Our next star. Come on. This is Jürgen Bay. The reason I would like to talk about the working landscape of our stress. I have two situations. One is as a studio where the working landscape is one of the main topics and it has to deal with that. I find it strange that if we talk about work We always talk about economics and we talk about economics. We talk about how can you work as fast that you have your weekend off, long holidays, stop your work at 65 and that's just because the language is into economics and not into work. With anyone you talk about work they get immediately interesting and they talk freely about it. And that's also why I wrote the Lounge at the New Landscape Works and the language of things and the values changes and nothingness gets more important. Language directs which means if nothingness is really important. What we say now that we call it sort of hard times because there is less and therefore you would say more nothingness. It's quite strange that we find that very hard because if you look at the sky then the beauty of the sky is that there is so much emptiness and then we never discuss how can we make it more full. It's the enjoyment of nothingness that is really important and my other head is being part of the Sandberg Institute in Education which is a very nice place because it's the only place where economics is not discussed. It's about what you're headed for, what your vision is and you try to put as much energy in that. And it's also the place where you can only share. Like no one keeps knowledge in its pocket because if you want to teach and if you want to get the projects further everything goes on the table. There is no competition in a sense that you don't let others look in your cards. You're very open with it and it's the best place to be because it's the most of time that is spent there. That's like you can work with at least of weeks of 18, 80 hours and then we have in our Institute 90 students. You can count how much time gets spent on knowledge and sharing it. And when I got educated then learning from Las Vegas was a big thing which was like making from a desert where there is nothing into an economical area and just after that learning from Dubai is a bit the same and now I am again as a third time in Sand but then in an Institute that is a master course about art and design which is a very privileged place because I'm very happy that I'm not only into design which is so-called the creative industry, the new next promise. And the way it's been discussed already kills a lot of open thinking and the beauty of art is that it is like a very open language that everyone that says something about it feels that he is right because it's an open language, that's in literature. Everyone who reads a book thinks that he reads what he sees and never feels like discussed by anyone else whether he is right or wrong. And for me this project from Francis at least is one of the highest pieces that I know because I find it really incredible like moving mountains is something that's been discussed so much that no one really literally goes to a place and really founds hundreds of people to actually shift the mountain without any complaints, without any payment it's been done and it became like a big social issue all the people that gathered and discussed they will be the ones that will tell like in 200 years within the generation like that they were there when the mountain was moved by all the people you can imagine what kind of stories will come out of it. And I think still that this is this kind of nothingness where you have to think like maybe if you just change it into nothingness and make it very expensive then we cannot talk about the crisis anymore because like entrepreneurship is like the easiest way to start you just step yourself in a corner and say here is nothingness and you can sell it and it's and it is also because it is a precious thing nothingness just nothing nothingness it's like it should be like extremely expensive so in that sense what we need is indeed another kind of thinking another kind of language because it's really like how to talk about it and how to think about it this is from Joep van Lissau who printed his own money his own economics and building his own economics which is the question how to deal with it and where but it will open a lot because I do think that it's just a mediator the money was only there to make it more easy to discuss things if there was never meant to be the matter and it became the matter and it's the same with language this is from Hans van Halen the first written character that has doubt in itself so for the first time you can send people an email and they don't get angry immediately because there is air in between what you say it's a debate like you act and say things but the words are like to be doubted which is very nice because then you can be very clear and that's always like this giving which will probably that if you start writing with these letters how a city should be then this might be the city that you want because that's the nice thing if you change your language then it will actually also change what comes out of it because that's our negotiation is all done by language and and the not nice thing from now which I think it had his reasons but now it's all done by solicitors now it's like written down in a way that anything that might happen tomorrow that you don't want has to be written down in a contract which opens or closes down any next future because for the future you do not know what you need in your pockets big chance that the things you think is not very necessary now are probably the biggest thing you need in the next generation or the next next term so be aware with what you throw away it's better to shift it and make sure that it's still somewhere that others can act with because cars that do not drive fast like why would they still look as if they could because the biggest frustration in a car is not because it doesn't bring you from one place to another which we know now by the tom tom if you watch if you have like small queuing your time of arrival doesn't change that much the frustration is that you are breaking all the time that you have this car that says i can 200 and you can only go 50 so you are never to be able to have your feet at rest it's always like going up instead of going down and I think that's the biggest frustration also the biggest frustration is probably that you think that all the things you did wrong during the day and lost your time with in this 10 minute drive you're going to make it well you step in your car you think this is the moment that I will win back my hours of frustrations and waiting and that's what not going to happen and it's exactly again why it goes wrong so why do we think that when you go from a to b that's like an in between time no it's the time and it's part of your being that's the beauty of all the equipment that we get there is no time in between you are and you can do everywhere anything and especially with our google again a calendar you can change everything like if you want to go to the gym why should it be in the city you're always in why shouldn't it be halfway or in the beginning of your trip so to change your day it's possible because but everything is everywhere like how much things we have is that like whatever you want you want a library it's always there like the littler one but also the one that goes on the on the internet so we also have to think about what kind of cars do we actually need do we want like a car that goes fast or do we want a social car because we also know there is this amazing thing with the car it's totally from glass and you can be like very nasty to your neighbors but also to yourself you can pick your noses because it's somehow this bubble gives us the privacy that is unseen and it stops us from meeting and discussing with people and the beauty of this car done by an artist that it works on wood and it's very simple and very easy and it makes that wherever he goes he meets people so it's the first social car that's the nice thing that now that the world is so open you can question what do you really actually want do you want a social car then there's a possibility because if I take my car and change that in a social car it's like very difficult because the thing shouts for driving and and and driving fast or is it that we only want to hear like literally when we're going somewhere or is it possible to have like angels in your car if you drive drive over a road that goes through the former sea so the artist has the possibility to use like the equipment you already have but he can rephrase what we actually want and change it and it's the same if you look at this construction work that this is made out of wood with all the ornaments you can imagine if you would build a house with this as a cement one that that cannot be an ordinary house anymore but also the materials they will start discussing so we were meant to be in the in the bricks but now that we have like our cement machine that's so beautiful we will step out of the way and we want our own lives we want to act completely different as Theo Jansen does with his machines that are actually animals just made out of the tubes of plastic like very ordinary material just made for in the walls not to be seen just to be handy and that's it and he can actually give them brains and muscles and everything just by acting and spending his whole life on these kind of animals so these things are actually to protect us from the sea because while they're walking on the wind they throw some sand up gets blowing towards the dunes and they grow so these are our new gods they are taking care of us and they're taking care of that the sea level will not while it will rise but it will not rise over it but then if it becomes machine you can also think that machines will get hungry and start eating and then from there therefore is there like the shit machine which you can imagine that we all could have thought about the idea let's make a machine that can make shit which probably a lot of people do anyhow makes it so actually to change it into even a proper thing and then you can imagine you can say well okay it's a nice deal but the amazing thing by doing this actually activating it he got like a whole team of the best scientists to help him because they also thought like whoa if we make a machine that can make shit we get knowledge how it gets done and so they cooperated because they felt like whoa it's not just like a nice idea that's it there are possibilities there of knowledge so you can see that in this working society to debate is a lot easier and the question is what do we want like is it the drawing like the abstract world or is it like the actual reality which I also never knew that in any attic there is a heart that you can take out and make which I think is amazing because I always saw that an attic was just there to have all my rubbish and like to forget and not clean it up again so for me the question is do we go with all this knowledge to a hyper realism or do we go into an abstract world and what do we get out of it and what do we wish for and maybe it is time to have a manifesto again to say okay this is where we stand for this is where we're heading for and then to have the right direction machine which is the most clever machine of course that's what we needed just one machine which has been done by a student that said like I'm going to make the right direction machine and the nice thing of that is if you just start running behind it with thousands of people it will be right because thousands of people can never be wrong so in that sense it's like the ultimate way because what we do now is waiting waiting waiting making new plans is it a good plan is it a bad plan what can happen will it be the right thing it will be the right thing as soon as you go and activate it with all the people and that means that we have to think about like what is a craft what is a talent because we always think that there is only like certain amount of talents and the rest has to be done and when it has to be done it cannot grow because then no one wants to be it as long as possible and the one who is it will never grow because you always feel guilty about not having succeeded in what you do first it will be your mother you will talk to and to and then you get children then again to your children you feel a bit uncomfortable and it's like the most stupid thing because I do think everything is a skill and everything has a talent because cleaning is like the most important part because it's the only place that takes care of things and it's the first person that sees if anything goes wrong if he or she really does it well and the beauty of this project from Martin Basis that he made it into a clock but also that it becomes like a talent and when it becomes a talent then you want to get like better and better skills and better and better instruments to do it not the instruments that we say that it all gets automatically done because automatically done is like pushing with fingers and pointing out and and I do think that my finger is already like when I started already like 10 times as long because this seems to be the only thing that works well and and and probably my mouth but then that's then probably like what I do best but you feel also that it's so important to have other skills and enjoy it but also like when it would be a skill then it would also mean the enjoyment of it which would also mean that you would make the best material of it and this is a broom that we found in India which made of peacock feathers which is in our way of thinking not so clever because you think it's just for cleaning let's use rubbish material but if you use beautiful material then you can expect that it also gets nice to be done but also that the work gets easier because you can imagine that dust also have their wishes and they want to be treated well and if they get treated well they will act well and you can imagine that when you have peacock feathers and they say they'll only be there on Thursday but then they will only be there on Thursday then US dust will only be there because there's no sense in being there on Wednesday on Sunday or whatever day that's the day you're there and then you all want to be in front of it because you want to see it you want to be touched by it so cleaning becomes like extremely easy because they're all willing to go with you and I do really believe in these things so we made like pieces out of porcelain which is like very delicate and you can only use it when you do it very delicate and you can really imagine it when you would work with these things that you would become like a violin player which is also like fighting with gravity it's like being able to make the most beautiful tunes because they're so small they're small and they're never there exactly where you know so you have to feel it and you have to touch it and you can imagine if the same would become with dust that when you're cleaner would be in your place at work or at home you would be sure there because it's a beautiful way of moving it has like its qualities and then you're there and the person that actually works with it can also grow because it becomes part of a professional place where you work and where you grow which I think is the most important part of working is that it's the place where you develop yourself and when you develop you're there it can really like actually change the situation because the second project we did with this dust thinking is changing a vacuum cleaner in collecting dust making things and the whole idea with this is that if this would become like the new bags for shopping then every Sunday when we all go into the city to buy our things and go with plastic or paper bags back home to unpack it and bring it back into a cabinet and have the minute of enjoyment of the newness this would mean that we would all go on Sunday with our vacuum cleaners into the city all clean up the whole city and bring all the stuff back home and enjoy using it and you can imagine when you go Monday back into the city for your work that it's like splendid it's beautiful it's clean it it smells well and you have the enjoyment of and the shopping and the working so there are possibilities and for me it's still so strange why we still have so much energy and and pointing towards leisure like where we live although we all know we are hardly there because if we're home we're thinking where do we go on a holiday where do I go out which movie am I going to see so the home is still where we put all our energy in but it's not the place that we are the most that we use the most and and also the home is being made it's a whole production place so at the end the home is just a factory it's a factory where a lot of people came to work and that's also where I think it's so strange that so much emphasize of design is always on the leisure side on this luxury thing and the most luxurious part is still at work because if you would be like a pilot then you have a boss that will buy the buy the most expensive airplane that he can afford and you are allowed to use it so it's even it even goes with property the all the way around it's about having nothing but being able to use the best equipment ever so the beauty of this environment of work for me is really incredible because I've never made anything that comes close to this situation like the Fiat factory where they have a test track on the roof the containers that build their own cars that are so specific and so beautiful this as a way of listening to the orbit so huge ears which is then the development of like for the close and small things these other machines just to be able to see this so then you think like why are we still like working on chairs and tables and cabinets if there's like a huge field that still is to be discovered and to change into a working field because I do think that the work field and the space should be able to compete with the forest that in the morning you think so I go left to the forest or would I go right to the work and then not to think because I have to work but just because of the enjoyment of the place and the beauty of it and you see like how it already addresses to our landscape how our landscape is completely changing and not getting worse it's only getting more beautiful and even this I do think that it's just a matter of time that the the production gets cleaner and cleaner but also we know that all the materials get so expensive that no one will just bring the materials outside you will all get it and all and and uh oh I don't know the English word for it but like as a farmer collecting it and reusing it harvesting it which we already do in the in the glass houses as a as a complete closed function and even if you think about like how the computers are built and the chips are made there's no dust allowed and this is then the landscape that it makes which is like amazing in the way it addresses and also like how it will change our uniforms and therefore our behavior and then this is a project that's been done by Mo he was an artist or he was a student at the Royal College and he made a suit that on the left he's wearing the suit on the right is how he sees himself so on the back there is a camera and he really acts like in a computer game so he works in reality and sees reality through a glass and you already can imagine what happens if you add filters to it and and and think about like how you can fill reality with what is unreal or what is unreal like everything you see is real because you act towards it so the possibilities of now when we started with a computer but now the computer is already getting out of it and becoming part of the reality and it's the same that if you are an activist and against something then normally it gets a bit messy and beautiful because you want to be seen and you want to be clear that you don't like the situation but what happens if you are against something and you'd wear this suit like really nicely dressed and only addressing to the people that are open to see it was this is like the green screen so it means that through your telephone you can see what this activist is saying and then you could say yeah but then no one will listen but it's not the case it is like if you have a debate you're interesting if you're getting better in something you're interested in who is opposing your ideas but you do it at a moment that you're also ready for it which means that you don't get the frustration you don't get the ugly words you are actually starting to discuss and make things better and that's also where I believe that a big change is going to happen since the computer went from a big room into like small laptop being able to act everywhere it will happen the same with the production methods and we already see it the machines are getting extremely small which means it can go back into the city production is not anymore like somewhere outside of the city will get like inside and we'll also start the guilds again as they used to be but in guilds we always think that it's about the master and the the apprentice but that's only one part of it the main thing of guilds was the social behavior of it it was a part of a society that took care of the city that took care of the people took care of living and that was the main thing of a guild because we always think it's about this learning method but it's not it's about like how you build a community and build things so there's new girls we need new situations and you already see the first machines are really small so this is like the shoemaker we all know from the end of the 80s in the city we got all these small shoemakers where they could brush it but it could also make what was not done so actually you talked again to the one that's actually making and not some kind of a help desk that after the third question will always so you can find it on the internet so there is no answers there there's only like collecting services and saying we do our best and that's it but if you actually start being able to talk with the ones that make it then production will become like small scale but also one to one M in the city which will change our cities completely now if we want to live somewhere we always discuss like do we get like a park close do I get a school close do I get a nice road with a lot of green of that but what happens if working becomes part of the city again which means that 24 hours it's being used so it can be much denser but it can also get a total different quality and the beauty of this is it's it's a pensionated robot because the robot is not fast and good enough for mass production but for small production from one designer it's the best machine because imagine that like I still know when I bought my first Makita of my first money while there was probably the same age as he bought his first robot and then a robot like that that I think already is amazing and it's not about the size but it's also the possibilities of it and it's the same with this which is a project that makes 3d printing with clay but the other side what is really beautiful of it now I see a mishalf of it but on the right side to really mold the space is done by a laser so it means that when you touch with your hand then you can make the shape which also means again like with dancing that your behavior and like how you act with your hands will get as precise as a dancer does it's the same what I said with the cleaner like when you have like very delicate material there is no gravity to fight against anymore you have to be wearing yourself and dancing very nice and then you also know if that's the way people make things then they will also walk completely different through the streets because they have been learning from dancing which means that their behavior will be completely different so so the outcome of these things is not just the thing it's the whole landscape that will change from it it's the same if we start using edible things to also grow materials we want to use and it's not about reusing so much it's more about like small scale farming that's possible again because now a small scale farm has not to compete with all the milk that comes from a huge company he can compete by saying okay I'll take a designer and we'll use my harvest for products which I can sell a lot more expensive and therefore I can have like small scale so so it also brings like a complete different of behavior and possibilities of society or these which is all printed by roots and all the colors are made of materials that we normally eat or that we now have this discussion that we have overweight because we ate too much sugar then we can say sugar is bad and then we say all to all this farmers like okay you're not allowed to make it anymore because it's bad for our children we shouldn't do it but that's stupid because it has developed like an amazing production amazing possibilities why shouldn't we use it why shouldn't we like be able to make sugar things that are actually products again and in this time it's a jewelry but you can imagine that that's everything that you can make out of it so then you use like a production method that has been developed itself so much into reusing it so it's not bad that we had all the sweets so that we could develop this production method no it's very good but you have to reuse it now in a different system and or if you think like much more small scale here it's like a chicken that you bring and that at the end from the chicken skin you also make your jacket which is of course like a method that takes a lot of time and it's only meant for a lot of for a little amount of people but again it's like a trading situation and it's a situation where you can grow in a very small scale so small scale big scale is a thing that can be used and even the cabinet maker that makes cabinets out of old paper which is like what used to be like sharpening the knives which is like really old school almost but imagine that this can compete with the Ikea's when you go into an area that has just been there where the people start living then you need a lot of furniture and then this person could live in that place and as long as he has customers he can make it from all the papers that they read and then move to another place where he's needed again instead of having like all these Ikea's where we all go by our car to get our stuff then build it ourselves because it's cheaper but the annoyance of this building yourself is not that nice because it's all do it yourself it means that you're making a cabinet instead of something else that you do a lot better with a lot more enjoyment and it's the same if we think about like how factories actually looked because this is it's an energy maker and a house so it's like it is never meant to be like a nice living place it's a factory it's a factory of energy as this is a factory of collecting a farm was only there for the animals and for all the harvest and yes you had to live next to it and that's how this has developed so to think about these factories that are ugly and just make like straight walls is super thinking even this is like a factory that transports where people live and imagine this one this person has always a different view and and you could imagine that you would add your house to it because it would mean that probably you know that at seven o'clock in the morning it will be at Leiden in Holland and at nine o'clock it will be in Amsterdam which means that your house will not have a fixed address it will have an address where you are when you need to be there while transportation hold is so easy so it doesn't really matter where you have to go at least as you know where you're going and the beauty of this is that your view will be always different but also like the annoyance of a house bought in a place that seemed not as nice as you thought when you bought it this will never happen here because it moves all the time so there's totally different qualities and these are the qualities that when you follow them they will change your methods your behavior and also the possibilities of building so this is this what I said is annoyance of a car that wants to go 200 but only goes 25 this car will only go 10 kilometers an hour which is actually just a desk chair that has the possibility of moving itself and you can imagine that when you need when you have an appointment you can put it on and then it slowly will move to a place and you can keep on working while you are driving to your place so it's again it's like this in between space does not exist anymore because if you go slower it's a lot easier to adjust and you go as fast at the end because if three o'clock is three o'clock and if you leave at two or you leave at two uh 45 that doesn't really matter in this case so to think about like how your landscape and your behavior will change this like sketches that we make like how we think like okay if streets are not streets anymore but all squares if there's only slow traffic then it would mean that roads can be more much more graphically they are just zones that are used for certain times in certain places so then this could be a way of like changing the behavior but also changing the environment and for us because we are like we're still product designers so for me it's not as much that we want to build this but it's trying to understand like how to deal if you don't own space how do you deal with privacy how do you deal with concentration and how do you deal with the openness these questions are raised and through this we develop these kind of thinking and products and it's the same with this it's like it's instead of making a room you just have like space that you are invisible and the beauty is you yourself are invisible because you see no one else but the others who really want you they can still see you so there is like this privacy and it's the same what happens with the telephone if you work and walk and talk with your mobile phone you have the idea that you're not in the space and you see that you sit in trains you hear like the most private conversation just because you are not there anymore and and that is enough to have your privacy probably do I need to speed up so so this is the way that you can develop your things and ownership can be like completely different and the beauty again here is this is all made for our working society it's the place where you are to work trying to develop like a new landscape and a new kind of thinking and we're now in a project in in Utrecht which is the Rodsort which is which happened to be also like a Biennale and this area is really in the center and it's an industrial area it's one of the last industrial areas and they are thinking about making it slowly into a living area and then they have to make it like nicer and then you need people to enter it I don't know like I can't like I can't find the the words for it but that that you have more activities and and we are trying to find out like what are still the qualities within this area that are for production and if the production method is going to change and becoming more a small scale can we then still use this area this way and one of the first things what we did is bring the friday as a day of meeting and because there are four curators and they all have designers to work with and every friday they work there and the beauty of that is it means that we all know that this friday is getting slower and slower into this leisure day for fridays then you can do all these things you didn't you were not able to in the weekend just for you this time and I think the beauty of this is that friday becomes like a sort of an entrepreneurship you are not with your boss you're in your own place and you meet all these people they're all at work they're all thinking in the evening we have lectures so at the evening you also get all this knowledge from others but it's all meant to be like a study day rather than a leisure day and it really works extremely well in that sense and I do think that that would be such a good idea to have the friday as a new function that it's like this is the day that you're activate things all the things you have been thinking and trying during the week on fridays you can actually do them and you have this space where people will meet in a different way and we changed it like we made it into like four main things so there is like the area there's the help desk to raise all the questions from the area and the possibility there's the working landscape process you see that's something Sophie does where it's about like the knowledge and the skills that are already there and how can you change them by crossing them with other words so it's by crossing words activities and skills and see if you can develop new ones of it as someone was doing like the back landscape is working landscape eating which is about the production of food and possibilities like developing tools that that can happen and then that's like going deep into it which is more theoretical and this is one of the one of the projects that they show but also makes our identity it's just from Jurgen Urs Lehmie it's a digital spray can so it's like the activist that sprays on walls but then done through a computer which is like it's like it's like it's all the opposite of what it should be but it does it and it has like the character of the of the activist but now and there was also last


The practice test is any type of test that will cover any of the other tests that we've already mentioned, so they use basically for revision purposes. The types of tests that we may be wanting to practice for certainly will include the longer progress tests like half year exams and end of year exams, but also things like external examinations that we'll look at later. As they are practice tests, what we should ensure with each of these is that the practice test follows as near as possible the actual test that it's being used to practice for. There's very little point in having a practice test that is only 10 questions long and lasts half an hour if that's being used to practice for an exam that actually contains 50 questions and lasts three hours. So try to make your practice test as near to the silent content of the actual thing you're practicing for. Our next category is what are often called external proficiency tests. Within these types of tests there are three general categories and we could label those categories as general English tests, the next business tests or business English and the final category academic. And within these three categories there are various subcategories of tests, so we'll have a look at each of these in turn now.


gang don't forget ridiculously important I've said this before the fate of Julian Assange is our fate so we have to free Assange free Assange free Assange Julian Assange is a publisher and journalist that has been crucified for trying to bring transparency and accountability of capitalist power to humanity for more information see wikileast.org defend dot wikileast.org Julian Assange and wikileast playlist on censor tube and gang I can guarantee you I can guarantee you right if Julian Assange was free out of jail he would be a warrior against these centralized institutions that are rolling out these mandates and who knows how much information we would have already received through wikileaks okay there's a reason why they're crucifying Julian Assange and it is basically because they want to crucify us along with him he they just need to take him out we have to protect them no choice protect your warriors they are the only ones that will make sure you will live okay


Did he hit a good pitch or was that one that this is probably a bee cut to the corner, but Not quite as much break as maybe we would like to but I had it After I saw the swing. I had a pretty good feeling that if that was anywhere close he was gonna put a good swing on it so Maybe if it wasn't a strike we would have got some contact that went our favor, but He was on it so For you watching Ben Willis, yeah, I think that was the that was really, I mean it was really special for for all of us and Certainly for Manny and his family And then we got a chance to celebrate it after the game, so you know I've never been around a guy that has had that type of journey to you know Make it all the way back and fulfill, you know his his dream and So really that was that was the coolest part of the night, I think Was it exciting to get you know that deep or is it just sort of disappointing at this point? I was no it was pretty exciting The fans were in it I heard him chanting my name, which was pretty magical You know, it just means so much to us when we have them behind us They can be such a force and like almost almost will us to do better, so And I mean we banged we played great D and Manny got in it's a good night Just good pitching good players Have talked about growing up a Yankee fan and like do you remember when Manny was in one of the top pitching prospects? I feel like he's about the same age as me and I feel like we were I like we were I remember I recall him being on, you know a lot of the prospect stuff and and Obviously the Yankees get a lot of attention and the younger Yankees get more attention, so I definitely knew who he was and I don't recall ever playing against him, but certainly Spring training or things like that like we we would take note when we would face him then he was playing


Hi there, my friend and friends. One of the first things we learn when we dive into the world of CSS is how to style our typography. We learn about things like setting the font size on something or how we can change the color and we just style up our text and do some simple things. But then we can quickly realize that there are a lot of font properties out there and just to make it a little bit confusing, some of them start with a font like font size or font family. Other ones start with text like text decoration or text transform. And of course then there's a few others that don't start with either font or text just to make it all a little bit more confusing as well. So if you're feeling a little bit overwhelmed by it all in today's video, we're going to be exploring the essential font and text related properties that you need to know when you're starting off with CSS. We're also going to talk about some of the units and values that we use along the way as well. And to be able to do all that we're going to be starting off with this nice page where we have a whole bunch of HTML in place and I'll talk more about where I got this in a second because it could be a nice place for you to practice a little bit. But yeah, we're going to be starting off with a blank slate with no CSS at all. We're gonna be looking at exploring all of these along the way. But just before we do that, if you're new here, my name is Kevin and here at my channel, I hope you fall in love with CSS. If I can't get you to fall in love with it, I'm hoping to at least help you be a little bit less frustrated by it. And today, we're going to be doing that with these font properties and making sure we know them all. And when I say know them all, that's not a complete truth because it's more about knowing they exist. And then being like, Oh, I know I can change that. And then you can just Google it, you don't have to memorize any of these. And a lot of these are going to be using so frequently, you are going to end up memorizing them anyway, but don't feel like you have to memorize all of them. And I'll talk about a way to help you out a little bit in a second as well. But before we even dive into like all the different ones and how they work and all of that stuff, I want to talk about the most important thing when it comes to typography on the web, which is most things are inherited. And what I mean by inherited is if I come here and I say color, and let's just make something let's say red. So it really makes a change. All of my text changed to red, even though I've only selected my body here. And just really fast, if you're not used to what I'm doing here, and you're used to seeing in line CSS, because you're very new, you have your style is equal to this is just an external style sheet that I'm using here. And I'm going to link to a video down below that does talk about using external style sheets with selectors and all of that because I would encourage you to start doing that instead of styling things in line just in case you are really early on, it's going to make your life so much easier. And it's very easy to learn the basic syntax of this and how it works. But basically, this is just like coming on to my body here. And instead of writing it in line, I'm doing it in a separate CSS file. So I have my body and I'm setting the color to red. And then even though this is a heading and this is a paragraph, and these are list items, they're all going to read, there is an exception with the links, we're going to talk about that and how we can overcome things like that and even find what's causing them and everything like that. But inheritance is a very important part of typography, because the font properties in general, the whole group of them are inherited properties. So when we make one change, say to our body, the entire page will change. And that means I can come here and I can set a font family for my entire site. So I'm just going to say saw serif now. So we have something that looks a little bit nicer. And you can see everything has changed there. And that just makes my life a lot easier, because then I don't need to worry about like, oh, I need my h1, my h2, my paragraph, my list, I don't have to select them all individually. I can set global styles on my body. And this is where I tend to do most of my styling. And then we'll see how we can overwrite things a little bit later on. And you can see here, we'll start with this one. I did color before, but we'll talk more about color in a second. We have this one, which is our font family, which sets well, our font family. So you can be very generic here with things like saw serif or serif. And it's going to just choose the system default. And that will be different, depending on which operating system you're on, and even older computers might have a different serif or saw serif as well. So you don't know exactly what font you're getting, but you're choosing more of the family of font. You also have mono space that you could put in here for like the computer style ones there, like my text editor. This is a mono space font. So we have a few different generic ones, or you could put in a very specific ones here as well. Now there is a got you when it comes to putting specific fonts in like let's say I put Georgia, which is a Georgia like that. This is a serif font. So you can see it switched over to serif. And just to compare it to my serif like this, you can see it looks a little bit different because I'm choosing this one specific font. The problem is somebody's computer might not have Georgia installed on it. And for this to work, the person needs access to this font. If they don't have it installed, it won't work. So often you see things like this where then you have a saw serif, or not a saw serif, it would be a serif after. So if the person's computer doesn't have Georgia, it's going to go over to a serif instead and we just comma separate them. So ideally, it would be Georgia. If that doesn't work, it goes to serif. And you can even see my computer or my VS code, I should say when I start writing Georgia, I get all these suggestions so I can choose Georgia. And what this is doing is creating a very long font stack or very long and we have three. So it wants Georgia. If that doesn't work, we're going to try Times New Roman. If that doesn't work, we'll try times. If that doesn't work, then we'll just go to a default serif font. And this is called a font stack where we're including fallback fonts along the way for if people don't have fonts installed on their computer. And if you're wondering why this one is in quotation marks and this one isn't, I could easily enough have that one and it wouldn't make a difference. The only reason this one has to be and VS code was automatically doing it is because I have spaces in the name. If there's no spaces in the name, it's not required to have the quotations around it, but you can include them. It won't change anything. But as soon as you have spaces in the name of the font, then you need to include those quotation marks. And if you're wondering about things like what if I want a font that I know the person doesn't have, for example, there's a font that I have on my computer called Alaska, which I quite like. And you don't have that on yours. So this wouldn't work on your computer, but it works on mine because I know I have it installed. But there are ways of including these. I can either upload the font to my server and have them available and we have something called a font face to be able to make sure that it's accessible. And then there's also Google fonts and other font services like that that host the fonts online. I'm not going to get into that now. It's a little bit beyond the scope of what we're doing here, but I'll link to some extra information down below just in case you are curious about that. But for now I'd like to move on. And I'm just going to switch this one back to a standard saw serif for the time being. The next one is another one that we often change which is our font size and the default in browsers tends to be 16 pixels. There are ways of a user can overwrite this. But that tends to be the default size and it tends to be a little bit small.  Some projects I'll even go up to 21. And often when you're first learning you'll be seeing pixels like this though font sizes in general I wouldn't recommend pixels for just for accessibility reasons. I would recommend using rem units and another one you'll see is m units. These can be useful but usually you want a rem and not an m. There's a few exceptions. But if you're wondering what the difference what's an m and what's a rem basically a rem is my root m. So they're very similar units and one rem remember I said the browser default is 16 pixels. So like behind the scenes where you don't have to write this behind the scenes there's usually a font size of 16 and it's not even on I mean it's basically on the HTML we don't definitely don't want to do this. But it's just to say that this one rem is looking at this 16 pixels here. So this one is this size. And then if I did this as a one point five we're going one point five times bigger than what we have right here. But we don't need this to be here because that's already there behind the scenes and it's the browser that's actually controlling that. And the reason we don't want to set font sizes and pixels in general and we want to use m or rem and in general I will suggest using rem is because if I declare it in pixels it will overwrite the user's preference. Whereas if I use a rem it's going to build on top of the user's preference. And this might seem a little bit strange you might say well I really want it to be 18 pixels. But you might have someone who's changed their system preferences to have larger font sizes. That means if you're going and saying it is 16 pixels they'll probably just leave your site because their font size is really small when they've specifically set things up to have bigger font sizes because it's easier for them to read that way. So by using rem we're just being a little bit more inclusive and we're catering to our users which is something that we always want to do. It can feel a little bit strange because your base 16 is a hard place to work from. There's some tricks that you can use to get around that. But rem units is the industry standard. It's what you'll see used on most sites and I would recommend that you get used to using them and it's really not that difficult you get used to it very quickly. It feels awkward for a couple of days and then you start seeing that you're always using one one point one two five one point two five two three you know you get used to it you sort of know what each one of them is. And so yeah I just really would recommend early on getting into rem and just sticking with it so you don't have to break a habit later on if you're making that habit an early one that's amazing and you'll be good to go from forever basically the next one we're going to stick with the font properties for now so the ones that are prefixed with font is font weight and you can see there is a lot of them here VS code you get all these we're not you don't need to remember all of these the font feature settings don't worry font variant don't worry font stretch don't even worry the kerning the language override these are things you don't need to know every single font property but font weight is a good one to know and once again this is inherited but you'll we'll see something interesting here and so let's start with doing a 700 here and you can see my fonts got bolder but now if I go to 400 they're going to go and get lighter I'm using numbers here you'll also see things like regular and regular is not going to change anything I could come in with bold and then things get bold so there's keywords or there's number values I tend to suggest just using the number values 400 is basically always equal to the regular 700 is the bold that we see here and you quickly get used to those the reason that we have these is because some fonts and I don't think this one does but if I do a 500 nothing will change because my default sauce there doesn't have anything between the 400 and the 700 but some fonts will have this for example let's change this over to system UI which is a bit of a nicer font a Saucer font still but if I put this at 400 you can see it looks like that I could bring that up to 500 it's a little bit bolder I can go to 600 600 doesn't actually change but 700 will make it even bolder 800 gets even bolder than that 900 800 and 900 in this case are the same and so there are gaps along the way some fonts will only have a 400 some fonts will have everything from 100 to 900 so it depends on the font that you're getting and what styles are available for it and if you're like this is you feel like that strange you've seen this before if we're here in Google Docs let's go and make this font size a lot bigger so we can see it a bit more clearly and if I look here I have aerial and I just have aerial and of course we have that bold and italic that are you know across the top but if I go and I look at some of these other fonts let's go to Lado I have a thin a light a normal a bold of black this would probably be my 100 my 300 400 700 900 most are at look at that we have a whole bunch to choose from with most are at so 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 900 so this one actually has all of them available through the whole scale of different sizes and this is one of the reasons I would recommend using the numbers here rather than using normal or bold and having all of these here and the fact that you might want something that's your extra light or your thin you don't want to remember those you just remember 100 is really light 900 is really bold and you just have that scale that you can go between and some again you are limited by what's available in the font as I said before if we go to look at say Lado I don't have the extra thin so 100 probably wouldn't do anything so it does depend on the font family that you're setting here as well but here it let's go in so 300 to 400 you can see it does make a change with this one so font weights right there the last one and this is one I don't find I change very often but is font style and so we can throw an italic on there and make my font italic or we can do normal which is your normal and you also have oblique and in this case the oblique and the italic will probably look the same italic I tend never to use oblique but it's the main difference here let's see actually if we do a let's try Georgia again because we might see a difference here with Georgia that's oblique and let's try italic we don't see a difference some fonts you will and it's usually going to be with Sarah fonts where there is a difference between the two of them where oblique is sort of tilting the letters whereas an italic is actually going to change some of the characters themselves so there can be a difference but usually you're just going to see italic here italic or you'll see regular this is one of those ones I wouldn't even suggest memorizing it's just good to know that there is a way to make your text italic or turn off italic text if you have some that is italic and you don't want it to be you just Google CSS font italic or something like that and you're going to find it so it's really about being aware that this exists because it's not often you're making something italic or at least in my own experience and it just comes up in certain situations and you just need to be aware that there's a way of doing it and actually for now we'll leave this in here because we're talking about them and I'm going to put this just to normal because I don't want italic for my entire site and this is sort of the main ones that start with font at the beginning that I would suggest you at least are aware of and know about and these are the three that you use on the most regular basis and we have quite a few more to go so if this is feeling like how am I going to remember them all again Google is your friend but if you would like I'm going to link down below to a cheat sheet that I have that covers all of the essential font properties or text related properties is anything I talk about in this video will be in that cheat sheet so you can quickly reference to it if you need to and the next one is one that we've talked about and this is one of the ones that it's like color which is like why is it just color and let's put blue this time and change things to blue and so we have all like it's font it's font it's font it's font like why is it not font color it's not font color because it's not and we just have to sort of go with the flow on this and they decided it was color and that's that's what it is so if you try doing font color it's not going to work and nothing nothing happens text color same thing we just have color and you know what let's make our color red once again because this is somewhere where I want to talk and this happened with the bold text and I sort of passed over it really fast and now it's happening here with my links where my links aren't changing to whoops I put right here and the color is read I'm like wait my colors are wrong there we go so I've changed it I talked about inheritance where my properties are being inherited but clearly it's not being inherited everywhere because even though I've set my font weight to 400 the title up here is still bold and then if I look through down in here again we still have some bold text showing up and of course not everything is read and the reason for that is while most properties are inherited with something like a link there's a default styling on it and if ever this happens and you're not sure why it's happening right click on the element go down to inspect and take a look and it's going to open up the our dev tools here I'm not going to do a deep dive of them if you've never opened these before this is your best friend for just doing development in general because what it's done is it's highlighted my link here you can see it's this is the link and I can come down here and I can see that the color is actually being crossed off because there is a user agent style that's setting a web kit link which is a funny thing to see here but this is what's actually setting the color and so I would always suggest this look down here and see if there's something being applied and if it's being crossed off there's two reasons usually one of them is you made a typo so if you made a typo it will actually give you a little warning here that there's it's an invalid property or invalid value or you'll see it's crossed off and there's something else higher up where it's being applied and it's going to say user agent style sheet and that means this is coming from the browser so how do we overwrite it then well we just have to be more specific in our CSS because here I haven't told my links that they're supposed to be read I would just said that my body should be read and I'm relying on inheritance so what I could do then is I could actually choose my links and I could say that my color is now red and they're going to switch over now I wouldn't suggest this our links should stand out so maybe I'll make my links green just so they're different and now we can see that I can control those links independently let's turn off the red because it's really ugly and just put color I'm just going to do a we'll come in with the hex code here of like a three three three which is a slightly lighter gray color and this is the same thing with my headings here so I could come and say I have my heading one should be a font weight and I actually want this one to be a 400 and so it's not going to be bold anymore and then just like my font size here I was relying on inheritance and just really fast let's make that a bit bigger everything is growing with that so it's all staying at the original proportions things were at and the whole site is growing based on the base font size that I've put in my body here so 1.125 everything shrinks back down but I could come directly on my H1 not rely on inheritance anymore and say that my font size here is three rem and make it bigger or I want five rem because I need a really big font size or whatever it is but we rely on inheritance as much as we can to write less CSS and then I can come on specific areas and I could even come on my lists here let's do an unordered list and say that my color here is going to be purple I'm not sure why I would do that you can see here my unordered list has switched over to purple and even my bullet points here have but because these are links the links are being specifically set to green so we go as generic as possible and then we select individual things to be able to overwrite them if we need to for anything specific but the more you can put on your body the less CSS you're going to write in general now color is one of those ones that is pretty straightforward but we do have another one which is line height which is one of the other ones that doesn't start with either text or font so line height and line height is the distance between our lines if you're coming from typography you know this is letting and this is a weird one because you can put pixel values you can use REM so I could say to REM here and put a lot more distance between my lines this is actually one of the very few CSS properties that accepts a unit list value and it's actually recommended that you use the unit list one so here I could do a one point five and this one point five is going to be one point five times bigger than the font size and this will be different for all of them so my H one here that I just put this big font size on a five REM that means my line height is one point five times bigger than the font size I put here if I did this as a one just like that now my line height is equal to the font size bigger the font size the line height will always match it and the default value for this is a one point four which is a little bit tight for regular paragraph text it squishes things a little bit and so in general you'll see recommendations to start sites off with a one point five one point six or one point seven which just spaces things out a little bit and makes it a little bit more friendly to read depending on what you want the font you're using all of these things change the line height that you might use on something and of course if you have an existing design you can look at what it is there as well and of course you might have an existing design and you can just use whatever line height they've specifically given in those cases that coming in with a unit list number here is the sort of industry practice and it's just a multiplier of the font size value that's on whatever right and of course we can modify this on individual things I'm just going to boost my font size up really big here for this example by doing that like this the gap here is really big so that's my age to so you can always select your age to and say that my line height on the age to is a one point one because I want to bring this much closer together with the one point seven that we were using looks great everywhere else so this is something you'll tend to see where the larger font sizes get smaller line heights so you sort of set like a default one for most of your stuff and then on your big headings and things like that you might have to rain that in a little bit go in the one point one one point two range and let's bring this back down to the one point one two five that we had before just so it's not too big and we can keep on going now we're going to start with the ones that are prefixed with text and once again you'll see like holy moly that's a lot of things that are prefixed with text you do not need to know them all one of the common ones though is text align which has the we'll do a right so everything lines up on the right side or there is the text align center that centers everything and that one is nice and straightforward I think and once again you might not want to do everything we can say that my text align is on the left but maybe I want a specific section so let's go look here just so it's not my entire site but maybe this entire header I want it to be centered so we can select just the header of my site and say that has a text align of center on it and now only that area is centered and the one thing here like I'm putting this I wouldn't normally include a text line left because it's the default so unless I really needed it because I'm overwriting something that's already centered I wouldn't bother writing that and that's another thing with CSS is don't declare something so don't write in a width don't write in a color if it is the default value there's no reason to write it if you don't need to write it only write things that you need because you're changing what the defaults are so if my font size was one rem I probably wouldn't bother with that because one rem is the default value already if I'm changing that value then I'll actually include it within my declarations so I don't want to put a text line left as I just said I don't want to declare something I don't need but I'll leave this one down here just on the header area and just for fun let's come here and also say that the color is going to be purple so the entire header becomes purple once again we can put a color here and they get more specific and overwrite it for one area that we want now let's actually come down and I you know what we'll do we'll stick with our header normally I wouldn't do this for all of here but we'll stick with the next ones we have text align we're going to do a text transformation or text transform and text transforms an interesting one just because it's a bit of a funny name but the one you'll probably use this for the most as uppercase or it makes your text uppercase we can also do this as lowercase so if you do something it's lowercase if it was capitalized so here let's just take this line off I'm going to do a control forward slash and that turns in vs code will turn it into a comment and if you're on a Mac it would be command forward slash and hit save so you can see the two s's here by default were uppercase and if I put on lowercase it will put everything in lowercase it removes any capitalization whatsoever and there is also the other one that I never use which is capitalize and capitalize will make the first letter of every word a capital so just for fun if we move this over to my body and hit save you can see the first word of everything is being capitalized that could be useful for like blog post titles or something like that it's not true in English title case you don't capitalize every word but it's a nice quick fix if you need something like that for a title like here normally of wouldn't be capitalized but we don't have that can specific control with the text transform so it's either uppercase lowercase or capitalize again uppercase is the one I find I use it the most often for but it could be that you copy paste a text that was all uppercase you can actually use this to get rid of that even though I'd probably just rewrite it and the last one we're going to do is I'm going to do it specifically on my links because links come with them it's another one of those default values if we go and take a look here in my dev tools we have that and I can see that there is a text decoration of underline coming from my user agent style sheet and I want to talk a little bit about it because a lot of people like doing this text decoration of none and removing the text decoration and I wouldn't recommend you do this from links so I'm showing you how you can do it but the problem now is it's not as obvious that it's a link it just looks like it's text that's a different color and usually with links we want to do as much as possible to make people aware that they're a link and it's a such a standard on the web now that the text is a different color and has an underline on it so I would encourage you to keep them the one exception for that is in navigation menus where often we don't because it's just such a common pattern that we don't need the underline in those situations because it's really obvious it's a navigation those are actually links so that is one place that I use the text decoration of none you could also I want on my each one here I could say that I have a text text decoration of underline and I can add it in underline and maybe I just want that it's not a link it's just I'm making it underline because I want an underline on there the ones that you'll probably use less often but you do have the choices of our overline which puts it on top instead and we also have strike through which I think isn't strike through it's the line through that crosses out your text this is visual only so there is we actually have a strike through element you can use that comes with this as a default is just an S element that you can use but it is an option if you want to style things with the line through and interestingly you can actually do an underline space overline have multiple values on there and have them like that you'll notice this the space on the top is different from the bottom there are actually some properties you can use these days to control your text decoration so you could look into those if you want but this is sort of you're just getting started do not overwhelm yourself and again you don't need to memorize these you just need to be aware that you can control all of these things and you're going to be using these are the ones you're going to be using so much on such a regular basis that within just a few days a lot of them you're going to remember so just start using them and if you do want that cheat sheet I have again it is linked down below so you can use that just to help you out just so you have it on the side and in that cheat sheet I also show some of the units and the different values we can use as well so it just gives you a nice quick reference if you think that would help you out otherwise Google is just your best friend have no shame in Googling things whatsoever and if you are really new to HTML and CSS and you're just starting to get into web development I am doing beginner friendly videos every single Tuesday for the foreseeable future so if you enjoyed this video you like my teaching style and you'd like more beginner friendly content maybe do consider hitting that subscribe button and with that I would like to thank 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The Kaduna State Independent Electoral Commission has declared the September 4th election in four local government areas of the state as inconclusive. The local governments include Jabbar, Jamar, Kachia and Soba. Dr. Saratu Deku, the chairman of Kaduna, announced the election results to a press conference in Kaduna, where he explained that the polls in the affected local governments are inconclusive because elections could not hold in some wards. Meanwhile, he confirmed winners of Kaoran, noting that the People's Democratic Party scored 19,509 to defeat the ruling All Progressive Congress with 10,941 votes. In the remaining 14 local government areas, the ruling All Progressive Congress won the majority of the contest at chairmanship and councilor seats. The commission would conduct elections in Brinigwari, Chikun, Kajuru and Zangon Kataf on September 25, including wards where elections could not hold. As for the wards where we do not have the zones, we are also looking at the possibility of going back to conduct those elections and complete the process. Again, the highest to scoring two political parties are APC and PDP. For the position of the chairman of the local government, APC scored 10,941 votes, PDP scored 19,509 votes, making PDP the winner of the speech. The chairman has said, since we are going to challenge it at the tribunal, we are going to definitely request this result in the cyber. That is the first thing we would apply and from the commission we will get it. As you see what has happened during this election, we won majority seats as I said, but we end up with only very few. So this is very sad and


So I want to talk about the things that we're going to keep track of when we look at the entire cardiac cycle, all of the events that take place in one heartbeat. And we're going to start it out, assuming I can pick the right color. We're going to start it out with, you'll notice that this is an awesome visual because it shows us the anatomy of one heartbeat. It shows us what the chambers of the heart are actually doing. And remember, we've got that little thin thread of auto-rhythmic tissue going through the whole heart and that coordinates beating, but most of the heart is made of contractile muscle tissue. 99% of it is contractile muscle tissue. So all of this pinkish stuff you see around the edges, that's all contractile stuff with a little thread of auto-rhythmic cells going through there. So as always, when you're dealing with a cycle, you're going to have an sort of arbitrary start point. And that start point, it's an easy start point if you think of everything being relaxed and the atria are filling. The atria haven't yet contracted. We're going to look at volumes and pressures involved in atria and ventricles. We're going to look at electricity, like how the electrical conduction system actually coordinates all of that contraction. We're going to look at heart sounds, which are caused by the contraction, the turbulence that results from blood attempting to flow backwards and valves shutting in response to that effort to flow backwards. We're going to talk about how that exactly works to create the sounds that we hear in the heartbeat. And then we're also going to look at the EKG or the ECG, the electrocardiogram, which is a sum of all the electrical activity that's happening in the heart. So we're going to coordinate all of these different parts of pieces. So I'm going to write them down for you really fast. We're going to talk about the ECG. An EKG is like German and it's easier to hear EKG. You don't get it mixed up with things like EEG, which is looking at brainwaves. So we'll often call it an EKG and we'll spell it ECG, which of course makes things super easy and clear, right? And that's just a sum of all the electrical activity. We're going to look at pressure and volume changes. And then we're going to look at heart sounds. And so spend just a second before we get rolling to look at this little visual right here and see if you can figure out the events that are happening and where you think blood is going from one place to the next and why blood is moving from one place to the next. This image comes from the open stacks A and P text. It is a free and open text that everybody has access to. You just go search open stacks Anatomy and Physiology textbook and you have access to all these creative commons licensed images. All right, the best place to summarize all the things we're going to look at is a diagram from old boy named, I forgot what his first name is, but in just a second I'm going to come back and tell you his first name, but his last name is Uighur. He came up with the Uighur's diagram. I'll be right back to tell you about it.


The judge basically has on the table lots of cards to get out of the pressure she has. Lots of cards. The political card, this is a political crime. The awful conditions in prison. The health condition of Julian. And now she has this one, this one which invalidates any court proceedings. They were spying on Julian's lawyers. But not only that UC Global was spying on Julian's lawyers and we assume that they were giving everything to the United States. When Julian was evicted, the new government, the government of Benimoreno sees all Julian's belongings illegally. And between that is absolutely true that he had confidential information about his legal strategy, legal documents that he was having with his lawyers. And we know that Ecuador has handed that over everything to the United States. That's no doubt, that's public. What came from the testimonies is that they were discussing the possibility of leaving the door open inadvertently and basically allowing the kidnapping of Julian and also the poisoning which is shocking. Can I just talk about this issue about this information being irrelevant about UC Global, it is not irrelevant.  I used to work for 12 years in the law courts of justice. I know of cases where judges used to make orders to take people off planes that were going to send them to particular countries where far less happened than that. I mean, this is highly relevant. This is absolutely fundamental. And if the judge who is considering this case properly considers this evidence, most of which is backed now by judicial findings in the Spanish court, I mean, she cannot extradite him. That's my own personal view. I mean, I can't see how she can extradite him but you're perfectly correct. I mean, the one thing we've heard in this court is that we were able to hear this massive evidence about the work that Julian Assange and Wicke Leek did and this massive evidence shows the extent to which they exposed war crimes, crimes against humanity, egregious human rights abuses, all of these things, things which the United States is trying to conceal under the classification process.  That too is a fundamental reason why he should not be extradited. And I'm going to just finish and add that while I was there at the very last day of the trial yesterday, the actual hearing, and one of the things that is absolutely astonishing which came out very clearly is that there is still uncertainty about what precise charges Julian Assange is going to face if he goes to the United States and the judge is actually asking the US government's British lawyers to actually clarify that by Monday. How can you actually conduct a whole hearing, discuss extraditing someone to a country where the charges may change from one day to the next and are still not even clear at this stage? They are as Fidel absolutely rightly said, multiple reasons why he cannot be extradited but this affair with juicy global ought to put the matter beyond doubt and if Britain, and I speak now as a British citizen extradites Julian Assange in these circumstances then they will be directly complicit in the perpetration of the war crimes which he exposed, they will be complicit because they have been complicit in the punishment of the person who exposed them. Now, Alexander, if he goes to Alexandria it'll be like in Dan's case probably a strict liability case. He won't be able to say why he did what he did and we won't be able to discuss the classified information that was discussed in Barate's court. So I think that's a strong terrible difference there that there was no public interest defense in the US where we saw it on display in Barate's court because they were able to discuss why Julian did this. They brought witnesses in explaining the values of what WikiLeaks did. Dan, don't you expect and also Alexander that in the US it'll be a strict liability and we won't hear any of this if he gets that far? The government takes a case of why this was so classified and so they won't want to talk about parts of this that make the government look bad. They want to just, as in my case, pick out parts that don't look that interesting but happen to be stamped secret. By the way, in my case, every page was stamped top secret, sensitive. In this case, nothing higher than secret and even unclassified. But even so they'll want to say, yes, this was a stamp. They won't want to talk about the substance. But the point you just made, Joe, and I want to put it to Alexander too to see if I'm right on this, my understanding that is even though after the jury in the Clive Ponting case of a leak did acquit Ponting, despite an almost direct order or direction directive from the judge that he should be found guilty, they accepted the public interest case that what Clive Ponting had put on was clearly in the public interest to know whereupon Britain removed from the official secrets act, as I understand it, public interest defense. So Ponting couldn't have put on that question and why he did what he did and whether it helped the public interest at all. But as I understand it, the European Convention on Human Rights is there as an appeal point and which Britain is obligated to observe. And that does require, as it should, a public interest defense to be made. US is not under the European Convention of Human Rights. They are not subject to it. They do not accept under the Espionage Act, which is a strict liability act. It just says that you can only say, did you do the acts that are forbidden here and not why you did them or what the impact of them was. He would not be able to discuss any of that. Therefore, Alexandra, I'd like to put it to you. It seems to me that I don't see how the judge can remove him from the jurisdiction of Europe or London where he would be subject, in any case, to the public interest defense under the European Convention. How can they extradite him to a country where he would not have that defense? That doesn't seem to me right. I think you're absolutely right. I mean, the fact is he doesn't have many of the protections, which he should do.  It's actually part of our law. British courts must take it into account in any proceedings. They must take it into account in these proceedings. If he's going to be deprived of that protection and be transferred to the United States and tried in a situation where he would have fewer rights than he would in Britain, then I don't think he can be extradited. But I mean, it's only one reason amongst many why he can't be extradited. I mean, the UC Global one, I think ought to, in any sensible place, put the question beyond any doubt. Of course, the Ponting decision and the change of the law that followed it was made by Margaret Thatcher's government, which is before the European Convention of Human Rights became part of our law. So the Blair government then brought it in in 1998. It became part of our law in 2001. It became an effective part of our law. It still is an operative part of our law. And can I say, judges in Britain, certainly the senior judiciary, take it very seriously and are protective of it. And I think they will be concerned if they think that someone who carried out the trade of journalism in Britain or at least engaged in journalistic activities in Britain who is protected by British law through the European Convention of Human Rights were taken away to a country where those protections were taken from him.