So, since the start of the Black Lives Matter protests this year after the murder of George Floyd, we have seen a plethora of different responses to the protesters. You know, in some cities, they're voting to disband their police departments. We're seeing some cities vote to defund police departments, and then, you know, in some Republican-run cities, they just are not responding at all. They think that these protests are inconvenient and makes them look bad. They don't like it, so they're just ignoring them entirely. And then, you have the worst of the worst, and you have some cities trying to outright criminalize all of these protests because they don't like them. And what we saw from Tennessee governor believe is probably the worst that I've seen with regard to how someone in power is handling these protests, because he's trying to, you know, rather than speaking with the protesters and addressing their concerns, make it illegal for them to protest by scaring them. Because what he's trying to do is make it so that way effectively, if you protest, you could end up losing your right to vote. Yeah, so this is brazenly unconstitutional, but he's trying to find a way to subvert the Constitution by criminalizing protests in a really sneaky and nefarious way. So as Kelley Mena of CNN reports, Tennessee governor Bill Lee signed a legislation on Thursday that will increase penalties for individuals caught camping on state property. Bill HB 8005 increases the punishment for camping on state property from a misdemeanor to a class E felony that is punishable by up to six years in prison. Signing of the bill comes as protesters have been camping outside the Tennessee Capitol in Nashville, demanding a meeting with the Republican governor to discuss racial inequality and police brutality since June, according to the Washington Post. Campers are also asking for the removal of a Nathan Bedford forest bust at the state Capitol. Forest was a slave trader and an early Ku Klux Klan leader. Campers would first be given a warning, and those who refused to leave would then be charged with a felony. Notably convicted felons in Tennessee lose their right to vote, which could be a major blow to protesters amid a high stake selection year. The bill was part of a larger package of a legislation signed by Lee that increases penalties for certain crimes like vandalism, disorderly conduct, inciting a riot, and offense as the first responders. The new bill took effect immediately, according to the Tennessean. So there's a lot to unpack here, but first of all, just understand, like, if this governor really wanted these protests to go away, they're asking for something really simple here. Meet with them, try to address their concerns legislatively. But he wants them to go away, and rather than meeting with them, he's just saying, you know what? Let's try to disincentivize protests in general and criminalize these protests. Now I know what you're thinking, well, this doesn't directly lead to them losing the right to vote, but understand the way that they're trying to create this sort of loophole so that way they can penalize protesters by stripping them of the right to vote. If you criminalize elements of the protests and say, well, this act in particular that we don't like is now a felony, and that leads to you losing your right to vote, well, effectively what are they doing? They're threatening the protesters by saying, if you don't go away, if you don't stop occupying these premises, you're not going to be able to vote because you're not going to affect change by trying to reach out to us, but you're really not going to be able to affect change if you lose your right to vote. So if you want that to happen, then keep doing what you're doing, keep protesting, keep staying here and occupying these buildings, and you're going to lose the right to vote. This is extremely, extremely disgusting. Now this is why it was really wrong for liberals to clutch their pearls when Bernie Sanders in the left was talking about the need to re-enfranchise felons and people who are currently incarcerated, because this is what happens.  It's disgusting, it's morally reprehensible. This governor thinks that the way to get these protests to go away, the way to deal with the problem, is by pouring gasoline on the fire, and I mean we all know that this law is going to be abused, right? Maybe even if someone isn't occupying or camping out at a state building or the state capitol, they may just be like loitering or protesting, police officers will just grab them and say, well they're camping, so they get a felony, now they can't vote, like do you understand? Like we know this is what's going to happen, we know this is going to lead to abuse, even if they follow this draconian law, they're still going to be even more abuse, that's the product of this law, because this type of law is inherently abusive, so for them, you know, anyone who disobeys their draconian laws, they're gonna say, all right well you don't get to vote anymore. So think about this though, like if you disagree with the Black Lives Matter protests, apply this to other situations, like I don't think personally we're going to be able to get Medicare for all unless we occupy the US capitol, right? Unless we actually sit in the offices of politicians, but as a punishment, imagine if they said, all right if you stay here, if you camp here, that's a felony, and in your state you lose the right to vote, like imagine what a slippery slope it would be if we start saying particular protest acts are felonies and people start losing the rights to vote because of it, like this is dangerous, like I think people who speak about free speech, if they're not talking about these types of, you know, brazen abuses to the First Amendment, then they're not serious, like the First Amendment is something that we are losing, like we're losing the right to protest, more and more we're seeing cities and states implement curfews, we're seeing a crackdown on the First Amendment, and this is going to continue to happen unless we put a stop to it, right? So this is just, you know, another, another brick in the path towards us losing the right to protest, the right to peacefully assemble, which is sacred. And I think that everyone should be outraged, but the fact that we didn't hear much about this law in mainstream media shows that, you know, states are able to do things like this, governors can sign bills like this into law and get away with it, because nobody's paying attention, nobody really cares. They might believe that, oh, well, this isn't them just losing the right to vote if they protest. I mean, they have to do a particular thing to get charged with a felony and because they're felons, then they lose the right to vote, except do you not understand what they're doing? Do you not see the way that they're trying to subvert the Constitution and effectively make it so if you do something that they deem inappropriate, if you protest in a way that they don't like, they can take away your right to vote with some bullshit nonsense excuse like this that we know will be abused. It's just, it's dangerous and it's a bad sign of what's to come if this continues.


okay so this one says write the balance equation showing all states which represents the complete dehydration of the compound magnesium sulfate have the have to hydrate so magnesium sulfate have to hydrate it looks like that they say it's a solid and they want to show the complete dehydration reaction to here on the video so in order to show the complete dehydration remember we're going to keep this thing shut and show the equation so MGS04 solid that's what's left that's the remnants of what's left so that's the first step to doing these grab a metric analysis problems you're gonna be on the video so remember you're gonna have to figure out those reaction equations first we'll continue along with this one next


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebrakes.com coming at you with our National Treasures basketball three case break. We got a case of 2012-2013 NT hoops, a case of 13-14 NT hoops, and the brand new 2020-2021 NT hoops. Pretty nice stuff ladies and gentlemen, and we've got a number of giveaways happening here. We've got a logo man bounty. If we hit a logo man auto or non-auto in this break, we're going to randomize $5,000 of break credit. So we'll take everybody's names and the top five, we'll get $1,000 of break credit each. And it has to be a logo man, like under the logo man checklist, right? Under the logo man set. So if there's like a laundry tag that has like a little piece of a logo man that doesn't count, you know what we're talking about when we say logo man. You know what it is. All right. Right? So yeah, the logo man and the photos are the ones that will count. Now if there's no logo man, you're like, Joe, I mean, it's not hard to get logo man, right? Don't worry. If we don't hit a logo man, we're still giving away some money. So if there's no logo man, then everyone at the end of the break will get $100 or $5 of break credit. So a little money back. You're like, Joe, it's a pretty expensive break. What if I go hitless? If I go hitless in this break and it's being a relic or a card or autograph, right? Relic card or an autograph, plates don't count as a hit the one of one plates. You'll get three boxes of 2020, 2021 hoops, premium hobby hybrid ship to you sealed. That's a $500 value if you go hitless. So a little bit of money back to you as well. We also comboed up the teams ladies and gentlemen, we also comboed up the teams right there. So there's only 19 teams or 19 spots. So that way you've got much better odds at getting a good team. And I think we did our best to kind of combo some other teams together so you won't be stuck with a quote unquote bad team. All right. So with all that being said, big thanks to everyone here. Thanks to everyone who bought their spots straight up, which a lot more people bought their spots than I would have thought. Thank you. And then congrats again to the people who won their spots in those fillers. There are the teams right there. Let's do it. Let's roll it. Let's randomize names and teams one and a five, six times for names and teams. One, two, three, four, five and a one, five and six. We got Gretchen down to Christopher, one and a five, six times for the teams. Good luck. One, two, three, four, five and a one, six in final time. There's five once more, six in final time. There we go. After six, we've got the Sixers Grizzlies combo all the way down to the Kings Nuggets combo. And here's how it shakes out for everybody. Gretchen, you got the Sixers Grizzlies, Brent with the Hornets, with the Charlotte Hornets. You'll get all the Charlotte. All the Charlotte. Christopher with the Heat and Utah Jazz, Todd with the Warriors, Demetri with the Raptors Knicks, Joshua with my Lakers, Christopher with the Spurs, Oren with the Trail Blazers, Jason with the Nets Bulls combo, Kenneth with the Pistons OKC combo, Demetri with the Clippers Suns, Louie with the T-Wolves and Rockets, Jarrett with the Wizards and Magic, Brent with the Cavs, Demetri I with the Pelicans, the New Orleans teams, anything that says New Orleans on it, Andrew with the Celtics Pacers, Matt with the Hawks Mavs, Gretchen with the Bucks, Christopher with the Kings Nuggets. We're going to alphabetize this by column B. In a moment, we're going to pause the video and we're going to see if there's any trades and then we'll have the break. So here are the three cases right here. We're going to do the most current one first, the new release first, 2020-2021, then we'll go back in time. That's the 13-14 case and they'll close out with the 12-13 case. Now remember to trade at your own risk. Think about the different draft classes and the potential RPAs that you can pull from those older years. So we're going to pause the video when we come back. We'll see if there's any trades and then the break. Stick around, BRB. All right, welcome back everybody. There were no deals done in this three case break. So the list right here remains the same. Thanks everybody for getting in. Actually, I'm going to flip back to the screen and just for one quick second. So here's how I'm going to keep track of the hit list people. I'll just, you know, if someone gets a hit here, we'll just kind of remove the name from that list. Now just a quick, there was a little typo as well. I realized 2021 Hoops Premium Hobby Hybrid doesn't exist. 1920 is what we're giving away right here. So if you go hit list, each hit list person will get three of those boxes. So I'll keep track of that as we go along. Now we're going to go for the most current case. Today's brand new release. All the way to the oldest case right here. So let's do this one first. 2020, 2021 National Treasures Basketball. Brand new release just came out today. And you'll already notice that the older ones, remember the older ones only had three boxes per case. Good luck, ladies and gentlemen. Good luck, everybody. Yeah, this should be real interesting. Hopefully there'll be some monsters in here. All right, we're going to use this blank card here to slow play some of the hits. I want to be just as surprised as you are. There's 24 out of 49 Jeremy Grant for the Pistons. And that's going to be, I've got to figure out where all my combos are. There you go, Kenneth with Detroit. And here's the worm. So even though this is a one-of-one and a printing plate, does not count as a hit in terms of the hit list promo. But Bulls, Jason, all aboard the Big Hit Express, whoop, whoop. It's with the spot that he won. This does count as if it's a relic, one out of 99. Treasured Threads Bradley Beale. There's Rudy Gobert, colossal relic for the jazz to 99. Utah Jazz, that's going to be the heat-jazz combo. We got a two-color triple relic, Jaden McDaniels, 66 out of, let's check that, 53 out of 99. Timberwolves, that's going to be for Louie. I like this retro set that they started doing here. There's Kurt Heinrich. I like that design. 21 out of 25, three-color patch for the Bulls. And that will be for Jason Frachter, who won that spot in one of our filler breaks. Demetri, you get New Orleans Pelicans and New Orleans Hornets, all New Orleans teams. Anything that says New Orleans on it. There's OKC Thunder Al Horford, lasting legacies, jersey and autograph, 88 out of 99. OKC, that's going to be Kenneth with the Thunder. We got a Lamarcus Aldridge autograph for the Spurs, 69 out of 75. And that'll be for the Spurs, Christopher with the Spurs. There's RJ Hampton Apprentice, 94 out of 99. Well, they've got other players though, Demetri, remember that. It's not just only rookies. Denver Nuggets, Apprentice, where is Denver on my list? That goes to Christopher as well. That's the King's Nuggets combo. And a Jersey and autograph, Luka Nacic, 25 out of 25, Jersey and Otto. Nice one for the Mavs. Where's Dallas on my list here? There they are. That's the Hawks-Mavs combo. There you go, Matt. All right, that was box one. Next box. All right, good luck. 33 out of 99, Jared Culver, T Wolves. That will be for Louis. The plate is Tony Kukoch, Bulls. It's going to be for Jason. Jason, all aboard the Big Hit Express. Monty Morris, 46 out of 99, Relic for the Nuggets. I think the Nuggets already got a hit earlier. Yep, Christopher with that one. And we've got Mitchell Robinson, 64 out of 99, Timeline, Jersey. Sixers, that'll be for Gretchen with the Sixers-Grizzlies combo wrinkling on that penny sleeve here. And we've got Joel N. Beat also for Gretchen in the Sixers, 48 out of 99, Zion Williamson, 48 out of 99, Pelicans. That'll be for Di with the Zion. Richard Jefferson, Jazz Edition, Lasting Legacies, Jersey and Autograph, 49 out of 99. It'll be for Christopher in the Jazz. Tony Delk, Atlanta Hawks, 3 out of 99, Matt. Matt H. with Delk, that old Hawks logo too. And we've got Laurie Markinin, Jersey and Autograph, 73 out of 99. Isn't he a restricted free agent, something like that? That'll be for Jason and the Bulls. And down here is, oh, nice. Rookie, Jersey and Autograph, Anthony Edwards, 46 out of 49. Colossal, Relic and Autograph for Louis and the Minnesota Timberwolves with the former number one overall pick. Very nice. Had a nice season, a lot of highlight dunks. Great upside for this player here. Nice. All right, up top here, it's a 99 Dennis Schroeder. We ended up with the Celtics, I believe now. That's going to go to Andrew in Boston. Sorry, it's going to go to the Lakers edition, Josh. Josh Horton. The plate is Joe Harris. Brooklyn Nets, it's going to go to Jason. Jason, all aboard the Big Hit Express. KF Campbell, you should always cut away from me. All right, I'll keep that in mind. This is my first time breaking, so you're right. You got this. I haven't been doing this for the last seven years. 26 out of 30, Miles Bridges, Hornets, Brent with Charlotte. Biography materials, Deandre Jordan, 28 out of 80. Clippers, Relic going to Demetrios. Anthony Edwards, 25 out of 99. Piece of his jersey, another one for Louis and Minnesota. Paul Millsap, 12 out of 12. Three color patch, treasured threads for Denver. And that will be for Christopher and the Denver Nuggets. There's Spencer Haywood, 41 out of 99. NBA Greats, autograph. Seattle SuperSonics, OKC stuff. This is for OKC, this goes to Kenneth and the Pistons Thunder combo. Seattle stuff goes to OKC. There's Wally Zerbiak, 84 out of 99. Timberwolves, Louis T with the old school T-Wolfe. A redemption, it's Apprentice Inc, Onyeka Okongwu. That's for Matt and the Hawks. Back here is Isaac Okoro. Nice patch, nice autograph, 33 out of 49 for the Cavaliers who has Cleveland. That is for Brent and the Cavs. Cleveland, this is for you. Final box in our first case, first of three. No Logo Man yet. So right now, the No Logo Man bounty is still active. Next one is Patrick Ewing, Nix. That's the Raptors Nix combo, Demetrios. Demetrios, all aboard the Big Hit Express. We've got Evan Fournier, seven out of 10. Andrew with the Boston Celtics. Hal Kuzma, NBA Materials, 35 out of 99. Still Lakers edition here, that goes to Joshua. Joshua with the Lakers. Two-color triple relic, 83 out of 99, that's Devon Vassal. That's for the Spurs, that's going to go to Christopher and the Spurs. There's Isaac Okoro, nine out of 99 for Brent. Cleveland, this is for you. We've got a Tyrese Halliburton colossal relic, one out of 25. Two-color patch, some nice texture there. Sacramento Kings, it's Kings Nuggets combo. It's Christopher, 49 out of 99. Treasured signatures, Hito Turcaloo, Orlando Magic. And that's Jarrett with the Wizards Magic combo. I see what Nick did there. Nine out of 10, Jason Terry. Hawks edition, going to Matt. Two more to go, we've got Jason Williams. National Archives autograph, eight out of 25. Miami edition. That's going to go to Christopher with the Heat-Jazz combo. Handles on Jason Williams. Last one here is Robert Woodard, the second nice patch. 26 out of 49 for the Sacramento Kings and that will be Christopher Jarrett with the Kings Nuggets combo. All right, first case in the books. So from 2020, 2021, now we are moving back in time into 2013, 14, National Treasures basketball. It's been a while since we've seen this. Let's see what's been marinating in here since 2013, 14. Now remember, there were only three boxes in NT basketball. Good luck going back in time. All right, the one per box plate tradition continues here. Larry Bird, Celtics, one of that spectra design and that'll be for Andrew and Boston. All aboard the Big Hit Express, whoop, whoop. Oh, now in case you were wondering if you're keeping track at home, there are one, two, three, four, five hitless people right now. The Celtics Pacers, we've got a route for them. Warriors, Bucks, Blazers and the Raptors Nix combo. We've got a route for them. Hopefully they'll get some hits. If not, they're gonna end up with some boxes. All right, there's the Marder Rosen, 14 out of 99 for the Raptors, Demetrios. Should we have a time travel visual effect for going back in time, Matthew? You'll be like, there's Kevin Durant, four out of 49. Night moves, Jersey and autograph. Nice one for OKC, the Thunder. I feel like a lot of times you see him as a redemption, not as a live autograph. Little wrinkly on this thing, penning sleeve here. Four out of 49. Kenneth with the Piston's Thunder combo, nice. We've got Game Gear signatures, 17 out of 25, Larry Nant. It's Larry Nant's senior. Suns, that's the Clipper Suns combo for Demetrios. Danny Green, 48 out of 99, that is. Jersey and autographs. Spurs edition, Christopher. You can see how much the design has changed as well, it's kind of cool to see. Walter Berry, 30 out of 60. Spurs signatures, another spur for Christopher. What happens if you pull a redemption card and wouldn't it be expired? Correct, Daniel, yeah, that's part of the risk doing these older product. Springfield Swatches, Arvitas Sabonis, 43 out of 99. Portland, that's Oren with the trailblazers, finally getting a relic, finally getting a hit. But Panini's usually pretty good about expired redemptions and getting you something back in return. There's Piston's Guard, Contavia's Caldwell Poke, KCP. 54 out of 99 for Detroit, that'll be for Kenneth. Yeah, and Matthew Spellerfield's also saying, he sent out older NT redemptions before and they actually have gone through. There's Russell Westbrook, 48 out of 99 for the Thunder. Kenneth with the Thunder. Good to see Russell Westbrook back home in LA. And back here is 25 out of 99 Kyrie Irving. It's all the relics on the bottom, the autographs are on the top. All right, so that'll be for Brent and the Cavs. All right, next box. All right, there's two plates in here and they're both Larry Nance, one's a Cyan plate and one's a yellow plate. There you go, two plates, both for the Cavs, both for Brent, all aboard the Big Hit Express, whoop whoop. There's two. All right, so let's see what we got here. Ooh, one off the jersey number, 25 out of 25, Kobe Bryant, Lakers, Joshua, 23 out of 99, Gordon Hayward, Jazz Edition, two color dual relic for Christopher and the Jazz. Triple relic, it's Chris Paul, Hornets, Hornets Clippers, 91 out of 99. It's a randomizer, between New Orleans, Dimitri I and the Clippers, Dimitrios, Dimitrios A, so Dimitri's battling it here. We'll do that at the end. Magic Johnson, 36 out of 49, X Factor Relic for Joshua. A three out of five, Air Apparent John Wall Adidas Relic. That's pretty cool, Jared with the wizards. Out of fives and under, get the train whistle. Cool, seeing a bit of the Adidas logo in there. Nice, Jared, all aboard the Big Hit Express, boop boop. Next up, we've got Jason Terry, 29 out of 35, Kings Autograph, Christopher with Sacramento, Jersey and Autograph, Charles Oakley, 25 out of 75. Old school Nick, and that will be for the Raptors-Nicks combo, Dimitrios. 25 out of 49, Lasting Legacies, Jersey and Autograph, Lamarcus Aldridge, Trailblazers Edition, going to Oren. And Tim Hardaway, Jr. Rookie, Jersey and Autograph, 90 out of 99 for the Knicks. Dimitrios, Apos. All right, third and final box. Then we'll go back further in time with 12, 13. This is 13, 14 NT. Another two plate box here. We've got Kelly Trapuca for Charlotte and Steve Smith for Atlanta. Matt, all aboard the Big Hit Express with the Hawks, boop boop.  Dimitri, I was asking, what did these cost way back when? Yeah, probably not nearly as much as what they cost nowadays. If this came out modern times, not in these ancient times. Is that right, Jim? All right, I got four boxes to go. One right here, three more back there. Pressure's on. Harrison Barnes, 71 out of 99, Warriors. We got Jeff Green, Dual Relic for the Celtics, 78 out of 99, something for Andrew. Finally getting a proper hit. That's right, Jason Jaspy. And people complain about those prices then too. 82 out of 99, Scotty Pippen Blazers Edition. And we've got a Westbrook Timelines Relic, 17 out of 49, huge card stock there. I don't think this is gonna fit into a one, this is not a 180, this is thicker than that. Let's put into a slider box for now. Okay, see, Westbrook will be going to Kenneth. Not still counts, Jim. 20 out of 25, Dwayne Wade. It's a nice patch there for Miami. Christopher with the heat. We got Michael Carter-Williams, 40 out of 99. This is, right, I was like, why is Kobe in the background? This set is the Kobe All-Rookie Selection set. I don't know if back in the day, if Kobe Bryant actually handpicked this list, I'd like to find out someday, we'll figure that out. But that's Michael Carter-Williams with the Sixers. And that's gonna be Gretchen with the Sixers-Grizzlies combo. 43 out of 49, Steve Nash, Lakers Edition, Joshua.  And I'm always, I remember this experiment, so that's why I'm always trepidatious about when things look too good on paper. Jersey and autograph, Glenn Rice, 20 out of 75. Miami, Christopher. And the last one here is Tony Parker, Colossal, Jersey, and autograph, 49 out of 50. Spurs, Christopher. All right, that was 13, 14. Final case. Final case, we're gonna continue going back in time to 12.13. And what was going on in 2012, 2013? Who knows? Good luck, everybody. It's 2012, 13, NT. Good luck. We might need some more top loaders here for this final case. No logo man yet. And only the Warriors and the Bucks have gone hitless, unfortunately. So they're still in line to get those three boxes of 2019, 2020. Hoops, premium stock, hobby hybrid edition, three boxes of that. They're still in line for that. Everyone's still in line for the no logo man bounty, but we got three boxes to find ourselves a logo man. Good luck, everybody. We got two plates and a Kobe card. Gail Goodrich. This is Gail Goodrich Lakers edition, right? Yeah, there's Gail Goodrich Lakers. Joshua, all aboard the Big Hit Express. And we got a Timothy Mazgov, Denver edition, Denver. Christopher, all aboard the Big Hit Express. Kobe card, Kobe bean Bryant for the Lakers. All right, good luck, everybody. Final three boxes. We got Brandon Jennings, 42 out of 99 for Milwaukee. We got a redemption, which has expired its champion signatures, Magic Johnson. There's gotta be some Magic Johnson autographs lying around, right? This still goes to the Lakers. Joshua, check in with Panini on this. I've heard some people say, and then someone mentioned this in the chat earlier too, I've heard people say that they've just gone ahead and redeemed and it goes through or they'll do something for you in return. All right, two color patch, an autograph. Tony Roten for the Grizzlies, 48 out of 99. That's Greshan with the Sixers Grizzlies combo. Dan Issell, Kentucky Colonel's, 24 out of 99. Which turned into, turned into the Nuggets. I do have a checklist up. How do I spell this cell? ABA legend signatures, Nuggets. According to the checklist. So that'll go to Denver. That's gonna be for Christopher. Next up is a dual autograph. Derek Williams and Michael Kidd Gilcrest. Minnesota versus Charlotte in this one. That'll be a randomizer at the end along with that triple relic back there. We got a John Salmons. Sammons, John Sammons. Six out of 25 for the Kings. Sammons, that'll be for the Kings. That's gonna go to Christopher. We got Drew Holiday and Brandon Jennings. Sixers, Bucks, 62 out of 99. Greshan actually has both, has both the Sixers and the Bucks. So no randomizer there. Down there we got a Chris Humphries. 83 out of 99, Nets edition. That's for Jason, the Nets Bulls combo. All right, two boxes to go. Thanks everyone once again. All right, another couple plates here. Nick Collison for the, yeah, for the Thunder. Kenneth, all aboard, whoop, whoop. And for the Spurs, Michael Finley. Christopher, all aboard, whoop, whoop. And your hits, or that base card first. All right, let's see what we got. Oh, and there's the Kobe card on the bottom. And a redemption, 47 out of 99 after Joachim Noah's, a redemption. And it's Chris Bosch, champion signature. That's gotta be Heat, Chris Bosch, right? Yeah, that's Miami Heat edition. Again, expired, but Christopher check with Panini. You may be pleasantly surprised. So that's a cool window right there. Jonas Valentunis, 17 out of 25. Nice rookie patch and autograph for Toronto. Demetrios, Apos with the Toronto Raptors. Dono, DNA. Another dual autograph, that's Nolan Smith and Chris Copeland. Trailblazers, Nick's, 13 out of 99. Trailblazers, Oren. New York, Nick's, that's the Raptors, Nick's combo for Demetrios. Another dual autograph, Jimmer Ferdette, Thomas Robinson, King's Rockets. King's, Christopher, Rockets, Louis. Another randomizer. 12 out of 25, Colossal Relic, Tim Duncan. It's pretty cool, Spurs, Christopher. I don't know, where did Jonas Valentunis end up in the off season? Game war material in that, Tim Duncan. Couple more here, we've got Brandon Jennings for the Bucks, 38 out of 49 for Gretchen. And NBA gear, Darren Collison, 41 out of 99 for Dallas. And the MAVs, oh, that's the Hawks-MAVs combo. All right, well, we're down to our final box. Fingers crossed, everybody. Good luck. Payton's saying New Orleans for Valentunis. Good luck, everybody. Listen, I appreciate everybody getting in. Whether you got spots straight up or whether you won spots, however you did it, thank you very much, appreciate it, appreciate you. Nothing ventured, nothing gained. Let's see what we can gain in this final box of our triple case break. Thanks, everybody. All right, we've got the Kobe card for the Lakers, Joshua. We've got a Celtics plate, Chris Joseph, for Andrew and the Celtics, Andrew. All aboard, whoop, whoop. And Spurs, that's Kauai Leonard. Spurs, Christopher. Chris, all aboard the Big Hit Express, whoop, whoop. All right, man, the final box. Good luck, everybody. I think there might be another redemption in there, yeah. We got a Nick Young, 61 out of 99. It's a Sixers edition that goes to Gretchen and Philadelphia. We got a Willis Reid, 37 out of 49 autograph. Looks like the autos are popping first here. That is for New York. That's gonna be for Demetrios. Does that mean the relics are on the bottom? We got a Derrick Williams, Group One rookies. Derrick Williams. Derrick Williams, Timberwolves. Again, that's for Louie. Same deal, Louie, with the T-wolves. Double check with Panini.  Another dual autograph, Kenneth Reid and Thomas Robinson. 24 out of 25. Got a lot of randomizers at the end. Another dual auto, Gustavo Aion and Andrew Nicholson. Bucks Magix. 10 out of 49, Larry Johnson. I think the rest are gonna be relics. Come on, logo man. Larry Johnson for Charlotte. It's gonna go to Brent. Wrinkles out of there a little bit. There you go, Larry Johnson, Colossal Relic. Put that over here. Two more to go. LeBron James, NBA gear, four out of 99. Just a couple off his old Miami Heat jersey. Now here, he's actually bringing number six back with the Lakers. Miami Heat, Christopher with the dual relic, two-color dual relic. And the last one here is, no, no, logo man. Rudy Gay, 34 out of 49. Sad times, but I was hoping to give away a bunch of break credit, but did not happen this time. But hey, we'll try to get him next time. Thanks everybody for making this happen. We got a bunch of randomizers to do. So bear with me on that. Unfortunately, Todd, with the Gold Day Warriors, was the only person that did not get a relic or an auto for the Warriors. So my apologies, Todd. We got a few boxes of 2019, 2020, Hoop's premium stock hobby hybrid going your way. So we'll send those to you sealed. All right, now, gotta set up some randomize. Oh, and since there was no logo man, hit everybody, all 19 spots are gonna get $150 of break credit each. I'll email those to you after this video here. All right, so I need one, two, three, four, five, six lists. All right, so we're gonna use one dice for all the randomizers. So the first one will be the Chris Paul, which is both New Orleans editions. So New Orleans, New Orleans, and LAC Clippers. That was the triple relic. Your dual autos. There was Bucks Magic, Nuggets Rockets, Kings Rockets, Portland, New York Knicks, and Minnesota Charlotte. All right, so let's roll the dice. One dice roll for all the lists. Five into two, seven times. The triple relic first, one. Two, three, four, five, six, and seven, then final time. Goes to the Clippers after seven. So that'll be for Demetrios, gets the Chris Paul career materials, triple relic. And now your dual autographs. One, two, three, four, five, six, five, six, and seven, then final time. Goes to Orlando, so that Andrew Nicholson, Gustavo Eon autograph goes to Orlando. I'll show these duels again in a second. Orlando Magic, that will be four. For Jarrett and the Wizards Magic Combo. There you go, Jarrett. Five into two, seven times. For Denver, Houston. One, two, three, four, five, six, and seven, then final time. After seven, Denver. So that's Kenneth Fareed. Denver Nuggets, that will be for Christopher and the Nuggets. The next one was Kings Rockets, seven times. One, two, three, four, five, six, and seven, then final time. After seven, goes to Houston. That's gonna be for Louis. And the Wolves Rockets Combo. Next one, seven times. Portland and New York Knicks. One, two, three, there's three, there's four. Five, six, and seven, then final time. After seven, New York Knicks with that dual autograph.  And last but not least, we've got the Minnesota Charlotte one, one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven, then final time. Flipped to Minnesota. That will be for Louis and the Timberwolves. And there you have it, ladies and gentlemen. No logo, man. I was hoping for a logo, man. Some big rookies out of here, but didn't happen this time. Maybe we'll try to dig up some more of these cases. Maybe we'll see another one of these in the near future. Thanks everybody for watching and breaking with us. I'm Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com and that was our National Treasures Basketball Three Case Break. Thanks everyone for getting in. Appreciate it. I'll see you next time for the next break. Bye-bye.


What is going on everybody? This is 1718 prism cello. Whoa chill teddy Dude, I was harvesting that This is 1718 prism cello pack break 37 Remember at the end of this break. This is a one-pack break, you know high-risk high reward What you're gunning for is the $850 spot in the Pelicans Grizzlies 1 & 6 shot The team random there guaranteed a team at NT basketball 16 looks like breaking Sunday So roll that ice three times. This is just for the pack break two and three Matthew Sheer down to Steven P now for the list of NBA teams one two Missed a team there. There we go one two and three Spurs down to the Pistons So there you go 1718 prism a lot of good rookies in this class Jason Tatum obviously the headliner But you also have Donovan Mitchell.  All right, so let's close the trade window That's weird Johnny. Do you know what it's? Do you know what it's saying on the thing the error message? Yeah, out of bio the Aaron Fox. All right, so here is Greg Popovich It's in the set. There's Rick Karp Carlisle Ersan Ilyasova Luke Walton Then we got bam out of bio green emergent. That's a nice one for the heat Mike V Thornwell Norman Powell silver and that's it. All right now for the the big Big part of this break. Excuse me. Thank you big part of this break is the Randomizer for the Entie basketball spot. So good luck top name is gonna get it after eight times one two three four five six seven and Eighth and final time Steve Locke there you go Steve after eight times the top name one spot in the eight hundred fifty dollar Pelicans Grizzlies randomizer. So Steve you are in that one Thanks everybody else sorry for those who didn't get in but appreciate you giving a shot Jaspies case breaks calm


Next question, this came in 1998 for 8 marks, nuclei of radioactive element A are produced at a constant rate alpha. A is produced constant rate alpha. The element has a decay constant of lambda. It has a decay constant of lambda. At t equal to 0, there are n naught nuclei and n naught nuclei are there. You need to find out number of nucleases after time t. So this nuclei is not only disintegrating, but also it is getting produced. Sir, this is just n naught e to the power minus lambda t minus alpha into t. The alpha will be increasing or decreasing the nucleus? Sir, then this alpha t minus n naught e to the power minus lambda t. Since alpha is the production rate. But as alpha produces, those nucleus will also get decayed right with time. So it is not a straight forward. You cannot separate these two processes. Okay sir. You need to solve a differential equation. Okay, should I do it? Yes, I will do it. Okay. Is this what you get? See, suppose it is only getting created. So dA dt will be equal to what? Alpha. And since it is getting decayed, dn by dt will also be equal to minus lambda times n. Fine. So this is prediction and this is decay. So total rate will be the summation of these plates which will be equal to alpha minus lambda n. So this is the differential equation you have which you have to solve. dn divided by alpha minus lambda n is equal to dt. Fine. And this is what you have to integrate from n naught to n. That integration part you will do right? Yes sir. Ramchand and Kondanya, are you following? Yes sir. Yes sir. Yes sir. Yes sir, I am following. Sure. Okay. Now write down if, today we are doing only problem solving siddhant as many of you have exams in the school. We are using this opportunity to discuss as many questions as possible. So alpha is equal to 2 n naught lambda. If alpha is 2 n naught lambda, this will be part of the same question. Okay. Calculate the number of nuclei of A, how many nuclei of A after half life of A? Okay. And as t tends to infinity, what is the number of nucleus of A tends towards? I hope this is what the expression you might have got. Are you getting this expression? Yes sir. Okay. Once you integrate this differential equation, you will get that expression. Okay. And then alpha is 2 n naught lambda. Substitute it and get the value of number of nucleus after t half. t half should be log 2 by lambda. t half is log 2 by lambda. Substitute that. What we got then, sir? 2 n naught into n lambda minus 1. It is actually 3 by 2 n naught. Okay. And when t tends to infinity, n becomes equal to 2 times n naught. How it becomes 2 times n naught? Because this term will go to 0 as t tends to infinity. So this goes to 0 and this is a multiplication with 0. So only alpha by lambda remains and alpha is 2 n naught lambda. So that is straight forward. Okay. So I hope you are appreciating that even though modern physics is simple, but you can't take it for granted. Alright. Fine. So let us take these ones. This came in 2003 for two marks. A radioactive sample emits n beta particles. It emits n beta particles in two seconds. Okay. And it emits 0.75 n beta particles. n is a number. Okay. n times beta. Sorry. n beta particles. Okay. Then 0.75 n beta particles. It will emit in next two seconds. Are you getting my point here? Yes, sir. What is the mean life of the sample? As in t average, that is how much? Which is 1 by lambda as a formula. Anyone got the answer? No? Sir, 2 by lambda 4 by 3. Yes. Correct. See n beta particles in first two seconds. So you can say that initially its rate is proportional to n. Okay. And then I can say n by 2. Then dn by dt after two seconds, 0.75 n by 2. Fine. So if you take the ratio, you are basically getting a ratio of n1 is to n2. This is proportional to number of nucleus initially. This is number of nucleus finally. So when you divide it, you will get log of 1 divided by 0.75 is equal to lambda into t. And t is what? Two seconds. So lambda is equal to 1 by t times log of 3 by 4. So you can get 1 by lambda, which is the average life, that is t divided by log 3 by 4. Okay. This is 4 by 3 CD error. Okay. Okay, sir. Fine. Let us move to next question. Sir, can we do some from atoms also? Atoms. Okay. Just one more question, then we will take a few from atoms. Okay. This I wanted to take up because this is a unique type of question. It came in 2001 for five months. Understand the question. Okay. A radioactive nucleus X. You can also write with me. X decays into Y with a decay constant of lambda X. Decay constant is lambda X. Y further decays into stable nucleus Z. Stable nucleus means it will not decay. Z will not decay with lambda Y as decay constant. Okay. Initially, there are only X nuclei. At t equal to 0, only X nuclei is there. Okay. And the number is n naught, which is 10 ratio power 20. I mean, let us find out everything in terms of variables only. So, number of X nuclei initially were n naught. Okay. You need to first write down the rate equations for X, Y and Z. Rate equation means what? dx by dt, what it is and dz by dt. Rate equations for X, Y and Z. And then you need to prove that number of nucleases Y as a function of time is given as n naught lambda X divided by lambda X minus lambda Y e to the power minus lambda Y t minus e to the power minus lambda X t. Okay. Do this first. Are you guys getting it? Just a minute. This is exactly like sequence of reactions in chemical kinetics. Oh, yeah. Chemical kinetics. So, you have derived something like this in chemical kinetics. Yeah. So, that expression you have to prove is exactly the same. Oh, so you know this already. So, rate at which the X is changing. First of all, it should be negative rate. X number is going down. This is equal to minus lambda X and X. Okay. And the rate at which Y is changing. See, when X is changing, it will increase Y. Fine. So, minus lambda X and X is decrease in X, but it is increase in Y. So, it will be lambda X and X minus lambda Y and Y. Okay. And can you tell me what is d and Z by dt? How much that is equal to? See, Z is only created. It is not decaying. And that is created because Y is disintegrating. This is lambda Y and Y only. Fine. Now, I need to find NY as a function of time. So, how will I integrate this particular expression? Because here I have one variable, two variable and time as a three variable. So, I need to have at max three variables. Right? Yeah, you can use nX is equal to nY is equal to negative. What? So, you can use the disintegration equation, right? n naught is equal to n. n is equal to n naught e to the power minus k. Right. So, lambda naught e to the power minus lambda X into t. Fine. So, once you write it like this, what we have done is that we have written nX variable as a function of time. So, now we have reduced and we have eliminated the nX variable. So, we have now only three variables. This we can integrate to get the value of nY. Okay? Any idea how should we integrate this? How should we go about integrating this? dny. So, you can multiply it with e to the power lambda or 2 or lambda Y into t. Okay. So, then you will get it, then you will get it as a differentiation, like as a derivative of the, of the, of Y. So, then like that you can. So, wait, lambda Y and N Y are all constants, right? Lambda Y is constant, N Y is not a constant. Okay. So, once you integrate this, you will get this particular expression. Now, there is a second part in which it is asked at what time N Y is maximum. So, once you get N Y, just take a derivative of N Y and equal to 0. So, you will get time at which N Y will be maximum. And then at that time, what is the value of X, Z and Y nucleases, right? So, that's how you do those kind of questions. Okay. So, we'll take a small break, we'll meet after 10 minutes. Is it fine? Yeah, stop. So, right now it is 6.13. So, we will meet at 6.23.


Welcome traders, I'm Tim Rilke, I'll talk to you in a bit about your money. I want to update the Kiwis Swiss here on the dirty time when we broke out of the train channel to the upside. Impulsive move. We now have a three-way corrected move that has tested the equality objective at 64.20. We also have the 50% of tradesmen just below at 64.05 and we're seeing some demand develop here. So I'm looking for a break now through 64.73 to set long positions targeting an equal legs objective to the upside versus the swing structure here. We should see us test price cycle highs up to 67.50. As always traders, plan the trade, trade the plan and most importantly manage your risk. Until next time, thanks very much.


Hello friends, I am Sanjay Gupta. In this video, I am going to demonstrate you how you can calculate some of even and odd elements of array separately by passing array into function using pointer. Before starting, you can note my information. You can follow or subscribe my YouTube channel through the URL youtube.com slash sanjaygupta underscore tech school. You can download my programming app Techimiz which is available on Google Play. Now I am going to implement the solution of this problem. So first time including a header file. Now I am declaring a function whose name is some its return type is void and it will receive an argument that will be address of array. So that's why argument type is in Asterisk which is denoting a pointer. So this statement is function declaration. Now I am defining main function here. First I have declared an array and then variable I now with the help of printf I am writing a message that is enter 10 elements. So this message will be displayed on console to receive 10 elements from user. I am applying for loop which will repeat this scan of statement to read 10 elements from user. So after completion of reading process, I can call the sum function where I am passing base address of array. So this statement is function call. Here I am just passing name of array. So any name of array represents its base address. So base address of array will be passed in some function definition automatically. Then return zero. So it is the definition of main function. Now I am going to define definition of sum function. So this block will be known as function definition. Here you can see base address of array is received inside p pointer. Now I am declaring some variables here. I then S1 and then S2. S1, S2 are initialized with zero. For logic I am applying this loop which will repeat 10 times. Now inside this loop I have to apply the logical component. So I am applying if asterisk p modulus 2 double equals to zero. So if asterisk p is divisible by 2 then the number which is stored inside array will be known as even. Otherwise it will be odd. So p is containing base address. So asterisk means dereferencing. So it will dereference the address which is available inside p pointer. So asterisk means value at address. So it will dereference the address which is available inside p pointer and the value will be available here in place of asterisk p. If it is divisible by 2 then I can add that value inside S1 variable. So I can write this statement. Here you can see asterisk p is adding into S1 variable. So asterisk p will be providing the value available at a particular address. That value will be added into S1. If this condition is false then number is odd. So it will be added into S2. So statement is S2 equals to S2 plus asterisk p. After this if else I have to increase p so that p can point to the next location of array. So every time this loop will be repeating then p will be incremented. So this process will repeat 10 times. So some numbers will be even that will be added into S1 and some numbers will be odd that will be added into S2 and p will be incremented each time so that different different locations of array can be accessed. After completion of this loop I have to print the result which is available inside S1 and S2. So for that purpose I am using printf which will display even sum equals to %d slash n odd sum equals to %d then S1 comma S2. So this way I have implemented printf statement which will display the output on console.  I have passed array into function and that array is managed in function definition through pointer. Now I am going to execute this code. So I am entering some even and some odd numbers in this array. So I have entered 5 times 1 and 5 times 2. So even sum is 10 and odd sum is 5. So the program is working properly. I am able to use pointers properly so that I can access all the locations of array. I hope you have understood how we can pass array into function using pointer so that we can calculate sum of even and odd elements of array separately. If you want to watch more programming related videos you can follow or subscribe my youtube channel through the url youtube.com slash sanjaygupta underscore tech school. You can download my programming app Techimus which is available on google play. Thank you for watching this video.


Good morning Hank, it's Friday.  And she said, um, maybe you could wear it later?   This has been one of the most popular pizzas items along with this Three John Pizza Moon shirt. And I just, I just hope everyone knows what they're getting into. I can't do it anymore. Okay, I got to go vote, but also we need to talk about the Raks guy. It is a phenomenally beautiful day in Indianapolis, by the way. So first thing I just want to acknowledge that immediately after I made a video about why we're not trying to maximize views on vlogbrothers anymore, you made a video that went to the front page of Reddit and got lots and lots of views. So Hank Raks is a restaurant that hosted a huge percentage of our childhood. Like it is so significant to my childhood that even now I can close my eyes and picture the exact layout of a, well, I mean, that seems like an overreaction from my perspective. I can close my eyes and picture the exact layout of a Raks restaurant. Like every Raks had this weird quasi greenhouse that went off the side of it where you could like sit and feel like you were sort of outside. And even though there are only like five Raks restaurants left in America, there are still a lot of those buildings. It reminds me of one of my favorite onion headlines. You can tell that local bank used to be a pizza hut. Well, I can tell when a restaurant used to be a Raks. So when we were growing up in Orlando in the 1980s, if you sat in that greenhouse part of our local Raks, you could see a house and in that house lived a person who we called the Raks guy. And this house had all these hand-painted signs on the fence around it about how like the government was tyranny, but also like really weird conspiracy theories about like lizard people and stuff. And there was like an upside down flag hanging from the flagpole. And it just did not look like the rest of Orlando. And the reason you and I have had so many conversations about the Raks guy in the last 10 years is that he was like the first Twitter user. He would post relatively short observations to his fence. And also, even though I knew that wizard people didn't run the government, the Raks guy's worldview still like affected me. Hold on, I gotta go vote. All right, I have voted. I even got a sticker. Hey, if you're eligible to vote in the United States, I really hope that you will and that you make a plan to vote. If you need an accountability buddy to help make sure that you execute your voting plan, I also recommend doing that. I have an accountability buddy. It's my best friend Chris. I just texted him to let him know that I voted. But right about the Raks guy. So Hank, the very first obsessive experience I can remember having is this worry that everyone else on earth wasn't a real person in the way I was. That like they were these aliens and they had very fancy human costumes that they wore when I was around. And then when I wasn't around, they went back to being aliens. This worry really tortured me when I was a kid for years. Now I want to be clear that the Raks guy did not cause me to have OCD. I was gonna have it anyway. But the Raks guy did influence the particular worry that ended up taking over my life when I was seven and eight years old. That's it. That's the video. Our information feeds shape us. My information feed shaped me as a kid in 1985 going to Raks on special occasions. And my information feed shapes me today. What you do with your attention is in the end what you do with your life. And so I got to be careful what I pay attention to because the stuff that's the loudest and the most outrageous is, for me at least, also often the stuff of nightmares. All that noted, I hope the Raks guy is doing all right. He's probably crushing it on the social internet actually. There's never been a better time for Raks guys. Hank, I'll see you on Monday.


Ever heard the old phrase strike when the iron is hot? Well it's never been hotter than now. All this month at Appalachian Wireless you can get the Samsung GS6 or the GS6 Edge for just one penny when you send them for service. The Galaxy S6, normally $49.99, now just a penny. The Galaxy S6 Edge, normally $99.99, now just a penny. Strike now while supplies last. Better service, bigger savings, serving you for the last 25 years at Appalachian Wireless. The streets in downtown Williamson will soon transform into a festival dedicated to the region's heritage, Kohl. The King Kohl Festival now in its 44th year will have something for everyone to enjoy. Food, airboat tours, inflatables, crafts, games, a car show, a parade, pageants, music, and more. However, while it will be a fun atmosphere for all, this year's King Kohl Festival will be dedicated to its founder, Mae Stallard, who died earlier this year. We're dedicating this festival to Mae Stallard, the entire festival. And that's one reason we're going with the patriotic theme. And I'm so excited that the National Guard Company will be our parade marshals. And they're actually going to lead our parade. We have a brass band that's going to be following them. A King Kohl beauty pageant was held Tuesday night, a pet show will be held Thursday night at the Williamson Swimming Pool gazebo, Landau Eugene Murphy Jr. will perform Friday at Mingo Central High School, and the King Kohl Festival will begin Saturday at 9 with a parade beginning at 5. Reporting in Williamson for EKB News, I'm Shelby Steele.


The next talk is by Hannes Minat, you can see him here already. It's called Transmission Control Protocol, also known as TCP. And Hannes Minat works at a non-profit organisation in Berlin, it's called Centre for the Cultivation of Technology and he also works on an open, no, what is it, Mirage OS. If you don't know it, maybe you can find out what it is. And he researches in several engineering areas such as programming languages, network protocols, security protocols and many, many more. So give him a warm applause for his talk. Thank you. Yes, today I want to talk a bit about the Transmission Control Protocol and the Internet Protocol Suite. So what is it all about? It's a foundation talk here, so if you already know TCP-IP by heart, then maybe only the last five minutes will be of interest for you. Otherwise, so if you want to connect your laptop or if you want to browse to a website somewhere, you want to read that website. It is that the client on your laptop, so the web browser, that sends an HTTP request to the web server host. So sends an HTTP request which is specified by the HTTP protocol. It's maybe get slash is a common method of getting the main page of a website. But how is this information actually transmitted to the server? That is the question and the motivation for this talk. So that is something I want to go deep into the answer for the question. So let's look a bit at the network topology. So on the left-hand side we have the laptop which sends to some server a GET request. You can see that by the dashed arrow. And the laptop itself is connected likely via a wireless network to the Internet. But what is actually the Internet? Well, the Internet is a collection of computers and your laptop or anyone's mobile phone is likely connected to a router. The router is just a normal computer which has some knowledge about the network. And that router is likely connected via fiber or satellite or any other link, like can also be an add-on cable to another router or to several routers. In this picture you can only see two routers, the router A and router B, but there may be any number of routers or nearly any number of routers in between you and the server. So here the router B is connected via Ethernet which is just a physical cable to the server. And Ethernet is a protocol which is talked over the cable. So I want to go into the physical network connectivity like fibers and satellite and cables and copper cables in this talk at all. But I will start with the layer which is on top of the physical medium. So the first one is data link layer and what is the data link layer? What task it is? It has a scope of a network and it only spends over the local network to which a host is connected. So in this picture only the laptop and the router A share the same data link layer. As well as the router B and router A they share the same data link layer. It is also the case that router B and the server share the same data link layer. What is the task of the data link layer? Well it is pretty easy, it just moves internet layer packets between two different hosts on the same link. So the data link layer is really its only purpose is to provide an abstraction over the physical thing and how many bytes you can transport on the physical media over the link. So the next layer is already the internet layer or the internet layer which task is to transport packets across multiple networks. So as you have seen in the diagram there are router A and router B, they are both connected to several data link layers and they use the internet layer in order to transport packets across them. The internet layer solves already the issue of addressing by providing for every host an IP address. IP address is actually the internet protocol address. And the internet layer provides another task or solves another task which is routing. So it forwards packets to the next router which is hopefully closer to the final destination. That is the task. The internet layer also has support for fragmentation so if your higher layer sends something which is way too big for the data link layer then the internet layer can fragment that and the other side has to reassemble it. What is on top of the internet layer is the transport layer. So the transport layer establishes host to host connectivity. It does multiplexing usually using source and destination ports. And there are two widely used transport layer protocols which I will go into more detail in this talk which is the user data diagram protocol and the transmission control protocol that is UDP and TCP and they have different properties. So UDP is unreliable and it is not ordered and it is only an abstraction over data grams and it has on the advantage side it has a very low overhead whereas TCP is reliable and ordered byte stream so you have a reliable byte stream which you can work on. The downside of TCP is that its connection establishment and tier down is slightly more complex. In UDP you just don't have to establish a connection and tier down and connect but in TCP you have to synchronize the two hosts. Then on top of the transport layer we have the application layer and the application layer just exchanges application data over the transport layer. So some examples for application layers are HTTP or TLS or DNS. So in the first example we saw there was HTTP and HTTP was used to send the get request. So that is all application layer which I won't focus in this talk at all. For the lower layers the application layer is just payload so it's just some arbitrary data. So if we look again at that picture and we draw the different layers which are supported or which are used by the different devices we end up with a diagram similar to that. So here on the left we have the laptop again which has all four layers and then we have the routers in the middle which are only using the data link and the internet layer and then on the right hand side we have the server which also has all four layers. So the transport layer is really host to host. So the TCP we saw earlier the TCP is establishing a connection from the laptop to the server and on top of TCP so on top of the transport layer there's the process to process communication. So the application layer which is the web browser talking to the web server. So only on the highest layer here we have the get request. And the routers in the middle they don't have to inspect or they don't have to use information of the transport or application layer from the laptop or the server. So the routers just for using the internet layer they forward packets to the next router or to the final destination. So the laptop first sends a whole TCP segment or a TCP packet to the router and the router A decides oh yeah I will forward it to router B because router B is more closer to the final destination than myself and the router B says oh yeah well I actually know and I'm connected via ethernet to the final destination so I will just forward it to the server. That's how the data flow of such a connection would look like. How does the packet actually look like? So we have seen that the application layer we have the application data which is here in blue and that one is just the get request and then the transport layer actually prefixes the application data with a header which is a common header that encodes some data we will look into the TCP header in more detail soon. Then the internet layer also adds a header a prefix the IP header which is just put in front of the TCP header. And then the data link layer well that is the lowest layer we actually care about and that one will likely prepend the header and append the footer in order to synchronize or to make sure that the physical wire only sees a single packet at the time. So as you can see from the layering from those two pictures on the one side you have the bottom to up layer and every layer if you go down from the application to the transport to the internet to the data link they basically add some header information. And the internet layer for example that takes the TCP header so the transport layer and the application layer as payload. So it doesn't care that it is TCP it could as well be UDP in this case. So what is actually in the so I will not go into the data link layer details at all but here is the header of an IP version 4 frame or packet. And that one is at least 20 bytes it contains of various fields. The first one is a 4-bit version which usually is version 4 in our current world. Then it has a 4-bit header length which is header length in words so in multiples of 32 bits. Then it has some not really used or stuff I want to deal with in this talk it has a total length field which is 16 bits and it describes how long the entire IP frame is. Then it has an identification which is also a 16-bit unique number and 16 bits for fragmentation flags and offset and that is crucial. So if the IP header decides oh yeah well the packet you the application data you sent me is way too big for this data link I need to fragment it then it will just reuse the very same identification number and then use here the 16 bits in the fragmentation flags and offset in order to portion that application data into multiple IP fragments. Then it has a field which is 8 bits so one entire byte it's the time to live and it's actually not a timestamp but it's only a count so how many routers should this packet live how long should this packet live and every router decreases that time to live by one. Then it has a one byte protocol field which specifies what is the type of the payload carried by this IP version 4 packet. Then it has a 16 bit header checksum which is the CRC checksum to avoid that some bits got flipped on the transport. Then we can see the source IP address and the destination IP address which is the IP address of my laptop and the destination IP address is the IP address of the server. And then after those 20 bytes you have either IP options if the header length was more than 20 bytes or you have directly the payload. Now for the protocol field here there are various types and various types are predefined. One is ICMP which is the Internet Control Message Protocol I will talk a bit about that which is the protocol field there the number set to 1. Then for TCP it's set to 6 and for UDP it's 17. We have other protocols which can be carried over an IP frame or an IP packet but I won't go into the details here. As you can see there are at least 255 numbers here in the protocol field so because it's 8 bit long you can store up to 256 different numbers in there. So ICMP is a protocol I haven't talked about at all but it is the Internet Control Message Protocol so it sits on top of IP and its purpose is on the one side to deliver error messages such as destination host unreachable or time to live exceeded and on the other side it also can carry operational information like diagnostics. There's one program which you may know which is called PING and PING the purpose of PING is to send an ICMP echo request to remote host and the remote host is then supposed to send the very same packet with only one single bit flipped and send that back to you and that is an ICMP echo reply and if you can successfully PING another host you can verify that the other host has at least IP connectivity up and online. Okay let's look into the next layer which is the transport layer and at first we will look into a UDP header. UDP header is only 8 bytes it consists of a source port, a destination port then the length of the entire UDP frame and the checksum. The checksum is again a 16 bit field it's computed over the entire payload and the header plus some IP pseudo header so it actually carries the information of the source and destination IP address inside of itself. UDP as I mentioned it is unreliable, unordered and its advantage is that it's low overhead datagrams. As you can see it adds 8 bytes to the payload whereas IP already added 20 bytes to the payload. Here is a simple UNIX program which is a UDP client. This program does not compile because I left out some bits but in order to see how you actually use this whole IP stack so the IP stack, the TCP IP stack is usually embedded in the kernel and as an API programmer you have the API provided by the UNIX sockets API and that one usually contains of the very same five or seven functions which is the first one is socket. Socket opens or creates a file descriptor and you specify the address family and the socket type. So this is the address family internet and the socket is a datagram socket. It's called dgram in UNIX. Once that is created then you for a UDP client you just say oh I will use the function send to which takes a socket file descriptor so just a file descriptor and then some data and will just send it to the other side. Since it's unreliable it's just fire and forget. Then afterwards we close the socket file descriptor because we are nice here and we try to be nice. The other side so if you don't have a UDP client but if you want to implement a UDP server or UDP listener what you do is you again create a socket then you have the function which is called bind, bind it to a specific IP address on your server or on your network stack then you say receive from, receive from takes the socket file descriptor and the buffer and some maximum size and an offset and yeah you just receive from will only return once you actually receive the UDP frame on that IP address and port. And then we print out that we receive some packets and we close the socket file descriptor. So that's UDP, UDP is used for a variety of protocols and it's crucial to have it. TCP on the other hand is a bit bigger. So instead of 8 bytes header TCP adds another 20 bytes of header. What does the TCP header contain well similar to UDP it contains the source port and destination port both are again 16 bits then it contains two sequence numbers. One is the sequence number itself it's a 32 bit number and one is the acknowledgement number which is the last sequence number we have seen from the other side. Then TCP contains a data offset. Data offset is similar to the header length field so TCP, a TCP segment may also contain some options so the header may contain options before a payload that's why we need a data offset field in order to be able to find out where this actual payload start. Then TCP has certain flags and some of these flags are just single bits values and some of them I mentioned down here which I will go into more detail later which is acknowledgement or ak synchronize or syn and finished or fin there's also reset and some urgent stuff I will not go into detail of that. Then we have a 16 bit field which is the window size which is the size of the receive buffer. Then we have again a 16 bit field checks and then we have some space for the urgent stuff I will not go into detail. A TCP client if you program it in the UNIX way you have a very similar API as we have seen in the UDP. So we first create a file descriptor using the socket system call which we give again the address family INUTS and the SOCK stream which is the, since we are stream oriented it's the name of the TCP, it's the name for TCP socket. Then as a TCP client we connect using the SOCK file descriptor to a remote host and then once we are connected so connect will only return once TCP session has been established. Then we say here receive so we receive on the SOCK file descriptor the specific buffer then we print it and then we close the SOCK file descriptor again. The TCP listener is very similar so well first we create a socket then we bind it and bind the specifies the IP address and also the port number then we use a function called listen on the SOCK file descriptor and then we enter a loop so now we wait for client connections which appear at some point and for every client connection we call accept and accept returns whenever there was a client which successfully established TCP connection. What accept returns is a new file descriptor so another file descriptor not the same as a socket file descriptor so the socket file descriptor we call again accept on it's at a later point usually you then handle any work on the client connection on this new fd you handle that in a separate process or separate thread or separate task in order to enable the server to accept another connection while you are handling the one client connection. Then we just do some printf output and we send the hello world to the client to the client connection so to this new file descriptor then we close it and we start from the while one and we accept the new client socket so that is TCP listener as you have seen it in as you will see it in in any network program. Now TCP as I mentioned that it has to do some work in order to establish a session and to tear it down. The main work which needs to be done is to synchronize the initial sequence numbers because we have seen in the header that we have this sequence number and somehow we need to transport that information to the other side. So here's the TCP state machine which is which has initially been part of the RFC which is the specification for TCP and also duplicated in books like Stevens design and implementation of the of TCP IP and TCP IP illustrated and so on. So you can see it is it has here one specific state which is listen and listen is as we've seen in the server implementation if you call listen then you are in the listen stand in the listen state and you always start well you always end up in the in the closed state after you've called close basically. I will go into more detail of connection establishment and tear down right now so on the connection establishment we have seen on the client side we start with a socket in the closed state then we say the UNIX call connect on that socket and that connect does send an initial TCP segment to the server side which has the synchronized flag set to true or set to one and the sequence number is some artificial number some random 32 bits integer number so I just call it a here. The state of the file descriptor goes from closed to soon send and soon send yeah well we just have sent out the synchronized segment so TCP segment which doesn't carry any data but only the TCP header. On the server side we had prepared previously we started in a closed state then we call listen then we end up in a listen state now in the listen state we call accept and accept blocks until the soon is received and once the soon is received the new socket is new file descriptor spawned and that one ends up in the soon received state. The server sends out the TCP segment again without any data but the soon and acknowledgement flags are set and the sequence number is set to some B and the acknowledgement number is set to A plus one so the acknowledgement number acknowledges that the soon was received with the sequence number A plus one upon the client receiving that soon and arc it is in the established state and it will send out an acknowledgement segment so that the other side the server knows oh yeah my segment has been received and that one is sent with the sequence number of A plus one because A was already used here and the soon flag consumes one one byte or one in the sequence number range and the acknowledgement number is also set to B plus one so that is the sequence number from here plus one once that is received the server ends up in the established state. Sequence numbers yeah well it's a good idea of both hosts pick a random initial sequence number for each connection otherwise we can get into some nasty attacks the acknowledgement number is the next sequence number from the other hosts and the sequence numbers always increased for each byte of data and for the soon and thin flags which are only single bits each sequence number must be acknowledged and each send packet is retransmitted unless it is acknowledged after a certain timeout and after a certain retransmit time after trying it several times at some point the TCP stack gives up the tier down since I'm a bit short on time I will skip that TCP provides us with flow control what does that mean well every network stack has received so the kernel has a received buffer for each tsp connection and that buffer is size limited to avoid kernel memory exhaustion which means that whenever the application so the web server or the web browser is reading data some buffer space is reclaimed and when TCP segments are arriving some of that buffer is consumed it's a sliding window and we've seen in the TCP header it's a window size so there's a 16-bit field called window size which specifies how many more bytes my TCP stack has for receiving data from the other side to avoid deadlocks there's also a timer in a timer called the persist timer which is started when the window is when the window size is zero and that then at the timeout try retransmits at TCP segment in order to get information about the new window size from the other side concussion control I will also skip a bit but the main idea is to control the rate of data entering the network because if you are using multiple routers at some point you you may saturate some of the network links and that is avoided in TCP by doing by applying concussion control which measures for example the time between segment send and acknowledgement received also has to do with slow start and how your window size your window buffer grows acknowledgement well there are some strategies the basic one is every segment is acknowledged individually there's a delayed act where you collect multiple segments to acknowledge them at a certain time then you have also selective acknowledgements where you can acknowledge discontinuous segments which helps for lowering the amount of retransmissions TCP also carries some maximum segment size to avoid fragmentation actually on the IP layer because that is partially open there's some struggle because you have simultaneous open so what if both parties want to open a connection at the very same time then you have a flag which is called the reset in order to terminate a connection there are some extensions like window scaling and fast open to improve the throughput and also to lower the delay there are some attacks like denial of service so if your server implementation accepts something and allocates a lot of memory for a client which doesn't do a lot but just sending a sin frame that is bad and leads to denial of service connection hijacking if you can predict the sequence numbers then you can hijack and emit data into an established connection there have been some blind in window attacks what does that mean that even without knowing the sequence number you can do something on a established TCP connection such as yeah sending a reset or sending a fin frame and tiering that connection down the specification for TCP is written in English troops in the collection of rfcs and there are some widely deployed implementations during some research work in Cambridge over the last years me and various colleagues implemented a formal model developed in the interactive theorem prove our whole for which has a precise specification with implementation knowledge looseness and we really use that as an input so the sockets api and uh interface for getting the tcp control block which is the host internal state of the tcp and then the wire interface which is uh data received and send on that and we use that formal model to validate itself so we used actual implementations um to do that we used it to draw some diagrams where you can see the rules which fires on the left hand side when something happened like there was a connect called and then the logical rule connect one um was used in the labeled transition system then we see here as well some tcp segments which are out which are going out and in what are the contributions of the network semantics it's um we checked we checked the model we validated the model by recording traces and executing them we published a paper called engineering method logic rigorous historical specification and validation for tcp ip and the unix sockets api the specification itself is typeset in 384 pages that's all the transitions you basically need it's roughly 10 000 lines of fall for code and a lot of comments where we embedded a lot of latex code and the unix tcp ip stack has usually around 15 000 lines of code the tcp state machine we saw earlier is here in this paragraph in this diagram and we try to draw a more correct tcp state machine which led us to this picture which is a bit more complicated we have this state none existing up here and we have much more transitions due to timers and so on so the state machine used in common literature is actually not complete or not precise and we have a revision for that conclusion is yeah well tcp ip is widely deployed i hope i managed to give you some insight how tcp ip actually works it's a layered architecture which is agnostic of underlying layers and in the network semantics working we had an executable specification that's all i have to say and i welcome you to ask any questions either now or offline thank you so if you have any questions just go to the microphones we have two here and two on the right side and do we have some questions from the internet no questions no no questions yeah one question come on don't be shy right hi um thanks that was a very interesting talk so your model does it allow synthesizing a implementation from the specification or is it used mostly for validating it's at the moment used for validation because we have the specification looseness so we have implementation looseness so at some point in the implementation you have to choose whether you take one transition or the other one so if you go into a failure state or if you go into a success or if you transmit some piece of data and go into a success state so we don't have synthesized any implementation but there's ongoing work to use it as a implementation as a base for implementation okay and do you think that if such an implementation can be made uh can it be made efficient as well once synthesized yes okay thanks yeah your question please yeah thank you um how independent is tcp from ip i mean can you integrate tcp over different protocols like bluetooth or something like that since tcp requires for error messages a bit of icmp i'm i haven't seen any tcp implementation on top of any other medium than ip so i don't know but i can think of it could work okay your question please um thank you hello uh so you used uh hall 4 for the specification part did you actually need to uh the higher order logic part of hall or would it be possible to just use uh predicate logics i i will have to reread i think we need actually some higher order logic for it for the whole state and the transitions would be it would be interesting to meet and tell us yes well the paper has been published at journal of acm and luckily skyhub.is is available and you can download it for free from there okay thanks any more questions no then thank you hannis a warm applause for hannis please


Well, summer officially begins tomorrow, but for some students, school is still in session. Haiti Clowder shows us how Great River Rescue is educating young animal lovers. Learning doesn't just take place inside of the classroom. These young students are expanding their worldview on different animals at the Great River Rescue Happy Tales Camp in Bemidji. We're proper animal handling, and not just with dogs and cats, but we even talk, we learn about animal welfare issues with wildlife or small animals like reptiles. In its second year, the two-week camp is open to third through fifth graders, and education is key. Here, students work together focusing on endangered species. We try to have a diverse program where there are a lot of different ways to learn. You know, some kids learn better when they're active, some kids, you know, learn better through touch or through listening, and so we try to have a variety of activities. A career as a zookeeper is something Ella Walker thinks about. She says it's important for people to be aware of animals so they can receive the proper care. People don't inspire them as other humans, but it's good to take care of these guys because they are as valuable as us. Each day features a specific theme, such as equine and dogs. Today's theme was wildlife animals. Nature's Connection presented different wrappers where you can find plenty in Bemidji. Students were up close and personal with Strike of the Falcon and Whoopie the Owl. We're kind of just here to inform the public about why they are important in their natural habitat, why they're important to us and why we would like to keep them. Students also had a chance to bond with their furry friends. It's been really fun. I like interacting with all the animals in the kittens. The camp is part of Great River Rescue's educational outreach commitment, and they hope to expand in the future. In Bemidji, Haiti-Claude, Lakeland News. 22 students participated in this year's camp. It ends on Friday. They'll learn about cats and reptiles next. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.