Hello everyone. Welcome to another International Relations Capsule for the Shankar IAS Academy. We have been celebrating Onam in Kerala and therefore we missed one class last week, my apologies. This time we will talk about bricks. All of you know about bricks. You have heard about it for a long time. Always wondering what its role was in the world. You know that this whole idea of brick, not bricks, DRIC was invented by an American economist who said that there were several common features between Brazil, Russia, India and China. And these are all large countries developing very fast, common economic problems etc. But of course, politically these are all very very very diverse. So he did not intend it to be an organization of any kind. But gradually an idea emerged that there could be an organization called BRIC. And later, in order to include Africa also into the group, South Africa was invited. And that is how BRICS was formed. Initially, there was really no political group to keep all these countries together. And its mission was also not very very clear. But the idea was that since these countries have similar experiences and similar problems, they could get together and discuss some of these social and economic issues. So the summits started. And when you have an organization, it has a dynamism its own. An agenda is found, discussions start. And generally it takes a line eventually in a particular direction. And then it grows. That is how international organizations are formed. But China saw an opportunity in this, which others did not perhaps. And they thought that could turn this organization into an anti-West organization. By challenging western concepts of economics, particularly the Bretton Woods institutions. Because they have been controlled by the United States and the western world. And there could be a counter to that. And India itself had that view that the Bretton Woods institutions should be revitalized, more role for other countries to play. Because in the World Bank and IMF, it is the biggest contributors who call the shots. They are not democratic organizations. So there was this sentiment generally. And China led this onto an anti-Western economic group slowly and steadily. Even though Brits also have discussed other issues. So in the last few months, maybe a year or so. There has been a move to develop or at least organize global south. Even during the ideological conflicts of the Cold War days, when the world was divided between east and west. There was some thinking about south and north also. For political division was east and west, while the economic division was north and south. Because generally countries in the north are more prosperous than the countries in the south. And of course the ideas of this division was voiced by on the one side by G7, the most powerful countries in the world. And G77, because it is more than 77 countries, but still as a counter to 7, it was called 77. And discussions took place and G77 worked closely with the non-aligned movement. And others had their own G7 meetings and so on. Russia joined G7 for a while became G8, but soon Russia was removed and G7 went back to the same position. So in the world of economics, there was the G7 and the G77. And negotiations took place and they worked out some arrangements, but of course neither was happy with the others behavior. But this continued and the summits, the BRICS summits used to be held and it was an opportunity for these five countries to exchange views, ideas, etc. And two things emerged. One was the idea of a BRICS bank. It was very small, but eventually aiming to counter the Bretton Woods institution. That's what China had in mind. And the other countries went along with it. And then also there was an idea of a development fund for the BRICS countries, which is of course attractive, not much money. But these two institutions grew and slowly China adopted a position of leadership in this group. The Bretton Woods countering the bank, which is called the BRICS bank, was established in China with an Indian director. Because India was considered also as a venue, but China wanted it. And so the director was from India, but the center was in China. So this was dragging on, nothing much had happened except for the addition of South Africa. And nobody cared much about it. But suddenly there is a big interest in global South being developed. And China of course was not in G77, but there was an arrangement like G77 and China. China did not become a member, but supported generally the developing countries agenda. So China being in it is nothing, not new, but Russia also a part of it. And so we have a new global South being formed. And particularly after the start of the Russia-Ukraine war, this strengthened because global international global problems increased. There was also the climate change issue. There was the question of the pandemic. So there were very many things that the global South needed. And there was no particular organization for that, because G77 was there, Non-Aland was there, but they were a little bit old. And so a new sort occurred about a global South. And many countries started speaking about it, the interests of the global South. And at the conference in Johannesburg in South Africa recently, both Russia and China together with South Africa noted a proposal to expand BRICS and started sounding out other developing countries, important developing countries, so that BRICS could be representative of a bigger group of countries. So many about 22 countries applied. India was against it in the beginning because of the fear that Pakistan might be brought in some form.  So we were against it, but in the process of this discussion, it was decided that it would be only on the basis of consensus. And we opposed Pakistan and therefore Pakistan was left out. And a general selection was made. Latin America needed a representation, so Argentina was brought in. Then of the Arab countries, Saudi Arabia and UAE and also from the same region, Iran came in and Egypt. So these six countries were invited to join with the opportunity for others to apply 32 of them to negotiate their way into the BRICS in the new course. So the six countries with the six and the old five now, this is BRICS 11, which took certain decisions in Johannesburg. So basically what BRICS had been saying earlier, but with a greater authority and so on because two big powers are there, Russia and China. And major powers from all parts of the continent of the world are there. So it assumes certain legitimacy and a certain clout. But it's too early for them to make demands on the developed world. And so they were sounding out what to do. One of the things they did was in the final declaration, two or three important things. First was this whole idea of expansion of BRICS. So the others will also be brought in. So it is possible that by the next time, by the time the next summit takes place, there will be some more countries in this. So it is gaining some kind of legitimacy and importance. So one of the things they did was to reiterate the support that BRICS had given to India, Brazil and South Africa to become permanent members of the Security Council. And for BRICS to say that was fine. But now with two permanent members in the organization, it may have been difficult for them to say so. And even if they said so, they would not have meant it. So, but in spite of that, they allowed that reference to be made. That this organization, BRICS 11, supports India, Brazil and South Africa for permanent membership. But I do not see any hope for that because Russia and China, they may say it in this group, but outside it, they will oppose any expansion of the permanent membership. In fact, permanent members are not the only ones who are objective to such expansion. The majority of the member states are not in favor. That also we know. So that is more a formality. And the other important thing that they discussed and gave to some conclusion was about using of a currency for the group. And also, deep dollar rise in the economy of the world, economies of the world. And there's something which is being discussed and China has been very ambitious in this. And they have been wanting the yuan to become the global currency rather than the dollar. In the expectation that they would overtake the United States one of these days. They had that hope during the pandemic. They thought the United States was disappearing and China should take over the week. But that did not happen, of course. And still they have this intention. And so they floated this idea in this group as to whether they could have their own currency. That the BRICS put out so currency, but naturally others did not support it. So the agreement that came about was that the members of BRICS 11 could trade with each other in their own currencies. That's an option that everybody has. We had it with ruble trade with Soviet Union. We recently signed an agreement with UAE and UAE happens to be now in BRICS. So there's nothing unusual they could decide on selling and buying goods in their own currencies. But it did not take the form of a regular currency for the world or even a compulsory currency for BRICS itself. So the east-west divide while it remains now has a powerful north-south divide also. And this organization will keep take on many agenda items that BRICS had dealt with. And it will be generally a grouping of developing countries to fight the developed countries for the development of the developing countries. And demands would be made, negotiations would be made. East-west north-south negotiations would be possible for a new world. So the significance of this BRICS 11 is that in a way it has contributed substantially to the new world order that we are all thinking about. Because at the moment there is no world order because people are not respecting all the resolutions and decisions of the United Nations or these groups themselves. And even bilateral agreements like China have refuted all the bilateral agreements that signed with India. So a new world order is necessary. And the first shot about this was done by the United States by offering India the privileges of an ally. Even without India becoming a member of NATO or even allowing the Quad to become a military bloc. So India had refused it. But suddenly because of its problems with China, the United States decided to offer us a large amount of technology and equipment and even weapons which are normally provided only to NATO countries. So we became like a non-NATO ally of the United States. So one BRICS has been laid for the global, the new global order. So in the sense that it is now established that the differences will be between democracies because the Quad are all democracies. And the autocracies with Russia and China having signed a solid agreement between them. So that is how the new world war was emerging. And India now was very close to the United States having accepted the new offers. And it was quite natural for India to be among the democracies. But now the issue is that Russia and China are also in this group and therefore this big powers interest will come in. And what they will do is to expand the BRICS to a much bigger number and then try to form as the voice of the global south. This is the consequence of this. But whether this is good or not, whether it will be useful for us or not are all these questions which are confronting us. Because when this new organization becomes strong with Russia and China in it is a new thing for the developing world has got two big countries in it. And therefore this will be a different BRICS. So the Chinese have seen it as a new opportunity. And they think that with the support of Russia also and others, they would be able to counter the Bretton Woods institutions. And at the moment it is still very unclear the expansion itself is not final because they have said that the others can also be considered. So it will be a bigger organization and whether this bigger organization will be more helpful for the grouping is something to be seen. Because when you have a bigger group and that too such a heterogeneous group and that assumes the importance of the global south, how will decisions be taken? Because both Russia and China will throw their weight around and try to get things done for themselves. And the smaller countries like Ethiopia and so on, what will they do in this group? So maybe a smaller group with stronger members would have been a better one. Because G77 became very diluted, like the normal and became very diluted. Because if everybody joins the normal and normal, then what happens to the ideology? Similarly, if everybody joins G77, so those countries Russia and China which are out of it is now in the group, whether it will be helpful or whether there will be conflict inside is the question to be answered. Of course it is quite possible that this will happen because they will be the influence and it may become a bit of a headache to India. And generally a problem with the organization itself. So it will become, the unity of bricks will become very important. How it develops and who takes what size etc. So far that was not an issue. Within these five countries, all of them were operating more or less individually. So the new countries which have joined are fairly harmless because they all have an interest in the developing countries and they are growing fast. But others like Nigeria and Kenya were also very keen to join. And since they were both fighting with each other, they took Ethiopia rather than either of them. Saudi Arabia joining and UAE is joining and Iran joining, which has a Middle East strength also. And they will naturally be working in the interests of developing countries of the Middle East. So the decisions regarding the security council and the currency are significant. But it is still very tentative and we do not know what shape it takes. And then the question of the future of bricks is also a good question. Because none of us can guess how this will turn out because China and Russia are in bricks. And now China and Russia may try to bring in more countries into it. And the idea of a global south may or may not emerge from this group. Because some countries may want to have a south group without Russia and China. But Russia and China have used bricks in order to establish themselves in this new organization. And they are not going to let it go. So suddenly bricks has become an important organization number one. Secondly, its unity is going to be very difficult to maintain. And thirdly, it all depends on how many other countries will join and push the agenda around. But certainly this is a contribution to the new world order which is emerging. If the world accepts bricks as a global south and starts consulting it, and the global north considers it a competent partner, then things may be better. But as of now, we do not know whether it will become the global south or continue to be another organization which may not have much to do in world affairs. And this has to be seen, we have a stake in this because we have been associated with bricks right from the beginning. And we had wanted also that there should be an organization which reflects the thoughts of the south. So India will be keenly watching what happened in Johannesburg was not against our interests because the two decisions taken were more or less in our line of thinking. And the expansion has also not been established for us. So we have to watch and see what bricks 11 will bring to the world. Well, India has very friendly relations with Latin American countries for a long time. But the distance was always a factor, even though people had reached their cultural linkages there are many Latin American countries which are spiritually oriented. They have interests in our gurus and so on. Then literature, Latin American literature, music etc have been popular in India. And so there are many linkages. But I mentioned Latin America in the context of having one more Latin American country. Brazil is already there but it is not Spanish speaking. So they probably felt that another Latin American country which is Spanish speaking should also be in this group. So there is no problem for us with the equation with Argentina or Brazil. But they were included to give geographical representation. And both the countries will have many new ideas to offer. Well, it is a moderate African country and we have good relations as you say. So it will not be against our interests. And I am sure our role ties with really Elisalasi and all that may probably come out again when we negotiate with them. But it is a good addition. But they were added simply because Kenya and Nigeria were fighting for one seat. And so they decided to give it to Ethiopia. But of course, Kenya and Nigeria will also come in subsequently. And Ethiopia is a good country for us. Yes, this is what I anticipated. And I said that to have Russia and China as part of the developing south is not very comfortable. Because even when I used to say that these bricks, two non-vegetarians and three vegetarians, two big powers and three comparatively smaller powers, how is it going to work? I used to ask that question in the initial stages. And China began dominating it. So and China wanted to expand it also and we were reluctant to do that. But we agreed. Our consideration there was that China, Pakistan will not be allowed. And also it was probably a deal. We would not have liked Pakistan to be also in this group. So since that was conceded, we may have conceded on the other countries. But we have not heard the last of the expansion. Expansion may take place and more and more and the bricks 11 will keep changing. We have to watch out for that. Because as far as domination is concerned, China will try and China and Russia together these days. And therefore there will be a formidable group inside the bricks. More African countries are interested to join the group. Can you give a small brief about England and Chinese influence in the continent? Well, we have been talking about it for a long time. But clearly India's position in Africa has been undermined by China. In fact, it was undermined during my days in Africa, in Kenya. At that time the major countries which were assisting Africa and trying to take Africa away from us were Japan and Korea, not China. So we were in a sense struggling with Japan and Korea in our relations with Nairobi, with Kenya. And I remember when we were contesting against Japan for the Security Council membership. Non-Permanent membership. And I approached the president of Kenya for the vote. And he of course hummed and hard. But he finally told me that Japan has a very major assistance program to Kenya, amounting to something like, I don't remember the exact figure, something like $250 million. And what he was suggesting was would India be able to give that if they give us the vote?  So naturally I did not encourage a discussion on that score. Because I know that we don't have that kind of money to give. But I talked more about our cultural relations, Indian diaspora there and all these are common interests. But Kenya did not vote for us. It was very clear. And so that was the issue at that time. Now things have changed further. Japanese and Koreans have also become minor players when China has virtually taken over Africa. Practically because of all the mineral wealth that is in the continent. And hunger for these minerals. Because technology development in China needs a lot of these minerals. They need to give assistance to whatever they want in order to capture that. And initially Africans have not been very wise. They were making signing contracts at low prices. Accepting gifts from them like schools and stadia and hospitals. And so on as part of the Belt and Road Initiative also a lot of money was sanctioned to several African countries. And now discovered that these are all dead traps. And also the kind of resources they are giving to these countries are things which are not in use in excess in China. Where it is people or equipment etc. Which were not usable in China. They were giving it away to Africans. So that is being found out. And some African countries have tried to get out of the Chinese stronghold. But that's not easy. Once you join with them the whole will tighten. And India does not have that kind of a code. We are still remaining there. There are very many reports and statements by African leaders. Which seem to suggest that the next is going to be an Indian Africa. Or Indian century in Africa. I do not see it happening because I myself seen the attitude of many African states. To India, vis-a-vis China, vis-a-vis the West etc. They have nothing against us. But they feel that technology is better abroad in Europe. Or scholarships are better. And therefore they make use of our assistance program only when they have nothing else to carry on with. So I am not so optimistic that India's relationship with Africa will develop very quickly. But I have some of my own colleagues writing books saying that this is going to happen. But the Chinese are not going to let it go so easily. And now Russians also will work with the Chinese. And so we will have a tough time to deal with China and vis-a-vis Africa. And suddenly may be our traditional relations with Africa will help. In terms of what we at the moment do there. We have very small assistance program. But we have also several credit lines given to African countries. But what happens is they don't even use these credit lines. Because if they use these credit lines, they have to get people and equipment from India. If they use India's credit lines. But if they use western credit lines they can go to study in America or Europe. And get more money as scholarship etc. So there again there is a little bit of balance for India. But I suppose they will see the value of staying close to India. After they have been through all these experiences. Thank you.


Welcome back, let's continue on discussing pharmacology specifically in relation to hypertension. So there are several specific situations that we will use particular hypertension medications due to some contraindications for some medicines or better effectiveness of some medications. So let's talk about those here. So we're specifically going to discuss primary hypertension also known as essential hypertension, associated with heart failure, hypertension along with diabetes, hypertension with asthma and hypertension during pregnancy. So in primary essential hypertension, the medications that we use are thiozides, ACE inhibitors or ARBs which is angiotensin receptor blockers, and then our dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers. When dealing with hypertension and heart failure, we're going to use diuretics first and then we can also add in ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers and those beta blockers are specifically used in compensated heart failure as well as aldosterone antagonists. Something special to note in patients that have heart failure and hypertension, we don't use beta blockers if they are undergoing cardiogenic shock and we also need to use caution with patients that have heart failure due to something called decompensated heart failure which we will talk about later. Patients that have diabetes, malitis along with hypertension, we're going to use ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, thiozide diuretics and or beta blockers. One thing to note here is that with the beta blockers, be cautious with this because it could mask our symptoms of hypoglycemia. So with hypoglycemia we can get some of those heart flutters and palpitations. Well if we have a beta blocker that's going to block those palpitations and we might mask some of those early warning symptoms of hypoglycemic episodes with diuretics. With patients that have asthma, we're going to use angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, thiozide diuretics and specifically here we'll use selective beta blockers. Why are we going to use selective beta blockers versus non-selective beta blockers? Well the non-selective beta blockers will affect our beta cells, beta receptors. Those beta receptors can cause issues with our vasodilation and vasoconstriction. So with asthma patients we don't want to give them something that's going to exacerbate those asthma symptoms. We'll also avoid ACE inhibitors with hypertensive patients that have asthma. Finally in pregnancy we're going to use hydralazine, labedolol, methyldopa or nephetapine to help manage hypertension in pregnant females. A way to remember which medications we use in pregnancy is he likes my neonate. So he for hydralazine, L in likes is labedolol, M in my is methyldopa and then N for neonate is nephetapine.


Hello and welcome back the craft blocks. My name is Brinton today. We're in episode 15 of the privateer Yes privateer Last episode if you haven't checked it out already we collected the The monkeys poor and we finished Monquista basically Good So yeah, let us do this. I also got new gear because we managed to get up to level 15 See I went sharp and we got some cool ranch tire, which is kind of cool Okay, let us hit on over to scrimshaw, I think that's where we go next Yeah, so we have level 15 now, which I've been having this issue all day Please stop.  It's happened to me about five times already today Um Yeah, so okay we level 15 we are basically like we have kind of Good level for cool ranch, which is after Valencia will probably be um, I don't know level 17 maybe in between episodes. I also got a Mighty charge from bucking a teacher and we also learnt discipline, which is level 15 quest from us spell teacher The Commodore dude. I mean he's like hey go defeat these guys and everyone died and it was great So yeah, we got discipline which increases crits. So that's always cool. Oh My god, what is this? Stop I'll be back in a bit. Okay. I am back. Hopefully this time we don't have any issues I restarted the game. We'll see if that works knowing me. It won't okay. That's good I thought it was going to do it just then but it's cool Who are we talking to you buddy Baki but off? Oh, I remember what you do. This isn't an innocent. Yeah We need to save um when I jack he's um in trouble so yeah Basically what we need to do we need to Hit on into scrum shoulders, so that believe it's the first time we're actually hitting into scrum short self If we I was here for the rabbit promotion quest, but Blind me. Oh, hello You're here again, that's cool You Hello sidequests I'm offering gold to a pirate who I prompt I'm offering gold to a pirate who can snatch a few bolts of silk cloth From the Marley bone ships entrapment. So yeah, I still haven't done the cyclist But I'm just gonna collect a whole lot of them just so I'm you know, I have them There's gold in it for you Yeah, just so I have them and I can do them slowly Overtime which is probably a good idea and I will definitely try and do some as soon as possible Yeah, just need to find a bit of time to do them just the hardest but What do we have to do how many fights is there I think there's two two See, I don't know if we can like skip this battle You see I'm trying. Oh my god. I did it. I did it. I did it. I did it. So you don't have to do that one Just be careful. I think I've got pulled into that one so many times that I think I I Kind of like remember that I had to do it. So yeah, just one battle Everybody's talking about who I wonder who I wonder what Matt we are talking about It is not only the whole plot for the rest of the game or anything Um, okay, we got some discipline which gives five critical rating 40 rounds, which is great. We will do you guys I think Wait, does it have a range it's a team. Okay, so basically Cool. You can move up here. I suppose you can Slow those two down. I suppose it's probably good idea and you can go down there. Look at that cool Okay, I'm definitely gonna put up that critical buff because it's good. I'm Gonna start using More buffs, I think Because I'm having struggles with some of these battles. So I think it's probably best if I start using some buffs Yeah, Millie joined which is great. We're gonna wreck Discipline You Kind of want you to just go in the middle and absorb damage a bit for that bed Probably not the best idea, but you know That's quite nice. That's quite nice indeed. I dodged unlucky Okay, I think nim has quite a lot of health from memory. Oh, yes Whoo juicy So saying Bloody swashbuckers doing so much damage.  Stop. Oh my gosh, red beds like getting rips. Honestly. What the flip? Okay, we are going to heal up right there That was good Rip bed much of you have like nothing 87 You're in a branch good job right there We'll protect you then and we will do a team heal To be honest Okay Hopefully that can save him a bit with the heal that good See with that we should be able to crit a lot of things not just attacks, but stop That was first time don't worry Hopefully we can look for a lot more now with this It'd be good stop block. Okay, right, but it needs some accuracy.  Nice work. There we go Okay How much health I'll do that I suppose we did that I Know we should probably kill that guy, but I'm kind of hoping that I can do it with the That's cool. We will Wait to kill him next time. I mean nim does a lot of damage, so it's probably best to get him out Oh Flipping it Yes, noom is dead Fantastic, okay. Okay. Look at that amazing. Yay. Ratbeak came in clutch Okay, definitely gonna use a crit buff a lot more because it kind of turned out well There we go. Look at that amazing On Okay, when I Jack hello Where are you one minute saying over there and next it's over here Hello once again, I take it. You don't have the map too bad You should sort this out with Avery Yeah, we should you don't owe me a favor for this after all Okay, let us have. Thank you. And we will then go over to Avery. Hello there Avery. How are you? That is a good to know. Avery, hello. That is very cool. You know what? We're just I'm just gonna get that one. That's the new... That's the new quest. Um, diplomacy. Ooh. Eight, eight pages of quests now. That is fantastic. So good on these quest things. I seriously need to work and do some of those. Um... Okay. We will defeat some cutthroats and I'll be back in just a bit. Okay, I am back. We got the information. It took a wee while actually. Um, it was actually good though because it managed... Um, it allowed me to get all the things for the other quests that I had. Um, like defeat the cutthroats for the other quests that I have as a side quest. So it's really good. Um... But yeah, the secret hideout is in Cutthroat Bay, which is in Tradewinds Skyway, and they're like, oh, you better go there. Haha, because that's fun, isn't it? Oh, yeah. Um, so here we go. Um, I think we've got to defeat some people. I think we're finding Finn. I'm pretty sure that's what we're doing. Looks like we've got company, boys. Yeah, we've got company, boys. Polaris, hello. Um... Ooh. Uh, who's got the most health for you? And you're also by yourself, mainly. Oh, we'll do that. That's cool. Um... Yeah, that's probably a good idea. We'll, um, do that. Don't know what my plan is for this, but we'll see. Mushu, Malibun. Interesting. Skull Island. And what other flags we have? The Polaris, and I think Valenciar as well. Or is it? Yeah, probably Valenciar. That's important, so probably Valenciar. Okay. Sure, we go. What are we going to do? Are we going to discipline? We'll do that. We'll, um, come over here. We'll do that one. Done. Hopefully that should kill one of them. I'm hoping. May not, but hopefully that would be good. Um, he didn't crit, of course, but that's fine. Mega hit from Ratbeard into a Blade Storm. Oh, blocked, unlucky. Um, Ratbeard really needs to get some more accuracy. Next time we're allowed to give him a tank, I'm definitely going to put accuracy on him because he is so inaccurate, honestly. So bad. Um, bam, bam, bam, bam, bam, bam, bam. We go for you, I suppose. We go for you. Let's just smack these two around a bit and save for the aliens. Oh, mega nice. Here we go.  That's good. Um, what else do we got? You?    Yeah, boy. Oh, yeah, you hurt him. Okay. We'll do that. Sounds good. We're probably definitely going to kill both of them. So, well, there's one of them down. Okay, there's two of them down. Fantastic. First strike, nice. Okay, well, they're kind of really in a great position, so I'm going to run over here. You guys can just hold the fort there. This is like a really good position to have them in. They're like really just stuck. They can't do much. Okay, unfortunately they're blocking, but that's fine. Still slowly getting through. Blocked, nice. Okay, yep. Let us get you. This guy's probably going to move, but who knows? Okay, here we go. Look at this. Mega, nice.  Fantastic. Nice. And yes. Yes. Yes. Yes, okay. Oh, lucky. Okay, ratbed is a heal. We will heal ratbed. That is probably the best thing we can do. Actually, should we team heal or just ratbed? Just ratbed. We'll do that. And we'll hopefully kill him. Mega heal, fantastic. That crit coming in handy. He nearly full health again, which is great. Oh, stop blocking, geez. What, do you have elusive or something? Geez. I didn't think you had elusive. There's lots of relentless. I know that for sure. Watch, nice. Yes, there we go. Good on ya. Done. We'll see how that does. Mega, nice. There we go. He nearly did. That good. That's so good. He nearly did as well. Kill ratbed. Honestly, thank you. Okay, just this guy to go, which is great. He's got seven health, so he won't survive this. There we go. He's already dead. Fantastic. Look at that. Cool. We did it. We did it. We did it. We did it. We did it. We did it. Hold your fire, Captain. If it's Finyuan, he ain't here. He's took that one. He's starting to want to meet his fire. I will be back once I am at the Erebus. Okay, I am back. This is the best part, in my opinion. Really cool. The dialogue in here is really good. But we don't listen to it, so if you want to hear the dialogue, go and look at the musketeer walkthrough, because it has all the dialogue in this place. It's pretty lit. So highly recommend you do that. They're probably going to come up quite quick, so we'll do this straight off the bat.  You are slowed. Yes. Hello. Okay. So those three can probably be... No, they can't. They can't. Okay. That's not cool. We're going to go up for you. I suppose we'll do you.  I'll pull this up with my mouse. Oh, it run out of battery. That ain't good. My mouse is running out of battery. Nice to be dodged there. Cheeky dodge. Okay. Slaying these boys. Bum, bum, bum, bum, bum, bum, bum, bum. Okay. Repel boarders blocked. Yes. Oh, nice. Mega. Oh, that's what we needed to do. Bladestorm. Oh, blocked unlucky. Oh, hello. Oh, hello. Oh, hello. Oh, dodge. Hello. Some... It's taking a wee while to, like, say the blocked and dodged for me, hey. It's kind of weird. Kind of weird. I mean, why not? Why not? We have it, so... Why not there? Not as well. Just slay. Slay, slay, slay. No. Okay. Finn is tough. He's a tough cookie. He got a lot of armor. So, yeah. Finn will take a while. Red bed seems to be handling that quite fine. Which is good. Oh, super hit. Hello. Yeah, did a lot. Chees. Blocked. Nice. Nice.   Do I have any more batteries for my mouse? Great question. Do I? Do I? Yes, I do. Oh, my God. I'm so professional. I've got even another one. That's nice, no? I can do this one more time. Okay, let us change the battery on our sim. Cause that's always fun. And see if that works. Otherwise, if it doesn't, I don't know what's up. That feels better. It worked. I think. I hope. Yeah, it worked. Good. Okay. Okay, done. Let's do this. Mega nice. Loving this damage that we got. Like this damage is great. Yay, finally some fruits are happening. Yes, thank you. The script game is, like, not weak. Okay. Attack, ooh, blocked nice.  Noblerised attack. Do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do. Mega nice, script game is on point. Okay, so... After that, sounds good. But for you, Mega Heal, yes, crit on point. Hopefully that gives Ratbed some health, which is good. He's still alive, unfortunately. Or Findosal's still alive, that is. Not Ratbed. Ratbed's still alive, just. We will have to... Good, don't play Storm. Um... Actually... How much damage can we do? When you... You've got 100. Okay, yep, we're gonna heal. 16. Yep, definitely gonna heal. Okay. Nice crit, Giz. Ratbed, can you crit for me? No, okay, that's fine. I see how it is. Boop, boop, boop. There we go, fantastic. We did it, amazing. Boop, boop, boop. Boop. There we go, look at that, amazing. Okay. You think you've won? Um... No, we need to talk to him. Okay. He just says that they don't die, but they die. Um... And then the map piece, and the chair, it is... Hello. Yay, first piece of the map. Amazing. Um, let us head on back to Avery, and then I think we'll end off the episode. Because I think we're going to Valencia. I think, I'm not sure. Have no clue, can't remember. So, let me see. Bam, bam, bam, bam, bam, bam, bam, bam, bam. Thank you. One, two, three, haha. Um, how much level are we doing? 15, we need... How much does this give? 300, that is like nothing. I think I did so much, and we're only getting 300 XP.  Stupid. That should be at least... 600. Oh well, that's fine. Um, that's one of the longer quests. What's this for? Ah, the black one. Okay, so... Next time, we will be hitting... Thank you. Next time we'll be hitting into Valencia, so thank you for watching. Please leave a like and subscribe. And if you've already subscribed, press the bell so you know exactly when I post another video. And remember, craft outside the box.


Al Bemidji's trap team Lumberjack Invitational brought students together from across northern Minnesota to shoot for their highest scores. For this week's Golden Apple reporter Mel Meyer looked as the home team shot ahead of its competition. Students from Bemidji Middle and High School braved the bitter conditions to bring home the goal. We won our conference a couple times and finished second place in conference so we're successful. Over 250 girls and boys from over a dozen areas of schools competed in the Invitational. The Lumberjacks were hoping to get a home field advantage to make a mark in the different divisions. We have a varsity division, a junior varsity division and a novice division. There's a first place, second place and third place in each one of the three divisions and then there's a high gun honor for the ladies and a high gun honor for the men's. Competing in the novice division was Taylor Kehoe. He was pretty nervous to be shooting but was able to pull off some pretty impressive scores. I got 19 out of 25 and 21 out of 25. Tristan Secor enjoys grouse hunting with his family and wanted to join the club to improve his skills. He's been working with the coaches on how to stand right and to lean forward and stuff. Your position is stance when you shoot. Logan Sheets has been with the team for two years now. He says the coaches helped drive the group forward. They put in a lot of work in helping all the kids and all the upcoming kids into our team. Everyone's doing really good. The club sport has been going strong for four years and Kaia Martinson has been with it every step of the way. She says it's grown in size and in caliber. Back then it was just simple like all you have to do is like here here here and now like now that you're better and stuff all you need to do this and this and this and this at the same time. All the hard work paid off as the sharpshooters finished in second place in all categories but they'll have plenty of time to keep practicing as school lets out and summer begins. With this week's Golden Apple in Bemidji, I'm Mal Meyer, Lakeland News.


So, the next talk is about iterative and moral universal approach for finding loss in security production by Huichang Gao, Iris Shiro, Yun Moon, and Gomao Chen, and Jin Shang-lai, Goumin Yang, sorry for my background. And Huichang, Huichang will focus. Thanks for introduction. Good afternoon. Before the presentation, sorry, I would like to say hi to my son in front of the camera who is looking in from YouTube. Hello, John, I'm here. Thanks for waiting. This work is joined with Iris Shiro, Yun Moon, Gomao Chen, Jin Shang-lai, and Goumin Yang. I'm from the University of Wollongong when submitting this paper. But now the first author has been back to China. About this work, I would like to introduce its overview first. In the rental model, we can prove a cryptosystem such as public encryption in security mode and a computational hardware program such as the CDH program. The solution to the computational hardware program comes from one of the queries to the renderer code made by the adversary. When the decisioner variant of this program is also hard, the simulator doesn't know which query contains the correct solutions. Therefore, the simulator has to gently pick one query as the solution. Finding loss refers to finding an incorrect solution from how the query is made by the adversary. To reduce iterate renderer code or compact renderer code to address the finding loss towards type reduction. There are two types of security reduction. In security reduction, we will use the adversary attack to solve a hard problem. In the first reduction is the unforgeability security based on the computational hard problem. For example, in the digital signature scheme, we use the forged signature to solve a computational hard problem. The second one is the security based on the digital hard problem. For example, in the public encryption, we use the average gas on the challenge type test to solve a digital hard problem. And we know the computational hard problem is always hard than its decisioner variant. So a nature question is can we have an in security reduction based on the computational hard problem. In this security model and reduction, the average output is just 0 or 1, but the simulator's output is a solution to a conventional hard problem. It seems impossible to carry out such a security reduction because the average gas, 0 or 1, cannot provide sufficient information for the simulator to find a correct solution from an exponential size solution space. However, using general commode, we can have this kind of in a C3 reduction. This one is possible. Suppose a hash function h is treated as a random oracle. In this kind of general code proof, when the average makes a query on a string x to a general oracle, we have two next property. The first one is that hx is uniformly random and it depends on x. We use this one for some kinds of perfect security analysis. And the second one is that hx is controlled by the simulator. This one is the most tricky part in the security reduction. Considering this following sample test, compose three components, g to x, g to y, and the hash on g to power x, y, x, all the message. Suppose an average trade can distinguish the encrypted message from 0 or m1 in the random oracle mode. We can construct a simulator to solve the CDH problem, even g to a, g to b, and aims to compute g to a, b. The simulation is pretty easy. We'll just set the chain of cyber test equal to g to power a, g to power b, and the random string r. Then we have the following observations. First, no query on g to a, b to the random oracle. No break on the cyber test, because according to the property of the random oracle, this will be a one-time pack. According to the assumption that the average can break or distinguish the encrypted message, we have g to a, b, we appear in one of the hash queries made by the average trade. So we have one of hash queries is the solution to the CDH problem. Now, the question is, suppose the average made the following query to the random oracle, q1, q2, qq. The question is, which query is the solution equal to g to a, b? We know that when the dh problem is easy, the simulator can run the test on each query until you find the correct solution. Therefore, the success probability of finding the correct solution from the query set is probably one. But if the dh problem is hard, then we have the simulator has to randomly pick one query as the solution. Therefore, the success probability of finding the correct solution is just one over q. And unfortunately, the number of hash queries shown in polynomial time can be as large as 2 to 60. Therefore, this kind of reduction must be a lose reduction. So we divide how to find the correct solution from the average secure set. And we call this problem a finding problem. And the reduction has a finding loss if the probability of finding the correct solution is less than one. So in this work, we focus on, just focus on the retrieval case there. The decision variant of a computational heart problem is also hard. And, okay, the INT, the INT CH3 reduction, sorry, the INT CH3 reduction can be summarized as this kind of framework. The simulator is first given an instance that it will use or it knows, okay, or it knows to simulate a scheme for the average rate. And then the average rate will make a set of queries, a set of queries to the random oracle. And one of the hash queries is the challenge query for breaking scheme. Finally, the simulator will use the query set to find the solution to the instance. This is the framework used in this kind of INT CH3 reduction. Now, let CIP be a solution to an instance under a computational heart problem, P. So we have notation CIP, a solution, instance I, and the problem P. Now, before disclosing this kind of simulation to the average rate, we have that the average rate is given a scheme. And we make a set of queries where one of the queries is the challenge query for breaking the scheme, okay. But once we're disclosing this kind of simulation to the average rate, or just disclosing this kind of simulation, it's equivalent that the average rate is given an instance, and the average rate will make a set of queries where this kind of queries including a challenge query equal to the solution to the instance. It means that we will use that one to solve the heart problem. So the traditional approach, so we see these kinds of finding loss can be described as this. The simulator is given an instance I under problem P, and it will use this instance I to simulate a scheme for the average rate. Then the average rate will make a set of queries where one of the queries is the challenge query equal to this one. Actually it's the solution to the heart problem under instance I. And in this case, this is the approach, a traditional approach of solving with finding loss. And in this case, the simulator can only solve the heart problem with probability 1 over Q, because the simulator doesn't know which QA contains the correct solution to this heart problem P, heart problem I. And in Euclid 2008, Gash, Keats, and Schrupp proposed a new computational heart problem called the twin development problem. And this new heart problem is as hard as the CDH problem, while the CDH problem is also hard. And the advantage of this scheme is that our scheme based on the twin development problem have no finding loss in security reduction. And the call on the CKS approach is the trapezoid test. And given an instance I1, suppose there is just a particularly constructed instance I2 in the trapezoid test agreement such that these kinds of trapezoid tests with two inputs, Q1 and Q2, and this kind of trapezoid test agreement were returned to if and only if. Q1 is the solution to instance I1 and Q2 is the solution to instance I2, except with a manageable property. Suppose there is just such a particularly constructed instance in the trapezoid test, then the CKS approach associated with finding loss can be described as this. The simulator is given an instance I1 instead of using instance I2 similar scheme. The simulator will use two instance I1 and I2 to simulate a scheme for the adversary. And the adversary will make a several query. One of the query is the challenge query. And this challenge query has two components composed of two solutions to both solutions I1 and I2. In this case, we can prove that the simulator can solve the hard problem with success probability one. I mean one is just to find the solution for the query set. If there is a trapezoid test on solution to a given instance I1 and a created instance I2 here, in this kind of approach, the simulator sets I1 equal to I and I2 is the created instance for trapezoid test. And in this approach, there's no finding loss because the simulator can run the trapezoid test on a query set and only the challenge query can pass the trapezoid test. Therefore, there's no finding loss in this kind of reduction. And the summary of this CK2 approach is that this one is very smart and very easy in understanding. This approach, however, requires a trapezoid test. This is the condition. And the proposed trapezoid test can be adopted to many, at least many computational hard problems. But this one is dependent on the proposed trapezoid test. It can be adopted to many hard problems. But this one is also the limitation and also our motivation. We want to propose a framework that can be applied independent of hard problems. Our approach is finding loss. Sorry, it's associated with iterated render local. So what is iterated render local? Suppose the adversary needs to make a challenge query in order to use its output to break a scheme. In the traditional render local model, this change query actually is associated with one special input to render local. Just one special input to render local. But in the iterated render local model, this kind of the change query actually is associated with an special input to render local. And it must be queued in this kind of iteration way. Each input to the render local must be composed of new input plus all our query response on previous input. And this is the framework of this kind of iterated render local. And we define the iterated query in this kind of approach. Each iterated query has three components. ABAC actually is a response of a hard query or a sort of empty stream. And Q is a way to make any abstract chosen by the adversary iteration time. So each query has three components response with an iteration time. And we define the change query here. We say that the change query is associated with an special input. Here each special input actually is a solution to a distinct instance under the same promen P containing it with its index. Suppose this one input 1 actually is an index i. And the change query here define actually its last input to render local to if it's output. And so actually it's a Q star n here. It's last input here. And we can use this kind of formula to describe or define the Q star n the main contribution of this work. So we prove it in this way. Suppose the simulator is given an instance i under the problem P. Then the simulator will use an instance under the same promen P to simulate a scheme for the average rate. And the average rate will make several changes. So we can prove the simulator can solve the problem with success probability 1 over n times Q to power 1 over n. And this is the comparing. We can see that even Q is as large as 2 to 60. And this is not as big as 1 in the CKS approach. And these are the main difference in three series. Ours can be adopted for or problem. But it has a small finding loss. And finding efficiency refers to the time cost of picking generation of challenge Q-rate. And okay the main the next one is to explain how to prove we can have such a high probability to prove it we need to represent our Q-rate using a tree. We will use an edge to denote an input and it's n-node to denote it's output of an anti string because and Q2 use the response of Q1 and Q3 using the response of Q2 then we can represent these three queries here this is edge for Q1 this was the response of Q1 Q2 response of Q2 and Q3 and response of Q3 and then all iterative queries made by the three in this way with level n and we have these three properties first all queries with the same iteration some time edges and the same level i and all query with the same response edges from the same node for number these three these three query must have the same response because they already have the same response and iteration time and taking this one as an example suppose p is the CDH problem instance i is G2 AI G2 B here G and G2 B are relevant for instance and the solution is G2 and dash edge and level i to denote a query whose way is not equal to G2 power AIB and learn this is what a tree looks like made by the adversary and this tree is totally decided by the adversary but we have all the following three properties for whatever this kind of tree looks like each level has a solid edge and the same level must be from different nodes because this edge is the weight from the same node they cannot have they must have different weight and if that kind of challenge query is just in the query set they are must they are just one red and solid part from this root to a leaf actually this one is the value oh sorry and how to prove it okay given instance I the simulator will work as the follows the simulator need to choose an integer D in one and N and set I D equal to I okay and then we generally choose other instance such that all other and so we have that the solution is this one is set in I instance D so this solution will appear in one of edges and level D only level D only and we will use known solution at level from levels D pass 1 to N just from the it's downside level D pass 1 to N to field usually is curious and we learn we are going to pick one query from a query as a valid query and this is the definition a query is a valid query if it's weight it's equal to G2 AIP and a query is a candidate query if there is a dread and solid pass from this response node from its N node to a D node and this is an example suppose D is true the simulation doesn't know which query is a valid query but according to the definition we have these two queries are usually secured because there is no dread and solid pass to leave and these three queries are candidate queries compared to the traditional approach in traditional approach we just don't need to choose a query from the query set but in our approach we don't need to choose one query from candidate query and level D only and in this work we use the level one to have a smaller than this probability holds for or I then we prove that the episode must make more than Q queries but if there just Q and most then there must I start such that this kind of lower bound probability of finding a correct solution this one is an example suppose D is true and Q is 8 we need to prove that the lower bound probability is this one and this is the probability for some I start to be at least 1 over 8 suppose this Q is set made by the episode this is the set made by the episode but here it's very easy to see that when D is true it's easy to see that the probability for this one is 3 over 5 so this probability is also large then this is the second example the only difference is one this one is very Q this is the Q set made by the episode but here it's also large then the probability okay and so this are the main difference of this approach to apply this we just give a framework okay and to apply the series we must have that the scheme must be simulated using the generated instance this one is in this work we saw two applications the first one is a generic combustion for key encapsulation mechanics we can construct one way cam to in cam with a small finding loss in the remote without expanding cyber test side but this one with a small finding loss we will have a long private secret key in the number n 10 10 times okay conclusion we introduce the finding loss in production this one is very special production and we propose to reduce the finding loss so this are the main difference compared to the two applications of this approach one is in encryption and one is key change thanks so you said your method works for all problems but you need kind of this parallelizable nature right you need to be able to build a scheme yes I mean for this kind of yes I mean for this kind of scheme the scheme must be satisfied I mean that if you discode the simulation right that's to satisfy this kind of framework these two conditions otherwise this kind of approach doesn't work but let's say this one is independent of the assumption question we see just before the conclusion conclusion okay just for this one we have a key right this one because actually in our construction we use an instance right actually each instance you can see that each instance is used to simulate an independent scheme and we try to combine all them together that's why we use one instance used to simulate a scheme and there's a key right so finally