The Jack Benny program. It's presented by Lucky Strike. In a cigarette, it's the tobacco that counts, and- LS-MFT. LS-MFT. Lucky Strike means fine tobacco. Yes, Lucky Strike means fine tobacco. Remember what happens at the tobacco auction? Check the bar. Year after year, at market after market, independent tobacco experts present at the auctions can see the makers of Lucky Strike consistently Select and buy that fine that light that naturally mild tobacco just listen to what mr.. James w. Adams for 22 years an Independent tobacco warehouseman of south boston, virginia recently said about the fine tobacco He's seen bought for the makers of lucky strike I've been a tobacco warehouseman for 22 years and down through the years I've seen the makers of lucky strike by fine tobacco real quality tobacco the kind of tobacco That's bound to give a good smoke for 15 years lucky to bend my regular smoke so for your own real deep down smoking enjoyment take a tip from the experts and light up a lucky light Up a really fine cigarette puff by puff you'll see LS MFT LS MFT lucky strike means fine tobacco So smoke that smoke a fine tobacco lucky strike so round so firm so fully packed so free and easy on the draw Livingston Phil Harris Rochester dentistry and yours truly Don Wilson ladies and gentlemen Let's go out to Jack's home in Beverly Hills Jack and Rochester are puttering around the kitchen and at the moment they're defrosting and cleaning out their refrigerator Well, it's all wiped out Rochester now put the butter back first. Yes, sir Say boss, what do you want me to do with this leftover roast beef? Save it. We'll make hash out of it. How about this leg of lamb we had last Thursday? Save that too. We'll make hash out of it. What shall I do with this leftover roast pork? Save it. We'll make hash out of that too. What shall I do with this 30 pounds of leftover hash? Save it. We'll make stew out of it Wait a minute. What's in that? What's in what that round flat can in the freezing compartment? Oh, I just put that in there since the weather got hot What is it the film of the horn blows at midnight and put in this package I want to store it there all summer. Say that's a mighty big package. What's in it? Miss Livingston's fur coat. I Made her a better deal than I J Fox Well, that's about all Rochester you can close the refrigerator. Yes, sir Oh, Rochester open the refrigerator again. I want to take out some ham for a sandwich. It's too late, boss The time lock is set for tomorrow morning You know, I'm so hungry. Oh by the way, Professor LeBlanc is coming over pretty soon to give me a violin lesson So I better I'll get it boys Mr.. Benny's residents scarves stage green radio and remember our slogan during the summer You can save some cash by storing your first right next to our heads to mr.. Jack Benny, please just a moment miss It's for you boys. Thanks. Hello, mr. Benny. This is Betty Stewart of the Associated Press Associated Press yes last week in a press interview Fred Allen said that if you're as bad on television as you are on radio People will receive your program on a 10-inch airway The Associated Press wants to know if you'd like to make any comment about mr. Allen. I certainly would Put a man on the phone Mr.. Betty, I'm used to that kind of language. I used to work in a bingo parlor Thing you'd like to say about mr. Allen Yes, you can quote me as saying the reason Fred Allen doesn't go on television is because he doesn't want to spoil an illusion And illusion yes on the radio everybody thinks he's alive Unquote goodbye Who was that boss and the Associated Press one of our competitors no no, Roger. That's a newspaper. They don't press clothes They gather news for all the Come in Jackson. What you say Chester? The Jackson is something I want to talk to you about. Oh, what is it? Well, I'd like to talk to you alone Rossi, would you mind leaving the room? Okay? What do you want to talk to me about Phil? Close the other door will you? Sure, what is it Phil Jackson?  Yes But now we're not on the radio so I can turn you down without a joke Life funny, but Jackson now wait a minute. You can't turn me down. I gotta have two thousand dollars So what in the world do you need all that money for well after we go off the air this summer? I'm going on tour with my orchestra on tour. Yeah, and we're gonna go to Texas then Louisiana then through Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia Why are you only going through the South look dad only know one song and I ain't taking no chance Well, Phil, what do you need the $2,000 for me traveling expense? Oh, no, no, that's all taken care of but I promised all my boys I'd buy him new tuxedos. Well, it's about time at least they look nice while they're playing Oh, no, they ain't gonna wear them on the bandstand. They're gonna use them to pick up extra money during the daytime Tuxedos in the daytime. Yeah, they double as Paul bears and Remle's in great demand Remle is a Paul bearer. Why both of his arms are on the same side Well, I never noticed that while he was playing the guitar Well, look Phil, I'd like to lend you the money but now wait a minute Jackson wait a minute now I'm not asking this as a friend. I'm willing to make it the regular business deal. I'll sign papers and everything What would you be willing to put up security? Yeah, but not like the last time We missed the kids Well, you don't have to put up security just sign the papers as usual or Rochester, Rochester What is it boss? Mr. Harris is going to sign a legal agreement. Bring me a sheet of paper a pen and a sharp knife. Yes, sir All right, Phil roll up your sleeve Jackson can I sign an ink this time? Okay, you've been with me a long time. I'll go down to my vault to get the money you write out an IOU What an IOU I spell it Rochester I'll show you I'll be back in a few minutes. I'm going down to the ball I hope the drawbridge is strong You can take it with you. Oh, mr. Benny.  Benny I haven't had a chance to thank you for my Christmas present. Did you like it in it's the nicest calendar I ever had Good and it isn't that a pretty picture on it. Yes, what is it? It's a girl And what's that thing she's holding? Oh, that's a telephone. Oh That's a girl and that's a telephone. Yes, it was invented in 1876 the girl no no no No, excuse me, Ed. I'd like to open the safe.  No, no, I just close your eyes Now let's see Right to 45 Left to 60 Back to 15 And left to 110 There that reminds me I must ask Phil what he's gonna play on the program Phil wants $2,000 I'll take $2 for my violin teacher And I better take an extra five. I may go to Las Vegas for the weekend There Well, goodbye Ed take care of yourself. I will oh by the way, mr. Benny Would you mind mailing this letter for me? No, no, not at all. It's very important Would you put it on the pony yourself if they take it by trains now an aeroplane? I'll explain it to you later. So long. Goodbye, mr. Benny Guys haven't got used to the light yet Here's your money. Thanks Jackson. I really appreciate it. You're welcome. But don't forget I want it back in 90 days So long Phil so long g in any Yeah, I hope Phil doesn't borrow money from me too often. He can't afford the interest. Oh, well, that's his worry Say boss while you were down the ball professional Blanche wife called and said he wouldn't be able to Come on and give you a violin lesson. Why not? She said he sprained his ankle and can't go out Well, gee, I don't want to miss my lesson. I'll go over to his house Rochester, I'll get my violin you get the car. You can't use the car boss. The two front wheels are out of line Are they much out of line? I think so once in the garage and the others on Wiltshire Boulevard Take the street car. I'll get my violin now and oh darn it. Just when I'm in a hurry. Come in Hi, Jack. Oh, gee. Oh gee karma's quite a surprise. What brings you around here? Well, Jack I won't take up much of your time. I just thought maybe you'd like to buy a song buy a song. Mm-hmm What's a man like you? Hoagie Carmichael doing going around from door to door selling song. Well, Jack It's a long story remember that night three years ago at the Academy Awards when Sam Gowan called me Hugo Yeah Well ever since then Hugo became a sensation What about Hoagie? He's a bum Wait a minute. Don't tell me Hoagie Carmichael a man who wrote stardust an old buttermilk sky can't sell a song I can't understand it either Jack and I have some wonderful new ones I just finished a beautiful love song called she didn't realize he was alive till he got him alone on Mulholland Drive. Oh Yes, yes, I heard that then I wrote another one called I bought a television set for my girl and now she's in love with Milton Burl It's very good very good. Yeah, then I wrote another song. It's very topical. What's the name of it? Everything is strictly kosher since the Giants got back Leo de Rocher Song isn't popular. It's struck out on the hip parade Yeah, that's a shame. Yeah, I got a new one. I brought along with me and I want you to listen to it Well, Hoagie, what makes you think I'll be interested in it? Well, just let me sing it for you and you'll know the reason why I've got the music right here Well good, I'll get my violin and accompany you. Wait a minute Jack. It's a new song. Give it a fighting chance Okay, okay, come on. Let's hear it I'm getting tired of these cattle and the herd in them on a horse that's a hope and he'll die I'm going down to a ranch and a winter named Blanche where the living is easy as pie I'm getting tired of these tumble wheat cigarettes tired of eating baked beans from a tin I'm gonna marry that ranch and the winter named Blanche though.  That's fine. How could I do any better cause life will be Just a key and it lays these sort of a way I'll be boss of that ranch if I have to kiss Blanche and thank my lucky stars. I matter Getting tired of this dreaming about city life without a red hot scent in my jeans I'm going down to a ranch and a winter named Blanche who was known as the lady of means I'm getting tired of these mockingbirds are mocking me when I'm a cuss and things are biting my hide I'm gonna marry that ranch and the winter named Blanche though. I know she's seven foot wide, then I'll be smoking Lucky's LSMFT and all day With the shave and the shine and tobacco. That's fine. How could I ever feel keener cause life will be Just a key and in the lazy sort of a way I'll be boss of that ranch if I have to kiss Blanche to stay where the grass grows really swell I like the way the commercial was worked in there, you know, but thanks Jack Would you like to buy that song? Well, I haven't got time to discuss it right now You see I've got to catch the street car and go take a violin lesson. Oh, well call me tomorrow. Okay, okay, so long Jack so long Roger, I'm gonna take my lesson now. I'll be home for dinner. Did I get your fare? Oh my fare.  Yes. Yes, you were in London, England last summer. Weren't you? Yes. Yeah, how did you know this transfer he gave me is from the Piccadilly bus company? Give you that one. That was a mistake. Here's a dime. Thanks. I bet you're surprised to see a celebrity like me riding a street car No, when they're on their way down, they save every way they can Hear the car, please step to the rear of the car. All right. All right. Let me know when it's West 6th Street Excuse me Excuse me. Hello, Mr. Benny. Huh? You can sit here by me. Oh, hello Dennis Where are you going? I'm going down to the doctors and have my appendix taken out. Where are you going? Did I hear that right Dennis? You're going to have your appendix out Why not? I have an insurance policy that entitles me to an operation Well, that's the most ridiculous thing I've ever heard. No, it isn't after I read my policy I thought it would be smarter to have my appendix taken out Why was either that or have a baby And say Dennis what kind of insurance is this you've got anyway. Oh, it's a good policy, mr. Benny It's full coverage full coverage. Yeah for truck runs over me. They fixed the truck Well, let's not talk about that anymore Mind if I read your newspaper kid. No, go ahead. I'm finished with it Thank you know they lifted the blockade in Anaheim. I know they lifted the blockade in Anaheim Yeah, they're letting in oranges from Azusa Breaks records at Preakness say mr. Benny. We're going with your violin. I won't take my lesson from professor LeBlanc Oh, you're not kidding me.  I don't have to I got two shows. Oh Yes, who's that?  I do not have to give mr. Benny a violin lesson Yeah, this mr. Benny. He is a moving picture star. No, we he's a moving picture star. No He is on the radio. Oh, you know the program that starts Touché bar touché tombé say with me fair come and saw Maybe it is the landlord no no he would not come to a dump like this. I Will see oh, how do you do does professor LeBlanc live here? Oh, yeah, I am mrs. LeBlanc Well, I'm Jack Benny Sacre bleu Hey professor, I heard what happened to you so I came over here for my lesson Thank you Professor, how's your sprained ankle a dismal failure? Nothing nothing if you are here for a lesson, let's get it over with we I mean, yes Now professor when you were giving me my last lesson, what were we doing? You were playing the blue Danube and I was picking up the dead flies Anyway, what number what number do you want me to play today the same one you have been practicing for weeks and weeks and weeks Minuet lentique. Oh, yeah. Yeah, here. I'll get my violin out of the case Susette aren't you going to kiss me? Goodbye? I Am not going out. You will in a minute Does not make any difference. I Have to be in tune. Shall I start with the minuet lentique start start start with anything? No, Mr. Benny every week you make the same mistake. How many times do I have to tell you it is not that You have to slide Sacre bleu Thank you. What is it? So that what we Oh professor, what did she say? It loses something in the translation, but it means you stink To get ahead by increasing your own personal measure of financial security and independence If you haven't been buying savings bonds regularly start now Put more opportunity in your future Invest in United States savings LS MFT LS MFT lucky strike means fine tobacco and in a cigarette It's the tobacco that counts. Yes It takes fine tobacco to make a fine smoke and in each and every lucky strike in every pack in every carton There's fine light naturally mild tobacco. No doubt about it LS MFT LS MFT Lucky strike means fine tobacco and this fine lucky strike tobacco gives you all the real deep down Smoking enjoyment you expect and deserve in your cigarette So light up a lucky light up a really fine cigarette and smoke that smoke a fine tobacco lucky strike So round so firm so fully packed so free and easy on the draw So the very next time you step up to a cigarette counter ask for a carton of lucky strike Good night doll. Good night everybody


How's it going everyone? Caleb here with late and sports cards next tonight. We have flawless football 2021 left-side serial number Break number 25. Thanks so much for joining. There's the box the case briefcase Here are the results. I did sort them there so you can see your serial numbers on top to bottom Here we go, let's do it Good luck. Thank you again everyone Always very very fun We have pretty much not the month Realistically you can all fit in there for the rest of your life Just if I remember good or it left That's all We'll see if that got it off or not 50 50 chance They really put these stickers on kind of a jagged here there that one's definitely off Slice this side quick. I don't know if I got it fully or not. It should help Regardless, let's see what we got Here we go. Good luck everyone empty there and empty there Good luck here everyone. Let's do it.  We've got a Five-spot hits rookie autograph for the Rams 2 2 at well You go five spot nice To to at well so excited Oh man, yeah, it's about to be all over for you this year lane You get ready lane 12 spot this time James Lofton Bills penmanship auto Yeah, Lane did take down the title. So we got to take him down 12 spots nice one He is definitely the man in charge Took it down It is gonna be rookie debut signatures for the 14 spots a Madras, St. Brown Nice one. Yeah Jersey number great card there congrats on that one Joe V. We'll mag that for you Joe nice Jersey number 14 of 20 I said Joe And Closing it out here. It's gonna be flawless flyers 12 of 15 Steve young auto There you go Chris L 12 spot very very nice I'm not sure Joey Lane might have an idea. I really don't know though What was your comp that you found Joey? Alright you have That is gonna be the emerald here emerald gem one of five one spot again Kevin H. Frank Gifford You go one spots Kevin H Authenticity guarantee and then we've got the Ruby gem this time gonna be 18 of 20 for the Chargers 18 spot in the break is Brandon Jay Keenan Allen You know Brandon Keenan Allen Ruby sapphire gem And last one out ice seven spot seven of ten Signature gloves Justin Fields rookie patch autograph boom That is super nice Congratulations seven spots Knock is very in a super nice card man. Yes. It was she's eat. Yes. It was For knock is very in there very very nice Seven spot congrats, man. That's awesome. She's eat. Thanks, man. We appreciate that. Thank you His first break. How about it? How about it? Let's go man. Oh, he's feels even better when that happens Good stop, that's awesome That is awesome great hit there guys that does do it for the break always really appreciate you joining these flawless breaks Thank you so much. We'll have them protected in right out to you


On August 16th, 1859, Harriet Newby sent a letter to her husband. Harriet was a border state slave and her husband was Dangerfield Newby, a fugitive slave who had raised money to buy her freedom only to have her owner reject the previously agreed upon price. So Dangerfield and his wife were separated and desperate. In her letter, she made clear the desperate situation she and her infant child were in. She wrote, quote, The last two years has been like a troubled dream to me. It is said master is in want of money. If so, I know not what time he may sell me, and then all my bright hopes of the future are blasted, for there has been one bright hope to cheer me in all my troubles. That is to be with you, for if I thought I should never see you, this earth would have no charms for me. Do all you can for me, which I have no doubt you will. End quote. Dangerfield Newby was the first of John Brown's men to be killed two months after this letter was written. He was shot in the neck and left on the ground where hogs came to nibble at his corpse. The angry citizens of Harper's Ferry would poke sticks in the hole of his neck wound and some cut pieces of his ears to keep his souvenirs. Others rooted through his pockets for valuables and among the contents found Dangerfield Newby's dead body were the letters from his wife urging him to do anything he could to come and see her and the children. Nobody involved in Harper's Ferry would get a happy ending, but Dangerfield Newby's story is probably the most heartbreaking. Driven by desperation, he was the first of Brown's men shot down. His wife, just as she feared, was sold down the river to a sugar plantation in Louisiana, this being one of the most terrifying fates a slave could face, with the Louisiana sugar plantations being notoriously cruel in the way they drove their workers. The $741 Dangerfield had saved up to purchase his wife's freedom was distributed among his relatives in Ohio. John Brown was, to Dangerfield, the last desperate hope, but John Brown only led him to his death. I'm Chris Calton and this is the Mises Institute podcast, Historical Controversies. This episode is probably what we would recognize as the climax of the antebellum period of the United States, John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry. Even though Brown had significant difficulty finding support in the North, his actions had a tremendous impact on the South, coloring Southern perception of Northerners and effectively pouring gasoline on the secessionist fire. Bill Williams was a watchman on the B&O Railroad Bridge that ran across the Potomac River into Harper's Ferry, Virginia. Every half hour, Williams was supposed to punch a time clock during his patrol on the bridge, but his patrol would be interrupted a little bit before midnight when a pair of armed men appeared. Then 17 more came out of nowhere. Two of them were men Williams recognized and the other was a stranger. One of them was John Cook, John Brown's spy in Harper's Ferry, and the other was John Brown himself, though Williams knew him by the alias Isaac Smith. John calmly informed Williams that he was now their prisoner. Williams thought he was joking at first, but this didn't last long as he was escorted at gunpoint into the armory in Harper's Ferry where John Brown would be stationed throughout the raid, along with many other hostages. As Brown and his men were fiddling with the padlock over the armory, Daniel Willen rode by and was ordered by Brown's raiders to open the gate. He refused, and the raiders threatened him before using a crowbar to break the lock themselves. John took Willen and Williams inside the armory where he set up shop. Brown then ordered some of the men to guard the gate to the armory and dispatched various orders for the rest of them. Then he turned to his hostages and announced his goal. Quote, I want to free all the Negroes in the state. If the citizens interfere with me, I must only burn the town and have blood." End quote. At 1.30 in the morning, Lewis Washington was woken up by somebody calling his name from the hallway of his home. Washington wasn't suspicious. He assumed it was a late night visit from a friend who'd been led in by his slaves. But when Washington opened his bedroom door, still wearing his night shirt and slippers, he was surprised to see who was calling for him. John Cook. If you remember from the previous episode, Cook had met with Washington in his home and befriended the man some months prior. But John Cook was accompanied by a handful of other men. One of them was Aaron Stevens, who was holding a torch to light the dark hallway in one hand and a revolver in the other.  He then told Washington to get dressed, which Washington did, but slowly asking the men to light candles and put out their torches in order to prevent his house from catching fire. Then he asked why the men were taking him hostage. Stevens gave the answer, quote. We have come here for the purpose of liberating all the slaves of the South, end quote. Washington assumed he was lying. And with good reason, John Cook told the men where to find Washington's heirlooms, the gun that Marquis de Lafayette had given George Washington, as well as the sword given to George Washington by Frederick the Great. Aaron Stevens also told Lewis Washington to hand over his wristwatch, but Washington, according to his personal testimony later, said, quote, you told me your purpose was philanthropic, but you did not mention at the same time that it was robbery and rascality, end quote. When Washington was escorted outside his house, his carriage pulled up.  This was Shields Green, the raider who joined Brown when Brown was trying to recruit Frederick Douglass. The men then climbed into the carriage and started off toward the armory. And as they traveled, John Cook kindly asked Washington if he'd done any shooting since their contest at his home. And he apologized to Washington for having to take him prisoner after he'd shown such hospitality during his visit to Washington's home. Before reaching the armory, the carriage stopped at the home of another slave owner named John Allstat. According to Washington's testimony, the raiders broke into the home while Washington was kept under guard in the carriage. And he could hear, quote, a shout of murder and general commotion in the house, end quote. Washington was living alone, so it was easy for the raiders to take him. But Allstat had a family. The Shouts Washington could hear came from Allstat's daughter and female cousin after three raiders barged into the home and ordered Allstat to get dressed and come with them. They also took Allstat's 18-year-old son hostage. But when Allstat came outside, his seven slaves had already been gathered up and loaded into the carriage. Allstat and his son were loaded up as well. And the carriage started back toward the armory. When the hostages were unloaded at the armory, Washington was greeted by John Brown, though he didn't know who he was at first. And Brown told him, quote, you will find a fire in here, sir. It's rather cool this morning, end quote. Brown then told Washington that at dawn, he was to write to one of his friends and tell them to send a, quote, stout, able-bodied Negro, end quote, as ransom for Washington. And Brown also told Washington that he valued him as a hostage because of the moralizing effect of having a relative of George Washington as one of his captives. Before his arrival at the armory, Louis Washington did not believe the men were really trying to free slaves. He assumed they were just a group of robbers. But now he could see a handful of black men coming occasionally to warm their hands by the fire inside the armory, each carrying with them a pipe provided by John Brown. This would mostly be Allstat slaves, by the way. The majority of Washington's slaves were away when the Raiders came. This is one of the flaws in John Brown's plan, really, is that they attacked on a Sunday, which was when slaves often were allowed to go visit relatives or friends elsewhere. But there were three of Washington's slaves who were still there, and they provide an interesting study in how slaves reacted to this kind of raid. Of Washington's three slaves, one eagerly joined Brown's Raiders, which was the kind of reaction Brown assumed all slaves would have. Another slave joined the Raiders until it started to become clear that they were going to be captured or killed, and then he tried to pretend that he'd never joined the Raiders, and he was just kept there as a hostage. The third slave was afraid to join them at all, not because he was comfortable in captivity, as some people still seem to think, but because he assumed the raid was going to fail and he didn't want to face the punishment inflicted on rebellious slaves. At midnight, about the same time that Brown was making his grand announcement to the initial hostages before Louis Washington's carriage arrived, Bill Williams was to be relieved by another patrolman, Patrick Higgins. He was late that night, but when he arrived 10 minutes after midnight, he saw that all of the lamps lighting the bridge had been put out. The last punch in the time clock had been made nearly two hours ago. Higgins found out why at 30 minutes after midnight when he crossed the bridge to the Virginia side, at which point two men stood in front of them, holding spears or something that looked like spears to Higgins and rifles. One of the strange men informed Higgins that he, like Williams, was their prisoner. But instead of going quietly, Higgins swung the lantern he was carrying at the man, causing him to stumble back and then Higgins ran to a nearby hotel, threw himself through a window and told the hotel clerk, William Throckmorton, to lock the doors as they could hear gunshots from the men outside. Throckmorton had actually seen Brown and his wagon of weapons roll by sometime earlier and had assumed it was a quote, unquote, gypsy wagon. At 1.25 a.m., the express train to Baltimore arrived and Throckmorton and Higgins let the crew know that there were armed strangers on the bridge. The conductor, Andrew Phelps, responded by grabbing a lantern and going outside to investigate with the train following slowly behind him. It wasn't long before he heard a voice yell out, stand and deliver. And he could see a pair of rifle muscles in the dark pointed at him. A moment later, his lantern was snatched out of his hand and extinguished. Phelps turned to run, ordering the engineer of the train to back the train back off the bridge and he could hear gunshots behind him.  His name was Hayward Shepherd, a free black man who was employed as a baggage master at the Harper's Ferry Depot. Unbeknownst to Phelps, he'd been following behind him to see what all the commotion was about. Apparently, Shepherd had been ordered to halt just as all the other men, but he chose instead to turn and run away. One of the raiders shot behind him and a bullet hit him in the back and came clean through his chest. He was carried to a doctor who ruled that the wound was fatal. Shepherd would linger for several more hours before finally dying, but the first casualty in John Brown's war to free the slaves was a free black man who was shot by Brown's men. After Shepherds was shot, gunfire was exchanged between other raiders and Throckmorton, maybe others as well. At this point, most people still had no idea what was going on. People on the train were speculating that it might be a strike of disgruntled armory workers, or maybe they were robbers. But among the people who were caught up in the affair was a doctor named John Starrie. He's the one who checked Hayward Shepherd's wound, but at one point in the night, he also took his horse and sounded the alarm through the rest of Harper's Ferry, basically acting like Paul Revere to warn people of John Brown and his raiders. But things really started to heat up after daybreak on Monday morning the 17th. John Brown was in the armory with a handful of hostages and a few liberated slaves, and he had dispatched some of his men to other strategic points in Harper's Ferry, including the ironworks. But as people were waking up, the news of the raid would spread much more quickly. The first sign of alarm for many people in the town was that the armory bell didn't ring as it usually did every morning. The man who was supposed to have sounded the armory bell had been taken prisoner when he showed up in the morning along with several other early morning armory workers who were added to Brown's hostages. So by morning, Brown had about 40 hostages total. Now for all his terrorism, Brown treated his hostages kindly, even according to their own testimonies. And he went as far to send some of them with escorts to inform their families they were safe and to eat breakfast before returning back to the armory. He also sent instructions to the nearby wager house to send enough food to feed his men and the prisoners. John Brown also went to tell Andrew Phelps, the conductor of the B&O train, to let him know that it was safe to take his train across the bridge. Phelps was cautious and he asked Brown to escort the train across the bridge to ensure its safety, which Brown did. After he led the train into Maryland, Brown said to Phelps, quote, you no doubt wonder that a man of my age should be here with a band of armed men. But if you knew my past history, you would not wonder at it so much, end quote. Apparently this statement made a lasting impression on Phelps, enough to remember it clearly anyway. John Brown also explained to him the reason for the raid and at 7 a.m. Phelps sent a message over the telegraph line that said, quote, express train bound east under my charge was stopped this morning at Harper's Ferry by armed abolitionists. They say they have come to free the slaves and intend to do it all hazards. The leader of those men requested me to say to you that this is the last train that shall pass the bridge either east or west. It has been suggested you had better notify the secretary of war at once, end quote. Phelps also sent a second telegram saying that the captain, as he referred to Brown, was expecting 1500 reinforcements. Brown told the same to his hostages and the armory and his men. It's a matter of debate whether Brown actually believed he was going to receive a bunch of reinforcements or if he was bluffing for appearances and we don't know for sure, but I find it pretty convincing that Brown did naively believe that swarms of slaves were going to flock to join him and he really was this delusional, but we don't really know what was going on in Brown's head at this point. But as word spread throughout the town, Brown's band of raiders had been inflated by word of mouth to consisting of 750 men, including hundreds of armed black men shouting about their desire for liberty. So whether or not Brown was deliberately trying to cultivate this inaccurate perception, this is certainly what actually happened. The passengers of the B&O train were so terrified that they were scribbling notes on pieces of paper and flinging them out the windows of the train hoping that somebody would read them and send help. First report had lines used language such as quote, extensive Negro conspiracy in Virginia and Maryland and general stampede of slaves. So this is the story of the raid that is spreading throughout the country while the raid at Harper's Ferry was still taking place as word spread, some of the townspeople were grabbing their own guns and a mob started forming to defend against the raiders. One of these men was a grocer named Thomas Borley. When he learned of the attack, he picked up his shotgun and went to fight back. He reached Shenandoah Street and saw one of Brown's guards standing watch. He unleashed a load of buckshot at him but did no damage. Brown's raider returned fire with his rifle hitting Borley in the crotch. Borley died shortly after leaving behind a wife and four children, one of whom was his niece who he'd adopted after her own parents had died. Heyward Shepherd is often cited as the first person killed at Harper's Ferry and this is true if you count from the time the mortal wound was inflicted but Shepherd lingered until well into the day so Borley counts as the first person to actually die during the raid. News of Borley's death spread fast as people were already being alarmed by the sounding of the Lutheran church bells rung by John Starrie. When Starrie learned of Borley's death, he mounted his horse once again and rode to Charlestown eight miles away to try to find reinforcements. John Cook and some of Brown's other men were away from the armory at this point as Cook knew of more slave owners he could liberate slaves from. Their target now was a man who lived on the Maryland side of the border next to Harper's Ferry. He rode into town on Monday morning as he usually did when John Cook called out to him, Mr. Byrne, stop. When Byrne turned around, he saw John Cook, who he recognized, next to Charles did, who he did not recognize, sitting on a farm wagon. Cook said to him, I am very sorry to inform you that you are my prisoner. Byrne answered him, you are certainly joking to which Cook replied, I am not. Charles Tidd then pointed his rifle at Byrne and said, you must go with us to your place. We want your Negroes. Byrne owned a farm and several slaves and Cook was instructed to take him hostage, liberate his slaves who would then presumably join John Brown's party and take any weapons they could to add to Brown's growing arsenal. With Cook and Tidd were William Lehman and five of the liberated Harper's Ferry slaves who had been armed with pikes. When the men met inside Byrne's house, the raiders made themselves at home while John Cook gave his speech about how all men were created equal according to Byrne's testimony given later. Visiting Byrne was one of his female cousins who was also a witness to the affair. But although Byrne was willing to meet their demands, Cook and the others were out of luck. Byrne's slaves were away from home. Again, this was common practice, especially in border states for Sunday evenings. His slaves had left Saturday to visit family and they had not yet returned. There was nobody here to liberate so the men took Byrne as their hostage and left. They stopped again at the nearby school house which Brown had picked out as the base for his weapons depot. But by the time the men arrived, it was already 10 a.m. and the school was in session. There were about 25 children inside the school house as well as their teacher, a man named Lind Currie. Cook told Currie that he needed to use the school house to store his weapons, but he wanted Currie to continue with the lessons as normal so as not to interrupt the children's education. When he was saying this just to give you the image of what the children would have been looking at, Cook was armed with a rifle, a bowy knife and two revolvers that hung it aside. The black men were standing nearby holding their long pikes and the other two raiders were also carrying guns. So the idea that the lessons could have continued as usual seems rather absurd but this was the instruction Cook gave. Currie pointed out to Cook that his presence made it pretty much impossible for his students to engage in their lesson. So Cook turned to the children and tried to reassure them. As you can probably imagine, this had little effect and one boy was so frightened that Cook allowed Currie to escort the child home. When Currie was gone, the raiders unloaded their weapons and one of Louis Washington's slaves apparently informed Cook that Currie himself was a slave owner, something that Cook was not previously aware of. So when Currie returned, John Cook dropped his friendly pretense. According to Currie's testimony, Cook was excited and talked incessantly. With the wagon unloaded, William Lehman was sent to take the wagon and the hostage Terrence burned to the armory. A little before noon, Cook received word that everything was going well so far but not long after, he could hear gunfire and he received no information as to what it was about, who was hurt if anybody or what was going on at the armory. He did his best to maintain his confident composure. According to Currie's testimony, as a gunshot would go off, Cook would turn to one of the liberated slaves holding a pike and say, quote, there, that's another one of your oppressors gone. But as the firing continued, Cook seemed to become increasingly visibly agitated. And finally, Cook made Currie promise that he would reveal nothing of what he had witnessed and he released him. Cook then made his way down toward the Potomac to find out what was going on and what he learned was not good news. In the armory, John Brown was struggling to deal with the conflicts between his intentions and his results. He continued to assure his hostages who were being held captive by men armed with sharps rifles, pikes and torches that he meant them no harm. He blamed the shooting of Hayward Shepherd on quote, unquote, bad management by his raiders and in a bit of irony that seemed to have been lost on him, he was forcing his hostages to melt down pewter plates and dining utensils to make bullets. So as a part of his plan to free the slaves, John Brown was literally forcing his hostages to labor for him at gunpoint. The gunfire that John Cook had been hearing was not raiders killing slave owners as he claimed in the schoolhouse, but was actually Harper's Ferry citizens who set up in the building surrounding the armory to send the occasional bullet at the raiders. Though this was mostly just a way to keep them contained and in fear as the raiders themselves were concealed inside the armory safe from the gunfire. As the day went on and word spread, more people from the surrounding area grabbed their own guns and joined the defense of the town so that before the morning was over, there were more than 150 volunteers ready to fight the raiders. The volunteers were divided into five units by a local militia officer and each unit was placed strategically around the armory. Brown and his men inside the armory were surrounded and they were also being cut off from the raiders who had been sent to the schoolhouse and the rifle works. John Brown had pretty much thrown everything in on the idea that fugitive slaves would swarm in to reinforce him with no concrete idea of where these fugitives would even come from since there were only a handful of slaves in Harper's Ferry to begin with. One group of 20 volunteers was ordered to flank Brown from the Potomac Bridge. They managed to catch Brown's sentries on the bridge by surprise, firing their weapons wildly as they made their ambush. Brown's sentinels retreated with the volunteers following behind them toward the armory. Some of the raiders inside the armory came out to offer cover fire for their friends, but this didn't stop Dangerfield Newby from taking a bullet to the neck from a shooter stationed in a nearby building as I recounted in the opening anecdote of this episode. The rest of Brown's men were unwilling to risk getting shot themselves to recover his body, so he was left to be mutilated by the angry townspeople. In retrospect, it's pretty clear that Brown's party of raiders had already effectively been defeated by sticking around after the break of dawn, but the death of Dangerfield Newby was the first sign to many of them that things were turning south. Not only did Newby signify the first casualty among Brown's men, but the raiders also lost control of the all-important Potomac Bridge that crossed into Maryland. Trapped inside the armory, John Brown hoped that he would be able to use his hostages as leverage to negotiate a ceasefire. The hostages agreed to help in the negotiations and Brown sent William Thompson to escort one of the leading citizens Brown had in captivity, waving a flag of truce. As soon as the pair were outside though, the citizens who met him simply grabbed Thompson and took him to the wager house where they tied him to a chair. Then they started to interrogate him about the purpose of the attack on Harper's Ferry. Thompson revealed that he'd been misled by Brown into believing that if they attacked, blacks and non-slave holding whites would flock to support them. After Thompson was taken, another one of the hostages, Archibald Kitzmiller, convinced John Brown to send him out to try to negotiate a ceasefire. Kitzmiller was sent out under the escort of Aaron Stevens and Watson Brown. Despite waving a white handkerchief, Stevens was shot as well. The local saloon keeper, George Chambers, who had relatives among Brown's hostages broke one of the upper story windows of his saloon so he could fire out of it, along with another gunman with him. Watson Brown immediately took a bullet to the stomach. He fell back to the armory, vomiting blood. Stevens was hit as well and he returned fire, but he was hit a couple of more times and fell to the ground. As he lay bleeding, he said to Kitzmiller, quote, I have been cruelly deceived. In reply, Kitzmiller, who had been woken up before dawn by John Starrie, warning him of the raiders, said, quote, I wish I had remained at home. Stevens lost a tremendous amount of blood as he groaned in pain on the ground. One witness said, quote, I seen big beefs killed and they did not lose more blood. Another hostage, Joseph Brua, volunteered to go out and help Stevens. Brown had already lost three men while trying to sue for peace, so he let Brua go alone. But Brua demonstrated remarkable honor in that he actually did help Stevens into the wager house before returning himself to the armory, volunteering himself as a hostage until everybody else was safely freed. But now Watson was lying on the floor of the armory, bleeding out and Stevens was still miraculously alive at the wager house. Brown, meanwhile, was angry that he was not treated as a military leader, but was instead treated as a terrorist, this illustrating the delusion John Brown was operating under. With two of his comrades dying, William Lehman decided he'd be better off trying to sneak away. At about one in the afternoon, he snuck away from the armory while everybody's attention was focused on the armory gate. He crossed the railroad and jumped into the river and he got about 60 yards before he got caught. There were armed citizens on the bridge and they started to shoot at him. Two others moved toward the riverbank and started waiting in after him. In the commotion, Lehman slipped on a rock and fell in the water. He lost his rifle, but he let it go as he tried to make it to the other side using his knife to cut the straps of his ammo pouch and pistols to lighten his load. As the two men started closing in on him, he yelled, don't shoot and throw up his hands and surrender. But in response, one of the men drew his gun and shot him in the face point blank. The men then rifled through Lehman's pockets and then left his corpse in the river where it was visible under the crystal clear water. The board gunman occupying the bridge used his body for target practice, riddling it with dozens of more bullets over the day. The shooting finally dislodged the corpse from the rocks and the river carried the body away. At the rifle works, John Caggy could see other armed volunteers starting to surround it, preparing to attack. He ordered the rest of the raiders with him to get ready to escape. Like Lehman, they ducked out and started wading into the Potomac River to avoid the gunmen occupying the bridges. And like Lehman, they were spotted, shot at and chased after. There was an elderly woman who was able to see the entire episode from her home. She said of the incident, quote, our men chased them in the river just below here and I saw them shot down like dogs, end quote. Another woman said, quote, I saw one poor wretch rise above the water and someone strike him with a club. He sank again and in a moment they dragged him out of corpse, end quote. The corpse the woman described being drugged out of the river was that of John Caggy. Another of the raiders killed was a free black man named Louis Leary who was shot as he climbed on top of a large rock. He was dragged out of the river, still alive and he lingered for another 12 hours before finally passing away. Leary had a wife and infant daughter in Ohio who thought he was in Pennsylvania visiting family. When he left them, his wife Mary wondered why he had, quote, wept like a child, unquote, when he was saying his goodbyes to them. Two other men were taken prisoner. One was John Copeland, another free black raider and the other was one of the Harper's Ferry slaves who'd been liberated by Brown's men. It was only due to the intervention of a local religious leader that the two captured men weren't lynched on this spot though John Copeland would eventually be hanged and the slave would die in prison. But there were five men who'd been posted at the rifle works, the last one being a slave named Jim who'd been hired out to Louis Washington. He was not killed by the men chasing him. Instead, he tried to escape in the river but he couldn't swim and he was weighed down by his gear so he drowned. He was the first slave to die in John Brown's raid. Back at the armory, the remaining raiders were making matters worse for themselves as they retaliated for Stevens, Thompson, and Watson Brown. They managed to shoot George Turner in the neck in front of a horde of onlookers and as if to pour salt in the wound, Hayward Shepherd, the first casualty in the raid, finally died after lingering for more than 12 hours. His death came at about three in the afternoon. The mayor of Harper's Ferry, Fontaine Beckham who was also the B&O agent and Shepherd's employer according to Virginia law at the time, any free black who stayed in the state for more than a year would be sold into slavery unless they were sponsored by a white person and Beckham himself a slave owner was Shepherd sponsored. So when Shepherd died, Beckham went berserk. He pulled a pistol out of his pocket and went out to the railroad platform moving toward the raiders. As he advanced, he was shot down by Edwin Coppock. Now think of the thick irony in this entire story. John Brown conducted a raid to liberate the slaves.  There is no black and white version of this history the way some people try to paint it. Coppock had no clue who the man was. He had just killed, of course. But the witnesses did know and they went crazy at seeing their mayor killed. Some people started yelling to kill William Thompson who was still tied to the chair in the wager house.  She wanted him to be tried legally before he was executed. Now in her own testimony, she claimed that she was afraid that if she saw the man killed, she might die herself and she denied ever touching him. So the testimonies have some conflict but she did save Thompson from being shot. She didn't stop him from being killed though instead of shooting him, the men dragged Thompson outside and tried to find a rope that they could lynch him with. Thompson's final words to his executioners were quote, you may kill me but it will be revenged. There are 80,000 persons sworn to carry out this work. End quote. These kinds of statements are worth keeping in mind as we try to understand the mindset of Southerners on the eve of secession. Thompson was obviously lying but the people in the South wouldn't know this when they read about this statement. But the men never found a rope so they simply raised their guns and killed him without the formal ceremony of a military firing squad. Before his body hit the ground, more than a dozen bullets had been pumped into him but the men wanted more blood so they stormed back to the wager house to finish off the wounded Aaron Stevens but since he was dying already, they decided to let his injuries finish him off. So now we are finally back to the time that John Cook left the schoolhouse to find out what was going on. Seeing that the rest of the Raiders were in trouble, he started shooting his own rifle across the river to draw attention away from his comrades. The ploy worked and people started shooting back at John Cook. Finally, the townspeople decided to pull back from the engine house which is where John Brown took 10 of his hostages as a small retreat further back in the armory. As Brown's men moved back toward the engine house though, they lost two more men. One was Stuart Taylor and the other was another one of Brown's sons, Oliver. Oliver Brown was only 20 years old when the raid took place and his wife Martha was pregnant with their first child. His daughter would be born in 1860 and she was named Olive in memory of her father. She died two days after she was born. After this, stricken with grief over the loss of her husband and daughter, the 17 year old Martha fell sick. She told her loved ones that she no longer had anything to live for. Gave away what few possessions she had and then died only a month after giving birth. John Brown's raid was already a failure but by now after losing two sons as well as several other men, John Brown was determined to hold out as long as he could and it would be none other than Robert E. Lee who would be brought in to help end the standoff. We will continue that part of the story in the next episode. For more content like this, visit mesis.org.


impressive was that catch by Hicks. Oh just amazing just you know not only the catch and you know getting over in the gap like that but also just a situation you know game on line and great hitter up at the plate and for him to got there and have a great read and we're off the bat I knew he's gonna catch it you know just where he was positioning off the bat I was like he's got that no problem so it was amazing. Pretty bold statement that was an unbelievable catch it was just the read that he got that told you that or your confidence in him as a center fielder? I played around him for a couple years and I know what balls he can get to and not and I knew off the bat he was gonna make that play you know just especially coming up and hitting that home run early in the game and pumped up and excited he was man it's very few center fielderers and very few offers in the game can ever make that play so it's impressive. How would you just kind of describe overall this night five hours three minutes the back and forth particularly late in the game you guys being down eight to two and you know a couple of long saves. Just two of the best teams in the AL battling for every game matters you know it's you know it's still July every game now it's a postseason game right there they're going out there giving their best we're going out there giving them bests and just came down to who wanted it more at the end and you know we you know battled in Claude and it came out with a win. You're playing in a game like that does it feel like a grind as you're going through it or is it something where there's just so much adrenaline because of the lead changes that you dialed in. Oh it's fun every minute of it you know even going down and then taking the lead that's fun you know who wants it more who's gonna step up and you know deliver the big big hit for us and you know guy after guy continue to do that and this is teams about this team's made for that's what championship teams are made of. It's Edie Gregorius 7 RBI's tonight. What did you think his job he did in the batter's box? Just so consistent you know I know people said he was struggling earlier but he's never struggling and that's what did he does he's gonna go out there and keep giving you quality at bats as a matter of guys on base or if he needs to start to start the rally for us he continues to do that and I was I was fun to watch tonight I got the chance to be on base for a couple of those hits so it was fun to watch him work up there. What do you think of the twins that people would thought you know like that almost an October feel to it? What do you think of them in the last two games you guys have played against them? They're a great team you know one of the best in the AL and they showed that tonight you know they went out there and battled and were able to put up that many runs and now we'll see them again on the road for sure. Kepler hits that you think it's trouble? No, just because they're distracted or he makes plays like that. Yeah it's the plays he makes that's why he plays in our field for the New York Yankees and he makes plays like that and we're off the bat.


Thank you again for being with us at the future of work conference. I want to go ahead and introduce our speaker today. The topic is internalizing data equity into your nonprofit organization. Kai Williams is an expert with LA Tech for Good, and she offers a series of equity and ethics workshops. She's also executive director at a nonprofit. She knows all your paying points, all your robes, pains, and everything. We appreciate you being here, Kai, and welcome to TechSoup. And thank you for being here with the future of work conference. Thank you so much. I'm Kai Williams. I'm the executive director of the International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council, and I'm also a workshop facilitator for LA Tech for Good. And I'll mostly be talking about the work I do with LA Tech for Good, but bringing in a few examples from my work with IWRC, which is the acronym for the International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council. So we will really, OK, so today's session is really a plea. It's a plea to use documentation to internalize equity within your nonprofit operations. And I hope through this next 45 minutes or so, it becomes really clear both why that's important and giving you a bit of a roadmap of how to do it. So talking about equity and ethics and how that fits in the algorithms and AI and all of the other things we've been learning about in terms of future of work, making the case for you, making the case for your organization and how to implement it. And then we'll wrap up with some good Q&A. So lots going on. So LA Tech for Good, LA Tech for Good's mission is to foster social change by equipping data professionals with equitable and ethical data practices. You might think it first, OK, professionals, that's not me, that's the people on the left, like Rachel Whaley, who is the data equity program manager at LA Tech for Good and also a consultant. And yes, those are some of the people. But if you keep reading the mission of LA Tech for Good, it includes they define data professionals as everyone, all people who use data. Well, then that includes me, probably includes a lot of you. So I'm over there on the right as a data user. I am not a data scientist. But I use data all the time in the governance and the management and the programming of my nonprofit a lot going on. So LA Tech for Good really connects us in the data community and shows that the data community is not just data scientists. It's all of us using data. And wow, at nonprofits, we use a lot of data. So I left this next slide in, even though this is maybe not the most interactive of talks, I thought it was still a really helpful slide because when the chat has been really active in the other sessions, and I hope to see it being active here, ask questions in the Q&A, or ask questions in the chat. There's a great possibility here for peer learning as well as what I'm talking about. There's a lot of experts here listening to the talk, a lot of people with great experiences. So share what you know in the chat. Use I statements and listen to your peers. And I know data equity, data practices in general can be one of those. Some people either find it mind-numbing, some people find it a bit overwhelming, but bring an open mind in a growth mindset. This talk specifically is not gonna be something that is overly technical.  One of the things that I've found fascinating about doing this work with data equity and ethics is it really shows how much data work permeates all of nonprofit culture and how important it is for all of us to question data no matter where we are. And finally, LA Tech for Good is always interested in feedback and improving what we're doing. So very open to feedback. So our objectives, we're gonna talk a bit about equity and how equity and data go together. Then we all know biases are something that we're familiar with, but we're gonna talk about biases in terms of data, in terms of the power dynamics that get reflected in data and how all of that shapes the design of algorithms and what we're doing and then shapes the work we're doing in nonprofits. And finally, and I'd say most importantly, we're gonna be learning some practical methods to embed ethical practices into our data projects. And yes, I will talk a bit about what data projects are because that was something that was a little intimidating to me when I started working with LA Tech for Good and they asked, what data project are you working on now? And I was a big guy from that. So let's start off with a warm-up poll here. How familiar are you with the concepts of data equity and data ethics? Put a number in the chat from one, they're brand new concepts to five, you can confidently define both terms. Let's just get an idea of where we're all at. Nice to have that check in. Awesome. So I see a lot of people where it's either new or they're kind of the middle ground. Okay, great, great to know. Definitely can, yeah. And then a few people who've got a lot more experience, that's fantastic. So a great mix of people. And like I said, I think sharing some of this information in the chat and some of our stories is really gonna actually help bring a lot more to this session. Excellent. All right, so why? Why does this matter? Why am I talking about this? Why are we talking about this as a future of work? It matters because we're all humans. And as humans, we have bias. And I think as people in this field, we tend to know that's the case and manage for it. But what we don't always think of is that our data, because our data comes from humans, our data also has bias. And we need to be able to, we need to be thinking about that in order to, as Rachel Whaley and Jen Holmes say on the LA Tech for Good website, on a blog post maximize the positive impact and minimize unintended consequences. So what Rachel and Jen are saying is that's what data equity does. Data equity helps maximize the positive and minimize unintended consequences. And when you think, okay, it's an oversimplification, but when you think of our missions as nonprofits, what are we trying to do? We're trying to maximize good and minimize harm. And we'll talk a lot about how data fits into that. And so this is very core. This is not something that's a tack on add-on. This is core to our mission. Data is power. That probably, you can think about that a moment and it starts meaning things to you. And I encourage you, if something immediately comes to mind, put it in the chat. What does data is power mean to you? And while you're doing that, I want to read a quote of one thing that data being power means. And this is from a book called Data Feminism, which is available actually online. You can read the entire book online from MIT Press. And it's a pretty phenomenal book. I'll be referencing it a few more times in here because there's lots of really interesting things going with this program. But this particular quote is from Maria Munir. And Maria says, if you refuse to register non-binary people like me with birth certificates and exclude us in everything from creating bank accounts to signing up for mailing lists, you do not have the right to turn around and say that there are not enough of us to warrant change. So again, that's Maria Munir being quoted in Data Feminism. And data is power. So if you don't give people the opportunity to say who they are, you can't say they don't exist. We're gonna get into this a bit more, but I think it's a really powerful quote to show how powerful data is. What gets counted counts? That said, there is what they call in Data Feminism the paradox of exposure, where those people who have the most to perhaps gain from being counted are also at the most risk from being counted. So think of the 2020 census and that there was that push to have citizenship data in there. There's a huge risk having that data in there, even though there might have been other interesting things in terms of how can we best serve people or think about a survey perhaps for unhoused individual. Asking if the survey is asking, do you have the ability to feed your kids three times a day? There's a lot of good information in there in terms of what perhaps a food bank or other facilities could do to support people. But that might also have these implications for DHS if for child protective services that somebody might feel uncomfortable putting that information in there because of that. So people who most need to be counted often also are most at risk. Some understanding and thinking of the unintended consequences of what we're asking and what we're doing and how we're asking it, where we're storing it. There's a lot. There's a lot of important stuff in there. So you can see data is power. Can't say that enough. So when we're working on this, there's a flow to the work. And it starts with design. So it starts with design and context. That's our floor. That's our base. That's where we need to start. And then it flows up into thinking about the data equity and ethics and working on that. And if we're working with machine learning, if we're working with AI, then that's where the CAX is up there in the AI ethics. But it needs to start down there into design and thinking about the context. I really like this next. This tech quote here is just, I think it's really nice. Data is information made tractable. I love pairing it too with this picture. Because when you look at this picture, we immediately, I immediately start classifying things. You know, I see the road. I see the power lines, the power poles. I see the speed limit sign. That's when making sense of this picture. I'm just, I'm listening. I'm classifying everything in my head. And it makes sense of it. I need to do that to understand this picture. And we do that with data. And also looking at this picture, some of those things that I'm classifying are artificial boundaries. The road, the speed limit signs. You know, those are artificial boundaries, but they are critical for us to function as a society. And it's the same thing with data. Classifications, hierarchies, categories. We need those to make, help understand the information and to function as a society. But the issue is the real danger is that once we create these classifications and we accept them, we rarely go back and question them again. And that's why there is a need for this work. To put an equity lens on our data usage and our data classification. So think of things like the question you might have seen in the 80s. So what's your gender? Or so select your race, choose one. And the gender is only male female or you can only select one race. There's a lot of people that's leaving out. A lot of people. And we just, once they're created, once they're there, it takes a lot for us to start questioning them. And we need to be doing more of that. So we need to dig in and we need to question. And as we go forward in this talk, we'll talk a bit more about how to do that. So going back to that pyramid though. So it really starts with our design. Before we can obtain equity, we need to think about our design. We need to think of the process, thinking, questioning, exploring. There's a lot there. These are some questions here from Sasha Kostanda Chok, who is a data scientist and data expert. Actually, before I get into these too much, I wanna talk a little bit about what a data project is. Cause there is a technical term for what a data project is, but what we need to know in nonprofits for what we're doing is that a data project is the collection, the storage, modeling, reporting on or analysis of data. So in nonprofits, what is that? And please list some things in the chat that you're doing that you might think are data projects. But some that come immediately to my mind are surveys, dashboards, needs assessment, impact analysis, we're working with data. We might not think of them as data projects, but we're working with data, we're working with these projects all the time. So when we're starting to design them, think of these questions that Sasha suggests here. What story is told? How is it framed? Who decides the scope? And think of them at the beginning of the project. If possible, think of them when you first become involved, but even if you're not thinking about the beginning, it's still helpful even halfway through the project to think about these, even if it's for the first time. And honestly, it's also really helpful to come back to these. Things change in our projects. We're moving forward, we forget about things. So coming back and looking at these questions again can be very important in terms of keeping us online and keeping us going in terms of equity and documented. But we need to interrogate our data and documentation is a fabulous way to interrogate the data. So not just answering those questions, but jotting down, even if it's on a piece of paper, it's on a Google sheet, jotting down those answers. Thinking about it, being able to come back to them. So this is again, I said I'd come back to data feminism and this is a screenshot graph from data feminism and it's from chapter four, which is my favorite chapter. I've read it four or five times and we'll read it many more. But the graphic here is from an interactive graphic that was in the Guardian, where people could choose what they're, they could choose some demographics about themselves and see how many people in the US Congress were like them. One thing they did when they set this up is they put, they chose for gender, I know this is, I think the screen is a bit small to see, but cis male, cis female, and then trans and non-binary. Well, if you click trans and non-binary, then it immediately shows zero people are like you in Congress. And that's an interesting and powerful thing right there. But then if you're thinking about it and thinking about the data, you're thinking, do they, have they been asking people in Congress? Have they been giving them that option of gender or have they just been giving them two options of gender? And even if they were giving them three options, these options of gender, I was everybody comfortable saying that. So you start looking at this visualization and you start thinking about the data and you really see that it's a way to interrogate the data and not just to even see what's on that surface, but to really think about it. And I also wanna bring this up because it comes into some considerations when we're collecting data. And that's why on the left-hand side there it says counting, consent and context. So it goes back to that paradox of exposure. Those who might have the most to gain from being counted often can have the most to lose. And so consent to being counted is very important. And there's a few models I wanna suggest for that, such as on the legal model side, GDPR I think is a great example. It's the one that IWRC uses in our work. We decided to use GDPR is global data protection. We decided to use it not just for our constituents in Europe who are covered by it, but it uses the model for everyone. So I think that's a really great model, but there's other models as well. There's even non-legal models. I wanna suggest the fries model, which is consent should be freely given, reversible, informed, enthusiastic and specific. And the Allied Media Project out of Detroit did a really interesting thing using the fries model when they were doing their website analytics design. So in setting up their website, thinking about cookies, thinking about all that analytics, they actually use the fries model as how are we gonna collect this data? Whose data are we collecting? What do they know about it? And it went a couple of steps beyond GDPR. And I think it's really phenomenal. They, in a medium article, they talk a bit about how they made that up and we can get that link in there for you later. And as well as consent context, what is the context that you're using this data in? What is the context that somebody else might use this data in? There's a lot to think about there. And lack of data can even be a structural problem itself and it certainly can show structural problems. And yes, I know I have a couple of quotes in here twice, like what gets counted counts, but I think they're really key quotes. And so I want to highlight them. They're done on purpose multiple times. So in data feminism, they have created some metrics around their book. They had values related to their book and they wanted to make sure that they were really thinking about those values and meeting them and not just having it as this idea of this is what we'd like to do. So they created their values, they designed the metrics around them, and then they published them. And you can actually find these in the book online in the appendices. So they look at structural problems like racism I think they chose seven structural problems that they really wanted to be looking at. And they set aspirational metrics for their book. So in this case, they said that they wanted 75% of the citations of feminist scholarship to be from people of color. So that was their aspirational metric. And the first time they counted was in their open peer review draft. And in the open peer review draft, they ended up with 36%. From people of color. And in their final copy added manuscript, they ended up with 32%. And that was partly because during peer review, there was a lot of suggestions that they needed to have more cited information. And when they went to look for more cited information, they were having trouble finding enough from scholars of color. And so not only did this look, they obviously did not meet their aspirational goal there, but they still put that out in transparency for everybody to see. And they talked about why they didn't meet it. And they also uncovered some other issues in the fields in terms of structural problems, such as the academic ability, the academic access for some of this and made all of this very visible and allowed for discussion to be created. So metrics are one way that you can also interrogate your data. It's a metrics can be a way of documentation and a way of interrogation. IWRC is actually looking at doing that with our value. We have values that we wrote. And after reading that and data feminism, I thought, oh, that would be really interesting to do. So I drafted up a page. I'm trying to think of what metrics could we use to be living our values. And I ran it by the boards. And the board was a little bit concerned because they were like, oh, well, I don't know that we wanna put numbers out there like things and won't people just concentrate on the number and not what we're doing. So it was a really interesting discussion and we haven't finished it yet, but it's been a great exercise. And I still hope that we actually have it out there in the wild in some form in the next few years as we're looking to connect those values to what we're actually doing and just see where we're at. So documentation, I hope some of the shows that documentation really is a tool for equity. And we'll alluded to this a few times and I think I've seen a couple of things in the chat where people are very much aware of this, but we need to think not just of the data when it's in our hands and what we're meaning to do for it, but this wonderful quote by Shannon Baller and Brian Greene really talks to what happens to the data after it leaves our hands. That is part of our ethical responsibility is considering and planning for what happens to the data after it leaves our hands on purpose or not. Jumping back to this from the Guardian and from chapter four of Data Feminism. I want to highlight this time the privilege hazard that might come in when, from the people who are designing that survey, perhaps the person designing the survey was cisgendered and just didn't even consider the fact of, oh, we should ask for more than two genders. They didn't see the harm, so that privilege hazard had not seen the harm. In documentation and interrogating our data and working through this in frameworks is one way to help us account and design for these privilege hazards. And as I said, counting needs to be, always counting needs to be accompanied by questions about consent, personal safety, cultural dignity, historical context. We need to balance the harm and the benefits. It goes back to that oversimplification of our missions and what we're doing and how data actually can be very key to us meeting our missions or accidentally doing harm. This is actually what brought me in to working with LA Tech for good. I was filling out a Candidate Survey, one of those annual surveys for GuideStar and that year, I think this was 2020, they were asking a lot more demographic data than they'd asked before about our organization, our board, our constituents. And it really made me think, because I thought, well, I haven't been asking this information of our people because we're a wildlife rehabilitation organization. We support people who take care of injured morphin animals and provide them training and resources. We shouldn't be asking them information, it's not related to that. We don't need to hold that information for people, it's not our business. But as I was going through this and doing this for Candid, I was thinking we're also really concerned as an organization about equity and inclusion in our fields and opening things up. And if we don't know who is in our constituents, how people identify who's there, then well, we don't know if or who we're missing and we don't know when we're doing better. So it really started making me think about how do they think, oh, well, maybe I should be grabbing these demographics and putting that out there and asking people about it. Around that time, I saw an LA Tech for Good workshop advertised and joined it thinking, okay, that's gonna really help me figure out exactly what questions I wanna ask, how I wanna store it, how I wanna present it. All of those questions you think about when you're working with data. But what it did after the end of the 30s would make me think, oh, I have a few more issues than this. IWRC is an international organization. Some countries, some of the things that we were considering asking were against the law in those countries. And did we want to have the responsibility of holding that information? Where is it was somebody else had access to it could really do harm to people. So it made us take about three giant steps back and say, okay, should we be doing this at all? And the answer was yes, we should be doing this. We do want to be doing this, but we need to be exceedingly careful about consent as well as data storage. We also might say, these questions are things we don't wanna ask because they are too sensitive. And while yes, it would help us in terms of our equity and inclusion to know this information, it's not worth the possible risk. So really thinking and going back to that design rather than just starting the implementation process. And that brings me to a wide documentation. Accountability via our values, via metrics, whether they're aspirational metrics or metrics of what we're doing, audits, internal audits or external audits and oversight. Documentation provides all of those things and leads to them. A documentation builds in ethics checks. Another example from the International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council is that we have a board where people can post animals that are unable to be released that might be in permanent captivity. But not every animal that can't be released really should be in long-term captivity. And what we're trying to figure out to do on the technical side is to, before somebody can post an animal there, we want them to go through a list of questions that they have to answer. We haven't even decided if those questions are gonna be made public, though the answer is gonna be made public or it might just be for that person. But it's gonna walk them through the ethical side of what should, what is best for this animal, what is best for the animal well for a point of view. And for data as well, documentation is a way. It builds in ethics checks. It makes us think about these things. Documentation creates transparency, especially when you'll see a lot of this, where people are putting these on their websites, like the Alley Data Project, the one I'll come to in just a little bit, Data for Black Lives, all of these, they're putting this information out there, and it creates transparency. And finally, documentation helps us identify the gaps in the assumptions, in our data, in our work, in our programs. So it's really important. It should not be, I know we're all exceedingly busy at nonprofits, and we do not have time. We're so focused on doing the program, getting it out there. But that's why I said this talk is really a plea to consider documentation, and it is core to what we're doing. How do we do this? We don't have to do this in a vacuum. And a lot of this has been done. Fortunately, there's some nice templates for us to work from. And if you think of things like, Timnit Gebru, who works for Data Sheets for Datasets, says, in the electronics industry, that's just done. No matter how simple a component is, it has a data sheet. Think of commercial food. There's a data sheet with every commercial food product you're buying. Or to me, I go back to high school and I think of the chemical, the safety data sheets that would come with any chemical we are maybe using in a chemistry class. And in the US, OSHA actually requires those documents to be used there. And it talks about what are the components of the chemical? What are the safety considerations? Is it flammable? How do you get treated if something happens to you with it? What are your, you know, what sort of personal protection should be using? And we can do the same thing for data. So here's a very prose-based example. And this one is from Data for Black Lives. What they did is they consolidated state-level data to explore the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on black people in the US. But before they started really doing that, before they started digging into that data and doing that, they first considered the equity and the ethics implications. And they wrote it down. They wrote down what their intended plan and purpose was. And they also wrote down what they did not want to be doing, which is just as important. So this is a really excellent, kind of more prose-based example of what you can do and how you can think through it. And I certainly recommend taking a look at that. But there's also a lot of other, there's a lot of models. So here, and then we're putting these in the chat as we go. So here are some examples. And I'm just sorry about the slides looking like they're wanting to be edited. Framework, there's a number of frameworks. So the Data Nutrition Project was created mostly for AI work to combat bias in AI. But it can be used for non-AI projects really quite easily. The example here is tax bills in New York City. But if you go back from that example, you can see where their template is so you could use this yourself. The Data Ethics Canvas is from the Open Data Institute. And it helps you really consider ethics in all stages of data work. I like it because it's a bit more of a visual, colorful. And I see it as a higher overview to let you, no matter where you are in your work, to really start thinking about these questions. It's not overwhelming, I would say. Now, data sheets for data sets can be overwhelming. It is an amazing list. There's also a paper that's available online related to it as well. But data sheets for data sets was made from machine learning, but it really works for all sorts of data sets. It's a series of questions and it has five or six questions in each category from motivation, composition, the collection process, the recommended uses of the data, the distribution of the data and the maintenance of the data. So everything from, oh, just that basic idea of why might we want to be doing this to what's going to happen after it out in the wild. And it takes you through a series of questions. I really recommend looking at these, but also not being overwhelmed by them. The first step when you're using one of these frameworks is to decide which questions you would answer if you were to create a data sheet for your data set. Not all of them are gonna be applicable to you. Not all of them are gonna be equal importance to your work, depending on what you're doing with your nonprofit. So don't feel the need, you know, when you look at these, don't feel the need to select all of them and do all of it. It's get a start or maybe with, actually I'll talk about that in a minute. So data is something that we use. We should not be used by data. And that's something I want you to take away from this is that we make data, we use it. That means we can use it differently. So let's jump just for a quick moment into AI and let's think back to those boundaries and classification. You know, AI and algorithms are really another way for us to help make sense of data and of information and to make things easier. But it's of course, as this lovely quote says, models are opinions embedded in math. And as you've heard before, actually I think I've heard even just in the last two days during this conference from other presenters, data is an amplifier, it's an accelerant. AI, machine learning, it accelerates, it advances what we're doing, but it's not a panacea, it's not a magic solution. We need to be having the thinking behind it. You know, we need to think about, so some of the questions to consider are, where is algorithmic processing employed? Where should we be using human decision makers? One, there was an interesting case study where they were looking in Pennsylvania at using machine learning to select what children needed to come into state custody into care and looking at how that was based versus human decision makers. And there's a really interesting paper written about that. How can we hold algorithms accountable? And I don't like the way I said that. The reason is because we shouldn't be holding the, well, right here, we shouldn't be holding the algorithm accountable, we need to be holding ourselves accountable. And it goes back to thinking of that pyramid. If you remember that pyramid, AI is at the top of the pyramid, the AI ethics. The face of the pyramid is our design thinking in our context, so we need to start there, then work on our equity and ethics data, and then working on the AI ethics and only by starting at that base and moving up, can we really do a reasonable job about mitigating bias in AI? Because it's coming from us, we're humans. Humans are failable, humans have bias and all of this comes from humans. And it doesn't mean that it's terrifying and we should never use data and we should not use AI. That's not what it means. It just means that we need to be thinking about this. I love the subtitle for Beth Tantor and Allison Vines, new both on leveraging smart tech and nonprofits. The one that says, staying human-centered in an automated world. And so I see documentation as a way to stay human-centered to really think and put us in here. And that's really me making the case right there, actually. That's my plea. But ask the tough questions, get stakeholder buy-in, leadership, get it aligned with your mission and your values, your implementing things, your governing, but of course it never stops there. These are steps to take and it's not one and done. It's a cycle. As you're governing, you might be going back and asking questions again and then you're moving through and we all know at nonprofits that stakeholder buy-in is something that we're continuously working on. It's not something that you can do and say, all right, yep, I got them on board, they're there. It's something you have to nurture and tend to. It's definitely the case here as well. But that said, don't let perfection get in the way of action. You can do this work little steps at a time. Just prioritizing better data practices. We can start, we don't have to do it in huge ways. You might even document it in very small ways. So taking action. Well, everybody who's here listening to this is already taking some action because they're learning more about it. Now there's a lot of people who put one and two in terms of where they're familiarity with that ethics and that equity. And hopefully this helps move you a little bit. All the references and resources we put in the chat are ways to move you further, to get more awareness, to thinking about this. And you'll find just in your day-to-day work after having thought of this here, you'll be bringing that in and unexpected places. I saw some great things in the chat about salaries in different places where, yeah, data is important and it really comes not just to the ethics and equity of data, but of our entire work and what we do. So awareness is one thing. And I think just being here, we're all doing that and there's a lot more we can do. And then document. And maybe you're not ready to do a framework. Maybe that's not where you're at right now to take one of those frameworks and really dig into this and take time to do that. But when you're working on a project, open a new Google doc and just jot down, why am I doing this? Who's gonna see it? You know, just a few thoughts like that. And then maybe three days later when somebody else at your nonprofit is asking questions, you can direct them to that document as well. And then maybe they might ask a question and you added the document and you move forward that way. So it doesn't have to be a big, huge thing. You can do this in stages. Every little bit helps. And maybe later, maybe in a couple of years, you're to the point of, oh, this is a big project we're working on. Let's pull out one of those framework templates I learned about and work there, but it doesn't have to start there. And finally, be a voice. Question. Question what you're working on. Question what you're reading. You know, question the data, interrogate the data. That's not necessarily a negative either. But interrogate that data and get involved, discuss, involve others. I think one thing that we're talking about when we're talking about the paradox of exposure, when we're talking about privilege hazard is those unknown unknowns. Those things that we're not thinking about because they're not in our sphere of thinking. So by discussing and involving others, we can help decrease the unknown unknowns working together and get involved. LA Tech for Good is obviously one great place to get involved, but as we put into the chat, there's a lot of amazing organizations doing work on this and there's so many more that are not in the chat. You can just Google them, it's amazing. As we end, and I thank or let us so much for putting this into the chat, but Karen, the executive director of LA Tech for Good has offering a discount code for everybody who is here to, if they're interested in attending a workshop. So it's 10% off the standard registration price. So we've got a couple of workshops coming up. One in November and one in December. I'm one of the facilitators along with Eva Sashar for the one in November. And then Eva Sashar and Dr. Ebony Dotson are gonna be facilitating the one in December. And they both should be really phenomenal workshops. In addition to the 10% code, we know we certainly encourage you to use professional development budget if you have that available to you. But LA Tech for Good does have some reduced rate fees and there is a code, so you can request a code for that. There's just a fairly simple form to fill out to request the code to get a reduced rate.  And lastly, I just wanna thank you for listening to me and I hope you got something out of it. I would love feedback to know what you got out of it or what you might be interested in hearing more about. Feel free to email and contact me to talk about data ethics and equity or wildlife rehabilitation. So excited that I was able to be here today. And I'm looking forward to questions. Okay, listen, this was so excellent. The title was spot on internalizing data equity because I think that's what people are doing there. They're internalizing. Because there were comments in the chat and not many questions, but mostly comments. So I do wanna read some of the comments. Alisa said, I personally heard so many confidential situations of financial elder abuse due to data of information. Very embarrassing and financially devastating for the victim. So sad, technology is necessary, but controls are inadequate. That was a good comment. You have a really good comment. Yeah. All right, Kai. And there were some other comments in here. I love one that was put in the chat. Excuse me in the Q and A. I hope that one positive lesson from COVID was learning that so many deadlines are artificial. Who knew life would go on and when the IRS extended the tax reporting deadline? That was from Alisa. That was really, really good. Oh, thank you for putting that in the chat. So I really think that's what people are doing. They're internalizing the data. Several things that I got. You guys write some of your takeaways in the chat room that data is power. And then I did see some comments where people were saying what they thought data was. Yeah, so lots of thank you. From Kathleen, great information and lots of inspiration for the next step. Very good. Thank you so much. One thing you said, what happens to the data after we get it in our hands? That was powerful and made me think. So can you give me some more thoughts around that? When you said that, you're right. We have to think about that. Yeah, I think some things that it's made me think about too is this goes to the model that we're using with GDPR in terms of GDPR has things like the right to be forgotten, but also how long should you hold some of these data before you just delete it? And so that what happens to it after it's out of your hands, it makes me think of how long should we be keeping this data? Where should we be storing it? Can we aggregate this data in very important ways and then remove all of the personally identifiable information out there? We don't have to store that somewhere in case we wanna look at it again. We don't need that. And so those are some of the things that's made me think about is, I think in the US, at least in the culture, I come from there's like, oh, I wanna keep everything. But what if you need to use this? What if this information is important in the future? What if somebody asked for it? And it's really doing this work has really made me realize that I think we'll be okay. It's like cleaning stuff in your room. Do we really need to keep that? No, probably not. So that's one thing that it's helped me with. And as well as just, should I be asking this information in the first place? Bested out to me too. Lots of virtual hand claps in the chat rooms. And so thank you so much and thank you all for attending the future of work.


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For more videos and people's struggles, please subscribe to our YouTube channel. Julian exposed the crimes of CIA torturers, of CIA killers and now we know that those CIA killers were planning to kill him too. How can this court, how can these courts approve an extradition request under these conditions? It's not unexpected. This is a highly political case. And it's interesting that the judges have accepted the assurances of the United States government from a government to a government. So there was no issue at law. They accepted diplomatic assurances based on diplomatic note, which is a sign of the political nature of this case. The fight continues to free Julian Assange. It's unacceptable by our society that a journalist and a publisher is facing prosecution, facing 175 years in jail for publishing truthful information in the public interest. A fight continues at courts, in the streets and in every forum to free Julian Assange and to stand up for what's right. WikiLeaks publications are 100% accurate. Julian Assange is an intellectual, a peaceful man and he does not deserve the treatment that he has. This is a relentless pursuit for the last 10 years and he has to stop. A travesty of justice. That's what it is. That's what the UK High Court's decision to accept the US appeal on the extradition of Julian Assange is. It's a travesty of justice. The High Court accepted US diplomatic assurances that Julian Assange would not be placed in solitary confinement and would not be in a maximum security prison. These diplomatic assurances aren't worth the paper they're written on. Julian Assange could face trial under the Espionage Act but also there's a real risk that he faces serious human rights violations due to the condition of detention that he will be put under. This extradition that goes forward will pose a serious threat not only to press freedom in the United States but throughout the world. It should stop. Well, I'm disappointed in the verdict. I think it's remarkable that any fair-minded person, let alone a judge, could look at the United States. See, and this was introduced in evidence in the discussions before, that the United States security services were attempting to either kidnap or assassinate Assange. I think that the assurances given to them by the very same state are valid. That's disappointing. But it won't be the end of this. This won't be the last day in court. Julian's lawyers will be appealing this to the Supreme Court. And indeed we have the possibility of appealing, as the judge said, over all the other aspects of the case, the political dimensions of the case that the district judge ruled against in the original hearing. So this is by no means the end of the argument. It's incredibly unfair that during this whole process Julian Assange has committed no crime, is charged with no crime, is a remand prisoner in this country, isn't allowed out on bail. The district judge refused the bail request when it was last made. I'm sure that Julian's lawyers will be considering making another one. I hope that the judicial system steps back from the punishment by process, which is what's happening now. They're holding somebody who has not been convicted of a crime perpetually in jail while the court proceedings take place.