Those two to three courses to work, work with when I come. Yeah, I do.  I mean, what else are we here to do? You know, let's just do it. OK, so let's try to, I don't know, whichever one. How many molecules of methane are in 48.2 grams of this compound, OK? So methane is CH4, and that's given to you in the problem. And the mass of methane is given to you in the problem, too. Mass equals 48.2 grams. So the first thing you're going to have to do, well, so not given to you is Avogadro's number. You've got to remember that, OK? Yeah, so 6.022. 10 stands in the 23rd. And in this case, it's going to be molecules. Do you know what that equals? 6.022 terms there in the 23rd? Not just Avogadro's. Yeah, one more. That's what you want to think of. You think about Avogadro's number, you know, like people get confused and they're always just writing Avogadro's number, not mole, you know? Because this is important.  It's like I'm teaching all these people chemistry right now. Probably half of them don't even know my name. You're almost coming up, go out now. I know, that's why I said it like that. OK, so let's continue along. So you've got to know this. And that's not given to you in the problem. That's one of the things in chemistry that you have to memorize is that 6.022 turns into the 23rd. So now we're going to find the molar mass of this, OK? The molar mass, remember, that's the mass of one mole. Why is that important? Because one mole, we got that convergent factor and we've got a mass, OK? So we can convert those things now, right? So the molar mass is what we're looking for. What's the molar mass of CH4? So what we're going to have to do is look on our periodic table here. So let's just cut this periodic table goes to many sig figs. But let's just do to four sig figs on each of these, OK? So remember, the molar mass of methane, or CH4, is going to be one times the atomic mass of C plus four times the atomic mass of C times four times the atomic mass of H, like that, OK? So the atomic mass of C, of course, is 12.01 AMU. But we're going to convert this to molar mass, so we'll just do grams per mole, plus four times the molar mass of hydrogen, we'll say. Let's just do that. Hydrogen is that 1.008? Yeah, 1.00 grams per mole. And remember, those numbers are given to you on the periodic table, so it's not anything that you need to memorize. No, I've been doing this so much. I know, right after a while, it's just become second nature to you. So 12.01 plus 16.04. Yeah, four times 1.008 per mole. Remember, this is like the text message way of writing. It's a shortcut, remember, because on typewriters, you can only write things on one line very easily. So you can't do things like one over the other, so it makes it kind of bigger. But in chemistry, we'll want to convert it to that, remember? So this actually equals, for chemistry way that we talk and write things, 16.04 grams divided by 1 mole. And in fact, it's even more than that, right? It's 16.04 grams of methane is 1 mole of methane, right? Does that make sense? OK, so now we've got a conversion factor for methane, right? We've got another one, so we can say 1 mole of methane equals 16.04 grams of methane, right? And we know how many grams of methane we have, so we should be able to figure out how many moles we've got. So let's do that, right? So moles is what we're looking for, so can moles be on the bottom? If that's what we're looking for, if that's the final unit? No. No, it has to be where, on the top. And that's the only thing that we can have. We can't have grams there anymore either, right? No, they've got to go. They've got to go, OK? So let's figure out the number of moles. So n is the variable or whatever that we use for the number of moles, like m for mass or whatever the litter. And so we say the number of moles equals the mass times the molar mass, if you remember that. But you don't have to, because you know all that matters is to convert or to cancel your units out. So the mass of methane that you have is 48.2 grams of methane, right? So if you wanted to, because this is the mass of methane up here. Remember, what did we say over here? We wanted moles over here. Yeah, we got it. So we want to do what to this guy? We want to reverse it. Flip them over, yep, flip them over. One mole of methane, 16.04 grams of methane, OK? So can we cancel something out here? Grams of methane, right? Cancel, cancel. 48.2 divided by 16.04. So we take it to 3 sig figs, which we need to, because that was the only number that was given to us in the problem, right? So it's going to be, in this case, 3.00 moles of methane. But if you don't put those two zeroes there, right, you get some, probably, half a point or something wrong. Yeah, no, I don't understand if you're saying things. Does that make sense to you how to do that? The other thing is like I should have showed you on that density one.  The formula for the number of moles is the mass times the molar mass, right? Which is what we've done. So mass times the molar mass, right? Or the inverse of that, I guess I should say, one over. See, it's easier when you cancel units out. It just shows you it's easier.


So questions from the homework any of these you want me to go over now is your chance to ask Yes Okay, so no, I'm hoping oh clicky-pen. Thank you I'm hoping number two where you have the triangle started to get pretty boring. That's my almost my goal It you'd be like jays. Mr. Duke. It's opposite. It's a jays. That's a pie and walk through it The word problems are the tricky ones. So sorry here, which one three what three be on a sunny day The Sun's rays strike the ground at an angle of 53 degrees a tree There's my tree So as good as art as you'll ever see with me 50 sorry 18 meters in the height So I think this right here is 18. Yes Casts a shadow There's a shadow Here's the Sun's rays Says strikes the ground at an angle of 53 degrees. So I'm pretty sure it's that I know not to put it up here because it did say strike the ground them clever it up And I know this one's 90. So that's not 53 degrees Okay, here's the question Kiera if you're measuring the length of a shadow, how do you measure the length of a shadow? And I think the answer is kiddo you measure it on the ground. That's X Did you get that far so far? Okay, that makes sense. I tried to explain to you how my brain approaches. I mean, I'm hoping you can all draw the tree Maybe not But hopefully and then when it says height, I hope you clue in height as a vertical Then it's more interpretive. Oh, no with the ground better put the angle down there By the way, then if that's my angle opposite of Jason to hypotenuse How about here? Which trig function? Yeah What always goes next to the trig function and don't say the degrees because that's never what I said What always goes next the angle because sometimes it's a variable, but this time we know it 53 equals what over what? 18 Over X the X is on the bottom when you cross multiply you'll then have to divide on your next step as well Is that okay though? Any others? DEF and J went okay We talked about angle of elevation and angle of depression And I told you that I actually remember it that way depression and why do I remember that way Tanner? Because when I say depression automatically my eyes lower. Oh, yeah, it's this angle, right? It's a dumb way to remember but it works for me, right? Okay, can then later on today if you'd be so kind as to hand that in we'll move on to today's lesson fairly short So lesson four call my friend. Can you read to me the title? What this really means is now I can ask you to find anything given anything sides Angles and I say find every missing thing of a triangle. That's what we mean by solving a triangle You need two pieces of information You either need two sides and then you can use Pythagoras to find the third side and you can use the shift button shift coast shift hand shift Sign to find the angle or you'd one side and one angle so today it says We'll combine the last couple of topics order to solve word problems and triangles using three tools of trigonometry Each of the following tools requires that you know different things about a triangle. You're trying to solve The first one is the Pythagorean theorem. We call that a squared Plus b squared Equals c squared. Will I give this to you on your formula sheet for this test? Yes, if you're having to look it up though, that's my indication that probably you haven't done the homework With this tool you're using it to find a Missing side Because you'll notice there's no angle in here. What was the variable David? Do you remember I like to use for finding an angle that Greek letter. Do you remember it? Theta, okay, no theta in here means you're finding a side You must have Two sides in order to use this If you have the hypotenuse Zach, make sure you put the hypotenuse here Always goes where the C is that was the only thing you have to remember and then how to get rid of a squared square The second tool we gave you was the primary trig ratios and we had a handy-dandy acronym for that. It was so Oh tour With this tool you're using it to find a side or An angle and you must have Adrian I'm gonna use some abbreviations from the geometry unit. You must have Two sides can I write that as ss remember our congruency rules or? What do you think s a stands for one side and what Emma One angle and the 90-degree one you need that one too because it does say at the very top here solving right angle triangles If they don't give you that all the rules are off, okay? And then the third one is a lovely review from last year This is why we do geometry before we do trig if we can the angle some of a triangle Rob, what was the angle some of a triangle every triangle's angles added to what we use this to find Can I abbreviate angles with an angle symbol and an apostrophe s You need Two angles and then you can go 180 minus the two to find the third one We do have an important note Nicole the first two tools Pythagoras and Sokotoa can only be used when you have a right angle triangle and We are in one two or three lessons Nicky gonna start to look at non-right angle triangle And that's where the new stuff begins where to learn something called the sine law and the cosine law also useful especially in physics But a little bit trickier Example one Alicia it says Alyssa it says good gosh.  For each of the following find all the missing sides and angles what I'm gonna say on your test is Completely solve this triangle means Rachel find anything that's missing. Okay What's the first thing Rachel it wants us to find do we have enough information here to find angle M? Yeah Zack how big is this angle right here? 90 that's a little symbol right how big is that? Can you in your head find how big angle M has to be or use a calculator? We're using angle sum of triangles right by the way, is that you want the shortcut since this is 90 It's really these two add to 90 because 180 minus 90 is 90, so it's 90 minus 62 28 am I right calling what's the next thing it wants me to find? MD which is That one here's the angle that they gave me Opposite adjacent or hypotenuse this 15 opposite Adjacent or hypotenuse this X Hypotenuse which trig function is oh, I agree with you Joel and Joel what always goes next to the trig function? The angle what is the angle this time? 62 and sign is what over what well the so in so katoa stood for Opposite over hypotenuse Joel in this triangle or specifically what over what? Nice good solve for X I'll do it up here. Let's see if we get the same thing Better make sure that I'm in degrees You get 16.99 Did it say what to round off to in the question? No, then I'll go to two decimal places. That's my fallback. So I'll go 16.99 Did you try the sign of 30 earlier in class? I got 16.99 Nikki, what's the next thing they want me to find? Udd now you have a choice Since I know this is 16.99 now. I know two sides and I could use Pythagoras Go ahead I'm gonna use trig and the reason is I don't want to use this one unless I have to because if I made a Mistake on this I'll be using a mistake to find another answer. Well, I get other answer, right? No, so I'm gonna choose to use trig again. You're ready Here's my angle. Here's what they're asking me to find. I'll put a Y there since I used an X already Nikki opposite adjacent to hypotenuse adjacent to hypotenuse Which trig function uses those two what always goes right next to the trig function? Equals what over what kiddo? Yep. Good. Let's solve for Y 7.98. Yeah Okay Make sure you're practicing on your calculator So Joel, let's suppose I finished the test and I had a question like this here so I can check my answer Pythagoras should also work. I should also be able to go 15 squared plus this side 7.98 squared equals and when I square root that number Do I get 16.99? I got another way to check. I'm right. So the first kind of question that you're gonna get in the homework Tanner is One angle and one side saw second kind of question you're gonna get is two sides Okay, Rob, what's the first thing it wants me to find? No, what's the first thing it wants me to find angle D? Hmm Can I find angle D right now using angle sum of triangles? No, because I don't know that one either Okay Now we're gonna have to use trig so katoa to find angle D Kayla This 12 opposite adjacent or hypotenuse. I totally agree How about the 13 I totally agree which trig function is oh Sin is when you swear in my class or when you're late and don't do the homework Sign and Kayla what always goes next to the trig function and what's the angle this time? You know what instead of an X. How about I put a D because that will help me keep things organized Equals what over what? Okay, am I gonna cross multiply here What am I gonna do then? Ah? Yeah, this is where we went and again those you with your calicators better practice second function sign bracket 12 divided by 13 Close bracket when I hit equals or enter this should tell me the angle that it came from what angle did it come from? I'll go sixty seven point four You know what I'll go sixty seven point three eight.  Adrian what we get here?   How can we find it? I don't know how do we find it? Just wrote a test on it kiddo Sam. How do I find it? Oh? Angle sum of triangles 180 minus so you're saying 180 minus 90 my not times minus sixty seven point three eight how big is angle oh? Twenty two point six two I'd be fine with that on a quiz or a test because they didn't tell me how accurate to go I'm being uber accurate just in case I use this to find other stuff, too Just so we know what we did How about Nikki in our notes?  What's the last thing it wants me to find? Okay, let's put our x right there Now we can use so katoa or we can use Pythagoras I'm gonna choose to use Pythagoras because Nikki if I use so katoa I have to use this angle or This angle and I might have got one of these wrong I know the 12 and the 13 are right because Joel they gave me those in the diagram Right do you always just twitch your eyebrows at a blank door? That's your move is it ladies be afraid so Joel I'm gonna choose to use Pythagoras I'm gonna write here a Squared plus b squared Equals c squared am I trying to find the hypotenuse or did I know that or do I know the hypotenuse? What is the hypotenuse and that always goes where the c is? right and I said a and b doesn't matter what order you put them in I like the x to show up first I'm gonna go x squared Plus 12 squared Alexis, how will I move this 12 squared over? Subtract now by the way, it's not gonna be 13 take away 12 is one. It's 13 squared take away 12 squared I'm gonna go minus 12 squared from both sides and on your calculator What is 13 squared take away 12 squared? I? Think 25 if I'm doing the math right in my head Yep, Jacob how to get rid of a squared. What is the square to 25 in your head Jacob Rob? Is he alive? He is okay Tanner you're pretty good in my prime in university Tanner I could actually go like this so my prop couldn't see my eyes and I could move my pen in my sleep So it looked like I was taking notes Not as hard as you think of course the other options just bring some caffeine and sleep when you Nothing got Colleen a little bit there turn the page Cole this is the last question told you be a short lesson. I haven't forgotten word problem Okay, no problem Hey, by the way, what shape is gonna appear in this word problem somewhere Rachel? What do you think? Gonna be a triangle okay, and if they mention a cliff. Let's assume cliffs are vertical Read to me Rachel. There's my cliff Here's the person Does that make sense so far Kiera? This is how I put these together. Oh, was there a number attached to the cliff? Hey, let's put that right here Keep reading Rachel fires Okay, so apparently there's a ship out here somewhere There's my ship Looks like an umbrella shut up. Oh, oh Where would this 800 go on the slanty part? Or on the bottom part It says 800 meters offshore. Where do you think would make more sense? bottom 800 oh And we said we'll assume cliffs are vertical so we know we will assume. It's a 90 degree angle right there. Yes Keep reading Find except here's what I like to do. I'd like you to read it like this find the angle of depression of the cannon Go ahead. I know you want to come on find the angle of depression Okay, and why am I doing that because here's the angle we're talking about Rachel They want me to find that angle theta Right, how do I remember that angle of depression? Oh, yeah, this one from my eyes down, right? Here's the problem That angle is not in the triangle Ah anybody see it what Alternate interior there's a z so I can find that angle by finding that one Okay Joel Opposite adjacent or hypotenuse based on that angle there I totally agree. How about this? I totally agree. Did you all turn the page or are you on the same page? Okay, I've turned the page so I have to write so uh So hey, what's trig function joel tanner what always goes next to the trig function And what's the angle this time? Theta, thank you for remembering the greek word. I knew I could count on you tanner equals what over what? Good find the angle. Oh, how do I find an angle? Am I cross multiplying here? I say no, no. In fact, it's going to be all calculator This is why I've been yelling at you to bring the same calculator over and over and you need to know how your calculator works I Not help you figure it out on a quiz or a test folks Adrienne, what'd you get for your angle? Since I saw you finally start to type 9.2298862 is that right? Yep Let's go 9.23 degrees Which means by the way my scale here is terrible, but I don't care tanner a nine degree angle would really look about like that Like almost like nothing at all barely at whatever Rachel keep reading after the word then comma then what? Which of these lines do you think would represent the distance that the cannonball traveled? Well, let's be clever They gave me that they gave me that I doubt they're asking me to tell them that you know what I'm pretty sure the x is going to go Right there Am I going to use so katoa here or pythagoras? To find the missing side I'm going to use pythagoras. I could use so katoa assuming. I've got this 9.23 right, but why risk it I would use it to check my answer later on tanner before I hand the quiz there if I got the same answer both ways I don't know. I'm right. That's a nice feeling Pythagoras says Okay Cole this x is if the hypotenuse or not Oh, so it's going to go by itself And it's going to be 130 squared plus 800 Square you'll notice i'm not writing a squared plus b squared equal c squared We're going straight to plug in a number if you feel comfortable doing that go ahead Is the x squared by itself already joe? Then can you go to your calculator 130 squared plus 800 squared and then when you're done that and press equals How to get rid of a squared? Yes, I hear the phone vibrating whoever that is but it's un-vibrate. It's not timbits Although you could turn it off and be out of contact with the world for 35 minutes Kayla would you get 800 by the way look up There is a built-in error check What's the longest side you know 800? This side here is longer or shorter than 800 It's got to be in other words if you get an answer less than 800 You probably subtracted or put the x on the wrong plate like let's clue in and look at our diagrams and say Well, I can't be right or can you get a negative answer?  So one of the things I like about trig There is chelse a bunch of built-in error checks. Sorry, what'd you get? 810 anybody else? Yeah 810 meters What's your homework? It's nice out by the way So hopefully you won't have any you're gonna get lots of time First of all if you haven't completed lesson one or two or three those get those done and caught up today. This is it By the way, Wednesday, what do you guys have? So this if you play this right means no homework for the pro d-day, right? number one I encourage you in number one to get as fast as you can And if you need to show if you can get away with showing less work Go ahead Now Joel that means you can just copy the answers from the back. I'm going to assume you're not that's Careless, right? number two number three skeg number four Oh, why don't you just say all of it mr. Dewick? Because I think you can expect a take-home quiz on so katoa either on friday or on monday of next week Okay, then we move into the newer stuff right click


The one thing that came to mind while wearing this one is Hey, what's up guys, it's Sean here today I want to do a little re-review on this Dolce and Gabana is the one EDP now I know that they've come out with several versions of the one since then I think they might even have a stronger version of this one I'm not sure just for all you batch code junkies out there this one is a 6243 so I don't know how old it is probably a few years old but still smells great and hopefully they haven't changed up the formula too much so those shingobanas the one has just always been kind of one of my favorite designer sense I think if you were to talk people about the top five top 10 most likable most easy to wear designer sense the one is just one that's often brought up especially the one EDP things like that actually really did like Royal Knight actually might have to try against this one again I was just kind of in like a fucking phase and wanted to wear just my best stuff and I didn't really want to care about saving it for like another review or this and that is kind of wanted to spray it up so that's why we're here with Dolce and Gabana is the one so I will probably put the notes on screen I think most people know what Dolce and Gabana is the one smells like to be honest the main thing that I just keep smelling within this fragrance is that orange notes I think maybe all versions of the one have that orange note but it's definitely cranked up a lot in here and to be honest that's just like the main thing that I smell I smell orange and then I got sophisticated nice slightly sweet spicy kind of musk type fragrance it just smells very very good the one thing that came to mind while wearing this one is that I wanted it to have a bigger projection and this is technically like I would say kind of like a date night scent and one time a while ago I did wear this on a date and I don't know if it was just the person but I just really kind of wish I didn't wear it just feel like it just didn't fit the situation and everybody says oh it's a date night fragrance and oh it does smell like it would fit the date night this one is kind of one that I maybe want to save for a more of an intimate situation or you know maybe even like a classroom where there's not a lot of extra smells and you're in a confined area I live in Southern California and I don't know if it's just here but we get tons and tons and tons of wind on top of that I mean there's just so many people out you know people are cooking burgers you're just getting all these mixes of smells lots of wind everywhere so I just kind of felt that I just really wasn't getting smelled while I was wearing this although it does smell good and like I said more indoor situations it would be good but at the same time it doesn't really last that long so you have to spray it up and then go right indoors I think a lot of people have had a problem with this one for a while with the projection but I forget the name of it I'll try to put it on screen but I just reviewed two central obsessions and one of them reminded me just of a classic sweet spicy niche you know didn't really do anything extra but it was a sweet spicy niche it's hard for me not to want to wear that one more than this one just because of how much more it's noticeable how much more it's there especially with the wind you know what I mean and again I don't know I haven't really wasn't really asking people hey do you smell me do you not smell me but it was just the general vibe that it was very very light although I really do like this fragrance and maybe like an intimate situation with your partner things like that it would be a little bit better and then there would be a little bit more to appreciate but just generally especially with me and all the smells and all the winds going out there I just need something with a little bit more projection than this although I really do like it I really do respect it is one of the best and designers kind of have this issue you know most of the time it's very common for a designer to have you know smell pretty good but just not project that long it's not really a new thing I don't really want to hold it against this one I did enjoy this one for what it was I just for me I need a little bit more projection and I know everybody has smelled this they probably don't care about their rating they already have their own rating because they've smelled it but like I want to give this like an 8 to an 8.5 for smell I'll probably would give it that but just the projection is so much lower like it's almost like a 6 or 6.5 so it really just does hold it back and then overall it's very likable you know I used to do those ratings so anyways guys Dolce and Gabbana is the one EDP I have really enjoyed rewearing it I'm actually thinking about you know rewearing the vintage fierce again for 7 days because I actually sprayed vintage fierce and I don't know if you guys have seen in my other videos I'm kind of going on a fierce rant here on on the on a Dolce and Gabbana video but I sprayed my old vintage fierce and I absolutely love the smell and I don't know if you guys have seen my review but the old vintage balls of fierce there's almost like a little bit of a weird vibe in there and when I re sprayed fierce several times I'm like wow this smells perfect I don't smell any of that weird vibe so it might be another time to do a full week of vintage fierce like I did a like a few years ago it was a popular video be interested to see what it smells like nowadays but anyways Dolce and Gabbana is the one EDP not to get sidetracked on fierce really really enjoyed it just wish it projected a little longer be very interested to see what you think about it is there any other versions of Dolce and Gabbana the one that I should check out and another one is that I smelled Dolce and Gabbana is the one King or K EDP and that smelled a lot like Hollister SoCal and I love Hollister SoCal but the only problem I have with it is that it projected so low but K or King EDP projected way higher so I might have to check that one out as well but anyways guys we're on the road to 50,000 subscribers and I couldn't do without any of your guys help you guys are the best having a great day out here hopefully having a great day at home see you all in the next video peace


Wa salatu wa salam ala Sayyidi al-Mursaleen, Sayyidina Muhammad wa ala alihi wa sahbihi Wa salim tasliman kathira. As-salamu alaikum wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuhu, my dear brothers and sisters at the MCC community. May Allah bless you during this month of Ramadan, Ramadan Mubarak. May Allah bless you in the remaining days of Ramadan. May Allah bless you on the night of the Qatam. May Allah bless you for having the patience to forge on and to engage in worship at a time where many people are avoiding even under the conditions that you so wisely put forth of outdoor tarawi with a limited number of people, social distancing, etc. May Allah tally reward all of you and accept your fast. May Allah tally bless us to be thankful. It's not without accident that the verses relating to the fast and Ramadan, they start with the mentioning the obligatory nature of the fast. O believers, fasting has been ordained for you as it was ordained for those who preceded you in order that you may gain taqwa. And those verses end. In order that you extol the greatness of Allah for what He has guided you to in order that you will give thanks, that you will be appreciative and you will express thanks. Brothers and sisters, what is the relationship? Allah SWT has opened up the door for forgiveness in Ramadan. So fasting itself is a door to forgiveness. And the standing in worship which you're doing now during the nights of Ramadan is a gateway to forgiveness. Whoever stands for worship during the night of power since your faith anticipating a reward, the price in their forgiveness, that's a gateway to forgiveness. Whoever gives the fasting person something to break their fast with is a source a gateway to forgiveness. So, and you stop for Allah. So, Abi Huraira relates that everyone will be forgiven rather than Ramadan except one who refuses. They said whoever refuses, Abu Huraira. He said one who refuses to ask Allah for forgiveness. So merely asking Allah for forgiveness during Ramadan is a gateway to forgiveness. But it's not easy, brothers and sisters. Fasting the entirety of the month, adhering to the various sunan, firm sunan, firm prophetic practices surrounding the month, getting up for sahur every day. So you're getting up an hour at least earlier than you normally could or would. That is a challenging thing to do, especially in these northern climates where, excuse me, the summer months and we're moving away from those months which we'll get to in a moment, the implications of moving away from those months. It's not easy. It's not easy. Fasting the long summer days is not easy. Now as we're moving closer and closer to the winter, Ramadan is Qiyam and Ramadan is Tilawatil Quran. As we move away from the summer months in towards the winter months, and now we're like we're in the halfway spot between the two. The emphasis shifts from the fast, which is very easy in the summer, in this part of the world, right? Your msak, time is 6 a.m., 6.15 a.m. And you're breaking fast at 4.15, 4.30. That's in the end of December, the beginning of January, and those years that come, may Allah bless us all to see those years and to live those years and to have the strength and vitality to fast those years. Now the Qiyam, Menqamah Ramadan, the Qiyam now becomes the challenging thing, because the nights are very long. And so in Ramadan, we should be spending a significant part of the night in worship. We shouldn't go to the quickest Tarawee we can find in Damascus. There's a masjid called Masjid al-Nusrah, the picnic masjid. Because in Syria, there's only one day off, Juma. So not two days, like in neighboring Jordan even, or Turkey. It's one day off, Juma. And so people, excuse me, other bin Laden, Shayt al-Nurjin, people would plan their picnics on Juma. And so this masjid, they had like a three minute Qutba. So they call it Masjid al-Nusrah, the picnic masjid.  So out in the countryside, in the reef, out on the way to the airport, and the green dividers in the road, people with picnic in those areas. And so they would look for the quickest Jumu'ah, so they could get on with their picnics. So it was called the picnic masjid. Many of us look for the television masjid for Ramadan, the quickest tarawi, so we can go home and watch television. A lot of people, not everyone, maybe not most people, but a lot of people, that's what they do. They leave the house of Allah as quickly as they can to go home and watch television. May Allah help us all. And only say that to say this. The Qiyam is Shukr. The Qiyam is Shukr. And so we mentioned forgiveness, right? And I did that for purpose. I did that in order that we can begin to contrast our practice to the practice of the Messenger of Allah, sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, in exchange for the forgiveness he had been given from his Lord. So, An-A'ishatah, radiallahu anha. She said, So, An-A'ishatah relates that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessing of Allah be upon him, used to stand in prayer so long. And we know the Qiyam al-Layh, the hadith with the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, recited al-Baqarah wa al-Nisa'a wa al-Imran, the order was switched to al-Ruq, Baqarah wa al-Nisa'a wa al-Imran in Ma'ida in one Raqa. Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam. And reciting crying, reciting crying, sallallahu alayhi wa sallam. So, his feet swole and his feet cracked. And she said, Why are you doing this, O Messenger of Allah? When Allah has forgiven, And what was his response? In other words, he was standing so long and so late into the night until his feet swole up, until his feet cracked as an expression of his gratitude to Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala for his forgiveness. In Ramadan, when we have all of these pathways of forgiveness open before us, the least we can do is to stay in the masjid until the Imam finishes. Regardless of if he does eight Raqats, but a Juz in those eight Raqats, and so the Qiyam is very long. If he does 20 Raqats, devise that up. If he does a Juz and a half, so the Qatim can be after 20 days, what is our Qiyam compared to the Qiyam of the Masjid of Allah? If you want to succeed on the last day to summarize the balance of the verse. He is our example. As-Salaamu Alaykum. Peace be upon you. Peace be upon you. Peace be upon you. Peace be upon you. Peace be upon you. Peace be upon you. Peace be upon you. Peace be upon you. Peace be upon you. Peace be upon you. Peace be upon you. Peace be upon you. Peace be upon you. Peace be upon you. Peace be upon you. Peace be upon you. Peace be upon you. Peace be upon you. Peace be upon you. Peace be upon you. Peace be upon you. and it's fatiguing. And we need our strength. Brothers and sisters, the Sahaba needed their strength. They worked, they had jobs. They were in a very, very hot climate. Unlike us, we're in a temperate climate. They were in a desert, arid desert climate. But they stood in worship. In Ramadan, we have an opportunity to do that. And it's genuine. But we challenge ourselves. Eleven months are for the dunya. Eleven months are for us. Eleven months. Now Allah says, what are you going to give me? Sometimes when we reflect on the wassamuli, when HZB fasting is mine, we think of the fasting being exempted from the deeds being multiplied. In the 20th century, until the 70th century, there was a lot of weakness. Allah, the Almighty, said, except for fasting, that it is mine. And HZB except fasting, that it has no numerical limits. But those who suffer, their reward, without account, the patient ones will be given their reward with no numerical limits. And so fasting is a manifestation of patience. And so there's no numerical limits. So we think about that. We think wassamuli. We think about fasting not being a source of expiation for our offenses. When people come and they take our good deeds, if we have wronged and oppressed them. So we think about fasting not being an atonement for our wrongs. Every action the child of Adam undertakes is a source of expiation. And Allah says fasting is mine. I will reward the servant with that. So we mentioned fasting has no numerical limits. Here fasting is not a kafara. Therefore, when people take our good deeds, they can't take the reward of our song, of our fasting. And Imam Sufyan bin Uryayna, Rahimullah, he mentions that because of that, after all of our hasanat are gone, we've wronged so many people. Man il-muflis min umati kaala saala rasulullahi sallallahu alaihi wa salma wa salma man il-muflis min umati kaalu man la maala lahu ya rasulallah. They say one who has no wealth or messenger of Allah. They say that. I'm not talking about that. Well, I can man shatama haadha wa darabha haadha wa akhala maala haadha wa akhala maadha haadha. Yakhubu min hasanati, yakhubu min hasanati. Who's the bankrupt from my ummah, from my community? One who has no wealth or messenger of Allah. I'm not talking at that level. Rather one who comes yaw mil qiyamah, having insulted this one, and struck that one, and usurped the wealth of the other one.  And some people have done so much wrong to others that all of their good deeds will be exhausted. At that point Allah will return to them the reward of their fasting and they will enter paradise based on the reward of their fasting alone. But this is what we think of. We should consider this. Wa saw muli illa sriyama fa inhuli. Except fasting, that is mine. Consider this brothers and sisters. Fasting is for one month. So eleven months are hours that don't involve Ramadan. Eleven months are hours. Of course we have our duties and obligations to Allah. But now one month is Allah's. The month of fasting illa sriyama illa sriyama fa inhuli. Where an HDB. One month is Allah's. Are we going to treat that month which is Allah's like we treat all of the other eleven which are ours? Or are we going to be especially diligent and vigorous in our worship? Are we going to be especially intense in our prayers and our supplications to our Lord during this great month? Are we going to just pray our Isha and spend fifteen, twenty-half an hour of time in Qiyam and then just go and do what we normally do. Go watch the basketball playoffs. Go listen to the news. Go watch whatever. Binge watch. Leave it to be for reruns. Or are we going to treat this month special? Are we going to treat this month like it really is Allah's? That this fast really is Allah's. And therefore it's different from our other acts. It's different from our other times. It's special. Hani and Nakum. Congratulations to all of you wonderful brothers and sisters that have treated this month like it's something special. You've come to the masjid. You've stood out in the cold at the beginning of the month. You worshipped Allah with passion, with fervent enthusiasm and may Allah reward you and give you the promised reward that He has promised. So brothers and sisters, let's give some time to Allah. Not that we don't, but let's treat it as if it's special as it actually is. During the nights where we might find leilatul qadr, let's go beyond. Let's not just count off the odd nights and say, I can slack up on the even nights. Let's consider the opinion that says the opinion that it's the odd nights of the last 10 days of Ramadan. And in that we don't know. And this is a sunnah that moon calculation has eliminated. Because they say we do know. And so we can schedule everything out years in advance. But before the people adhere to that opinion, people didn't know if it's going to be a 29 or 30 day month. Therefore, based on the possibility that it might be a 29 day month, the last first odd day of the last 10 days started on the 19th. Otherwise, they wouldn't follow you. We wouldn't follow the sunnah of keeping the last 10 days. For example, for anti cap, we'd start on the 20th and then it's a 29 day month and we got nine days and not 10. So let's work with the opinion that it's the odd nights of the last 10 days. If it's going to be a 29 day month, it starts on the 19th. So the 19, the 21st, 23rd, 25th, 27th, 29th. If it's a 30 day month, it starts on the 20th. Therefore, the odd nights would be the 20th, the 22nd, 24th, 26th, 28th, the 30th. And so this is one of the secrets for the Prophet s.a., keeping the whole tent and worship and reverence, seeking the night of power and not one day on and one day off. Another hadith will relay from Aisha, radiAllahu anha, and then we will bid you farewell and a good night. And that hadith is the following. When the last 10 days or nights of Ramadan entered the nights because of what he did, s.a., he would tighten his lower garment. Meaning he would get down to work. It's like we say in English, he rolled up his sleeves and got down to work.  And it also means he avoided any contact with his wives, any relations with his wives, s.a., and he would spend his night in worship. And Aisha, he did that. And he would wake in his wives. So brothers and sisters, let us treat this as a special time. And may Allah reward you for making the sacrifice that you've made to reach this night of khatam. It's a tremendous sacrifice and it's difficult. It's not easy. It is not easy. But these are the nights, these are the nights of the beloved. These are the nights of the meeting with our beloved. And so we will sacrifice anything for that meeting. I was thinking of a verse of poetry that relates to what I'm talking about. So are you one who's sleeping with his night? How long will you sleep? How long will you sleep? Get up, O my beloved. The appointed time of the meeting is near. May Allah keep you all up. May we all make it to the appointed, to the appointment, the appointment with our Lord. And may we continue to do so after Ramadan. This is Imam Zaid Shakir. Jazakum Allah Khairan. Warm Salam. Salamu Alaikum to all of the wonderful brothers and sisters and friends there at the MCC. May Allah give you continued success. And we pray that we will be in your presence very soon. Jazakum Allah Khairan. Barak Allahu Fikum Wabikum Wabal Nassal Allah Al Subhanu Wa Ta'ala An Yubarik Lana Fima Baqiyya Min Ramadan. May Allah bless us in what remains of Ramadan. Wabal Ligna Laylat Al Qadr. And may Allah bless us to attain to the light of power. Wa Sallallahu Ala Sayyidina Wa Habibina Muhammadin Wa Aalihi Wa Sahbihi Wa Saldim As-Salamu Alaikum Wa Rahmatullahi Wa Barakatuh Ramadan Mubarak.


in mind, for example, a number of political parties previously have advocated that for the city of Edinburgh, but a lot of the commuters do not come from Edinburgh, they come from, for example, my constituency in West Lothian. What options are there for the spend from the levy to be co-ordinated between two local authorities? Fiona Hyslop for her question, specifically with regard to her first question, which links to the discretionary nature of the legislation. That is, of course, the discretionary power for local authorities, so it will be for the local authority to decide whether they wish to use that power and to shape proposals that will suit local circumstances. Local authorities will be required to undertake a public consultation and impact assessment before implementing a WPL scheme, which I think is really important and links back to the convener's point about inequity and how that might be tackled locally. They may also use revenues from the WPL to support the policies in their local transport strategy, which, additionally, is hugely important in terms of the revenue that the scheme will generate. To the specific point, no, with regard to whether or not the scheme can be accessed across more than one local authority, the member is correct that that is the case and that is built into the legislation currently. Thank you, Fiona. Liam Kerr, to be followed by Mark Ruskell, please. Thank you, convener. Minister, the instrument makes provision for schemes to be examined by a reporter, but only if the council chooses and it will be for the council to choose the scope of that examination. The reporter then goes on and decides the process and the timetable. Some might feel that that is the council marking its own homework. Under what circumstances would a council be expected to do that? How often, i.e., is the default position that there would be a reporter? What issues would the reporter consider when deciding the procedure to be followed at a public examination? I thank Liam Kerr for his question. On the specifics with regard to the scope or nature, in our guidance for local authorities, we will outline the themes that have emerged in the public consultation, which was undertaken to inform the regulations and guidance. That will include issues that were outwith the scope of the regulations, but local authorities might want to look at, given their own consultations and the needs of their own local communities. That guidance will also include referencing to the support that is already available to local authorities in existing guidance for best practice on consultation. Just to the timescales around that, which I appreciate, Mr Kerr might have an interest in that. I checked with officials this morning, and we plan to publish guidance in the first half of 2022. I would be happy to share more details with the committee on that specific point, because I appreciate that it has been raised in previous evidence sessions with the historic committee. Thank you, minister, and yes, I think that that would be useful. You correctly anticipated my question. Following on from that, can you tell me what consideration has the Scottish Government given to if a workplace is nowhere near public transport, or, for example, if shift workers cannot get home by public transport after a certain time? On a related note, what impact does the Scottish Government project such schemes would have on surrounding streets? Thank you, Mr Kerr, for his question. Apologies, convener. He asked an additional point in his last question regarding the role of the reporter. If I may come back on that specifically, it would be for the reporter to determine the process for examination based on the requirements that are set out in the act, and to look at the options available to the reporter for the examination on the basis of whether or not the reporter needed further information. It would be for me, for example, to direct the reporter in that respect. That is in line with the regulations on examination elsewhere, for example, around low emissions zones. Mr Kerr's additional question links to access in terms of public transport links locally and potential challenges that might exist in areas where that is not apparent. That would have to be a decision for the local authority to consider. It would not be for ministers to instruct, but he raises a fair concern. Of course, there is a requirement built into the regulations, which require local authorities to consult locally before bringing in any new scheme. I think that that would address Mr Kerr's point. I do not know if officials want to come in on further specifics with regard to the regulations on the historic consultation that was undertaken. Heather Cowan, I was just going to come in additionally to say that the act is also the requirement that the revenues arising from workplace parking levies cover, of course, the net cost, but are also available to support delivery of a local authority's national transport strategy. That might provide scope to support public transport within a local authority's area. I have one final question about measurement. The stated aims of the policy that you alluded to earlier include reducing car use and increasing the use of public transport. How does the Scottish Government intend to formally measure to establish whether the implementation of a workplace parking levy has caused the achievement of the aims? In other words, there is causation rather than simply correlation. On the same measurement point, how does the Scottish Government intend to measure the convener's point on whether, if employers pass the cost on to employees that we are not simply forcing the lower paid members of a company, say, on to public transport, while the higher paid members avail themselves of the parking space? To Mr Kerr's specific point on the measurement, this is a scheme that will be administered at local level. Given that local discretion is built into the scheme, we will expect local authorities to take it forward on the condition of the local circumstances in front of them. There will be a statutory application of the scheme—I do not think that that is nationwide, for example. That is what, for example, gave the idea of local authorities working together, which I think makes sense, particularly when there are blurred boundaries and people can meet across local authority boundaries, as it were. On the specifics of the measurement, it is a matter for local authorities to measure the impact in their local area. As to the aims that he sets out in relation to reduction in car kilometres, we absolutely expect that the legislation will drive behavioural change. He knows the importance of facilitating that model change and moving away from cars and on to public transport. He links, again, back to the convener's point about potential challenge in terms of inequity. That was considered, I think, previously with regard to how poorer employees might fail in terms of how they might not be able to afford the expense that this would incur upon them. It is important that local authorities take local decisions and then employers decide whether they want to pass that charge on. That links back to how a local authority, for example, might carry out its own consultation locally to look at the needs of employees. I very much hope and would expect that local employers and local authorities would consider the financial incumbents on the earnings, for example, of their employees, which I think is hugely important. We do not want to make that a prohibitive measure at all. In the second part of Mr Kerr's question, how do you make public transport more affordable? I think that there are a number of mechanisms that we have already undertaken in this space. Last week, for example, we had the launch of the under-22 bus travel scheme, and we also have the fair fairs review, which allows us to look at how public transport joins up, but equally how that funding is applied and charges are applied equitably, or not as maybe the case across the country. I think that that is a hugely important challenge as we move forward, but it is not a reason not to move to this scheme. I hope that Mr Kerr will understand my reasoning behind that. No further questions, convener. Mark Ruskell, to be followed by Monica Lennon. Obviously, where workplace parking levies have been introduced, they have raised millions and millions of pounds for public transport active travel investment. Is there a requirement on councils to invest in those types of priorities? The measure points to local transport strategies, which could of course be broader in terms of investment priorities than just investment in active travel and public transport. Is there a reassurance that we can get that the money's raise will be invested in the solutions that people need to get out of cars in the first place? I thank Mr Ruskell for his question. He is right to say that any revenue raised by the workplace parking levy must be used to support local transport strategies that can support greener transport choices and affordable public transport. In Nottingham, which Mr Ruskell has mentioned, it has its own WPL scheme since 2012, and the city has, among the highest public transport use in the UK, an associated decrease of 14 million car miles over the past 15 years alone. The revenue from WPL has also supported the expansion of Nottingham's successful tram system and the redevelopment and capacity enhancement of Nottingham train station, along with investment in bus services and electric buses. Nottingham council officials have also said that those schemes would not have happened without the workplace levy. They have also made grants available to support employers to put in place sustainable transport measures such as bike parking, showers, electric vehicle charge points and car park management systems, for example. To his question, there is a requirement that that would be reinvested locally. It speaks to the importance of local discretion for local authorities deciding on what their transport strategies and priorities are and using the funding to support it accordingly. Do you expect that, in any public consultation on introduction of workplace park and levy, there will be a consultation with public as well about what their priorities are so that they are able to see that there are alternatives coming down the tracks and not going to be long with paying for charges forever because there is going to be investment in those alternatives? Absolutely. There is a requirement for local authorities to consult locally with the people that they represent ultimately. It is imperative that the people who live locally have an opportunity to feed into what this looks like and how they experience the strategy to the specific point. Monica Lennon, to be followed by Jackie Dunbar. Monica, please. Thank you, convener, and good afternoon minister. Congratulations on your new role. Think about the licence. What type of conditions are likely to be applied to licences? Could the minister possibly give some examples of those and how, with compliance with conditions, are they monitored and resourced? I thank Monica Lennon for her question. It is, as I have mentioned in previous answers to other members for the local authority proposing the scheme but also for Scottish ministers or to determine whether they consider it appropriate for that examination to be initiated. However, the provisions and the regulations and act do not constrain why an examination might be initiated. Ministers and the local authority make the decision on whether to initiate that examination but only after the local authority has completed its own consultation and its own impact assessments and proposes the scheme to be made. It would be inappropriate to speculate on potential reason or scope of examination for schemes, since, obviously, no such schemes have yet been consulted on or proposed. I do not know if Heather wants to say more on the specifics of the regulation about your question. I can just clarify, minister, because I think that that was a different question to your answer, so sorry if I was not clear. I think that, once a licence has been approved, a bit like when you get a planning consent, you get conditions, do we know from learning elsewhere what conditions typically look like and how they monitor for compliance? Sorry, my dog's barking. I think that, in response to your question, it would be for the reporter to determine the process for examination based on the requirements that are set out in the act, but I might bring Heather in on the specifics. I think that the question is on the licensing conditions. I think that my colleague Elizabeth Hawley is happy to come in and, if the member has got specific points, we are probably happy to take it away. I am right on it, but if I can invite Elizabeth to come in first, if that is okay, minister. If it helps, I am just looking for examples of what conditions might look like. I know that it is a matter for the local authority, but from lessons elsewhere, for example, do we know what conditions tend to look like? Elizabeth will come in on that just now. I am not aware of any conditions that Nuttingham has placed on their licences that they have issued. Local authorities can make local exemptions. For example, Nuttingham has exempted small employers under a certain number of car packing spaces. Under the act, local authorities could also create a WPL that is only enforced in certain areas of their local authority boundary, or only at certain days of the week or certain times of the day. There are local exemptions, and I think that Nuttingham has made use of that under the English regulations. In terms of conditions, as I said, I am not aware of any that Nuttingham has imposed, but I am happy to look into that and double-check it right into you if that is helpful. That would be helpful. Thank you very much for that. Last question, then. Just thinking about driver behaviour change, I just wondered what modelling has been carried out first of all to look at the scenario where the labour is passed on by the employer to workers and the scenario when it is not passed on to employer is a modelling that shows perhaps different outcomes on that? I suppose that the only example of modelling that we would have would be the Nuttingham example to compare it to. I do not know whether officials are cited on that. I do not have that in front of me. Apologies to Monica Lennon, but I can certainly ask officials to share it with her, but I guess that the Nuttingham example is the best one that we know of, and therefore the modelling would exist because it is already in place and has been for some time now. If officials can confirm if we have that data, I would be happy to share that with the member. I do not have it in front of me. Apologies. I am happy to come in. Am I muted? I can look at the evidence for the Nuttingham. I know that there has been some evaluation and assessment of the Nuttingham scheme. In terms of the modelling that local authorities would do in Scotland, we would expect the local authority to look at that as part of their business case ahead of proposing the scheme, and that would help inform the decisions that are within their local scheme in terms of the design and so on. I think that it would be helpful for the committee to see any modelling or forecast. I am happy to hand back to you, convener. Jackie Dunbar to be followed by Graham Simpson. Jackie, over to you. Thank you, convener. It is more for clarification, if you do not mind, because we have heard some questions today. I am just a little bit worried that there might be some confusion with people in regard to who would be responsible for paying the licence. If I can get some clarification from the minister, my understanding is that it is the occupier of the premises who would be liable for it. I am aware that some companies are currently charging for spaces. Would that have the role on effect? Would that be any different to what is being proposed? Do not know if I have made that any easier or simpler. No, I thank Jackie Dunbar for her question. She is right. Employers would pay an annual levy to the council for every parking space that they have, and that would be for the employer to decide whether or not they pass on that charge or not to their employees. It is important to make that differentiation about the role of local authorities here and the role, additionally, of local employers and how employees will experience the charge or they may not, because their employer may decide not to pass on that charge. Officials may want to come in on the specifics of the regulations here in terms of some of the confusion that Jackie Dunbar spoke to, potentially. The regulations cover the circumstances in which persons other than the occupier of premises would be liable to attain a licence and pay the licence charge. That covers, for example, the situation where the member asked about, where an employer perhaps leases parking spaces from another provider. Where there is sufficient evidence of the parking arrangements between the provider and the employer, the requirement was passed from the occupier to the employer in that circumstance, and the regulations cover that. I think that I got most of that. Heather was very soft, so I think that I got most of it. Thank you, convener. Thanks very much, Jackie. Grim Simpson, please. Thanks, convener. Just going back on the Nottingham scheme and just out of information, just over half of companies involved in that scheme, it is just over 50 per cent, pass on the charge to their employees, so that is just a fact. That goes back to your very first question, convener. My question, though, is something different. Minister, I cannot see anything in the regulations or the parent act that sets a limit on what councils can charge for a licence. Can you help me there? I thank Mr Simpson for his question. First of all, he raises the scheme in Nottingham, which, as we have discussed today, has been running since 2012. It has helped to generate a fall of 40 million car miles over 15 years, but it is also worth saying that in its first six years of operation, it raised £53 million, which, of course, was ringfence for the following transport improvements. For example, there were two further lines on the Nottingham Express transit tram system, the upgrading of passenger facilities at Nottingham station, and on-going support for link bus network additionally. I know when the scheme was introduced that Mr Simpson was really keen that we needed to empower councils and give them a renewed sense of meaning and purpose. I hope that we support the legislation and the ability for local authorities to make that decision. That brings me to his question on the limit and the role of ministers or Scottish Government setting that limit. It is, of course, for local authorities to take a view on the limit that will be reached in terms of whatever they want to set the fee or the charge act. I think that it is important that the responsibility for local authorities to look at their own local circumstances and decide what that might be. Officials may want to say more on this. I think that just to add the consultation requirements that are on local authorities, they have to set out what their scheme entails, which would include the charge that a local authority proposes and that all needs to form part of the consultation of the impact assessments, which the regulation sets out the requirements for how local authorities must make that information available. I am quite astonished by that. The minister and the official have just confirmed that there is no limit whatsoever on what councils can charge for a licence, no limit whatsoever. That will frighten the life of businesses across Scotland. In fact, the Scottish Chambers of Commerce and Glasgow Chamber of Commerce, Glasgow being one of the cities where this could be introduced, saying that this levy should be scrapped or at least put on hold while we recover from the pandemic, is that not something that the minister has considered? I am listening to Mr Simpson's question. I think that some of what he is suggesting is on the margins of scaremongering in terms of the costs that will be incurred locally. This is a matter for local authorities to decide upon. If I were to come and set a top limit for this, I would be accused of interfering with local democratic principles. We have to get the balance right here. It is really important that local authorities are trusted to look at their local circumstances. They will consider any application through their own consultation processes, they will look at the needs of the communities that they represent and therefore I would expect them to set an appropriate cost accordingly. The regulations on penalty chargers are also in line with any other penalty chargers, so the manner of issuing increased charges for late payment information on penalty chargers most is, for example. I would be concerned that Mr Simpson is potentially earmongering on this issue. I absolutely trust local authorities to set these at an appropriate level, but at a level that is right for the needs of the communities that they represent. One very final point, Mr Simpson. If you are not scaremongering, there is a difference between penalty chargers, you are right minister to mention them. I think that the maximum penalty charge for non-compliance is £5,000. There is a difference between that and what I was asking about, which was the charge for the licence, and there isn't, as you have confirmed, an upper limit for that. I will leave it there. Minister, I want to follow up on the point that was made about the Scottish Government not imposing limits on local authorities. Of course, if you look at council tax by comparison, there was a limit imposed on what local authorities could do with council tax in terms of the upper increase amount. Why not follow that similar approach and have a limit on what local authorities can impose through the working living? The committee will appreciate that I was not imposed when this legislation was brought forward, but I can certainly bring forward or share with the committee the rationale behind the reasoning as to why we did not introduce a limit in this regard. Right. That would be appreciated, but you can see the concerns about this not on paper, but by regulation this being unlimited. You can see how potentially this could cause some concern for businesses large and small throughout the country who might have to pay this. I hear what the convener is saying, and I've been more than happy to share the detail of why that...


Hola, hola, everyone. Nice to see you here so early in the morning, so let's start the party, welcome people in the room, the ones who watch us on the internet, I hope next time I will see your smiling faces, it would be nice. As the guy already said, I'm Wojciech Małota-Wójcik, I work in rich company where I'm a proud member of great development team working on distributed cloud services. After hours I work on my PhD project analyzing cancer images and trying to find some patterns in them which would lead us to inventing better treatment methods. Today during my presentation I will try to connect those two disciplines and will take you on a fascinating journey inside the human body to meet the greatest enemy of our time's cancer. If you are old enough, you may remember once upon a time an animated movie, when I was a child I watched all the episodes all the time and you see what I do today, so be careful what your children watch on TV. And this is the exact place where we are going to today to meet the world of ourselves. So please open your minds, fasten your seatbelts and we are going to be 800 times smaller now to visit the fascinating world of our body. So this is the slide prepared by taking a slice of resected prostate and you might see all those darker violet regions there, which are the fragments attacked by cancer. This is the very advanced stage, this patient probably don't live anymore, but if you are scared that you are sick don't worry, this feeling will go away tomorrow. And this is what we are going to analyze with AI models. So let's go further. Now we are 400 times smaller and here on the left you see a fragment of cancer, which is developing. It started from a single cell reproducing like crazy and on the right you see much more developed fragment of the image where everything went wild. You see that cancer is everywhere there. Before going further with analyzing those images, let's talk a bit about our goals. Usually when we work with cancer images trying to find some treatment methods, we have two groups of patients being treated some way and they present different outcomes. Some of them are healthy after the therapy, some are not. And we would like to predict this therapy outcome, this treatment outcome by looking at those slides taken in advance before treatment is applied by the histopathologists. So this is our goal, this is very difficult. So yeah, the histopathologist is responsible for choosing the right therapy for the patient. The patient takes time, is harmful to our bodies and costs money. So it is very essential decision to apply the right treatment as soon as possible. If it fails, then patient probably will die because there will be no more time or even there will be no other therapy to apply at that stage. So histopathologists are like Neo trying to pick the right pill for the patient. And we researchers are like Morpheus trying to get some insight so better decision may be taken. Which pill do you choose? Red or blue? If blue you may go home, if red we continue. So, anyone? Nobody. Okay, so red. So let's follow the white rabbit then. Now we landed and we are 800 times smaller now. This is what histopathologist sees in the microscope. Basically this is not how our tissue look like in reality. This image is a result of applying two dyes, hematoxylene and eosin to our tissue. Hematoxylene, which is visible as darker regions here, here, right here, here, here. Attaches to phosphate groups building our DNA inside cell nuclei. And the eosin visible here as pinky regions between those nuclei attached to other objects in the cytoplasm of the cell. So by applying the staining protocol we are able to visualize the tissue. Let's start applying some mathematical magic. Don't worry, no calculus involved, only linear algebra. Here in the center is the original image and on the left you see, on the left and on the right you see the transformation of this image. Because each pixel represented by RGB values in the center may be transformed by solving some equations to other two images. One representing the amount of eosin attached to the image at a particular point. And the second one on the right representing the hematoxylene. So, as I said, hematoxylene attaches to the DNA inside our nuclei. So you see clearly that the nuclei are visible here, but not here. Here these are just dark points because there is no hematoxylene. In the project I want to present today we will just focus on nuclei. So basically we may ignore the eosin image and we will focus only on the hematoxylene one. So, another piece of information we need before we may process those images using AI. And actually this is AI. The thing we need is to find the exact places where the nuclei exist in the image. This is done by using an open source neural network called Stardust, which was trained to find nuclei in the tissue images. So you see that it is very accurate, nice neural network open source, anyone may use it. Having those two information we may transform hematoxylene image and just ignore the pixels outside of the nuclei. Because basically we will analyze the texture inside the nuclei. So everything else may be ignored. You may see that this image still must be pre-processed before we may apply some AI model on top of it. You see that some nuclei are brighter, some are darker. If we process further with this image, our neural model may be trained to recognize if the nuclei is darker or brighter. It may focus on this feature. And this is not what we want to. So before feeding it into neural network, we want to equalize the contrast of each nuclei individually. So you see that they are much more similar now to each other. Okay, so let's start building our AI model using this image. The approach I'm proposing here is to classify each image inside the nuclei by taking 11 by 11 neighborhood around this pixel. On the right you see some examples. You see that we selected, for example, I don't know this pixel. We have this field around of it. And based on it we will classify this pixel in the center of the image. And we will do it pixel by pixel everywhere. We will do it by using autoencoder. This is very simple but still very powerful neural network architecture, which is an unsupervised method because this is what we want to do here. We want to find some hidden knowledge, not available to the histopathologists at the moment. So we look for unknown patterns. We will train autoencoder. This is very simple structure. You just feed image to its input and you train it to get the exactly same output. The magic of this model is made by introducing this bottleneck here. You see that the number of neurons here is much smaller than the number of inputs and outputs. By doing this we first this neural network to generalize the information and find some patterns which might be useful. In our case, as I said, we feed here 11 by 11 images. So it gives 121 assigned 16-bit integers on the input. And here we encode it to 10 64-bit float numbers. Let's focus a little more on one more thing. You'll see that this neural network may be divided into two parts. One is encoder. Second one is decoder. Let's start by discussing encoder in more details. So as I said, we feed 121 pixel image on the input and we get 1064 float numbers which gives us in total 242 bytes on the input and 80 bytes on the output. Sorry. You immediately see that this image, the information provided by the image must be compressed in some way because neural network must return 67% less information. By counting the bytes. So these are the advantages of the autoencoder neural network. It compresses the data, it generalizes the knowledge and it reduces the noise. Of course, it also introduces error. In our case, as I measured it after training, the error is 4.7% per pixel in average which might be understood as 12-gray levels in 8-bit space. Let's go next. Here are some examples of the images. In each pair on the left you see the original image and on the right there is an image processed by both encoder and autoencoder. So you see that some details are lost. Also images are smoother. So we will see how it behaves during the classification of the images. And now let's focus a bit on the decoder. The decoder is not the very useful part of the autoencoder architecture. It is used only during the training and basically later we just remove it. But it provides one particular interesting feature. Normally the decoder receives its input directly from the autoencoder and returns the original image. But we may provide some random numbers to its inputs and then in response we will get a synthetic image taken out of thin air. From time to time in some projects it might be useful. Here not really. But I prepared two videos for you presenting the updates returned from the decoder when I applied constant values on the input and was progressively changing a single of them from 0 to 1. So this is how the image changes. It may be a sign that neural network found some patterns. But you also see that the images we get here are very different from the ones I presented earlier. So who knows this is neural network, right? We don't know how it thinks. So after taking all the pixels from all the nuclei in the image and passing them through the encoder I get points represented by ten float numbers. What you see here is the result of the UMAP algorithm. Its goal is to transform high dimensional data to a smaller space, a 2D in this case. But the important feature of this transformation is that it preserves clusters. So similar points are close to each other. So you see that we have some group here, here, here, here, right? So eventually it means that some groupings were found by the neural network, which is quite interesting. Now, let's classify it. I took the simplest approach. I just applied a simple K-Means algorithm to divide those points into eight classes. And this is the result. So you basically see that K-Means eventually found clusters presented by the UMAP. Oczywiście, to są pewne differences, ale to jest prawdziwe świat. To jest to, jak to działa. I teraz zapłacimy tą klasyfikacją do najwyższego filmu. Widzisz, że każdego pikselu z nuclei jest teraz skończone z korrespondeniem kolorów. Powinniście widzieć, że życianiem jest w porządku, zwłaszcza jeśli jesteś udziału AI-dowolnego, ponieważ możecie zobaczyć wszystkie te klasy z blu, z orange, z czerwone, z czerwone, z czerwone, z czerwone. I oczywiście, z czerwone. Są te same wszystkie, prawda? Więc właściwie, nasz autoenkoder nauczył, jak zrozumieć bordy na śląskie, które muszą więcej pracować w tym procedurze. Ale nie jesteśmy całkowicie zrozumieć, ponieważ mamy dwa bardzo interesujące kolorów tutaj, pinkie i górne, które wyglądały tak, że klasyfikowali internałów z nami. W eventualności mogliśmy zauważyć te dwa grupy do pacjentów, z różnych utkodów z terapii. I comparować te histogramy z pinkie i górnej regiony ułożyły jakieś statystyczne testy, które jest zauważywane, więc nie będę pokazał to do was tutaj. I w eventualności, my znajdziemy, że jeśli jesteśmy bardzo szczęśliwi, że te kategorii może przedstawiać jakieś differences między dwóch utkodów. I może, może zauważyliśmy jakieś życie tutaj. Nie próbowałem jeszcze, ale zauważyłem. I widać, że więcej pracy ma być zrobione tutaj, żeby wyeliminować te problemy z górnej regiony tutaj. Więc przedstawiłem jakieś techniczne techniki i idei za zauważywanie kancorów. To jest bardzo prosty approaches. To są dużo bardziej kompleksowe rzeczy, co się dzieje, ale oczywiście nie mamy czasu do descreślenia tutaj. Mam nadzieję, że zauważyłem się. Musimy takich ludzi którzy lubią robić takie rzeczy. I teraz zauważymy tą approach jak do Kubernetii. Bo to jest dlaczego jesteśmy tutaj dzisiaj. Więc to jest jak archiw z hospitalu zawsze wygląda dużo drogów, czerwonych w basie. Nikt nie chce tam if you want to find something there it's better to ask prosecutor because basically he's the most powerful man or woman to get data out of there if something goes wrong in hospital. But this is what we researchers must deal with. If we need data sorry the cancer samples are stored there in analog way. These are just fragments of tissue on a piece of glass. So if we need those data for training our models we must go to the histopathologist asking for those samples. This histopathologist must go to archivist find those samples, scan them and only then we may use those data for training our models. So to make progress situation must change because histopathologist are extremely busy people it takes months until we are able to get our data for research and it is never ending story. And also it is important that in hospital R&D department is not the first player because hospitals are focused on treating patients so we just manage the situation somehow. Data must be accessible at any time by anyone without bothering other people. It means that we must digitalize them. Some medical images like x-ray, resonance tomography are already stored in digital form because this is how the modern hardware deliver them nowadays. As I said the histopathological slides are still stored in analog form because our organs still exist in real life and not in a metaverse. So before we may analyze them using computers they must be scanned and digitalized. So some hospitals already started investing in storing those slides and scanning them on a massive scale. Sooner than later all the hospitals will follow this path. So the current situation sorry most of those hospitals will migrate to the cloud and this is the big opportunity for cloud providers, for IT specialists, DevOps whoever so both doctors and researchers will be able to access them at any time but it will require petabytes of storage and low latency fast networking between hospitals and data centers because because we need something better than providers offering data centers scattered across the country being far away from the hospital. World is evolving and providers offering geographically distributed cloud services enter the market. It means that data centers are now being located much closer to the hospitals offering shorter access to the end user. Health related data is the most restricted type of information by GDPR. So also legal stuff must be taken into account. Cooperating with a cloud service provider living in the same country makes it easier to comply with applicable law. Some hospitals taking R&D seriously will go even further and build their own private in house data centers. So R&D department, storage and computing units are stored close to each other offering faster access times faster model buildings and faster development. This is how the hospital of the future together with its R&D department look like. There is a dedicated infrastructure for storage for storage. So both histopathologists and software developers may access the data at any time. This is a perfect use case for Kubernetes because this is how clusters may be created dynamically adding all the required resources on demand. If you need reliable partner delivering geographically distributed cloud services with a list of proven successful deployment please visit reach.co contact us and ask and ask we will help. So here are some reference links to the open source libraries open source models even cancer images shared by the government of USA. You may experiment with it you may play with it whatever you like and thank you very much for enjoying my presentation if you have any questions please ask anyone? If there are no questions or are there any? Anything in the slack? We had somebody asking but not actually asking questions. Thank you very much for attending my presentation I hope it was interesting. This is the future actually because there will be no more histopathologists. Training a histopathologist takes 20 years something like that and we need more and more smart people and they won't be delivered. So actually the best investment we can do at the moment is to use very knowledge and experience to train computers to do their job because it will be cheaper and more effective and available for more people. So thank you very much enjoy the cube come today. Thank you.