And now, for your strong Europe spotlight. The president of Estonia, Tomas Hendrik Ilvis, discusses the relationship between the United States and Estonia. There is a fundamental belief in my country that the United States is a force for good and for freedom and we highly value the role the United States has played in defending liberty throughout. I mean, we are one of the most pro-U.S. countries in Europe. So, I mean, I guess, 88% of our people support the U.S. troop presence in my country and we like to repay that as well. And of course, we also understand that you have to be strong and fight for your freedom. So, in that sense, the whole key to a functioning NATO is that different allies work together, get to know each other, know how to operate, but ultimately NATO will stand or fall on how well we work together and that is the goal of exercises.


shop Sunday live, new mods on face, frostbite going down right now and this one's pretty fun. It's been a lot of work, definitely worth it I think. Shaving some weight, adding some awesome appearance to the truck, I believe. So here we go. I'm gonna flip the camera here real quick so you guys can check it out. Alright so we have the truck and we have passenger seat out and a whole bunch of boxes going on. So, give you a peek of the new mod going down right now. There'll be a full video install series on this. Completely how to do this if you want to do this to your Ram, but here we go. Here's a sneak peek.  Look at that.  Oh, top damn. Top damn. Yes That's what we're doing shop Sunday live. Like I said, working on a full video of this.  We are, what's up Dr. Diff, Mr. Justin. Where's my tune at man? Where my tune at? It's all good. So here we go. Kirk's seats guys.  Plus we race in a lot of street class events where they make you have a passenger seat. So we have Kirk's seats racing seats going on. This is pretty much a bolt on deal guys. No welding involved. Like I said, I'm making a full video of how to do this. And these seats will adjust. We have manual sliders.  These are bolt in bracket dillies that bolt right onto the floor in place of the factory ram seats. Then we have the Kirk's brackets bolted on to some aluminum steel tubing that I got bolted on to the Corbeau brackets right here. Then the Kirk's seat bolts onto these brackets. And we're working on exactly what the angle is I want. But this seat moves forward and backwards. You still have adjustment. So it's not a fixed bolted in complete seat. You can adjust the seat forward and backwards so that's pretty cool. And the best part that complete system with the seat cover installed weighs 30 pounds. 30 pounds to have an adjustable racing seat in your ram. So 30 pound seat and I just weighed the passenger seat and the whole entire passenger seat with the factory bracket and sliding and everything. That seat right there weighs exactly 50 pounds on my scale that I use the fill nitrous bottles with up over there. So that's 50 pounds for the factory passenger seat. The Kirk's seat that I just put together is 30 pounds completely done. So 20 pound weight savings drop right there plus it's going to look absolutely badass. The driver's side should be a little bit more of a weight drop because as you know the driver's sides are usually power. The passenger was a full manual seat. So we should lose another you know 20-30 pounds over there probably. But overall we're dropping some weight. It's going to look badass and oh yeah I'm liking it. So stay tuned full video coming on probably next week sometime of how to get these seats to work and bolt up. My buddies over here were about to get the other brackets cut to mount for the driver's seat. That's the Corbou bracket assembly I bought for both sides. You could use your factory bracket systems and make it work. However I want to try to sell my seats or I'm going to give them to my son for Project Sub-Zero for his Dakota. So those may be going in his Dakota or I'm going to sell them. I don't know yet. I haven't made my mind up. But that's what we're doing. Just a heads up. Also I want to give you a sneak peek. Not only did you guys see Dakota, my son's Dakota which is going to be Project Sub-Zero which will be a V8 swap or whatever. We have another truck coming to the channel. Video is dropping tonight. So stay tuned tonight for another truck going on the channel. Another project. I'll give you a clue. It's a 4x4. It's going to be badass. We have a whole bunch of mods already for it. So another build dropping tonight. And a lot of people should be interested in this. It's going to be real fun. It's going to be a daily driver. It's going to be a badass fun truck to drive. So stay tuned. It's going to be awesome. We'll see you guys on the next one. Peace.


Namaskar. Hello. I am Dr. Sakmaya Lama from the Department of History and the Sujukumar Bhujan School of Social Sciences. And I welcome you to this program organized by Krishnakanta Khandikoi State Open University. The objective of this program is to introduce you to the core structures of the BA program in history offered by Krishnakanta Khandik State Open University through the School of Social Sciences named after the renowned historian of Assam, Sujukumar Bhujan. Besides being a historian, Sujukumar Bhujan was a prolific writer and a poet. He was instrumental in professionalizing the discipline of history. His appropriation of literature and history in reconstructing the past serves as an inspiration to all the practicing historians. Before we move on to the different details of the core structure of the BA program in history, let us talk a little bit about the university. Krishnakanta Khandikoi State Open University is a premier institution offering various programs in open and distance learning system for those who are desirous of pursuing higher education but are unable to do so due to unfavorable circumstances. The open and distance learning system offers the flexibility of time and space for the learners to complete their course or any programs of their interest offered by the university. Before we go into the details of the program structure or the outline of the program that is offered in the Department of History that is the BA program, I would like to talk about the technicalities related to this particular program and the learner must be aware of it. First of all, we expect them to have an enriching learning experience and secondly, we expect them to have a deeper interest in understanding the knowledge of history as well as to develop the skill for historical inquiry. We also expect them to complete the program within the stipulated time to submit their assignment on time and throughout the program to stay connected with the university. Pursuing a program from an open university is an isolated experience for any learner and in order to relieve them of this isolation, there are various support services provided by Krishnakanta Khandikoi State Open University. Some of the support services that I am talking about are the self-learning materials and the study centers are a means of providing support whether it is related to the academic or administration. Some of the ICT-enabled support services are the university website, library, the Android phone application of the university, video program like Eklavya and Gyantaranga, phone-in program eBidya, ESLM which are the web portals from where the learners can download all the study materials and also social media. Social media is very important where the learners can connect directly with the authorities or with the faculties and can clarify any of their inquiries or doubts. As for the design of the course, the BA program in history offered by Krishnakanta Khandikoi State Open University has been revised as per the new UGC regulations of 2017. The syllabi has been prepared after a thorough set of discussions with the subject experts from different universities along with the in-house faculties. The course has a total of 56 credits and when I am talking about the credits I am talking about the number of hours to be put in by the learner. The BA program in history consists of both the major as well as common papers. There are a total of 14 papers in the program and all the papers are compulsory for the learners. As regards the admission process, any candidate who has cleared his 10 plus two examinations from any institutions, colleges or university recognized by UGC is eligible to take admission for this particular course. The university with regard to the evaluation process follows a two-tiered evaluation system where the learner is evaluated one in a continuous basis through the assignments and another which is the term-end examination which consists of 80 marks. Assignment carries 20% of the weightage whereas the term-end examination consists of 80% of the entire marks. Another issue that I would like to talk about is the career prospects. As for the career prospects, any learner who pursues history as an academic discipline can apply for competitive examinations and in most of the competitive examinations history is one of the most sought after subjects. Anyone pursuing history as an academic discipline has the opportunity to work not just in the governmental positions but also to work in the NGOs or to take up teaching as a profession or even research in the same time in modern times. The opportunities for anyone pursuing history is very wide. A graduate in history can also have a career in institutions like the public libraries, museums, archives. They can also take up career in journalism, media, tourism and hospitality, heritage consultancy and even films. Before I begin to talk about the course structure in details let us talk about the subject. What is history and why is history a relevant subject for studying? History as many say is a dead or a dull subject and when I say dead and dull I mean to say that for many history is just about memorizing the dates or the events and this is very dull for many of the students but if we have to look into the deeper dynamics then we understand that history is not just a subject but an intellectual activity and when we have to define history I will go by the definition of E. H. Carr who says that history is a never-ending dialogue between the present and the past and it is in this sense that I wish to say that the relevance of history lies in the fact that it offers the possibility of a better understanding of the society and the force that lead us to the present situation. Coming to the program outline the BA program in history is a three-year program which consists of six semesters and a total of 14 papers. Six of the papers are common papers and eight are major papers. In semester one we have one paper which is the history of India from prehistory till the beginning of the 15th century CE. In the second semester there is one paper again history of India from the Sultanate to the Mughals. The third semester the learner has to study two papers which is India under the East India Company and history of Japan and China. In semester four there are again two papers India under the ground and history of Europe from 1789 to 1878. Semester five consists of four papers history of Assam up to the 16th century CE, cultural history of India, aspects of European history 1878 to 1960s, Indian historiography. Sixth semester consists of four papers again history of Assam from the 17th century to 1947 CE, cultural history of Assam, history of ancient civilization and socio-economic history of modern India. Going into the details of the particular papers that we have been talking about in the first semester the learner will be acquainted with the history of India right from the origin to the 13th century CE. In this particular paper the learner will be able to understand the origin of human evolution right from the prehistoric time gradually moving on to the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic period and then gradually to the state system as we see from the study of the Ganas and the Mahajanapadas. And we also in this particular paper will study about the rise of the Morians, the rise of the Guptas and the other regional kingdoms. The second semester consists of the paper of history of India from the Sultanate to the Mughals and this paper covers the medieval Indian period which is marked by the rise of Muslim power in India. And it is in this paper that we will be discussing about the invasion of the Arabs, the Ghaznavite invasion, the Khoris, the coming of the Delhi Sultanates, the rise of the Mughals and we will end this paper by studying the Marathas. Semester 3 consists of two papers, first India under the East India Company and this particular paper will look into the downfall of the Mughals leading to the rise of the East India Company as a mercantile company to an administrative power in India and the paper will end with 1857 revolt. The second paper that the learner has to study in this particular semester is the history of Japan and China. In this particular paper will study this two countries which started off as an isolated one but then played a major role in the subsequent events and this paper will cover the period till World War II. In semester 4 the learner will have to study two papers, one India under the Crown and the other history of Europe from 1789 to 1878. In the paper India under the Crown the title itself is very very significant because prior to this in the third semester we had a paper in East India under the East India Company and right now that we will study in the fourth semester will be India under the Crown and it is the difference lies in the political changes that happened post 1857 revolution. In this particular paper we will be talking about the change of administration from a mercantile company to that being taken over by the British Crown. In this particular paper we will also discuss the growing anti-colonial sentiments among the Indians as revealed through the peasant revolts the rise of the political parties. The period is also marked by the growth of communalism, socialism and it is through this paper the learner will be able to understand partition and the independence as well along with the national freedom struggle. The other paper history of Europe from 1789 to 1878 during in this particular paper we will begin with the discussion of the French Revolution and the French Revolution is a very important event because it brought about a significant change not just in France but in the entire world. The learner will get to study the rise of nationalistic feeling in Europe leading to some of the most historical revolutions which includes French Revolution. Besides France there was a growing movement of liberation in the Balkan Peninsula the demand for unification of Italy and Germany and all these issues are being covered in this particular paper. As we move on to the fifth semester the semester consists of four papers and the papers are History of Assam up to the 16th century and in this particular paper the learner will get the idea of the Assam history from the legendary period till the rise of the Ahoms. In the next paper cultural history of India the learner will be able to understand the various cultural developments that took place in India right from the prehistoric period till the beginning of the new Vaishnavite movement in Assam by Srimanta Hongkarde. In the same paper the cultural history of India emphasis has been laid for the interest of the learners to study on certain issues like art, literature, music, painting and such other topics. The third paper in semester 5 is Aspects of European History 1878 to 1960s. This paper is a continuation from the earlier paper which the learner has studied in the fourth semester History of Europe from 1789 to 1878. The period covered in the European history in the fifth semester begins in 1878 to 1960s. This paper will cover certain crucial developments that took place in Europe at that point of time. The learner will be acquainted with the idea of imperialism and how the extreme form of imperialism led to not just one but two world wars. The paper also discusses the changes that took place in the economy and the society owing to the growth of the idea of capitalism and socialism. The last paper in semester 5 that the learner has to study is Indian Historiography which is one of the most important paper for any practicing historian or for the student of history. Historiography is nothing but the art of writing history and how over the time history has been interpreted by various branches of study. History has been interpreted over time from various perspectives and in this particular paper we will look into some of the perspectives which has been put forward by various schools of thought basically the Orientalist, the Nationalist, the Colonialist, the Marxist, the Subaltern and some other schools of thought. In this particular paper we will also study about some of the historians like Abul Fazal, Ranjit Koha, Bipan Chandra, Urvashi Bhuttaria and such others. Semester 6 consists of four papers. They are History of Assam from the 17th century to 1947 CE, Cultural History of Assam, History of Ancient Civilization, Socioeconomic History of Modern India. In the paper Assam History from the 17th century to 1947 the learner will be acquainted with the rise of Ahoms from the reign of Rudra Singha till the time of independence in 1947. In this paper History of Assam from the 17th century to 1947 CE it will cover the period from the rise of Ahom in its peak of power to its downfall leading to the passing away of Assam in the hands of the colonial interest. The paper will also discuss the colonial policies taken towards the hill states and also the changes that were felt in the economy and the social structure because of the colonial interventions. The paper will also cover the nationalist freedom struggle that took place in Assam and besides the issues about the hill tribes and the policies towards the natural resources taken by the colonial government this paper will also cover the issues of the rise of Ashmi's nationalism led by the middle class of Assam. It will discuss in detail the part played by the students, the general citizens, the common citizens, women all alike in the national freedom struggle. In the next paper is a Cultural History of Assam and this particular paper focuses only on Assam which is unique in its own because when we look into the mainstream history course Assam as an area of study has been ignored and we have tried to include the study of the history of Assam particularly for our learners for their interest. This paper Cultural History of Assam is very interesting for our learners as it covers a wide range of topics from religion, folk culture, material culture to cinema, art and literature. The other paper in semester 6 is a History of Ancient Civilization and through this paper our learners will be acquainted with some of the world's oldest civilization. Some of the civilizations which has been discussed in this paper include Mesopotamian civilization, Greek civilization, Roman civilization, Chinese civilization, Egyptian civilization and Indian civilization. The last paper in semester 6 is the Socioeconomic History of Modern India. While history talks about the political events and the rulers it is important that the socio-economic aspect should not be ignored or lost and this particular paper serves the interest of the learners who take deeper interest to know the society and the economy of any time period. Here we will talk about modern India and especially the nature of economy and society prior to the coming of the British and how it changed with the colonial entrance and what impact it had on the citizens. Some of the very relevant issues that are being talked about or discussed in this paper are rural in-depthness, peasant struggle, women in agriculture, famines and a banking system and such others. So this is what we have to offer in this BA program of history and I am sure that you will love it and you will take deeper interest to pursue this particular program. Thank you.


Hi everyone, I hope you're looking forward to the Land Act 2021 conference. In our session, we're going to have a critical look at how Land Rights Intervenous and Land Rights Interventions reacted to the current COVID crisis and more generally how Land Rights Interventions can be crisis resilient, can help contexts and people be crisis resilient, adapt to changing circumstances in times of crisis, what we can learn from past interventions and current interventions from each other, and what we need to do in the future to work in a crisis-proof way. Hope to see you next week.


Shaber 1000 here. It's windy so I'm not gonna do any painting on the boat today but what I am gonna do is monkey and I are gonna put the boat back on the trailer. I'm gonna film it because it could be interesting so stick around let's see what happened. Okay guys so might not look like it but that was pretty easy wasn't it? It just brought the trailer right it loaded itself I guess. So now that I got the boat where I went on the trailer after I paint the blue I can put those the guide rollers on there and then every time I pull that up there on on on to the trailer in the water it'll guide it right up on perfect every time. Now guide rollers somewhere in here so you see what it does it'll help guide the boat up on I may put them right about there I don't know we'll just have to see maybe back here we'll just have to see gotta oh I have to you know you gotta always gotta fabricate something like this if you want it to be right you can just slip them on there if you just stick them on there and bolt them up then they're really not doing their job right so your boat's not rolling on these they're not doing their job so you really don't even need them so that'll be cool so these will help out a lot so next thing tomorrow my monkeys at work it's really windy you can probably hear it we'll go ahead and scrape this and do some sanding on this and we'll paint the blue and clear coat it I got some bolts in the back of these that need to be replaced especially on that side there's a couple loose bolts I'm gonna put some yeah monkeys got one there I'm gonna put some stainless steel in there and yeah we're getting there come on man yeah awesome all right guys so that was a quick video but we just wanted to share with you how we were gonna load the boat back onto the trailer well that's how it is that's a pretty heavy boat though yeah it's heavier than I thought it's a few hundred pounds yeah it's heavy but when it's on the ground makes a whole difference yeah yeah yeah all right guys so Monk where you about right guys thanks for watching stay tuned for more videos probably got three maybe four more videos on the boat then we'll have some more videos on the boat yeah and I'll be doing my camp out soon huh yeah she wants to get carpet in here and pretty soon I'll be doing my camp out on the island so with the newly painted boat cool thanks for watching guys appreciate you say bear the myth man legend gone for now thanks for watching guys stay tuned for more videos and we'll see you soon I'm out of breath my supposed to lift this shit well they can't stop me but they said don't do it you will die I proved them wrong a hundred times so far enjoy the rest of your week bye bye guys and take care


Alright guys, welcome back to another video and another episode of making gains. Today's video I am going to keep short. I know I've said that many times before, you know, I do try and keep my video short but today's one will be short because what I've got is one whiteboard marker and all I'm going to do today is run through my macros and calories over the first three weeks of dieting. So today makes day 22. We're just at the end of it. I've tracked absolutely everything. I'm pretty proud of myself the way I've done it so far. I've got pretty good results because I've tracked everything. You know, I have, even when I've overeaten or binged as such, I've still tracked it, which means that I've still got that data and it just motivates me to continue.  So I really don't want to do that. Anyways, I've got my phone here. So what I'll do, I'll just quickly write down what my macros were and my calories for the first three weeks. Actually come to think of it guys, okay, when I say I've made progress I really have but my calories have actually gone up each week. So even this past week, I've actually eaten quite a lot of food and I've still, you know, continued to lose weight, which means, one, that my metabolism is moving and it's good. And two, you know, I don't need to lower my calories as low as I did last time because, probably because I've got a little bit more muscle mass. So it seems my metabolic rate is slightly higher than it used to be, which is a good sign. But anyways, let me write this down. All right guys, so here we are. If I can, can I put that back a little bit? Okay guys, so here we are off the whiteboard. We've got week one, week two, week three, calories, protein, carbs, fats, and low weight. So if we go like this, then we can now enter the numbers. So week one was June 5th to the 11th, 19th to the 25th. Yeah. The calories over the first week, the average was 2,797, 2,841. And the third week, the week just gone, I actually up my calories quite a bit. And that is because, you know, I was feeling, I was feeling pretty depleted. I was feeling the pinch on the diet. You know, that to me seems like a decent amount of calories, but it's probably for someone who's sedentary most of the day and might do one workout. You know, recently I have been expending quite a lot of energy in CrossFit, in the gym, at work, walking around. I've probably been burning close to 4,000 calories per day. You know, I wouldn't be surprised if I was. So I up my calories a little bit for the third week, and the average was 3,441. If we're going to talk about macros, the first week, we're looking at 244 protein, 198 carb, and 105 fat. So I started this diet at a weight of 103 kgs. In that first week, my low weigh-in was 101.2. So we'll go 101.2 kg. And that's where we're at for the first week. The second week, macros, 229 protein, 254 carb, and 94 grams of fat, with a low weigh-in of 100.65 kg. God, my writing, I tell you what, writing on a whiteboard is not easy when you're holding it up like this. I'm not giving myself much credit with this freaking handwriting, but let's go. Third week, okay, 227 protein, 309 grams of carbs, and I really, up the fats this time, I went to 130 grams of fat, with a low weigh-in of 98.8 kg. So in total, guys, we've gone from 103 kg to 98.8 kg, okay? So what's that? That's 4.2 kilograms that I've lost, so minus 4.2 kg. So average fats, what have we got? 105, 94, 199, 299, 329 divided by 3 is 110 grams, on average. Carbs, on average, what have we got? 198, 309, we'll call that 500, plus 250, is 750 divided by 3 is 250 a week. Sorry, 250 a day. Protein, what have we got? 244, 344, 444, 454, 464, 473, 673, 700 divided by 3 is an average of 233. And calories, God, am I going to have to do this on my head? Okay, we'll call that 2800, 2800, and no, what is it? 28, 28, that's 5600, plus 3400, that's easy, that's 9000 divided by 3 equals 3000.    Like I said at the start of the video, I'm really pleased that, you know, my metabolic rate is running as high as it is because that is gonna allow me to shred up even faster and not put in jeopardy my, my hard-earned muscle mass that I have in the past, so I'm really happy about that. Anyways, this video has gone way too long. Those were the macros, calories, average weight loss, how things are going. I am feeling as positive as possible. I have taught myself out of bulking multiple times, but, you know, I said, like, I really want to close out this series in really good shape and so that is why I'm continuing to cut. We go, yeah, we're down into the 90s, obviously. I don't like to see that.  Anyways, I'll see you guys in the next video. Don't know when that'll be, probably soon, but until then, have a great day or a great night, wherever you are. I will too and I'll see you in the next one. Peace.


If you want to control your bandwidth usage on your Mac, maybe you are tethering to a mobile device and don't want to have those Dropbox Red downloads kicking in, or maybe you are live streaming. Well, there is an app for that and I'm gonna tell you about it in this video. Hello and welcome to Take One Tech. My name's Alec and in this video I'm gonna give you a little run through of a small menu bar app called Trip Mode. Now this is something that I did touch on in another video I did, which was all about five menu bar apps for live streamers. So I'll leave a link to that in the description below but I didn't actually go through a sort of full tutorial on exactly how to use it. So that is the purpose of this video. The Trip Mode basically controls what applications that are running on your Mac have access to the network. It is as simple as that. And there are lots of different use cases for this. As I say, I make all of these videos in e-cam live and so for this and live streaming I would have a Trip Mode limit which applications can access the network because I don't want, as I said in the intro something like a Dropbox sync kicking in just when I need all of the bandwidth for something else. And so that's what it allows you to do. I also used to use it quite heavily when I used to travel. I haven't been traveling for about a year funnily enough but when I did it was great to be able to control what was accessing my network when I was tethering to my mobile device whether I was in a hotel, airport lounge or wherever it happened to be. So it's great for that as well. So let me go over to my screen sharing and I'll just show you quickly the website for the application. Although there is a better way to buy it actually but I'll show you the website first. They even recommend this way on their website funnily enough. But yeah, this is the website for Trip Mode and I'll leave a link to this in the description as always of course. You can download a free trial of it here but I'll come back to that later and it tells you all about it in here. Now the way that I would recommend perhaps getting this is rather than from the website, I think on the website it is 799 although there are three different levels with different features but you can get the full featured version by signing up to something called Setapp. Now this was something I mentioned in that previous video as well but Setapp you can get a free trial of that as well so you would be able to try this application and more. Just head over to takeonetech.io slash setapp and what Setapp is is it is an application that gives you access to over 200 other applications. So you can have this on your computer and you can browse through the list of all the other applications available and you sign up to Setapp for 999 a month and then you get access to all of these including all future updates as well. So it's a great way to get lots of different software packages for a small monthly fee and if you use the link that I've given you there as well as the free trial if you go on to subscribe to Setapp after the free trial you'll also get a free month there as well and just for disclosure that's the way the affiliate link works is you would get a free month and I would also get a free month added onto my subscription so just to be perfectly clear about that but Setapp is something that I use and I can highly recommend it's a great way as I say to get access to all of these other applications. So what exactly is Trip Mode? Now we've gone on that diversion what is Trip Mode and how do we use it? Well let me just get this browser window out of the way as I say it is a menu bar app so it just sits up here in the top of the menu bar and at the moment I've got it switched off but if I just click on it for a moment you'll see that the interface in the menu bar comes up like this. Now there is a little cog wheel so before I get into exactly how it works in fact no, let me show you how it works first of all shall I? So as you can see at the moment it is switched off we've got the little off switch and all of these different applications that I've left running on my Mac purposefully to show you all of these things that are currently trying to access the network or who have accessed the network. So lots of different things on there I've got Microsoft Teams running Facebook Messenger, iCloud sync my stocks app, Microsoft PowerPoint, Microsoft Excel Descript, lots and lots of different things and some of them you may not really think that they're actually making calls over the network I mean possibly you might not have thought that Excel would be all PowerPoints but they all do make these little calls to the internet periodically. So yes quite a lot of apps I've got open here that's a bit of a no-no really when I'm recording but I left it over here to prove a point because I've got this set up as my little recording profile I'll get into profiles a little bit later but if I just simply toggle this switch on what you can see is all of those other apps have disappeared and these are the only ones that at the moment have access. So I've got this set up as my recording section but maybe I don't actually want mail to have access so I can come in here and see that it is switched on and I can just toggle it off so now it won't be trying to fetch any mail while I am actually recording and the only things that I've got it using at the moment is Google Chrome and e-cam live and as you can see every time an application wants to try to call the network it will pop up in this list and you can see that it's grayed out so it can't access it. So that is basically how you just toggle it on and off but let me go into the settings because there are a few other things to run through here. So if I open the settings which by the way and you can also see that the icon before I move on, you can see that the little train icon is sort of blinking red so every time anything does make a call to the network you'll notice that it turns red but we'll see that in the settings. Now the way to get to the settings is you come over to these little three dots in the top corner of the window. You click on that and then you go to the settings tab and this will open up the trip mode preferences like we've got here. Now there are basically three different sections. There is general profile and scheduler. So first of all in the general tab you would maybe want to have this toggle to open at login that's up to you. So that would just load it up automatically when you open your computer so that you know it'll always be there in the menu bar. Now we've got this one which is internet access behavior for newly detected apps. So this is basically what's gonna happen if a new app comes up and wants to access the internet. So at the moment I've got that set to always allow and that will bear in mind only actually take effect if you have got a trip mode switch on. So trip mode switched on and I don't mean open but actually physically active. So here you can see that it is active. So what you may want to do is given that there are some things in this list that you might not have open at the time you might want to change that to always block. So if you've got trip mode active what you wouldn't want to do is an app open up that you didn't really realize what's gonna be making calls to the internet and then suddenly you're tethered to your 5G signal from your mobile or something like that and then it starts downloading a load of data. So probably always block is a better suggestion there. Then it says when a disabled app tries to access the network so you've got a little thing there flash icon in the menu bar. So here you can see this little icon this is where I mentioned about it flashing. So that is when specifically a disabled app is trying to access the network. You can also turn on notifications. Personally I don't have any of these on because all I want to do is just sort of set it and forget it and not have little bings and bongs coming through every time an app tries to access the network but if you did want to be alerted you could click that there. You could also even have it say the application name so it would actually announce which application was being naughty and trying to hog your bandwidth. And then you can also change the amount of time that you want the notification to show for. Again, I don't have that on because the last thing I want is actually audible sounds or even notifications coming on the screen while I'm trying to record or live stream or anything like that. And then you can also have this start the monthly count on day one. So one of the options in the actual view that you have in trip mode, sorry I've clicked on the wrong one. You can show it shows the bandwidth that's been used by each application and you can also show how much has been used in this session or you can also say how much has been used today, this week or this month. So you can just choose the day of the month that it is starting on. So as you can see, not much in those settings and the ones I would recommend would be potentially open trip mode at login. That's up to you. I actually don't have things opening at login. I have a separate script that I run to open specific applications depending on what I'm doing on my computer at that time. And then this one always blocked new applications. I would probably recommend to have that. These ones, I'm not so fussed about to be honest. Next section is the profile section. Now this is quite useful if you are using trip mode for multiple different things. So I have my default profile. You can also have a profile set up for different network settings or different networks. So you could have one set up specifically when you are tethered to your phone and it would automatically detect that that is the network you are attached to and whenever you attach to that network, it automatically switches on. And that is where you would have this switched here. So you can have it switch profiles manually, not switching profiles or automatically. So if you have it set to automatically every time you switch to a specific network, like as I say, a mobile hotspot, then it would automatically switch on. I actually don't want it to do that because I use multiple separate profiles that I use on multiple different networks. So personally, I don't have that one set. I just prefer to switch it manually. You will have automatically created profiles for different networks. So you can see that they have appeared here. So that one there, the name of my cat is the name of my network. That's my Wi-Fi network. But then also you've got the user created profile. So I have a profile created for recording. I have one for streaming. I have one for tethering and I have one for Zoom calls. So all of those have got different settings and different apps that I allow access.  Whereas if I'm recording, sometimes when I do these videos, then I do do demos where maybe I access like the app store or something like that. And so for that, I've obviously got different permissions for different apps. Then I have another one for tethering, which is specifically when I'm just on a mobile and I don't want to have any data use whatsoever. Both technically it's more like roaming as well because sometimes internationally, the last thing you want to do is have it actually starting to download data over the internet using roaming charges. And then finally, I have one for Zoom, which is specifically when I'm on my Zoom calls just to give me a bit of a better connection. But again, that is a different use case. So I have different apps that are allowed. Now you can have it in here monitor data usage and you can block certain applications after they have downloaded a certain amount. I personally don't do this because I find I can manage it all with the different profiles, but you could have something if it downloaded too much data then it would automatically switch off. That would be something that you might want to consider if you had got a particular limit on your data plan and you didn't want to ever exceed that then you could have it so that it was automatically switching on when you were tethering to your data, to your mobile and then also automatically switching off if it ever came close to your data limit or something like that. But again, I don't particularly use that. I just manage my usage in other ways. So the next part of this is applications. So for each individual section, each individual profile, I forgot the word there, you can also just click and add in extra applications that you want so that they will appear in the list and you can deactivate them or activate them there. And oh, and by the way, simply adding a profile is if I create a new profile like this and then click create, then that profile will just appear down here. So that is the profiles section. Now you can also have a scheduled application. Let me just revert that because I don't need that extra one. If I come into this scheduler, then you can also add a scheduled event. So you could have it so that this turns on automatically at a specific time and you can come in here and just change this and tell it what to do. So either you're going to force it to be on or you might want to force it to be off and the time and so on.  But that is somewhere where you can activate those in any case. So just coming back out of the preferences for a moment and back into trip mode, those profiles that we set up there, by the way, if I just switch this off, now we're back to everything has access again. Those profiles I've got just appear here. So they are the default profile, recording, streaming, zoom and tethering. So I can just flick between whichever one I want to use in there. So I could change this to my streaming profile. One second, there we go. And then just toggle that one on. And that would then be active and even fewer applications then have access to the network. So that is a bit of a rundown of how I use trip mode and hopefully how you can use it to limit your bandwidth usage by your applications. I hope that that has been useful. If it has been useful, then don't forget to go and like and subscribe to the channel. He says, as his stream deck suddenly stops working. I'm not quite sure why. I tell you why that is. So here we go. This is a good example. Let me just come back because what happened there is I changed to a profile that doesn't normally allow my stream deck to work. So what I need to do is toggle this off and then what we should find is. So there is another tip. If you are using stream deck, make sure you have that one active as an allowed application. Otherwise, it will cut off the network traffic from your stream deck as well because it isn't just over the internet. It also would cut it off into your computer as well. So another top tip that I've just inadvertently stumbled upon through that little demonstration. So if you have found that useful, don't forget to go and like and subscribe. And in the meantime, until the next video, I hope you all have a wonderful day and check out some of these other videos coming up next.


This agreement could be a game-changer. It could wake up the rest of the world, particularly the emerging markets, and show that the United States and Europe still remain very powerful economic entities, not only individually but collectively. So when you look at trade, you look at forward direct investment, capital flows, really leading the way still today are the United States and Europe. It's not China, it's not India. So I think this trade agreement, if successful, and that's a big if, could be a wake-up call for the rest of the world that the United States and Europe still matter. Of course they do because they're so economically large, but if we can set standards, harmonization across various industries, public procurement, automobiles, agriculture, and so forth, the rest of the world will have to follow along, and they'll want to follow along because the United States and Europe would reinstate how dynamic they are. TTIP means a lot to Ireland because Ireland is the bridge by which a lot of US multinationals here invested in Ireland access to the European Union. So if we have a trade agreement that helps bring down technical barriers, non-tariff barriers, and barriers into themselves, that's going to create a lot more business, more trade, more investment, and you've seen a concentration of US foreign direct investment in the European Union, with Ireland clearly one of the front runners. It's Netherlands, the UK, and Ireland. So the more trade and investment flows between the United States and Europe, the better you're going to see that flows come via vis-a-vis Ireland. Key obstacles of any trade agreement are political. I really think it's going to be a tough sell in the United States, it's going to be a tough sell in the European Union. Encouragingly, growth is picking up in the United States. EU is coming out of recession. We need the unemployment rates to come down on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean so that this agreement can be sold and brought forth educated to the population. So there's going to be tough negotiations around agriculture, tough negotiations around private data, security issues, financial services. There's plenty of hurdles, but I think with the right foresight, educating the population, and a good backdrop when it comes to trade and investment, this deal can be done.


Before World War I, women were believed to be stay-at-home creatures, no woman worked in business, politics or anything much outside home. However, when the war began in 1914 and the men, one after another, started going to war, women roles began to change. Beginning from Britain, we started seeing women secretaries, women farmers and even women bus conductors. By the time World War I was over in 1921, the roles of women have completely changed from what they used to be just seven years before and as you can see today, those roles have changed forever. Here we are battling another significant worldwide crisis. If you've been thinking if the world will remain the same after this pandemic is over, maybe you should think again because it might not. In today's video, I want to share with you a few ways our lives might be changed forever just because of COVID-19 pandemic. If you are new here, don't forget to subscribe so you don't miss other exciting videos like this. If you are an entrepreneur or an ambitious person, we especially invite you to join our motivational channel which was designed to give you daily inspirations so that you will have the strength to pursue and achieve your most important dreams. Recall this channel, Hunt TV and you can join in the description box. 1. More companies will consider remote staffing and this might affect you. All my life, I've never traveled more than 5 kilometers from work until recently when I moved my company's office to a new location and even with that, I only traveled 22 kilometers once a week. Every other day, I work from home because I've always loved to work from home. I try as much as possible to make almost everyone in my company also able to work from home. So, remote staffing is a big thing for us but that's not the same with many other companies. That will change very soon and it will affect so many people because if the company can figure out how to get people to work from home, they can as well figure out how to get people to work for them from another state or even another country. That is a big problem for many people because now the competition for your job might as well not be from your city or even your country anymore. Someone in my country might be competing with your job and someone outside your continent might just be the next person to get your job. How then can you prepare for this change? 1. Increase your value in the marketplace. Invest heavily in self-development so you'll be better than most people. This is what I always say. If today I'm an employee, my goal will be to be among the top 1% most qualified in my field. This kind of people are not easily replaceable so whatever comes will always favor them. The second thing is, stop looking where your eyes can only see. Start looking at the world as a single city. Look and search for opportunities in other places, in other states and even from other countries. 2. Handshaking. Cases. Maybe it's gone. According to DeepEnglish.com, the history of handshakes dates back to the 5th century BC in Greece. It was a symbol of peace to show that I'm not carrying a weapon. You might think that was a long time ago and such a custom can't be changed. Well, think about the role of women in society. It changed after thousands of years. Now to those who are very social, to those who greet people with kisses and handshakes. Get prepared because long after the COVID-19 is over, you will still be afraid of shaking hands or kissing people. So many people will stop shaking hands forever and just close your mind and imagine that one year after the end of COVID-19, someone coughs or sneezes very near you. You can imagine how you would react to such an individual. 3. Now you can't spend all you earn. The Great Depression started in the year 1929 and ended in 1941. Some people who were fortunate to have grandparents who live through those long years of poverty can testify to how they never recovered from being careful with money. Some of those people can't just imagine spending money except for necessity. Never. This is because they have seen how unexpected crises could make life miserable. For most of us, however, we have never seen such things. And that's why most people are not careful about how they spend money. This might change very soon. Before this era, people buy the cars they cannot afford, the clothes they cannot afford and the homes they cannot afford. Just to look rich. Suddenly, all those things don't matter. Who would think about social media picture of these new cars now? Who would think about living in a big home now? It takes wisdom for you and I to know that other people don't matter as much as we do. I love to acquire assets that give me money. I love to be rich rather than to look rich. For the people who spend the last one decade looking rich, they might just learn their lesson in a hard way now that the economy is cracking down. And for those of you who are still young and have not been victims of social media pictures, listen to me. It doesn't matter what other people think about you. What matters is your asset. Try hard to look rich is going to make you poor. My simple financial rule is this. I don't buy any liability except I will be fine if I lose it after 24 hours. My most expensive phone is equivalent to my one-day income. So if I lose it, I'll just smile and buy another one. My rent is less than my one-week income. So my landlord can never have trouble with me. Even my car is equivalent to my two-three-week income. I live so low so that I can be happy. I can't afford to have hypertension because someone steals my phone. I can't afford to worry about the payment or loan of a car. I mean, it's just a car designed to move you from point A to B. It's just a phone designed to make you communicate with other people and maybe surf the internet.  But I hope a few people will learn this lesson now. I hope this crisis will change some people's financial lives forever. I hope a few people will learn their lessons to stop trying hard to look rich. I'm an opportunist and I believe every change comes with some opportunity. While COVID-19 might change the lives of every one of us, I do hope some of us will change for better. And just before you go, watch other videos on YouTube. If you are an entrepreneur or an ambitious person, we invite you to join our motivational channel The objective of the channel is to give you daily inspiration so that you will have the strength to pursue and achieve your most important dreams. We call this channel HUNT TV and you can join in the description box. We love you.


Well, let's bump it, Bemidji and Brainer bailing out this evening opening set. Warriors got hot and Avery Heckman closes out with the kill from the left. 25-23 visitors. Bemidji bounces back big time from the swing of Lexi Wade. The senior taking over hammers at home for the point. Then later on at the defensive end, here comes the attack and down goes the ball. Noton Wade's house. Summer Jacks win the final three sets to win in four. They're at the loose piece tomorrow night. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


Welcome to another edition of RCE. I'm your host Brock Palin and I have again Jeff Squires from Cisco Systems and the open MPI project Jeff we have a interesting little show today Yes, we do. Yes some guys that I've actually known for for quite a long time and a lot of people come up to me and say hey Do you hate those guys and no we don't actually and just so you have no idea what I'm talking about We're talking about the impish guys and As a matter of fact little known fact one of our one of our guests today was on my PhD dissertation committee So we actually go way back in the collaboration between our teams actually goes way back as well The website for RCE always is RCE dash cast calm There's a RSS feed and the of course the iTunes feed there And you can find old shows and there's a nomination form if you want to nominate anyone else beyond the show Also, you can find My Twitter account on there where I will post who's coming up on the show and do a call for questions If there's anything you ever want to have asked on the show, please include it get a little shout-out on the show My Twitter name is Brock Palin BROCKPALEN Yeah, well actually let me throw in one minor shout out there to my own blog Which is linked off the RCE cast page as well. It's a MPI and general HPC blog I try to get about one post a week or so and Sometimes they're a little meaty and sometimes they're things that you know people have asked me about so I try to put it out there So the answer has become googleable and things like that. So if you ever have any questions or comments about MPI and network related issues, you know throw them at me, you know, I'll put them on the blog Actually some of your comments recently about asking what to do with MPI f.h has been a Was actually I was thinking about that a bit too and actually our guest today probably have some input on that So why don't you go ahead and introduce them? Yeah, so we have the the original mpitch guys here. So and and I'm probably pronouncing this wrong So we'll ask this again later, but Rusty Lusk from Argonne National Labs Rusty, I wonder if you can introduce yourself Sure My my real name is Ewing Lusk. That's the what it's written down, but I've always been known as Rusty I'm currently the Division director for the mathematics and computer science division here at Argonne National Lab This is the division that hosts applied mathematics and computer science research most of which has to do with algorithms and software for very large scale parallel machines Great, which means that overall you're a really busy guy And so we appreciate you taking the time for us today and our other guest is first time ever Somebody or a repeat guest who was on just a few shows ago Dr. Bill Gropp from the University of Illinois Bill. Could you give another intro to yourself? Sure? So I'm a professor of computer science at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign I'm also the deputy director of research for our Institute for Advanced Computing Technologies and Applications which is essentially a Organization that tries to connect the National Center for supercomputing applications to the rest of campus and in NTSA I'm a PI on the Blue Waters project, which is the NSF funded project to provide What we believe will be the first sustained pediscale machine Cool and all that also translates to the fact that you're an incredibly busy guy And so we also appreciate the fact you've taken the time out for us twice Okay, so let's let's roll right into this you guys were the original authors somebody somebody tell me what is the correct pronunciation? It's MPI CH Even says that in the book But we've given up Even even I have been known to say impage from time to time. I kick him when he does but You'll have to forgive me because throughout the course of this. I'm sure that I will say at the wrong way to just as it's been It's it's so ingrained Thank you All right, well tell you what can you guys give us an overview? What is MPI CH and what are the project goals? The the project goals for MPI CH were have been from the beginning to be both a research project and a software project The MPI CH started during the MPI forum the first time the MPI forum started meeting in back in 1993 both Bill and I had Portable parallel programming libraries at that time Bills was called chameleon mine was called P4 and we started working together And we started going to the forum meetings the CH and MPI CH actually stands for chameleon And so during an early stage of the forum we decided we would try to Do a test implementation and as the forum Developed its standards and changed its mind from week to week We developed MPI CH as a test implementation Yeah, so Yeah, I think one of the interesting things was that When the MPI effort was just getting started I was watching the discussion on one of the news groups discussing the C language and the canoe guys were tracking all of the Various ideas and discovering what worked and what didn't and I just thought this was great so when The group that eventually became the MPI forum got together at the pretty infamous Minneapolis supercomputing meeting We decided that we would commit to doing the same thing having a rolling implementation that allowed us to check out how implementable or how Well defined the ideas were and That also then allowed us to have an implementation was ready to go the moment the standard was finished Of course, this is not how you're supposed to do software. You're supposed to wait until the spec is finished before you start coding So we were really doing exactly the opposite thing in order to help debug the spec But I think the the fact that once the Spec was finished then the first implementation was finished Did help get MPI off to a running start in terms of adoption So MPI CH was the I almost said MPH there MPI CH MPI CH was the very first implementation of MPI from the first forum Yeah, there were a couple of others that appeared shortly there shortly after we did MPI CH but MPI CH was done. Uh, basically it was done before We voted on the standard. Uh, it was definitely first Yeah So how different is MPI from chameleon and p4 or are most the ideas there's the same? There are a lot of differences the At the time message passing layers Had different um semantics. So they all gave send and receives, but there were different ways in which Uh Different meanings for some of the tags or when messages were delivered when you could reuse messages and so forth and chameleon in particular Tried to provide a sort of general portability layer, but papered over some of those details It was still Fairly effective, but it didn't include a lot of the features That are in MPI to support for example the use of or the creation of modular software and the use of libraries um, I'll let uh, rusty comment on the p4 parts, but one of the I think the big things is that Through the forum's effort MPI became a complete and well thought out collection of routines And it was no library even from the vendors at the time that was as As consistent and as well thought out Yeah, I would say the same thing P4 was uh our Attempt to try to Get some level of portability across the existing system So that every all the vendors competed with one another at that time on their message passing api as well as on their hardware and their performance And uh, this was of course a hopeless situation for applications And so p4 was invented as a way to write a portable application that would run on all the various parallel systems of the time and it if I would say It didn't have anywhere near the ambition of the MPI forum in terms of defining as bill said a complete system with carefully thought out semantics and also A lot of new ideas came in MPI. It wasn't just a Portability layer it had had new ideas in it that that none of the existing systems had bill mentioned especially The capabilities to write modular software. That's that's what the MPI communicators are for So you guys must have been pretty heavily involved with the first MPI forum You know bill was on the MPI forum talk we had earlier So I assume bill's still heavily involved rusty. Are you still involved with the standard? Um, I'm following it from a distance. I'm not going to the current meetings and of the MPI three forum um, I'm just a little bit too tight up here, but uh the people in the the MPI group that i'm a member of here is still very active and uh And they they go to all the meetings. So uh our argon team is certainly very much still involved Okay, and the one thing I have to have answered as a sysadmin is what is the relationship between mpich one and mpich two? And why did they get split up? Well, so this was the fun part MPI ch2 started with maker There's essentially no shared code between mpch one and mpch two So we got to do the thing that everybody always wants to do but rarely has the option of doing Which is having written a successful project And then realizing what you wish you had done instead being able to start over um One of the reasons we were able to do this was that in order to support New functions that were added in MPI two We really did have to make a fair number of changes in the way we Organized and architected the code And so rather than try to continue to slather one layer of fix on top of another We said okay, we can start over and so that is uh Really the difference between them. So there are the the names are the same the philosophy behind them is the same So there is this the philosophy of providing an infrastructure into which Different people can add their own communication back ends and support and pieces for the different features That was still there, but the architecture of the code and some of the other things Changed to support those new features an example would be that in mpich two Process management was called out as essentially a first-class interface So there's a generic process management interface. It's provided by a separate component which Makes it easier both to support the dynamic process features and to plug into big systems like blue g So what's your words of advice to people who are still using uh mpich one out there? We're all the way Yeah That didn't take long Okay, so and that's the advice they'll get if they send us a bug report Um that says they're using mpich one. We say well, we're not really maintaining that anymore Um, we'd love to help you but uh, we don't want to help you with mpi ch1 Right fair enough. It's free software. So uh the support you get is free and and therefore Yeah, I mean they can still pick up mpich one from our website and um, it's That will always be true, but um, we really encourage them to not do that Okay, you talked about some of the improvements in mpi ch2 and the architectural changes and things How about a concrete question? What kinds of networks does mpi ch2 support? So I'd sort of like to say that that's an ill-formed question um mpi ch2 like mpi ch1 but really much more in mpi ch2 is really designed to interface to Anyone's high performance interconnect or communication system and so One way to to answer your question would be to say well if you get the tar ball from us, what's in it But that really is a misleading answer because other people provide their own Interfaces and they've either done it by partnering closely with us and including their source code Or by taking our code and never talking to us again and adding stuff to it So depending on what you look at you'll find almost everything so Everything from simple ethernet over tcp. We have a partner In canada who has done interface over sc tp We of course have The infiniband implementation that's done by dk pandas group at ohio state One of the things that you get if you pick up the tar ball is the dcmf layer That works on the ibm luching And basically everything in between And when you say infiniband, I know of course you mean open fabrics, right? Yeah, anything you say jeff Have to make that distinction because of my employer you understand Okay, great. So Having been involved in one way or another from an impage from from the very beginning How can you you know, this is this is over a 10-year span now much more closer to 15 actually holy crimini. We've been doing it this long I don't want to say about that projects evolve over time and and what things have been good and what things have been bad and what things have been surprising and unsurprising But rest of you want to take a crack at that first? Well It seems like there's There's always plenty to do The it's an active It's an active research project And if you look at the publications That have come out of it Most of them but not all At least more than half in the europe pvm npi Series of meetings, which is where implementation research is usually published There are a wealth of new topics in implementation research to look at every year We Completely changed the way we implement derived data types for example in order to improve performance Over the years we Have tried to run on larger and larger machines That means changing the data structures for the internal data structures for increased scalability We've experimented with a number of different process managers And we're we can do that because there is a the the code itself has a process management interface that lets us Let's us rely on either our own experimental process managers or external process managers to start npi jobs so the There's always plenty of research to do in the implementation area and That's That's one of the things that's that's changed the In fact, you know the code Gets a fair amount of change even though of course the interface itself Is npi I think one of the things that was Surprising and gratifying was something that a game that russie and i used to play Back in the npi stage one days at supercomputing where we would go around And find a new supercomputer vendor and talk to them about their npi implementation And basically figure out how long it took for us to discover that it was npi ch Well, I can skip around a little bit actually uh That was one of the questions the cray npi a number of other npi's out there are all Like the environment variables you set for tweaking a library. They're all identical to npi ch What are some of the common libraries out there that people are using that are really npi ch based? or which ones are clone a lot of the If you know how to use npi ch you can use this one also, but it's completely written from scratch Well, of course the idea is that for the application It shouldn't make any difference where the npi library comes from Quite a few of the vendors have adopted npi ch as the as the core of their own npi Uh, it's architected in such a way that a vendor can Um, there are there are internal Layers of interface so that a vendor can replace the low-level communication layer for example That's customized for his machine And in another place customize it for his his process startup mechanism so the The So I would say most of the The very large machines In the world now are using The vendor npi that you get on that machine is derivative of npi ch Some vendors sort of do this at arm's length that is they get our code and Tweak it to suit them other vendors work very closely with us Um IBM the IBM blue gene for example the the code for the official IBM stuff sits in our svn repository So we we share code on a you know daily basis We have similar very close working relationships with uh, microsoft Also, we hear from the craig eyes from time to time So At varying degrees lots of the vendor npi's Uh come from npi ch and the application writer or an application user shouldn't really even need to know that So how modifiable is npi ch at runtime like what kinds of Things can the user tweak without having to rebuild the library to kind of customize the way it does this communication On an individual run basis um Well, it sort of depends on what the low Uh lower communication layer is so so for example for the blue gene There are a whole bunch of environment variables Many of those don't apply to your linux, um, or even windows cluster um Similarly the intel and microsoft Versions in kch have a bunch of environment variables if you look at sort of the default Um A communication system if you get the tar ball and build it which is our nemesis system There are a modest number of environment variables In parameters a little that you do things like change the year threshold and some of the Some of the buffering choices some of the algorithm choices at the collective routine level Things like that, but again mpi ch is really designed as this framework to build Really fast really powerful in game implementations and a lot of those parameters that you're talking about Really depend on the low level hardware. So it really depends on um On the exact system that you're on which you're running and where the communication Libraries came from So i know it's not really the right the it's not really the right the answer that you want, but it's the answer that's true So going off on a little bit of a tangent there a name that you threw in their nemesis for the uh the shared memory communications there Where did that name come from? Probably the same place names um all come from we um The real person to ask would be um garyus buttoness who's really been responsible for putting the code together But one of the challenges that um That we took on is like I would hear these statements from people about how an npi send and receive Takes 1500 somethings, you know instructions clock cycles. Nobody was actually really sure what And that just seemed much much too large and so I gave garyus a challenge to To try to Find a much more realistic number in the document it and That among other things led to a new design for a system that supported both shared memory And a collection of networks and nemesis is a alting communication method system and nemesis was an aggressive word for uh, this is really going to be a Kick-ass communication layer Well, there you go. Okay And I I should say we're down to a couple hundred instructions So that 1500 number was uh was just way way too large even the couple hundred is annoying Okay, well while we're talking about uh, you know Ishing challenges and pushing research boundaries and whatnot. What do you guys see as as the future of mpi ch2? Are there any projects brewing that you can talk about or or Features that application developers and or system administrators and whatnot can look forward to Yeah, well, there are a couple of things in the works. Um One of them is uh extreme scalability We're uh We sort of set ourselves a challenge of what would it take to to uh make mpi ch run on a a million processor machine and There are things that have to change in any implementation to do that It forces one to think about scalability of data structures Much more than what we've had to do before Also, the mpi3 forum is considering A number of very interesting topics Not only in scalability, but in fault tolerance the new non-blocking collectives Uh a new way of looking at the one-sided operations and uh mp mpi ch Still just as it was in the very beginning in intends to To implement those ideas very aggressively by aggressively, I mean that before they're finalized even Okay In order to uh in order to help us understand the implications of things that the forum is considering So what would you say kind of going back on the theme of one of my earlier questions? What would you say is the biggest strengths of the mpi ch project particularly one, you know Since it is the the first mpi implementation and has persisted throughout the ages and done very well You know what what would you say are you know say the top three strengths? You know either technology wise or logistics wise or political wise or otherwise What what would you say would be the greatest parts? Well, I'd say that that it is The usual answer to such questions is it's the people And that really is true here, so Russ and I had a great time working on it initially As it became successful we We attracted some really great people to work on it Early example was uh, Rajiv Thakur who did the io implementation the rung implementation Which if anything is probably used by even more people than mpi ch In terms of being part of their mpi implementations And that it just continued to grow so it's a it's a great group The Evaluated by the metrics both of the success of the project but also the the papers A surprising number of which maybe not a surprising number of which have been given awards at conferences That really is I think our single biggest strength Past that I think the the focus on a framework that allows people to take advantage of Whatever weird hardware they have or whether a weird situation they're in has been a A tremendous advantage and it's one that continues to bring people To our door or to star far software and take it As the basis of whatever system they're putting together So that's two rusty your turn um I think I would echo that the the focus on it as a as a research project as well as useful software Makes means that it's uh It's always fresh and has new ideas in every release And keeps lots of good people interested in it Okay, you want to skip down to the uh strangest use we have a good answer for that one. Well, you have a good answer for that one Well, you know since we had already talked about the uh The other mpis are based off of mpi ch. I was kind of curious about the your relationship I mean jeff's always said that you guys are friendly and Like that, but I'm curious about that. So let me pose that question for real okay, um so the the mpi movement To to have a standard is really Uh from the beginning has been more important than uh the The implementations themselves, uh, so all of us who are mpi enthusiasts Uh Are happy about the fact that there are lots of mpi implementations uh open mpi is uh sort of the the other major open source implementation and uh We had a good relationship with the open mpi guys and uh We um that there's a friendly competition so that if we implement something that's uh, you know faster than our own previous Version, uh, we certainly have to go test and and make sure that it beats open mpi before We publish the results and i'm sure they do the exact same thing We also share some code, uh, unless i'm wrong jeff Romeo is still in Used in open mpi We use we use your stuff for the processor affinity So we you know, we share each other's code. We share the tests Um So, uh, yeah, that's a that's a nice relationship to have and where we're we're all uh mpi guys Yeah, let me let me throw a little more on the end there. I gotta completely agree with rusty that uh, you know over the years You know when I was a young ambitious grad student I thought that you know mpi ch was the enemy and they must Be defeated at all costs, you know And uh as i've gotten older and hopefully a little bit wiser i've come to appreciate the value actually That not only is the competition good for us because yes, you know We do strive to make sure that we are at a minimum competitive with all the other mpi implementations out there to include mpi ch But also just the exchange of ideas, you know You talk to all the other implementers and and whatnot that you see at the mpi forum You say hey, how are you guys doing this and just the free flow exchange of ideas from someone who has a different viewpoint than yours Is just incredibly valuable And and that has resulted in a collective boon. I think of all of our mpi implementations So the fact that there isn't just one mpi implementation that rules the world is is a very very good thing And also keeps us honest because you know the users will come to us and I I admit I lurk on the mpi ch list so I see these two but the same exact thing happens to us that users come and say Hey, you know my program works great with mpi ch But it it fails in in this other mpi implementation Why you know and and then it's you have to figure out why is it a problem with their code? Is it a problem with a specific mpi implementation and so on and and At least half the time I'd say you know It is a problem with an implementation that needs to be figured out But the fact that the user has something else to compare to That's that's good. That's a good thing. It helps us all right. I agree It sounds like you're avoiding the group think problem a lot Well, let me use that to segue into the next question then so you used a A keyword that we we love to ask just about every project who comes on here What's what's the weirdest or strangest use of your software that was probably particularly unexpected? Somebody using your stuff in in ways that you hadn't anticipated Well, um certainly one that came that comes to mind is mpi in space During one of one of the participants in the mpi one form was from Hughes aircraft wasn't that right yeah huge aircraft and they were doing a satellite they were making a satellite and They were they decided it had multiple processors in it Of different kinds and so they needed to write a parallel program And um His name was levin. What was his first one? Lloyd lewins. Lloyd. Yeah, Lloyd lewins Was a participant in the forum and he was responsible for the software So he developed an aid of binding for the mpi functions That was never part of the the forums charge and um And there's a satellite running around in space somewhere that has an mpi program in it And it was a it was a useful reminder that The mpi standard doesn't assume that you have unix it doesn't assume that That it even has Standard in and standard out and so uh, it was sort of a reminder to keep the project abstract and not tie it to other things but Yeah, I consider that sort of weird Yeah, that is the craziest thing I've ever heard Well, it's like different. I mean we've always been working to like get as much horsepower sounds like there They more had specialized units. It wasn't necessarily get the most performance out of it. They were just communicating between discrete units Right, right Uh, that is that's cool. That's really cool.  Do you have anything that sticks out in your head? Oh, yeah So, um, this is actually one that rejeev Found so there was a user Who is running a multi-threaded program? and It was a iterative Program it really looked Very good It was very hard to see what was going wrong Eventually it turned out that the user was using the same tags In each iteration. So a lot of people will Put the iteration counter for the tag number But this case, you know just use three and communication pattern was such that in some cases the Send from iteration k plus one would match a receive an iteration k That was pretty awful Took a while to find because just not the way when you're looking at the code You don't sort of unroll the loop and then look for where things could cross And this is particularly interesting because when rejeev showed this example to some colleagues who were using techniques from formal verification to try to understand in guide programs They were able to Improve their system so that it would actually catch things like this if you presented their tool With a code like this they'd be able to tell you this code does not Act the way you think it's going to act That was really pretty gnarly. You really had to look at it in ways That are unusual I can talk about a bug that was my own bug I don't know. This is pretty arcane for general the general public, but jeff old appreciate it I was using the fdi one-sided and I had to send I was doing a neuroscience modeling and from time to time a A neuron running on a process would do a put of a certain value to another process simulating a What's called a spike from a neuron which has evolved over time to the point where it pokes the neurons It's connected to and so I had a I had a subroutine to do this just to send the spikes and I call the subroutine and And in the subroutine I did a put and after returning from the subroutine, I would do the The various processes would do the fence to complete the The one-sided synchronization So now jeff's really awake. He already knows what the bug was The The value of the spike was just an integer. So in the subroutine I declared Int spike val equals one But of course I put it on the stack That is the compiler put it in the stack So after I returned and did the fence the value was was no good anymore And so random values got sent to the spike instead of the one That was I didn't I didn't spot that right way Yeah, that those are the worst Gotta hate the random memory or like the code is right. What is wrong? It's like when I used to teach introduction to computer science and the students would come to me and uh They wouldn't say the uh Can you help me find the bug in my program? They would say the computer isn't working Of course My my program compiles. So therefore it must be correct. Yes On that note of talking about you know new programmers introduction What is something that every person starting out the grad student who started using MPI the You know Experimentalists turn, you know a computationalist at a national lab when they're targeting with MPI What should they keep in mind? I think that the the first thing they should keep in mind is to see whether they can succeed without using MPI After all one of the things that we tried to do with MPI was encourage the development of libraries so All too often we see people who are reinventing Petsy light instead of just pulling up the library and using it So really that is I think the first thing the MPI enabled a entire parallel ecosystem for scientific software And first thing you should do is see if you've already Had someone else do the job for you Think after that If you actually have to write the code Then you have to confront the top down versus bottom up and the next mistake that people make is They write the individual node code and then try to figure out how to glue it together to all of the other nodes and We really feel that for many applications what you want to do is start by by viewing your Your application is a global application. You have global data structures Figure out how you decompose it and then the code to To coordinate the communication between them will be pretty obvious And you can tell the difference between how an application was built from whether it was top down or bottom up So would you still recommend people to always have a serial version of their code or If they know they're going to need some sort of parallel they should Start thinking about that in their algorithm right away Well, I sort of I would say both is that you want to have a version of the code that Contains the algorithms and the thinking at that level, but when you decide to make it parallel when you Decide to how you're going to cut it up You want to think about how you decompose your data structures You know how you think of them globally Rather than saying okay, I need to think of everything parallel So I'll have all these little patches and these little patches. I'll compute on them and then I'll figure out how to Stitch them together it's if you were If you were building a house You start with a set of blueprints that gave you a picture But the whole house looked like you wouldn't start with a bunch of tiles and say well I'll put this tile down on the ground And I'll find a tile to go next to it But all too many people Try to build their parallel programs by creating the smallest possible tiles and then trying to Have it sort of you have the structure of their code emerge from this chaos of all these little pieces You have to have an organizing principle if you're going to survive making your code parallel So one last question before I hand off to Jeff What do you see coming into future either beyond MPI? I just spoke earlier with bill kramer about blue waters and they're pushing, you know, unified parallel c corey fortran and MPI Do you see a little bit of change in the ecosystem here in the future or some more hybrid form of programming in the future? Well, I think when we go to very very large processor counts We'll be we'll have to look at something a little bit different It's not clear what that will be yet. What's happening is that the The numbers of processors are not going up in the same proportion as the amount of memory per node and so Maybe not all applications, but a large number of applications will start to get squeezed So that A full MPI process Will take up an Increasingly an increasing percentage of the amount of memory that's used so We as MPI implementers are going to try to Postpone that time, but as the machines get bigger, but the memories don't Um I can see a lot of applications moving to a sort of a hybrid approach And even some applications now are starting to use on On machines that have multiple processors Per address space using MPI to move data between address spaces Which is I think a good way to think of what MPI is targeted at Um But perhaps use some other form of parallelism within an address space The one that's most A commonly available and used is open mp And one reason that works is because open mp and mpi Have sort of a semantic handshake that's that says in their respective standards how they work together So one can also envision using something like upc with As the single address space version Or stitching a number of nodes that don't physically share memory Into one address space using UPC and and still having MPI as the Mechanism for moving data between address spaces And and we've done our group has done some Some research in that and and it looks promising I myself believe that That we're probably going to be using MPI for a long time for this for the role of moving data among address spaces Yeah, and I would agree with that and in fact on blue waters the What we're really in trying to do Is make it possible for people to use modules written in some other language with what we know will be their primary Coded environment and their MPI code So We fully expect that the code will really be an MPI code, but maybe The 3d fft module will be written in UPC or the halo exchange will be written in co-array for trend Okay, those are great answers and actually a great great looks to the future there Let me ask you a question that's going to seem to come out of left field here But we're almost out of time and this is something I love to ask every other software project What software repository system do you use and why? Well, we're using svm And we're using We've been through all of them. Yeah I would say we've been through all of them, but we've We've certainly been through a lot of them We moved to svm from cbs There has anyone who's looked at both of them knows or some things you can't do in cbs that you That are easier to do in svm, particularly moving things from place to place which makes it a little easier to To play with some of the Organizations it also has made it easier for us to Work with some of our external collaborators is svm's remote access is more palatable and Uh more acceptable than the one in cbs And of course it's open source. So All of our you know, we can use it all of our partners can use it Okay, well guys, thank you very much for taking your time out today to speak about this bill. Thanks again for Coming uh on the show twice and who knows I mean you may be on here again That's right. You may have many other distinctions and awards, but you're the only guy in the world who's been on this podcast twice. Yeah Yeah, so, uh Can I get like a website and stuff for mpitch and where it can be downloaded mpi ch That's okay Early easy. Well the the real answer versus just google it. It'll pop up at the top But it's www.mcs.anl.gov Slash mpi ch Okay, great. Well, thanks guys for your time today. We appreciate it Bye