Hi, my name is Monty Johnson. I teach philosophy at the University of California San Diego And this is the first of two lectures on Aristotle's politics book two on the criticism of model Constitutions beginning with Plato's Republic and laws And I'm using the translation of Benjamin Jowett Oxford 1921, which is in the public domain Now first of all an outline of the overall book in chapter one Aristotle discusses the study of model Constitutions both fictional and real the purpose of studying them and he says a little about the method of studying them then chapters two to six are Dedicated to a detailed criticism of two of Plato's dialogues in In chapters two to five his Republic and then the single chapter six devoted to his laws After that in chapter seven and eight We have a criticism of other fictional proposals including those of Phalaeus and Hippodamus Then in chapters nine to eleven a criticism of real constitutional models actually existing Constitutions the Constitutions of the Spartans of the Cretans and the Carthaginians Then in the final chapter, which Somewhat appears like an appendix Aristotle discusses Solon and other famous legislators But there's actually a an organized Methodology and reason why Aristotle follows this process and it basically has to do with him thinking that Plato's Proposals in the Republic are the most radical and most detailed and Those in the laws are less radical those of Phalaeus and Hippodamus even less so and then Even less radical than all of those are the actually existing models beginning with the most complete and Radical in its own way Spartan Constitution of which the Cretan and Carthaginian Can be discussed in terms of their differences with that and then Aristotle concludes by discussing those who whose political theory doesn't extend to the Entire Constitution and in time and conceiving of an entire Constitution of a state But rather just to specific laws and pieces of legislation So here's what he says about the examination of model Constitutions in the first chapter. He says that our purpose This is a quote is to consider what form of political community is best of all For those who are most able to realize their ideal of life so One purpose of what we're doing is to conceive of the best form of community of political community For those most able to realize their ideal and of life So it's ideal in two senses both that all of the people Reach the their ideal of life and that the political community itself is best of all But he adds quote we must therefore examine not only this but other Constitutions both such as actually exist in well-governed states and any theoretical forms which are held in esteem That what is good and useful may be brought to light so the point is to look both at fictional proposals and Actually existing states and see if there's anything good in any of them which we ought to bring into our consideration Now in a later book book four in the first chapter Aristotle distinguishes between actually four related inquiries first the inquiry into what is the best Constitution under any circumstances whatsoever Second what is the best constitution under specific circumstances or for specific kinds of people? He says quote for the best is often unattainable and therefore the true Legislator and statesmen ought to be acquainted not only with that which is best in the abstract But also with that which is best relatively to circumstances and Those two questions are distinguished from a third question What is the best means of preserving any given kind of Constitution on the hypothesis that it would be good to Preserve it and that those can again be distinguished from a fourth question What is the Constitution that's best suited for most circumstances and for most kinds of people? quote not only what form of government is best, but also what is possible and What is easily? Attainable by all so each of those are different questions And it seems that in this book to we're mostly concerned with the first question What is the best Constitution under any? Circumstances because people like Plato seem to have proposed an answer to such a question and Aristotle has criticisms of them But some of these criticisms pertain to what is actually possible under specific circumstances What is best hypothetically? supposing we want to promote a certain kind of virtue and Also, what is what would really be best under for most circumstances in most kinds of people? So those four inquiries which are presented as distinct in book four are In a way all pursued in this second book now the first and most important issue that divides these Model Constitutions and distinguishes them from one another and then from really existing constitutions Is their approach to? Property private versus common property and Aristotle discusses that the theoretical Possibilities for constitutions are determined by what is or is not shared in common by the citizens And he discusses three conceivable alternatives first the members of a state could have nothing in common second the members of the state Could have all things so far as possible in common Or a third possibility the members of the state may have some things in common and other things not in common Now the first alternative he immediately eliminates. It is quote clearly impossible for the members of a state to have nothing in common because the Constitution is a community and at any rate must have at least a common place that they all live together so they must share that and So it's not possible to imagine that members of a state elements of a state have nothing in common So the real possibilities are that the members of the state have all things in common So far as that's possible or that they merely have some things in common So for the second possibility that they may have all things in common so far as possible He presents the example of citizens having wives and children and all of their property in common as Socrates proposes in the Republic of Plato Now as for the view that the members of the state should have some things in common but other things not in common and Among the things they should not have in common in Aristotle's view our wives and children So this third option ends up being Aristotle's view So he criticizes Plato in general for trying to make all The citizens have all things as far as that's possible in common and Aristotle asks Which is better our present condition where we do have some things in common in our state but other things not like wives and children are not held in common or What he calls the proposed new order of society as if Plato's Republic is a proposal for a new order of society in which as many things as possible are held in Common a kind of communism that extends even into families to include wives and children Now that brings us to Aristotle's criticism of Plato's Republic Just say a couple of things about Plato's Republic in general because even though you've read Book two of Aristotle's politics. You may not have had a chance to read Plato's Republic though It's one of the most famous works of philosophy We call it Plato's Republic in English because the Latin title is De Re publica the Greek title is Politea It's in ten books So it's a fairly long and extensive work in which Aristotle Socrates is depicted as discussing the ideal political Arrangement and various inferior alternatives including democracy Now note that the Greek title of Plato's book means something like commonwealth or constitutional government that is constitution of the state or Paulus and the title of Aristotle's politics Which we take from the Latin politica really means things concerned with the state or the polis Now in a later chapter at the end of book two Aristotle actually returns very briefly to discuss and Summarize Plato's views in the Republic and he summarizes that in one sentence that divides into four parts He says particular to Plato and he's referring to the Republic is One the community of women children and property which we've just been discussing second the common meals of women and third the law about drinking that the sober should be masters of the feast and For that the training of soldiers to acquire by practice equal skill with both hands So that one should be as useful as the other Now this kind of looks like a grab bag of topics and hardly like a crisp summary of the entire point of the Republic or Even of the Republic and the laws which he may be meaning to summarize Here as well but the first pertains to the communism of women children and Property and that is a major issue and that is the major issue on which Aristotle will engage Plato's views The importance of common wheel common meals for women is that it means giving women equality in education military and political spheres, so that's actually a completely radical suggestion and a Separate suggestion from holding women children and property in common. This is that women ought to be educated Equally and deployed equally for military and political purposes The third the law about drinking that the sober should be masters of the feast Is really something discussed in book two of Plato's laws most extensively and the idea there is that the state should get involved in regulating the temperance and moderation encouraging those virtues and So should actually encourage controlled situations in which drinking occurs to ensure that people Are able to enjoy and take pleasure in moderation and Temporately so that we're trading them not only for the virtue of courage like the Spartans do but also for a Virtue that is useful in peacetime the enjoyment of pleasure and leisure So that is a pretty important and innovative Point of Plato's Now the fourth point about the which looks like on the surface a point about Ambidexterity of training of soldiers so that they can use swords with their left or their right hand Might be an underhanded reference to the involvement of women in the military the Pythagoreans considered The male factor to be on the right the female factor to be on the left hand side And this may be related to again that radical idea of Incorporating both women and men into the military or it may actually be a point about training Ambidexterity which Plato does lead Lee put some emphasis on in the Republic So that's an interesting summary of how Plato's Republic is conceived in so far as it relates to the project of the second book of the politics and that's determining proposals relevant to the entire Constitution Now Aristotle's overarching criticism of Plato in a way pertaining to each of these ideas is that Plato has his Socrates advocate an excessive unification of the state So Aristotle says quote the argument of Socrates proceeds that the greater the unity of the state the better So Plato wants a maximally unified state. He wants everybody agreeing about not just the ends of the state but the means that are used to reach them and this agreement and Consensus Plato takes to be a sign of a of a healthy and well functioning political Society, but Aristotle rejects that principle as stated So he does not think that the greater the unity is necessarily the better because the greater degree of unity He thinks must come at the cost of a lesser degree of Self-sufficiency and so here he sets up a comparison between three degrees of unity and Three degrees of self-sufficiency So if we take an individual person an individual person is as unified as it gets they have organic unity They're a single organism, but in Aristotle's political philosophy. They are the least self-sufficient they There's very little that an individual totally isolated from any family or City can do as a human as he says in book one anybody that could Flourish outside of a city must be either a beast or a god humans can't humans or political animals And they are only self-sufficient within the context of a family which is in the context of a city So a family is a somewhat unified entity clearly not as unified as an individual person But it is somewhat more Self-sufficient than an individual so an individual can flourish and do a lot more in a family Context and they can as an isolated Hermit in which they can barely do anything or cultivate any virtue But the family as a single family unit Compared to a city is The family unit might be more unified, but it is less self-sufficient. So the city is the least degree of Unity because it is a unity of several families and families are Unities of several individuals. So the city is the least unified, but it is the most self-sufficient Self-sufficient because the city can exist without any particular family but a Family cannot exist in Aristotle sense without being in some kind of city and just as Aristotle thinks that a Family consists of individuals. So he thinks a city consists of several families but there is a Substantial or existential priority here that the city can exist without the Family or without any individual, but an individual or a family cannot exist without Any city so therefore the unity that Socrates seeks in Plato's Republic he seeks to turn a city into a greater degree of unity to become something more like a family and even possibly pushing it to become something like an individual when he compares it to the Psychological unity of the three parts of the soul But his political proposals amount to unifying the city to become like a single family Which certainly makes it more unified, but it thereby according to Aristotle makes it less self-sufficient So since self-sufficiency is a good This excessive unification of the city into a family Has at least one disadvantage and having that disadvantage means that it's not always good So that's not the best thing for him to do Now Aristotle's alternative to unifying the state into a family He calls reciprocal equality that exists between ruler and ruled basically taking turns Ruling and being ruled. He says that the excessive unification of the kind Proposed by Plato in the Republic would lead to the destruction of the state Reciprocal equality on the other hand, which he advocates leads to its salvation So let's look in some more detail why he thinks this reciprocal equality is the salvation of the state that the excessive unification would be the destruction of Well, he says quote where for the principle of compensation or reciprocal equality as I have already remarked in the ethics is the salvation of States now by the way, that's he's referring there to the second common book of the ethics on justice That's Eudemian ethics book for Nicomachean ethics book 5 and he's referring specifically to the arguments in chapter 5 there Where he describes reciprocal equality meaning that each party to a transaction The paradigm example is some kind of exchange or trade between a buyer and seller Where buyer and seller are treated as exact equals and it's just the difference We look at the differences between the things that they're exchanging and try to equalize those We don't try to equalize the buyer and seller We assume that they are Equal if we were to assume that they were unequal then we would have to equalize not just the goods that are exchanged But somehow compensate for the value or preeminence of one of the parties to the exchange Now Aristotle says quote even among freemen and equals This is a principle this principle of reciprocal equality Which must be maintained for they cannot all rule together But must change at the end of a year or some other period of time or in some order of succession The result is that upon this plan they all govern just as if Shoemakers and carpenters were to exchange their occupations and the same persons did not always continue shoemakers and carpenters now I That's the end of the quote and I provide this whole quote because it shows Aristotle bringing in his own political analysis into a criticism of Plato here his preference would be that all of the people doing the governing are treated as equals not treated as Parts of the same family but is are treated as equal to each other and then they exchange by some kind of order of succession or after some period of time the job or the office of Ruling and they are equally willing to take up being ruled and this Ruling and being ruled is the essence of politics according to Aristotle and so he would Rather maintain this which he considers a political structure and not convert the political structure of equality into a dense and overly Tightened unified family structure in which there is not politics, but rather there's Forms of Power and rule and domination that may be analogous to politics, but really have some other purpose some paternalistic or even does poddock purpose So in Aristotle's view and here he asserts it equals should take up and rule in turn and when they're out of rule they should be treated as Equals as well and that equality is what we should be searching for in politics not Unification now he Presents several criticisms of Plato's communism of property He repeats the criticisms that we've just been discussing that the state should have less Unity than a family Excessive excessive unification would destroy itself sufficiency presumably by destroying the possibility of division of labor So Again, we could talk about pushing the unity of the family if unity is such a great thing We could unify the family and conceive of the family is just being like a single Individual, but then we wouldn't be able to divide the kinds of labor that happened within the household And just as we wouldn't be able to do that if we were to unify the family into an individual So if we were to unify the state into an individual family, we would lose some Articulation or division of labor and that's why we would lose self-sufficiency Aristotle also criticizes Plato's proposed linguistic reform according to which Everyone should say mine and not mine at the same time and with respect to the same things Socrates says that this would be a sign of the perfect unity the state But Aristotle criticizes this distinguishing two senses of the term all He says there's a distributive sense for example if all say this is my son Then this all seems to apply to each and every one But the object is multiple several sons So it's understood if I say this is my son and my friend says this is my son that they're pointing to different people And there are several different objects and thus the feeling of ownership is strong But there's also a collective sense of all So if all say this is my city then the all clearly Applies to everyone and the object is singular. Well, we're all referring to one city You know this San Diego is my city multiple people living here in San Diego can say this is my city But the feeling of ownership is weak a Lot different than if I said this is my son or this is my daughter Now Plato's proposal Aristotle suggests would only result in a weak Feeling I would say. Oh, that's my son about some random Child I saw across the street, but the feeling would be very weak not at all like the one I really have if I think that it's my biological offspring or my adopted child And so this would not in fact unify the state this distinction between a distributive and a collective sense would still be observed and so There would not be a strong effective unifying the state Now Aristotle also points out or asserts that what is held in common is the least taken care of He says quote for that which is common to the greatest number has the least care bestowed upon it Everyone thinks chiefly of his own Hardly at all of the common interest and only when he is himself concerned as an individual for besides other considerations Everyone is more inclined to neglect the duty which he expects another to fulfill as in families many attendants are often less useful than a few end of quote now This has become known recently as the so-called tragedy of the commons that if for example Grazing land is held in common. It will be less taken care of people will tend to over graze it Whereas they wouldn't do that to their own property that they held privately because they wouldn't want it to be destroyed Now that's asserted to be a principle Essentially, what is held in common is less taken care of than what is held privately But it's not at all clear what the warrant for that Claim is and it certainly doesn't really have the status of a self-evident Principle if you think about it the story about grazing land might suggest something but if we really look at Property that's held privately and compare it with property that's held By the public do we always find that private property holders take better care of their property Than property that's held by the state Probably not so this is a questionable assumption of Aristotle's but there's some persuasive element that leads to it and it can be Leveled as a criticism of Plato's communism Now Aristotle goes into a lot of detail over chapters 3 and 4 about problems with Plato's community of wives and children To the extent that children were actually commonly held he argues This would result in a lot of neglect in accordance with the principle to state it that what is held in common is most neglected So you would essentially be encouraging child neglect by saying that all of Putting them in a common store and saying that we all own them in common or have them in common and But Aristotle asserts that really People again wouldn't have that strong of a feeling about that and they would tend to identify their own children because of inherited Resemblances Resemblances that he has a theory about how they are inherited in his biological work The generation of animals and he says there's nothing that could avoid people saying that's obviously that person's Child and so my claim that it's my child as well in accordance with this communistic slogan wouldn't cut any ice against that Biological recognition Also Socrates proposals about families Aristotle says would make certain crimes worse So there would be a greater chance that assaults and homicides are committed unwittingly Against fathers and mothers or near relations But this would be both harder to detect and Expatiate now to some extent this works against the previous point This assumes that it wouldn't be that easy to identify one's own children or parents And so that children would sometimes make mistakes and while they just meant to kill someone They didn't really mean to kill their father But then supposedly it would be difficult to establish that actually did kill their father And it would be more difficult to go through the process of expatiating that particular crime Also Socrates proposals about ancestors said to be confused so he outlaws homosexual intercourse But he permits kissing and touching and Aristotle says this the one leads to the other and so that Proposal will be impracticable Also the proposed communism of wives and children is better suited He thinks for the lowest classes then for the higher classes or the guardian class But Plato proposes just the reverse that the ruling or guardian class would be the one holding wives and children in common But it's not clear that that would happen or clear that it wouldn't happen for the lower producing class Now Socrates proposals Aristotle argues would destroy friendship, which is the key to holding states together So if we have communism of wives and children It'll water down our love and affection which is naturally held between those that we know are Biologically related to us directly and within our own family And there's something important about the love and friendship of a family unit that would be broken down and destroyed If I'm supposed to treat everyone as if they were part of this family unit furthermore Transferring between the classes would be problematic So there's no way to know in advance who from among the lower class should be transferred to the ruling guardian class and vice versa and When transferred to another class anyone would have less reason to refrain from crime Because the consanguinity would be removed so Plato thinks that you know Natural born rulers ought to be part of the guardian class and those who aren't fit to rule Even if they are born to guardian parents should be transferred into the lower class and be farmers and producers But the the scheme of holding wives and children in common would make this more difficult Now in chapter 5 Aristotle returns to the discussion of Common property and not just wives and children and how those are held in common But private property itself as opposed to common property. He says quote next Let us consider what should be our arrangements about property should the citizens of the perfect state have their possessions in common or not This question may be discussed separately from the enactments about women and children So there are three possible arrangements. Whatever we do with with women and children when we're talking about things now like Land livestock buildings tools and so on There are several possible arrangements for holding this property in common The first is that the soil or the land may be appropriated But the produce so whatever we're growing from it the corn or whatever May be thrown for consumption into the common stock This is the practice of some nations and this ends up being Aristotle's considered preference. He thinks that Land should be privately owned but from what is produced on that land some should be extracted basically in the form of taxation and put into The common stock and then somehow distributed from there but another option is that the soil is held in common and Cultivated in common, but then we take the produce like the corn from it and we distribute that Among individuals for their private use He says this is a form of common property which is said to exist among certain barbarians And the third option is that we would hold both the soil and the produce In common alike now both two and three Aristotle argues so any Option of holding the land in common will occasion quarrels when some end up toiling more on that land But receive less in the produce While others toil less but end up receiving more of the produce neither of those are available avoidable on The second or third options and that's why Aristotle prefers that you have private property But some kind some way to to bring in Common the consumption or the use of it So here are several problems that he discusses with the common property arrangements again holding property in common occasions disputes and He supports this by appealing to some homely examples like the example of fellow travelers If you and I are traveling hitchhiking through Europe together Then we'll probably end up falling out over everyday matters and trifles Similarly, if we hold all of our property in common then little things about for example not putting tools back in exactly the right place We'll end up causing Disputes and even falling out and this will affect the unity and consensus in the state Another example is Servants Aristotle says that one is most offended by the failures of those servants with whom one works most closely So if we all work so closely together as we would with our Individual servants then we would become most offended by each other's disappointing Failures and again the unity of the state would be undermined The best arrangement he says is when property is owned privately but made available for common use For then owners don't neglect their property because they love it But they make it available for their friends whom they all they also love So this achieves the best of both worlds now examples of this can be found among the Spartans Who use one another slaves horses and dogs as if they were their own? And he says the legislator should try to cultivate such a Benevolent disposition among all citizens so that they will all willingly share the property that they all in fact hold privately Common property also he says deprive citizens citizens of an opportunity to exercise the virtues of Liberality and temperance Liberality because if all things are held in common then one can't show any generosity or kindness like I can't give Give you something because you already own it I can't give you flowers or chocolates because we already hold those in Commons are not giving them to you They were already yours. So generosity or kindness of that type becomes impossible But he says temperance becomes impossible Because if all what wives are held in common then I did won't have an opportunity to show moderation by refraining or abstaining from intercourse with other people's wives Since they aren't those other people's wives anymore. There won't be any problem with doing it. And so As if everybody's moderation will disappear at that point and they won't be temperate Further more and perhaps more seriously he says common property doesn't have the benefits that it appears to have but has many disadvantages So supposedly it would eliminate suits over contracts Convictions for perjury flattery of the rich and so on which are said to be due to private property But in fact all of these bad things Okay suits suing people over contracts Perjury flattery of the rich all of those bad things Aristotle says are due to human vices they're not due to the property itself and It's due to quarrels among those holding property in common that can be expected to remain The same if their characters do so If you do nothing to affect their characters, but just change who is supposed to own the property the characters will remain the same the vices will remain the same and the litigious society the perjury People the flattery of the rich all of that will continue because it's root cause hasn't been addressed and In fact those things will all be made much worse Now besides the criticism of the scheme for holding wives and children in common and then the communism of property Aristotle also offers some general criticisms of Plato's Republic one general theoretical Criticism that he again repeats in this chapter is that the excessive unification of anything will destroy it there is theoretical value in maintaining diversity and plurality among the elements and This is eliminated when we try to squeeze all of the diverse and plural elements of the city into a single family He makes the argument here, but he but introduces some new examples From music so he says, you know harmonies are destroyed when they're reduced to unison and rhythm is Destroyed when it's reduced to a single foot and so the city would be destroyed if it reduced to a single family He also says, you know on the basis of experience He rejects these proposals quote we should not disregard the experience of ages in the multitude of years These things if they were good would certainly not have been unknown for almost everything has been found out Although sometimes they are not put together in other cases men do not use the knowledge which they have So this relates to Aristotle's project of empirical investigation of the histories of actual constitutions he himself or with the assistance of his students and other collaborators wanted to study a hundred and More than a hundred and fifty Greek Constitutions get the histories of them all and take that kind of data and then come up with a theory to explain the data and he notices that In the midst of this research, we don't find anything like Plato's Republic And so it hasn't been tried if it was a good idea. It's probably something that would have been tried and this is interesting for what it says about Plato's concept of the possibility of Progressive politics of doing something entirely new in politics and we've seen for example with the case of Slavery or his rejection of the equality of women that Aristotle's proposals end up being fairly conservative They don't Radically upset the order of society as it's been seen in the empirical examples that he's investigated Extensive though those are Now Plato's Entire account and this is a pretty major criticism he makes Plato's entire account is Entirely focused on the Guardians and he says almost nothing about the lowest class the producers Which are in fact the majority of his city But this kind of treatment gives rise to a dilemma says Aristotle either the lowest class will also Hold wives and children in common and have the same kind of education as the Guardians in which case They don't differ from the Guardians and have no reason to submit to their rule or The lowest class would hold wives and children privately like other states do and have the Different kinds of education than the ruling class like other states do in which case Plato's state won't be a unity at all But rather will be two different states the state of the Guardians in the state of the Producing class the working class working in ruling class would essentially form two different cities and The ruling class of the Guardians would be like an occupying garrison of the other city Even if quarrels are eliminated among the Guardians the problem of quarrels among Farmers and artists will remain and Plato says nothing about that Also another major criticism is that the Guardians Can't be happy happy here Aristotle uses in a very conventional sense They can't enjoy the use of private property and they can't exercise all of the virtues for example He showed why they can't exercise liberality or certain kinds of Temperance and not being able to exercise those virtues they can't be perfectly happy and also not being able to enjoy Private property they can't be perfectly happy But neither can his lowest class be happy because they don't have much private property And they certainly can't exercise all the virtues because they don't have any time to cultivate virtues since they're doing all the work So if happiness exists in neither of these parts of the city then it would be absurd to think that it exists in the whole state So then Aristotle Compares it to a mathematical case. It's not like the even which may exist in a whole for example for the number four even if it's not an either part of the number four so both three and one are Odd but when they are summed together they create something that's even he says Politics isn't like this You have to be able to have happiness in each class in order to say that the city is happy But Plato's proposal removes and precludes This possibility of happiness and with it the ultimate end of the state because again as he says at the beginning of book one the Purpose of politics and the purpose of a state is to create an association for the sake of the good life and for happiness So after all of those criticisms of Plato's Republic Aristotle moves on to criticize Plato's laws He says in many ways Plato's Republic is not an adequate account Not only is it vulnerable to the preceding objections, but it also lacks an account of many crucial issues Such as the ones we've just been discussing the lowest class Now the laws was Plato's Latest work and it's a quite long work 12 books even longer than the Republic But it's taken to be kind of Plato's final word on politics and also to be a either a recasting of the utopian scheme of the Republic or even a less Utopian idea and something that's more practically realizable But against this idea that it's more practically realizable Is the fact that it's lacking an account on so many crucial issues and according to Aristotle the proposals of the laws Basically amount to the same thing as the Republic just without the controversial community of women and property Even though common meals are extended to women and there's also little direct discussion of the Constitution in Plato's laws Presumably because it's focused on laws and not the Constitution Now Aristotle considers Plato's projection of 5,000 citizens to be Unrealistic given how large the population of wives and slaves unless the territory to house them would have to be and He in making this criticism It's interesting for a couple of reasons one Because he says in framing an ideal we may assume what we wish but should avoid impossibilities So we have to reject utopian proposals that aren't in some sense pragmatic second it shows the Limit of the size of what Aristotle considers a legitimate political entity It actually has to be quite small fewer than 5,000 Citizens and Aristotle does not imagine a political a purse a political Association possible that is larger than that his is a very small scale conception of politics We're basically all the citizens being equal know each other recognize each other basically are on a first-name basis with each other and then they can Work out their differences and find a way to create what they all agree to be the good life But when you get too many people you can't speak to them all you can't know them all they can't all hear all the political speeches that each other are making and so you can't really have an effective form of government and he thinks that Plato basically Proposes a population that's too high to make effective government possible Plato also supposedly ignores the relationship between his state and others by focusing only on the people and the country and Aristotle says that his account of military forces is inadequate It's not clear by the way how much more adequate Aristotle's own account is but that doesn't necessarily Undercut the criticism that Plato's is not adequate Also, Plato is unclear about how much property the citizens are supposed to possess quote Socrates says that a man should have so much property as will enable him to live Temporately which is only a way of saying to live well This is too general a conception further man furthermore a man may live Temporately and yet miserably That's the end of the quote so according to Aristotle a better standard would be That quote a man must have so much property as will enable him to live not only Temporately but also liberally that is that means with generosity if the two are parted Liberality will combine with luxury and temperance will be associated with toil So if we don't allow enough property in here Aristotle seems to mean private property then Again, we can't be liberal or generous in giving it away can't give you something you already own and if I or if I don't have enough of it to give away and thus Liberality will require a luxurious amount of goods that's excessive to what other people have and then Temperance or you know only having a moderate amount of goods will be associated with mere toil and considered practically a vice so those would be the effects again of Concepts of property even in Plato's laws where property isn't all held and isn't necessarily held in common Now Aristotle also makes a criticism of the Constitution as it's conceived in Plato's laws. He's already said that he doesn't say much about the Constitution Or that it's very similar to what he says in the Republic Aristotle specifically says quote in the laws it is maintained that the best constitution is made up of democracy and tyranny Which are either not Constitutions at all or are the worst of all so he thinks that Plato is constructing in supposedly ideal Constitution out of two corrupt forms of constitution Democracy and tyranny, but that's impossible or that's difficult Now later in later books where Aristotle himself argues that we can create a legitimate form of constitutional government by combining democracy and oligarchy Which themselves are bad and corrupt forms of Constitution He seems to be subject to the same criticism that he here levels against Plato But this criticism is tempered by Some nuances in the laws Plato actually advocates something like what Aristotle calls a constitutional government or polity or Republic quote the whole system of government tends to be neither democracy nor oligarchy But something in a mean between them, which is usually called a polity That's the end of the quote now a polity is probably the best kind of Constitution Which is attainable by most states, but it is certainly not the best kind of Constitution in an ideal sense That would be either an aristocracy or some kind of mixed Constitution like the Spartan Which has elements of oligarchy monarchy and kingship Because as Aristotle says the Constitution is better, which is made up of more numerous elements Finally Aristotle argues that the Constitution the laws is actually essentially an oligarchy and its democratic aspects are very weak For example in appointing magistrates, although Plato advocates using lots Which would normally be considered a democratic measure He limits the candidates to those that have already been selected which tends to entrench those who are already in power He also compels the rich to attend the assembly and vote on magistrates But he does not compel the poor to do so probably by fines And he also seeks to have candidates selected from the richest The greatest number and highest number of offices So all of those are oligarchic elements when you have that many oligarchic elements They dwarf and crush the democratic elements and you essentially end up with an oligarchy and So This ideal form of Constitution is nothing more than an oligarchy in Aristotle's views Now those are the criticisms of the Republic and the laws I'll conclude though Aristotle himself doesn't give an overall conclusion to the book I'll just give some general observations about his criticisms of Plato here in the politics book 2 First Aristotle discusses Plato's Republican laws first not out of deference, but according to a methodology that he proceeds From the most radical proposals for a constitution to less radical proposals beginning with Plato's own Republican laws and then carrying on to other name political theorists Which we'll discuss in the next lecture Phalaeus and hippodamus and then to actually existing models Sparta Crete and Carthage, which are also treated in a specific order with the Spartan being the most radical and general Paradigmatic of existing constitutions the others being Deviations from this that are less radical and then Aristotle ends up with a discussion of famous political theorists Who's theorizing did not reach to the entire constitutional structure, but just to individual laws or pieces of legislation Now Aristotle elsewhere criticizes other aspects of these works of Plato, especially the Republic Not only in his politics, but also in other works such as on the soul and metaphysics The criticisms here are narrowly focused on Constitutional proposals and not meant to be comprehensive criticisms even of those works like even of the detailed proposals for laws much less are they supposed to be a General criticism or rejection of Platonic philosophy in general Also Aristotle criticizes Plato on the basis of his own assumptions. We saw that in several cases For example about the nature of democracy oligarchy and constitutional government And he doesn't just use Plato's own assumptions and for this reason they may seem He may seem occasionally uncharitable against Plato But if one accepts Aristotle's definitions and classifications, then the arguments probably seem more reasonable and finally I Think it goes without saying that one of the things that Aristotle considers most ridiculous about Plato's Republic His position on women may seem on the contrary the most reasonable aspect of any of this to us So Aristotle's criticisms however were very likely to be persuasive to his immediate audience Which also would have considered ridiculous the idea of making Women equal to men in education military and politics But such arguments are much less persuasive than us. It's not even clear that their arguments are not just appeals to bias since We or at least most of us have come to accept the equality of women in education Military and politics that Plato in his Republic had merely imagined as a utopian ideal Thank you


Hey, this is Brett and this 2018 Jeep Wrangler 2-Door Sport is stock number 13480Z. I am here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, you're new and use Jeep and Jeep Wrangler headquarters. This 2018 Jeep Wrangler has the 3.6-liter Pentastar V6 engine. It's paired up with the 8-speed automatic transmission, puts out 285 horsepower, 260 foot-pounds of torque. This Jeep has been fully-safetyed and inspected by our service shop, has a fresh oil and filter change, all the fluids have been checked and topped off, and it is 100% ready to go. I'm going to go all the way around in this video, inside, underneath, start it up and take a look under the hood. Black clear coat is the color and hopefully I can give you the most accurate representation of the Jeep from this video. I shoot all my videos in 4K, so if you have HD capabilities, turn them on now because it is your best way to check out the quality, condition options, and of course cleanliness of the vehicle before seen in person. Going down the driver's side, rear quarter looks really good. Driver's door, I didn't see any major dents or dings on there. The door hinges are in very nice condition, sometimes they can be all corroded. This one's in fantastic shape. Only 6,000-some miles on this Jeep. If you like the video, you can subscribe to my YouTube channel, which is youtube.com slash summit auto click the bell notifications and you'll get updates on the videos I do each and every day here at Summit Automotive. This one comes with some really nice rims. These rims are usually reserved for the Rubicon package, so I think they were put on after market, painted and polished lip with the red Jeep on there. It also comes with some really nice BF Goodrich All-Terrain TA tires. These are LT28570R17s and I would say they have probably about 90% of the tread left on them. Frame and underbody is in really nice clean condition. This is a one-owner clean title history, clean car facts out of Florida. Front bumper is in fantastic condition as well, does have the factory fog lights, you get the little Jeep logo in the headlights, and of course the seven-slotted grille. The hood is in fantastic condition, no dents or dings on there, and the passenger side front fender is in nice shape as well. Passenger side rim, no major scuffs or scrapes, and as you go down this side of this wrangler, take note of how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror-like that paint is. I take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by, but you just cannot make the trip down, you can still see the vehicle, hear the vehicle, and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here, there's absolutely no surprises, and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at. If this video helps you make that buying decision, let your salesman know that you saw the video, that it was helpful and that Brett sent you.  Frame and underbody, very nice and clean, what you'd expect from a vehicle from Florida, and the lower rockers look really good as well. Back fender, no damage on that, and coming around to the back, rear bumper is in nice shape, does have a toe hook, also has a receiver hitch back here, matching spare tire and rims, so that's a 100% tread on that tire, and it does have a backup camera. Back storage area is in nice shape.  This one's got the soft top, but if you ever want to figure out how to get your hard top off your Jeep in the upper right hand part of screen, there's a link to a video showing you how to do that, notice the seven-slotted grill back here, you also get the JL badge with the two-door, four-door, wheel base and overall length, as well as water for you. Very nice and clean back here, and that door shuts nice and solidly. For full disclosure, this back rim is in excellent shape too, and as we hop inside the vehicle, you can see that it has the black cloth bucket seats, no rips or tears on those seats, they're in nice shape. It does have side airbags, seat height adjust, lumbar, factory floor mats, tilt, telescopic steering wheel, manual windows, manual locks, the seat folds up and slides up like so to get to the second row.  Factory floor mats, those seats slide back nicely, we'll hop inside, check out the miles, the radio, and everything that this Jeep has to offer on the interior. You can see that this one has 6,094 miles, you do get the digital speedometer and compass display, instrument cluster is very nice and clean, you get bluetooth and information center controls on the left and cruise controls on the right, you also get audio controls on the back of the steering wheel. This one comes with the five inch, you connect touchscreen radio, AM FM, and serious satellite radio capabilities, and this is also where your backup camera shows up. Vehicles got to be on for me to put in reverse, but we'll do that in a second. Down here's your push button start, your climate controls, start, stop capabilities, stability control, downhill assist control, 4x4 shifter, and your 8 speed automatic transmission. You do get a flipper key on here, it is a proximity key, so that's why you still get the big chunky key fob so that it knows that the keys in here when you go to start it, and passenger side format and seat are in excellent condition as well. No rips or tears in there and the soft top is in fantastic condition, it's like new, and we'll start it up, take a look under the hood, starts right up, no check engine lights or anything like that. There's your backup camera that is working nicely, and notice the mineral gray dash, it's kind of a good looking dash. Take a quick look under the hood. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today, and hopefully from watching this video you've been able to verify the quality condition options, and of course cleanliness of this Jeep all the way around, inside and out. Under the hood we have the 3.6 liter V8, I'm sorry V6 Pentastar engine, engine bay is very clean, runs very smooth, once again this Jeep has been fully safe eat it and inspected by a service shop, has a fresh oil and filter change, all the fluid tab and chaktan topped off, and this Jeep is 100% ready to go, there's the emissions sticker, and I would highly recommend this Jeep to make quality and condition standpoint, I wouldn't be afraid to ship it out to California, Texas, Florida, New York, wherever, whoever gets this Jeep's gonna be very happy with the quality and condition, and to see more pictures of this Jeep or one of the other 550 new and used cars, trucks, SCVs, minivans, Wranglers, half tons, three-quarter tons, one tons, you name it, we got it, go to that website right there, summitauto.com, full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations, all at summitauto.com, and if you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto, remember to like, subscribe, and share on this video, and all the videos that you see there, in fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to my YouTube channel in the upper left, I'll link to more Jeep Wrangler videos I've done in the upper right, I'll link to how to get your hard top off your Wrangler, in the lower left, and a link to how to tape your doors off in the lower right, click those, check us out, and we're super excited to help you with this Ultra Clean 2018 Jeep Wrangler Sport 2-door in black clear coat with some really nice Rubicon rims, thanks again for checking out the video, remember to like, subscribe, and share on the YouTube channel, I really appreciate it, thanks again.


You recording? Yeah. Can you name that movie? Mm-hmm. Oh, I don't want to do it. It'll be your son, daughter.  Yeah, to sign them. Really? Yeah. It's going to move. Well, I'll get a better line because yelling it would... How long can we stretch this out? Five, six minutes for an intro? Apparently. What is the quote? I won't yell it. I'm just going to say the words. I should have broke your thumbs. I should have broke your thumbs. If I said it like the character, it would give the film away. Is it a good film? No. Most people would think it's like a gangster film, and it's not. What is it? I'll say it like the character now. I should have broke your thumbs!  It's me Corbin. Hey, yo! You can follow us on Instagram and Twitter for more juicy content. Thanks to our Patreon followers for counting the value in the game of the called. BAM! We also have our personal 2 chance of subscription below. I'm very happy. Today, a... What are we doing? just I think it was last night it was around midnight our time and it's a Raj Kumar Rao film wow by the exact same makers history but apparently it's not a street sequel oh because it was set up for one yeah well they still might make that but this is I got I got a bunch of messages about this but then also that said this is a street sequel but I've confirmed that it's not it's just by the same makers make a street sequel and there's two white guys visiting who get the crap scared out of them that's like the buddies that show America ready action we can turn it on here read this your son looking at here with a face yeah actually he's looking more like please don't be so loud you're annoying me here okay from the makers of street comes another horror comedy awesome really really is set in a fictional town of North India the film revolves around two small town boys Barbara and Katani who are stuck in a forest with Rui but there's an insidious spirit following them with feet turned backwards interesting street was about feet to floating off the ground yeah that anything backwards like that is really disturbing what will happen next while clearly they're gonna need special shoes they'll always be going the wrong direction yeah clubfoot not to be confused with what happens to your feet after you've been clubbing for too long here we go you're funny random last night yeah so I'm always down especially because we when we saw three were like we won this style of film doesn't get made really anywhere yeah so like this horror genre with comedy thrown in which we love street well this gives me a very good again recently it gives me very street vibes very much like in terms of it's gonna be a lot of dry humor situational humor and then it's it looks probably like even be a little more scary I think a little more yeah might be and that's great because it's gonna have stupid humor like just two weeks ago watched it with Michael he hadn't seen it before yeah we didn't know what to watch I said I think you're gonna like Street and he did he loved it yeah Street and so if it's by the same makers I'm assuming it I could see why people thought it might be right Street because it's a little similar but it's it's also just very different so it's I'm interested I definitely watch this Raj Kumar you know the dude's a great actor I love that I love his freak out moment yeah that was great one of the most versatile actors I think intense drama and he can also do silly comedy like like punkage yeah can do it very he's like a small punkage yeah that's true in the way he carries himself because he can give off like young Al Pacino if you if he if he the role requires yeah and even times like he can carry something as grounded and mature and dramatic as Newton right yeah and then do something like this where it's he just I pretty much think anything you want to give the guy he'll not only do it he'll do it well the weakest thing I ever saw was his American accent in White I knew you were gonna say that that was the weakest thing I've ever seen him do and it wasn't a weak performance at all it was just I don't I think he struggles with that accent maybe and yeah but this looks really really good I am disappointed I want to see the backward turns feet but that's okay we'll see that they leave that for you seeing yeah at least so we have a runtime I'm assuming it's gonna be like a 90 I can almost guarantee they're not gonna give us a runtime right now yeah because I'm to be the way they do films yeah interested March 11 so a day after your birthday yep in cinemas but it's not here doesn't mean here yet yeah we are still probably no we're not we are it will not be open by that time oh not by that time no but I was encouraged I heard maybe maybe summer yeah I heard the Angels who there's two major league baseball teams your angels and Dodgers in capacity right yeah Angels are opening up their first game spring training 25% like they did the Super Bowl 25% capacity they're gonna social distance gotta wear your mask they're doing that I know it's not outside exactly that's supposed to I won't surprise me if if we get opened by August yeah I could see that yeah I'm sure I could see this summer because the vaccine will obviously be more readily available and hopefully the numbers will gone way down by August and there's a couple of variants that are circulating that'll go through and die out yeah so hope this is hoping that will be so what normal it's gonna be such a big deal to finally go see a film in a theater I'll be nice so I'm wondering if they're gonna release in theaters in like a week later like they did with master put it on Netflix on Amazon yeah but India you'll get it it'll be in theaters in India so you guys can let us know how it is because like we will not be here in theaters in California yet the closest place it would be is we always get this whenever there's a thing that's releasing in theaters especially in the pandemic they'll send us like a list of all the theaters in the United States showing it yeah but California does not have theaters open right right it theaters in Montana I'm sure so the closest one is about five hours away I'm not willing to drive five hours for a film right now although KGF chapter 2 but I'm hoping they're gonna wait yeah for a little while me too but we do yeah I might do it for that yeah the big one like that yeah let us know what you thought about this trailer down below


minutes. Okay, then after that, we'll pause for about 30 minutes because the whitelisters get a discount and we're gonna reset and we're going to then do a public, a short public mint. So you want to be ready here 13 minutes till the whitelist and then about we're about an hour away from the act point that down. We're about an hour away from the public if you did not get on the whitelist. Let me get on zoom up quick everybody. I got lots of going on here. I'm watching Google Analytics. It's exciting that I like days like this. I like days like this. I wish every day in my life was as productive as other days, you know. That's the key to life. One of the things that my mentor Joel Salton said was, the hardest thing you can do as an entrepreneur is stay fully busy in an actual productive way. Most people, they mistake activity for accomplishment. So been busy a couple days. Got a lot of people in the Discord. We got the whitelist. People work to be on the whitelist. And so original garage.com. Oops. Tell Nick. Then tell Nick to switch. T minus 10 minutes. So we're gonna have the countdown. I have the original garage behind me. There's nine minutes and seven seconds till the whitelist go. So whitelist, you're in the whitelist on Discord. It's super simple. There's a whitelist-only channel. You go to the whitelist-only channel. This doesn't work for it. So we just have to hold it up better. It keeps on clicking. What then? Yeah, so whitelist announcements. Exactly if you're whitelist how you mint in the next eight minutes and 39 seconds. Now if you're wondering what makes this NFT different? Well, this thing has real utility. I'm working on buying a hotel. I'll actually talk it to the broker I'm working with. We're looking at one in Miami right now. There's two editions of the silver card. So there's a whole bunch of different editions of black, gold, and silver cards. The silver cards, there's two different types. One type gets you a pass through the online mentorship and all the training. I was looking through all the bonuses people are getting. It's insane. I pulled my team. I was like, are we sure want to get this many bonuses away? I think the bonuses are worth like $3,000. And the mint for the whitelist for the lowest price NFT starts at .1. So I'm not, this is not a click money grab.  Oh, Todd's trying to do a rug.  I'm at least likely motherfucking a rug. Don't ever put my name in that category. If you want to get rug, look at 99% of the NFT projects out there. It's done by people who are undoxed. That means nobody knows who they are. There's no accountability.  It's given NFTs a bad name.  Do not put my name in that.  So if you want to know the stuff I'm actually doing, go to RetailEcommerceVentures.com. I'm not a social influencer. I'm a CEO of a big company. So, okay, questions. What does rug mean? Rug is when somebody promises a lock and then they don't even launch their NFT. There's a roadmap. We're going to accomplish this, that and other things.  So sucker born every minute. Sucker born every minute. I saw one NFT is like promising we're gonna buy a casino and all this. I'm like, bro, you raised like 10 or 20 million bucks. What casino are you buying? Some rowboat off the off the Mississippi River and by the world's worst casino. The money by the way, so I'm doing it and as far as I know, this will be the first NFT members only hotel and that hotel like the money from the NFT and even going to cover it. I'm gonna buy the hotels. I'm gonna buy the hotel. So he keeps calling me. Everybody's coming out of woodwork. I'm going to be on the down white list too late now. Yeah, six minutes and 10 seconds. Okay, questions. Let me go. I'm on the discord. I'm going to go in the AMA channel on discord. Who has questions? I know there's a I'm going to be remember how this goes. You go to original garage.com original garage.com. Easy to remember. If you can't spell it, you aren't allowed to have one of my NFTs or we have a minimum IQ spelling level. You must be this smart to get in original garage.com. This is a social club. All kinds of perks. One I want to access to me with the black cards, you know, group masterminds with my gold card mentorships. And then we have the silver cards getting you access. One gets you access to the mentorship and one gets you access to the to the actual hotel restaurant nightclub. So okay, let me read these AMA questions. I'm in the discord. Now, what we're going to do in a minute in a few minutes, if not now, have we already paused all the chats? No, pause all the chat. We're pausing. We're actually you can't ask me a question. We don't want scammers giving people false addresses. So we're going to pause my whole discord. If you're in a discord and you're on the whitelist, it's pretty simple. You you'll still have access to the whitelist only announcement channel where we'll announce all the details. You should be ready with your E if you got four minutes and 49 seconds. Is this one running right here? Rick, this is a backup video. Okay. So you got four minutes, 49 seconds, three minutes now. And then after if you're not on the whitelist, don't worry. First, the whitelist goes, we're doing really this is an early mint. So we're going to do another mint after this at a higher price. This is the lowest price that will ever be. And then on Sunday, we'll either Sunday or next Friday. So either in two days, or in seven days, we'll do the the other main mint. But this is the one we're doing a limited, a very limited supply here. So the whitelist will have a short time. Then we'll pause for 30 minutes. Okay. And then we'll open to the public. So on about 45 minutes will be open to the public. Right now, we're open to the whitelist. I'll be here answering questions. People are already asking me, I'm getting fake. Don't I'm not going to DM you. If you get any DM, don't click it. It's just it's a scam. Don't click it. Use your brain, ladies and gentlemen.  Like, unless you're like, you know, present in United States, nobody's private message. If you get a private message in the world, you probably it is probably fake. Okay. So let me start with the zoom questions. Now, the place you can be very confident that you click on the right links as you go to my Instagram, go to my Instagram. And in the bio, I said the mint is started. It's a verified 2.9 million Instagram. So you don't have to worry. It's verified at the blue check mark. And right there have the link to original garage. Once you're on original garage, you can read the details and you can click the mint button to open the app. Connect here Metamask. Okay. So original garage.com is the official website. And my Instagram is the official place if you want to see the link. Okay, don't click on any other ones. Discord. Now you have three minutes, three minutes. You should have we released the announcement to the whitelist there, but they just can't click the button. Gotcha. You got three minutes. You should see the announcement who doesn't see the announcement who's on whitelist. Josh, I'm reading my zoom. There's a password that is going to be released. Yes. Okay. I've been super foolish on this project. I'm concerned about the short whitelist mint time. Don't worry. This is the only chance. I like to do stuff at limited supply. It's gonna work out. It's gonna work out. Don't worry about it. Look, gas is something that just happens. It's just something that happens in projects. It's just a necessary evil. One day Vitalik and then we'll fix the Ethereum or the whole world will move to a different blockchain. Yeah, that one's active right there, right? Ah, somebody said who's whispering. See, people can hear you all whispering. I got all the team here behind me. So I just we're uploading some cool videos too. So you can understand how the black ones, by the way, then are you up? Are they putting the black one black card videos on the app page, but also put it on the regular page then then also on both websites. Okay, you know what I'm saying? Say yeah. Okay. Ready to check this for it's good. Running a spaceship right now. Who is this person? I'm gonna answer this phone and put them on blast with 3000 people on this live call. Who is this?  Somebody's calling from Bokeh, Rutan. Mint starting in a minute. I'm gonna text this person bro. Who is this?  One of my phones. I don't like different phones. One of them got on the damn some every financial person is trying to get me to invest in something right now. Putin's calling Putin. It ain't Putin. I hope it ain't you don't want Putin calling your phone. That's OG, you know, my man is called OG. He's a real original gangster. Alright, here we go. 10 seconds. 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1.  Are we good? 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1. My men's live. Go to original garage.com. Is it? Oh, we're a few seconds off. Is live or I'm retaking questions. Is it live day? Yeah, it's minting like crazy. It's minting like a motherfucker right now. Don't be missing out. Don't say I didn't go live and tell everybody. This is just a white list. This is just for the white list. We haven't even hit the real. I mean, the public is more people. Is it going Alex? It sucks because I can't read off the names of people that are getting in. pages. Who's getting silver? Who's getting gold? Who's getting black? If you have questions and you're not on the discord, you can ask questions. I'll be reading off Instagram live. I'll be reading off. We did we freeze the discord? Yes. What's the except for the white list? Why is it gonna be like this? Remember, soon it's public. We're gonna be public in a second. It's not loading. Hey, we may break the internet right now. I don't know. You never know. You never know what's gonna happen. But is that clubhouse? No, it's clear spaces. Okay, Sasha just minted silver. You have to pay with the yes. Minties. Are you minting both types of silver? What's the password? You don't know if you're in the white list. I can't tell you. We give the white list access first. But don't worry. What's the tokenomics behind it? Go to original garage.com. It's you don't need tokenomics on it's a different you mean what's the utility we're using wrong furby edge, my friend. But but I understand. So you're such a showman now ha ha from student from 2.0 SMMA. I'm one of the cool things in the silver point one the education stuff. I'm rolling out some badass crypto training stuff only for OGs only the other silver gets you access to a hotel I'm working on buying hotel restaurant nightclub. This is the first project of its kind. Gary beated some some things that we have in common. But I've got a lot of different like a hotel. All right, so somebody said, okay, Ty's doing crypto now. Shit, I've been telling people about cryptos since 2017, when he was 190 bucks and Bitcoin was 4500. I have 100 million views on a video proving to people. Now YouTube took it down eventually or didn't let me run the ad. It's not running. How's it looking, Alex? Don't talk. Don't say the amount. Just thumbs up or thumbs down. It's coming real quickly. It's coming quick. Okay, we're going. What's the open sea lake? There's not open sea lake. Danny said just got 10 silvers. Okay, those are you on my private zoom. Very smooth mint process. Manny says great. We work like a motherfucker. I was more tired this week. Alice, when have you been this tired? This isn't even the biggest money thing me and Alex have done. Alex is more tired from this than when he sold his company for $300 million. Wait, don't don't put the reverb on here. Then he's got a gold one. Awesome. So just so you all know, this is the early mint. We have how many more minutes? Does it refresh here and show how much time for the public one? Yes, it says I'm going to refresh this. Professional broad. Can we show people how much time to us the public? It's not there. It's it'll be there in 18 minutes. About 56 minutes from now. It's gonna be public. But why can't you have real and put that up on my site? Yes. Somebody said their friend is sleeping.  Don't worry. We've got some stuff on them in a couple of days. We're going to do the other mint. This is a very limited time early mint and we will have some perks for whitelist people. This though is today is the lowest price it will ever be. We this will be the lowest price we'll ever meant for for both whitelist then it goes up a little bit. We're not going to raise it a ton but it goes up a little bit for the public sale.  Damn right. I learned from Kanye West. You want to make money in this world?  Don't be born. I see some business people going real ladies and gentlemen. You want me to do a three point today call it professor. We'll teach you keep my voice very monotone. Now you Kanye's worth $10 billion I heard. I sometimes say you want to know how to go viral. What would Kanye do? You know those little bracelets they need one call what would Kanye do? W. W. K. D. Now I'm not saying I always agree with it but like Abraham Lincoln said, you can learn from everybody even if sometimes that's what you don't want to do. What about the golds? Which golds are going so I can mention talk about? Yeah, all I I see 300 main mentor one is going to 300 mentor. So the 300 mentor gold card you may want to get that because my phone sales team is going to help the secondary market because I already have a mastermind where people wire me 25 to 50,000 to come three times a year to my house or my office and we do a mastermind. I just did one last week now moving it to crypto NFT.  People are like, I mean most NFT projects. I'm like, what's the actual underlying asset value? Is there real demand for it? Is it all just what they call the greater sucker theory?  You know, you just hope somebody will pay more than you pay. Don't ever get into investing or putting money buying real estate buying businesses where you're focused on the greater sucker theory because you think somebody's dumber, you know, than you were. So a lot of OG and your hotel is going. Oh, tell us going. Thank you. I mean, can you private message me? What's up? Yeah. A verified account just says is it too late for a white list? It's going right now. I told a few people if you post for me, I'll give you a white list, but I didn't do that for many people. People are all but I don't even want to look at my phone right now. I don't want to look at my phone. What questions do I have to have Ethan on a different investment you have up on the Coinbase? Yeah, you use Meta Mask. Everybody here should know how you let Meta Mask ladies and gentlemen. This is how the game goes. Alex is it like that? Yeah. Brice it five but only got four impossible. Is that possible, Alex? No, it's a smart contract. It's all super.  Did I just break this tablet? Are you guys in the right one? Are we in radio check one? That's right. I don't ask Ben or ask Debaldi. Where can I find the link? You can't see the link now because you're not on the white list. But soon how many minutes till public? If you're not on the white list, you have five zero minutes. We're going to shut down soon. We're going to shut down the white list early mint. How much more time do they have on the white list? Roughly five minutes. Yeah, you've got under 10 minutes on the white list. Under, under. Yo, the website is glitching. It's possible. Let me see. Let me look at my Google Analytics.  We are overloading RPCs by the way. It's like a website. My to it in that. Yeah. Okay, we're overloaded. What? We overloaded the website? Yeah, that is the connection to the RPCs. Yeah, the blockchain. So we basically overwhelmed the blockchain. We overwhelmed the blockchain ladies and gentlemen. Sorry about that. Okay. That's fun. We got to say that on my Insta. Alright, Alex, we overwhelmed the blockchain. We have to kind of slow down. Okay. Come on, Ethereum. It's supposed to be able to handle it. I think the gas prices are going up. I'm looking at a transaction. Because it was. What a world we live in. By the way, there's real usage, real utility for NFT projects that are done right. Our goal is to do them right. Not that we're the only one.  There. How many? It's only been nine minutes. Wait, what do you have to do right now? What are you doing there? So do you need a credit card? Yeah, connections are watching. Is it fixed? Is it fixed? Okay, if you're having a little bit of issue. No, we are. We just overwhelmed that we overwhelmed the provider. Whoa, man. That was a good problem to have. We can leave it open for a couple extra minutes for the white listers or it's all programmatic. It's going to be tough to update quick. Okay, we can't just leave it. It should be good now. It should be good now. It should be good now. It feels like Bryce said he only paid 92 in gas. Yeah, I think it is coming down. So, I said, why is it showing pending?  We overwhelmed it, ladies and gentlemen. Don't blame me. Call Vitalik. But now somebody said they want to pay 92 in gas fees, Alex. It's coming down now. Is it slowly?  Slowly coming down. Oh, gee. Public sales coming shortly. If you missed, why don't they auto link the cat? Like when you type in Instagram, like if I put .com, why isn't that automatic? Okay. There's some retry. If you had trouble, retry. They have roughly six minutes. Six minutes left on white list. Close window. Somebody said we are disconnect and reconnect. And I've got a few. Exciting. Life's exciting. Stay on the cutting edge of business, ladies and gentlemen. You can do your own NFT mint. Find something that makes sense, congruent for what you're doing. You don't have to do the same that I did. You don't have, it doesn't have to be huge, you know. Did you see my message out? Would we know if you got the Joker card yet? No, not yet. Not yet. Remember, the silver and gold are on fix.  So, they go go down. The other ones are fixed starting at point one and point one five. I'm going to make it super affordable for anybody. Even people just get started, you know. Well, busy Friday for Ty.  It's insane. What will happen? Passes it. Don't sell out. We burn. Yeah, like I said, we're gonna do another mint. This is the lowest priced mint. This is the early access for early. We did exactly what we promised.  You know, you got the lowest price you'll see when we go public. The prices will go up.  That comes after. That comes after. So, we're probably going to mint Sunday. We'll do a main mint but this is the one. These are the today is the day. Friday is the day you want to get in if you can. The counters up. So, public 46 minutes away. 46 minutes away. If you don't know what you should be doing, you just go to original garage dot com. That's it. Original garage dot com.  I recorded videos. You know, quick questions. I can't see the NFT but I'm going to keep all the smart contract interactions confirmed. Yeah, you'll get it. People are asking, Alex, where do they see their NFT? Open C. Open C. Open C dot IO slash collection slash tidal bits. Yeah. Now, the open C is make sure it says slash tidal bits. That's my name. That's how you'll know you have the real people are going to make fake open C collections. So, you want to do the one that says slash Ben, can you get a link made tidal bits dot com slash open C? So, in just a minute, tidal bits dot com slash open C will take you to the correct place. Someone said, oh my god, it's the book man. I met Jason Statham once. I met the rock and Jason Statham was a room and he came over. He's like, you're the book guy. I was like, you know what? If that's how I'm remembered by the world, that's not the worst way to be remembered. It's not the worst thing somebody ever said about me. DeFi got both silvers. Good. Ty, you should partner with Anderson Cooper. The news man. Isn't Anderson Cooper related to one of the Rockefellers? Is he a carnage or a Rockefeller? He's got that Rockefeller money. Are you going to get the public mint link in the discord? Yeah, yeah, but the public mint you'll be able to see just on original garage dot com Vanderbilt. Sorry. In 44 minutes, who is going to be in the public mint? Say public on wherever you are. Who's going to be in the public mint? Happen? Public, public, public. Okay. So if you couldn't get in the white list or you didn't get enough in the white list, people are buying more than one. That's fine because we have different utilities for different ones. You know, they're different additions. That's why I did it that way. Everybody wants something different, something if you want a physical, you know, access, then you get in the hotel one if you want. If you're more somebody who can't travel as much, we've got the mentor system passed, right? That one's all online. So we have different things. If remember, when you can use these and when you're done with them, trade them to somebody else. That's the beauty of NFT. That's the whole reason I'm doing this because it takes expenses and turns and makes them tradable so you can recoup your expense. Ray Daly said didn't make it in the white list. I invited four people level four big ones. Don't worry, you have Ray. Come in in 43 minutes here. 43 minutes, man. That's fine. Two minutes left. Two minutes left for the white list. Then we then we're going to do a little 20 minute break here and for 20, 30 minutes and we'll be back in 43 minutes. I'm probably going to go offline and then come back on when we do the public one. We can keep this going. We'll have Nick come back and teach or Tavaldi teach for the zoom for those going to zoom but I'll probably shut off my social medias, take a little break, grab some water, then I'll be live about 15 minutes before the one. Somebody said this is a scam, not have board AP winners.  All the people that said I don't you're not going to give a board AP away. I'm like, bitch, I've given away more names. Somebody who's giving away more stuff. Mr. Beast. That's about it. I was giving away before anybody was giving away. So you know somebody's getting the board AP and it's not going to be somebody I know. It's not going to be a friend. It's not going to be we're going to film it. It'll be you'll see I'm going to pick the board AP winner next week and it's going to be live and I'm going to have the finalists on FaceTime and you're going to see randomly I'll put ping pong balls. I'll show them, put them a whole thing, bounce it around, pull out a name. So yeah, Oprah's given more to this person, this person.  Somebody's trying to get me to invest in them. Bro, what are you doing?    It's better to do texting. Shit, texting is less intrusive. How does one know it has a silver? Okay, does the link work now, Ben? How do I keep this open? So for those of you who bought, go to tylopez.com slash OpenSea. That'll redirect you to the official OpenSea page. Nick says, I see my NFT on OpenSea. Yes, but why doesn't it say content not available next time? Next time. Yes, why? It takes a second. OpenSea, we minted a lot.  I am answering right now. I like that people, I'm live with like thousands of people, and I'm like, Ty, damn it. How can you not possibly answer me? In what universe could I not be answered? Narcissism alert. You're not gonna fathom this. That happened to me, Rick.  In the stadium, I was at the same place, there's 10,000 people. She didn't know the nerve on that woman to not come. Do you know who I am? By the way, never say the phrase, do you know who I am when you're like trying to get into a club because if the bouncer knew who you were, you would be in the club. So you never have to ask that. This is the ultimate weird move. It's done now, Ty. It's done. Done. Done. White list. Now we're about to close down. I'm going to go off social here on the zoom. I'm going to have John Tavaldi and Nick do some more teaching. Educate yourself. Now for those of you who are getting in the public sale, public sale happens in 40 minutes. For zero. For zero. Let's see what that guy wrote back. Somebody said, sorry about, I said, don't call me so much. Damn it. He said, sorry about that. I have a bad connection here and wasn't sure if my phone call was going through. He left me a voice memo. People like to lie. I don't know if my call got through. I did leave you a voice memo. I mean a voicemail but uh, first rule, if you're trying to get, talk to somebody, don't lie to them. Um, okay let me just post this to Instagram. If you missed the white list, the public mint, the early mint begins in 39 minutes. Go to originalbroad.com. Originalbroad.com. I'll put the link here. If you missed, white list is closed. Early mint, white list is closed. If you missed, don't worry, the public in 40 minutes, go here. But it's not going to be open for long. Of course, Mark Zuckerberg decided and his omnipotence to make it super hard to post a link.  But not here. They're not going to do that. I have a theory about Mark Zuckerberg because I think at one point he was the best entrepreneur in the world. I think something he just decided he doesn't care anymore. He's very rich. That happens. People get rich and they're not hungry anymore. I don't care. I don't let that. I'm never going to update any of you features on it once every 30 years. Same with Apple. Somebody said, why are people already selling for .12? People try to make a profit right now. Paper hands. Paper hands. It's just what it is. It's what it is. Somebody said this dude doesn't have a girlfriend. You know how you know somebody that's like a hater's like seven? That's how you know you're seven. You don't have a girlfriend. I feel like that phraseology is very interesting. Oh yeah. You don't even have a girlfriend. Man, he picked up five. How can you support Atlas USB? We'll talk about that on another call. So let's switch this. Nick, come on now. Nick, we're going to shut down these phones. I'll be back live in 20 minutes. I'm going to take a little break. Nick, are you here? Can you take over the zoom?  I will see you all. I'll be back on in 20. I need to drink some water. I need to go try to find a girlfriend. This guy said, is anybody meeting a boyfriend? Not you, Rick. Not Rick. No offense to you, Rick, but no one has to have to shave their face. It can be my girlfriend. Is that okay politically correct to say? Yeah. I didn't think about gender. I just said, you have to shave your face often. I'm not interested. I have my boundaries. Shave your face often. You're out of the running.


What's the optimal way to diversify an economy? For more than a decade, we have known that economies are more likely to enter related economic activities. This means that a country, city, or region is more likely to start producing products, industries, and patents that are similar to the ones they've produced in the past. But does this mean that economies should focus their efforts only on things that are similar to what they know? Or should they try to break the pattern and focus on more adventurous bats? In a recent paper published in Nature Communications, a team of scholars from MIT and Caliphide University studied this question. They looked at the total time that it would take an economy to diversify to all possible economic activities, using different diversification strategies. One strategy was to simply focus on the most related activities, the lowest hanging fruit. Another was to focus on the most connected activities, the ones that can increase the chances to enter other activities. What they found was that strategies focused only on related activities were sub-optimal. This means that focusing only on highly related products is bad economic development advice. In fact, they found that the strategies that were most effective to diversify an economy were dynamic, meaning that they changed at different stages of development. For economies with low levels of industrial diversity, focusing on the most related activities is good. At that stage, risky endeavors are likely to fail, and it is better to build capacity slowly but surely. At some point, economies enter a more diverse stage. This is the time when they need to switch strategies and focus on activities that are less related and more connected. These risky efforts can slow down the diversification process momentarily, but will provide the basis for more rapid development in the future. In later stages, economies should focus again on related activities. This time because the most sophisticated activities are now also the activities that are also closely related. The scholars also compared their model with the empirical behavior of countries in the networks of related products and related research areas. They found that the behavior of countries was not too far from the optimal behavior of the model. Yet, countries were too ambitious at low levels of development and too conservative during the optimal window. These findings are helping us understand how economies diversify their activities and how to think about economic development strategy.


Kingdom has emerged as the winner of the Nigerian Idol Season 6. This was announced at the grand finale which was held at the African Magic Studios on Sunday. After auditions months ago, Nigerian Idol's produced 11 finalists, were by the name Faith, Comfort, Emmanuel Clinton, Beyonce, Francis, Dotton, Faith, Daniel and then Kingdom, the final winner. The two finalists to make it to the grand finale were Kingdom and Francis and had to battle for the most coveted title of the Nigerian Idol and Kingdom has emerged victorious. During the final event, both finalists performed songs by Fela Coutine. While Francis sang Yellow Fever, Kingdom sang Gentleman. Artists like Pater Rankine, Aya Starr and Ice Prince performed at the final show as Kobams and Chike sang with the finalists. Chike performed his song Roju with Francis while Kobams performed one hit song with Kingdom. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.