Another online viewer asks, do I need to take the LSAT, that's the law school test, for a PhD program in law? I think my best piece of advice for that is to really research the program that you want to attend and look at the admissions requirements on their website. It's hard for me to say because a lot of universities have different requirements when it comes to LSATs and PhD programs, so again, their website is gonna be your best resource for figuring out requirements for each school. Yeah, and that is another important point. We have over 4,000 universities and colleges in the United States, and each one does things a little bit different, so it's very, very important. Check their website and also check with your Education USA.


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Your Coca-Cola bottler presents Claudia based on the famous play and novels by Rose Franken Brought to you transcribed Monday through Friday by your friendly neighbor who bottles Coca-Cola Relax and while you're listening refresh yourself.  Oh, no such thing architecture gone giving you David had to stay in Eastbrook this morning if he has a meeting on the schoolhouse plan Oh, it sure takes a lot of dickering to put up a building when I was a boy and a man wanted to put up a building It's bid on to his hands and said to now it seems there's more Palaverin than there is building going on. Don't think I don't agree with you either. Say, yeah How are you too fixed on time on what mr. Tucker? He ain't occupied these next few minutes. Hey, oh No, we're just going down the hardware store. David wanted to pick up a well if you ain't got nothing more important to do than that I sure could use some advice. Well, mr. Tucker You are the one person in the world whom I thought never needed advice Please don't shatter my last illusion. You're right, David. I guess I don't need advice. Yes, what I want is Yep, well to be honest with you guess what I want is an audience. Well, what are you up to mr. Well, my watch is gone puked out on me ain't running no more I brought it down to the watchmaker here a few weeks ago and yesterday he called me up in his highfalutin language He told me that watch of mine ain't fixable says it's plum war out. Well, how long have you had it? Well, ain't been so long my father got it from his papia. Guess he had it about 20 years before it passed on to me Oh, well, I'd say that watch is put in quite a lifetime Well, I sure never did expect for it to get tired and stop before I did Always kind of thought that Watson Jared Tucker would spend all their time together Like one of them stories when I closed my eyes in final rest the ticking of my watch would stop at ticking too But you see there ain't nothing you can depend on ma'am. Nothing whatsoever not even time Well, you can still depend on Jared Tucker. So you can now now Just about to go in here to the watchmakers and buy me a new watch I was wondering if you young ins could spare yourselves 10 minutes if you'd lend an eye. Sure. Come on. Let's go You have any any particular ideas on what kind of watch you want. Oh, I got an open mind There's very much that I like and I know just what I want, but I got an open mind So I see well here would be Doctor here Anybody at the home be right with you, mr. Tucker. It looks like a very nice little store Everything neat as a pin. Mr. Ames runs this here place. It's supposed to be the best watchmaker in this part of the country Oh, can't see it myself spending all day pouring over them little wheels, but takes all kinds to make a world I always say Well, if I ain't called game What's the trouble mr. Tucker? Did you ever see so many watches big one small one yellow one white one? standing laying down one Hope sure do have all the time in the world Still they don't know what to do with it Hey, listen that grandfather clock. I'd love to have one up at the farm Someday let's buy grandfather clock David. Yes, mr. Tucker here. I am all yours But if you're after me to repair that old watch of yours, I repeat it cannot be done And if I can't do it nobody else now show up there I ain't said a word about that old watch of mine. Well, I'm just anticipating matter of fact I come in to buy myself a new timepiece, and I've done with me my two neighbors mr. And mrs. Not Oh, you do. I mean I've been looking forward to meeting you you young folks having watched trouble No, not recently.  Let's get down business. What kind of what you aim to sell me aims Well, what kind of a watch you're aiming to buy it seems like a more logical approach the best watch you got all my watches Are the best mr. Tucker. Well, there's always one that be the best of the best all my pigs is the best too But Ruby was the best Now here might be important watch I'm buying mr. Ames And I don't expect you realize just how important today mr. Tucker every watch I sell is the most important watch to the person who buys it But my watch is the only watch in Eastbrook mr. Ames now you can't say that about any other watches you sell can you now mr. Tucker, I know you consider yourself the only farmer in Eastbrook the only old man in Eastbrook and the only rightful citizen in Eastbrook, but yours will will not be the only watch in Eastbrook. I beg to differ with you It'll be the only watch in Eastbrook. I mean if you say so it must be but hall mr. Tucker Have you ever seen all the tax returns in a sear town and can't say that I have well I have while back I was a probate for this town One of my duties was to check the Connecticut State tax return Well, you know that line in your return says you got to declare all your personal possessions And there's a line for jewelry and watches. Yeah, I've seen that line. I always thought it was a very amusing I'm the only man in Eastbrook who was honest enough to declare he owned a watch Consequently, it seems I'm the only man in Eastbrook who legally rightfully and honestly owns a watch. Well, what do you know? Mr. Ames whether he knows it or not he's about to sell me the only watch in Eastbrook Better be a right fine watch my friend. You are going to choose it mr. Tucker So it's up to you sir. It's going to be funny to look at another watch in the face Strange watch. It don't say nothing more to me. But what ours is you'll make friends with it Yes, yes, man when he's made such bone and muscle that he lives longer than it father time himself Guess he's got to expect some strange faces even on his watch now Well, what do you got to show me now? Do you want a wrist watch or a pocket watch a wrist watch one of them there watches you wear around your wrist like a bracelet Yes, look mr. Ames you're talking to a man. I never went in for no jewelry or bracelets of any kind No, I never did well.  Yes, I admit it. I've always worn a wrist watch I've had a pocket watch, but it wasn't as convenient. I've always worn a wrist watch I'll be a guest just shows you can ruminate on an idea for 70 years, but you mustn't come to a conclusion Maybe it ain't sophisticated to wear a wrist watch Maybe it ain't because I consider you something of a man son. Well, thank you, mr. Take nothing of it and mr. Tucker There are watches lying inside waiting for me to fix them. Do you or do you not want to buy a watch sure? I do that's what we come for. I just wanted to be reassured.  I ain't take quite a lot of guts from an 86 years old I want a 25 year guarantee on a watch Claudia. Mr. Tucker. I'll tell you what I'll do I'll guarantee that any watch I sell you will last as long as you I ain't taking no guarantee of that nature It's too flexible 25 year guarantee or no guarantee at all. I'm well now Then let's choose the watch and then we'll see now now here is a very fine watch Swiss movement 17 jewels That's me. I don't see no jewels. They're inside mr. Tucker. You mean I'm paying my money for jewels It don't show a man like you mr. Tucker doesn't want jewels that show These jewels ensure the running of your watch so that it won't wear out any faster than you do They're inside guess I got jewels in my joints. I ain't wearing out nearly Well now there's a watch tells you what day of the week it is You're fooling right here. See it says Wednesday. I wouldn't buy such of a watch. It's an insult. It is probably witchery now This watch is waterproof What's the use of a watch being waterproof? Hey, you ever hear of anything like that mr. Norton? Yes. Yes, I have a foolishness to me if a man don't know better than to Plunge his wrist into water when he's got his watch on her jump into the tub with his watch in his vest Why he ain't fitting no one I'll save my money mr. Ames. I don't need no waterproof watches most of the watches today are waterproof Mr. Tucker, it's no extra cost. They are also shockproof Oh, they sure ain't making things as sturdy as they used to used to be your watch could stand some shocking now They got insurer what to get it same things happen to the human race used to be folks was built hard enough to stand shock now They're educated to be shockproof Well, guess that's where it is and here's a watch mr. Tucker that winds itself winds itself. Let me see Watched it do wine wine wines itself. The movement of your wrist is all the watch needs to be wound. They're fascinating, isn't it? Well, what do you know? Scott and show has it that the man can't even make his own time anymore.  Tucker says darling, you can't do anything about time Mr. Tucker, I've got the finest line of watches you will find in the country and if they don't suit you I'm I'm sorry. Oh, mr. Ames. I think that mr. Tucker can find a watch here He's a little more discouraged with the time of the century that it is than the time pieces that you sell Haven't you got one of them nice watches with the cheerful round faces looks up at you as if to say I got time Jared plenty of time Watch man can put in his best pocket will feel set in there. What's it ain't an insult to carry Well, now I I do have one old watch in the shop. I've had it for Practically a century. Nobody before ever wanted to buy it, but uh, you might I'll sell it to you cheap cheap you say. Well now you're talking man. Now you're talking. Here it is If you don't want this you don't want anything Look at it. I never saw such a watch. Well, it's practically a clock and a hunter's case My father used to have a watch like that. Does it uh, does it ring the hours, mr. Ames? Oh, it does more than that. It rings the time for you now. Listen Listen to that Nine o'clock Lovely sound that watch and tell the time in the dark with this here watch transfer. We're almost telling a story Look at it spinny little hands like spiders clear lacy numbers It's such an open honest face Like the man in the moon. Now. I'll sell you this watch cheap Uh, $35 made a solid gold made of solid gold Well now here be a watch watch man can wind watch man can see watch man can hear a watch a man Is responsible for not vice versa with the watch like this one Man couldn't be ashamed to pass in the time Uh, mr. Ames you made yourself a sale Well, well, I must say I'm as surprised as you are Here now now you give me the watch before you change your mind I'll take it in the back room and check it for you Well, mr. Ames you've made yourself a sale And anytime anybody wants time of day, I'll be pleased to give it to them Just to prove they're shopping old jerry tucker don't mind giving away If there's a youth center in your neighborhood drop in some evening and watch the young people at play Their pleasures are wholesome pleasures music dancing talking and coke When there's ice cold coca-cola on hand teenagers have the making of good times at their social centers Or at home You might remember that when you're doing the family marketing. Well, son, how'd you like to look at me new watch? Hmm A handsome piece of watch mr. Tucker that kind of suits my personality wouldn't say I'd say exactly that but you didn't know I had such fine taste did you never doubted it for a moment Where you going now? Oh got to get home and show me watch the delilah. It'll make her eyes pop out like chestnuts It will funny about time isn't it mr. Tucker how one evening can be long the next one's short All with the same clock ticking away the minutes son while you're near talking philosophy Give me a for instance a for instance tomorrow evening Endless because claudia has to spend it with a book Minutes take hours to tick by till she finds the right book. I know what to mean never could stand reading trash Well got to be on my way. See you son. Goodbye mr. Tucker Every day monday through friday claudia comes to you transcribed with the best wishes of your friendly neighbor who battles coca-cola So listen again tomorrow at the same time And now this is joe king saying au revoir And remember whoever you are whatever you do Wherever you may be When you think of refreshment Think of coca-cola For coca-cola makes any pause the pause that refreshes and ice cold coca-cola is everywhere This broadcast of claudia was supervised and directed by william brown maloney And now here's a word from your friendly neighbor who bottles coca-cola


Hi, my name is Natalia. I'm from Ukraine. I completed my ITTT 120-hour TEFL course and I have already received my certificate. So I'm very happy you can see my certificate in my hands. So now I have much more opportunities to be employed abroad and to teach English abroad. I applied for the course with the tutor support and video lessons. So I received one more free-of-charge additional certificate for teaching young learners and now I have two certificates. All the materials given in two courses are very essential and very useful for teachers. There are a lot of different teaching techniques and teaching approaches which can be used in my future teaching practice. I didn't disturb my tutor during my study but the video lessons were very essential and useful for me as I am not a native speaker. In spite of the fact I managed to finish the courses in short periods of time because I needed my certificates as soon as possible. Of course I recommend the course to everyone who wants to teach English and I'm sure that the course will be useful not only for those who are planning to start teaching career but for practicing teachers as well. Thank you ITTT and thank you for watching the video. I think it was useful for you. I wish you good luck in your teaching practice and in your study with ITTT. Goodbye.


Namaskar dear learners. Today we will discuss about the Indifference Card Technique which is included in your paper Introduction of Economic Theory 1. I am Parag Dutta from Krishna Kanta handed State Open University. So in this class we will discuss about initially the basics concepts of Indifference Curve. Then we will discuss about Indifference Curve and Indifference Map. Then we will go for a Parties of Indifference Curve. Then consumers will live in through Indifference Curve approach. After that we will try to see the price effect in terms of income effect and substitution effect. So to start with this class what we will do? We will talk about the concept of Indifference Curve. The Indifference Curve technique was conceived as an alternative to the cardinal utility approach. A number of economies has contributed to this technique over the years and recently it was Slavsky, then J.R. Hicks and R. G. L. N. who contributed towards development of Indifference Curve theory. Now what is the basis of Indifference Curve or you know which is also known as Cardinal Utility Approach. Actually the Cardinal Utility Approach was criticized by various economics on the ground there you know because it assumed that the utility can be measured in quantitative term which is not true because utility is a subjective concept which cannot be measured by putting some numbers. So, Ordinal Utility Approach but they adopt they are of the view there although utility cannot be measured in cardinal term that means in numeric forms but one can rank or give difference to different bundle of goods that means they can refer one bundle of goods as compared to another bundle of goods. So based on their different schedules one can draw a Indifference Curve or we can derive the Indifference Curve. Now when you are talking about the Ordinal Utility Approach it is basically the main technique is Indifference Curve and Indifference Schedule. Now what is Indifference Curve? In simple language Indifference Curve is a locus of or you can say combination of points. Points means the combination of commodities that gives same level of satisfaction to the consumer. That means along a Indifference Curve whatever point a consumer choose he will gain the same level of satisfaction. Now the basis of drawing a Indifference Curve is the Indifference Schedule. Now whenever you are talking about schedule it implies the various combination of these two goods. So Indifference Curve is drawn on the basis of Indifference Schedule and Indifference Schedule is nothing but combination of various commodities which yield the same level of satisfaction to the consumer. Now another concept is also there Indifference Map. Now what is Indifference Map? Indifference Map shows all the Indifference Curve which rend the preference of the consumer. So when as a rational consumer a consumer always try to attain or move to a higher Indifference Curve because it will give them more level of satisfaction provided his income. I will discuss this later. Next we will discuss about the assumption of the Indifference Curve. Now in any social science whether it is economics or political science the theories are basically based on certain assumptions. Now the theories valid only assumptions are fulfilled. So Indifference Curve is not an exception it is also based on certain assumptions. Now we will discuss about the assumptions of Indifference Curve. The first assumption is that utility can be measured ordinarily. That means as I have already told you that they have reject the concept of cardinal utility but they are the view that although utility cannot be measured cardinally but it is possible to measure utility ordinarily. Now the second assumption is that the consumer is rational. Now it is a common assumption for most of the theories or you can say all the theories of economics that the consumer is assumed to be rational. So that means the consumer must behave in a rational way. It implies that even his income and even the prices of the two commodities, consumer will always try to attain the highest level of satisfaction by distributing his or her income in different commodities. Next assumption is additive utility. That means utility can be added. The total utility of a consumer is the addition of utility he enjoys by consuming different commodities. In other words the quantities of commodities that is consumes determines the total utility of the consumer. Next consistency of sources means a consumer must be consistent in his sources. The source of the consumer is consistent in the sense that if he or she suges combination A over B in any one period that means he or she will not choose B over A in another period. Symbolically if A is greater than B in one situation it must be applicable to all other situations also. Next transitivity of consumer source. It implies that if a consumer prefer combination A over combination B and combination B over combination C then the consumer must require combination A over combination C. That means if A is greater than B and B is greater than C then A must be greater than C. So these are basically the properties of the indifference, assumptions of the indifference curve. Now the properties of the indifference curve. What are the basic properties of that? The first properties of indifference curve is that indifference curves are downward sloping towards the right. Why it happens? Because the consumer suges to move along an indifference curve then he or she has to sacrifice some units of one group to obtain an additional unit of other group. In other words when a consumer moves from one point to another point on an indifference curve he has to sacrifice the one unit of a commodity to gain another unit with a particular commodity and as a result indifference curve is always downward sloping and negatively sloping. The next properties of indifference curve is that indifference curves are convex to the horizontal. The convexity of the indifference curve is basically due to the working of the principle of diminishing marginal rate of substitution. Now what is marginal rate of substitution? Marginal rate of substitution means the rate at which one commodity can be substituted for another. Suppose if I am saying that if a consumer consuming say two commodities commodity X and commodity Y. Now consumer wants to increase the consumption of commodity X and he wants to reduce the consumption of commodity. Now suppose to gain an additional unit of commodity X if the consumer has to sacrifice four units of commodity Y then marginal rate of substitution is equal to 4. So this is known as marginal rate of substitution. It implies the rate at which one commodity can be substituted for another. Now the indifference curve is convex because the diminishing rate of marginal rate of substitution and this is obvious because while a consumer substitute one commodity for another then the rate of substitutability is really declined. Next the properties of indifference curve is that the indifference curve cannot intersect. This is another important properties of indifference curve. That means no indifference curve intersect. This means that only one indifference curve can pass through a point of indifference. Now if two indifference curve intersect with one another that will give contradictory results. Then the point of intersection will give contradictory results because the point of intersection will be on two indifference curve. Now a higher level of indifference curve must give higher level of satisfaction compared to a lower level of indifference curve. Now if the indifference curve intersect one another then then a higher level of indifference curve may not give higher level of satisfaction. Then the lower level of indifference curve is possible. That is why indifference curve cannot intersect each other. And last but not the least properties of indifference curve is that the indifference curve cannot pass each other. It is almost same to the property number three. Now we have already discussed about the assumptions of indifference curve and the properties of indifference curve. Now we are in a position to explain consumers equilibrium with the technique of indifference. Now in this section we will discuss about the equilibrium of a consumer using the indifference curve approach. Now to derive the consumer's equilibrium under indifference curve approach what we have to do we have to explain the indifference curve along with budget. Now what is budget line? A budget line is an important concept in the indifference curve. It is defined as the various combination of the two commodities that a consumer can consume even the income and price of the two commodities. Now a budget line is drawn on the basis of the income of the consumer and prices of the two commodities. Now the slope of the budget line is nothing but the ratio of the prices of the two commodities. And the slope of the indifference curve is given by the marginal rate of substitution as I have discussed already discussed. Now a consumer is in equilibrium when the slope of the indifference curve is equal to slope of the budget line. In other words when the budget line is tangent to the indifference curve then the consumer is in. Now in the diagram as we have seen that a consumer will always try to move to a high indifference curve say IC3. But he is not able to do so because he has limited income and he will not restrict himself in IC1 because that will give him the least level of satisfaction. So as a result the consumer will be in equilibrium at point E where the where the budget line is tangent to the indifference curve. Thus given the budget line the consumer would like to maximize his satisfaction by climbing on the highest indifference curve. Next we will talk about the limitation of the indifference curve. Although indifference curve technique is assumed to be superior as compared to cardinal utility approach but it has lots of limitations. The first limitation of indifference curve technique is there. The indifference curve technique does not tell us anything mean and it is considered to be a old wine in a new bottle. That means the indifference curve explained whatever already explained by the cardinal utility analysis they have only using a different technique. The second assumption or second limitation of indifference curve is that it assumes that the consumer is very familiar with the anterior preference sheet. This is actually not the case in real life. It is not possible that a consumer is always familiar with the anterior preference sheet. Another limitation of indifference curve is there. That technique can be efficiently applied only in case of two commodities. Once more than two commodities are here the analysis become common. So these are basically limitation of indifference curve. So in this partial class or in this online class initially we have talked about the ordinal utility analysis why ordinal utility analysis is considered to be superior to cardinal utility analysis. Next we discussed about indifference curve and indifference schedule then indifference map. Then we talked about the assumption of indifference curve then properties of indifference curve. Then we try to see how the consumer is in equilibrium by applying the technique of indifference curve and passage by. So I hope from this class you got some ideas about the indifference curve technique. So thank you for attending this class.