Man after two two delays of mad pet saying oh, oh, you know walking on the FNAF script It's coming guys, you know this weekend. It's finally out. That's probably my phone telling me that it's that right now.  It's out apparently It's talking about how wanted with FNAF 4 because FNAF 4 is in the thumbnail. It's got Glitchtrap in the thumbnail It's got Golden Freddy in the thumbnail and apparently it's talking about I believe it's the enemy We don't know or no FNAF the monster we missed FNAF VR help wanted and right off the bat He starts reading a quote from the book. So I like everyone and super interested to see what's happening.  That's what you do. It's my reaction It's my you know feedback to it. That's what I think of the video. I'm allowed to do that That's the whole reason why it's called, you know a reaction to it I'm reacting to it giving my thoughts giving my opinions all that crap I know all these videos still get hate anyways I honestly couldn't care less because I just want to see what is coming out of Matt's crazy mind whenever it comes out of FNAF keen theories because again, they've gotten very very strange, but Who knows maybe this one is going to be giving some really neat information again, he's going back to the Freddy Fowler's book to Reveal some information about the fourth clause at which is right there and the fourth clause that's down there So let's just stop wasting time stop blabbering on let's watch the theory. Oh, it's got no views, but 2k likes interesting Thoughtful fans you say Game is crystal for years. I've been trying to piece together the story of these games, right only five years So so many theories later one thing has always served as a major sticking point and that thing has been these books now Admittedly these books enter the series at a tough time FNAF 4 had released a few months prior the game that to this day Serves as the single biggest point of frustration for anyone trying to piece together. It's got a point See also the repeated use of the name Jeremy, but this one this one game was just too much It was a game that played with so many different ideas It played with dreams and dates and bites Man dream theory and new toys kids that look like established characters I mean, what was Scott brought new characters into a new game. That is crazy. That's just something you cannot do No one had any idea and still to this day About what this game for I don't know that's basically Matt right now for nap franchise I don't know just make a video about it. It'll get like 10 million views, which again, I Have a feeling this is why this is coming out, you know, let's get that ad rev How to walk you start okay Sandwiched in between at all Like it we shows the updated Freddy files not the original one also He shows the fast burst rights, which aren't even out yet. He doesn't show the graphic novel cover. He doesn't you know The truth is that after a while Lord can become so dense that there isn't any room for Another I remember this this was good Sometimes a timeline gets so full that the only way to tell a real story is have that story set in a different timeline an alternate universe a Different location or perhaps from a vantage point. That isn't entirely what it appears to be Man if only I hadn't throw my phone over there so guys gonna be acting the game theory. Let me just start the video Okay, so that's what I mean. Oh, I should probably show it like okay. I'll get off my phone Like as you can see right down here Actually only one of the possibilities that he raised in fact now that all three of the books have come out and completed the main fourth cause it has been out for a for a while Matt It's been okay Now for a while but spoilers F Who's that him smacking the books in the background That is the point of a theory you explain anyways continue explaining Created for versions of that robot each one meant to simulate a different life stage that she would never get to experience toddler Thus allowing this robot child to grow up over time Each one of those robots with fabricated memories of a childhood he created using a camera and tripod And if you think that sounds weird then you haven't finished reading this book my friends because this book jump so many sharks But that is nothing compared to what this book does to the animatronic, baby that we all know and love baby Elizabeth Extruding out ice cream. She also has the ability to switch between looking like a passable human so much so that a character in here actually gets aroused by her Got about that The things God writes and also expanding somehow into a giant clown shape robot the one that we all know and love She does this by using a combination of needles with little balls on the end as well as sound illusion discs I mean how ridiculous is this right? It's a good thing. Nothing.  Guys, did you notice that circus baby is in her own game? Whack This is this is literally he covered this he covered the sound desk being in this location He made a whole theory and video dedicated to the sound disc being in Sister location. So if he brings up this topic, this is the biggest Notice how he wasn't like the sound is that I covered in this past theory. No, no guys This is a whole new discovery. I've made also the the needles with the balls on the end Those are clearly there. I'm pretty sure everyone has seen those hardcore fans like I did in the past Before he did wait wait wait, ah, yes guys he called it Matpat called it just him.  I got you. Oh Wow, I'm wait as well Well, that's whack No crap, is that literally his point for the past nearly seven minutes the fact that the books mean something in the universe The 17th time is that another ad I Definitely think that there are plenty of I'm definitely just doing it for the views It's all you have to say Matt just come out man Because it's simultaneously overturns a lot of the assumptions that we've made about the series Well, also filling in a lot of logical holes in the timeline of events This is a big one, and I'm curious to get your thought Which is like my second biggest video And then that would make this and this Henry's daughter and therefore this then would be Henry's daughter's empty room Now hold on. I am sure there are plenty of you hard-cork nappers out there who are ready to tear this huge list of heart Oh, I've already done that trust me He shows it right there wait one two three four five six like this. Oh my god Angry rage comment down below. This is a nap theory unlike anything. We've ever talked about so He could have shown in this intro by so much he is eight and a half minutes into the video He's eight and a half minutes into a 24-minute video, and he's just now getting to the theory Gotta drag out that watch in watch time Correct Correct I mean, there's no other name written here. So that is in her middle name. So Henry's last name is Emily We're talking about the Emily family Just weird.  Good hilarious Hold on hold on hold on so if Mustard man really is Henry and the crying child really is Charlotte then Charlotte has two siblings right the older brother and the the the empty sister's room but in the books Charlotte's sibling is a younger brother Sammy Not only is he younger than her which wouldn't make sense seeing as you know It's the older brother and then I don't know older little sister. We don't know Charlotte doesn't have a sister Okay, see if he explains this Until specifically today Don't we see Charlotte die outside of pizzas, I mean didn't he just show it right here isn't that Charlotte? See the other thing This in turn let all us FNAF theorists to speculate wildly about the owner of this room anyone with two X chromosomes was up for debate this pigtail girl and That was it The only girl that was introduced into the series at this point later when sister location came out We got ourselves a second girl and everyone celebrated. It was Afton's daughter Elizabeth So that room had to be hers, right? I mean the game was even alluding to it being hers because if this is Charlotte's room why and if Charlotte Okay, hold on I'm really trying to piece this together because I really want to think about this because I know people get mad when I Criticize the theories I'm really trying to think about this if he claims that the girl's bedroom is Charlotte's room and Charlotte is the crying child because according to him. She died in the bite of 87 or not the bite of 87 bite of 83 Why would she be in her siblings room or her parents's room? Why would she go there? Why wouldn't she just stay in her own room? I Why is she in another bedroom? Climactic final battle happens in an underground animatronic facility When our heroes emerge to the surface they find themselves in the ruins of a familiar house Here's the quote. Don't you see where we are Charlie whispered John. It's my dad's John It's the room we found Facility is an under William Afton's house instead in the books It's hidden under Henry's house. And now what do we see in the games a hidden facility buried directly under the FNAF or house a House that we've been assuming up until this point to be Afton's house But it's starting to look more and more like it might be Henry's and that's not all Let's take a minute to flash back to FNAF 6 shall we now overall I feel like we've done a pretty darn good job of wrapping up this game Man didn't get in the ball pit We know what candy cadet is rambling on about we know That fruity maze girl here is Susie who gets lured away and stuffed into Chica Hey, we even know that the game itself this building could be the potential box God, I always hated that thing. I always hated that thing. I just it seems like such a stretch Like, you know, it's the outline of a building buildings are usually rectangular It's nice and it nice little bow with that theory, I don't know Collectively looks at the screen and then slams their head on the desk There's an orange guy now What I can't count that fast. He didn't even include more X for doubt Why do you do Scott coffin? Hey, it's me But now the puppet girl which isn't that Charlotte That a guy who has been associated with one color the color purple for the entirety of this franchise is suddenly orange Tried to dismiss it as Scott pulling the Scott. Well, you know, that's not the most satisfying answer It doesn't feel conclusive, you know and more importantly those footprints outside of the window I mean, why are they there either in This boy or this girl being sure that Showing up to God That one definitely seems like the more likely solution But the only person in the entirety of this franchise would do something like that is big old willy a and why would he do something like that to his own kid in his own house And then get mad about it things just don't add up cleanly It's a question that really started to bother me when I was playing nap VR Help wanted glitch trap is clearly modeled after the first suit ever used by willy maftin You can tell based on his stitching. This is a hand-sewn body suit rather than any sort of animatronic suit Hey, Freddie Which is Charlotte cuz then you know at the ending of pizza sim Henry's there telling his daughter Hey, you know, sorry, I couldn't help you out there. You're kind of dead now Oops big F and then it shows all the cutscenes from pizza sim from fnaf 2 to the fnaf 2 minigame just the puppet in general Theory isn't the best Huge question mark left from before that midnight motorist minigame was it so we have ourselves the suit that would have been in use Around the time of the minigame as well as a matching foot pattern to the design that we see in the minigame We even have ourselves a potential reference to it from ultimate custom night and the toy cheeky cutscenes Oh god not this I thought I was done with you And here's where everything starts coming together. Let's assume that William Afton. I'll be honest I didn't think about that But according to Matt, I know I'm like sorry I keep pausing but again I'm gonna try to figure this out according to Matt isn't the toy cheek a cutscene or maybe this was darker I can't remember which one exactly Isn't the toy cheek a cutscene from custom night supposed to be symbolizing Afton's, you know kidnapping of the kids Wait, wait, so now the crying child is Henry's son Yeah, exactly Oh my god Matt is literally going all over the place with this theory. Charlotte's the bite victim Charlotte's the puppet Charlotte's the crying child Charlotte's gotten lowered out by the glitch trap from their house Choose one choose one Don't understand He So that's short I am legit confused I guys I would love love to really really think about this theory But Matt is literally like he's got one theory here one theory here, and they just they don't connect Charlotte's the puppet where they get killed outside the FNAF six mini-game, pizzeria, whatever and then Charlotte's the bite victim where they die there They don't connect you can't have you know two original charlots We're assuming is gonna be Henry he has a kid who is not only run away on multiple occasions But he's so determined to do so that he's willing to break through his own window to get there How do you keep him safe at home got paid for this window myself? Or but maybe locking him in his room use the sound disc just like I covered in a previous theory heck Hidden around your house hiding a security camera inside the Fredbear plushie that he takes everywhere Hey, this was also covered in a previous theory He tracked of where he is at a good point in time. Heck, maybe you can go so far as to design sound illusion disks To make him scared of the animatronics that he's seeing his once beloved animatronic friends now terrifying Causing nightmarish hallucinations of the characters just like the discs that we see hidden inside a fun time Freddy's chest and sister location The same discs that Henry is confirmed created in the books these two right here They play a huge role in these two books. You know most of them in the books bear Afton's name They were originally created by Henry in an attempt to warp the world around him to hide from the grief that he felt after the loss of his child Discs that wouldn't you know it Afton hides inside the fun time robots just like we see But as we see in FNAF 4 it isn't enough the crying child still winds up at Freddy's He's still stupid brothers and he dies with that iconic line in yellow. I will put you back together Now I keep going back to in this book right here second the last page Hold up, let me get there Matt. Hold up. Hold up. Hold up. We all know I got to keep up with you because I'm very confused right now Yep, hold up. Yeah, I'm there Correct Well use the robots to try and heal his grief I mean if anyone in this series is gonna say a line like I will put you back together It's Henry Contrary to popular belief from your previous theories. That's Henry Maybe mustard man is the color that is in order to better match the color of this FNAF 4 text I will put you back together in yellow and yeah, sure It's yellow and not orange But guess what purple guy was pink in his first outing as the series has gotten darker So too has the color palette, but seriously there are two colors that are relatively similar Maybe there's a connection there and if the crying child is Wasn't there a whole debate about that text in the past because also wasn't the puppet Believe to hold that text and then it was golden 30 and then it was afton and now it's Henry Indeed Michael as I've talked about a lot Right wait isn't wait. Hold on the crying child is indeed Michael as I've talked about a lot in past Which would be weird cuz wasn't the crowd child at the start of the video Charlotte. So now Charlotte is Michael Henry literally rebuilding his lost son like he does his lost daughter in the books Explains all of the weirdness of Mike's behavior throughout the series How he's able to survive being scooped how he has fragmented memories of his past how he doesn't die after puking up mom's Robots spaghetti By fire But I'm not It's also worth noting that at no point in the series is Michael ever Michael as Michael Afton now it seems like Mike insist your location is referring to William Afton's father It's me Michael. I did it Why do as spring trap appears definitely makes it Like he's going out and looking for William, but that may just be another Scott misdirect. It's open to interpretation I mean this scene alone still has people convinced that spring trap is my oh god Mike trap Yeah Hashtag not my In these books is all about achieving immortality through the robot So now is gone to talk about Henry to talking about Afton He wants access to their metal he wants to harvest it to run experiments He wants to melt down those living endoskeletons so he can harness the possessed metal to create the fun time animatronics I mean that is the whole point of candy cadets stories in nap six. Yeah, five things melted down to create one thing Five to one Henry on the other hand is the emotional one. He's a creator who gets to invest back to Henry Bouncing from top to the top Oh losing his daughter to the puppet not the bite He goes to extreme lengths to use his robotic skills to try and bring her back to life and he does it he succeeds He creates the most absurdly life-like humanoid animatronics ever in science fiction And they have to be to do some of the stuff that you see happen.  She has brown hair. Elizabeth is blonde You you can't whatever Charlotte I believe um, let me see if I can quickly find it here because elizabeth has I believe it's blue eyes and charlotte has hold up Brown eyes, so they are definitely not the same person And in these books because it is absurd, but if we are truly meant to apply the themes of these books to the games Then this isn't the acting family household. It doesn't make sense. It's the you wait. It doesn't make sense Some theory doesn't make sense Girl bedroom and nap four it would explain the 1983 date that we're presented with It would say why mustard man is yellow why there are footprints outside the window Why the crying child is suddenly scared of freddy's and it would even go so far as to explain the line I will put you back together for the five thousand time to this thing A lot of things that are difficult to explain It's gonna get views no matter how few he is I Encourage you to discuss down below in the comments Wow, really man, man, you're you're all of us. I'm such a nice guy It's just a theory a game theory Thanks for watching. So what was the conclusion again? The theory has a lot of interesting points and as matt said it definitely does have a few holes in it Except I really can't get around those holes. I mentioned so many flaws in the theories Um, or just in the theory in the video in general like the whole bedroom situation Why would charlotte be in different bedroom and the fact that he has two colliding theories? The fact that either charlotte died in the bite of 83 like it says on her gravestone or that she died at the hands of um What's his name? William afton and is then the puppet Those two don't go together You know and elizabeth afton or apparently just elizabeth. Who knows she may not not even be an afton. Who knows Elizabeth and charlotte. It was not the same people charlotte again brown eyes brown hair elizabeth blonde hair Blue eyes or green eyes. I think it's blue I honestly can't remember but I know for fact elizabeth does not have brown eyes So they definitely cannot be the same person There's so many colliding points in this theory that it's really just difficult to understand And he bounces between them so fast like he'll be talking about the bite of every bite of 83 in one moment Then I'll switch over to be talking about um Uh, the the sound disc the illusion disc in fnaf 4 here. We're talking about the underground bunker in sisal location It's just so many colliding points that don't tie neatly Into a video and I don't really understand why all of this was put into one video And I know I always make jokes about it in past theory reactions and I made jokes about it in this one I honestly think matt should take a small break from making fnaf theories because Then he comes out with with you know crap like this Again, it has interesting points, but there's loads of colliding theories in this one It just it's doesn't it doesn't really make any sense And as much as I don't want to believe that he's making these theories just to make fnaf theories Just to get views just to get the ads It's really difficult to to not see it that way When he's coming out with theories like this that have colliding points You know what I mean and I know because I've said stuff like this in the video It's gonna get a lot of hate, but honestly guys Think about There are so many so many colliding points again Charlotte being Elizabeth in the same, you know, circus baby character The bite of 83 Charlotte dying there or Charlotte dying at the hands of the puppet And and William Afton. It just doesn't go together And I don't understand how matt didn't notice this I realized that he went into this theory and the script writing the script with a different point of view Instead of looking at it from the game's perspective.   You see there's another colliding point Charlotte being the crying child and gets bit or the crying child being Henry's son and being taken by glitch trap Another colliding theory That's just there's so many points that I feel like really really don't go together and just overall don't make a good theory video But again, there are a lot of interesting points here and I realize I've been talking At the end of this video for a long time. I was talking during the whole reaction For a long time But I just wanted to get my points across because I realize a lot of people, you know Get mad at me when I make these points But just think about it think about all those colliding theories all those colliding points that I just mentioned in the past like four minutes And just think about it take that into consideration If you have to re-watch the whole video with that knowledge and just really think about it It really does not go together neatly and honestly, it's just sad that matt didn't even realize that so Unfortunately, this is another theory from me again loads of interesting points But just way too many colliding topics, but thank you guys so much for watching and I'll see you all on the flip side Goodbye You


Bienvenidos a este lugar vale. My name is Tanya Bowers and I am the Director for Diversity at the National Trust for Historic Preservation. We are a national non-profit organization and our mission is to save America's historic places. So welcome to our Preservation 101 training. Our goal is to educate you about approaches, players, policies which can help you save Latino cultural resources. And at the end of this training you will learn how historic preservation tools and resources can help you save community treasures. And this is geared towards those who are passionate about a particular place or history. Some of you may have prior knowledge of historic preservation but even if you do, hopefully this will help you brush up on some of these tools and resources. So just to give you a little bit of background on the National Trust's experience with Latino cultural and historic preservation, back in 2010-2011 we engaged in eight different conversaciones across the country as a part of an effort to engage Latinos in conversations around places that matter. We also brought different partners from the historic preservation community to these conversations so that they could learn and also share about different tools that were available in the historic preservation field. We heard a lot of things during the conversaciones and you will see in this picture from the Miami Conversación, a conversation that took place at one of one of our our tables. And one of the main things that we heard was that our stories and our contributions have largely been ignored or downplayed in the larger American narrative. To go a little deeper into some of these themes that emerged, one of them was about this tradition of preserving cultural heritage. And one of the things that we found were that a lot of buildings and places which had been significant in different Hispanic communities were no longer standing. Why was this? Decisions had been made by the powers that be that many of these places weren't worthy of preserving so highways were put through neighborhoods or buildings were torn down for urban renewal projects and other large-scale developments. As a result, what communities were able to hold on to was the intangible. And there's been a great tradition of stewardship of this cultural legacy for generations, those being music, language, religion, recipes. And we see that legacy passed on from generation to generation. In the photo, you will see one of the staff at the Races Latin Music Museum in East Harlem, New York, talking about some of the cultural heritage that his institution has helped to preserve. So one of the other things that we heard is that there actually has been a great stewardship of places for generations in Latino communities. A lot of these folks may be new to the official preservation movement, but we are not new to actually saving places. Why is that? Because before these lands we now call the United States existed, many ancestors lived here. And one of the places that is evidence of this is the Mission del Sagrado Corazon, which is in Ruedosa, Texas, which at one point was a thriving border town. And nowadays, even though this is a particular ghost town, a virtual ghost town, this beautiful Catholic church still exists. And it's right at the foot of the Canadi Mountains on the Texas-Mexico border. And it was built in 1910. We know that there was a lot of settlement at the beginning of the 20th century here. Additionally, in a number of towns throughout the United States and cities throughout the United States, Latinos were one of the waves of immigrants. And we have seen a lot more Latino immigration in the last 20 or 30 years.  And it happens to be a bakery that's on a main street. We find that some of the newer immigrants who are in various cities throughout the country actually are giving new lives to a lot of these buildings. And these are places where businesses are run, where residents live, and folks are taking on these cultural resources as their as their own, particularly in Iowa. Even from the 19, I'm sorry, the 2000 to the 2010 census, there's been an 84% increase in the number of Hispanics. And this actually harkens back to a lot of Mexican immigration that can be traced to the 20th century. At that time, it was sugar beet industry, railroads, as well as the Mexican Revolution. Those numbers dropped off during the Depression, but they picked up again in the 1980s due to the food processing industry. So this stewardship of places, we were told that even though a lot of Latinos may not necessarily be using quote unquote appropriate materials or styles, what's happening really needs to be recognized as legitimate in its in its own right. You see a photo from the St. John the Divine Church in Argentine, Kansas. And this building actually ended up getting on to the National Register of Historic Places in October of 2013. And in Kansas, again, just referring back to some of the history that we talked about in in the Midwest in Iowa. In Kansas, there was, again, a great deal of immigration due to laws limiting Europeans and Asians as well as labor shortages between the First and Second World War. That allowed for opportunities for a number of Mexicans and Mexican Americans to come to Kansas. And interestingly, this particular church, which had been built in 1887 by a Methodist congregation at a wood frame church, it had been sold to the Catholic Diocese in 1937. Interestingly, the Catholic community in this part of Kansas had the Mexican Catholics attend this particular church because they weren't welcome at the other Catholic church in the area. And a lot of Mexican families had come to the area again to work on railroads, sugar meat packing plants, and salt mining during the early decades of the 20th century. And they became the stewards of this particular building. The Archdiocese closed the building in 1992 due to dwindling membership, but a group called St. John the Divine Community Art and Education Center, they ended up acquiring the structure from a private owner, and they are seeking to restore the building to create a non-religious community art center, and are hoping to tap historic preservation grants and tax credits to do so. One of the other themes that we had, again, heard at the conversaciones, was that we want our history, our contributions to be recognized. And the National Park Service rose to the call in 2011, former Department of the Interior Secretary Ken Salazar launched the American Latino Heritage Initiative. And this theme study, American Latinos and the Making of the United States, was the result of it. It represents some of the latest scholarship in Latino history, and over 17 Latino scholars wrote about Latino history in the United States in terms of making a nation, making a life, making a living, and making a democracy. And this theme study ends up becoming a tool to help identify and evaluate the historical significance of Latino related places in the hopes that those places will be nominated for the National Register. So some of you might be wondering what exactly is historic preservation? And we asked this question of three self-proclaimed preservationists who identify as Latino. And you see some of their answers or excerpts from their answers on the screen in front of you. From Sylvia Gonzalez, who is at Villa Finale in San Antonio, Esteban Rao Galvez, a previous Vice President of Historic Sites at the National Trust for Historic Preservation in Washington, D.C., and Fernando Javeris from the Conservation Trust of Puerto Rico. And one of the answers I find most moving is the first bullet you see, the act of taking care of our cultural past for current and future generations. To answer that question, what is historic preservation? We figured we would capture it with some slides. And you see in front of you a photo of a historic home, which is in St. Peter's Historic District in Laredo, Texas. It is a local district in this part of South Texas. Some might consider it high-style. On the next slide, you will see a photo of the Casita Rincón Carrillo, which is in the Bronx. Some might consider this a more modest structure. You may know that these casitas are small houses surrounded by gardens. They have been created to recall the look and feel of the Puerto Rican countryside. And several of them have dotted vacant lots throughout the Bronx, Manhattan, and Brooklyn. This particular one currently occupies its second city-owned site in the South Bronx. And you actually see a photo of Puerto Rican artist and planero, Benny Ayala, giving drum lessons to young people in the community. For over 20 years, the Casita served as a meeting place for local residents and musicians. And music such as Bomba and Plena, which are unique forms of Puerto Rican style, played with drums and percussions accompanied by singing and dancing, have always been performed here by community members to solidify rich traditions and heritage of the Rincón Carrillo. This site is not yet on the National Register of Historic Places, but City Law and Organization in New York is working to make that happen. The next photo you will see is of Bombi Alley, which is in San Francisco's mission district. And on Bombi Alley, this happens to comprise the largest concentration of murals in San Francisco within one entire city block. And in 1972, artists from the Chicana Artist Collective Las Mujeres Muralistas, they began painting experiences of women. Additionally, in 1984, a large-scale mural project resulted in 27 murals by Chicano and Central American artists relaying some themes of Central American conflicts, human rights violations, peace promotion, and the area's indigenous cultures. For over 2,000 years, the Yalamu Indians inhabited the area, which is now known as the Mission District. Spanish missionaries arrived in the area in the late 18th century. And during the 40s through the 1960s, Mexican immigrants moved into the area, giving the mission a heavily Latino character for which it continues to be known today. In the 1960s, that wave was followed by a large number of Central American immigrants, so much that Central American immigration outpaced that of Mexicans. And between the 1980s and the 1990s, the neighborhood received an even higher influx of immigrants and refugees from Central and South America fleeing civil wars and political instability. Landscapes are also a part of historic preservation.  This is actually a wooden log aqueduct that was a part of the Spanish Asequia system. When Spanish arrived in the area, they discovered Native Americans had been irrigating the area, and they brought their own Asequia system to help irrigate arid lands throughout the Southwest. Las Trampas happens to be one of a string of villages that sits on a scenic high road to Taos between Santa Fe and that town. In 1751, 12 Spanish families settled there, and in 1967, Las Trampas was made a National Historic District. The next slide shows Miami Marine Stadium, and this was cutting edge technology designed by a Cuban-born architect, Eladio Candela, in the 1960s. This was the first waterfront stadium in the United States. It ended up hosting a number of international performers as well as waterfront sports. Since that time, it was erected, and the National Trust is working hard to see the stadium relive its original glory with the help of advocates such as Gloria Estefan. The next slide shows an example of preservation in places that we work, everyday places we might come across, and this photo happens to be of the KWX Univision Station in San Antonio, Texas. Unfortunately, this building was torn down in December of 2013. It had been erected in 1955 by Raúl Cortez. This mid-century modern structure became the nation's first full-time Spanish language station. Even though only one out of three households nationwide owned a television, San Antonio's local audience was able to support a full-time Spanish language television station at that time. The building was one of a few mid-century modern designs in downtown San Antonio prior to it being torn down, and local activists waged a battle to support the building's local designation. Unfortunately, the Office of Historic Preservation wasn't able to step up to prevent the demolition, and this building is no longer there. Historic Preservation is also about places where we play these everyday places where lives are worth preserving, and the photo is of the Maravia Handball Court in East Los Angeles. The court was built in 1928 as a private court for male handball players in this community, which happened to be working class. It was multi-ethnic, made up of immigrants from Mexico, Ireland, Germany, and Japan. The Nishiyamas, Japanese Americans, ended up buying the court and next door the El Centro grocery. They sponsored numerous community functions at the court, posted local announcements, extended store credit to regular customers, and the area became a de facto social center for the small neighborhood, which is now Majority Latino. And in 2012, the Handball Court and El Centro grocery became listed on the California Register of Historical Resources. So when we are able to preserve places, these stories get told. And in the next few slides, you're going to see some different images that will help to show that historic preservation can either give new life to places that had been of historic significance to Latino communities, or it can give new life to places that didn't necessarily have a historic connection to these communities. We see a photo here of the Boyle Hotel, the Cummings Block. This is in Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, a place which is also affectionately known as the Mariachi Hotel. And it was built in 1889. Its builder, George Cummings and his wife, Sacramento Lopez de Cummings hosted political, charitable, and social events in the hotel's dining and reception rooms. Their marriage was representative of unions between daughters of established Mexican families and newly arrived Euro-American entrepreneurs during the Mexican period and in the transitional decades following California statehood when political, social, and economic power was shifting from Californios to Anglos. Although the building had many different lives, including formerly a hotel and a grocery store, since the 1930s, it became known, as I said, as the Mariachi Hotel. Across the street there's a triangular island that's also known as Mariachi Plaza where local Mariachi musicians get jobs as bands at different restaurants. And in 2007, the building was declared a Los Angeles cultural monument. Since then, the East Los Angeles Community Corporation has been able to purchase the building and rehab the hotel as 51 units of affordable housing. It's also the Mariachi Cultural Center and contains over 4,000 square feet of retail space. This rehabilitation was done using historic tax credits. The next slide shows how something that had historic significance to a local Hispanic community now has new life serving a larger local community. And this is the El Centro Español de Tampa in the Ybor City neighborhood of Tampa, Florida. Immigrants from Spain, including some by way of Cuba, came to this bustling factory town as tobacco workers in the late 1890s. El Centro Español was the first of several ethnic social clubs and mutual aid society organizations. There was large-scale Spanish immigration and Cuban immigration to Florida in the 1890s, which continued into the early 20th centuries. The club actually played a number of vital roles in Ybor City's development. They were particularly important in welcoming and orienting new rivals to the immigrant community. This clubhouse happened to be built in 1912. The organization actually ended up consolidating their membership to another clubhouse in West Tampa. They sold the building. It remained vacant until 2010, and it now houses the Hillsborough Education Foundation and its teaching tools for Hillsborough Schools program. The building happened to be included in the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. As a contributing property within the Ybor City Historic District and became a national historic landmark in its own right in 1988, Costa de Maryland happens to be the state's largest Latino and immigrant service organization. They acquired the property in 2001, and in 2008 they began a historic rehab of the property in a desire to convert it into a multicultural center. In 2010, it opened as Costa de Maryland's multicultural center, providing services that included financial and computer literacy education, immigrant legal and civil rights assistance, job placement, and food industry training. Federal tax credits, Maryland state historic tax credits, and federal energy tax credits helped to contribute to its revitalization. In this slide, you see what happens when places are lost. We see on the left side, a photo of La Gloria Dance Hall and gas station, and this particular venue had been owned by Mexican immigrant Matilde Elizondo since 1928. The facility had many different uses, but one of its most important happened to be a rooftop dance floor, which had been built in an effort to pay off the mortgage for the larger property. Elizondo had wanted to provide a safe place for families, so security guards kept order and no alcohol was allowed. La Gloria became a neighborhood icon providing family entertainment for all ages. Until 1941, when many young men went off to serve in World War II, time to change after the war, La Gloria returned to its gas and service station functions. After Elizondo's death, the building changed ownership, and in 2002, it ended up being demolished. Once it was gone, community members were very upset, and stories remained.  We also find photos, which are of particular significance to a number of Cuban Americans who between 1960 and 1962 were part of Operation Pedro Pond. This was the code name of a CIA project. 14,000 Cuban children between the ages of 5 and 18 were sent from Cuba to Miami by their parents who opposed the new Cuban revolutionary government. With the help of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami and Monsignor Brian Walsh, some of the children ended up being placed with relatives, friends, foster care, or in homes across 35 states. One of them in particular was flown to Casa Suarez in 1964, and Casa Suarez was where a number of them were flown into. This is a part of a Florida city camp, and a marker was erected in 2013. So seeing all these examples of historic preservation, you might be wondering how you do it. And we have outlined a number of steps or primeros pasos that can be taken to preserve these places. Please note that these steps can be taken in any particular order. One of the main steps involves identifying a threat, a threat to a place that matters to you. And many different indicators will give you a sense that there is some urgency around a particular place.  This was designated with an official Texas historical marker in 1999. It happens to also be a national registered district. It was one of the earliest residential neighborhoods in Laredo. The area had been divided into lots between the 1870s and 1880s. Even though this particular building was vacated, L. Azteca Barrio remains a thriving district. So when you see that there is a threat based on some of the indicators that were listed on the previous slide, you can take a number of steps. You may want to consult with a local planning department or a preservation partner. And in the photo, you will see some dancers, some residents at the Wyvernwood Garden Apartments. This is in the Boyle Heights area of Los Angeles. And these garden apartments, long-term residents of them will actually test to the close-knit community and family ties spanning generations, fostered by the complex's innovative design. And in 1999, a company rolled some bulldozers to tear down garages, even with people's belongings still in them. This was to make the way for a new structure that they wanted to erect. And residents of Wyvernwood immediately put down their bodies in front of the bulldozers. They contacted an attorney to stop tearing down the garages. And their battle remains today. One of the other steps that you might want to take is connecting or forming a group. And sometimes you may want to join forces with an existing preservation group or form your own. And the photo happens to show a bungalow that is in the Little Havana neighborhood of Miami. An elderly Cuban couple had sold the building to the Dade Heritage Trust, which is a preservation partner. And historic designation was secured from the city of Miami. An environmental nonprofit, Citizens for a Better Miami, which is headed up by Hispanics, focusing on educating the Latin community. They have ended up occupying the renovated home, which was restored by Hispanic architect. And the Dade Heritage Trust project enhanced the appearance of this particular neighborhood and has led to another historic bungalow being restored on the same street. One of the other steps identified is defining a vision and making a plan. And this can happen in many ways, focusing on programs and objectives, coming up with goals and action plan, also thinking about budget fundraising strategies and publicity. And this is exemplified in the photo where brainstorming took place at the Los Angeles Conversación. The Esperanza Peace and Justice Center is an example of a wonderful organization, a community-based organization that has collaborated with city government in instances to save buildings.  This is also referred to as the pink building. And why don't you now watch the video that is on the website to learn more about how Esperanza Peace and Justice Center battled to preserve Casa Maldonado. Determining significance is one of the additional steps that can be taken. That can happen by doing neighborhood surveys and also finding out more about the history and the significance of the site. And this photo actually comes out of the Eastside Heritage Consortium training that was done at Esteban Torres' High School, Social Justice Academy. This is in East Los Angeles. And the city of Los Angeles had engaged in a historic resources survey, which was called Survey LA. And this particular part of Los Angeles, which wasn't a part of the city boundary, decided to engage in their own survey. And Eastside Heritage Consortium was the community-based entity that took responsibility for this effort, training a number of local residents, and figuring out what resources also existed in their neighborhood. One of the things that helped to determine significance are looking at some of the criteria that are used to determine it. And the National Register of Historic Places offers some criteria for consideration. You'll see listed in terms of a place, whether it be a district, a site, a building, or structure, a number of ways listed. And the picture that we actually see of Mesilla Plaza in Dona Ana County in New Mexico actually qualified in 1982 was listed on the National Register as a National Historic Landmark. And the historic district was added to the National Registry in 1985. On the basis of its significance in American history, when the time, when the Mesilla was founded, the population of the town was concentrated around the Plaza for defense against Apache raiders who were a constant threat to the settlement. There are also a number of adobe buildings around the Plaza that remain today. And you actually see in this photo where we go into a little bit more depth about these criteria. B talks about being associated with the lives of persons of significance in our past. And this home, the Casa Doctora Concha Meléndez Ramirez in Puerto Rico, happens to be located in one of the oldest and most prestigious suburbs in Puerto Rico. The properties associated with the productive life of Doctora Meléndez, who was one of the most significant and influential academics in Puerto Rico's cultural history. And this was designated in 2013. So you've heard me referring several times to historic designation. And we have designation, which can be done on the local, state, or federal level. There are actually two different levels within federal. And the photo that you see of the old San Juan Historic District happens to actually be nationally significant. So it's on the National Historic Landmark. It's a part of the National Historic Landmarks. And it is considered one of the premier colonial cities in the United States and the nation's most important and complete Spanish urban center. It was designated on the basis of its significance because of its architectural history and its reflection of Spanish culture and colonial history. And there are several Gothic renaissance and Baroque buildings, which represent soul stylistic examples of these architectural styles found anywhere in the nation. Let's focus in on local designation. The vast majority of designations take place on this level. It's actually the easiest cumbersome of the designation processes. And it affords the most protection for privately owned resources. You see a photo of St. Anthony's Church in Cuesta, New Mexico. And in the next slide, we're actually going to see Esteban Real-Galvez talk about why his community decided to pursue this designation. One of the things that I've realized in all of my efforts to work on historic sites across the nation and in so many different capacities is that all preservation is local. And it really takes the community coming together to realize the importance of a certain place and bring their minds, their hearts, all of their efforts to save that particular place. And it's really based on a philosophy that I think has transformed many communities. Si se puede, yes we can. And whether we're focusing on an effort to place a site on the national register, on the state register, or local, we have to take a phased approach. And I have seen the most successful efforts begin very much at the local effort by moving it through to the state and national. And I think of my own home village, the San Antonio del Rio Colorado, otherwise known as Cuesta Church, the St. Anthony's Church. When the wall fell, the seven foot wide adobe wall fell. The entire community was distraught and challenged by this because it was as if their grandmother, grandfather's leg had been broken. But they gathered around that. They did what they knew that they had to do, which began by placing it on a local ordinance. The community didn't have a full understanding of what it meant to place it on the national or state ordinance. But they knew that they had to preserve it in some way. And it started with the local community by gathering around the village council and asking it to be placed on the local and creating a preservation ordinance. I think that was the first time that a preservation ordinance had been established for that particular village. I think and that's only the beginning of the story. The wall has now been rebuilt. The restoration effort is well on its way. And I think the the the church has become a metaphor for a healing within the entire community. Certainly I can see that church being listed on the state and national register soon. But it also began at the local level. State designation is another another option. And many of us know that each state has its own processes, procedures and requirements. For different states listings may trigger different regulatory protection from state or government action or whether a property owner is eligible for tax benefits or incentives in the property's rehabilitation. We see a photo of the self-help graphics art and art building in the Boyle Heights neighborhood of Los Angeles. And Karina Munez who is a former coordinating community outreach coordinator with the Los Angeles Conservancy is going to tell us a little bit more about the designation process that took place to protect self-health graphics and art. It was incredible to see the self-help graphics building on the California register of historical resources. This is a huge community effort. At the time the archdiocese had sold the building without letting self-help graphics staff know. And so there was great fear about what was going to happen to the organization. Where were they going to move? Were they going to be able to stay? And what was going to happen to the building? And while they've now relocated to where they originally were formed in Boyle Heights, the legacy of self-help graphics building on Cesar Chavez and Gage continued to remain a huge important cultural icon for the community. The effort was long and extensive. We did various oral history interviews. We spoke with scholars, folks who had been part of self-help graphics, not just their selves, but their children had grown up in the community and making art and contributing to the community and the building itself. There's so much rich history there that starts in the 40s post-suit riots with the Catholic Youth Organization in the 60s with the Easterlings sound and music that came out of the building itself. And then when Sister Karen as well took over and was able to really help support East Los Angeles artists that were getting closed out from the West Side Art and decided to create their own voice using their own political messages and culture to create a new art form. And in doing so, they made a huge contribution to the Chicano movements of the 60s and 70s and then also continuing on into the 80s as well and to music in the 80s with the VEX and to supporting youth programs to continue to make art, to continue to do print making, print screening. It has been a huge resource for the community. And also the mosaics themselves, Eduardo Ropeza worked tirelessly for three years to put the mosaics piece by piece onto the walls and now the building wouldn't be the same without them. You might also decide to nominate a particular place onto the National Register of Historic Places. This is the nation's official list of properties worthy of preservation and you'll see that those places can take many forms. There are different levels of significance, national, state, or local. This list is managed by the National Park Service and as of August 2013 there were over 88,000 listings on them. The photo to the right is of Lerma's nightclub in San Antonio. This happened to be the longest running live Conjunto music venue in Central and South Texas. Conjunto is a unique Texas fusion of German and Czech accordion sounds as well as the Mexican ranchera played by migrating farm workers in the fields of the local area. This particular dance hall has cultural significance because historically many important musicians played there. This building was erected in 1946 as a cinder block construction but it has art deco architectural features and it comprised five different sections. The land, the first buyer of the land to show a structure was the Wu family, the property then transferred to six other owners with Chinese surnames and in 1951 Pablo Lerma took over the lease of the larger section which had previously been called El Sembrero and turned it into an exclusively live Conjunto music venue. Code violations threatened the owner's stewardship of the building. A group of community members banded together to form the Save Lerma's coalition and the building is still standing but not currently open for business. So national historic landmarks are a special category of national register properties and these are ones that possess an exceptional value or quality in commemorating or illustrating or interpreting the history of the United States and so just to distinguish this again refers to story certificate to the nation as a whole. Slightly more than 225 hundred historic places bear this national distinction just compare that number to the 88,000 sites as of August 2013 which were on the national register of historic places and this particular structure the Trujillo Homestead was designated in 2012 as a national historic landmark and it was done so in the area of exploration and settlement for exceptionally representing an important topic of American history that topic being the expansion of hispano American settlement into the newly acquired region of the American frontier and a wave of northern settlement by newly minted American citizens of Hispanic background is key to understanding the settlement history of the United States and the attendant influence of hispano culture on the nation. There are a number of misconceptions about listing a property in the national register oftentimes people think well if I don't have a beautiful building it can't get designated this is a fallacy buildings can get designation on the beauty on the basis of their architectural integrity as well as the basis of their social history oftentimes people all also fear that being on the national register impacts what an owner chooses to do with the property that's not true because an owner's free to do whatever she wants with that property even dispose of it provided that there are no federal and there's no federal involvement and there's no obligation for an owner to restore maintain or open that property to the public you see pictures in front of you from the Pilsen historic district that became a national registered district in February 2006 and the Pilsen neighborhood was historically a first step neighborhood for immigrants first arriving from Bohemia in the 1870s and later on from Mexico in the 1950s we saw an increase in Hispanic presence in the area but it wasn't until the early 1960s that there was a great spurt of numbers of Latinos in Pilsen and this on the left side you'll actually uh actually see a picture of the El Popo Tortilla factory that was founded in 1954 after a family or Antonio and Ernesto Vina who had been making Mexican tortillas in their three flat apartment on Chicago's west side decided to actually go into business and many know that around 1970 Latinos became the majority population in Pilsen surpassing people of Eastern European descent there are also number perceived barriers to listing properties in the national register um one in particular is uh the fear of gentrification um and we actually see in front of us a photo uh in front of the Casa Amadeo this is in the Longwood section of the of the south Bronx um Casa Amadeo actually opened um in 1941 as Casa Hernandez um this was just prior to um to a large post-World War II Puerto Rican migration into New York and um the business went into the Manhasset apartment building um which was built in 1905 and the business Casa Amadeo is thought to be the oldest Puerto Rican owned music store in New York City um it helped to disseminate Latin music into the United States band leaders and record companies looked to Latin instrumentalists and frequently used the stores as middlemen tax incentive programs encourage the reuse of older buildings and these programs can exist at federal state and local levels the Hyman building was built in 1907 as a hotel in the heart of San Antonio's commercial district it happened to be vacated in the 1970s when an interstate highway isolated the neighborhood from the rest of the city the neighborhood became one of the poorest and most neglected areas of San Antonio fortunately in the year 2000 Avonce a national organization that provides education and social service services to over 17,000 low-income parents and children acquired their property through a donation and they embarked on an ambitious rehabilitation of this San Antonio landmark which was located in the Cattleman Square historic district tax credit programs often take place on the federal or state level the federal historic rehabilitation tax credit is administered by the national park service a property must be on the national register national register eligible in order to qualify a rehabilitation must take place for income producing purposes and 20 percent of the cost can be reimbursed through the tax credit now state rehabilitation tax credits do not need to have a property be on the national register even though the state credit often piggybacks off the federal credit and that credit varies from five to 30 percent we see a photo of the former Tivoli theater in Columbia Heights Washington DC at one point the Tivoli theater was one of the most elegant movie houses in Washington DC it had been completed in 1924 the building was placed on the national register of historic places in 1985 gala grupo de artistas latin americanos uh hispanic theater is a national center for latino performing arts in the nation's capital and in 2005 after an almost six year renovation gala was able to move into its long-awaited home at the Tivoli so there are many other tools federal tools that help to make preservation happen i want to talk about one of them um you see on the right side the department of transportation acts section 4f and this stipulates that the effects of transportation projects should not harm significant parks recreation areas wildlife refuges or historic sites and we have found that it has been particularly helpful in the el serino neighborhood in south pasadena and during the 1970s 1980s and 1990s battles were fought to oppose a six mile wide 1.4 billion extension of the route 710 freeway it would have cut through four nationally recognized historic districts along the edge of two others destroying a thousand homes and 6 000 mature trees so um neighbors within this largely latino community of el serino they got together to protect what is considered the oldest community in los angeles to fight the uh the potential new freeway so what makes preservation happen it's partners and these partners can be non-profit groups um they can be private sector groups they can be public sector groups and um those can also be preservation oriented or non-preservation oriented groups you see in front of you a picture of architectos um this is a group of latino professionals in chicago that was formed in 1985 and their initial objective was to provide a valuable resource that offered latino architects opportunities for career and professional development and they have since been very supportive of preservation of different latino resources in the chicago area you see that we've actually divided some of the existing partners into these two categories those that are non-profits will fall into the private sector grouping and you will see that those partners happen to be at a national a state or a local level public sector partners are at federal state or tribal as well as local levels if you need to find lists of those in your particular area you can always go to preservation nation dot org so we hope that this session has given you information that will help you to protect some cultural resources that may be of value to you if you have additional information you would like to obtain don't hesitate to get in contact with me tanya bowers my phone number and email are on the screen in front of you and just to give credit where credits do again this presentation was put together in partnership with the national trust for historic preservation


Hey guys, Shea Burr here. Something set up down here. It's awful windy. I thought it was going to rain and start sprinkling.  She had some things to do.  Somebody out here was selling two bags of peanuts. I sold a picture. I made $9.25. So if anything interesting happens, I'll be back with you. Alright, so just winding down for the day. So I sold $12 in peanuts. So that's pretty good. Sold a few other things. Didn't do too bad. I'm not sure if I'm going to try it again tomorrow or what. So I'm just waiting on Monkey to get here. So I should be here shortly. But anyway, that's how I did it so far. I might sell a couple more people stopped by at the end of the day. It's about $4.30 right now. Alright, I'll let you know what's happening. I'll keep this vlog going over the weekend. A couple more vlogs and tomorrow I'll put this on tomorrow's vlog which will be Sunday. Hang tight guys.  We loaded the truck. Just got the truck unloaded like five minutes ago. Doorbell rings. Ding dong! The guys are here. They paid me for the trach. They're coming to get it. They live the next street over and they're going to back the trailer right in here and we're going to load her up. So I just sold that. So that'll help a little bit. I really didn't want to sell it but you know when you need the money sometimes toys aren't as important. So there's that. It turned out to be a pretty good day. Alright, so they came and got got the trach. I told them I had a little baby four-wheeler in the garage. They wanted to look at it. They bought it too. I'll show you that clip right here right now from the security cam and I don't know if it picked it up but it should have. I'll throw that clip in but yeah they loaded them both up and took them. Might want to buy that simplicity tractor too. He wants to have it for backup because it's got the same engine as his Dixie chopper so should be pretty cool. Not bad. Not bad today. Not bad. Alright guys, so it's Sunday it's a little bit after three o'clock. We're tearing down. It was only us and the other guy Steve sells the Trump stuff. It was only us here today and we didn't do too bad for Sunday. $37 today. The peanuts are doing well though I only sold one cup today but yesterday I sold six. So they're doing pretty good. I did $107 yesterday but as you heard earlier, 80 of it was what I made at home so that's pretty good. So we had a pretty good weekend. It really helps on the bill even $10 or $15 here and there. That'll give her gas money for work it'll buy us something to eat for the night whatever so it is helping so we're doing pretty good. We brought some of her mom's stuff out to sell for her today so we sold $4 worth of stuff for her so that'll help her. We're keeping that all separate for her stuff. I think I'll come down tomorrow for a little bit. Maybe sell some peanuts or something. Steve's going to be here. Alright guys, that was our weekend. Not much exciting happened so there's my sign. Yeah, there's pointing the wrong way but that's okay. So anyway, that's what's happening here. Alright guys, hope you all had a good weekend and I hope you have a great week coming up. Comment, rate if you haven't already. Subscribe for more awesome videos like this. So, she better than myth and man legend, I'm gone for now. Bye bye guys, take care.


The 27th Conference of Parties or COP 27 concluded in Sharm al-Shraik in Egypt over the weekend. Our cops have entered our imagination far more than in the past, especially with COP 26 in Glasgow last year. This year was no different. You know, a lot of reporting, technical terms such as loss and damage, 1.5 degrees, 2.5 degrees, mitigation, adaptation, all being thrown around, confusing a lot of people sometimes who want to follow this issue. But at the heart of this issue is something very dire. The fact that human civilization as we know it could be under threat in a few decades because of how as a civilization we are organized. So we'll be talking about why COP 27, what happened at COP 27, why it was important, and what does it board for the future in this episode of Mapping Fortlands. We are joined by Pramir Burkayastha. So like I said, the reporting has been in a barrage of reporting, a lot of terms, sometimes 1.5 degrees, 2.5 degrees, loss and damage, adaptation, mitigation, all these questions. But these are not just about terms because a lot of the reports have also pointed out we are seeing the impact of climate change today. Right now, people are being affected across the globe in terms of food, in terms of water, in terms of basic survival, in terms of homes, for instance. So could you maybe first take us through what are the quick impressions you got out of this year's COP 27, COP 27. I think let's put the COP 27 a little bit of the back burner in our discussions because you raised a larger question, what's happening to the globe? And if we take that into account, then that's the background which COP 27 had to address. We already have 1.1 degrees rise of temperature. And we are talking about 1.5 degrees in the threshold. And if we blow past that, which we are in danger of already in the next 5 to 10 years, then it will be in a huge change in the way we have seen the world. There's a possibility that you will see a huge loss of ice in the polar ice caps melting. You will see a perceptible rise of the sea level. And what did that? If you get mega drops, which we are beginning to see, combined with also floods, you're going to see huge damage to particularly the poorer countries. So that's anomaly in this particular case, that the rich countries which today are mostly in the temperate regions, they will feel the impact of global change, climate change, much less than the poorer countries who are really in the, basically in the tropics and the equatorial region. So there is also this climate inequality that countries will not face the damage of all of this equally.  This is the inequality that exists already. The question again is, of course, the history of climate change, that those who are responsible for the current greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, they are the ones who are going to suffer less. Those who are, who have contributed the least amount of greenhouse gases are going to suffer the most. This is the inequality in the system itself. Unfortunately, you can't do much about it except say, okay, now you need to compensate us, you need to do things by which you can control your emissions. And to that, the demand has been from the rich countries, particularly the United States, that the climate change started with common but differentiated responsibility, which means those who have emitted the most should have the better share at least on the financial burden. And also the concept of equity, which means that you have a right to what would be called the carbon space, which is really a right to energy, that if you've already taken up more than your just share, then you shouldn't really be emitting more carbon into the atmosphere. Both these things are now, right now in COP 27, after COP 27 seems to be very much weakened. Because if you see the United States says it doesn't understand common but differentiated responsibility, you see that essentially what the European Union, other countries are arguing, when they argue that we should have a blanket ban on fossil, they're saying ban coal. But fossil gas is what is called it, they're saying a transitional fuel. So it's not a fossil fuel by just changing the name. Though gas is very much a fossil fuel as much as coal is, you pretend as if it is greener than it actually is. And of course, it's true that methane gas, which is really what is there in your natural gas, that has, when you burn it, you combust it, it has produces less carbon dioxide than the equal amount of energy from coal produces. But the problem with methane is it's a much more potent greenhouse gas. And what we find from previous literature, from literature that is now appearing that actually methane leaks are such that whatever gains the national gas given, as we've already wiped out because of the leaks that are taking place from the national gas infrastructure to the extent that it seems to be three to four times more, or even six times more methane is actually leaking. So given all of this, that if we are really talking about maintaining the 1.5 degree centigrade, it seems really appears to be a lost cause, because there is no seriousness of the rich countries to address the issue. And they're seeing how to put the burden of climate change more on the developing countries. And of course, on the process are the big emitters, China and India, because they're large population. So if you're one fifth of the population, you automatically are not as big an emitter as China or India by definition, because you don't have that many people. So India, though per capita mission is one fifth, one sixth that of the United States, for example, still is pointed out by others as a big emitter. So essentially, these are the inequities that have come up in COP 27. And unfortunately, the commitment, the only positive element that came in COP 27 was a loss and damage fund, which they have said, yes, that that is something we should really build. But again, who is going to put how much into that fund as we left open? Right, Prabhir. So in this context, since you did mention the loss and damage one, let's go into that. It's been a demand of developing countries for decades, now almost three decades this year. So Pakistan raised it very strongly because it is so affected badly by the floods that took place a few months ago. And there was a sense of celebration when I believe the European Union, which was resisting for the longest time, finally gave in. And there was a basic agreement on that. But many have also pointed out that there is a fund, but like you said, there's no money in it. So considering what has happened in the past to money, would you explain some of the details on this loss and damage fund? Well, let's look at what the other fund did or didn't do. There's 100 billion funds which are supposed to be contributed by the rich countries by 2020. Now, it has reached about what they say, according to OECD report, $83 billion. But Pakistan take down on that essentially says that it is just what shall we say, greenwashing existing loans and other investments claiming it's a really a part of the green fund shall we call it. So this is at the actual amount is only about $23.5 billion even if we look at it optimistically. So this is the problem that these are not being defined that what exactly are we talking about. So something which was given as a loan is also being shown as if it's an aid. So loan and aid are two different things.  But if you give loan at normal interest, that's business as usual. So then it cannot go to your green fund account. So the fear is that even if money comes in, if you remember in 2013, the commitment by 2020 has still not been met for the other $100 billion fund. So if this fund is assuming good faith, money comes in, will it come in from the existing commitments already being made? Will it come from investments by private capital, which according to the United States should be counted as a part of this fund? Should it be already existing fund which is coming into the other $100 billion? Will it be also shown against this? These are the questions that you have said. The devil is in the detail. These details as yet are to be worked out. But all of it boils down to good faith that are you taking responsibility for the damage you have created? And are you willing to shell out money? At least you can do because you cannot take out carbon from that atmosphere. So are you willing to shell out money at least to help those who have already lost whatever possibility they had or what would we call carbon space? They're not going to get it, particularly large countries in Africa, large part of Africa, and even countries like India. We're not going to get what would we call a new share of carbon space. But are we willing to at least the poorer countries live out India out of this because they will say, well, you're a big country. But living out India, are you willing to be on good faith, willing to take or address the problem, which is that they need money in order to transit from a low cost energy path, which is the carbon or natural gas to basically looking at sun and wind? And also how do you also address the question of night versus day because you need a large storage? How do you address the question of storage? And though that's a bigger question, but the point again is the amount of money involved to reach your 1.5 or 2 degree centigrade target even will cost us trillions of dollars in terms of green investment, green energy investments. That money, the West is not willing to shell out, rich countries are not willing to shell out.  This is what we seem to see very little in aid. And so I think we are going to see a repeat of what we've saw with the earlier green fund, also in the loss and damage fund. So in this context, let me just addressing a question many people may have.  You mentioned what could be some of the, you know, the kind of impact that we're facing. And it happens like you said, of course, although there is some inequity in the impact. But nonetheless, it also affects all of us in some ways or the other. So many have said that, you know, everyone should work together to sort of try to address this issue. Everyone should try to convert, you know, try to reduce their consumption as much as possible. It has to be our common, say, responsibility in that sense, which is what you alluded to. So what is the problem with this argument, which is something developing countries have been resisting for a long time? In fact, there's two kinds of questions in it. And I think the second one is also very important, that a lot of energy companies will say you as an individual should reduce your carbon footprint. So essentially, the individual is responsible, not companies, not society at large, not the governments, but each of us. Now it doesn't work because I as an individual cannot change the source of my energy. Is it coming from sunlight? Is it coming from wind? Is it coming from hydroelectricity? Or it's coming from coal or natural gas? And each has a different kind of greenhouse effect. So if you want to look at the source of energy, individuals don't change it. Societies do, which means ultimately the state government does. So that is one red herring, which is quite often put that each of us are personally responsible for our carbon footprint. And that's it. So I think that's one thing that we need to put to bear. The second thing is what does concept of equity mean in climate change? You know, the issue is that we cannot say that the carbon space should belong to whoever comes first, emits and takes up the carbon space. This is the argument that whatever I will say, the wild west argument, the land is available. There are so-called red Indians, indigenous people staying here, but really not their land. It's open land and I can take it over and the government gives me the right to fence in the land. So this principle, if you carry over to climate change argument is there is carbon space. I came first. Okay. I started emitting. I didn't know at that time that climate change could be caused. So I emitted a lot of carbon dioxide. Now you can't come and tell me, you know, I'm responsible. This argument would hold good if you take the pre-1970 year, please, into account. Well, we didn't really know how much impact carbon dioxide could cause. But by 1970s, this is already scientists were talking about it. And we now have reports of the oil companies who have done detailed research to show what the impact of climate change is going to be. And for the next 30 years, they fought a bitter battle to say no, climate change is not because of carbon dioxide. There is no global warming. All this is BS. Now this kind of obfuscation was done with the full knowledge of the United States government or other rich countries governments that yes, there is global warming and it is real. So question is at least from 70. We have a possibility of counting how much carbon dioxide has been emitted. And the reality is most of the carbon dioxide, the atmosphere is actually post 1970, even our advanced or rich countries. So if we take that into account and you can say 1950, 1969, 1970, whatever you want to take, even by all that account, you will find the rich countries, the United States and Western Europe has the largest share of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Now the question is that if we want to keep 1.5 degrees, the amount of carbon space left in this language is roughly about what we would blow past, as I said, in the next 10 years, if we continue to emit at the same rate, probably in the next five to six years, we have to drastically cut our emissions, which is what the government of India, in fact, in the COP 27, said all fossil fuels that should be cut, to which there is a huge opposition, because the European Union and the United States, but more the European Union, said gas is okay. It produces carbon dioxide at the end, but you know less. Therefore, we can't say all fossil fuels. And the European Union is trying to move a, in fact, position that gas is a transitional fuel, not a greenhouse. It should not be called a fossil fuel. But to be that as it may, the basic task is equity is not going to be there, because already these countries have grabbed carbon space, and because they've burned already so much fuel, including natural gas and coal, that they, in fact, the Ukraine will have made it even worse, they are not willing to cut down their consumption. And the problem is, there is no easy way to provide energy when the wind doesn't blow, the sun doesn't shine. So that's still a bigger, big problem that lies. But yes, that can be solved with investments. That's an investment they're not willing to make. They want to postpone it as far as possible. So the issue of trying to use up energy comes in most sharply, but they tell the African Union countries, African countries, we want your gas, we want your oil, we will use it, but you can't use it because global warming. So this is what somebody has, I think captioned, you know, gas and oil for we but not for the. So these are the kind of equity issues that are coming in. And I think the COP 27 this, this way, this time has been a step back because the, you can see clearly the equity issues and common but differentiated responsibility is disappearing from the language of the core of core. And even the Paris Agreement, which was there is today being lost site of, and what the wealthy countries, rich countries are saying, we should take only the baseline as Glasgow where these things already have been weakened. So not referring to the original means forget about common but differentiated responsibility who has to do how much and equity who gets how much those two things should be forgotten. So I think that's the shall we say the negative part of the COP 27. Can the poorer countries bring this back to the table and say, yes, this has to be done, but you have a bulk of the responsibility because you've occupied that space. So yes, we will not continue on the path which you are doing at the moment, we are going at the moment, but the same time, money has to be made available, just because we have built and the population of the United States. Therefore, our responsibility is the same as United States, who emits five times per capita, six times per capital greenhouse gas as in the end dust. And at the end of it, you need energy. It's not that you emit carbon because you want to, because you need energy. So it's a less expensive, more expensive energy we are talking about and irrespective of what the people may say. Renewable energy, the major problem is how to store renewable energy. And if we take that cost into account, it's a considerable cost. Scrapping your existing energy, producing infrastructure at the moment is not viable, at least for the poorer countries. And that at least I think are the issues which are going to haunt the future cops. Thank you so much, Praveena. We're quite a grim picture, especially because like we come back to again and again in each of these shows, our past does cast a shadow on us. The imperialism plays out in various forms today, even in seemingly technical aspects, such as climate change. We'll be following many similar issues in future episodes of Mapping Fortlines. Until then, keep watching.


Here we have our motor set up in position mode using the drive studio software and then the settings saved to the drive's memory. So I'm controlling it using the little control panel here just sending it's signals using these toggle switches. So I initiate the motor to start with and if I flick this switch it will rotate the set number of times clockwise. There we go, reset the switch, flick this bottom one and that should make it go anti-clockwise.