Guys, today we're gonna go and we're gonna rate some of the best moments from the EU TwitchCon trip. We went to Paris, we went to London. We had a huge blast. We saw a bunch of old friends, made new friends. This was basically a big compilation. Checking out the top moments and ranking them. I hope you guys enjoy it. And we're actually gonna go and we're gonna rank them S to D. We have 45 clips here. Here's the first one. This first moment is S-Fan learning English English. So this is snog. I thought snog was... Isn't a snog like a... Isn't snog like slut? Huh? Isn't that what snog means? Snog means like... Oh, I'm thinking of slag. Oh. Oh. Snog means like kissing. So... Is that not like a reasonable mistake to make? Getting snog and slag confused. I mean, this sounds similar enough, right? I would say... I don't really think it was like a really like big deal moment. This was probably a D. So these are all clips sorted by views over the course of the trip. Hey. Yo. Made it. Made it. Are you good? Everybody said you guys were drunk. Oh, hello. Okay. Very good. They were really drunk. Cool. Yeah, they were really drunk. Why did they have so many views? Hentai Lord. I mean, it was fun hanging out with them again. I'm still probably going to put this as a D. Am I going to end up rating my own strip? It's like horrible. Is that what's going to happen? If I'm just going to rate everything as a D? Yeah, there was like no punchline or anything. Good cameraman. Jake, Senora, Jake it all the time. Come on, now they're cleaning. Okay. That was actually super funny. That was actually a good one. I didn't know he did that. That was funny. It's just like, what is that? Is that like puke? French Finn was great. Yeah, he was. Tony, I was super nervous about not having Finn. We really lucked out. We really did. That was funny. I will give that an A. Fist bump.  I don't believe that. I didn't see him. I didn't see him, man. Oh, it feels so bad. I got distracted. I'm just going the wrong way. There's the walk away. That's right there is just a pain, pain. Dude, I got so distracted by this guy that looked like Ocelot. I didn't mean to. Okay, you know what? I'm going to be honest. That is at least an A because I'm not going to forget that. That is at least an A. Neither will he. Okay, dude. Aspen's Parisian ego boost. Dude, these are good clips, man. This whole trip was actually really good. Okay. Are you family? Yes. Oh, welcome. He's my brother. No, I don't think so. I thought he said, are you families? I don't know why he said are you family. I thought he said are you family. I don't know why my head. I don't know why I just registered in as are you family. Def in point. Dude, and I had no idea, dude. In another camera. I had no idea he said, are you famous? Check this. It's so funny, dude. I got home and hit cancel some. No. I had a bad interaction with this streamer. Oh my gosh. That's another A at least. Is that an S? That's at least an A. S with context? Yeah, maybe it is, dude. Poland streamer thought Nick was miskew. Wait, did I miss that? We came from Poland. Oh, really? We're originally from Mongolia. Oh, nice. That's fine. That's fine? That's fine. All right, then they know you. Do you know him? After a key, all right? That's fine, yeah? That's fine. What? Did he say miskew? That's fine. That's fine. Miskew, yeah. Okay, so my viewers. Nick mentioned this a few times. He said it's so weird. When I go to conventions and events and stuff, it's like...  Everybody sees me. Everybody recognizes me from some random thing that I was on at some point. Him asking if Nick was miskew is pretty fine. I'd like that. And as such, I will give that a C, I believe. Pog-O. Next one is Pog-O. Do you guys have, like, strip clubs here? It's a strip club. No. But we have kind of. Really? Yeah. Like if I wanted to, let's say, find a lady of the night, would that be possible? Yeah, in Paris. Yeah. And it'd be top tier? You'd have to find out. He's like, I don't know. He's like, why are you asking me that? I don't know. I'm going to give that a B. That was a good one. Troll fan. The next club is Troll Fan? The next moment? Ask them if they have orangina. Orangina. Oh, this was so funny, dude. This was so funny. Yeah, they have orangina. Sorry, she's American. Sorry, I see. Orangina. Dude, I love saying sorry they're American about people that aren't American. It was so funny, dude. That was one of my favorite running jokes for the whole trip. Oh, sorry, they're American. I'm going to give that one an A. The next moment is called valid. No, I can drink. Why? Because... I have to give a good reason to Korean. Dude, you want to talk about Pogo? Like, she's actually so Pogo. Like, ridiculously Pogo. Yeah, I don't understand. I'm going to give that her face in the end is straight up from the office. B or C on that one. I'm going to give that one a C. S-band and Nick meet the Pope. Thing to train me. We're already max level. That was crazy. That was cool. Dude, we just met the Pope. Dude, this is like the best day of my life.  So, dude, some of the things we do when we're IRL is just like the head nodding middle. Okay, Mr. Bean. Yeah, I'm going to give that an A. I don't know. I thought that made me laugh, dude. I make myself laugh so much, man. Here's my thing. I always laugh at my own jokes. And I remember being in like middle school and people were saying like, S-band, you always laugh at your own jokes. And I'm like, yeah. Because if I'm not going to laugh at it, who is? Come on, somebody's going to laugh at these jokes. If I'm making a joke, if I'm making a joke, and if I don't think it's funny, then what the hell, right? The next moment is S-band meets a girl. Why does this have so many views? I mean, it was like a pretty funny conversation, but I would give that probably a D. It is true. And S-band played the song. Sick. We're moving all the corridors.  S-band. Yes, S-band. No. I'm sorry. Let's not lie. Okay, I can explain. Okay, I can explain. Okay. The only album I've ever bought on iTunes is Lonely Island. Yeah, okay. So I bought the Lonely Island's first album on iTunes. So what happens is forever, whenever I connect my iPhone to a Bluetooth device, it plays a random song from the first Lonely Island album. In this case, it played the song and it said, let me show you my games. It's the only thing I ever bought off iTunes. It just plays all the time.  It was like, dude, it's so bad. Yeah, that's a B. Okay, Nick, the photographer. Nick, can I get a... Can you take a picture of me? Dude. You want to know why Nick wasn't holding the camera because of this? Okay. This kid wants to talk to you. Dude, Nick is so bad at taking pictures, dude. Nick is actually horrible. This is like F tier photography. Talk to you. Really like a C. This moment is just called S-band. Why umbrella? Oh. Why do you guys keep saying turn around? I don't understand. I think her POV might have been funnier. S-band! You're going to hear me say it on her stream. Why do you guys keep telling me to turn around? No, I saw her. I was making a joke. That's why I said, why do you guys keep telling me to turn around? Then I was like, oh, whoops. I read the part of the script too early. I was joking. I'm going to give that a B. That was good. Where's the clip? That's here. What's snail fan? Snail fan. Snail fan, not sandal.  Dude, I have like adult onset dyslexia or something. Dude, I'm telling you it was like chalk. The texture is so weird. The texture, like it would like melt and it would turn to chalky. I want a dipwrap. You want a dipwrap? No, no. This one's dipwrap. That's my clothes forever. Oh wait, I didn't wash the shirt yet. Is it going to stain? Is it going to stain? Is it going to stain? Is it going to stain? Is it going to stain? I got a stain on my shirt. I hope not. I only have one of those. Eating snails was a good moment, to be fair. Eating snails was a good moment. I'm going to give that an A. S-Van gets close. That's wild, dude. Chad, isn't this romantic? Just you and me. That's something on your face there. Chad, you got something on your teeth. Yeah, it's an A. I'll give that an A. Yeah, it's an A. S-Van drinks a gulp of water in Paris. That was an S. Refreshing water? S-Van is in it A. Why does S-Van drink a gulp of water in Paris? That was so many views. What did I do that was weird? Refreshing water. Can you have the same clip? Wait, really? Is that why? What is a canoe clip? Daught in college next month.  Honestly, the title just makes it funnier. The title and then hearing the sound makes it so funny. All of Canute's clips are just him. Like first person point of view eating. Canute hydrating. It drinks the whole thing, dude. Listen, how much do you drink?  So funny. I thought your bottle clip was a bit to imitate Canute. No, I mean I was just trying to be as loud as possible but I had no idea that there was a Canute clip like that. That's so funny. I was on purpose trying to be loud. Dude, it actually totally sounds like the Canute clip. Dude, that's so funny. Dude, that's so funny. I was just trying to be loud. Dude, okay, that makes that clip way funnier. Dude, I want to make that like an S, dude. With context, it's an actual S. Without context, it's a B. Maybe an A? I would say that's probably an A. Maybe an S, dude. Dude, whenever you realize what's going on, that actually is an S. It's so funny. S fans wholesome moment of admiration. It is like, you don't realize the magnificence of this thing until you get to about this point. Like, oh my gosh. Yeah, it's massive. Dude, huge. Look at this thing. This light pole is incredible, man. It's unreal. He showed me last night. That's funny. That's actually funny. I'm hilarious. Yeah, we watched that on stream, didn't we? Okay. I'm going to say that's an A. Okay, the next moment is cherry. Dude, those cherries were good. Okay, have you not seen their yellow cherries, yellow red cherries? Have you seen those before? Okay, they have yellow red cherries everywhere. What the heck? I've never had them. Nobody else had them, but I've had them all the time. What the heck? They don't have them here? They have them here at the store. Sometimes. I've never seen them before in my life. It's just a new DLC that just updated. No, my mom used to get them. Is this your first time seeing them? I saw it really far away. But do I'm telling you? Why was he eating the cherries like that? It's like, does he have a brown hour? Does he have like a JoJo meme? What is JoJo? It's just Jo. Just Jo doing Jo things. Just Jo doing Jo things? Jo squared? I will give that... A. What? No, you can't just make it an S because it's Jo. It's S. I would say it's a good... No! I would say it's a good... That's an I made me laugh. It's an A. I would say it's a B if you understand it. It's probably an A. Yeah, I think it's like a B. But one guy said it's an S. So it's an S. He's doing this.  You're not going to eat it and give it to me. I'm starving. There's a specific... Okay, that's a solid reference. To be fair, that's actually a good reference. How do you even know he was referencing that and he wasn't just being funny because he didn't do exactly that? I mean, he did what you would have done. No, I'll say that's an A for sure. Yeah, that's for sure an A. That's funny. Okay, so it's got like two milks and then the water's from Titty Milk and the other one is from Cow. Titty Milk is Gamer Subs, not real Titty Milk. What? Gamer Subs has a flavor called Titty Milk and she thought we meant actual Titty Milk. Titty Milk is Gamer Subs, not real Titty Milk. What? It's an energy like... Titty Milk. How do you know what Titty Milk looks like? I drank it thoroughly. Oh, okay. That was good. Yeah, that was... Because if you don't know what they're talking about, it's also hard to understand. They were really drunk. Yeah, I'm gonna give that an A. That was a good one. Corn on the cob. And corn on the cob. Classic. I think that one's a C for corn, to be honest. What do you think? For born? What's wrong with you? Okay, we're gonna keep that as a C then. Ta-da! Welcome to Paris! So, the camera work on this actually turned out to be sick. I got cars that are coming by and we're doing this. Jack Evans. Ta-da! Welcome to Paris! Sick. We actually used that as an intro to one of the videos. It actually turned out pretty good though. Yeah, that one's really good. I think in that whole moment was like a B. Sorry, the whole area was like an A. I like the cinematography of it makes it an A. Yeah, it does, dude. Wait, prawn intro. That's a prawn. Dude, drink all your coke. Yeah. If you drink, you'll work so hard. A garthy tripod. That's a gimbal, I think. Can I try holding it? Ooh. You have to come here. Okay. Tianghi is so pogo. I'm gonna give that a B. S-Man helps take a picture. This was cool going up in the London Eye. Oh, sorry. I go to take the picture. Oh, sorry. Dropped the phone. Okay, sorry. Oh, whoops. Yeah, sorry. There you go. Any one, two, three. Good. I'll do another one closer up. There you go. Of course. You do what I do. You take a million pictures for them just in case they don't like them. Yeah, sure, because they probably aren't gonna like any of them anymore. Well, they're probably gonna break up. What are you... I think that was okay. Also, I was joking. I didn't drop my phone on purpose. That was a joke. I'll give it like an A. I'll give it like an A. Meet and greet. What's up, guys? It's S-Fan and we are here at TwitchCon and we're doing a meet and greet with hundreds of lovely people that are watching the streams and the YouTube videos and everything else that are here to see us. So say hello to everybody. Classic. Classic. Every time. I think what makes this clip, I think what makes this clip is when you pan out and then there's people like way in the back waving. I think it's pretty funny. I think they're excited. I think it's an A. Yeah, I would say it's an A. Pictures of her. I've just been hanging on my wall. Can you take a picture of me and Nick? Oh, this is funny. I love this. It's caught me so off guard. It's actually a really good one. It caught me so off guard. The pan over. Yeah. S-Fan, you're laughing so hard. S moment. 100% It's a good one. Actually, very good. It just completely caught me off guard. It was really good. S-Fan meets EU Poke. This is a really good one. Did you see this? It's not funny. We had a photo from last year. Oh, really? Isn't that so funny? You know what he sounds like? He sounds like Poke playing like an RP character. Did you immediately think of what he saw? Almost. That was an S. To me, that was an S. I love that. That was so good. S-Fan takes a tumble. Oh, no. This is number two. There's two clips left. Do you see it? Do you see it? Ouch. This is like a... The bell ring kind of makes this funny. Yeah, the bell ring makes it funny. And it's nice. Do you see it? No, you didn't get hurt. Yeah. But when I saw it, I thought you got hurt. Yeah, I'm fine. Thanks. And I was like, oh, for it. Yeah, I was slowing down. I was just grabble. The clips should be longer. Yeah, yeah, that's true. Yeah, I was like, oh, she looks like Bonnie. It was just funny because it was like HDMI. Oh, look, it's Bonnie. It's funny. I actually might have jacked up my wrist a little bit. I wonder where I landed. The opposite wrist. Because I think I like straightened out and like... Yeah, where is that?  Yeah, maybe. I would say that's probably an A. Yeah. Show the battle scourge. You guys not see it yet? You guys want to see it? Is that bad? It's like a bad turf burn. Yeah, it's not that bad. Of course. This was definitely like the highlight clip, for sure. Yeah, that's an S. Dude, this whole thing, I was like, this is so good. I'm going to use that at this point. Guys, it was taking so long. It was taking so long. I was like, this is not worth it. Really? Yeah, because I didn't think it was... I mean, it was like moderately funny, but the fact that there was a security guard that didn't know... That made it so much funnier. It made it so game. Oh my gosh, Poki, I'm a huge fan. I'm sorry. I'm just going to get a picture real quick. I'm such a huge fan. $10. I'll pay you. I was just doing a bit. They walked me through here. He's a streamer. He's joking. And he should have told you. I should have. I should have. I should have. I should have. Yeah, it's okay. No, no, no. I'll take him away now. All right, yeah. Take him away now. Jesus. Hold on. That was so funny. Jesus. That was really funny. You know what, though? When you say you're friends... It makes it so much worse, especially since she didn't say that she was friends with you. She's like, he's a streamer. It was wrong of him. He should have asked. That's not why it was worse. That's not why it was worse. I meant, like, I'm crazy. It's going to come up to me like, we're friends, creepy champ. No, that's not... No, I think this was definitely the guy, though. This was absolutely the guy. 100%. That was definitely... That was the best one. Yeah, the best one. The best of the best. That was a phenomenal trip. I loved it. That was great. I had an absolute blast at EU TwitchCon. It was fantastic. Getting to go to Paris, getting to go to London, like I said. I hope you guys enjoyed the video. If you guys like my YouTube channel, if you guys like my stream, make sure to follow, make sure to subscribe, do all that stuff. Everything is S-Fan TV. YouTube, Instagram, Discord, Reddit, Twitch, Twitter. Like the video. Leave a comment. Thank you guys for watching. We'll see you guys next time.


Very good evening everyone. Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis brought to you by Shankar Iyer's Academy. Here are the list of news articles for your reference and the video is timestamped for your convenience. Now let's move on to the first article. So let's take up this news article which talks about religious freedom. It talks about the recommendations of the US Commission on International Religious Freedom of the US government and which has put India on the list of countries of particular concern or CPC. And according to USCIRF that is US Commission on International Religious Freedom, India should be put under this list for the worst violations of religious freedoms in 2020. So today let us know about this report and its recommendations. CUSCIRF is an independent bipartisan US federal government commission. So it was created in 1998 by the International Religious Freedom Act which is abbreviated as IRFA and it monitors religious freedom violations globally. Yes, you heard me right. It monitors the religious freedom violations beyond its borders and the report also makes policy recommendations to the President of the United States, the Secretary of the State and the Congress. So know that it issues an annual report and the report assesses the US government's implementation of IRFA. Then it recommends countries that the Secretary of State should designate as countries of particular concern or CPC for engaging in or tolerating systemic, ongoing or shocking violations of religious freedom. Then it documents country conditions in around 30 countries around the world and reports on significant trends and it also has some recommendations to the US policies. But know that its recommendations are non-binding in nature even on the US Congress or the President and the previous Trump administration had rejected the report recommendation to designate India as a CPC last year. That is country of particular concern last year. Remember that in 2020 report it had downgraded India's ranking. It says India took a sharp downward turn in 2019 and the national government used its parliamentary majority to institute national level policies that violates religious freedom across India especially for a specific sect of religious minorities. And today's news says that the USCISRF again recommended that the US administration should impose targeted sanctions on specific Indian individuals and those entities for severe violation of religious freedom. Secondly it recommended the administration to promote interfaith dialogue and the right of all communities at bilateral and multilateral forums such as quad grouping so which says that the US should push India to have interfaith dialogue within India. So that is the recommendation all about. Another recommendation was to the US Congress and this was to raise the issue in the US India bilateral space such as by hosting hearings, writing letters and constituting congressional delegation etc. The previous recommendation was in some common grouping like quad but this one is in a bilateral dialogues. The key concerns raised in 2021 report was regarding the Citizenship Amendment Act, the national registry of citizens, the Hindu nationalism and attack on religious minorities etc. But one of the 10 USCISRF recommendation presented a dissenting note in the text of the report. So that note is really interesting. He stated that India is diversity personified and its religious life has been its greatest historical blessing. So in this regard he was against designating India as country of particular concern or CPC. So that brings us to the end of discussion on this news article. Our second discussion today will talk about this editorial. This editorial talks about the reforms needed in the process of appointing and removing police chiefs. See recently the Mumbai Police Commissioner Parambeer Singh was arbitrarily removed from his post without a proper satisfactory explanation. This controversial removal has again put the issue of police reforms in the spotlight. Let us discuss about it. Here is the syllabus for your reference students. See the state police are under the control of state government. It is a state subject. So the state government plays a major role in appointing and removing the police chiefs. But this process of appointment is plagued with issues and needs reform immediately. So let us see about the issues first. So firstly there has been no independent vetting process to assess the suitability of qualified candidates for the appointment of police chiefs. The vetting process currently followed lacks transparency and remains opaque. That is no one knows what are the criteria employed by the government in appointing or removing a police commissioner. The current mechanism of appointment and removal of police chiefs severely damages the spirit of transparency. So in this context let us see some vital reforms required in this area. Firstly the responsibility of appointment and removal of police chiefs should be given to a bipartisan independent oversight body. So what is a bipartisan body? A body which has members from both the ruling and the opposition party. So the state government can be a part of this body. See this suggestion is not new. The idea was first mooted in 1979 by the National Police Commission NPC. Later this idea was reaffirmed by the Supreme Court of India in its judgement of the famed Prakash Singh case 2006. Also the Supreme Court entrusted the UPSC, the Union Public Service Commission with a role in shortlisting the candidates from which the state government should appoint the police chiefs. See the above suggestions and judgements. Finally paved way for the Model Police Bill 2015. This bill places the responsibility of appointment and removal of police chiefs with a multi-party state police board. This board is also known as the State Security Commission. In short as SSCs we will be referring to state security commissions as SSC subsequently in the discussion. The SSCs is made up of government officials, the leader of opposition as well as independent members from civil societies. This board was seen as a paradigm shift in the appointment process because it provides the additional safeguard of civilian oversight over the appointment process. However, we have made little progress in constituting a truly independent state security commission. So let us see why. So far there has been only 26 states and the Union territories that have established a SSC either through police act or through amendment or through executive orders. But the SSCs formed so far do not adhere to the balanced composition suggested by the Supreme Court. For example, some SSCs do not include the leader of the opposition while others do not include independent members of the civil society. To put it simply, the SSCs are still dominated by the political executive which are in power. They do not yet experience the bipartisan and the independence envisaged by the Supreme Court in its judgment. Also, the SSCs do not meet on regular intervals. According to the RTI filed in 2019, only four SSCs have held meetings since 2014, which is a long gap. Without regular meetings, the SSCs cannot bring meaningful reforms, right? So in addition to that, in spite of SSC's establishment, many state governments still retain the sole discretion of appointing the police chiefs, except in the states of Assam, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Meghalaya and Mizoram, where the SSCs are given the responsibility of shortlisting the candidates, at least on paper. This is counterproductive to the establishment of SSCs. The second important police reform is the establishment of objective criteria for the appointment and removal of police chiefs. So this will help us to protect the operational autonomy of the police chief. See, currently the Supreme Court and the Model Police Act require the UPSC or the SSC to shortlist candidates on the basis of length of service and service record and range of experience and also the performance appraisal of the candidate over the past decade. However, there is no clear guidance when it comes to the explanation of these terms. For example, see, the criteria bluntly lists range of experience. It doesn't clearly convey what is a good range of experience. Such lack of clarity can lead to misuse. Similarly, when it comes to the removal of police chiefs, there is no scrutiny process. See, the NPC, the National Police Commission, requires the state governments to seek the approval of the State Security Commission before removing the police chief, before the end of his or her term. Even the Supreme Court in TP Sen Kumar versus Union of India case 2017 had emphasized the prima facie satisfaction of the government alone is not a sufficient ground to justify the removal of a police chief, which was the case in this removal. In addition to that, the Supreme Court also said that the rule of law requires such decisions to be based on compelling reasons and verifiable material that can be objectively tested. But most states do not follow these conditions during the removal of police chiefs. That is, it is largely arbitrary. Also, state governments are using broad terms like on administrative grounds, say, in public interest, in their police acts to justify the government's power to remove the police chief. Such broad terms can be easily misused or misinterpreted. Therefore, by bringing a set of objective criteria, clearly defined objective criteria, for appointing and removing police chiefs, we can overcome the above issues. In addition to the discussed reforms, this article also suggests the United Kingdom model for police chief appointment to bring additional transparency. So let us see what is this model. See the UK passed the Police Reforms and Social Responsibilities Act in 2011. This act was crucial because it introduced public confirmation hearings as an additional layer of check for the appointment of police chiefs. Now let us see how it works. See the proposed candidates, the list of proposed candidates for the police chiefs are required to participate in a hearing organized by the police and a crime panel. The crime panel is made up of representatives from local councils and independent members as well. And during this hearing, questions are posed about the candidate's ability to recognize and understand the separation of political and operational responsibilities in relation to the post, which is very important. Based on the result of this vetting process, the panel makes its recommendation on the suitability of the candidate. Also, these panels also have the power to veto by two-thirds majority, the proposed appointment as well. Even during the removals, the panels allow the police chief an opportunity to respond to the allegations on the basis of which their removal is being sought as a part of the scrutiny process. Therefore, by implementing the UK model in India, we will not only ensure fairness in administrative decisions, but also protect the political neutrality of the police. So this article concludes by stressing the importance of police reforms. It also wants that any further delay in implementing these reforms will continue to demoralize the police and cripple the rule of law. See, this article mentions the Prakash Singh case of 2006. This case is important because it gives seven points for police reforms. They are given below, as prints can go through it. These seven points are very important from Main's exam point of view. So now look at this news article. This news article is in reference to the World Press Freedom Index 2021. It was released recently. So let us know more about it. So know that the World Press Freedom Index is the annual ranking of about 180 countries based on the freedom available to the press, that is the journalists. This index is compiled and published by Reporters Without Borders, which is abbreviated as RSF because it was previously called as Reporters Sans Frontiers. And it is Paris-based international non-profit, non-governmental organization. So it conducts political advocacy on issues relating to freedom of information and freedom of press. Now talking about the methodologies used by it for its ranking, it is based on one that involves qualitative feedback and quantitative scores. What is this? The qualitative data generated is based on the feedback given by the questioner that is collected from media professionals, lawyers, sociologists of the countries that are being evaluated. And the quantitative scores are generated based on the data on abuses and acts of violence against journalists, which is nothing but the abuse scores, which is in the part of the report. Rank one is the highest rank and one IT is the lowest and the score of zero denotes the best and 100 denotes the worst score. So India's rank for the year 2020 was 142 and for 2019 it was 140 and 2018 138 and previously it was 136 and even before that it was 133. So as you can see, there has been a steady decline in India's ranking. So now in 2021 index, India has again ranked 142 like 2020 out of 180 countries. So this is despite the fact that for a year an index monitoring cell of Indian government has worked to improve the ranking. So we can see that India's rank has steadily climbed down to 142 in 2020 and India has retained it this year at 142. So the RSF reporter, reporter Sans Frontier report says India is one of the world's most dangerous countries for journalists trying to do their job properly. They are exposed to every kind of attack, even police violence against reporters, ambushes by political activists and reprisals instigated by criminal groups or corrupt local officials according to this report. So that brings us to the discussion on World Press Freedom Index 2021. Look at this news article titled A Fresh Push for Green Hydrogen. In this context, let us discuss in brief about hydrogen fuel and then the important points given in the article. So as we know, hydrogen is the simplest element on earth as it consists of one proton and one electron only. Hydrogen can store and deliver usable energy but it doesn't typically exist by itself. That is, it doesn't exist in free state in nature and must be produced from compounds that contain it. See, hydrogen can be produced from diverse domestic sources. Currently, most hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels, specifically natural gas. Electricity from the grid or from renewable sources such as biomass, geothermal energy, solar energy or wind energy is also currently being used to produce hydrogen. In the longer term, solar energy and biomass can also be used more directly to generate hydrogen. This is more commonly called as green hydrogen. So what exactly is this green hydrogen that is making a bus? See, hydrogen can be produced in a number of ways, as we just saw. One method includes using electrolysis with an electric current splitting water into oxygen and hydrogen. The electricity used in this process comes from a renewable source such as wind or solar. Then it is termed as green or renewable hydrogen. Know that hydrogen is an energy carrier, not an energy source. And this can deliver or store a tremendous amount of energy. Hydrogen can be used in fuel cells to generate electricity or power and heat. Hydrogen is a clean fuel. That is, when consumed in a fuel cell, produces only water, electricity and heat. They have the potential for use in a broad range of applications such as transportation, commercial purposes, industrial purposes, residential purposes, etc. So due to their high efficiency and zero or near zero emission operations, hydrogen and fuel cells have the potential to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in many applications. So it can be said that it also holds the key to the green future. But the greatest challenge for hydrogen production, particularly from the renewable sources, that is the green hydrogen, is providing hydrogen at a very low cost. Now let us see the global trend. According to the International Energy Agency, global low-carbon hydrogen production has increased from just 0.04 million tonnes in 2010 to 0.36 million tonnes in 2019. And it is expected to reach 1.4 million tonnes in 2023. Coming to India, we currently consume around 5.5 million tonnes of hydrogen. And India's 2021-2022 budget had also announced the National Hydrogen Energy Mission. It aims to lay down India's vision for hydrogen energy, strategies and approaches for realizing the vision. So know that a pilot project for blending hydrogen with compressed natural gas for use as transportation fuel is running at Rajagat bus depot in Delhi. So finally, let us see some of the recommendations given by the author to scale operation of hydrogen in India. First of all, production of hydrogen requires electrolysis. We saw that earlier. Electrolysis in turn requires electricity. So author suggests to promote decentralized hydrogen production, that is at various public and private levels with unhindered access for renewable energy to an electrolyzer. Government should pave the way for this. Secondly, we know that there is a problem of intermittency associated with renewables. That is, say for solar power, it will be available better during the daytime and wind energy will be available only during the windy season, etc. Such challenges need to be addressed in the production of green hydrogen. Then we must take steps also to blend green hydrogen in the existing process, especially in the industrial sector. So this will in turn improve the hydrogen production. The demand will increase, so the production would also increase. Besides this, the government should facilitate investment in research and development that is much needed to advance the technology for use in India. See, there has been a decline in the price of electrolyzers. And this also should be capitalized to push hydrogen manufacturing and use. Finally, India must focus on domestic manufacturing as well. This includes securing supplies of raw materials and developing electrolyzer and fuel cell technologies. And roping in institutions like BARC, CSAR, they all have the fuel cell technologies. And roping in them can prove beneficial in the long run. Currently, we rely on the performance-based incentive scheme for the electrolyzer manufacturing and all. So we need a greater push beyond this to propel green hydrogen. Finally, author concludes by saying a very catchy phrase, hydrogen may be lighter than air, but it will take some heavy lifting to get the ecosystem in place. Here, he just means the need of the government action to boost the consumption of hydrogen as a fuel. So look at this article in the Metropolis of Chennai edition. Let us use this article as an opportunity to learn about snow leopards. See, the snow leopard lives at high altitudes in the steep mountains of Central and Southern Asia. They live in extremely cold climates as they name those snow leopards. When it comes to India, the snow leopards inhabit the higher Himalayas and the trans-Himalian landscape of Javan Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. See, the snow leopards are very few in number. So they are given the highest conservation status both globally and in India. For example, the snow leopards are categorized as vulnerable by IUCN and are placed in Schedule 1 of Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972. They are also listed in Appendix 1 of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species sites and Convention on Migratory Species CMS. In addition to the above, India also launched various conservation efforts to protect snow leopards. Let us see them in brief. First is the Project Snow Leopard. Very similar to Project Tiger. See, the Project Snow Leopard promotes an inclusive and participatory approach for the conservation of snow leopards. It also fully involves the local communities in the conservation efforts. Next, let us see about Secure Himalaya initiative. See, the Secure Himalaya is a project launched for conservation of high altitude, biodiversity and reducing the dependency of local communities on the natural ecosystem. So, when we talk about conservation of high altitude biodiversity, it also includes the snow leopards. And the Global Environment Facility of United Nations Development Program funds this project. And Secure Himalaya is now operational in JNK, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Uttarakhand. Next, let us see about Himal Sanrakshak. See, Himal Sanrakshak is a community volunteering program launched by India specifically for snow leopards. Now, let us see about the International Snow Leopard Day. The International Snow Leopard Day is observed on 23rd of October every year. And this day came into being since 2013 with the adoption of Bishkek declaration. What is this declaration? This Bishkek declaration is signed by 12 countries on the conservation of snow leopards only. The 12 countries include all the snow leopard range areas that is India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Mongolia, Russia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. So, these are the 12 countries. Please have a note of this. They are very important from the prelims point of view. Also, know that the Global Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Protection Program was launched on the same day to address high mountain development issues using the Snow Leopard as a flagship species. So, this brings us to the end of discussion on Snow Leopard. Look at this news article. Now, this news article is with reference to a study which was released by UNICEF and Gina Davis Institute on Gender in Media. The study was titled Gender Bias and Inclusion in Advertising in India. So, it is an interesting topic. It is an analysis of gender representation in thousand most viewed advertisements in India on TV and YouTube during the year 2019. Let us see some of the important findings. See, the analysis shows that female characters are just as likely to appear in ads as much as male characters. That is, there is equality in representation in terms of gender. Girls and women have parity of representation in terms of screen and speaking time. So, look at this graph. But the data points that the portrayal of female characteristics is problematic as they further gender stereotypes. Let us see the statistics. Firstly, women are more likely to be shown as married than the male characters. And secondly, women are more likely to be depicted as cat takers and parents than men and less likely to be shown in paid occupation. Thirdly, women are more depicted as selling cleaning supplies and food and beauty products to women consumers. And fourthly, the male characters are more likely to be shown making decisions about their future than the female characters. But women are twice as likely to be shown making household decisions than the male characters. Now, let us see the gender representation by age, social class and skin tone. In age wise representation there are more boys than girls in ads. Then, female characters are more likely to be depicted in their 20s than male characters and most older characters are male. Now, taking on character gender by social class, we can see that male and female characters are about equally likely to be depicted in all classes in Indian advertisements. And talking about the character gender by skin tone, most characters in Indian advertising have lighter skin tones. And two-third of the female characters have light or medium light skin tones. And male characters are five times more likely to have a dark skin tone than female characters. It also says that the majority of characters with dark skin are presented as lower class. So, this means colorism is evident in Indian ads as well, apart from gender stereotypes. Now, the report talks about sexualization and stereotypes. So, know that female characters are nine times more likely to be shown as stunning or very attractive than male characters. And female characters are four times more likely to be depicted as very nude than male characters. And finally, for characters where intelligence is part of the character in the ad, male characters are more likely to be shown as smart than female characters, which again is a serious furthering of gender stereotype. And male characters are almost twice as likely to be shown as funny than female characters, which again is a gender stereotype. So, the report concludes that the presence of women in ads in India reinforces the traditional gender roles. Women are also marginalized by colorism, hyper sexualization and without career or aspirations outside of the home. So, that is how the ads, the Indian ads have been portraying women even in 2019, which is a serious area of concern with respect to genders. So, with the respect to this article, I advise the students to take few of the facts which can be used in their essay questions or some of the social issue questions in their main examination. So, that is how this article is important, apart from having an understanding on gender stereotypes in the advertisements. Consider this article. This article in essence talks about data forming the base of future power equations in international relations. This is the syllabus for your reference. As a recent trend, we see that there is a shift of global power from the Atlantic, that is from the west to the Indo-Pacific or Asia. This raises strategic question for India and author interprets it in the context of data. So, in the first half, he talks how data is an important part of international relations and in the second half, he talks about the China's advantage which was brought about by data and digital revolution. So, the industrial revolution restructured the global manufacturing order to Asia's disadvantage. That is, Asia which was the manufacturing hub before the industrial revolution was reduced to a market that will only buy goods from the west. But in the digital data revolution that we are experiencing right now, data determines the trajectory of a lot of things. Say for example like innovation, the nature of productivity growth, that is, what is being demanded in the market. So, depending on that, the production is also done and military power. Mobile digital payment which is also based on data impacts society and the international system as well. And this has three strategic implications according to the author. First, he talks about the security dimension. See, now data has become omnipresent.  So, the conventional military and the civilian systems have become obsolete in the era of data. See, cybersecurity has thus become equivalent to national security. See, let us understand this better. See, there was a cyber attack in June 2010. Iran was the victim of the cyber attack where its nuclear facility in Nantes was infiltrated by the cyber worm Stuxnet. Reportedly, a combined effort by United States and Israel. Stuxnet destroyed over thousand nuclear centrifuges and according to sources the attack set Tehran's atomic program back by at least two years. So, this is a bloodless war as you can see, waged remotely by two different states on one particular state. So, this indicates the need for a new military doctrine and a diplomatic framework. Secondly, author talks about the pervasive nature of the data. That is the spread of data beyond waters. Let us understand this also. Data gets generated when a user enters their credentials. Say, if you are logging into Facebook, you will be entering your name, your age, your gender and that is data. Irrespective of the geographical location of the user, the data gets used in a different place. So, we enter data from India. Probably, our data is being processed in United States, right? So, the data that travels beyond borders cannot be subject to one country's rules or it can be difficult to subject it to one specific country's rules. So, the universal rules have now been changing to issue-based understanding. That is, the rules are emerging based on the issues arising out of the digital transaction or digital data usage for example, right? But the area of emergence of data has always had a better advantage. That is, the owner of the data is the producer of it. Say, if I enter my name it is my data. So, I have an advantage over that particular data and Asia has a huge demograph as we know. So, there will be huge volume of data that is being generated. So, it stands at a clear advantage with respect to data. Just because we have huge volumes of it which can be put to use, right? Thirdly, he talks about data streams. See, what are these data streams? Data streams are nothing but information, okay? So, information is now at the center of the global trade and countries economic and national power. How? Say, E-commerce entity recognizes that a country's users favor buying one particular product. The business strategy is based based on that. That is, more of that particular product is being made and marketed, okay? So, we know India has massive data in its hand and India also has a robust IT infrastructure. So, author believes that India thus has the capacity to negotiate new rules with respect to data as an equal with US and China. Nextly, author has continued to talk about the rise of China with data to aid in its rise. So, he believes the right use of data power has contributed to the rise of China as a near equal of the US. Even US has acknowledged this. So, the national security strategy of the US, that is the United States puts more emphasis on diplomacy rather than military power to resolve conflicts with China. And this is also partly because the allies of US or the US itself has a very complicated relationship with China and a large part of it is now digitally driven. But the author notes that China's technology has weakness at two levels. One is China is generations behind a semiconductor technology and hence it's dependent on other countries for technology and imports of semiconductors. We know semiconductors are an important raw materials for computers and phones, right? And the second weakness is it's powerlessness against US sanctions on banks or 5G and the crowd computing companies that are working in the west. So, we know about the D-10 alliances and all, right? To counter China's 5G prowess, right? So, in order to overcome this, China's 14th 5-year plan, China's 14th 5-year plan emphasizes a 1.4 trillion strategy for the development of science and technology in this field. So, we can see that China's digital technology led capitalism is moving very fast and it is trying to utilize the economic potential of data pushing the recently launched EUA, that is China's digital currency and shaking the dollar-based settlement for global trade. We know that the entire global trade is driven by US dollars, right? And another strength of China with respect to data is that China has about 53 trillion mobile payment market and it controls over 50 percentage of the global market value and India is not doing bad at all. India's UPI volume is expected to cross about 1 trillion by 2025. But in sharp contrast, US lags behind with only 30 percentage of consumers using digital means and with the total volume of mobile payments less than 100 billion. So, you can see that US lags behind in data strength because a lot of its consumers do not use digital transactions. An author also notes that the global strategic balance will depend on new data standards. That is, how their countries use the digital infrastructure in their favor. Earlier this year, China formed a joint venture with across borders payment and suggested foundational principles for interoperability between the central bank digital currencies and the banks of international settlement which is BIS. The US is far behind in mobile payments also and is falling back on data alliances as well and sanctions to maintain its global position. And India's goal is to become a 5 trillion economy by 2025 on the other hand. While the country is fast-tracking digital rupee and everything, the challenge is promoting engagement with the major powers. Just saw that China has engaged with major powers and it is utilizing the infrastructure of Swift to promote its digital currency to challenge the dollars, but India is not doing so. So, that is a major drawback with respect to India while it is not utilizing its data prowess. And major powers apart from that, see value in relationship with New Delhi. India fits into the US frame of wide leverage and China also wants India as its ally not as a rival with respect to the digital realm. And China remains the largest trading partner of both the US and India despite sanctions and border skirmishes. The recent developments are a strong pointer towards the shifting balance in favor of Asia. And India should be quick to take a stand in power with US and China in the changing global dynamics taking advantage of data. So, indeed data is the new oil and India needs to wake up to its potential. So, that brings us to the end of discussion on this particular editorial. So, this brings us to the practice question session. We have two problems questions from the previous years for your attention before we go into the other practice questions. Okay? So, the first question is from the problems 2012. So, consider the following. Black naked crane, cheetah, flying squirrel, snow leopard. Which of the above are naturally found in India? So, this is the question. So, consider cheetah. Okay? Cheetahs became locally extinct from India 70 years ago. Prior to that, they roamed across much of India. They were also found across the Middle Eastern region as well. But today, the entire Asian cheetah population is confined to just a few dozen animals in Iran. So, that is why at times we may be hearing about news about translocation of cheetahs from Iran to India. So, if you eliminate cheetah from the answer options, you will arrive at the correct answer which is 1, 3 and 4. Black naked crane, flying squirrel and snow leopard are naturally found in our habitat. So, this is a reminder of the snow leopard article that we discussed in the discussion today. So, the next question is from the preliminary examination of 2011. So, which is the difference between asteroids and comets? So, the first statement is asteroids are small rocky planetoids while comets are formed of frozen gases held together by rocky and metallic material. And the second statement is asteroids are found mostly between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars while the comets are found mostly between Venus and Mercury. And third statement is comets show a perceptible, lowing tail while asteroids do not. So, the correct option is option 1 and 3 and so the option will be option B. Okay? So, that said, let us consider why is option 2 wrong. Okay? So, while first part of the second statement is correct the second part is incorrect. This is because, yeah majority of the known asteroids orbit within the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Generally, asteroids do not have very elongated orbits but if you take the comets most comets come from beyond the orbit of Pluto. They come from a region of the solar system called the OOT cloud and the comets tend to have much more elongated orbits than the asteroids. Because the orbits of long period comets are so extremely long that the scientists suspect that the OOT cloud is the source of the comets. Therefore, OOT cloud is also called as home of comets by the NASA. So, we have discussed this question primarily because there was an article on Lyrid Meteor Showers on the Hindu edition of Chennai Metro Plus. So, what are these Lyrid Meteor Showers? These Lyrid Meteor Showers are nothing but Earth Day Meteor Showers that attains its peaking on the April 22nd every year. And it also continues to April 23rd. Now, let us move on to the other practice questions. So, consider this question. Consider the following statements with reference to the term country of particular concern CPC recently seen in use. We saw this in discussion if you remember. So, it is a designation of a nation which is engaged in severe violation of religious freedom. This statement is correct and it is maintained by the United Nations Security Council says the second statement but this statement is incorrect because it is not maintained by UNSE but it is designation by the US Secretary of State of a nation engaged in severe violation of the religious freedom under its legislation IRFA International Religious Freedoms Act right? So, the correct answer would be option A, one only. Let us go on to the next question. Consider the following statement with reference to World Press Freedom Index. We discussed the World Press Freedom Index and again in today's discussion. So, this index is compiled and published by the International Press Institute, a global network of directors, media executives and leading journalist. So, the question asks which of the above statement is correct. First statement is incorrect because the World Press Freedom Index is compiled and published by Reporters Without Borders which is previously called as Reporters and Frontiers and it is a Paris based international non-profit, non-governmental organization and India's rank in the World Press Freedom Index has steadily declined from 2016 to 2020. This is a factual question and so this statement is correct. So, the correct option will be option B two only. Consider the next question with reference to fuel cells consider the following statement. See, we came across fuel cells in a discussion based on green hydrogen if you remember. So, first statement is says fuel cells work like batteries but they do not run down or they do not read recharging. This statement is correct. Consider the second statement. If hydrogen is the fuel well electricity, water and heat are the only byproducts. See, the correct option is both the statements are correct. A fuel cell uses the chemical energy of hydrogen or another fuel to cleanly and efficiently produce electricity. If hydrogen is the fuel well electricity, water and heat are the only byproducts. As you can see there is no toxic byproduct associated with this fuel cell and fuel cells literally work like batteries but they do not run down or they do not need recharging at all. This is a very important part about fuel cells and they produce electricity and heat as long as fuel is supplied. So, consider this question which of the following published the report called gender buyers and inclusion in advertising in India. We saw a brief discussion on this in today's discussion. The correct answer is UNICEF option D. Consider the following statement. The snow leopards are categorized as endangered by IUCN. That is the first statement and consider the second statement. Himal San Rakshak is a community volunteering program launched by India to protect snow leopard. See, the first statement is incorrect because we saw that snow leopards are vulnerable under the IUCN classification. But the second statement is correct. So, the correct option will be answer is option B2 only. So, that brings us to the end of the discussion on practice questions.  Write the answers for the mains question in the comments section and post it below for a peer review. Writing one or two questions every day would give you an edge in the mains preparation. If you like the video like, share and subscribe and we bring you the analysis every evening. Stay safe, prepare well, good day.


Ferrolic acid, FA, a ubiquitous natural phenolic phytochemical present in seeds, leaves, both in its free form and covalently conjugated to the plant cell wall polysaccharides, glycoproteins, polyamines, lignin and hydroxy fatty acids. FA plays a vital role in providing the rigidity to the cell wall and formation of other important organic compounds like coniferal alcohol, vanolin, synaptic, dipherolic acid and curcumin. FA exhibits wide variety of biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-allergic, hepatoprotective, anticarcinogenic, antithrombotic, increased sperm viability, antiviral and vasodilatory actions, metal chelation, modulation of enzyme activity, activation of transcriptional factors, gene expression and signal transduction. This article was authored by Nareesh Kumar and Vikas Pruthi.


अदी लेई दी के नहीं तो देखाड़ नाप रहे हैं, तो पर नाप नाप नाप नाप नाप नाप भी थे तो दो मों ही एक आप रहे हैं. वेर शायात तियार उऎती मुँँँ, तonom मुँँँँँynam कोक तीर की कह्ट थुत थमथन परढ़ाया। इससी थिन जिकणाग करे क है। को कनाविEO जिकच और मुँँँँँँँँँँऊँँँँँ ve are eliminatesovaii tei ka वो नाग़ बश्वादिया और का वर लिटी दी है, या वर वो नाग़ बवादीदी टी है, अच्चित को तो तो जब थाईझूग. और उसके थो उप प्र कार हिं कोभ कोंजे फेश एं गदनट्ट्ड वे लिटी डी री. सिस्ता इस्सा आठींनिस आब आगठी कुम्य की बॉडम अत् теб्रत हूँ बॉग्ये, lumber यहे यह यह now they fit the conceptual definition of that construct i.e. the construct which we are going to name in its conceptual definition, how much it fits in who are those indicators, those items so the judges, the panel of the judges the expert will be the rate and we use these techniques the qualitative techniques are named Q-Sort technique Q-Sort ok ok then this is a theoretical assessment i.e. we can say that either we have assessed the theoretical or we have assessed the empirical hmmm so how will we assess the empirical empirical assessment of validity examines how well a given measure relates to one or more external criteria based on empirical observations right that we assess the empirical assessment i.e. the validity i.e. how well the given measure matches and relates to one or more external criteria based on empirical observations we know the empirical observations that we can observe from our senses it comes in empirical observations and what does this type of validity call as criteria related validity why? because in criteria related validity what we call as criteria related validity what we call as how well a given measure relates to one or more external criteria that it is related to external measurements so what is the name of this validity criteria related validity now in criteria related validity we have 4 from which convergent, discriminant, concurrent and relative so we have to pay attention that when we were talking about theoretical so that type of validity was called translational or representational and the 2 sub types of this are face and content for which we need judges and when we are talking about empirical assessment then criteria related validity establishes our relationship that is why the name of validity is criteria related validity and in 2 sub types there are 4 sub types of hormones convergent, discriminant we will read that they are related to each other concurrent, predictive related to each other see while translational validity examines whether a measure is a good reflection of its underline construct that is the underline construct the construct for which you have made some measuring instrument it is a good reflection that is whether it is coming out or not and criteria related validity whether a given measure behaves the way it should given the theory of that construct that is criteria related validity examines whether that measure the theory of that construct how it behaves or how it should behave how it should behave in translational validity it is a reflection in criteria related validity it is a behavior now what we had told that translational validity has 2 sub types face and content face validity face validity refers to whether an indicator that is what we call amukh vaidata amukh vaidata that is whether an indicator seems to be a reasonable measure of its underline construct on its face that is you can see its face that is the construct for which you have made that is reasonably that is you can see that that is the same construct as for instance the frequency of one's attendance at religious services means that in our dharmic sevabhav in that a lot of frequency attendance means that is what it means that is seems to make sense as an indication of a person's religiosity without a lot of explanation that is it does not need to be explained even then we can say that that person in that is of dharmic or he sees why he is dharmic because we see him again there is an religious function he comes and attends it means that we can say that this indicator shows face validity we can see and tell then two approaches to measure validity in two main ways how you can assess content validity content see till now we have understood what validity is that is that our measuring instrument is our test is that what is the same construct which is made by you in this when we talk about construct then we can say that external criteria is that criteria is that if we are relating with criteria then if we are talking from a futuristic perspective then we can say that content validity is an assessment of how well a set of scale items construct that it is trying to measure i.e. the construct which you have made your test which you have made the content will not match but it is not that we have understood the content which is asking the language so the person will fall into the language you mean student so how you have the intelligence versus how for instance if you have given an example for instance if you want to measure the construct if we are going to satisfy the restaurant service if we have made the service of the restaurant then we will define the content domain our content will be quality of food i.e. the quality of food is the curtsy of the weight staff the duration you have to wait overall the ambience of the restaurant when you see it it is classy or dirty or you have to wait or the staff doesn't behave properly the same questions will be in ambience whether it is noisy you want to eat hot food which we like and we have to do some work and there we have to measure all this so this content should be that much if we are satisfied with the restaurant service then the content we will use should cover the quality of food this this and if we are not covering the content then for adequate content should be measured using indicators that examine the extent to which restaurant patron is satisfied with the who should be satisfied quality of food cursey of weight staff length of weight how much you have to wait when you demand and the restaurant's ambience of course this approach requires detailed description of the entire content domain of the construct that is if we are going to construct the entire content should be covered but it is not that easy for complex construct intelligence we know intelligence has multiple intelligence has special ability has problem solving has numerical has verbal has linguistic has kinesthetic has a lot then it may not be always possible to adequately assess content validity so content validity assessment is not that easy or we cannot properly assess it as with face validity and expert panel of judges may be employed to examine content validity of construct we can take some information about content validity to examine content validity it keeps it now let's talk about convergent we know convergent means now and divergent or discriminant means one pass means closeness and discriminant or difference you will understand convergent it refers to the closeness samipata with which a measure relates to i.e. whatever we have gone how much it is with whom the construct that it is purported to measure the construct we have gone how much it is showing if it is showing then convergent it refers to the degree to which a measure does not measure other constructs that it is not supposed to measure means you need two convergent it means if we want any construct then the closeness is related to its measure and we don't want it to be one it is a way to say the closeness with which a measure relates to and refers to the degree to which a measure does not measure other construct that it is not related to it is not supposed to measure it is not supposed to measure it is not supposed to measure it is jointly for a set of related constructs means for a set of related constructs we take it together it is so convergent it is so it is so it is so it is so it is so it is so it is so it is so it is so it is Montgomery so it is for a set of related constructs it is so it is it is it is soda soda soda soda soda soda soda soda soda soda soda soda soda तो सैंट्ये सब लग, पेरज्ढीस साँंसे ड़ूड़, तुडना मेंट्री वे अच्छा गडे थो ज्यो मेंट्री में नहीं। तो ये तुग ख़द़ करेंटिस लिए किने वादिख्टे लीए ख़र जाट लीग बा़िदिल्या crowd joined party.


Going on everyone Sam here with late in sports guards have been 23 Bowman draft baseball jumbo eight box case number 35 Pick your team style names and teams Adam H. Phillies Anthony B. White Sox Brett B twins Christopher S. Metz Christopher J Astros Marlins Chuck S. Tigers David C. Pirates David W. Rockies Doris H. Guardians Evan L with the Nats Gabriel C. Mariners Jackie Y. Dodgers Jeffrey H. Rangers Braves Reds athletics Cardinals Joe H. Orioles Joe D. Padres John K. Blue J's Joseph S. Cubs Kevin S. Paper Base K. Ray with the Rays Michael B D-backs Phillip M. Brewers Ruto O. With the Giants Ryan S. Royals Ryan Z. Red Sox Sean B. Angels and Tyler P with the Yanks So good luck here everybody eight to go on the next one Unbelievable I was outbid on my map view map view is a hot commodity clearly Spencer. I Could see him having a breakout year for y'all like no joke No, no joke at all Just get the top years in both museums. Yeah, Jase do it do it Jase do it do it Jase Do it do it's now Jase Yeah, nine to go TC black most expensive team. I think is the mats at 64 So everything's relatively inexpensive, which is good if you want to just jump in the brakes and hang out a seven dollars max odd deal Deal, but you get no Riley Greens We're down to six in the next six to go next go. Yeah, let's go. Let's go. Let's go Walters and Christopher Toran Had you Eric. Thank you, buddy Orioles and twins. Let's go. Thanks, Eric Six to go in the same time. Oh, is that a rose gold lava? Rose gold lava and Ricky Bradfield junior three of ten. Let's go man. Oh Orioles are hitting That's Joe one of the Joe's of you each Joe each good stuff, dude Three of ten. That's nasty dude.  Let's go Joe. Hell. Yeah, dude. We're gonna mag that one for you, buddy. That's nasty, dude We got Jadenham sparkle of Munoz lunar glow how you lead Dylan head first and Camilla Diaz Yeah, that's that's disgusting Joe. That's awesome of all the I've only pulled a handful of those That's by far the best one I've pulled so far this year Homer Bush last team mojo for the Padres. Just the Draes just the Draes just the Draes Well, it's catchy Not gonna lie Jake kind of catchy like Spire Pig just the Draes Davis Blake Mitchell and Emmett Holt Emmett Olson Probably would swing and miss on my mailbox when it gets delivered. There's a green paper of Braden Taylor to 99 for the race Kendall George to 250 I brought all the rest drew Jones Joe you and I was fan Caraco and Roman Anthony you know who's got This is my follow-up question if the answer to that is yeses. Are you also a Ravens fan? Big question right there big question Christian Campbell first base auto Nice one there for the Reds Jake DeLeo and a Christian offer. Let's go Joe's my guy. So is that a yes to Ravens as well? I hope that's a yes to the Ravens That is a mood ring of Wyatt Langford Max Clark to 199 Cole Foster the cannon says Robert plays on copied on Let's go. Oh, what up? Farm that is a chase Davis to it 250 Anthony, I swear to God more bath and base I was just gonna say in a bottle of men in this ball though. I meant I'm gonna be a fee would be perfect. She's Orals version or heels version hunter Holland Charlie Soto Hans Montero Wesley right I know he blew it out during that like basically something should have been saw a young year Did he win the side? That is Colin how first base on I don't for the Mets Thanks, Waldrop and Guanypa He was he was he was good man. I think that was wings Hwang with the brew crew Ryan be with the Marlins Vaughn with the Tigers in both museums and the Mets and TC black and Steve see with a random team spot. Thank you everybody Yeah, what's up? Mr. Brennan we could talk rocks up here. Yeah, we're talking. We're talking a little Baldo Jimenez So it's a dude in Venice in Colorado Oh, I had a sense. He was really that year dude.  What is going on? That guy was insane through no hitter. He did since the Braves did one rocks history exactly Bryce Eldridge to 499 Kyle Freeland almost did it and Jack early Baldal not so good in O's fans. It's fair fair fair Fair that was a that was a rougher contract for sure. That is a Spencer Jones to 499 or to Subios and base. I don't know if I showed that paper Ross is lethal. Yeah, I was 7 to 15. Absolutely That roster was lethal Juanita Leroy glow and Justin Reimer my favorite pitcher. I threw a no-no for them, but the cameras Were not as valid. I believe it Jace Seems legit Eat the no Donald first base on There Gold diamond many Senga from black. No auto. I don't know Nathan. Have there been any that have sold I have no idea to be honest with Toronto My favorite pitcher and MLB the show history 2006 be young young Kim for the Rockies So that's my dog dude. I love that guy Cole Tammerson and Enrique Bradfield first refractor She says the ice is an arm after one throw. He's way out of his prime. I also believe that CJK fist first True blue to 150 ret louder pump rat loud Yeah, I don't know to be honest Nathan. I have no idea Probably decent. I mean He's a stud Tai Pete instead of Zach Brent Britain and extra innings. I Do remember that prime King Felix in the show was next level for sure Dave Nolan McLean to 150 nice one there for the Nets that is that that is very true calling out like three days after Could be the Dark Knight Matt Harvey and 2k baseball that dude was a nut. That dude was a lunatic Cooper Engel Dark night Tai Pete to 199 Yellow to 75 is Zach Thornton Loser Oman says Andrew pink me it's going well. It's going well Brennan Headed to Connecticut tomorrow morning at 4 a.m. Spencer Nivens Tomorrow and first refractor one of her. Yeah Love trucks. Yeah, that's true. Very true Big yeah, yo guy RC First base auto is Devon salty bond for it the Phillies and first refractor at Tye Floyd Appreciate that Brennan. Yeah, I'll be back back here on next Thursday Red Sox gone. Thanks. Mr. Charles a No, actually, she's hanging out with her mom three to go Was Fernandez on the next one was he actually part of that or was he just wasn't part of that but he was Was he like was that just unfortunate circumstances? I think when the boat crashed he was I think it was an assistant was it I Believe again, I don't know. I'm pretty sure I'll go down to 64 William I think that's what they were at in the last one. That's probably as low as I'm gonna go on that We'll do 64 True true. I do I do kind of enjoy that Yeah, Heather and I don't travel well together at all on the next and Hunter Holland Hurry up card guy The chop chop furniture boy get back to it. How's your driver doing? There's zander moot to 150 Jaden ham and Jack Weninger Thank you, Mr. John pick it up the Giants and the Braves in museum appreciate you buddy the first half case in museum Just legally drunk had that. Yeah, that's what I thought. Yeah To 499 Camilla Diaz Rodin and Lunar Glow Hans Montero Maran boy Brock Rodin. I remember that I remember waking up that That's Malia Huna to 499 for the Giants nice one there Kevin brought I'd for some reason I remember that distinctly first refractor because I was out.  I remember waking up. That was like cheese, dude Yeah, he would have been he would have been something different man with especially the contracts pictures are getting now Braden Taylor and Luke Kieschel Same with Ventura, man. That was sad. You're Donald Ventura and And what's his name? Tabaras Oscar Tabaras another sad one nimmons the 125 There's a lot of a lot of really really rough ones and Jacob Gonzalez Thomas see with the Royals in the next one No, I know I remember that I was in I know that D Gordon home run was that's like a Great sports moment big sexy Probably passed away. I was in I was in my college apartment with my all my buddies my buddy like He ran into like the room to 499 Nice one there blow it up when yellage MVP standing out Zuna Jose all those exactly Sean Wetter and Maui Ohuna, right exactly. Who knows what would happen with the Marlins or hey, Nathan Detmer and Teddy McGraw William. That's what the Phillies appreciate you buddy. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you Go William good stuff buddy pull you a big Walton. That'd be awesome to go now That is the canner Delgado to what 125 Abner and hero Wyatt sky blue chrome and Marianne Boyd Chris Clark Trey Morgan Trey the wreck that's Mahoney to at 199 Rhett pump Rhett louder nice one there reds And Brock Bradenburg still trying to get Sean to do that It's like Lego 4 ever gonna have now he fires up like all the time dude. I kept trolling him about that I was like you're going home and firing up Lego fortnight. I already maxed out his village Already maxed out his village kind of insane That is true von there's a lot of what ifs for the Marlins or such a young franchise that they never Yeah, that's true. They really do man They really do That's a bleak Mitchell Bowman Maraudis now to is a pot lobby Constangs Devin's ulti bond sparkle Gold paper Jay Bashir's he's going to probably yeah, and they have to pay Chisel and will probably leave for mellow and Redfield yeah, he's gonna go. Yeah, he's leaving. He's a Yankee. Yeah, he has chisms of Yankee for sure Green grass Alex Ramirez to 99 Forester You're telling me he's not gonna rock want to rock all those chains with the pinstripes, please Absolutely Pro-well and Kyfer Lord first base auto rock regio Yeah, okay Denton and rock regio Thomas see what the angels in the next one. I think we're down to one think we're just down to one Everybody just the A's I believe just Oakland. That's it Oakland to go in the next And we'll get firing up on some TC black as well I also want to drop you guys a link to definitive noble My I didn't knock down the prices on a lot of the definitive teams that are still available with them the trash there Cole miller to 199 Honeyman and Alachimera's Come a little deferred of the diapers Homer Bush and Johnny Farmella Just you wait Yeah Yamamoto still still holding out for the Tigers for sure There's Joe Redfield first base auto for the angels Rainer Arias and Chase Davis. Yeah, Yamamoto.  You gotta think he's 400 million, right? That is Landon Maratus do 499 and gold Gold wave Quinn McDaniel. I saw for the Giants to 50 yeah, he was gonna he could have posted this year, but His team Gotcha, yeah, that makes sense It's too young be okay international free agent. Got it. Got it. Got it. Got it. Got it. That makes sense Unless she stays in the NPB for three more years to get what's that? Dave is that to get 400 million he'd have to stay in the NPB for another three years the post the international post it especially with like With like the guys come over from Asia. They always confused me. I have what the rules were exactly Ricky Bradfield Tanner Hall and Colt Emerson Okay, gotta be 25. Okay. Okay. Okay. I get you I got you. I got you. I got you That makes sense that makes sense Jacob Wilson to 1 at 99 Elgato Mike Bovee So who came over this year? It's gonna be just mainly obviously Yamamoto the big one and then John who Lee raise the other one Yeah, the reliever Comparata show to McLean there's still a free agent Chase Davis nice one there aqua lava to 199 congrats Cardinals. That's awesome dude. Hell. Yeah, man on that Dylan Campbell I know him in August still there. There's another guy. That's a razor scouting apparently pitching guy pitching guy I'm dropping guys a link to definitive. We've got just seven to go Braves Cubs Rockies Dodgers Mariners Cardinals and Rangers Seven to go on Definitive we're paid peanuts, right? Homer, but that kind of makes sense though because like I'd be Imagine like all of our really good players went over to Japan like I'd be kind of tight if they just started leaving earlier and earlier You know what I mean? Yeah, there's Farmelo Isaac and Drew Hakenberg There's gonna be some fun chases in top scrim this next year with Yamamoto and Lee Oh, yeah, I like international wise at least first base auto Brandon winnaker for a mat. Yeah. Okay. That makes sense. That makes sense couple of first refractors Purple Wyatt Langford 250 nice one there purple base 205 at 250 for the Rangers Sean Sullivan There's Hurston Waldrop Coleman Picard and Kate Culler Now I do agree with that to be honest No, I generally I do agree that I think pretty deserves to be the MVP as of right now. Seth Keener to 499 Nice one there for the white socks And base I do I do Number two or three. That'd be dope Hello, Jonathan. Merry Christmas to you and in the family as well. Hope you guys are doing well Stop Jonathan. Merry Christmas to you man. The Warwick and camp I put my speaking of that.  It's like what did you get this morning? Did you put it as Guthrie to jaco 3? I put it as Matt There's Lazaro Montez tonight. I should put it as Bofa. I should have I've been actually really hilarious Oh boy Everybody coming over to the Warwick household. Oh That is Drew Hackenberg and Emmett Olson Jacob Wilson first and a Hunter Ellen Zach Thornton first base auto for the Nets Marcus Brown Levi. Well, did you get the cream school jersey already? I'm going to get it on oh on Christmas Why do you have that one so early because I bought it myself. Oh That is noble mire to 199. So the reasoning They had a deal like a day of deals thing for Christmas. I guess And one of the days was you get free customization so like If you don't customize this jersey, the jersey literally comes like plain nothing on the back You have to pay for like customization. Yeah still in Campbell first base. I also got 50 bucks. Yeah, and it was free So I was like, let me get a couple. So I got the Yandee in this one And I don't just sell them. They don't just sell a Yandee Diaz in the Klanahan jersey. No Really? Xavier Isaac Interesting I wonder why and then I think Another one It's coming around Christmas. Nice another jersey. Yeah, which one? Oh, nice Grant Taylor first base auto, but uh, mine made a mistake because apparently he changed his number Did he really? He does Margaux left. Oh, no, and the one I got is one one. That's kind of dope though Blake Mitchell glass TJ Walton, Jonathan Mejia Aqua wave Paul Wilson 125 Matt Shaw, Devin Seltibon, William Brigoya Brigola John Cox first refractor and Ryan Clifford Purple Yasser Mercedes 2250 There we go. I love it First Grant Taylor and White Hoodepull. I'm in I am in On that Wayne P with the rocks and definitive Steven H with the Tigers and TC Black Michael C with a quintuple spot and two Cup spots. Thank you guys appreciate that as well. Keep it moving here on a couple more boxes of bowman draft One more case of draft after this as well. Just the athletics available in that one last time. I checked. I'll drop you the link to that Um, that is the only team currently remaining. They are on sale. Just the A's Great job knocking that one down Uh, six to go now in definitive Six to go I'm using the Ravens locker room Kendall George to 499 Schleiger and Lucas Gordon Spencer Jones to 250 Blimey and Asus Baez Jayden Shears and Cole Young That was so funny when He didn't make the five look up for Sean Every time he had to go and put stuff away he goes, thank you shake Because I'm gonna destroy him. We've got Paul Wilson Black to 75 for the Tigers Grats on that one Hunter Haas and Gabe Levinson. He also said that you would win steamer of the month Steamer of the month steamer of the month award Stanley steamer. Yep steamer of the month award. We'll go to you Does that even mean?  I just want to say for Rockies And skeens your award Which my name is Stanley so you'll be Stanley steamer That is sky blue chrome jack weninger Stanley steamer your certified cleaner I know god Johnny Farmello first base auto nice one there for mariners and cold carry Orange paper grant Taylor first to 25 Nice one there white socks CJ capis Purple to 250 aerial Castro and Fisher Lunar glow first is charlie soda and chase to worsty True gold no gold waves savings the bios for the braves nice one there to 50. That's on that, uh, Atlanta Let's go Peter picking up the yanks in both museums Jaime D picking up the athletics sold out of the next one everybody. Thanks again Santana and bowmeester. Go Jaime Thank you. Hi. May. Thank you. Mr. Peter as well Peter in Uh, all right, so tc black is down to six to go six to go on tc black six to go And let me gotta work on definitive a little bit just knock out those last couple of teams six left and definitive Thank you guys. Yeah, I appreciate that when I came in there was like 10. I was like damn, dude That's kind of you're the best as always appreciate it very much Keep the brakes moving keep pulling cards getting more cards on the market for you all as well There's going to be a glass of max clerk for the tigers first kade morris and jason sabbatou True blue first is kade morris. It's 150 on the chrome Penningham and jet williams That is a grace and hit Tony brine akunja akunja Uh, quinn mcdaniel first base auto for the giants Spencer jones colton led better marcila meyer knapsick and colson montgomery Ludwig espinoza 125 rofen jacob cravey Very nice. Very nice. I love it Sky blue paper is austin trocer going to the mets lauda Pompere lauda Pompere lauda zander mooth and jason woodward You see that thing that's right here. Yeah That's kind of fire actually coming sim first base auto nice one there dbex Mahoney and oh hollerin aldermen luddling espinoza Well-been francisca to 4.99 sparkle of kevin parata Raiden taylor ethan solace Ha, excuse me. Thank you Lunar glow first is alberto rios Max clark refractor and carlson reed and last pack to break the bugger me That is a luke keeshall green class of 2023 pulled like three of these today already class of 23 2023 green luke keeshall otters 2023 2020 tweet that's when they're green and 99 Burns and base All right, do a quick recap here everybody Yeah, oh, yeah, I have to anytime. I need to sneeze. I need to stare up at the freaking like at a light Athletics gone. Thanks to nicholas b. Appreciate you buddy and tc black down to five to go now Uh got braiden taylor green grass alexa meras lazaro montez to 75 zack thorton to 50 javish years to 25 grant taylor Base autos. We've got rock regio ethano donnell devon saltibon red lauda zack thorton grant taylor dillan cambell kevin sim quinn mcdaniel johnny farmello homer bush joe redfield brandon winnaker christian cambell collin hauck Uh 4.99 is seth keener nizanzanatello mawiyahuna chase davis To 199 150 mclain to 99 keeshall to 75 paul wilson goals to 50 sabon sabios quinn mcdaniel And then this awesome and rique bradfield jr to 10 rosegold lava love to do for the break everybody. Thanks again for the fill Coming up next is number


We've seen that as viewed by the bookkeeper, an object, let's say a rock, falling from rest into a black hole first accelerates. Then, as it approaches the event horizon, it decelerates and ultimately comes to rest at the horizon. At the same time, any radiation emitted by it is ever more redshifted, so this coming to rest is unobservable. Yet, according to the rock's clock, it continues to accelerate right down to the horizon, where our equations of motion break down. So for the case simulated, an observer falling with the rock, the red curve, measures 7.41 seconds traveling to the horizon. To the remote bookkeeper, the same sequence of events, the blue curve, takes an infinite amount of time. He perceives the Schwarzschild Singularity, the event horizon, as an absolute limit of motion. In his reckoning, nothing ever falls through the horizon. The rock's equations of motion fail at the horizon, but there doesn't seem to be anything particularly notable about its motion there, according to an observer falling with it. Let's look at the details. To simplify the expressions, we'll assume the black hole mass is one-half, so that the horizon radius 2m is one. And we'll assume that the rock has dropped from r equals h. For motion in the r direction, the metric has only two terms, giving the elapsed time ds on a clock that moves between events separated in bookkeeper time by dt and r-coordinate by dr. In an appendix video, we derive the equation of motion shown here. The problem is due to the highlighted terms in brackets. At the horizon, r equals 1, this expression has a singularity and can't be directly evaluated. Now, if we divide the metric by ds squared, we get 1 on the left. And on the right, we'll have the square of dt over ds, which we call ut, the velocity of the time coordinate. And we'll have the square of dr over ds, ur, the velocity of the r-coordinate. Multiplying through by minus 1 and rearranging, the right side becomes identical to the highlighted expression, which we can therefore replace by minus 1. And thus we end up with an equation of motion that is well behaved at r equals 1. We can solve it to get the velocity ur at any value of r from h right through the horizon all the way down to r equals 0. The Schwarzschild singularity at r equals 1 is actually not a singularity for the rock. In its own reference frame, nothing particularly notable happens there. On the other hand, the central singularity at r equals 0 cannot be gotten rid of by coordinate manipulation. It's a true physical singularity where the curvature of spacetime becomes infinite, and as the rock approaches it, the r-coordinate changes infinitely fast. So relativity contains a description of how the rock, by its own reckoning, moves through the event horizon into its ultimate fate at r equals 0. Even though these events inside the horizon are forever hidden from outside observers. But this seems to create a paradox. According to the bookkeeper, the rock and all other objects that fell into the black hole at t equals 0 are frozen at the event horizon. Now, what happens if one million years later, according to the bookkeeper's clock, light falls into the black hole? Does the bookkeeper predict that the rock will be illuminated by this light? After all, the light is headed for the horizon and the rock by the bookkeeper's reckoning is still there. Yet the rock only experienced a few seconds of events before being consumed by the central singularity. To get a handle on this, let's solve the equations of motion for a photon and a rock released at r equals 3 and t equals 0. The light pulses on the left and red. The rock is on the right and blue. Light always travels at the speed of light while the rock falls from rest and initially accelerates. According to the bookkeeper, the speed of light decreases to 0 at the horizon, and given enough time, the photon and the rock both approach arbitrarily close to it. Plotting the trajectories in bookkeeper coordinates, the photon at left and red and the rock at right and blue, we see at the top of the graph that the motion is initially very different. The photon's trajectory is steeply sloped due to its high speed while the rock trajectory is gently sloped due to its falling from rest. At the bottom of the graph, however, the trajectories have similar shapes indicating that the objects are moving with similar velocity, the speed of light, which itself, according to the bookkeeper, is approaching 0. If at a given r coordinate, 2.8 in the case shown here, we draw a horizontal line between the curves. Its length represents the delay of the rock relative to the photon in reaching that coordinate. As we move to smaller r values, this delay grows. But not without limit. Arbitrarily close to the horizon, the rock is never more than a given length of time behind the photon. For a photon in a rock released at a given r coordinate, we can calculate this ultimate time difference, and the result is shown here. For the r equals 3 case we've been considering, we see that this is slightly more than 7 seconds. Now let's see the significance of this by considering a slightly different scenario. We'll again drop a rock at t equals 0, then at t equals 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, we'll shoot photons after it. Looking at the trajectories, we see that the t equals 4, 5, and 6 photons pass the rock. However, the t equals 7 photon just barely catches up to the rock. And none of the photons launched later ever catch the rock, no matter how long we wait. So the bookkeeper simultaneously predicts that, one, the rock is frozen forever on the horizon, and two, that it will not see light that falls into the black hole more than a few seconds after it fell in. We're left with a fascinating picture of the event horizon. Particles that have fallen into the black hole at different times can be thought of as forming separate layers. Over time, these layers collapse toward the horizon. Ultimately, from the bookkeeper's perspective, the entire history of everything that has ever fallen into the black hole is frozen on the horizon in invisible, infinitesimally thin, yet not overlapping layers. And yet, in each particle's perspective, it is zoomed through the horizon, encountering nothing but empty space, quickly continuing on to oblivion at the central singularity. This is such a mind-bending prediction that it probably should come as no surprise that the event horizon and central singularity of a black hole play a significant role in the quest for a theory of everything, merging general relativity with quantum mechanics. Now we'll turn attention to phenomena outside the horizon, where relativity makes clear and potentially observable predictions. In particular, let's see what its predictions are for circular orbits.  In an appendix video, we look at the equations of motion and show that the velocity, as measured by a local observer, required for a circular orbit at a given r-coordinate, is square root of m over r minus 2m. At r equals 3m, this becomes 1, the speed of light in our units, which defines the photon sphere, the r-coordinate at which light can orbit the black hole. Circular orbits cannot exist at smaller values of r, because the orbiting particle would have to travel faster than the speed of light, as measured by a local observer. Indeed, at the horizon, it would have to be traveling infinitely fast. Another important r-value is twice this, r equals 6m, where the locally observed velocity would be half the speed of light. Circular orbits inside this are unstable, while those outside are stable.  The boundary of the stable region is then r equals 3. We'll place a particle at r equals 3.1, just inside the stable region, and launch it with the numerically exact velocity required for a circular orbit. Solving the equations of motion, we indeed obtain a circular orbit. We'll launch the particle from r equals 2.9, just inside the unstable region. It too travels in a circular orbit. Circular orbits are possible in both regions. To look at stability, we'll repeat these two numerical experiments with the initial velocity decreased by a tiny amount, just one-hundredth of one percent. When the particle is launched inside the stable region, it travels in a very nearly circular orbit. There's no dramatic change from before. The same tiny perturbation to an orbit in the unstable region soon produces drastic changes in the particle spirals into the black hole.