My goodness, I don't know whether I was hungry or the sandwiches I was like eating them that sausage that Russian sausage It's the best sausage in the world. Thank you Jesus. Oh That was good pop is on the other hand is we can find something better, but but sandwiches were amazing Thank You Jesus What we're gonna do right now first of all is that we're gonna welcome welcome the Lord and we're gonna begin to pray before We pray they're gonna do one song Shh You're gonna do one song to prepare our hearts to prepare our spirits and then we're gonna go into prayer We have most of you know we have prayers here every Friday night There were two hours and stuff So it's gonna be a little bit shorter today But it's gonna be still the same focus to see God's kingdom come and to still see the power and the presence over King rule and reign over our lives in Jesus name Let's just lift our hands right now and they get to welcome the Holy Spirit say this out loud with me Say oh, Holy Spirit Give me more of you Oh, Holy Spirit Take more of me Say give me your holiness Give me your righteousness. Take my weakness in Jesus name. Say and fill me with your spirit of supplication and prayer in Jesus name. Let's begin to pray We're gonna sing all honor again Just as we're repeating this song doesn't mean that the presence of God is gonna come in this place tonight. Amen Tonight as we begin to pray right now Let's just take the time to open up our hearts. So the presence of God could fall in this place When we pray it's because God moves through prayer. Amen Please Father for everything that you're done Lord.  We pray and everybody said Come on put your hands together for Jesus Christ So right now we're going to go straight into our prayers I want I want our team to the team that is praying. I wanted you to come up come up on stage We're just gonna go straight into praying We're gonna go straight into to thanking God for for what God has done in our lives The first prayer we're going to do is we're gonna thank God for his spirit Thank God for the salvation of our souls beginning to thank God for that. He's given us his spirit to us We know that Jesus Christ. He said I will never leave you and I will not forsake you Holy Spirit made a decision that he said that whatever happens. I will not leave you So for that let's begin to thank God for that Let's open up a lips and begin to thank God I thank you that the greatest miracle on earth is the salvation of the soul and I have it I thank you Lord for your spirit that you said you'll never leave me or forsake me Lord I thank you for that God. I thank you for your word that says that the heaven and earth will pass away But your word will not pass away. It will always stay the same. So let's open up a lips right now Let's begin to thank God for those things father God We want to thank you for who you are in our life precious holy spirit We want to thank you that your word has remained the same and it is never changing you are yesterday today and forever the same We want to thank you father God for who you are in our life because you are a healer You are redeemer you have saved us from our pain precious holy spirit and we want to glorify you for that We want to give you praise.  Yes, Holy Spirit. We thank you for the promises that you have made We know that every single promise that you have made over our lives is going to come to pass We thank you because you are faithful We thank you for the lending hand that you have given us when we were living in the darkest time of our lives When we didn't know where to go God when we were lost and confused We thank you for tearing the veil from our eyes God. We thank you Holy Spirit because you have carried us We thank you for the light that is guiding us God Jesus mighty name we pray right now we're going to thank God for his promises You have to understand one thing God God says that he watches over his word to make sure it does not come back Ward so that means that every single thing that God has spoken into your life God says I'm watching over it to make sure it produces fruit that means that he says that if you trust in God's word God says it will begin to change your life because God says I I myself am watching over that word that I make sure it comes to pass God says that Heaven Earth will pass away, but by no means my words will pass away So that means that God's word is pure God's word is power to change Somebody's life from a drug addict into evangelists change somebody's life from being a murderer into a deliverer From a prostitute into somebody who can change a city that is God's word to make a sinner into a saint And that is God's promises so right now let's open up our lips and begin to thank God. I thank you for your word I thank you that your word is pure I think you that your word is power is it changing power to make me from who I am and who do you want me to be I thank you that can make me from a weak person into a strong person from somebody who's cursed into Somebody that is blessed Lord. I thank you for your promises.  We believe for a God. We thank you God Yes, so we thank you that your promises have been forever God that when your promises spoke God it trembled the earth God When you spoke your promises God it gave us a new day. It gave us a new life It gave us a new birth father God. We thank you for your promises God. That's your God We're made new in you. God you restored us God.    I promise that we are rocky testimony tonight. God never in your name In Jesus name right now We're gonna take the time to pray and ask God for forgiveness of our sins All of us have come here for this conference and we need to ask God that whatever has been hindering your stopping You're blocking you from growing into your relationship with God and that is sin and many times That maybe we have Had we did sin throughout the week We need just to ask God and come and be genuine and ask God for forgiveness Wipe us father clean Let us be white as snow before you and we're gonna ask for the blood of Jesus because there is blood There's power in the blood of Jesus. Amen.  We pray right now What we're gonna do is we're gonna confess God's promise We were thanking God for his promises right now what we're gonna do is we're gonna confess God's promise We're gonna declare we're gonna agree in declare with God's word God's word would be we'll combine with our words and we're gonna declare who we are in Jesus Christ that we are royal priests with We are chosen generation. We are peculiar people We're gonna declare that we are justified that we no longer condemned in Jesus mighty name Say I'm saved Jesus is my savior Say I am healed Jesus is my healer Say I am free Jesus is my deliverer In Jesus mighty name come on open up your lips and begin to confess who we are in Jesus Christ In Jesus mighty name we pray right now We are going to pray specifically that we will have a deeper relationship with the Holy Spirit The Holy Spirit is the one who can change our life. Holy Spirit is a person. Holy Spirit is not a dove He's not a fire.  God the father. He is in heaven But the Holy Spirit is here on earth. He is not a feeling. He's not a high. He's not the tears He's not the goosebumps. He is a real person who doesn't have a body The reason why is because he prefers to live in your body And so right now what we are going to do is we are going to ask God We're going to say God we want to know the Holy Spirit more and then when you pray that right now I want you to pray consciously. I want you to pray emotionally And I want you to pray from your heart begin to ask say God I want to know the Holy Spirit more Holy Spirit reveal yourself to me. I want to know your voice Holy Spirit, I want to know your power and Holy Spirit most importantly I want to be used by you in these last days to advance your kingdom in my generation Let's just lift our hands right now begin to open up your lips Whether you speak in tongues or not begin to ask close your eyes begin to ask the Holy Spirit I want to know you more. I want to have a deeper relationship with your Holy Spirit. I want to know your voice I want to know your power. Come on. Let's begin to pray. Let's begin to pray.  We want to go deeper with you We want to know your heart Jesus. We want to know your heart God We want to have the heart like you We welcome you Holy Spirit into this place. We welcome you into our lives Holy Spirit I ask that you make us strong in our relationships with you father To be with you every moment of our lives to always seek after you lord to seek your Your face lord in relationship with you lord help us to learn to love you To learn how to seek you and every morning father in every moment of our life help us lord to desire Relationship with you love father Bring the Holy Spirit in our lives father. I anoint this youth I anoint these people that they will be with you every day that they will come to you in their trials and that The Holy Spirit will guide them in their lives and father and that they will be Be overcomers that they would be conquerors father that everything they do Holy Spirit would would be done through your guidance Guidance father as you guided Jesus christ in in his ministry that he completed in three years And I I blessed that everything that they do Holy Spirit will Yes, god we come before you and we are asking for a relationship with you god We are asking for a partnership with you god. We are coming and we're demanding for it We are hungry to serve you god We are hungry to be a part of you take more of us and give us more of you god We want to be like you we want to be right Righteous god, we want to be great. We want to be prosperous in our lives god And so we're coming before you and we're asking god. We're asking for just more of you We are asking for a part of you We are asking for a partnership with you god in the mighty name of jesus We are asking and we are declaring that we are going to change people's lives We are going to see healings We are going to see deliverances and we are going to see salvation in this place god because with our partnership All things are possible with you god. We are we are capable for the heaven god We are meant to save people we are meant for this relationship with you god in the mighty name of jesus in jesus name We pray amen The holy spirit we're gonna ask right now that the holy spirit The bible says that the that the love of god has been poured into our heart by the holy spirit We are going to ask right now that the holy spirit will pour into our heart The love of god We see that many miracles that jesus did the bible says first of all he was moved with compassion You know compassion is different than sympathy sympathy is what you feel Compassion is what drives you When you have compassion, you don't just feel it twists your stomach You feel sick inside you cry that inside of you something just You just something just explodes and you you want to literally do do radical things to see that person's life change You see you lose sleep. You want to start making calls to the people you you go over to that person's house You begin to do this and that because it's compassion that drives your life And so I want us to right now begin to price the holy spirit. Give me that compassion You know, we all have compassion When it's a family member that's sick when it's mom that's admitted to the hospital We do have compassion when it's a sister little sister. I remember when I saw my brother, there's my brother andre Right, yeah it's here My brother andre many years ago when we were in ukraine and we were in a second story building And we were playing there and it was a concrete building and and there was this There was supposed to be this staircase, but the rails were not lifted and I remember I was there And I saw him walk of running and he trips over a piece of wood and flies head down from the second story on a concrete floor And he hit his head and blood came out of everywhere He was just a little little boy And he had to be admitted to the hospital, you know, and I saw that You know, my heart sunk inside And I wish I could have done something, but there's nothing I could do The only thing I could do is as my heart was I there's nothing I could do but my heart moved Everything was fine. He eventually will get released and you know, he had He he was hit in the head, but everything was fine And but that's that's exactly what happens when when you have compassion You look at the other person's life how they're destroying themselves And honestly, you know, you can just simply say well sucks to be you.  That's exactly what God feels place your hand on your heart right now Let's begin to ask the Holy Spirit. Give me compassion for those who don't know God Help me not to be indifferent. Help me not to just pass it by help me. Do not just simply say I'm too busy I don't have time. I don't have this and I don't have that. I don't know how to deal with this Say Holy Spirit, give me your kind of feelings the feelings of compassion Close your eyes begin to ask God right now for the compassion in Jesus mighty name Yes, Holy Spirit, we ask you that you would fill our hearts with your kind of compassion Lord That when we look at people God that we will see what you see Lord when people are broken God that our hearts would break We ask you Holy Spirit that our hearts would begin to break for what breaks yours We ask you God that you would fill us with your compassion fill us with your kind of love God We would not let us singles on before you got this evening God we asking God for your love hanging on the cross God and you never pass them by God Break our hearts God that breaks the people God the way you open your arms God to every person God Give us God that vision God Never help us God to never walk past God Hurting person God to humble ourselves God and to love like you love God the love with compassion God give us the heart God for the broken world God in the name of Jesus Christ Our church will be a church that will love God every sickness God every sick person God every sinner God Every lost God person in our city in the mighty name of Jesus Christ Jesus mighty name We pray and right now we are going to begin to ask God for salvation of souls And when we are going to be asking God for salvation of souls we're going to be asking God right away for a lot You know if We went to Starbucks yesterday with me and my team and when we went to Starbucks You know I told them I want to pay and I should have not said them Because the moment I said I'm gonna pay they start ordering all kinds of things And I had a lot of money on my card by the time they finished ordering. I had no money on my card You know because these guys knew one thing if you're paying we're ordering big And they didn't even order big but they they were ordering and I you know honestly like to me That's exactly how God wants us to be if God is going to be the one who can save one soul Why not ask for a thousand? Why not ask for many why not ask for multitudes? And so when we're already going to start praying for salvation of souls Let's go ahead take a step and ask God for multitudes in Jesus name because somebody say amen You know this evening when we had for most of you you're coming from outside But when we had an article today and nine people came to the front and one of our leaders We have a leader's text message. They said they said we we saw double digits salvation And I was like well nine is not a double digit and the girl who was watching online. She said well, I saw one was pregnant So that counts as 10 every single week we see people being saved And we see double digits, but we're gonna see hundreds of people being saved And for that we need to start praying Thousands of people tens of thousands of people to be saved if we are asking God the same God who can do 20 He can do a thousand let's go ahead since he's paying. Let's ask for big That's the Bible says ask me for the nations And I will give them as your inheritance because somebody say amen right now Let's begin to ask God for salvation of souls Let's begin to pray to God that God will save hundreds and thousands and multitudes will be saved in our city I know we have people from different churches So let's just lift our hands like now pray for your city for your church And there will be thousands of people that will be saved hundreds and thousands of people saved For the kingdom of God in Jesus mighty name. Let's begin to ask God Plead with God begin to place an order right now of heaven ask for a lot in Jesus name.  We ask you God We're crying out God.   So we're crying out. Let us see thousands of souls God Give their lives to you in the mighty name of Jesus Christ father. I come before you father And I ask you for the city father. I ask you for every lost person who is lost in sin Holy spirit. I ask you that you would bring them back to you Holy spirit I ask you for your kids that are lost in drugs I ask you for the kids that are stuck in depression That are stuck in the darkest corners Holy spirit. I ask you that you use us to reach out to them Holy spirit I ask you for the lost kids Holy spirit You deserve the you deserve all the masses Holy spirit that the largest state enough to fill it in Jesus mighty name Holy spirit Jesus we just thank you for this opportunity This is just the beginning lord and I proclaim in your kingdom in the velmart and every business lord What I'm proclaiming your kingdom lord your doors will be open lord before them. I'm your salvation Then the salvation lord and your miracle Jesus name lord in Jesus name in Jesus name right now church We're going to pray and we're going to pray in the area of deliverance We're going to pray along with salvation because what happens when people get saved a lot of times what happens After they get saved they're still dealing with issues in their lives They're still dealing with skeletons in their closet that need to be uprooted from their lives because if it doesn't happen What ends up happening is they stay in the church for a couple months and then after that they're gone But what we want to see is we want to see people being changed lives being delivered that people that will make more and better Followers of christ amen church Amen So this more tonight church we're going to pray and we're going to pray specifically in two areas We're going to pray that god brings deliverance from breaking off of addictions breaking the bondage of addictions And we're going to break off the generational curses off of people's lives because without that People will not be saved and will not stay committed to christ. So let's lift up our voice Let's begin to declare and become come against every agent of darkness every demon begin to declare the freedom breaking off every chain of addiction Drugs alcohol whatever it may be. Let's lift up our voice in the name of jesus. We pray We break off lord jesus. We pray lord god every person lord god is bound to addiction lord jesus We break every darkness in their lives.    You may no longer rule. I break your power over every generational curses By the blood of jesus every Generational curse be broken in jesus name church right now It's really important that we understand that we are in a spiritual battle right now This is spiritual warfare that we are waging against the enemy as we pray for deliverance And now as we're gonna pray for healing We are waging war against the enemy and every day it's a battle between light And darkness and we are so thankful that we serve a god Who is light and we know that where the light of god is that no darkness Can't prevail. I want us to get our second wind tonight. I'm telling you we've made in more than halfway through this prayer We're almost finished. So get your second wind Gird yourself up because we're gonna continue to pray because there's still a warfare being waged tonight There's still more to pray that poor because people's lives are at stake their deliverance their salvation Their healing is at stake based off of your cry and my cry our hunger for god We ask the holy spirit for his kingdom to come on earth as it is in heaven And the bible says that the kingdom of god suffers violence, but it's the violent men who take it by force We're gonna pray right now for healing We're gonna ask the holy spirit that is healing atmosphere would fill this place Our prayer matters. It holds a weight in the spiritual realm It holds weight in heaven and your prayer tonight will affect tomorrow's prayer It will affect the people who will come in here with sicknesses There are so many people who came here even tonight suffering sickness I spoke with one young woman who came here sickness after sickness after sickness She responded to the altar call for salvation last year went to the hospital 285 times I want you to to get this into your head 365 days in a year Two-thirds of her entire year spent in the hospital because of anxiety because of depression because of pain Because of lumps because the devil has been attacking her life The bible says that when jesus encountered a woman who was hunched over her body was completely hunched over And he commanded the evil spirit to leave her life as soon as he commanded that spirit of infirmity to leave She received her healing and completely set free So tonight we're gonna pray against that spirit of infirmity from those who are oppressed by the devil Who are bound by sickness your prayer tonight will affect tomorrow night's prayer amen So I want you to lift up your voice get your second wind and we're gonna wage war against the enemy tonight Against those who are oppressed by the devil and ask for the holy spirit to bring his healing anointing in this place God, we just thank you god that by your stripes We are healed god and we believe that by your stripes god that we are healed god God we ask that we see healings we see miracles god in our lives god in this conference god tomorrow god We want to know that the same god that raised jesus from the dead It's still all powerful.  We are healed Yes god tonight.  We are not at church So we need to seek your face every day god. I thank you for the healings you have brought us But I I declare right now god. I believe that you are not done with our city yet I believe that you are not done with our church yet I believe that you have more healings in store for people more cancers to be relieved off their bodies More tumors to be gone in your mighty name jesus. So I just pray your kingdom would come your healings would come god in your mighty So right now we will pray for broken families and marriages We know that the devil he's sneaky and he's very conny so he strikes at the root of society Which is a marriage so he wants to destroy us But we as church as a christian you are a soldier and who will raise a standard against him if we will not do that So right now we as christians we will raise up a standard against the devil's attacks on marriages and our Families and we will lift up the lift up Broken families to god and we will intercede on their behalf amen. So church. I want you to I'm pretty sure you know somebody whose family fell apart or whose kids growing up without dad or mother and it Some in some areas it touches us personally So I want you to with all your heart pray for somebody, you know That's family is falling apart that god He's more powerful than satan and we we see that marriages are being restored We have cases that god restored families and kids are growing up now with the father and the mother And so god is powerful and we will pray for those families right now.  We ask you for your restoration god We ask you for your healing god that you are going to mend broken hearts lord That you are going to mend broken marriages god that you are going to mend broken families god lord The children god lord that suffer lord from the parents marriages lord god We ask you lord that you will mend their hearts god that you are going to restore god that you are Restoration in the name of jesus christ god.  What is workers? What is workers or laborers? Let me tell you this When there is a leader you don't have to drag a leader to church because they know their place in their life You there are not bench warmers They're not the ones that you have to beg to come to morning prayer because they know the purpose They see a vision of a harvest where god has called them to be at and to be working at And so this is what we're going to pray for god raise up laborers raise up leaders That was done up for a generation when two people are walking And it's matter of minutes or seconds and the other person will adjust to whoever is walking pace Okay, well leader does leader sets the pace it says the standards That way in the white house or in other places You know our country is not corrupted because leaders are setting the standard And so this is what we're going to pray for god raise up leaders raise up leaders raise up leaders from the Bottomist pit raise up leaders from sin from addictions from whatever they might be in Forgot to raise up workers because leaders they see the vision of the harvest and they on the move for it They don't just sit and just watch the show They they are the one they're doing the show and so let's pray for that In the name of jesus lord father god, I pray for leaders right now I pray that you'll begin to raise up a generation of warriors lord god through the leaders I pray that you unite the spark expand their vision draw them near to you in the name of jesus I pray that there'll be a light to their generation. There'll be a light to their family There'll be a light to their friends And I pray that everything that holds them back that you'll begin to help them to overcome them And I pray that every single wall that stands in the way from you in the name of jesus I pray that that wall will begin to fall and I pray that that fire will begin to fall Fall into the hearts lord jesus. I pray that you'll help them Help them draw near to you restore their connection lord father god help them to burn lord father god Burn with the hunger lord god to see so save lord god to see people heal lord god to see people deliver Lord father god. I just want to see revival lord god. I pray that you bring revival lord god bring revival To the people bring revival to the leaders or god bring a resurrection. I want to see a flame lord god I want to see more than a flame. I want to see everything set a place to the leaders that you make rise up So I pray that you begin to move move in the name of jesus or god Yes, god I pray for a rising of new leaders in this church and wherever you are from that you'll pray for a new Rising of leaders for your church that we're gonna have leaders that are going to be committed to you god Leaders are on fire for you that live for you god that are ready to set the new standard for the next generation That we are going to be leaders that fight for who you are god We're going to fight with a word that has never changed a word that was never contradicted The leaders are going to be as solid as rock that our foundation will be your word god That our new leaders are going to be unmovable that we will be unshakable god We're going to have leaders that are going to move mountains. We're going to have leaders that are going to change the world Leaders that are going to be of influence leaders that are going to have other people under them They're going to follow you to holy spirit We ask god in the school of leaders that there's going to be many many people coming to you god Wanting to be leaders wanting to lead others to you god that people will be committed to your kingdom And your plans holy spirit Yes, in your mighty name right now church is going to be the last prayer We're going to pray for peace and prosperity over our city now and all you're all going to hate me But I don't like the seahawks. I I'm sorry. I just don't like them But what I admire what I wait wait what I admire about them is that once the pieces fit together when they were They kept going they kept pushing I saw so many seahawk stuff so many seahawk stuff. I couldn't believe it That's why when we come we pray together I want us when we pray for our city to have faith that we'll have the same effect in our city That when we speak in our prayers that we will see people left and right getting healed We see many testimonies because there is that peace. There is no spirit of fear There's no spirit of going outside in front of getting shot With there there is a spirit of aggression I've seen it all over the news people are getting shot people are getting Afraid to go across neighborhoods and it shouldn't be that way I want us to have peace and prosperity that god will see us through God will have a generation that will speak for him and not in fear church I want us to raise up our voices and become as pray passionately as we ask god God bring prosperity to our city bring prosperity got into our lives into our families in our government in our government officials That's only you can lead them god only you can listen like let's let us pray Oh now we pray for our city in jesus mighty name lord for our city Lord to be a prosperous city lord we pray lord for our city lord that there will be revival in our city So you will see lord your fire lord fall down in our city lord So we'll see lord all shootings all fires or let there be no more lord We'll see lord all gains what they'll be not giving people or drugs or anything Lord, but they'll be giving you the holy spirit in jesus name So pray lord for revival in this place. So all gains Lord that there will be no more gains, but there will be only a home group leaders I'll see look though that though people will see many people are with fire in the lives What that'll be rich or physically spiritually and financially lord that they'll be lord very good people Or they'll be good leaders or they'll be good people There are going to be helpful people and they help people lord that are on the streets So people that are broke and lord that there'll be help people They're going to give them a little money lord a little education lord about you and jesus mighty name Yes, holy spirit We ask you god bring peace over our city lord We ask you holy spirit that you do your work over our city god and the surrounding cities lord that we would see lord Your hand upon it lord that we would see your work god that we would see We would see god in our government lord and our mayors god the people who are leading our city god That the right decisions lord the right right economical decisions would be made lord that in our city god That the right laws we pass lord that there would be peace lord That we'll be peace over our city's lord and the mighty name of jesus christ lord We ask you for your intervention We ask you for our intervention god over our city god that you had your hand upon our city god We declare that this city is yours lord We take this city lord and we give it a blessing lord of the good We've given a blessing lord under your name lord in the name of jesus christ. Yes lord Amen, amen you guys can we give a round of applause to mighty jesus christ You guys there is truly power in prayer and we see the results here And you're gonna see them in your life as well our night prayer has come to an end I just want to remind you guys so the two videos that you saw today Bryson's testimony and that funny video how not to invite People to church they are posted on our hungry generation page So go ahead and like them and share them for your friends to see for your friends to laugh and for your friends to get touched tomorrow morning There's church at 10 in the morning at 10 a.m After that we are going to provide free lunch and during that free lunch. Yes And during that free lunch there's going to be a form. All right, and that is all we have for tonight better is not good enough


Okay, we're back live. I'm Jay Fidel. This is Energy in America, and we are delighted to be in touch with Skype, with Lucien Pulirisi, who is the CEO of E-Princk, and he's in Japan right now at an important conference there. Welcome back to the show. We'd love to talk to you, Lou. Okay, I'm glad to be here, Jay. So you're there for a reason. Yes, thank you for that. You're there for a reason, though. This is not just a vacation for you. This is a major conference, a major initiative. Can you talk about why you're there in Japan right now? Yes, so I'm at the sixth annual meeting of the world's producers and consumers of liquefied natural gas. And this year, through some changes that are taking place in the LNG market, the U.S. and Japan have begun a process to both ensure that the U.S. can expand LNG exports and with the cooperation of Japan. They're also working on an initiative to expand the use of liquefied natural gas throughout the Asia-Pacific region. And in attendance yesterday, which was Wednesday, were the energy ministers of the Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, India, Mozambique, Indonesia, and of course Japan, Taiwan, and Korea. And each of them gave their vision of LNG use throughout the Pacific Rim. So I mean, this is a big deal in the sense that this market has not really been supplied with a large supply of LNG up to this point. And you are working with a Japan think tank organization to create a policy around that. We've got a joint project with the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan, a very big research group, much bigger than us, and Air Prank, and a project which was supported both by the governments of Japan and the government of the United States. The Ministry of Economics Trade and Industry provided some funding, as did the U.S. Department of Energy. And our task was to look at two fundamental issues. What is the future of Asian LNG? What are the constraints? And second, what is the capability of the U.S. to provide greater supplies of liquefied natural gas to the Asia Pacific region? And finally, what should both countries do on a policy level to cooperate and to actually expand the use of LNG in the Pacific Rim? What a great conversation. It's so logical. All those questions relate to each other. I wish I'd been there. Next time you have to take me, I'll carry your bags and help you out. So I think we have some slides and pictures here. One of the things we did on this project is we held four workshops. If you look at the first slide, that shows you a workshop we held, the initial workshop which was held at the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C. in September, early September. And we subsequently held after that three more workshops, one in Tokyo, one in Bangkok, and one back in Washington, D.C. And the purpose of the workshops was to gather survey data information, hear presentations from both academic researchers and industry on the nature and uncertainties regarding the capacity of the U.S. to produce more LNG and the capacity and the policy issues in Asia to increase demand. And if you move to the next slide, this is a picture shot from the back of yesterday's meeting. There were actually 2,000 delegates at this event. So it's a major event here in Asia. And at the event we were very, the Deputy Secretary of Energy, Secretary Perry didn't make it, but the Deputy Secretary of Energy for the Department of, U.S. Department of Energy, Mr. Boulette came, and he did speak favorably of the work both IEJ and EPRIC had done in this regard. Well, that is something. So the administration is supporting your project. The administration is supporting the export of LNG to Asia. And so I thought what I would do for your audience today is sort of, in just a brief number of slides here, take them through some of the basic issues we have looked at and what this tells us about the future. Yes, let's do that. Let's start with those slides. So the first slide shows you what has happened in the United States through around 2017, getting into 2017. And you can see the blue and the red partitions of this slide. And I would like you to look at the red part. That is the result of the shale gas revolution in the United States. And in a relatively short period of time, the United States has now become through the use of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling and big data and sophisticated techniques, extraction techniques, has now become the largest natural gas producer in the world. And there's no chance anyone's going to catch us. And there's plenty left, too. It's got useful life for many years. So that gas has to go somewhere. We can't use it all here. We can't export it all to Mexico. So the first thing we did in our project was reviewed all the data and research on the size of the US resource base. And then we made a number of policy recommendations in the report, which is actually available to the public on either the IEJ website or the Epic website. So this report is available for everyone to evaluate and look at because in it are a series of policy recommendations for both the Japan and the US. What was the sense of the meeting about the amount of gas that the US could deliver and the amount of gas that Asia and all these countries, and I would like you to list them, all these countries could take? I guess that was discussed at the outline that you mentioned. Yes, and we have a little picture on that. But I think that one of the issues in Asia is historically the main countries, 70%, 75% of world LNG consumption takes place at only three countries, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. So those are the three major. But now, because of concern, mostly not climate, but actually local air pollution, India, China, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, Bangladesh, all these countries are showing a growing interest in to get access to US LNG. US LNG has to come a long ways. It has to traverse the Panama Canal. It has to remain and another major event that was discussed is that the Japanese government has said that destination restrictions, historically LNG contracts required the buyer to agree not to resell it anywhere else. Those have now been ruled as anti-competitive in an attempt to make the market more liquid and more transparent. Yeah, this is very interesting. Just to summarize something you mentioned during the break, or rather before we started, is that there is a number of countries, dozens of countries involved. And when you say Asia, you mean all the way from Eastern Asia, as we know it, to the West Coast of Africa. There's a huge amount of the world is involved in this market you're talking about. And that means a huge amount of the US is likely to be a big supplier of this market. And the reason that's the case, if we go to the next slide, is because even if you look at this slide here, you can see as US production grew, the blue section of this graph, the price which is shown in red has, of course, fallen dramatically. And the historic relationship of natural gas to crude oil or to oil separated in the US. The US operates strictly on what we call gas to gas competition. So the value of gas in the US is only tied to the market for natural gas. And so because the US is a free market, an open market, Henry Hub, this price you see there, which is called Henry Hub, which was a main trading location in the US, is likely Henry Hub plus transportation, plus liquefaction plus transportation, is likely to be the new index of the future. And that's going to determine the world price of gas around the world. Well, it looks like the gas price, aside from that blip around 2000, gas prices are pretty stable. And I guess that also means that they're way cheaper than other fossil fuels like oil. A lot cheaper than oil, probably not as cheap as coal, but a lot cleaner than coal. Yes. And attractive in these days of consciousness about environmental issues. But I also wanted to ask you, and it's kind of an interesting thing that your partner in this is a Japanese company, or a Japanese think tank, and Japan is a critical player in all of this. Why is Japan a critical player? Why, for example, can't the US market directly in these countries? Yes. So there's two reasons. One is political and one is technical. The Japanese have a history of using LNG going back over 50 years. So they understand its properties. They understand all its application. They understand all about shipping it and consuming it and distributing it. They have a good sense of this, all the infrastructure requirement because they've been working with it a long time. But the political one is after the TPP, what we call the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the free trade agreement that had been negotiated extensively during the Obama administration, with most of the countries in the Pacific Rim except China, when that fell apart through the sort of populist movement of the Trump presidency, right? Prime Minister Abe visited the White House and Mar-a-Lago and suggested to President Trump, look, just because we're not going to do the TPP, or as the Japanese say, just because we're putting it in the fridge, there's no reason we shouldn't find something to work on that can help expand trade and help both our countries. So Prime Minister Abe suggested that, look, let's look at how we can expand U.S. LNG exports in the Pacific, and let's look how Japan can be a facilitator of that since we bring so much expertise. Well, if we have all the LNG, and I guess we have lots of it, and the market is so robust throughout that whole area, the huge area, half the world really, that sounds like we're going to make a lot of money selling LNG. But how is Japan going to make money? Why is facilitation so profitable and interesting to them? Well, because right now, there appears to be a growing glut of LNG, long-time horizon. And to get this, so if you decide to build a liquefied natural gas processing facility, it can take you well over $10 billion and could take you anywhere from five to 10 years. So they're very long-term planning. And one of the issues is how do we look way in the future, which 10 years is a long ways in most markets, and say, well, what's happening now may not persist longer term. And I think that's one of the big issues on why you need some kind of two aspects. One part of it is that Japan and the U.S. can bring technical assistance and some, let's say, government financing to underwrite infrastructure in parts of the Pacific, which do not have an existing natural gas infrastructure and are highly reliant upon coal. Yeah, right. So in order to convince them to become part of this market, somebody has to help them build the processing, storage and distribution facilities in their major cities anyway. I just wonder, though, what about the ships? You have to transport this gas through highly specialized storage ships that store gas. Those are not cheap. So LNG carriers have been around a long time. One of the issues that's come up is whether, as the marine fleet faces more coastal restrictions on the use of higher-suffer fuels, whether LNG bunkering is going to be also required and whether it's going to grow. And when I say LNG bunkering, I mean new transport ships, cruise lines, that some of these newer ships are now looking to convert, particularly if there's a new build, to convert from traditional diesel fuel or heavy fuel oil to LNG as their main form of fuel propulsion. Is that going to be cheaper for them to operate these ships? I think it's going to be cost-effective. It may be cheaper than putting a scrubber or buying very expensive low-sulfur diesel fuel, which they will have to do under a decision made by the International Marine Organization, IMO, which is a UN international body, which has already decided that by 2020 all shipping, international shipping, will have to operate on very low-sulfur fuels. That's Lou Pugliarisi. He is the president and CEO of EPRINC, and EPRINC NG Policy Research Institute out of Washington. And he's in a conference in Japan now, in Tokyo, where his organization and the Japan Economics Think Tank participating in policy discussions around bringing American LNG to Asia through a relationship with Japan. Very exciting. It's a look into the future. We'll take one minute and then we'll come back and talk about the future in this project. This is Think Tank Hawaii, raising public awareness. We all play a role in keeping our community safe. Every day we move in and out of each other's busy lives. It's easy to take for granted all the little moments that make up our every day. Some are good, others not so much. But that's life. It's when something doesn't seem quite right that it's time to pay attention. Because only you know what's not supposed to be in your every day. So protect your every day. If you see something suspicious, say something to local authorities. Freedom. Is it a feeling? Is it a place? Is it an idea? 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Okay, let's go to the next slide. This shows what we call natural gas prices in four regions of the world. And you have to remember that natural gas was a kind of worldwide, because it was not subject to traditional arbitrage and shipping, you could have wildly different prices for natural gas. It could be quite expensive in one region, be expensive say in Europe and quite low cost in the U.S. But the growth of world LNG markets, and particularly the entrance of the U.S. into the LNG market is starting to bring a convergence in world LNG prices. And you can see here from this chart, right, that at one time the price Henry Hobb, which is a marker here in the U.S., and the price of Japan LNG was hugely different. You go back to 2012, 11, 12, 13. So that's quite, and that's because almost all LNG was historically priced based on crude oil. And they were long-term fixed contracts in which the buyer could not resell that gas somewhere else in the market. So it was a highly controlled and restricted market. And is the entrance of the U.S., which has no destination restrictions on its LNG shipments, which is beginning to revolutionize this market. Yeah, we're starting a new chapter here. You have more slides. I thought you had one or two more. Yes, yes. But I just want to say one more thing about this slide. Because these projects are quite lumpy and they take a while to develop. They can come on to the market when the market is either oversupplied or undersupplied. It just depends. And right now these projects are coming down the market in a period which we believe will be quite short-lived, which is oversupplied. So you can see prices are down across the board. What you don't want to happen here is for investors to say, oh my God, I'm going to stop.  I'm not going to build any more LNG facilities. Because the longer-term outlook is quite robust. So if you go to the next slide, that shows you how quickly the U.S. is building out its LNG capacity. And you can see that between 2016 and 2020, the U.S. will ramp up its world production, up to nearly 70 million tons a year. This is quite big. It's 10 times what we have now. Yes, and it's also as much as Qatar sells in the world market, the biggest one. So let's, so you can see there we have had a very robust program, and we can easily double that amount. The next slide, which is the last one in this series, shows you that, yes, if you look at JKT, you see the blue JKT? That refers to Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.  Japan and Korea, it does depend a little bit at the pace at which nuclear power is retired, and both are the pace in Japan at which the nuclear plants come back online. But if you see the red section in these graphs, you can see that it's the non-Japan, Korea, Taiwan, parts of Asia, where the demand growth is going to come from. And here it's very important the U.S. remain competitive, because they will be competing against coal and also some renewables. So what's the future of all of this for the U.S. market itself? For me, buying LNG for my utility, or who knows what? Well, you live in Hawaii, so you're not going to be buying any LNG. No, not under this administration. Who knows? Maybe something will happen in the future, but right now, you're right. Absolutely not. But I think that I do think the growing concern in the big cities in Asia over local air pollution is actually a bigger driver than climate. People can't really see climate, but they can see if they can't see down the street. And this politicians react to. And renewables can be helpful, but renewables have something we've talked about many times, a big problem with intermittency and natural gas, if you can figure out how to build out the infrastructure, the import, receiving facilities. And there's a lot of innovation taking place. Used to be you had to spend a lot of money on a fixed base import terminal to regasify it. But now we have these floating storage regasification units. They can be built through a modular design in a shipyard and then floated out to different facilities. And if someone doesn't pay the bill, you can float it back out of it. That's good business. So how do you get the gas off that modular facility back to shore and how do you distribute it? So in some cases, you just build a pipeline to a power plant. And the power plant develops electricity and distributes it through the grid. Now, in some cases, there may be industrial facilities that can use the gas, petrochemicals, other kinds of, depending which country you're dealing with. In that case, you would have to build out some more infrastructure. Well, the last item on your agenda that you read earlier, in terms of the track of the conversation in this conference and in those meetings, and I'm sure everybody did a lot of reading and research and talk about it, is what policy steps would the United States take, the Department of Energy? What policy steps would the government in Japan take in order to make, to realize this vision of the marketing gas transformation? We have a long list of policy recommendations, but I think we can boil them down to just a couple here. For the U.S. side, we need a predictable, responsible and regulatory program in which interveners can't stop every small project because either not in my backyard, or we need to keep fossil fuels in the ground. I think this is a battle that's going to go on. And the Trump administration is offering a wide range of regulatory reforms to ensure that the resiliency and redundancy of the U.S. natural gas distribution network remains intact and actually becomes more resilient over time. So that's the first thing. We probably need to do a little bit better job of permitting and standardizing designs and things for building LNG facilities. So we don't have long delays between final investment decision and regulatory approval. And I think within the Pacific Rim there's going to be a lot of engagement of countries like Thailand and Vietnam, the Philippines on what kinds of capacity building does Japan and the U.S. need to provide to help your regulators, your business community, your government decide whether this is a good idea. And if you decide it's a good idea, how do you go about doing it? What sort of technical assistance makes sense? How do you actually build? How do you decide how to price this stuff? Where do you place the power plant? Which kind of distribution networks make sense? Where should you place these things? Lots of these countries, they have no experience with this.  And Americans, American experts could participate in that process. The American and Japanese, the Japanese have been doing this a long time, so they are prepared. And actually, I forgot to mention it, yesterday at the meeting, Minister Seiko announced that the Japanese government has committed $10 billion to this program. Very good. Very good. Now I have one last question for you before we're out of time. And that is, you're talking about a pretty dramatic change in world markets on energy here. And I mean, there are a lot of implications of that. I mean, going to other possible fuels and businesses that are designed to mine and distribute other possible fuel and process other possible fuels. But the one question that comes to my mind is, so in the U.S., we have this whole new, huge prospect of selling huge amounts of energy to Asia as never before. How is that going to change the industry in the United States over the foreseeable future? Will there be consolidation? Will new leadership emerge? What are the investment possibilities? Who is going to provide the capital and so forth? Do you have any thoughts about that? So I think the, of course, we're going to have more projects that people are proposing than the capital markets will actually build. But that's not necessarily a bad thing, because people do have to make some hard-hitted decisions on which projects make sense and which ones don't. There was a very interesting presentation, however, by Tellurine yesterday at this, a new company that is actually giving, they're going to the Asian customers and saying, look, we bought the upstream natural gas assets. We are going to give, how we're going to sell this to you is, you can take an equity position in this. So you don't have to worry about the price of gas going up and down.  And we'll underwrite the liquefaction cost and the totaling cost of turning to gas and even shipping it through the Panama Canal. So there are interesting financing and equity strategies to deal with this problem that you've raised, which is the price might look good today, but for natural gas, for an LNG facility to make sense, I need to commit for 20 to 30 years. So I think you're going to see different strategies for people to deal with that risk of a rising price. Well, Lewis, this is a fabulous, fabulous conference you're talking about. It's a fabulous initiative. I am so happy that you're right square in the middle of it. I'm sure that it will define a fair amount of your time going forward. And I hope we can talk about it some more in the future, because these ripple effects, these side effects, and all the things that will happen emerging from this initiative will certainly occupy the American gas market and energy market for a long time. So I say congratulations to you. I also say we've got to do it again. We've got to talk some more about this when you're back in two weeks. Okay, Lou? Okay, see you, Jake. Thank you so much. Aloha.


to today's lecture on case studies, we shall continue our discussion on the evolution of Intel processors. In the last lecture, we have discussed about various processors starting with that Intel 4004 that was introduced in the year 1971 and subsequently 8 bit 16 bit and then 32 bit processors were introduced and we have discussed about different types of P4 and P5 and P6 processors like Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium 2, Pentium 3 which are based on these P4, P5 and P6 architecture. Today, we shall focus on Pentium 4 which was introduced in the year 2000 based on Netbust architecture. I shall go into the details of this micro architecture and it used it required 42 million transistors including L2 cache based on 0.18 micron technology and clock speed was initially 1.5 gigahertz. Subsequently of course, it was increased and it is a 3 issue processor, 32 bit 3 issue processor having 8 kilobytes of cache memory and 128 k micro operations that is being stored in the trace cache as we shall discuss and it is having 2 level cache L1 and L2. In L2, it has got 256 kilobyte of cache memory. As I mentioned, it was announced in the mid 2000 and it uses native I832 instructions that means it is compatible with other processors like Pentium Pro, Pentium, Pentium 2 and Pentium 3. So, it has actually maintained that downward compatibility that means if you write a program for Pentium, it will work on Pentium 4. So, all the instructions which are used in Pentium are being used in Pentium 4 as well that is called downward compatibility and as I mentioned it is based on Netbust micro architecture. I shall go into the details of this and it has got 25 line stages, I mean integer 5 line stages and as I mentioned it has used 1.5 gigahertz clock and it uses 42 million transistors. So, this is the basic micro architecture of Pentium 4. So, you can see here it has got that bus interface unit which is written here bus unit which actually interfaces with the system bus that means memory and diode devices and it has got two level cache, first level cache which is 4-way having very low latency that means it is pretty fast and of course it has got second level cache which is also on die 8-way set associative cache memory and in the front end has got fetch decode unit and also a special type of cache known as execution trace cache and also it has got microchord ROM. I shall discuss about these things in more details and execution takes place in out of order. So, it supports out of order execution and it uses branch prediction using branch target buffer, it has got many branch target buffers and so it does branch prediction and the branch history is stored in those branch target buffers and it has got execution unit out of order and the retirement unit where the writing into the register takes place. So, this is the this is a very this gives the overview of the next bus network bus architecture and it is also I mean sometimes it was referred to as P7 because earlier P5 and P6 architecture was introduced since it was introduced after them it was also called P7, but later on this was not this terminology was not used much and also called Intel 80786 or I786. So, same processor called in a different ways, but Pentium 4 is the most commonly used name and Pentium. So, just like Pentium 3 it is also based on P6 micro architecture both P6 and net bus fetch up to 3 I32 instructions per cycle. So, it fetches multiple instructions per cycle and send an out of order execution engine. So, those instructions are sent to an out of order execution engine that can graduate up to 3 micro operations per cycles. So, as I have already mentioned each instruction is decoded into several micro operations minimum 2 maximum 4 micro operations and sometimes more a number of micro operations when the instruction is very complex and in each out of order execution 3 micro operations per cycle are executed. And with this net bus architecture Intel was expecting to touch speed of 10 gigahertz, but unfortunately it was that was not feasible primarily because of power dissipation as you know when the clock frequency is increased. The power dissipation also increases because the power dissipation is proportional to frequency actually more precisely CL VDD square F that is the power dissipation. Power is proportional to this and CL actually represents the overall capacitance VDD supply voltage and F is the clock frequency. In spite of reduced supply voltage as we have seen in case of Pentium 4 1.8 volt supply voltage is used that clock frequency cannot be I mean cannot be increased to 10 gigahertz. So, in spite of their effort Intel failed to do so and they could achieve up to 3.8 gigahertz initially, but of course as I mentioned initially 1.5 gigahertz processor were commercially available subsequently they were increased to 3.8 gigahertz or 3.5 gigahertz I believe. So, let us have a look at the instruction set architecture of Pentium 4. So, the Pentium instruction set architecture 4 architecture comprises Pentium 3 instruction set architecture plus SSC 2 SSC 2 stands for streaming SIMD extensions 2. So, this streaming SIMD extension 2 where is the additional thing that is provided in Pentium 4 and SSC 2 is an architectural enhancement to the IA32 architecture. Earlier the Pentium 3 processor was based on IA32 architecture, but this was the additional components. So, which uses I mean it extends MMX and the SSC extension with 144 new instructions, 128 bit SIMD integer arithmetic operation, 128 bit SIMD double precision floating point operations and also it allows enhanced cache and memory management operations. So, with this enhanced features obviously the performance of Pentium 4 is expected to be higher than Pentium 3. So, here is the comparison between SSC and SSC 2. So, both supports the operation of 120 bit, 128 bit XMM resistor. So, there are different types of resistors as we shall see and there are 128 bit XMM resistors available and these SSC only supports 4 packed single precision floating point values, but in case of SSC 2 it supports much more varieties as you can see it can support 2 packed double precision floating point values or 16 packed byte integers or 8 packed word integers here word means 2 byte and 4 packed double word integers or 2 packed quad word integers and double quad word. So, these are the various variations that is supported by SSC 2 architecture. For example, this is how the packing is done that 128 bit packing is done where each word is considered to be 2 bytes. So, this is a quad word. So, double quad word here 64 bit and 64 bit each is shown and in the diagram below this it has got quad double word. So, there is this one that quad double word. So, 8 packed double word 4 packed double word. So, you can see each of 32 bit and that can be packed in a 128 bit. So, that means this is this packing is done for the purpose of increasing the memory utilization. So, in each 128 bit you can just instead of storing just one word you can pack more number of words and so that that efficiency or utilization of the memory is more. And this is the hardware support for SSC 2 those various functions that I have mentioned corresponding to SSC 2 is supported by the following hardware adder and multiplier units in the SSC 2 engine are of 128 bits wide and twice the width of Pentium 3. In case of Pentium 3 those adder and multiplier were of 64 bits, but here it is 128 bits and increased bandwidth in the load store for floating point values. And because it can do load and stores are 128 bit and one load plus one store can be completed between XMM register and L1 cache in one clock cycles. So, this will help in enhancing the transfer of data between the L1 cache and the XMM register, which are used for performing the operations. So, this shows the pipelining that is being done pipeline architecture as I mentioned Pentium 3 uses a 10 stage pipeline. So, you can see that fetch, decode then decode and execute and all these operations are divided into 10 stages in case of Pentium 3. On the other hand these are divided in 20 stages in Pentium 4. So, 20 stages compared to 10 of Pentium 6 and it has got 7 integer execution units compared to 5 of Pentium 6 and branched target buffer is 8 times larger. So, it uses branched target buffer and it also uses improved prediction algorithm which I shall discuss little later. And it uses a special type of cache known as execution trace cache which I shall also discuss in detail. And this is another comparison, you can see the micro architecture for Pentium 4 is net burst compared to P6 of Pentium 3 and clock frequency is enhanced from 700 megahertz to 1.5 gigahertz. The number of transistors is more 42 million compared to 28 million of Pentium 3. Here are the different resistors general purpose 32 is same floating point unit resistors 80 same MMX 64 same, but XMM 120 is same. So, the resistor sizes are more or less same and resistor and the system bus bandwidth is increased from 1.06 gigabit per second to 32 3.2 gigabits per second. So, maximum external address space is also increased from I mean it is also same 64 gigabits for both the cases and on die cache size is increased, but with a different variety. For example, it can use execution trace cache having 128 K micro operations and it has got two levels of cache L 1 8 kilobyte and L 2 256 kilobyte. So, let me discuss in little bit detail about the execution trace cache which is a new invention that is being used in Pentium 4. So, this is the primary instruction cache used in nest burst architecture. So, this execution trace cache is essentially the instruction cache, but as we shall see it is not used in the conventional way the way the instructions are stored in a conventional cache here it is not done in the same way. So, this trace cache sits between the instruction decode and execution code incorporated in the L 2 cache and it stores already decoded micro operations. So, this is here is the difference instead of storing the instructions here it stores the micro operations that means there is no need for re decoding. So, state away the micro operations are stored and they can be fetched then they can be executed directly. So, conventionally instructions are stored in cache and then they are decoded before it is it goes to the execution units, but here it is done here it is not so. So, on a trace cache means instructions are fetched and decoded from the L 2 cache. So, whenever there is a heat then those micro operations are fetched and directly delivered to the execution units. On the other hand whenever there is a miss the instructions are fetched from the L 2 cache and then they are decoded and after decoding they are stored in the trace cache and it has been found that the miss rate is very small that means point it has been found to be about 0.015 percent. So, that means the reading from the L 2 cache is not very frequent it occurs occasionally that means 0.185 percent means it occurs very infrequently. So, instead of fetching and decoding so when execution a new instruction micro operations can be fetched directly as I have already mentioned instead of fetching and decoding the instruction again. So, this reduces the load on the decoder so and also it makes it faster and here some details about the cache memories on chip cache as I told it has got L 1 instruction cache which is the trace cache and L 1 data cache and L 2 unified cache. So, that level 2 cache is unified one where both instruction and data are stored instead of separate data and instruction cache. However, the L 1 cache is separate and first one is the L 1 that trace cache instruction trace cache and the data cache is also there is a separate L 1 data cache and here is the size of the different caches first level cache is only 8 kilobyte. So, this 8 kilobyte has been used primary to make it small and simple as we know that small and simple cache gives you provides quick hit time which has been achieved by providing this simple small L 1 cache 8 kilobyte which is 4 way set associative and line size is 64 bytes and it can access latency is 2 to 6 that this integer is 2 bytes 2 cycles for integer data and on the other hand for floating point data is 6 cycles and it uses write through. Similarly, the trace cache as I mentioned it stores the micro operations it can store 12 k micro operations it is also 8 way set associative and the second level cache is 256 kilobyte which is 8 way set associative and line size is 128 bytes. So, 2 sectors per line it uses and 64 bytes per sector. So, here the access time is 7 cycles and it uses write back policy. So, all cases are not inclusive and a pseudo error you will that means, you know that inclusion property is not strictly followed as you know the lower level cache contains I mean whatever is present in L 2 cache normally presents in is also present in L 1 cache, but this inclusion property is not always maintained in this processor and it also uses a pseudo error you replacement algorithm when replacement has to be done. So, as I mentioned the L 1 instruction cache is a execution trace cache stores the decoder instructions it removes decoder latency from the main execution loop and integrate path of program execution flow in a single line. So, this essentially enhances the execution of the instructions because the decoder latency is not present in the execution loop when the execution takes place there is no need for decoding. Decoding is done at the time of replacement. So, L 1 data cache is non-blocking, non-blocking means I have already explained the importance or what do you really mean by non-blocking. When it is blocking whenever there is a miss then you know that it is being stopped then you have to read it from the lower level and then I mean from the next higher level then you proceed, but here it is not done. So, it supports up to 4 outstanding load misses that means it will continue to continue operations execution and it will up to 4 outstanding load misses. And as I mentioned load latency is 2 clock cycles for integer and 6 clock cycles for floating point and one load and one store per clock is performed and it also does a speculation load as assumes that the access will hit the cache and replay the dependent instruction when miss happens. So, this speculation load is also a new feature, new invention that is being used in Pentium 4. Then L 2 cache is included on die as I mentioned then it has got 256 kilobytes of size and it uses a unified 8 ways iterative and load latency is I mean net load latency is 7 cycles. It is also non-blocking and bandwidth is one load and one store in one cycle, new cache operation begins in every 2 cycles 256 bit wide bus between L 1 and L 2. So, that this higher width allows you quick transfer of data between L 1 and L 2 and 48 gigabytes per second that is your external bus and one which operates at 1.5 gigahertz that is the bandwidth and bandwidth and performance increases with the processor frequency. So, as the processor frequency increases this gives you I mean higher performance as the frequency of the processor increases. Now, it also does prefetching of instructions. So, hardware prefetchers monitors the reference pattern based on the reference pattern it brings cache lines automatically. So, from the main memory automatically the cache lines are brought using the prefetcher and it attempts to stay 256 bytes ahead of current data access location. So, this prefetching also helps you to get the data quickly instead of reading it from the memory. So, prefetch for up to 8 simultaneous independent streams. So, this is another important feature. So, simultaneous independent streams can be prefetched and stored in the prefetcher memory or buffer. So, I was mentioning about the trace cache. Trace cache tries to exploit temporal sequencing instruction execution rather than spatial locality exploited in normal cache which I shall illustrate with the help of this simple example. Suppose, this is the instruction sequence I 1, I 2, I 3, I 4, I 6 and I 7. Normally in traditional instruction cache you will be storing I 1, I 2, I 3 and I 4 based on spatial locality. So, based on spatial locality this is being done in traditional instruction cache, but in case of trace cache which is based on that temporal sequencing of instructions it will store I 1, I 2, I 1, I 2 followed by I 6 and I 7 not I 3, I 4 and I 3 because that satisfies the temporal based on the temporal locality and this is how it is being done and this is one, I mean feature of fetching the cache memory from the trace cache and the Pentium 4 trace cache has its own branch prediction that directs where instruction fetching needs to go next in the trace cache. So, whenever there is a trace cache miss that branch predictor helps you to direct where the instruction fetching has to can take place. So, it removes decoding cost on frequently decoded instructions, extra latency to decoded instruction upon branch misprediction. So, and it also uses microcode ROM, microcode ROM when a complex instruction is encountered the trace cache jumps to the microcode ROM when the then which then issues the micro operations. So, this use of microcode ROM is also a new invention that is being done provided in Pentium 4 and after the microcode ROM finishes the front end of the machine resumes fetching micro operations again from the trace cache. So, this is how it combines the use of trace cache and the microcode ROM for executing the micro operations. Then the branch prediction is a it uses 4k entry in the branch target array. So, this is also 8 times larger than Pentium 2 processor and it uses the branch target buffer with two level predictor. Two level predictor means it has got both local and global branch I mean stores both local and global branch histories and based on that the prediction is done. And it uses a I mean new prediction algorithm unfortunately details of that algorithm is not available I mean is not known because it is a classified type of prediction algorithm that is being used by Intel and based on this prediction algorithm it reduces mid predictions compared to P6 by about one third. So, P6 based architecture which are used up to Pentium 3 I mean it is it gives you much better result. So, misprediction is much reduced and branch prediction whenever the branch prediction is done it predicts all near branches and it includes conditional branches, unconditional calls and returns and indirect branches. So, and it does not predict far transfers it includes far calls interrupt returns and software interrupts. So, it does not predict those far transfers only it tried to predict all the near branches that means within the page and it dynamically predict the direction and target branches based on PC using branch target buffer. So, it uses branch target buffer which gives you the branch address and if no dynamic prediction is available then it does the prediction statically that means if that branch history either local or global is not available then it tries to predict in a statically way taken for backward looping branches and not taken for forward branches. So, it combines the I mean prediction is little dynamic in nature it can be either based on those two level prediction based on local and global predictors or whenever the dynamic prediction is not available then it uses this statically predicting that branch taken or not taken and traces are built across predicted branches to avoid branch penalties. So, it uses branch target buffer uses branch history table and the branch target buffer and a branch target buffer to predict branch history table and branch target buffer. So, updating occurs when a branch is retired that means branch is found to be correct and that means retired means whenever it has been proved to be correct the prediction has turned out to be correct then only that is it that history stored that branch history it is stored in the branch history table as well as branch target buffer and it also uses return address stack RAS that is your 16 entries and it predicts return addresses for procedure calls. So, there are many procedure calls and their return addresses are stored in a return address stack and it allows branches and their targets to coexist in a single cache line and it increases parallelism since decode bandwidth is not wasted. So, all these things are used to enhance the performance of the processor and this is the case when branch it occurs Pentium 4 permit software to provide hints to the branch prediction and trace information, trace formation hardware to enhance performance and it takes the form of prefixes to conditional branch instructions. So, it is used only at trace build time and have no effect on already build traces. So, this is how the I mean the software to provide the hint is used for the purpose of branch prediction and trace formation hardware. So, this also goes in enhancing the performance then coming to the execution it uses advanced dynamic execution. So, it is very deep out of order speculative execution engine. So, we have already seen that it has got 20 stage pipeline. So, which is very deep which is considered to be very deep and it also allows you out of order execution in a speculative way. So, speculative execution engine is used and up to 126 instructions can be in flight. So, which is 3 times larger than Pentium 3 processor. So, so many instructions can be in flight and then that speculative execution engine will select dynamically schedule them for the purpose of execution and up to 48 loads and 24 stores in pipeline can be present which is also 2 times larger than Pentium 3 processor. And these are designed to optimize performance by handling the most common operations in the most common context as fast as possible. So, this is the basic objective of this speculative execution engine. Then issue instructions are fetched and decoded by translation engine and translation engine builds instructions into sequences of micro operations and it stores micro operations to trace cache as we have already mentioned and trace cache can issue 3 micro operations per cycle. So, 3 micro operations can be issued per cycle in the issue stage and execution that execution engine can dispatch up to 6 micro operations per cycle and it exceeds the trace cache and retirement micro operation bandwidth. So, it is received 3 micro operations per cycle and it can dispatch up to 6 micro operations per cycle. So, it allows for greater flexibility in issuing micro operations to different execution units. We have already seen there are 7 different execution units present in the processor and this is the execution pipeline. You can see here that system interface 3.2 gigabits per second system interface which is for external interface and here is your L2 cache from the memory it is stored in that first transfer to the L2 cache. So, L2 cache and control is there then it has got branch target buffer and L1 cache, instruction TLB and then decoder trace cache and it uses renaming instead of I mean it uses the renaming of registers and instead of using ROB and then you know that here is your micro operation queues then it is sedular which seduces those micro operations 2 different functional units. So, these are the integer functional units and these are floating points functional units. So, these are the different functional units, so this is integer register file and this is a floating point register file and these are the different functional units that is present stored RGU, load RGU, ALU 1, ALU 2, ALU 3 and ALU 4. So, and it has got floating point move, floating point arithmetic operations, multiplication add MMXSSC. So, you can see it has got variety of functional units that is being present and it directly accesses that L 1 data cache and the data TLB. So, this is the execution pipeline and these are the 20 stage pipeline that is being shown here. I am not going into the details of the different stages trace cache, instruction and so on. And these are the execution units. So, there are 4 dispatch ports, you can see 1, 2, 3, 4 4 dispatch ports and the load and store units have their own dispatch ports. The 4 0 and port 1 they are feeding to the ALU floating point move, ALU double speed. Double speed means as I shall see, we shall see that the double speed is achieved by performing the execution on both edges and integer operation and floating point execute. So, different operations that is being performed by the different functional units are listed below. So, addition subtract that ALU double speed performs addition, subtraction, logical operation, stored data branches. Then this floating point move performs floating point SSC move, floating point SSC store and floating point exchange and this ALU double perform addition and subtraction and this integer operations perform shift and rotor operations and this floating point execute perform floating point SSC add, floating point SSC multiply, floating point SSC division and MMX operations. So, this memory load performs all load and that memory store performs the store operations and as I was mentioning it uses double pumped ALUs. What is the significance of the double pumped ALUs? All ALUs executes an operation on both rising and falling edges of the clock cycles. Normally, we use a single clock cycle. So, this is considered to be a single clock cycle, this is your single clock cycle, this is the time period and normally in one clock cycle one operation is performed, but in case of Pentium 4 that the execution is done on this edge as well as on this edge. As a result it is called double pumped ALUs and ALU executes an operation on both rising and falling edges of the clock cycles. Then the retirement means at the end of execution when the micro operations completes their operation and registers are updated and so on. So, it can retire 8 micro operations per cycle, it supports precise exceptions and reorder buffer to organize completed micro operations. Since it uses out of order execution it is necessary to have reorder buffer and which is done with the help to organize the completed micro operations. So, that the way the results are stored follows the same order and same program order. So, this also keeps track of the branches and sense updated branch information to the branch target buffer. So, this is how the retirement stage works. Then the store and load is also out of order store and load operations. Stores are always in program order and 48 loads and 24 stores can be in the flight and store buffers and load buffers are allocated at the allocation stage. So, total 24 store buffer and 48 load buffers are used for the purpose of storing the operands and then loading and storing is performed not coupled with the execution of instructions, but they can go ahead independently. So, store operations are divided into two parts, store data and store address. Store data is dispatched to the first ALU and which operates twice per cycle and store address is dispatched to the store AGU per cycle. So, this is how store operation is performed for better performance. It also does store to load forwarding forward data from the pending store buffer to the dependent load. So, this forwarding helps you to the dependent load. So, forward data from the pending store, so some buffer to the dependent load. So, this is how forwarding helps you also to enhance performance. So, load stalls still happen when the bytes of the load operations are not exactly the same as the bytes in the pending store buffer. So, spite of these stalls, this forwarding can help to a great extent. Coming to the last portion that is your system bus, it delivers data with 3.2 gigabytes per second that is the system bus for external interface and it provides 64 wide bus as we have seen and 4 data phases per cycle. So, it is quad form and 100 megahertz clock system bus. So, this is the system bus. Now, coming to the important characteristics that we have discussed so far for Pentium 4. As I have already mentioned it uses front end branch target buffer. So, that front end branch target buffer has got 4k entries and that execution trace cache has got 12k micro operation I have already mentioned about it and trace cache branch target buffer has got 2k entries. So, you can see that it has got 2 different branch target buffers. One is front end branch target buffer, another is trace cache branch target buffer. So, and then there are 128 registers are available total for the purpose of renaming. So, it uses renaming and 128 registers are available for this purpose and as I mentioned it has got total of 7 functional units, 2 simple ALU, 1 complex ALU, load, store, floating point move and floating point arithmetic as we have shown in one of our earlier diagram. Then data cache is 16 kilobyte, 8-way set associative, 64 bytes blocks and it uses write through policy. Then end to cache is 2 megabyte and for 8-way set associative 128 byte block and it uses write back policy. So, here is the list of different renovations that has been used in Pentium 4. Number one is the use of execution trace cache. We have already discussed at length the execution trace cache, then the use of out of order execution. So, out of order execution also I mean as soon as the operands are available execution take place. So, it does out of order execution and which all of course, requires that retirement unit. So, that the at the end the register updating and everything takes place in order. Then microcode ROM is used here, so that the micro operations are stored in the microcode ROM and from the microcode ROM they can be directly fetched and can be sent to the execution units. Then it uses advanced register renaming and with the help of that 128 registers that I have already mentioned that registers used for renaming. So, it uses advanced register renaming and it does micro operations scheduling rather than instruction scheduling and it uses double pumped ALU which is also enhances the performance of the processor. Then clock rates is used as higher clock rates because of the 20 stage pipeline. We have seen that the pipeline is of 20 stages. So, the clock frequency can be made higher. We know that as the number of pipeline stages is increased the clock frequency can be made higher. So, it uses higher clock rate and I have already mentioned about the low latency l 1 data cache by making it simple and small and then it uses store and stored to load forwarding and it give it stored to load forwarding we have discussed in detail. Then the bandwidth it gives you higher bandwidth we have seen that l 2 to l 1 cache bandwidth is 128 bit. So, it gives you higher bandwidth and external bandwidth is 64 bit. So, with these two it gives you higher bandwidth. So, you can see these are the various renovations used in Pentium 4 and based on this net bussed architecture a number of processors are available that seller and seller and seller on D Pentium 4 and Pentium 4 extreme edition Pentium D of course, Intel has since replaced the net bussed with the Intel core micro architecture later on we shall discuss about it. And here is the detailed micro architecture of Pentium 4 you can see this is the this is that let me start here is your system interface that bus interface unit bus interface unit. And you can see the bus interface unit and here the interface is of 64 bytes and this is that l 2 cache l 2 cache 256 kilobytes of l 2 cache and the bus between l 1 cache the TLB and l 1 cache is 256 bit in this particular diagram 256 bit. And this is that instruction fetch unit this is the TLB and this is a trace cache that I mentioned 128 12 kilo 12 k micro operations are stored in this trace cache is that register allocation table and this is the micro operation queues and this is the memory and instruction that those operations are stored. And here the sedular seduces the different operations which are to be executed by those functional units. So, these are the different ALUs, AGUs that floating point unit, floating point move and floating point execution units. So, and that this is that 20 stage pipeline is shown on the by the on the left side. So, this gives you an overview of the Pentium 4 micro architecture. So, we have come to the end of today's lecture and we have discussed in detail the Pentium 4 micro architecture. In my next lecture I shall focus on a peak or IS-64 that uses the itanium processor by Intel that is a 64 bit processor and that I shall discuss in my next lecture. Thank you.


One of those boars come up to me. Babe, whoops. I didn't want to worry him, but I saw some snakes earlier today, too. Huh? Nothing. Just talking about the boars I saw. Guys, boar! Boar! Eggs, eggs, hot sauce. Eggs, eggs, hot sauce. Hey! Welcome to the HQ. Here we are, dumbest of all worlds, headquarters in... Worldwide. Woods. Worldwide Woods. We're enlisting your help. We're starting a Patreon. Now that we're living in the woods, we have plenty of time to make videos. Too much time. Too much money. Wait. No. Not nobody. Not nobody. How much money? Don't tell me! Patrons will have access to exclusive videos, short stories, behind-the-scenes content, and much more. Also, access to exclusive privileges on our Discord server. Eggs, eggs, hot sauce. Yo, I think I got my cigarette finally tucked in a perfect place, so I don't even have to try to hold it in my arms. That's a chill. So check out the link in the description. Find us on Patreon. Sign up and get access to all the exclusive things we mentioned. Thank you so much for your support. Love you all. God bless America. God bless the United States. God bless Turkey. God bless Turkey. God bless... Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. Eggs. For 14 months, no end in sight. I'm probably gonna die out here.


Up here I declare a bunch of variables, then inside setup I make the size of the window and I load a couple fonts. And inside draw I draw the ball and this is how it moves. This chunk here takes care of what to do. If the ball hits either one of the sides it turns around and the strobe color becomes something else. If the ball hits the top it turns around and the field color becomes something else and you get a point. And then the points that you have so far are printed down here. If the ball hits the bottom the game's over, these various things happen like it totals up the points you have. It draws a kind of a flattened squashed ball at the bottom and no loop tells the program to stop running because we're done. If you press the mouse inside the ball then it speeds up and the ball goes up. So I'm not good at this game or really any video game but this is what it looks like when it's running. See at the bottom that it's totalling up my points and the ball is changing color just for fun. If I miss the ball, which will happen soon, it says splat tells me that I got 10 points and we're all done.


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