yng Nghymru, felwadau. Ion cyngorol Gwennodd Gwennodd i'r gwaith yw gwaith yn ei ddweud a'i'r cyfrannu eich ddaeth yn unrhyw o'r ysgrifennu Laitromanol Sylfer Hordr ar y trapeunol. Yn ymdyn nhw'n gweithio'r bach os ydych chi'n mynd i'r ysgrifennu i gael y gwelau yn ysgrifennu. Rydych chi'n gweithio'r ysgrifennu yn ymdyn nhw'n gweithio'r am y bwysig, mae y cwestiynau'r rôl o'r cyllid bwysig yma yn Y Llywodraeth Rhonwyr. Mae dyna'n ei wneud i'ch gweithio eu cynyddiadol cerddur cyflwyntu ar y cyffredinol. Gafein wedi gweld yr ydyd ysgol yw t让rfynllol yma mewn o arfer a dyna hefyd o'r rhannu oeddyllion yn y Cymru yr arddangos Llywodraeth Rhonwyr. Mae'r hwn yn ystod o'r cyflau sy'n mynd i'r hyn sy'n gwneud o'r fflau'r hyn sy'n sylfa'r hyn sy'n mynd yw'r fflau'r hyn. Mae'r hwn yn cymhau ar y cyffredin, ac mae'r ffigur gyrsaf o'r holl yma yn Aeol Corll, Alexander Corll, sy'n gyffredinol yn ysgrifennu'r Hŷn, ond mae'r ffigur fflawn yn archiologi, ac yn y rhan fflawn o'r holl yn ysgrifennu'r holl yn yw 1919. Yn wych yn ymgyrch, dyne yw'n syni am rwy'n gyfer, rydyn ni'n dwy'r ffordd bod yn gweithio'r gweithio'r ffordd, i fynd i'n eu gofyn, ac rydyn ni'n rhoi'n ymweld y cyrraed o'r rhai cyd-fodol i ddweud ymweld, ond o'r ymweld yn ymddangos, a i ddweud mewn ddechrau'n cyfnodydd, y telfoedd amdano efo'r cyfnod, i'n ddweud ymddangos ymddangos cyfnodd i ddweud. I could not go in the morning while I lunched in town and got the 140 train. It was a glorious afternoon, and I strolled up leisurely to the hill, taking a photo here and there as I went, not expecting that Pringles find was anything of importance. And I should say these photographs I'm showing you are from Carl's album, a photograph he took on the day. Imagine my surprise on reaching the sight of the digging to sea, ranged against the bank at the edge, a great collection of what appeared to be strange, battered and broken vessels of silver. Much tarnished, though in places still bright and even gilded. Between two stones lay a mass of silver objects. As it was impossible to carry the loot to East Linton, I sent Johnny in to order the car, and Pringlin Young helped me to carry them down, carry down the three boxes in my bag to the roadside. I decided to motor direct to Edinburgh in order to avoid the scrutiny at the train station. Unfortunately the local car was engaged, so for an hour and three quarters I guarded my boxes. The only people who passed were a minister and wife and a dog card. They stared inquisitively while I glowered arrogantly till they averted their glances. It gives us some sense of Carl the man, but I think also the excitement of the discovery, and he goes on to describe his initial interpretation of it. Carl was a tremendous scholar, and within four years he had produced a work which remains fundamental to the study of the Horde, and which was a tremendous step forward in the study of late Roman silver. It's a work we still consult today. So why are we looking at it again? Well the amount of late Roman silver known has more than doubled since Carl's day. Not only that, but perspectives have changed on the nature of the late Roman world and its relationship to its neighbours. So Kenneth and I felt the time was right to look again at this major Horde, and we've been fortunate to persuade a range of colleagues from across Europe to help us on this task, and they are listed here on the slide below, and we draw very heavily on their work here. We also, on the occasion of the 90th anniversary of its discovery, as a seminar in Edinburgh, will bring us all of us to discuss the topic of hacksilb, this hacktop later on. Carl focused very much on the vessels. Our approach is much more looking at the life cycle of the treasure from its production and its use as vessels through various phases we suspect of the hacking into fragments and the movement of these through various parts of the empire and beyond. Their ultimate fate is either into the melting pot or into the ground, and this evening Kenneth will speak about the role as vessels in something of the phenomenon of hacking, and I shall return at the end to say a little bit about the site context and the deposition, but on that I turn over to Kenneth. The treasure consisted of more than 150 pieces of silver weighing about 24 kilos. They are almost all in fragments, although a few small vessels were not divided. More than 90 original vessels have been identified. 50 bowls are represented with 28 circular or square dishes, 10 jugs of flasks, 5 cylindrical vessels, 9 spoons and 28 other items. In addition, there are four coins, eight small folded parcels, and what Carl called two tonic ornaments, which are actually fragments of military equipment and personal ornaments. Some small pieces can represent very large objects. The two fragments of rim on the right come from a large dish which was 70 centimetres in diameter, and the reconstruction gives an idea of how impressive it was. Such large dishes are rare and don't occur until the first part of the 5th century. Some pieces are unmatched in surviving silver. The fragments on the right, for example, are from the outer wall of a small bucket vessel. It has a flat base and a cagework wall, and the inner wall was of glass. The network is copied from the decoration of glass vessels such as that on the lower half of the bucket now in the treasury of St Mark's in Venice. The only hint of date is from the detailed shape of the network and the closest parallels are of the first quarter of the 4th century. The decoration of the other objects ranged across the whole repertoire of late Roman silver. Of the figured scenes, for example, some were traditionally pagan, but the jug on the right is the earliest silver vessel showing figured Christian scenes. In the centre is the adoration of the Magi and to left and right Adam and Eve and to Moses in the Wilderness striking water from the rock for the people of Israel. One scene is damaged, but it may be a second scene showing Moses in the Wilderness feeding the people with quails in the morning and with manna in the evening. The earliest object is this dish with a fluted rim. The type was in fashion at the end of the 3rd century and the beginning of the 4th like the parallels on the screen. The latest vessels in the treasure are represented by dishes and jugs like this one. The big divine or human figures which cover their surfaces in relief are typical of the first half of the 5th century. The source of the table where was dining services of the 4th and early 5th centuries in the western empire. One example is the treasure from Kaiser August buried in 352 at a late Roman fortress on the Rhine upstream from Basel. The Trier treasure buried in the first half of the 5th century was found in 1628. Unfortunately, it was melted down, but we have a contemporary inventory with weight, shapes and decoration. The silver in the Trier treasure comes from big treasures of that sort, but it also differs from them in that it includes a very much larger numbers of some categories of vessels. The fluted wash bowls, for example, normally occur as singletons in hordes. Fragments of six from Traparane law, which you see four here on the right, suggest that the contents of the treasure come from at least six cities, after which the treasure is given by the four silver siliquae and the plate. The coins, which you see here, were all struck in the western empire in the last quarter of the 4th century, the later two of them between 397 and 402. Similarly, but less precisely, the tableware seems when complete not to have been later than the first several decades of the 5th century, but a more precise date for the deposit of the horde is at present not possible. The coins also show where the treasure may have come from. Siliquae were introduced about 350 and were struck in cities where an emperor and a court were in residence. From the 360s, some coins in Britain and only in Britain, including the four from Traparane, were clipped, and the semi-official practice continued into the 5th century. Peter Guest's illustration at the top of the screen shows the variation in degree to which siliquae from the hawkson horde were clipped, and it also demonstrates how great care was taken to avoid the imperial image. The clippings were used to create Romani-British copies of siliquae of good silver when regular siliquae were in short supply. As the map shows, there are very great numbers of clipped siliquae within the province of Britain, mostly south and east of the Fosway. In Scotland, however, there are very few clipped siliquae. Those from Traparane law, therefore, are most likely to come from the south-eastern half of the province. This is also the best indication we have of the origin of the hacksilver, but it does assume that the siliquae and the hacksilver reach Traparane law together, which is not certain. 150 saw objects in the treasure represent more than 90 original vessels, together with a small number of personal ornaments and four coins. The vessels range in date from the late 3rd century to the early 5th, and the clipped siliquae came from Britain and may indicate the immediate source of the plate and other objects. The other major question to be considered is why most of the objects in the Traparane law treasure are hacksilver, in other words deliberately broken up or folded or crushed. The map shows that there is a good deal of hacksilver inside the empire as well as outside its frontiers. In 1923, Curl cited only one other hacksilver horde from Curran in Northern Ireland. Now, however, we have a list of at least 48 finds of hacksilver and they're not restricted to the Barbaricam. That's the territory between the Rhine and the Elbe and the Danube. 20 or more of these finds are from inside the empire, particularly the provinces of Germany, Gaul and Britain. Within the empire, there is hacksilver from as early as the 2nd century. The dish on the left, which must be from the Roman frontier in Bavaria, is dated by its style and the inscription to the early 2nd century. 2nd century hacksilver has also been identified in Britain before hacks fragments of two brogies are from church minzo in Cheshire. 3rd century finds of hacksilver are known from France, Germany and Britain. This fragment from a dish from Ratley in Warwickshire weighs two thirds of a Roman pound, was cut into a shape like a slice of cake and was folded. In the 4th and early 5th centuries, there's a wide range of hacksilver from Switzerland, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Britain and Ireland. One of them is spectacular pieces as the dish found near Merida presented to a high-ranking soldier or official by Theodosius in 388. At the time when it was hidden, it had already been divided into two and would have been further divided, as is shown by the fragments of a very similar dish from Gros Bodongan outside the frontier in Germany. Outside the empire, hacksilver comes mostly from an arc of territory from Holland to Denmark, north Germany and territory which is now in Poland. 17 of these finds come from Denmark. The example on the screen is 9.68 kilos of hacksilver from Simestead in Jutland with fragments of Roman silver of the 2nd and 3rd centuries and coins dating the deposit to not before the 5th century. In central Germany, however, we hack evidence for hacksilver hordes in large parts of the territory between the Rhine and the Elbe. Hacksilver is very rare in settlements and although there's growing evidence of workshops producing fine metalwork, the scrap from them shows that the main source of raw silver was divided or melted denarii. What I've stressed so far is the number of finds of hacksilver and their occurrence inside them as well as outside the frontier. So what does the evidence tell about where hacksilver was created? Curve find was known to him, believed that barbarians from outside the frontier seized silver from churches, temples and great houses and then took it home, broke it up and shared it out. His view has persisted. The most important finds of 3rd century hacksilver from Germany are from the bed of the old Rhine, 14 pieces at Neupats and 8 pieces at Hagenbach. In 2006, a reassessment of the finds interpreted the cutting up of this silver creating hacksilver as evidence of division of booty by barbarians. In other words, groups of Alemani who had raided deep into Gaul shared out their booty before they ventured onto the waters of the Rhine on the return to their homeland. This view doesn't work. Of 14 pieces of hacksilver from Neupats, Fraser has shown that 8 are excellent or possible matches for Roman weights and such weights with the deliberately cut shapes share that fragmentation was not a random savage. The two kilos of silver from the Rhine was looted from Gaul in that form, just like the other 700 or more kilos of metal in the finds, 70% of which was iron. This supports a general conclusion that the distribution evidence and the broad spread of dates inside the empire implied that the empire looks more and more like the primary source. So why were silver plays and other objects hacked? Within the empire, the coinage, especially the silver coinage, was in crisis, with a particularly low point in 195 when Septimius Severus doubled the pay of the army but halved the silver content of the denarii. This meant that alternative methods of exchange and precious metals, whether for commerce or gifts, had to play a growing role and this was primarily a matter for the government. Gold and silver were used more and more in uncoined form. As part of this policy, the purity of silver ingots and plates was maintained for the most part at 96% or more and weights were strictly controlled. The constant dish from Kaiser Augs, therefore, and other objects like it, which can be seen on the manuscript, were a vital part of the payment of soldiers and officials. In severe economic or political conditions, however, the authorities wishing to produce their natives were sometimes pressed for time, or for raw silver, or for stocks of fine plate, or for craftsmen capable of producing it. Hack silver, therefore, could play a part. There's again evidence in the Kaiser Augs treasure. In 350, Constans was assassinated at Oetern by Magnentius, whose own attempt to become emperor lasted from 350 to 353. Magnentius difficulties in finding suitable gifts for his followers are confirmed by the contents of 20 hordes deposited by his supporters across Europe from Hungary to Britain. The Kaiser Augs treasure is one of these. From the donatives in the horde, we know that the final owner changed sites from Constans to Magnentius and from him he received donatives of three ingots, including a hacked ingot and a hack silver portion of a hemispherical dish, but no whole vessels and no coins. The rest of the hordes left by Magnentius supporters include gold coins and ingots, and one of them from Water Newton in Cambridgeshire, which you see at bottom right, has two pieces of hack silver weighing one and two pounds, clearly standing in for ingots. But none of these finds included unhacked silver plate. A similar situation arose in 383 when Magnus Maximus, the commander of Britain, rose in revolt against the impregnation. We know from historical sources that he levied a summary tax of money and precious metals from the whole population of the province to pay for his campaigns and that silver vessels which were collected were broken up and weighed to supplement the available coin. It is not the case, however, that all hack silver was produced by the authorities. Silver as bullion was used in private circles, and such silver did not always have to be in the form of complete objects. In the late fourth, fifth and sixth centuries, the rich were advised to break up their family silver and sell it for the weight of the metal in order to help the poor or to ransom prisoners, and Augustine ordered that the same thing should be done with communion silver. Hack silver could also be part of the lives of those who were not necessarily powerful or rich. The second century horde of jewellery from Snedisham included silver ingots and scrap silver and gold, or used by the craftsmen who owned the horde in just the same way that the fragmentary silver objects from patching in such things could have been used for repairs or exchange, or just like the irregular hack silver in the west bag board. The same use of chips can be seen outside the frontiers throughout the Roman Iron Age and migration periods. Complete Roman silver vessels, like other luxuries such as glass vessels, were popular with Germanic cheese from the 1st century onwards, and from the 2nd or 3rd century in particular, large quantities of gold and silver came into the hands of the elites of central Germany through what's been called a climatic cooperation and confrontation with the Roman Empire. Imperial denatives, for example, such as gold medallions, were gifts from the emperor which circulated for a long period and held in high regard, as is shown by the fact that they were carefully transformed into pendants. The medallion on the screen is one of 14 from a treasure of two and a half kilos of gold found in Romania. It's one of seven presented by the emperor of Valence in about the 370s to a leader of the Gepids. The match shows that most such medallions have been found outside the frontiers. Silver dishes were also prized outside the empire. The three from Kirch in the Crimea were given to barbarian officers by Constantius II in 357. Loops on the back show that they were displayed for the sake of prestige. No attempt was made to hack them. It's obvious, of course, that there was also a hacked silver outside the frontiers, like the fragmented vessels from Ghost Baudungan on the left. But where were they hacked? It might have been outside the empire, but there was no large supply of silver plates in the barbaricum as there was inside the frontiers, nor would there have been a ready supply of craftsmen practised in the precise division of such objects. They are likely, therefore, to have been cut up inside the frontiers and to have been donated and for display from Constantine III in 407 to 11, just like the gold Solidae in the find received from the previous emperors such as Magnentius, Valentinian and Theodosius. But hack silver was not only for display. How then was it used outside the frontiers? As we find inside the frontier, exchange is one possibility, but it's easier to establish this for the smaller pieces because the larger pieces, like denarii, were a means of storing wealth but too large for everyday transactions. Recent finds from Denmark offer a clue. One of the few finds that seems conclusive is part of the enormous quantity of weapons and personal belongings found at Nidam in 1990. Among them was a group of 23 tiny fragments of hacked silver weighing only about 63 grams. They were tightly packed in one spot because they'd been in a leather or textile purse carried around by one individual, which were either valuables ready for exchange or a store of metal to repair or decorate military equipment. Another example was found in the farmstead at Fraud de Chirby on Funen. They weighed 196 grams and included a solidus of Theodosius and fragments of Roman silver, tableware, local jury and ingots. They might have been used by a craftsman, but the presence of other pieces of hacked silver on the site hinted exchange. Both functions could coexist. Part of the Chakray law treasure might be silver of this sort. The packets of silver on the top left are in the state in which they were found, and two of these contain fragments of a pewter, which can only mean that the packets were intended to be a particular weight. Significantly, as Anne-Marie Kaufmann Heinemann has shown, they in the fragmentary spoons correspond to a Roman ounce or to fractions of it. On the rest of the site, on the other hand, hacked silver does not seem to have played an economic role of this sort. Single pieces, which might have been used commercially like coins, have not been found. In explaining hacked silver, a number of Scottish Alexander Borshire attribute greater weight to political acts, such as the payment of tributes, the taking of booty, the giving and receiving of gifts, resulting in an accumulation of treasure which enhanced the importance of the donors or owners. A Danish treasure from Gunedbjornabanken, for example, was found under the floor of a small wooden building in a farm complex. It consists of about 360 small fragments of at least two silver plates. Fragments of Scandinavian gold jewellery date the burial to not earlier than the beginning of the 5th century, but four mid-4th century solidi are of the same date as one of the plates, which strongly resembles the constantstish in the Kaiserab's treasure. The absence of any hacksail suggests that the plate and solidi came into the area on the same occasion, and that they might be the starting point of the assembly of a dynastic family treasure in the 350s. So hacksilver could result from donations received from service in the late Roman army, where it could represent a political settlement. There's no clear evidence that it was the product of blundering, nor that it was the result of exchange in an economic sense. Once the hacksilver moved beyond the imperial frontiers, it could additionally have moved between barbarian leaders within their own exchange networks. I've been stressing the great range of hacksilver across the Roman and Germanic worlds. In addition, however, we need to consider not just where it's found, but also where it's not found. Andreas Rao has noted that there's no hacksilver in regions such as the Frankish area on the lower or middle Rhine, the Saxon area on the German North Sea coast, and the Alemanic areas adjacent to the upper Rhine. His tentative answer to the problem is that the Roman administration had a direct relationship with these areas, and that hacksilver hordes, I quote, are typical of those regions which lay just outside the zone of direct influence of late Roman civilization in the sense of economic, military and continuous interpersonal relations. But why this should be so is difficult to understand, and such solutions don't seem to fit the circumstances of late Roman traparine law. There was no military presence in the area, probably because the Votodini formed a client kingdom, and this is reflected in the wealth of Roman finds of the site. Thus on Rao's analysis, hacksilver ought not to have been present. Perhaps therefore it's a mistake to assume that the silver was hacked for social and economic reasons. An alternative approach is to go back to the material, which in the case of traparine law treasure is hacked room and silver deposited with clipped siliquari. There are four other hordes, which contain similar hacksilver and siliquari. Three are from Denmark, from Hurstentop, Simestead and Herzbergard. The fourth horde is from Ballym Rhys or Corain in Northern Ireland. The clipped siliquari shared that the treasures originated in Britain, and all except one were deposited in the early parts of the 5th century. The Hurstentop treasure, which must also have been assembled in the early 5th century, even though the Scandinavian metalworks type showed that the horde was not deposited before the 6th century. The limited distribution in Denmark, Scotland and Northern Ireland is reminiscent of the natives studied recently by Martin Guggesberg. Comparison over a wide area showed that types do not occur evenly or even randomly but in restricted areas. Thus, gold medallions are not found in Northern Germany and the Baltic states, most probably because they were not given to local elites from there in the first place. To take a positive view, therefore, hacksilver hordes with siliquari may very well have been presented to tribal leaders from Northern Ireland, Scotland and Denmark by a donor who would use their services somewhere in the region. An obvious possible scenario is that the tribal services were to the usurfer Constantine III in the years 407-11, who in a four-year campaign in Gaul in Spain attempted to reverse the disastrous German invasion, which began with the crossing of the Rhine in 406. Silver for coinage was in very short supply and so it would be natural for him, like Magnentius in the middle of the 4th century, to resort to the same financial devices to confiscate from Britain all the plates and coinage he could and to pay his forces with chopped up plates and clipped siliquari. This then is a possible explanation of how the siliquari and hacksilver went to Denmark and to Ireland from Britain during the 5th century. To conclude by part, the silver from Traparin Law is extending greatly our knowledge of silver plates in the late Roman Empire. The hacking of such plates was not a random process and has its origins inside the Roman frontiers. Precious metal was always the priority, not the objects into which gold and silver were made. In the barbarian world hacksilver was received as a result of interaction with the Roman world, whether that involved service in the Roman army or the conduct of diplomacy or on occasion exchange. Equally, of course, the treasure is of great importance for the history of Traparin Law and of the late Roman Iron Age and early historic Scotland. Well, it's to this local thing that I'd like to turn and look at how Traparin operated within a North British context and to say a little bit about this great hill on the edge of the empire. Bwysent excavations by my coleg Zeen Abed, Andrew Dumball, and myself have helped to clarify, expand and confirm our existing picture of this site. And it's now clear that the history of Traparin is episodic. Change is a great deal over the millennia. The first major settlement is in the late Bronze Age, and this is when the first defences are built as well. So around about a thousand to seven hundred BC or so, we see the first major activity on the site. But for most of the Iron Age, it seems the hill is abandoned. The new defences are constructed, old defences are maintained to a degree, but there is minimal settlement on the site. The hill is perhaps a place to which people come on high days and holy days. It's not a place for permanent settlement. This changes again in the centuries of the Roman Iron Age, first to fourth centuries AD, when the hill is a boom town. And we see enormous quantity of material and large amounts of settlement evidence from the hill, although the defences themselves have fallen from use. The hill is, if you like, unenclosed. They are using an old site hallowed by history, but not enclosing it within a new set of defences. The precise dating is difficult, but it's sometime in the first century AD, and it's very tempting to see this boom and this centralisation as connected to the arrival of the Romans on the scene. That we're seeing here perhaps the first steps of the creation of a client kingdom in South East Scotland. And if we were looking for parallels, we might look at sites like Stannock in North Yorkshire, which, although in the flatlands rather on a hill, similarly has a wide range of Roman imports, a wide range of craft material as well. But whereas Stannock is a short-lived phenomenon, Traprayn remains a centre in East London for over four centuries, with a wealth of material coming off it. There are more Roman finds from Traprayn law than from the rest of Iron Age Scotland put together. And perhaps the most significant element is when the Romans finally pull out of Scotland when Hadging's Wall is established as the final frontier in the third and fourth centuries, Traprayn continues to have strong links to the empire. This is the period of the treasure, of course, and it's also around this time late fourth, fifth century that the hill is re-fortified. The line in blue shows a last fortification of the site. Now again, the hill is densely occupied, and recent excavations have shown that every scrap of land that isn't bare rock has got a building on it. And the work of the late Ian Smith was able to clarify the setting of the horde tremendously, teasing together excavation plans generated over several years to suggest that there was at least two phases in this late level, and that the horde sat within a yard complex here with what may well be a roundhouse here and a scattering a yard surface round about it. On that basis, the horde is buried in a domestic context in a living site, but it's also not the final act on this site. It seems there is material and structures built later than this. In other words, it's not connected to the abandonment, although the reasons for its burial remain sadly opaque. The silver is only one element of these contacts to the late Roman world. I could show you a variety of things. I shall restrict myself to the glassware. Now of course, because it's a settlement site, the material is fragmentary. But it doesn't take much imagination to see the quality of the glass cup on the right-hand side with its very fine line engraving. And Professor Jenny Price has suggested this in itself could well be seen as some form of diplomatic gift or political gift exchange. The object on the left from our own excavations is initially much less impressive, but enough survives to indicate that it comes from something like this. A claw beaker or a similar kind of bag-shaped vessel. Some of the most desirable objects in the late 4th and 5th century in both Roman and Barbarian hands. So this was a well-connected site. There's a whole series of lakes into the Roman world. The silver is only one part of that. And it includes also traces of service in the Roman army. Argument, Kenneth has been outlawed. Brochus, strap ends and buckles, typical of late Roman military belt sets. There are people on this hill who have been serving in the army, although there are very strong connections with the army. But what's the nature of this contact to the late Roman world? Well, if you look at the distribution of material, we see some very clear patterns, and in particular we see clusters and gaps. The most notable gap is this area here, the northeast of Scotland. And this is the heartland of the Picts, the bad boys of the late Roman frontier, if you like. And much of the historical sources of particularly the 4th century are devoted to bemoaning how awful the Picts are being. Picts overrunning various elements of the frontier and so on. What to me the distribution suggests is a deliberate policy, a policy whereby Pictland is avoided in terms of contacts, and there's clusters instead in other areas. It's essentially a policy of trying to build a buffer between the late Roman frontier and the nasty boys to the north. You'll see also a cluster up here in northern Scotland, which could be seen, if you like, as a flanking manoeuvre. Now, the stars represent the major hill forts at this period with late Roman finds, and these, I suspect, are traprane-type sites. Underneath Edinburgh Castle, now sadly disfigured by a nasty medieval monstrosity, there must lie a lovely late Iron Age site, I suspect, and the finds coming off that would suggest this is a major late Roman contact point. But you'll see a very strong clustering in eastern Scotland defined by the red line, and traprane law sits in the heart of this, and this looks to me like deliberate targeting of the Tweed Valley in East Lothian to create this buffer up the east coast. Interestingly, at the other end of the wall, recent work has identified a similar cluster, or rather, recent re-identification of old finds. The broach to the right from Eric Stainbury is a imperial gift from Dioclusian himself in the early fourth century, and the other two finds recently identified from antiquarian sources all clustering within this area of Dumfrieshire, a uni-face gold medallion, exactly the kind of thing being given as gifts to other barbarian leaders, or this curious gold bracelet or armlet, which again seems to fit into a late Roman habit of gift giving. So here we see a cluster of material being given to a powerful polity at the western end of the wall, another attempt to build a buffer between the wall and the groups to the north. With silver though, what use was all this material? Well, where as finds like we see on the screen could be prestigious objects showing the pleasure and the hand of Rome, and likewise the glass which we saw earlier presumably functioned as an intact vessel at feast and so forth, the silver was a commodity. It came to the site in fragments, its destiny was the melting pot. Recent analysis at the museum has shown that a number of crucibles from the site are so evidence of silver working, and this is the earliest evidence we have for silver working in Scotland. It really starts off as a fourth, fifth century phenomenon. So the silver is destined for the melting pot. But what are the products of it? Well, most likely things like these, these magnificent silver chains whose dating is hotly debated, but they would fit readily into a fifth, sixth century context.  These are versions of torcs, the neck ornament so common in iron age societies to define status and power, reinvented in new times with the new material. So one of the values of this late Roman silver in these groups beyond the frontier is a raw material which you can convert for your own purposes. And part of its lasting value is this wealth it gives to the societies of early medieval Scotland. This is material from the Pictish horde of Norrie's Law in Fife. Some 40 kilometers north of Traprain is the Crow flies. And it includes masterpieces of Pictish art with typical Pictish symbols such as the enigmatic plaque on the right. Now it's long been recognised there are also elements of Roman silver in this horde. The bottom of the screen is a bent fragment of late Romans and there were some clipped siliqui in this horde as well. Would reappraisal of this material by my colleagues Martin Goldberg, Alice Blackwell and Susie Kirk and particularly analysis of the silver has shown there is other Roman silver within this. A number of these undiagnostic fragments here are analytically distinctive in terms of their purity compared to the distinctively Pictish material. And these seem to be pieces of late Roman plate not yet melted down. So in this, in the mixture of Roman and indigenous material it's very, very similar to the Danish hordes which Kenneth was describing earlier. And I think this is an important part of this work is to see what's happening north of Hadrian's Wall in the wider context of what's happening beyond the Roman frontier. We don't need a specifically Scottish explanation for this. It ties into much wider patterns and policies. I shall finish with something of the story of what happened after the discovery and here I'm drawing very heavily in the work of my colleague George Dill Glees. Because there's a very interesting afterlife to the horde. The conservation work was more than the museum could handle and it was subcontracted to Brooklyn's son of George Street and Edinburgh Goldsmiths to the King as they proudly proclaim. And by a series of procedures that keep me awake at night when I think about them they reshaped our benton broken fragments into the vessels you can see today. Conservation techniques, restoration techniques we wouldn't dream of today although in a sense thank goodness they did it because it gives you a sense of the appearance of these things. Well Brooklyn's son also came to an agreement an arrangement with the museum over the afterlife of this material and they constructed a series of both reconstructions and restorations of these finds. Some very similar, some restored from fragments which they sold both as sets and as individuals and these became highly desirable in the Edinburgh social scene of the 20s and 30s. Wedding gifts for example they were regular and consultation of the records of the incorporation of goldsmiths suggests thousands of these vessels were being produced. Indeed you can still buy them today. There was one sold I think it was at Sotheby's about 10 years ago, one of the flatter platters although it was advertised as a haggis platter so I suspect they hadn't entirely understood its significance I suspect. Some of this material was modified for the taste of the 20s and 30s so here we see the dolphin handle spoon and above it it's been converted into a tea strainer so turned into a modern life if you like and a number of these things were converted for example into crouettes or salt and pepper sets so we're seeing this material living an afterlife the initial agreement was that Brooklyn's son would make these replicas and for the first 10 years they would give a proportion of the money to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland who had funded the excavation and there's a wonderful letter in her file some 20 years after the event saying can we stop paying the royalties now please so I think the society did rather well out of that. To conclude we're well aware that we are still in the foothills of our study although the first fruits of this have now been published as the president mentioned the seminar which looked at the wider issue of late Roman Silver was published by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in January of this year and we think this is very useful to set the scene and put the wider context for how this material is operating our next task of course is to bring the wider study and republication of the horde to a conclusion something we're still working on and we're very grateful to this society for a grant they provided last year towards illustration costs as a key element of what's still to be done but we hope that we've been able to present at least some of the new views and the new problems which are being thrown up by our teams who work on this great find and we hope this is stimulating some new questions into new ideas not only on this horde at the edge of the empire but issues which we feel are relevant to the interpretation of the wider late Roman world and its relationship to its neighbours thank you very much consultation over who we'll talk about I'll I suppose look initially at the question of the analysis of the material and the issue of its reuse and turn also to the issue of its burial and in the wider context the analysis which we've done has been twofold one was taking a sample of material and analysing it in the pixie facility underneath the Louvre and what this showed was a remarkable homogeneity among the material we sampled very consistent with other late Roman material that has been sampled we've followed that up with a degree of surface analysis which on the whole has backed up that information but we still have some work to do particularly in the personal ornaments to see how that compares to some of the plate in the horde but at the moment the results don't they look essentially like the other analysis of late Roman silver from sites like Hawkson for example or Kaiser August that contrasts to a degree with the results from the post Roman or late Roman iron age material and what our working hypothesis at the moment is that we see the initial reuse of Roman silver in some of this material things like the chains represented by very very high silver purities so there are some of the chains which are at about 95% silver purity which essentially is the purity of the late Roman plate 9598 you then see other of the chains show markedly lower silver levels but the picture is complicated because you can get variation within the one chain and we are at the moment trying to undertake some further work to get beyond the problems which surface analysis alone has which is that the material can often be other depleted or enhanced on the surface and see if we can use minimally destructive techniques to get a more reliable picture of the way the silver composition is varying but for the chains it's the purity of the silver in some examples it makes us argue for these being reused late Roman material that of course in the absence of other sources of silver at this time there's no evidence of Scotch's silver being exploited so far till the 12th century the Norrie's law material similarly shows this mix between high purity material that we would see as being Roman in some cases confirmed as Roman typologically and the Pictish material or the other material some of which is typologically Pictish so we're seeing if you like the dilution over the following century or two of the initial Roman material by other material coming in essentially stretching this material with copper or with bronze and so on the other main topic suppose from my area of expertise which a couple of the question I touched on was this issue of burial and it's really although this is one of only a handful of excavated silver hordes it was of course excavated a long time ago and that limits the amount of information we can get from the immediate context but the reading that I would have of the material is that it's buried inside this house context in this domestic sector the evidence is not, however, good enough to demonstrate whether it's buried settlement is in use whether that particular building is in use or whether it's abandoned neither can we absolutely confirm how long after the the treasure is brought together that it is buried there's no evidence of activity entrepreneurial after the sixth century so if you like a terminus antiquem would be the sixth century if you follow Ian Smith's argument that the treasure is buried in this house complex is then settlement over the top of that with these elongated buildings that would be pushing the burial of the horde perhaps closer to the latest dates of the material but because it's not a modern excavation we are always a little we're going to be a little bit hide bound in what we're able to do our hands are rather tied but it is buried in a domestic context now that does not of course mean it's necessarily a pragmatic deposit and the question of whether it's intended as a votive deposit is a very good one but a very difficult one to answer the other hacksilver horde we know from Scotland the Norrie's law horde to my mind is a votive deposit it's buried beside on the edge of an older monument in early Bronze Age burial cair overlooking the first and fourth and this seems to be a place again hallowed by memory which this significant deposit is placed in and we can find other parallels for important hord's placed in earlier significant sites with to pray and it's more difficult I would say it's the classic Scottish verdict of not proven I don't think we can say one way or the other because you could construct either a pragmatic or a votive interpretation for the horde it's tempting to construct a pragmatic one because you've got a point which I think we're in agreement on a point here by Martin Googiesberg one of our colleagues it's interesting what a large amount of decorated material is present in the horde and how little plain silver there is the plain silver is far easier to recycle it's not good gilding the yellow and things on it it may be they've used the material which is easiest to use first of all and what you're left with behind is almost some of the more difficult elements so maybe this could easily be the cache of a metal worker which is intending to come back to it at some point but it could also as easily to my mind be an offering of the metal worker when they leave the site or towards the end of the site's activity. I fear again we're not going to be able to answer that it would be easier if we had more examples to draw upon and if you look at the Danish evidence well look at the Irish evidence and both finds come from watery places from peat bogs classic votive locations if you like the Danish evidence is more complicated because a lot of that material again comes from settlement context and it's unclear why it's being buried so as I say not proven would be my my get out clause on that particular question I think I hope Rhys has answered or most if not all of the questions that Roger Land raised the problem if I heard him correctly of why there are quite a lot of siligwai in Britain in connection with Hacksilver but not in Denmark one reason I think is that the Danish hordes are at a different stage of their life cycle as we are becoming tempted to call it but it's later and that's and therefore in the Danish hordes you find pieces of native jewellery and so on the silver has already been converted and that may easily account for why there are fewer siligwai in those sorts it's not the case with every horde I think it's either Hurston or Potsimister perhaps it's Simistered which has something I believe like 2,000 coins in it so it's not true of every Danish horde that the number of siligwai are very small in number John Casey was quite chasing me about Magnus Maximus on the the way the way we have this historical mention in Roman Panageric of Magnus sorry it's a historical fact that we have a Panageric and and we have a statement in the Panageric that Magnus Maximus had and of course Magnus Maximus is a badie in that so of course his actions it could be understandable that his actions are that the motives for his actions are questioned nevertheless I'm not going to abandon it as a quotation because it's almost the only one we've got which actually describes the process of hacking and it is a perfectly reasonable interpretation I think of gloss on why silver plate might have been cut up


Hello and welcome to this presentation of the STM32 System Memories Protection. It will cover the different means for protecting code and data. Memory protections have been designed for different purposes. A read protection, for example, will prevent the dumping of embedded software code through an external access and will protect the developer's intellectual property. A write protection will prevent certain flash areas from being accidentally erased by a load overflow in a software or data update procedure. STM32F7 microcontrollers provide several features for protecting code and data located in flash memory, backup SRAM and backup registers. The following slides will describe the read and write protection features. Readout protection, or RDP, is a global mechanism that prevents external read access to flash memory, backup SRAM and registers. An external access can be gained by using a JTAG connector, a serial wire port, or boot software embedded in SRAM. Three levels of RDP protection are defined, from Level 0, which offers no protection at all, to Level 2, which has full and permanent protection. Protection levels will be described in the following slides. The second kind of memory protection available in STM32F7 is the write access protection. Unlike RDP, write protection is not global but is set on specific memory sectors of the flash memory. Write protection prevents accidental or malicious write or erase operations. Both protection mechanisms are configurable via the STM32F7 option bytes. When the first RDP level, Level 0, is set, the device has no protection. All read or write operations, if no write protection is set on the flash memory or the backup SRAM, are possible in all boot configurations. Flash user boot, debug or boot from RAM. Option bytes are also changeable in this level. Level 0 is the factory default level. In Level 1, read protection is set for the flash memory, the backup SRAM, and the backup registers. In this level, protected memories are only accessible when booting from user flash memory. Whenever a debugger access is detected or boot is not set to a flash memory area, any access to the protected memories generates a system hard fault, which blocks all code execution until the next power on reset. Note that option bytes can still be modified in this level, making it possible to remove the protection. This mechanism is explained in the next slide. We have seen in the previous slide that it is possible to modify option bytes in Level 1. It is then possible to remove the protection by changing the protection level to Level 0. This protection level will cause the flash memory and the backup SRAM to be mass erased. Hence, no sensitive data can be retrieved. Readout protection Level 2 provides the same protection as in Level 1, but the protection becomes permanent. Once the RDP protection is set to this level, there is no way to modify it. No level regression and mass erase mechanism is possible. This level must only be considered in the final product when the development stage is completed. Note that to ensure that there are no backdoors, this protection cannot even be bypassed at ST's factory. This slide shows the possible transitions between each readout protection level. It is always possible to raise the protection level, but regression is only possible between Level 1 and Level 0 with the consequence of a full user flash erase operation. Note that the RDP level is coded in one option byte. Level 0 is coded by an X0AA value, Level 2 is coded by a 0XCC value, and Level 1 is coded by any value other than 0XAA or 0XCC. This table summarizes the different types of access authorized for the flash memory, backup registers and backup SRAM according to the readout protection or RDP level, configured boot mode and with debug access, as seen in previous slides. The write protection protects code and non-volatile data from unwanted or accidental erasure. This protection is only available on the flash memory. Unlike readout protection, the write protection can be set on a selection of flash memory sectors only. There are eight sectors defined in STM32F7. Four sectors of 32 kilobytes, one sector of 128 kilobytes, and three sectors of 256 kilobytes. When a sector is protected, it cannot be erased or programmed. Any attempt to write access to the sector will cause a flash memory error. If at least one sector is write protected, a mass erase of the flash memory cannot be performed. The protection needs to be removed first. Please refer to the flash memory training to learn more about the memory architecture, option bytes and flash operations.


Hi, friends, welcome back to my channel and a very special welcome. If you're new here, my name is Jen. I'm a certified weight loss and nutrition coach and I'm on WW personal points. Happy Saturday, it's Saturday, so it's grocery haul day. I have a huge haul for you. I just did my massive haul. Now I have another huge slash massive haul for you because it was monthly stock up at Costco.  Subscribe if you're not because I upload a grocery haul every Saturday and five videos a week. Check out the description box down below for nutrition coaching where I offer personalized to you macros and calories. Highly, highly, highly recommend and one-on-one coaching if you would like to chat with me directly. Links and discounts to my favorite things and come join my Facebook group. We'd love to have you. So let's jump into another huge grocery haul. So here's this week's grocery haul. I made a quick stop at Sprouts, Walmart and then did my monthly Costco stock up. I always know when it's time to go to Costco because Diesel's medicine needs refilled. So I made my run to Costco. Just a couple of things from Sprouts. You guys know I love the baby Persian cucumbers. They're my all-time favorite. I also needed some dry roasted peanuts for a recipe. I have a really fun recipe video coming your guys's way on Sunday. So stay tuned for that. So I needed some dry roasted peanuts and I thought it would make no sense to just get them in bulk since I didn't need a lot. And then I grabbed a couple of Granny Smith apples as well. And then moving on to Walmart, I needed some mini marshmallows. This is for my Sunday video. I'm telling you guys, you're not gonna wanna miss it. And then I also needed some candy corn for that video. We're going to my neighbors on Friday night for a little taco bar get together. So I'll just bring the leftovers. There are vanilla wafers and cinnamon graham crackers also for Sunday's video. And then I decided to pick up these. These are really cute. This is a plastic plate, orange and black, and then a purple bowl. I'm going to put the goodies on here to take over to my neighbors. These are 50 cents a piece at Walmart. You can't beat it. And then I finally found the pumpkin pie light and fit yogurt. So excited. So I picked up two of those. And then I also grabbed one of the caramel apple because I liked that flavor as well. I have not seen the pumpkin pie chobani, the zero sugar. That's the one I really wanted to try, but light and fit will do. I grabbed a couple more of these little snack packs for Troy. He really likes to take these golfing. It just makes it easy for him to have a snack. I needed some sugar-free vanilla jello pudding for Sunday's recipe. And they were out of the small box. So I just picked up the big box and lots of whipped topping for that recipe. So I have two of the light whipped topping again for Sunday. Also for Sunday's recipe, I needed some mandarin oranges as well as some pineapple tidbits. And then I decided to pick up the no sugar added apple pie filling because I want to make an apple pie oatmeal bowl or apple pie yogurt bowl. Remember, I made the blackboards when it was so good. And now I'm here for the full-haul apple pie bowl. So stay tuned for that recipe in this week's What I Eat in a Day. And lastly, I needed some yellow mustard. And then moving on over to Costco, a two-pack of fat-free milk for Troy. Some more mouthwash because we are almost completely out and the listerine is my favorite. I also needed some more glass measuring cups. I had a plastic one and it got pretty dingy, grimy grody. So I threw it away. You get all three of these for $13.99, which I thought was a really good deal. They're the Pyrex brand. They're glass, so they'll last forever. I picked up another box of the Peanut Butter Bananalicious Doggy Delirious Treats. These are currently on sale at Costco for a really good price. And my dogs actually really like these. This is literally one of my very favorite seasonings. I am almost out. That's how much I use this. I love this in my Copycat KFC bowl with the chicken and the potatoes and the veggies and gravy. So good. So I went ahead and picked up a refill, making a Halloween charcuterie board for Halloween. My in-laws are coming over on the 30th for a Halloween dinner. So I grabbed this meat tray. I thought this will make my life so easy. So there's Toscano dry salami, uncured pepperoni, soap brisetta and nostrano dried salami. And then I picked up the cheese variety pack as well. I already pre-cut. Again, H Cheddar, Yarlsburg Swiss, Creamy Havarti and Dutch Gouda. So I thought, again, super simple. If you wanna do a Halloween or Thanksgiving charcuterie board, really affordable prices as well. Of course, some toilet paper and some paper towels which are always on the list at Costco. I grabbed another bag of the 8-in-1 dog multi-benefit shoes. Here's all the things these shoes do. My vet actually highly recommends these. My dogs get these every single morning, all three of them. I'm so happy Costco is still carrying them because I heard that they may not be. So I'm really happy that they still have them.  And then I decided that I wanna start incorporating a little bit more walnuts into my diet. They're really good for your heart and they keep you nice and full. And this was $7.99 for this huge bag. I'm going to start putting this in my yogurt bowls, in my oatmeal. I really just wanna incorporate a little bit more healthy nuts. And I thought walnuts would be a great place to start. And then I picked up another four-pack of the Thomas English Muffins for Troy. He is still on breakfast sandwich kick. So we like to throw these in the freezer until he's ready to open a pack. And then they had some amazing deals on clothing. This spider pullover jacket. I got it for Troy in an extra, extra large. This is on sale for $29.99. You guys, that is an incredible, incredible deal. This is probably a $60 or $70 jacket. So grab it while it's still at Costco and it is on coupon right now for $29.99. And then I got this super cute flannel. It is seriously so soft for myself. This was a $10.99. I picked it up in a size medium. It is seriously so soft and I love the colors. And then I grabbed some pajamas. This entire set of Lucky Brand Pajamas, $9. There is a T-shirt, shorts, and a tank top. And again, I picked mine up in a size medium. That is everything for this week's grocery haul from Costco, Walmart, and Sprouts. Let's jump into what's for dinner and what you'll be seeing in Monday's meal prep. So here is what is on my menu for the week. So today Saturday's an out for dinner day. Tomorrow I am making a Salopy Joe's. Monday I'll be doing a chicken pot pie with biscuits. You guys will actually see this recipe in next Wednesday's What I Eat in a Day. Tuesday's a leftover night. Wednesday's tacos. Thursday I'm doing a quick, easy sheet pan dinner. And then Friday we'll eat up all the leftovers from earlier in the week. And since I didn't have meal prep last Monday, here is what you'll see in this week's meal prep. It is back and I'm excited. So for breakfast I'm making ham and cheese scones. I love a good savory scone. Lunch is going to be honey garlic chicken. This is a crock pot recipe, super, super simple. And then for dessert, I get to make my maple oatmeal apple pie. I've been craving apple pie so I am so excited. So stay tuned on Monday for all three recipes. Thank you for joining me for this week's WW grocery haul. I hope you enjoyed seeing another big haul from me from Sprouts, Walmart, and Costco. If you enjoyed it, give it a thumbs up. Make sure you're subscribed and your bells turned on. You don't want to miss tomorrow's video with those yummy recipes. And of course, check out the description box for nutrition coaching, links and discounts to my favorite things. And don't forget, come join our Facebook group. We'd love to have you. Happy Saturday and I'll see you in tomorrow's video. Bye.


What's the word y'all? Special announcement. I, Kenny Beecham, will be tanking this season. Because I need a shot at Victor Wabayama or school Henderson, boy. Them dudes was really out there giving us a show. If for some reason you was watching NBA preseason over this, you missed out on one of the greatest matchups you could imagine from a number one prospect and a number two prospect. They even put together this graphic of number one and number two going against each other. It was like Palo vs. Chat last season. It was this player and this player. None of them compared to this because Wabayama ended with 37 points on 11 from 20, seven made threes and school Henderson ended with 28 points, five rebounds, nine assists. Now I've been very open with y'all when it comes to talking about prospects and stuff. I'm not a dude that watches college basketball and that's double when we talk international prospects and that's triple when we talk a G League ignite. Like of course I've heard these names. Like you'd have to be living on the rock to not have heard these names but I've never watched any film but I was so excited to watch this game because the boys gave up 40 points in the first quarter of their preseason game and I was over it. But I knew that people considered Victor Wabayama the best draft prospect since LeBron James and that is saying a lot because I was here for the Anthony Davis hype. It was real and he delivered top 75 play of all time even if you disagree. I was here for the Zion Williamson height. I was here and people are saying that Victor Wabayama is a better prospect than both of those guys and based on what I saw today. Again, it's a one game sample size but I completely understand. I can't call you crazy. And it works double when he's dropping bars like this. He's really a great player. If I was never born, I think he would deserve the first spot. He's talking about a school of course who just went against him who also had a very amazing game but that's a bar. Hypothetically, if he is exactly who we think he could be he turns out to be a generation of talent. He's one of the greatest of all time. This quote right here, especially if Scoot ends up being that guy as well. This quote, they're gonna be talking about this in his 30 for 30. Now, people are saying that this guy messed up a translation because he said it in French. Either way, it was real. And you know what? Scoot held his own. This man, Scoot had a lot of question marks. Okay, not a lot. But one of the biggest question marks was like his jump shot. That's the only thing I keep hearing about him. Oh, he's prime, prime John Wall potential with prime John Wall's jump shot.  Of course, that's a great player still but like you want to be able to hit the jump shot especially in 2023, right? First play of the game takes a mid-range jump shot, hit one and he's very efficient out there. But I was so impressed with his playmaking ability. I mean, of course, if you compare him to prime John Wall that yeah, of course, he's gotta be a very good playmaker though. But like it was a couple really, really, really tough passes he made. And some of them then turned into assists. I don't know what the level of talent is around them. Like I don't know, is it G League Ignite and elite level players from player two through 15? I don't know. Or the team, what team did Victor Wabiyama play for? The 92, 92ers, Metro politics in 92. Do they have NBA plays? I don't know, but Scoop made a lot of amazing passes. If I'm not mistaken, he only ended with one turnover and the degree of difficulty on a lot of the pass he was making was out of this world. But to see this team or to see Victor Wabiyama at one point is team down by 20 points. You know, we are still watching. We are still watching because I want to see these dudes compete. But to see him bring his team back specifically in the third and fourth quarter to see him end up with seven May threes is insane. I saw a tweet that seven May threes in five blocks has only happened one time in NBA history. Of course, you know, as different as G League Ignite, it's not NBA. It's only happened one time in NBA history where somebody has hit seven threes and blocked five shots. And you will never guess who it was. It was goddamn Danny Green.  Did Dirk have a real good blocking game one day? Or, you know, a big that could stretch the floor. It was Danny Green. Hey, Danny Green, one of the best transition defensive players of all time for show. But we ain't seen this before. So I can completely understand. Now I've watched some videos. I'll be honest with you. Jimmy Hyrola dropped the video a little while ago about Victor Wabiyama. Shout out to Jimmy, 3.1 M's on this video. You see, I watched it this entirety. And in the video, you know, he puts some very good points about the fact that Victor Wabiyama 7374 and typically in NBA history, 7374 players don't succeed. And it's not normally due to their ability. Well, I mean, in some cases it is for show, but it's mostly because he's 7374 and them needs be given out the feet, all of those things. And now of course we not wish that on nobody, but it's a real thing.  I'm gonna be honest with you. Give me Victor Wabiyama. I am thinking. But if I had the second overall pick, I'm not too mad either. And the crazy thing about this draft class, of course we talk at one and two, but from all accounts, like three through eight, three through nine are really solid too. You got the Thompson twins. Those are pretty much the only guys that know in this draft so far. So as we get close and close to the draft, I will learn more names. But people are saying, yeah, number one and number two might be generational. But if you get three, you're probably mad that you need one or two, but you can still walk out of there with a player that might end up all NBA once upon a time. But I'm watching this game and I'm just thinking about the context of the NBA. When Victor Wabiyama gets drafted, what team do I think he would fit best with? And the same thing with school Henderson. And I was trying to be relatively realistic when I put together my list of teams. I would like to see these players get drafted too. I'm not gonna add the golden state warriors because obviously the golden state warriors, you add it. And James Wise, we gotta ring a hand even play. You know what I'm saying? Like Victor Wabiyama added to that team would be solid. But I'm like teams that we believe have the opportunity to potentially get that pick because that's to be real. I know a lot of NBA executives are watching the same stuff we is. They're like, oh snap, maybe we should take a little bit harder this season. Like we got the teams that we know 100% are gonna take. We're talking about the Utahs of the world. We're talking about the Spurs of the war. We know that those teams are taking. But there's like these younger teams, these younger Frisky teams like the Houston Rockets. They got a decent amount of young talent on their roster but it's gonna be hard to tell Jaylen Green let's not win some extra basketball games. You know what I'm saying? With the Detroit Pistols, it's gonna be hard to tell Kay Cunningham not to take a leap because we want to get the first overall pick. So like it's gonna be rough. The first team when I watched Victor Wabaniyama and this is kind of a shot in the dark because this team has people on their roster that like this is not a necessarily young team. They have a young star but like we got 30 year old second highest paid player. This is a team that has been in the playing in the last couple of seasons. So they haven't been bad enough to potentially get the first overall pick. It's the Charlotte Hornets y'all. Lamello Ball and Victor Wabaniyama will be crazy. I'm just imagining the craziness there because let's be real. Lamello Ball deserves to have another weapon or two on the roster and that's kind of disrespectful to the people that they got because they have a solid roster don't get me wrong. But like if you told me that the Charlotte Hornets halfway through the season was sub 500 I wouldn't call you crazy. And if I'm sub 500 halfway through the season I'm buying into the tank especially when I have Lamello Ball who's only well 21, 22 years old at this point. I will buy into the tank because what do we even plan for at this point? Especially if this draft class is as stacked as it could be. I'm gonna do alternating things. I'm gonna do alternating things. Scoot the team that I looked at and I'm like, man they could use a primary ball handler because they got some people on their roster that are intriguing. Some of them haven't been able to really stay healthy and some of them more of like shot creators for themselves and not really others. It's the Orlando Magic. But the Orlando Magic are another one of those frisky teams are like I look at their roster and I've talked about this on the show before. I feel really good about their chances of like scaring some teams this year. Not saying that they gonna make the play in or make the playoffs. But like I think they're over under. Well, actually I can tell you what they're over under is. They're over under is 26 and a half right now according to this one betting source. And I wouldn't be like, oh my God if they hit 27 plus wins. Like they have competent young talented players on their roster. The best thing about this is that they do have these flatten odds. So even if a team like the San Antonio Spurs decide to win 10 games this season that ain't even no guarantee that they will get one or two. You know, so maybe you could convince your team like, hey we gonna be good enough to win 25 games. That might be the fourth worst record but like we still have a eight, 9% chance to get Invicta Wabanyama and we like those odds. Cause you still do want to develop your talent. You know what I'm saying? You don't want this to be a team like, hey we gotta get that first or second pick or the future of our organization is trash. But I think school Henderson, the passes I saw him make today to people that weren't really hitting shots. And I look at some of the people on that roster that I know can his shots. I'm like, oh bro we'll go out there now with just smooth seven and a half assists is rookie season. Maybe I don't know. I'm getting, I'm really referencing one game. They play again on Thursday though, which is going to be solid. I don't, I wouldn't be surprised if both of them had a struggle game because they just did so much in this one. But we could still go out tweeted this the day of media day. And it's, it's Victor Wabanyama with the Spurs. And though they don't have like crazy, crazy talent already built into the roster. I think this will be smooth. I don't know how many years of coaching Pop has left in his career, but I think this will be smooth. I can't say they just started their rebuild, but it kind of feels like they did because they traded their all star player this off season. Like they got some intriguing people for sure. I think Devon Vasil is going to be really solid. His first pre-season game, he was out there shooting. I like a guy that realized, ain't nobody going to prevent me from shooting. So let me do my thing. You know, Kelton Johnson's got the contract extension and all of that stuff. But like Victor Wabanyama with the Spurs, it feels right for some reason. I can't explain it. I cannot explain it, but it feels right. Maybe because it's an international talent. International talents and the Spurs go hand to hand. It's like peanut butter and jelly. This next one is a Houston Rock for school Henderson. I mean, maybe I don't love it too much because of the size of what their future backcourt would be, 6-4, Jalen Green and six, whatever, school Henderson. They would be a small backcourt. But like Kevin Porter Jr. has to show me a little bit more of this off season for me to say, or this regular season for me to say, hey, he's the point guard of the future. He's only 22 years old. So it's crazy to say I would give up on him. But like I wouldn't prevent drafting school Henderson because Kevin Porter Jr. is on the rocks. You know what I'm saying? And they already got some stuff over there I really love, especially Tar-Eason. So he would be another guy. It's hard to find places for a point guard because it seems like every organization has their own point guard. But were you really that nice?  I have to find this tweet that somebody sent me because I think it fits exactly what I want to say about this next one. Actually, the Houston Rockets get fit for Wabanyama as well because even though we love Sengun and all that stuff, Wabanyama, again, based on one game, he seemed like the type of dude that would be able to play with another big and be successful considering he's hit seven threes today. And when he was switched on onto guards, he was basically reaching through them to pick the ball loose. Like that's how long his wingspan is. Like it feel like he can hold his own against some good people out there. Here's a tweet of a young Tim Duncan and an old David Robinson playing against each other in practice and it said, chat in Wabanyama next season.  It's gonna be OKC. Chat is out for the season. I'm not saying I don't like it, obviously, but the amount of pounds in that front court will be like 206 combined between a seven foot one guy and a seven foot four guy. They would weigh the same as me and don't get me started with Pokus also in the court with them. So it would fit, I guess, again, I don't know, but sure, add them to the list. This actually made me want to watch more international or like draft prospects. Like I know the Thompson Twins are on the overtime elite. So I might watch them overtime elite this season and stuff like that. Cause if the people are saying of what they're saying is true and that the rest of this draft class is solid too, I need to lock in, bro. I need to lock in, especially if my bulls, nevermind. We don't even have our pick this year. It's top four protected. Actually, beautiful. The bulls knew exactly what they were doing sending a top four protective pick this season because Victor Wabanyama and School Henderson are going one and two and the bulls would have one of those picks. Yeah, that's what we hope at least. Realistically, there are not a lot of teams that both of these guys could go and fit into because when you have talent, everything around you will go into place. And Victor Wabanyama got drafted to a team that we like, ah, we don't want him there. If he is as talented as he is, it won't really matter. And I'm specifically talking about the Utah Jazz. Legit, I'm being honest with you. I wouldn't want to see him in the Utah Jazz uniform realistically, but if he is there, you'll figure it out. You know, he'll figure it out as great players do. Either way, that's a wrap. We will be talking about some more pre-season. We got some games tomorrow that I wanted to wait for. Like I wanted to see the Cavs and I don't even know if like Donovan Mitchell and them are gonna play, but they play tomorrow, so I'm excited about that. And then we'll officially overreact because I'm not mistaken. After tomorrow, every team has played at least one pre-season game.  You know, that's what we do. JK, we enjoy basketball around here.


American and Albanian medical mentors are headed toward an Afghan military hospital. The U.S. members are part of a military training advisory group. They're training the trainers, if you will, doing their best to ensure Afghan medical professionals can sustain a medical system of their own and pass that knowledge to their Afghan counterparts. This is Commander Stephen Yadon's second time filling the role of a medical advisor in Afghanistan. And from what he's seen, things are moving in the right direction. We have transitioned actually as the drawdown has been going to smaller and smaller teams, from 35-man teams to where we are now with about 10. And we stay more focused now in actual running of health care. So they're doing very well at the clinical stages. Now we're able to draw back and get that 50,000-foot view now so that we can see how the system itself is going to be sustainable for the future. Missions include everything from preventive medicine to long-term care of people who suffer traumatic injuries. On this day, Commander Yadon also gave Albanian doctors who have similar medical missions a tour of the hospital. The atmosphere inside the hospital seemed friendly, but Canadian soldiers, along with Albanian and American service members, kept their eyes out for the very real threat of insurgent attacks. For Afghanistan to be a nation, they have to have health care, just as we debate our health care issues back home in the United States. That is why we're here in this support advisory role. Having a sustainable health care system in a country that previously had none is a long-term project to say the least. For example, it takes years to train nurses, and on top of that, you have to train those who can train future nurses. As Afghans continue to step up and fill these leadership roles, U.S. and coalition forces can step back from the systems they helped establish years ago and watch Afghans carry that work into the future. Canadian Staff Sergeant Jason Price, Kabul, Afghanistan.


Rwy'n gyd yn y gwylwyr yn digwydd i ffordd yma, nid yw'r teimlo i'ch bod ymwneud ym 2015, ar y ddweud yma? Felly lle, yna'r holl bryd yn ei fod yn y teimlo, o'n gyd yn y ddefnyddio. Mae'n gwybod ar y peth. Mae'n gwybod i'n gwybod i'r holl blynedd. 2nd, Sunderland, I don't know for the same reasons, the atmosphere was absolutely fantastic, the place was bouncing and to beat Sunderland 2-0 at home and to progress in the cup was a fantastic achievement for everyone involved. First, it's going to be Chelsea.  It was a fantastic game and the atmosphere the fans created behind that goal was electric and I'm sure for a lot of people that will be the most memorable game that they've experienced. And overall, how do you think the year of 2015 is panned out? I think if you look at it on a whole, we progressed on 2014, I think we had a good cup run, we finished higher in the league, year on year you want to build and you want to progress and we certainly did that. What's important that we take the positives from this year and take that into the new year and keep looking to build this club and keep looking to push forward. And finally, what are your hopes for 2016? You've just mentioned there about improving and progressing and moving forward and I'd say that as a club that's what we've got to look to do. We've got the squad to do that, we've got to look around the squad that we've got to see, we've got the quality and it's important that we keep looking to build and progress. That's what we've got to do.


Yeah, we fought through adversity. This team's shown we have toughness, and I can fight through it. We hung in there, things weren't pretty. We started off terrible, early interception, and I got down 14-0. So not the way we want to start a football game, but nobody panicked. We hung in there, knew we just needed to get rolling, get some points. We were able to do that, and stuck with it, and found a way to win at the end. It's a big win today. Oh, it's a big win. We were on the road against a division opponent. It was playing really well. So a big win for us. We knew it was going to be a tough battle coming in, and it turned out to be exactly that. But we're eight games into a 17-game season, regular season. So a lot of football to be played. Just have to stay the course, keep progressing, we're getting better, and I come ready to play each and every week.  How much of a crazy momentum swing was that? Yeah, it was huge. Got the ball back there, no one panicked, and we were able to go get points. So like I mentioned, it doesn't really matter what happens. As long as we have an opportunity, we feel like we can overcome it, and keep swinging, and find a way to win. How'd your neck or your shoulder? I'm sore, but I'll be all right. That was at most of my neck then. Yeah, not my neck, no. Yeah, I love playing with AJ. He's a heck of a football player, makes plays for us weekly, and I love him as a friend too. So it's really fun whenever you can have a good relationship with the person off the field, and be able to carry that on the field. And obviously, he's extremely talented and dangerous with the ball in his hand. So if he continues to get open, I'll continue to throw it to him. What is it like? Yeah, definitely a little bit of a roller coaster there in the last two minutes of regulation. But just try to stay steady, right?  We were moving the ball down the field, so I didn't know what was going to happen at that point. I knew we had to stay ready offensively, and be able to lock back in, and prepare to go win. So unfortunately, we weren't able to get that first drive going early in the overtime. But I found a way defense came up huge for us there, KB with a pick, and we were able to get into field goal range and win it. Ryan, being able to hang, you know, Yerick doesn't have his best, but what does it show about what this offense can do? We're resilient. This team is resilient, like I said. Things aren't always going to be pretty. We had a fun game last week where we got rolling early, but we've been in these tough battles before, and we're going to be in more as the year goes on. And there's no shake. There's no quiver from anybody on our team, I don't think. You know, we were able to respond and find a way to win. You kind of touched on it. Do you want guys not to look at the standings, not to think about that stuff? I mean, the standings are where they are, but at the end of the day, we have a lot of football in front of us, and we have to be able to go play. And tough opponent on the road next week. So need to be able to reset, you know, enjoy this win, grow from it offensively, and be able to reset and come back and play well next week. I know you keep making the game with a catch. What did you say to him? Yeah, I was fired up for Randy. You know, it's good to have him around, a familiar face from a long time ago, but came up huge for us today. So thankful we have him on our team. Yeah, no doubt.  You can't be too high or too low. You know, we want to be a steady force that drives the offense and pushes that belief that we're going to make something happen and we're going to go win the game. So yeah, I do feel the emotions of the game, but at the same time, I try to try to be steady, not only for myself, but for everyone in the huddle. Is there anybody that's? Yeah, guys will come say something to me, but at the end of the day, it's personal, right? You have to be able to turn the page, and I get ready for the next play. What did you see? Yeah, Nikol had his back turned, and it was running with AJ in the slot. And so it looked like they were matching him. Going to take him, carry him vertical. And right when I threw it, he stopped and turned around. So yeah, I don't know if I can do a whole lot differently, but anticipate him stopping. I mean, that's a tough look there. Thanks.


It is 6pm on the 8th of April 1954, Campino Airport in Rome, and South African Airways Flight 201 prepares for takeoff. The plane, the crew are operating is a de Havilland Comet. It represents the cutting edge in aviation and is the world's first commercial jet plane. It is relatively new, at only one year and seven months old. The plane is under the command of Captain Wilhelm K. Mostert. The destination is Johannesburg, South Africa. But air journeys of the time involve multiple stop-offs, and 201 is no different. Originating from London, the flight has one more stop-off in Cairo en route, including crew. The aircraft this evening has 21 lives aboard. The plane is cleared for takeoff and the captain takes power at 1832 and climbs rapidly towards its cruising height of 11,000 metres. During its ascent, at 1907, the aircraft contacts Cairo on the long-range high-frequency radio to report an estimated time of arrival of 2102. This would be the last message from 201 as just five minutes later, the aircraft experienced a rapid decompression. The plane disintegrated, killing all on board. The event would be the third of such a fatal loss of a comet in just over 12 months. The mystery of the dramatic and quick loss of South African airways Flight 201 and the previous two accidents would highlight a fatal flaw in one of the world's most advanced and newest forms of air travel and shake the British aero industry to its core. A comet would not take to the skies in commercial service for nearly another four years, severely hampering the public's image of the aircraft. I'm rating the de Havilland Comet events here eight on my disaster scale and here nine on my historical legacy scale. Welcome to Plain Difficult, where we look into disasters and interesting events in history. Crowds gather around a new and striking aircraft at the 1949 Farmer Air Show. The plane is a departure from the usual fare of propeller-driven World War II related aircraft. The new creation from the Havilland, a company famed by its wartime creation, the wooden-framed mosquito, marked the cutting edge of passenger transport. It's easy to think that a jet plane for travel is nothing particularly impressive, but for the late 1940s such an aircraft was almost unthinkable, as just a few years earlier jet-powered fighter planes had only just managed to take part in World War II towards its closing stages. At the time passenger flights were noisy and uncomfortable experiences due to the vibrations emitted from the piston propeller driveline. Little did those observing the future of travel in 1949 know that the aircraft before them would be a ticking time bomb for any who travelled aboard. But our story starts a few years earlier than the optimistic launch of the Comet in war-torn 1943. Between 1942 and 1943 Lord Brabazon of Tara headed a committee to investigate the future of the British Empire's airliner market following World War II. The committee was conducted in two parts, and during the second in 1943 multiple future aircraft were specified, one of which was the Type 4 jet-powered passenger airliner. The concept for a fully jet-powered airliner was personally pursued by de Havilland founder Geoffrey de Havilland. The company was awarded a development and production contract under the designation Type 106. In 1946 a team was set up to design the new aircraft under the leadership of engineer Ronald Bishop of Mosquito fame. During the development phase the Type 106 went through some radical designs. Although originally intended to take just 24 passengers, changes in specifications from the UK's national carrier and potential main customer for the aircraft, BOAC, led to the design needing to accommodate 36. Because of the changes, a more conventional 20 degree swept wing design with unswept tail surfaces was settled upon. Married to an enlarged fuselage, this final design was named the Comet.  The form of the aircraft was low drag and something very different from other airliners of the time. The fuselage was constructed of thin aluminium, which was both riveted and chemically bonded together. And this helped to save weight of the aircraft overall. The crew and passenger areas were pressurised. This mixed with rapid temperature changes and a cruising speed of 460mph meant that the fuselage had to deal with high stress levels. And because of this, the aircraft needed to be extensively tested. Between 1947 and 1948, the Havelins stress tested at Hatfield Aerodrome, small components with large assemblies in a number of different test rigs. De-compression chambers were used to test large sections of the fuselage, involving testing to component failure to get an idea of what the new plane could take. Testing moved to conducting structural studies with a water tank that could be configured to increase pressures gradually to enable individual failure point discovery. Entire sections of the fuselage were also rapidly pressurised to 2.75 pounds per square inch over pressure and depressurised through more than 16,000 cycles in order to simulate tens of thousands of operating hours. The same was done to the windows and frames. All of these yielded satisfactory results. When you look at the comet, something different but not necessarily obvious can be seen. And that is the window shape. When compared to a modern aircraft, the DH-106 had square cutouts for viewing ports. The first prototype's maiden flight out of Hatfield Aerodrome took place on the 27th of July 1949 and lasted just over 30 minutes. The first aircraft was registered as Gulf Alpha Lima Victor Gulf and was the very same aircraft used to wow the crowds at Farnborough the same year. The first production aircraft was lent to BOAC in 1951 for testing and training purposes. And on the 2nd of May 1952, as part of BOAC's route-proving trials became the world's first paying passenger jetliner on a flight from London to Johannesburg. The comet was about 50% faster than their piston-powered contemporaries. And the first year of service proved the aircraft to be very profitable for BOAC. In total 12, the first type would be delivered to customers. But although initially looking good, the journey of the comet would take a rough turn. On the 26th of October 1952, Comet suffered its first loss of whole incident. When a BOAC flight departing Rome's Campino Airport failed to become airborne and ran into rough ground at the end of the runway. However, the next crash involving a comet would sadly be fatal. On the 3rd of March 1953, a new Canadian Pacific Airlines Comet 1A failed to become airborne while attempting a night take-off at Karachi, Pakistan on a delivery flight to Australia. The aircraft plunged into a dry drainage canal and collided with an embankment killing all five crew and six passengers on board. Next came the bloodiest 12 months for the comet. The first of three structural failures of the aircraft took place on the 2nd of May 1953 when BOAC Flight 783 crashed just six minutes after take-off from Calcutta, India killing all 43 on board. Although overstressed at the fuselage was concluded by the inquiry into the accident the ultimate cause was attributed to extreme turbulence and pilot error by overcompensating. The concept of metal fatigue was not on the cards and thus the comet was allowed to continue working in passenger service. It would be less than a year that another total loss would occur within the comet fleet. A comet registered as Gulf Alpha Lima Yankee Papa was being operated as BOAC Flight 781 on a journey from Kalang Airport Singapore to London Heathrow. On the start of its last leg, 781 had 35 on board including its six crew. The crew had just over 15,000 hours of flight time and by any standard as most World War 2 veterans were highly experienced. Whilst the plane was in Rome it was inspected by Jerry Ball, part of his pre-flight check he is to look for incidental damage. Not seeing anything to worry about, Ball's team give the OK for the comet to resume its flight. Flight 781 departed from Rome at 10.31am on the 10th of January 1954. At about 10.50 the comet's captain was in contact with another BOAC flight an Argonaut. The conversation was about the weather but suddenly mid-sentence Captain Alan Gibson went silent and Flight 781 was seen by witnesses falling into the sea. Needless to say investigators were now confronted with two strange occurrences involving the comet and set out to find the cause of such a dramatic loss of aircraft. Initial recovery efforts found 15 bodies, some personal effects and some smaller wreckage pieces. To try and find the cause of the crash, autopsies were undertaken on the recovered bodies. These gave a small glimpse into the cause of the crash. Many had ruptured lungs and fractured skulls and other respiratory injuries hinting at a rapid decompression event. Initially a bomb was thought to have been the cause but investigators couldn't conclude until the wreckage was inspected but another competing theory was that of an engine explosion. In the meantime the fleet was grounded. During this time all remaining comets received a modification to their engines where the turbine ring was encased with an armour plate to contain a possible disintegration of the turbine disk. But a problem arose of how to recover the wreckage as it was plunged into the Mediterranean Sea. It wouldn't be until August 1954 that Flight 781 would be found and returned to the surface for shipping back to the UK. Long before the eventual recovery BOAC wanted their expensive jetliner fleet back into the air and the company pressured the British government and on the 23rd of March just 10 weeks after the crash this was achieved. Just a few weeks after the resumption of services on the 8th of April 1954 South African Airways Flight 201 would be lost departing Rome in almost identical circumstances with three losses of aircraft due to suspected fuselage, explosive decompression, the Royal Aircraft Establishment set about investigating the cause of the disasters. After the 8th of April crash both Flight 781 and 207 were investigated as part of a joint inquiry headed up by Sir Arnold Hall. The report would take over a year to come out but this time would be invested in stress testing the aircraft way beyond what the designers had envisioned. Unlike 781, 201 was deemed unrecoverable but the similarity of the accident meant that if investigators could determine the cause for one then it would likely be the cause for the other. The recovery 781 was completed in August 1954 with around 70% of the airframe reclaimed from the seabed. The wreckage was reconstructed allowing investigators to visualize potential hints for structural failure. The initial thoughts of an engine explosion after the loss of 201 now seemed to be pretty unlikely as the South African Airways plane had received the armoured ring modification to its engines. Seeking to find out the cause a comet had to be structurally tested to find weak points in its fuselage and in order to facilitate this BOAC donated one of its comets Gulf Alpha Lima Yankee Uniform for testing to failure. The aircraft was placed inside a large water tank. The tank was filled and water was pumped into the airplane to simulate flight conditions. By pumping water into the fuselage and then pumping it out again a simulation of takeoff and landings was created with the pressurizing and depressurizing of the cabin. The use of water instead of air allowed investigators to see where potential stress fractures would occur as when air is compressed it can release energy in a way similar to a bomb, virtually destroying any evidence. The donated plane before testing began in June 1954 had experienced roughly 1230 pressurized flights. The fuselage would last another 1830 test flights in the water tank before structural failure occurred. In total the plane including its previous service record had experienced approximately 3060 pressurization cycles. The results of the structural failure were worrying for the entire comet fleet. It was found that stress fractures originated from the front of the fuselage around the window edges but even more worrying was that due to algae growing around the stress fractures it was discovered that the fractures had been gradually growing over multiple pressure cycles. This was around the same time as more pieces of 7-8-1 came in for examination. They were from the area around the wingspan and consisted of two square windows which were used to house the aerials for the aircraft's automatic direction finding equipment. With the evidence from the test tank on the actual wreckage investigators were able to piece together the failure point for cutouts made in a thin fuselage metal for the square windows. Investigators compared the results from the tank test to 7-8-1 which had over 1200 pressurization and 201 which had received 900 pressurization cycles and concluded that both aircraft would have experienced micro stress fractures during their working life. As each time the cabin was pressurized the corners of the windows become fatigued as the stress was concentrated on the corners and wasn't spread evenly across the opening. After hundreds and thousands of cycles the frame would start to crack and continue to weaken the whole structure of the plane. The testing during the design of the comet was found to be inadequate for the actual stresses loaded on the structure. The findings on both the BOAC and South African Airways crashes were published on the 1st of February 1955. The comet design was subsequently revised making improvements to the already in development comet 2 and one main obvious difference could be seen, the windows. This and also an increase in metal thickness and increased structural support. Additionally larger wings and a longer fuselage were incorporated and this meant that the aircraft was now far better. But the damage to the brand was already done. All outstanding orders for the comet from airlines around the world were cancelled. The type would remain grounded from commercial services until 1958 when the aircraft would take to the skies once again. A trickle of orders would come in eventually with two more revisions being released. The aircraft would be retired in 1997 far outlasting the company that had built it. But its legacy would endure way beyond its working life. Both the De Havilland competitors Boeing and Douglas learnt from the mistakes from the comet. Even admitting in private that if De Havilland had not experienced the comet's pressurisation problems first then it would have happened to them. But ironically it would be Boeing with their much less futuristic and pod mounted engine 707 introduced in 1958 that would eventually rule the commercial skies. Leaving the comet as a bold but flawed footnote in aviation. This is the Planetary Foot Production and all videos on the channel are created by Commons Attribution Share Like Licensed. Planetary Foot videos are produced by me, John, in the currently sunny southeastern corner of London, UK. Help the channel grow by liking, commenting and subscribing. Check out my Twitter for all sorts of photos, nods and sods as well as hints on future videos. I've got Patreon and YouTube membership so check them out if you fancy supporting the channel financially. And all that's left to say is thank you for watching.