they just don't have enough people who can do this job. They have a population deficit of 6 to 8 million in Russia, and today there is a shortage of workers in the occupied territories. Constructing that road remains only a plan, he added.


Do you know what today is Marvin? It's Tuesday. It's Vlog Tuesday. Vlog Tuesday? Oh, alright. Well that's new. It is. I wanted to do a vlog some... I was in a bad move and now I'm in a good move because money came in. Yeah, it sure did. And Marvin's working hard to make the money come in and he did some invoicing with Corey. So that made me happy. Yeah. Yeah, that's... There's all this stuff that got built and then someone wired us money. Yeah, actually people are going to wire us some more money here as soon as I send them the info. I'm getting wired more money. Yeah, it's always good. More money, more money. Yep, and I love Marvin's screen. Yeah, that's... That pretty much sums it up. Pretty much everyone. That's his inspirational post. Yep.   That's what I draw my inspiration from every day. Every morning until he gets his thing.  Let's do this.  So I'm going to wander around the office because we're actually doing stuff today and we're working. And I am the grease that keeps the company going. We're doing stuff today. Yeah, I'm going to share with you what Kyle's doing today. Hot dog. Yes. Because you're also going to have one that says not hot dog, right? That's the plan. That's the plan. Work is actually happening. Hot dog? Yes. Not hot dog. Here, we're going to bring it up. I'm making Steve a filter so he can start taking pictures of all of his food. Yeah, we're doing food pictures because we decided that's among the memes that are now going on inside of our Slack channel. So lots of computers being fixed. They're actually in process of repair, reloading, operating systems. There's some firewalls. Two of them sitting over here that I'm supposed to be programming. And as soon as I'm done with my video thing, I'm going to go back to programming firewalls. I believe it when I see it. The Zen server is working. It is going right here and getting ready to do some more testing so we can get that deployed. And I can do a whole video about Citrix Zen server. It was in the other room, but it was too noisy. So now it's in this room with the sound deadening. And Steve is in here eating hot dogs. No, not hot dog. Not hot dog. Peanut. We always keep bags of peanuts here because that's important. So what do you think about working here, Steve? What's your thoughts on that? It's all right. It's all right. So you're thinking about doing a video on what it's like to work here. What do you think, Corey? You don't want to work here because I love it. I'll make you quit. Yeah. This has been a discussion of trying to figure out how we want to film a video because I thought maybe we talked about this on Vlog Thursday and this is unofficially Vlog Thursday only because we had a holiday. So now I'm all anxious to want to make some videos. I know. As I said, it's Vlog Tuesday because Monday was a holiday. It's not Vlog Thursday. Vlog Thursday is in two days. This is Vlog Tuesday. This is a prelude. It's a prelude to the vlog. I was anxious because I didn't make videos over the holiday. Why not? I don't know. I went motorcycle riding. Then it rained on me. There was something I wanted to blow up that I thought would be really cool but I've already since forgot what it is.  Toilet.  Because we got a new toilet. That is one thing that did happen over the holiday when the toilet went in. Because the old one was old. So we got a new toilet here. These are important things that go on here. Can I make a recommendation if we're going to blow that toilet up? Don't do it anywhere where anybody will ever walk barefooted. Yeah.  Everywhere. They've got you to bits. Anyways, back to actual technical things that we're dealing with is dealing with some software vendors that didn't do the best job of setting up a server. So we've got that to contend with. Did you get the other things set up for them? The remote so they can access the server? I fixed all the things.  And then Microsoft too. You know Microsoft in server 2016 took out the turn off password protected sharing so I had to make a user. Oh okay. Yeah, you can't just say.  So we have a client on a domain. Well they're not on a domain, that's the problem. Not on a domain. But the computer, the server's a domain. But the server's a domain because it had to be. So non-domain computers can't access the domain server? It's because they have so many remote people it's kind of a mess. So we had to deal with that configuration so that was an interesting thing that we had to do. Apparently you can't just. How did they have Bitdefender which broke everything? Bitdefender. Oh they did. We told them not to. The guy who set them up. It shouldn't have been Bitdefender under. They had fun day-to-day business things that we have to deal with here. And this is also why we try to keep a lighthearted atmosphere. So the software vendor for our client logged in. First he opened up the entire C drive and I'm like what inspired you to do that? And he didn't really have an answer. You gotta edit system 32. Yeah, why not just share the entire C drive of a server with all the users on the network. Do we have to work at that in our versions? Yeah, so he took some time to do that. I mean we had to give him password. We created a second user form and we did and we're like what, why? But so now that we've re-secured the client network and got the server re-secured, now we're back to getting all the software set up which didn't have instructions which we kept emailing for clients, emailing on behalf of our client find and find the setup instructions and not getting it so that made it more fun.  Well it was a holiday weekend. I mean we did have that backlog of Saturday, Sunday and Monday. Some of these places do show up and do work. Yeah, they showed up and worked and they saved all the problems for Tuesday. So normally Monday's a busy day but now Tuesday's a busy day. So kind of the day-to-day here starts with a lot of client support questions and things like that just popping at us and it got me, I'm always aggravated when things are outside of my control that I didn't do like the vendor going. But then I have to do them. But then I have to do them like now and it's very unplanned and it all comes down to them choosing a vendor who's not the most organized and that vendor then starts with oh I'm going to omit sending you the documentation. Like they said I attached it and I didn't. And then they finally, this was last week, then this week they're like I attached it in a client's like well can you do it now? We set our training up for Wednesday and I'm like yeah I emailed them a week ago asking for this stuff. So these are like some of those aggravations that you have to deal with running an IT business. They're not the first people to have that in IT. No, no this is common. Well they didn't tell me all the new terminals had to have cat five drops. Whoops. Yeah so we went to give them... Set our trainings in like two days. Yeah we have that, then we have another vendor who we designed a scope of work and they keep adding things. They said they wanted five cameras. That was in the bid, that was approved. We have an email saying that. Corey gets there, he says where's the six camera? And we're like you only asked for five and Corey proved it to them and I go well I wanted six. And I'm like great, we'll install six now. And these are all those little things that it's the hard to predict part of doing IT of all the random things that occur. So because those are aggravating things are all outside of our control we end up finding other ways to do stress relief which is kind of why we're here relaxing a little bit but having a strategy meeting at the same time discussing... It's like a wave of anger. Wave of anger. It's one moment and then you're on the down swing. We're on the down swing right now because all the problems got put to bed and it's what time is it? Two? Yeah. Two o'clock. We solved all the problems. You just like three or four. We're wrapped up. Yeah. Yeah, three or four. And he's all the way back from Ann Arbor. And by Friday we're sitting here like why are we even open?  So hopefully he gets back. That's why Kyle's throwing hot dogs and making a template for the hot dog memes that we plan to post. I'm going to head back to Marvin real quick. Because Marvin's actually working right now while I'm being random and stuff. Happens all the time. Yeah. Just, you know, and we were talking about how I'd mentioned Marvin how we're going to do the video of what it's like to work here. So we got to share your thoughts on what it's like to work here. We'll just point the camera at you. Well, it's an adventure every day. You never know what's going to happen when you walk in the door, be it with clients or with the folks who work here, which makes it exciting. So I'm happy with it. Does he mix an awkward face? It's great. It's fantastic working here. He's just saying, He's saying that because I pay him. Well, I'm going to leave you. That's true. Yeah. I'm going to leave you with this, my favorite little thing. The, oh, this. Oh, and don't worry. We put this on there too. Yeah. Actually, I believe Marcus put that there. Yes. I think my son did that. Yeah. Actually, this is my favorite thing right up here. Oh, this is. I, my previous job was working at a large urban university in the area. Urban. It's in downtown Detroit. And so like, like, like the week I started working here, I get a fortune cookie that said you could prosper in the field of education. And I was like, damn it. I just left the field of education. Yes. It did occur the first week he was here. Yeah. So I'll wrap this up getting back to work, which the first thing I need to do is give Steve my credit card. Yeah. Oh, I was like, did you just hold it up with the numbers and everything? No. No, we're not doing that. Well, I can blur it out. This isn't live. So and then the second part of the internet works. Everything's live. Everything's live to him. I'm like 80. And the other thing we got to get done is I have a set of plans here. Corey, I'm just holding it to look important. Corey is going to look at these plans. This is what I do as the owner. I find the things that need to be done. And I'm like, hey, these are my layouts and drawings. And I'll give them to this guy. Yeah. And then he will go through and do measurements. And that's going to be a bid for 30 more cameras going in a giant warehouse. So that's after our previous project. I don't really trust the measurements on paper. I'm going to do the walkout. Yeah. He's going to get a wheel and measure it. Maybe we'll do a video about how we measure things, but it's really not that complicated. We start with some plans and drawings. And then we move on to using a wheel to go around. And Corey has a nice wheel now. Because what did we learn about wheels, Corey? Well, the thing about wheels is they're good on cars, but they're not good outside of cars. So Corey had an idea. And he thought, you know, it's really a long, this building's really big. And I want to measure it. And instead of walking the building, Corey hung the wheel out of his car and drove along the side of the building to get the distance. And then broke the gears. We found out later he broke the gears. And here we go with our measurement. We're kind of strong. Here we go. Let me know if I'm going too fast. It's a wheel, dude. Well, hey, chuck it out. But once he broke the gears, that's when we discovered because we consistently measure about 40% short. Yeah. We consistently measure 40% short. About 40%. It was not 40%. Either way, it measured short. 30 out of 50 is 60%. They're going to argue about how much short it was. But whatever you do, don't hang a wheel out of a car and drive around in a building because it wasn't designed for that, the measuring wheels. Because, yeah, it's just, it's a bad idea. So as entertaining as it was to watch, then later realizing that it was broken and you measure a job wrong and all of a sudden you're overrunning your cable costs, those are life lessons learned. We have a good wheel now when we don't hang it out of a car. So that's about it. That's our little quick vlog Tuesday, wandering around the office talking about what we got going on. And we'll see you on Vlog Thursday if I don't post a video between now and then. Thanks. Well, if you like the content here, like and subscribe.


Dobro. Mr. Secretary General Minister Dier Haolin, dear Direktors, dear Deputy Speaker of our Parliament, Minister Grabarček, Excellencies, distinguished guests, ministers, regulators, delegates from ministries, the business and science sector. Dear colleagues, let me welcome you in Warsaw. It is a great honour for Poland and for me personally to have you all here as our guests. I would like to thank ITU for giving our country the opportunity to organise GSR. Also, I would like to thank President Bronisław Kamorowski for extending his patronage over our conference and offering a warm welcome to our guests. I am looking forward to three days packed with the interesting discussion on the most significant topics, telecommunication and the internet. It goes without saying that for all people around the globe, both mobile, telephony and the internet access nowadays are extremely important. Let me present a few facts to prove my point. In a survey carried out among Londoners, nearly 40% of people believe that the stress levels would be higher if we don't have surfed the web, than in a situation when basic utilities like water or heating were cut off or the TV set stopped working. On the other hand, when Americans were asked what they would give up for the year to maintain access to the internet, 73% said they would ready to quit alcohol and 21% said they would go whole year without sex. When asked to determine the worth of the internet, most US citizens say they would need to be paid roughly $2,500 live-to-live without the internet for one year. Fortunateli, we are lucky to have here in this hotel the internet access as well as hot water and television, so I believe our symposium will continue in reasonable and comfortable condition. What's more, I am convinced that all of us here today, we all do our best so that people won't give up anything in return for the internet access. Correct me if I am wrong, but I believe that our professional mission is to ensure that the telecommunication services in particular access to the internet should become commonly accessible. Their availability has to be considered a basic civil right, not a luxury. Just to emphasize the point the UN has dealt with this issue and has been discussing the internet access as civil rights. Ladies and gentlemen, as you certainly know, this year's symposium goes under the team for generation regulation moving to the next level. Let me set out a scope of our topic, which we will discussing. What matters most is the common goal. We call a chief it regardless of where we are now. This applies to the areas with FTTH and these regions where the development of radio technologies is dominant. As a result, people of all continents and countries should and will be able to use the attributes of the global information society. And they should see themselves as its vital element.  And so it happens that this goal is the team of our first and most important debate on adoptive human centering policies in a digital era. All discussions will account for the perspective of the business, regulators and consumers. The consumer perspective, because the consumer is the most important and markets, states and regulators act according to the consumer needs. The digital society is certain future and it is ITUs domain to work out an optimal model for its construction. Obviously the quality of the model is directly proportional to the spectrum management. And that is what we will discuss. It is the good most desired by the operators and at the same time is the most important tools in the hands of regulators. We should take the responsibility and manage it very efficiently. This GSR is attended by more than 85% of countries having regulators. These countries are the different states of the frequency allocation. I hope we will actively share our knowledge about the management of spectrum and more importantly we will start an urgent discussion about second digital dividend. Another key element to consider is the 4-0 infrastructure. Particular is its financing. How to encourage companies to invest in modern infrastructure? Probable every regulator's toys with this question. With the participation of investors, bank and representatives of rating agencies we will hopefully come up with an answer thanks to this debate. Although we are in the telecommunications symposium the financial aspect will be often present in our discussion. One of the topic in digital transaction but also the overall structure of demand of digital services as well as reaching for a new range of services, then can be provided thanks to new technologies. This new situation calls for new regulations and safety improvements. I'm sorry. Also I look forward to discussion on standards and patents in the ICT business. If you ask me reaching a consensus to reconcile innovative companies' interests with the development of digital economy is one of the most important issues of today.  As you all know, the last day of our meeting, Friday, is the regulator's day. In the group of regulatory authorities we will discuss the future. The changes in the ICT market are rapid. The media and telecommunication convergence process is depending. We are facing a transformation on to next level. New application and communication platforms have already showed up. Regulatory authorities must not only accept the fact but should actually be co-creators of new reality. Therefore, the subject of our discussion will be the new model of regulation based on consultation and partnership, namely co-regulation. In this model, the regulator is a partner for regulated subjects. And the rules are the result of joint action. Ladies and gentlemen, telecommunication networks are the bloodstream of the world's economy. None of us can imagine today's work and daily life without the computer, telephone or internet access. MN has become a Homo smartphone and is more and more dependent on the mobile devices. One-third of the world's population is connected to the internet. It means that nearly 4 billion people live offline and still cannot enjoy benefits offered by the internet. If everyone had a chance to access the net, the benefits for global economy would be incredible. We have come here from different continents. We represented different culture, different backgrounds and value system. But we have one thing in common. We all want to have permanent access to the internet because we are all confident that it guarantees development and better life. Therefore, today's broadband internet access cannot be considered as a luxury. They are basic needs for sustainable economic growth of the whole world. As regulators, we have duties, but also tools to do everything to promote broadband internet access in our society. It cannot be successful without the cooperation with operators. I am convinced that if we really think about NGN, which requires huge investment, the dialogue with operators is necessary. In my view, currently there is no room for strict regulation. Of course, everything depends on the level of development of given market. Therefore, the task for regulators are much more difficult, as they have to combine in duty to protect competition with the task aiming at stimulating investment. A lot of us have heard from the operators. We will invest in the NGN if you will don't regulate. Of course, we can take it on board and say, fine, don't invest. We will see where it takes you in the five years time. But it is a step back for whole society, which we must take care of. Regulators have to remember about the rule. First of all, do not harm. It is not what we should do for the market, but what market should do for people with our support. Just like Synapses form in for highways by building connections, we have to foster connection to coexist. ITU could play key role in these actions. Of course, with the support of regulators. Our goal is to create optimal conditions for broadband investment and ensure free competition. But our solution should influence not only the telecom market and its players, but also other relevant sectors such as the finance market or energy industry. I believe we do it right in Poland. Here we have set the priority to develop a solution that suits specific needs of the market. This is why we propose amendments to the law, carry out analysis of the broadband infrastructure and services, provide educational assistance for the market players and develop our own know-how to experience of other countries. That is why I think a partnership relation among all parties of our ecosystem, the market and regulators is necessary and is a modern approach most suitable in the 21st century. We should also remember about our role and position in the society. We are a kind of lighthouse keepers in the digitalization process and telecommunication services. Ispect for the market supervision, we need to create demand for digital services. Often the problem is the lack of awareness about the benefits that broadband brings. The latest report of the European Commission shows that only 2% of the Europeans buy broadband access with a capacity of 100 megabets per second or faster. This is an alarming low rate and shows that staggering amount of work ahead of us. To recap, once again I would like to thank ITU for granting Poland the chance to organize Global Symposium for Regulators. I believe that discussion and debates in such a noble group will result very soon in real action, both globally and nationally. But I also believe that this stay in Poland will be an inspiration to everyone. I encourage you to spend these days in Warsaw as actively as possible. We can enjoy a really nice summer outside. The city is attractive for guests and offers various attractions practically around the clock. And for the dessert on Saturday, I invite you to join me on the trip to the most beautiful cities in the world, Kraków.  Once Einstein was asked about the difference between his intelligence and intelligence of other people. He thought a moment and answer. Usually, most people, when they are looking for the needle in the high stack and find one, they stop looking. When I am looking the needle in the high stack and find one, I am looking for second and third. And when I am lucky, I usually find fourth. So it is my message, and I hope that during symposium we will find as many needles as possible and never stop at the first one. Ladies and gentlemen, Excellencies, once more. Good morning, welcome in Warsaw. I wish you present state, wonderful state and fruitful discussion. Thank you very much.


Hello, my name is Lucy Earle, I'm a Principal Researcher and Interim Director of the Human Settlements Group at IID. I lead the Institute's work on urban crises and urban displacement, looking particularly at how city authorities, residents and other stakeholders manage when large numbers of refugees or internally displaced people move into towns and cities. Before working at IID I was an advisor at DFID, the Department for International Development, where I also worked on the theme of urban crises. My name is Boelle McAteer, I work as a researcher in the Human Settlements Group at IID. I have a practitioner background as well as a research one. I worked in DFID for a few years and I've also worked in monitoring and evaluation. And I have a PhD in international development looking at refugee livelihoods in Turkey. So on the research side I'm really interested in refugee lives and well-being and how policy affects people on the ground. So this slide gives some statistical data and background to the issue of forced displacement. UNHCR provides annual global trend reports on the numbers of displaced people. That's the UN Refugee Agency. So in 2021 the total number of people worldwide living in displacement, so people who've fled their homes because of conflict, violence, fear of persecution and human rights violations, was 89.3 million. And this is more than double the 42.7 million people who were displaced a decade ago and the most since World War II. So the figures you can see here, you can see the trends over the last 10 years. And this includes people who've been displaced for those reasons I mentioned within the borders of their own country, they're referred to as internally displaced people or IDPs, as well as refugees and also Venezuelan migrants who don't fall into either of those categories. Some other people in these numbers have been living in exile for decades and that is notably the caseload of people being protected by the UN Refugee Works Agency, UNRA in Palestine. But others in this data will have been displaced in 2021 itself. And once we get the data for 2022, the overall numbers of people displaced is likely to go up because of what's been happening in Ukraine. And the length of displacement is important because the World Bank estimates that around 76% of refugees are displaced for more than five years, so that's people living in protracted displacement. And it's important to note also that the vast majority of the world's refugees and internally displaced people live in lower middle income countries, so roughly four out of five. For IDPs, the estimates on how long IDPs tend to be displaced is much harder to gauge. This is because people may choose not to return to their place of origin and actually integrate into where they have sought safety. But for one reason or another, they may still be labeled as an IDP. And this can lead to sort of inflation of the numbers of people regarded as internally displaced people. So what's really important to remember and what's actually driving this research from my IDP's perspective is that the majority of refugees and probably most IDPs live in towns and cities and they're not in camps. But much of the international community's attention and most humanitarian funding for displaced people goes to camps. Camps for refugees and IDPs are actually temporary. They are designed to save lives in acute phases of an emergency by providing shelter, water, food for people who are displaced by violence and conflict. But the problem is that they stay in place for decades often. And the camps we're looking at in our research projects at IID were established in 1991, 2007 and 2012. And those are in Kenya, Jordan and Ethiopia. And none of them are likely to close anytime soon. I mean, there are rumours of camps being closed in Kenya, but they've been rumours for years. But if they were closed to be closed, there would be serious implications for the welfare of their residents. But humanitarian funding tends to decrease at the time as new crises divert attention like the Ukraine crisis. And the quality of life of residents who can either can't move out or can't work is really seriously impacted. And many will remain a limbo for decades. So the moral argument against camps has been made as this argument about the wasting of lives, the wasting of opportunities. But it's also been lost. And there was a big campaign called the anti-warehousing campaign in the 2000s, which highlighted how people were just being sort of maintained, stored in out of the way regions where they couldn't really move around, where they couldn't work, where they couldn't live normal lives. And this campaign in the 2000s, basically, we can't say it was successful because the practice continues. And we have to recognise that there are incentives for host governments and for UN agencies to establish camps and maintain them. So for government, security concerns are often cited as a reason for camps and restrictions on economic activity and mobility are meant to protect the host population against competition in labour and housing markets, but also to reduce the strain on public services in 1000 cities. Also, the UN has been building and maintaining camps for decades and they're good at it as part of their practice. Our research is really seeking to challenge the assumption that camps are necessary. And we're asking whether more clarity on the economic costs of camps might work as an argument against camps where other arguments have failed. So we're considering whether governments would maybe consider a shift from temporary shelter in camps to long-term accommodation in villages, towns and cities, if, for example, there was large-scale support for infrastructure and public services in these areas. We're also asking, can we back this up with better data on the human costs associated with this wasting of lives or lives on hold? And there are also opportunity costs they want to highlight for host governments and for local communities. So there are contributions that refugees in camps just can't make because of the restrictions on work and on their movement. And finally, there are also environmental costs. Camps often bring about changes in land and resource use nearby when suddenly there are very large numbers of people living in what had been previously uninhabited or sparsely inhabited places. So I'm going to hand over to Boyle now to talk us through one of the research projects that IID is leading that's beginning to address some of these issues around the cost of camps. We have one research project that looks specifically at exploring human costs of refugee camps. And that's called protected displacement in an urban world. This is a camp urban comparison covering four countries. So it looks at refugees in Kenya, Ethiopia and Jordan and internally displaced people or IDPs in Afghanistan. One of the ways we've measured the difference between camp and the urban is by developing a well-being framework and metric using survey data from both refugees and the hosts. So the idea is to get beyond standard vulnerability indicators to understand other factors that also contribute to having a good life in protected displacement. So we can produce overall well-being scores for women and men in camps and urban areas to be able to compare. So we look at five different dimensions of well-being while we do this and these are the ones that you can see on the screen here. So the first dimension is what we call the bodily dimension. So that covers things like access to food, shelter, healthcare and wash. Secondly we've got the economic dimension which covers access to paid labour, education, financial services and also levels of debt. Thirdly we've got the political dimension covering rights, recognition, documentation and community representation. Fourthly we've got the social dimension that covers networks and family, how connected you are to people around you, feeling at home and your access to leisure activities and spaces. And finally we've got the psychosocial dimension which covers things like mental health but also hope and aspirations, how you're feeling about your life and your hopes for the future. So we hope that these dimensions together offer a more holistic understanding of refugee well-being that we've also complemented with interview data from refugees in camps and urban areas. During this research we expected to find that overall well-being is higher for refugees in urban areas than it is in camps but that hosts in urban areas are doing better than the refugees are and this plays out more or less as we expected in Ethiopia and Kenya where well-being scores are higher in the urban areas and much worse in the camps. This is particularly evident in the dimensions of bodily and economic well-being. So one very clear example is that people are much more likely to be hungry in the camps so it seems that there's not enough food and people aren't being provided with enough aid, food aid to feed themselves and there's not enough jobs or income earning opportunities to allow people to buy the food that they need. However the differences aren't as big as we had imagined and one reason is of course that there are many difficulties faced by refugees in cities as well but we also look at a concept called adaptive preference where people in long-term displacement simply start to accept their situation. Now our qualitative interviews and focus groups paints different pictures to the quantitative research that we've been doing as we ask people to talk about what well-being means to them and what a good life could look like rather than rating their satisfaction with their current circumstances which is what we do in the survey. So we think based on that the preference preferences are being adapted to what's available to people in camps and urban areas respectively. And in Jordan the camp and the urban well-being scores are actually very similar. There are bigger differences between gender so there's bigger differences between men and women than there are between camp and urban refugees and why is that? Why does life seem so similar for refugees in Zatari versus refugees in Amman? We think that the reasons are mainly economic. The government of Jordan has done a really good job of maintaining donor focus on the Syrian crisis and bringing in humanitarian funding to support camps but this level of funding can't go on forever and it's not a very good use of the limited humanitarian aid that's available as it's being spent on temporary, expensive and unsustainable interventions. I'm now going to hand back over to Lucy who's going to talk a bit more about what this economic cost of camps can look like. So moving on to the question of the economic costs of camps this is at the heart of another project that IID is leading where we're working again in Jordan but this time specifically with engineers and water experts. So this project is called the Jordan Urban Refugee Dividend and it's a two and a half year project with three partners where we're focusing on comparing the costs of water sanitation and hygiene or wash in a camp and a city and the camp we're looking at is the same camp we heard about from Boel Zatari camp in Jordan where there really has been quite massive expenditure and as a result of that quality of life for refugees living in that camp has been shown to be not so significantly different or better than for refugees living in the capital city or Oman. This is what we showed in our other research project but we have to bear in mind though that Zatari is the newest camp in our study. So it was set up in 2012. We're also looking at Dadaab in Kenya which was established in 1991 and Iciter in Ethiopia established in 2007. In these other camps as noted by Boel people are going hungry and the international donor community is to an extent contributing to the situation by continuing to provide minimal support to the camps rather than working with the government to consider other solutions. So this other project on the refugee dividend is trying to explore what those other solutions could look like and there we're working with engineers and water specialists to look at what could have been achieved for sustainable water and sanitation infrastructure in an urban area had the money spent on a camp been invested there instead. So we're looking specifically at Wash who would have liked to have looked at a wide range of other sectors even possibly the total cost of the camp but this is a small project we had to not be quite so ambitious so we're looking just at water sanitation and hygiene in Zatari and then considering what those costs were and looking at what could have been bought without money in Mafraq city nearby which is a city which is also home to many tens of thousands of refugees. What we're finding though is that no one really wants to tell us or they can't tell us how much has been spent in Zatari on Wash and this is partly because mistakes were made when the camp was first established and it continues to be an extremely expensive endeavor to provide wash in the camp noting that Jordan is a country that's incredibly water scarce but there's another reason as well and it seems that the UN and the Jordanian government either can't or aren't interested in disaggregating the humanitarian spend by location so whether it's money going towards a camp or going towards a city or even going towards a rural area and as a result it's impossible to use official figures to evaluate the costs and benefits of hosting refugees in camps as compared with other areas. We are doing what we can though to try and work out what has been spent in Zatari camp on water and sanitation in the 10 years that it's been in existence and to do that we're following the money. We've identified the cost drivers and we're looking at the information in the public domain on what has been spent on for example trucking water to Zatari so big trucks full of drinking water and water for cooking showers etc and wastewater removal. The construction of shower blocks sinking of boreholes so this is when the camps were moving away from the sort of really temporary solution of trucking to an intermediate solution with boreholes. The cost of connecting household to our water and wastewater networks the construction of wastewater treatment plant that's happened in Zatari and then the ongoing maintenance and running costs. It's a bigger endeavor and it's proving hard to find the information we need but we're going to publish an article online about our findings and also the process what we had to do to get this information in spring of this year. So I'm now going to hand over to Boelle again to speak some more about opportunity costs and the data we have on this from the protracted displacement in an urban world project. Knowing all of this about the economic costs and the human costs of refugee camps you might be asking yourselves what we think the solutions might look like. Another part of the protracted displacement in an urban world project looks at exploring untapped livelihoods opportunities in the cities what we might call opportunity costs. So looking at the graph you see on the screen here this covers the proportion of refugees that we have interviewed having a source of income from work at the time they were interviewed. So the green proportion is people who do have an income from work and the orange proportion is people who don't have an income from work at the time. So you might notice immediately that there's more green in the cities so more people are working in the cities which is what we would expect to find but there is quite a lot of orange in the cities as well and so why is that? In many countries with an encampment policy refugees are denied the right to free movement and also have restrictions on where and how they can work. So as a result of course their income earning opportunities are very reduced. What our data does is it demonstrates that there are work ready populations who are unable to reach their potential so they do have skills but they're still unable to find work in camps because jobs are very often just not available and in cities because of other blockers. So these other blockers can be things like harassment, it can be demands for bribes and other restrictions on work that make daily life really very difficult for refugees in cities as well. So this is not just a human cost but it's also an opportunity cost to city governments because refugee businesses and workers are driven underground so people work informally and local authorities are not benefiting from the tax revenues that they could be receiving. On this slide you can see a list of assets and challenges that either help or hinder refugees from working or starting a business. Refugees in cities are generally much more likely to have assets that they need to work or to start a business and this is just like the well-being very clear in Ethiopia and Kenya but less pronounced in Jordan and importantly across all three countries men are far more likely to hold these assets than women are. So the assets you can see here include prior skills, financial, physical and social assets and the legal right to work. On the challenges side we know that refugee livelihoods are restricted in many places and many refugees either don't work or are doing jobs that don't reflect their skills and their experience and this is because of restrictions in mobility as you can see here. Access to work permits is also a big challenge for many people. Many refugees are also not able to open bank accounts or access loans which would give them capital that they need to start a business. For refugees in enterprises and people who do manage to start a business growth is very often constrained either because they can't invest or because they resort to exploitative partnerships with hosts to get around the restrictions which we found in Avis and Amman is very common. So that's because of the legal restrictions on ownership that makes refugees are not allowed to own things on their own. But in some contexts these partnerships allow local economies to thrive so we've also found good examples of this in Eastleigh and Nairobi where the ties are very strong between the Somali-Kenyan community and the Somali refugee community. Finally, bribes adds an additional financial burden on refugees and of course harassment creates additional challenges for refugees who do work. The most important takeaway here is that there are lots of missed opportunities in cities. People who are skilled and experienced who still struggle to make ends meet. So to conclude a bit more information about what we're going to be doing this year and into the future on these themes. So these two projects we've talked about today the Protracted Displacement in an Urban World Project and the Jordan Urban Refugee Dividend Project will both conclude in October of this year and we'll be publishing most of our results over the coming months in policy briefs, working papers and online and media pieces. Some of our academic articles will be coming out in 2024 but the bulk of the findings will be shared this year. We also have some other projects related to these that are ongoing. One of those is called Living in Difference and in Common and that's using ethnographic film and walks in Nairobi with refugees to understand their daily lives and interactions in the city and that also focuses on some refugees who are LGBTQ. We have a new project that's just getting started in Jordan where we're working with refugees to understand what their needs are for data and for their own advocacy purposes and to build research and data gathering capacity amongst refugee organizations so that it can lead their own discussions with local government with UN about what they need in the city. We're going to carry on working with city authorities and municipalities. That's a big aspect of the Protracted Displacement Project that we haven't talked about here but we have set up forums at each of the four cities where we're working and some of that engagement will continue into the future. We'd like to take some of these ideas to Kampala, Uganda where we think there's a real need for some participatory activities between refugee organizations, people living in informal settlements and local government and then we've also applied for more funding to look in more detail our Refugee Wellbeing Index and really refine that but alongside those projects there's some other steps that we will be taking. I mean we need to really have concerted advocacy with national and city governments to make sure they recognize the presence of urban refugees in their cities, the capacities, the aspirations and their needs and to incorporate them into urban and regional planning processes. We also need to make sure that humanitarian development funding is reaching the people on the front lines in cities so that they're able to provide services to all their residents regardless of where they come from. We will be advocating for a setup where refugee hosting countries are offered significant finance up front to absorb new populations in towns and cities when there is a displacement crisis. We will also be advocating for more support for refugee enterprise so that they have access to finance and moving barriers to registering and running a business. We really want to push back on this idea that if a refugee is living in a town or city then they must be self-reliant because they're not receiving any aid. We need to show that actually their standard of living is really very low and that it's dangerous to just assume that people are self-reliant. And we want to encourage the humanitarian sector to focus on what it means to live a good life in exile not just to bear it to maintain people on a bare state of existence but to support a life that we would hope for if we were displaced. If you'd like to know more about this work the larger project we discussed has its own website protracteddisplacement.org. You can also find out more about our work in general on urban crises and forced displacement on our urban page on iid's website. You can email me in boel and you can also follow us on twitter. Thank you.


Any explanation as to how these supposedly documented events were indeed undertaken remains absent. We recently postulated that much of the ancient ruin that is Easter Island, and perhaps the most impressive features still to be found upon the island, are more than likely buried beneath past landslides, once caused by rapid deforestation. And as predicted, with this realized and archaeological excavations commenced, we soon knew just how deep this ancient sediment actually is. And as such, the controversial discoveries began to surface. Not only are there ancient Moai statues stretching into the hundreds of tons of weight dotting the island, but how these were moved into position is knowledge lost to the chasm of history. However, although academia would like you to believe that these tasks were completed within the last thousand years, the evidence of a past advanced civilization actually having been responsible is all over the island. After shallow excavations were undertaken around Anahu, one of the many ancient ceremonial platforms, polygonal masonry, uncannily similar to that found within Giza, Peru, Bolivia, and indeed all other, as yet unexplained sites around the world, was indeed unearthed. An additional piece of evidence we feel may one day help to eventually unravel the mystery of not only Easter Island, but many other ancient sites around the world, is in its past title. Once known as the Naval of the World, it is interestingly one of many. A number of other ancient sites, thanks to our own more modern ancestors, retain their ancient titles as navals. Were these ancient civilizations somehow able to tap into a mysterious energy grid that can be found crisscrossing our Earth? It is undeniable that many of the most ancient sites found all over the planet can be found located upon purported ancient energy lines. Were these placements a mere coincidence? Were they placed there for another reason? Or were they indeed tapping into an energy field, which allowed them to shift such weights? Cepito Chenua is an intriguing artifact that can be found upon the island. With such an extremely well preserved, untouched history found upon the island, Cepito Chenua is still remembered as an artifact once used by ancient elders, used to summon something called manna, which interestingly translates as Earth energy. These elders then inexplicably use this energy to float multi-ton statues across the coastline, placing them in their final resting places. Are all these connections, artifacts, and historical accounts mere coincidence? Or are we truly on to something? Only time will tell. Easter Island, undoubtedly one of our favorite ancient places, not only does its existence resonate with the mission of our channel, but its volumes of compelling stories, legends, and still existing ruins makes it one of the most intriguing places to explore anywhere on Earth. Not only are there legends of a magical Earth force known as manna, having once been responsible for the as-yet unexplained movement and placement of the gigantic moi statues that can be found littering the coastlines, but there were also endless tales of astonishing bravery, often attached to feats of survival. It is believed that over its long history, several catastrophic population crashes have befallen the islanders. One in particular, according to the geology of the island, took place a very long time ago. Once covered in thick forests, dense trees fed by the fertile lands at some point within antiquity, these forests experienced extreme and rapid deforestation. It is currently not known what happened to the wood acquired, but it is possible that just like the enormous statues, and indeed the inhabitants at the time, were buried under landslides which occurred after the forests were felled. The island of Easter is, in fact, an entire buried treasure. The inhabitants at the time of this deforestation, and quite possibly their entire existence, was once buried under enormous landslides. These remains, possibly preserved under several meters of Earth, still found upon the island. What's compelling regarding the buried remains is that they could indeed be those of the people who were once responsible for the movement of the statues. A fragment of a civilization that we have long stated is not a mere few thousand years old, but very possibly a pre-ice age, world going, highly advanced civilization once capable of moving stones we are yet to explain the placements of.  Furthermore, could there actually be existing evidence, or possibly, the lost technology responsible for moving such stones still within the reach of being publicly exposed, and out of the reach of conspiratorial powers who would, if capable of such a task, excavate such sites and hide away these controversial features? What's buried on Easter Island? Could it ironically turn out to actually be a metaphysical Easter egg? A valuable jewel in the crown of alternative, antiquarian researchers the world over? Easter Island is undoubtedly an incredible place, and one which still has much to show the world regarding our past. It's an amazing thought, that a tiny place, thousands of miles out within the ocean, could hold an ancient secret, capable of affecting all of us. Easter Island. The more I learn about this magical place, the more amazing it seems to become. I have become consumed by its history. Not only is it many thousands of kilometers from the coast of its nearest inhabited neighbor, but it still possesses features and characteristics, that although largely overlooked by mainstream academia, could unlock certain aspects of our forgotten past. Not only is there confirmed reports of the island, once being inhabited by giants, but there exists concrete links to an ancient network of structures, which had an as yet, unknown function. The island has been visited by numerous talented explorers and historians throughout the modern era, detailing many ancient anomalies upon the island which cannot be explained. The official view is that Easter Island was discovered accidentally by Polynesian migrants in the 4th century AD, their descendants, living in isolation and having nothing better to do, decided to carve giant statues and build huge platforms. This version of events however, conveniently avoids any explanation as to how they built the Moai. What I have personally discovered, is a compelling link to the same civilization who built the pyramids, the ancient sites in Peru, and others which span the earth. Researchers have been connecting characteristics of Easter Island with the pyramids of Giza, and numerous other sites for many years, subsequently discovering the suppressed, yet very real, ancient pyramid, which rests upon one of Easter Island's neighboring rocks. The Heerdal, a Norwegian explorer actually investigated this mysterious pyramid. His belief which he gained from many years of study, was that the Incas actually learnt their craft of masonry from their predecessors in Tibanaku. Excavations of the earth-covered pyramidal mound in Tibanaku have shown it to be a terraced pyramid from long before the age of the Incas. It is faced with accurately hewn and artistically jointed blocks, just as on Easter Island's neighbor. Local legend stated that a powerful supernatural being named the Alk, travelled about the Pacific prying up whole islands with a gigantic lever and tossing them into the sea. After destroying many islands, he came to the coast of Easter Island, then a much larger land than it is today. Eventually he reached a place on the island where the rocks were so sturdy that his lever broke. And this is what remains of the island today. What is interesting about this story is that it tells of the island once being much larger, a hypothesis strongly supported by numerous areas of study, along with the oldest archaeological remnants upon the island. William Routledge, a British explorer, discovered traces of a track of great antiquity, finally finished, which runs round what is now left of the island. It is known as Aramaheba, Arama meaning road and Maheba being the name of the spiritual deity believed to have made it. Much of the road which remains is now just a continuous furrow which runs along the northern and western coasts. Routledge said at the time regarding the find, quote, this silent witness to a forgotten past, is one of the most mysterious and impressive things on the island, end quote. The ancient road is also mentioned in a Rongo-Rongo tablet known as a pie. Rongo-Rongo is the written language of the Easter Islanders, even Orthodox researchers have admitted that the language is a genuine enigma. Rongo-Rongo now survives only as markings on 25 pieces of wood scattered around the world's museums. The tablet contained the following, when the island was first created and became known to our forefathers, the land was crossed with roads beautifully paved with flat stones. Heccy was the builder of these roads, and it was he who sat in the place of honour in the middle where the roads branched in every direction. The roads were cunningly contrived to represent the plan of the web of the grey and black pointed spider, and no man could discover the beginning or end thereof. Charles Love has examined about 20 kilometers of the 40 kilometers of roads built from Rano-Raruku, focusing on the three main roadways plus several branch roads. Describing his findings are startling. The island's statues, roads, walls and platforms were all clearly built with a forgotten knowledge, and were built for a purpose. According to Egyptian legend the Sphinx contained portals, a topic I have covered previously, according to its function two Sphinx would be on separate horizons from one another. With Sphinxes and a very ancient pyramid being discovered in Zinda, I suspected this may have been the location of the other site, however, Giza, Zinda and Easter Island lay on a direct line from one another, a line of travel, which wraps around to the exact other side of the earth. One of the former names for Easter Island is the naval of the world. The megalithic Inca capital in Peru was called Cusco also meaning naval. The same name was also applied in ancient times to many other sacred places for some reason. It is also similar phonetically and semantically to the Egyptian Maltra, meaning essentially the eye of the sun. Francis Mazir, who conducted archaeological excavations on the island in 1963, was told by a native elder that the first men to live on the island were the survivors of the world's first race. They were yellow, very big, with long arms, huge ears. Although their lobes were not stretched, they had pure yellow hair and their bodies were hairless and shining. They did not possess fire. This race apparently once existed on two other Polynesian islands.  He also noted that most of the island's statues are 5.5 to 7 meters tall and very few are shorter than 3 meters. About 55 statues are made of other stone, red scoria, basalt, or trachite. The largest statue ever made, El Gigante, still lies unfinished at Rano Raricucuori. It was a monstrous 21.6 meters long and weighed up to 270 tons. The carvers completed the front and sides, but was never liberated from the rock. John McMillan believed the statues expressed haughty scorn and imperious will. It is the expression of victorious warriors and empire makers, though the arrogant and resolute look is given to the faces of all the statues. It is never the same on two. Everyone looks as if it had been intended to be an individual portrait. Was Easter Island intended to be a temple celebrating death and the path of the sun, during its original construction was haughty due to some form of cataclysm? It would appear according to the information gathered thus far that a pre-Incan civilization originally constructed a temple upon this once larger Polynesian island. That subsequently fell into the sea. The remnants of this forgotten people would continue their lives upon the island, passing on a form of this forgotten knowledge which built the pyramids, constructed the statues, and was responsible for many other ancient sites across the world. The figures are as hard as bone below the outer surface, and so is the exterior surface where it has not been subjected to the rain. At one point, an attempt was made to decapitate a statue, it ended in complete failure. Using a hammer and chisel, a member of Haedal's team took half an hour to chip off a bit of rock smaller than the size of a fist in the quarry. At some point in time, it would appear this last remaining group of people who possessed this lost knowledge was finally extinguished from history. It seems the island's subsequent inhabitants attempted their feat, as when modern explorers made it to the island, the quarry was littered with thousands of crew pickaxes, known as Toki, made of dense basalt. Haedal discovered these tools to be useless at quarrying the hard stone. The islanders had a legend that the statues were moved to the platforms and raised upright by the use of man, a form of supernatural mind power. Either the god Makimaki, or priests or chiefs commanded them to walk or to float through the air, the use was made of a finely crafted stone sphere, 75 cm in diameter, called tipitokura, interestingly it translates as the golden navel, or the navel of light. Their manner would then make the statues walk out of the quarry and across the island in a clockwise spiral. France's masier was one of the few scholars to take the legends about manna seriously, quote, what if certain men at a certain period were able to make use of electromagnetic or anti-gravitational forces? On the side of the volcano there is something wonderfully strange. Here statues were brought down over the top of dozens of others, without leaving any marks. Yet the movement of ten or twenty tons is by no means child's play. The natives said that everything died on Easter Island when manna left it, while at the same time I see the amazing evidence of a quite extraordinary past. It may be that parapsychology will find a sympathetic vibration in this island with its perturbed, confusing magnetism, end quote. Some, a who, the ceremonial platforms, are quite small, but others, the older platforms are remarkable pieces of engineering, one hundred and fifty meters or more long, and up to seven meters in height. Some required the moving of three hundred to five hundred tons stones. While that are high complex comprised of three structures requiring the movement of twenty three thousand cubic meters of rock and earth, weighing an estimated two thousand tons. Moai statues are also exclusive to the Rupangwe people, and the techniques used to move the man carved them is clearly something they learned from the original group of inhabitants. I now strongly believe that upon and around the island there are numerous undiscovered giant skeletons of a forgotten race, along with many ancient ruins which have been lost to history. With the surviving language unlike anywhere on earth, advanced building techniques buried under past events. The connection of other ancient sites across the world to Easter Island, becomes undeniable. What amazing secrets lay in this once forgotten place just waiting to be discovered, only time will tell.


A completed sequencing reaction contains an array of colored DNA fragments. The shortest fragments correspond to the length of the primer plus one dye colored base. The longest fragments are usually between 500 and 800 bases long, depending on when the sequencing reaction ran out of steam. The products of sequencing reactions are fed into an automated sequencing machine. Automated sequencers have become increasingly sophisticated during the past decade. They can run more samples, process them more quickly, and are easier to operate.