In this video, we'll demonstrate how we can use the law of cosines to solve a triangle with the side-side-side criteria here. That is to say, we know the three sides of the triangle, and we'll then find the three angles of the triangle using the law of cosines. So let's say that the side opposite of angle A is 34 kilometers, the side opposite angle B is of 20 kilometers, and the side opposite angle C is 18 kilometers. We need to find the three angles here. And so it doesn't matter really which angle we choose whatsoever. We're going to use the law of cosines to find out the missing angle. I'm personally going to choose angle A because angle A is the largest angle. How do I know that? If I look at its opposite side, that's 34 kilometers. The bigger the side, the bigger the angle. The bigger the angle, the bigger the side. These things are directly proportional to each other.  And when you have an oblique triangle, because the angle sum adds up to 180 degrees, you can have only at most one of two-sangle or one right angle. Two of the angles have to at least be acute, and the two smaller ones will be acute angles. And so later on in the problem, we could solve all of these using the law of cosines, but it turns out the law of signs is typically easier. We use it when we can. And so the law of signs can't tell the difference between an acute angle and a two-sangle. So therefore, if I can take care of angle A using the law of cosines, then the other two angles I know are going to be acute. Angle B has to be acute, angle C has to be acute. So it avoids some technicalities that arise using the law of signs. So how are we going to use the law of cosines here? Which version? Well, since we're focusing on angle A, this will look like A squared is equal to B squared plus C squared minus 2 BC cosine of angle A. And plug in the information we know. A is 34. B is 20. C is 18. Of course, if you swap 18, if you swap the B and C around, it makes really no difference whatsoever. Minus 2 times 20 times 18 times cosine of A. So let's try to solve this thing going forward here. 34 squared for you to calculate to help you with arithmetic if you need to. 34 squared is 1156. We're going to then get 20 squared, which is 400. And then 18 squared is 324. Like so. And then we're going to take 2 times 20 times 18. That gives us 720. And then cosine of A, we need to solve for the angle A like so. And so what I'm going to do is I'm actually going to, since we have a negative in front of the cosine of A, I'm actually going to move to the right hand side of the equation. We'll move the 1155 to the other side as well by subtraction. So we get 720 cosine of A. This is equal to 400 plus 324. That's 724. And then we're subtracting from this 1156, which then gives you negative 432. Don't really worry that this is negative at all. Not a big deal. Cosine doesn't care about that. It just means that the angle is going to be obtuse. Because the cosine ratio, if it's negative, means we're in the second quadrant. Not a big deal. Divide both sides by 720. This gives us that cosine of A is equal to negative 432 over 720. We can simplify this fraction. 432 and 720 are both even numbers. Turns out they actually simplify dramatically. In the end, it simplifies just to be negative 3-fifths. And then to solve for A, we will take cosine inverse of 3-fifths. If you want your answers, it doesn't actually say the angle is here. Pay attention to your calculator. Are you in degrees or radians? I'm going to do this one in degrees. If your calculator is in degree mode, you can take cosine inverse of negative 3-fifths. Don't forget the negative sign. You would end up with approximately, we're on to the nearest degree, 127 degrees like so. The negative sign is important. If you take cosine inverse of a negative value, you will get something in the second quadrant. It'll be something between 180 degrees and 90 degrees right there. So it did turn out that angle A was obtuse. That's great information here. And so when we add that to our triangle, we have 127 degrees right here. Now we have an angle in opposite side pair. So we have an AOS. To find the other two angles, B and C, we could use the law of cosines again. And we would do exactly what we saw on the screen just a moment ago. That's a perfectly great strategy. I'm perfectly happy with that. No big deal whatsoever, but be aware that we're going to use the law of sines to try to do this thing a lot simpler for us. So to do the law of sines, let's find angle B next.  For what information do we know right here? So we don't know sine of B because we don't know B. So we need to come, we'll come back to that. We do know the side length B, which of course is 20. We know the side length for A was 34. That's all given to us. Do we know sine of A? Well, we know A sort of right 127 degrees, but we actually do know sine of A. Because we know cosine inverse is negative three fifths are better yet cosine of A is equal to negative three fifths. We could use the approximation of 127, but when you use an approximation, then the errors can kind of compound over time. To make life a little bit cleaner for us, we can avoid this approximation entirely by just doing some type of right triangle diagram, which in this diagram, we're thinking this is angle A. We're going to do a right triangle with angle A here. The cosine ratio is negative three over five, like so, which then by the Pythagorean relationship since we're in the second quadrant, then the other side would be four. So this is just a three, four, five triangle. And so if we did sine of A in that situation, sine of A would actually be four, excuse me, sine of A would be four over five, like so. And so we can use that in this situation. It turns out we could do sine of A to avoid some unnecessary rounding problems. It's just going to be four fifths, which four fifths, of course, would be the same thing in this situation as four over five times 34, which would come back to that in a second. Let's cross multiply. We end up with five times 34 times sine of B. This is equal to four times 20. Like so I'm delaying the multiplication till I actually need to do it. Sort of a lazy computation, but it's an efficient thing to do. Divide both sides by five times 34. We end up with sine of B is equal to four times 20 over five times 34. And this is sort of the advantage of delaying multiplication here because I can actually cancel things across the fraction bar. For example, five goes into four times four times four over 34. 34 is two times 17. So you end up with eight over 17. We actually never needed to multiply those things out until the very end. We just needed two times four there. And so now we can do sine inverse of 817. That's going to give us angle B right here. That's the exact value of sine inverse of 817s, which will be approximately 28 degrees like so. We found A which approximately 127. We find B which is 28. And so the thing is, B doesn't have any worse rounding than A does, right? So A we rounded to the nearest degree, but there is some error there. It's not exactly 127 degrees. It's exactly arc cosine of negative three-fifths. As such, B is not, it's the same thing there. It's not perfectly 28 degrees. We rounded it. The exact value for B is sine inverse of 817s. To avoid the compounding errors here, we didn't want the rounding error of A to infect rounding B to make it even worse, right? So we did this exact value here. Now to find C, because A has a little bit of error, B has that same amount of little error, not a lot. To find C, we can just take C to equal 180 degrees minus A, which is 127, minus B, 28. The subtraction here isn't going to have a huge error. It's not going to be worse than what we had before. So we end up with 25 degrees for C like so. And so we're able to find all these values. What's it necessary to go through all this triangle business to get the exact value? Well, we like exact values because we don't like error. But you can check with your calculator that if you had done sine of 127 degrees right here, how would that affect things? Again, I'll let you try that on your own. But again, the rounding causes error. So using exact values helps us out here. And so being comfortable with exact values definitely helps us work through these problems and avoid the errors that a small miscalculation can cause.


Good morning. Afternoon. Good morning everybody. So we have it's afternoon for Hillary. It's way early in the morning for Benjamin and it's 2 a.m. and it's normal morning for most of us. See we got our regular crew in the chat. We mentioned some. Jory Kay. My mom is here this time. And Tommy. Somebody I have Jonathan Boyer. I have not, don't recognize that name. Unless, and then we have Lizzie and Asher. Hello Asher. How's everybody doing? Let me have Mags and Mindy here. Obviously. How's it going? Just drinking my coffee here. Drinking some orange juice here. Oh, coffee. Always coffee. I didn't say, I didn't say hello Chris. Oh, I'm sorry. Chris. Hello. I think you just always assume to be here. It's just a fact. Oh, hello Jonathan. It's your first time here. Welcome. What we were wondering is it Boyer or Boyer? Oh, it's getting technical. No, it's just I'm used to it being Boyer. Because of where I live. Ah, yes. Where are you from, Jonathan? Tell us more, Jonathan.  And then we have also Brendan Furry. Furry. Oh, look, you were right. Mags Boyer. I probably butchered Brendan's last name. It looks like Furry. It does look like he's he's he look he's in Quebec in Canada. Did you know this Mags? Did you set this up the whole time? No, I did not. Oh, then we have. Oh, Brian, and then we have. Why are you laughing? Ben Muldworth. Got to find out how it's pronounced. So Sarah can pronounce it the wrong way. Very, very endearing how she gets stuck with pronounced. It's cute. It's Furry like Furry, he says. Furry? Oh, like, like, like Nick Furry from Marvel. Sorry, Furry. Hey, Hillary, Hillary Gadsby's in the house and Steven Tomasiewicz. Tomasiewicz. You said it wrong. And I said it right. What's that? I think so. And then we have. Huh? When Jonathan's been on wiki tree for a month now. How are you liking wiki tree Jonathan? And also have June and also another first time watcher Joyce Catherine. Yay. And then Brian says of course Sarah, yes. Always making, making jokes. We love Sarah. If we didn't have Sarah this whole morning thing on Saturdays would not be as much fun. Truly. It's true. Truly. Furry without me. And then who else is here? Oh, we have Debbie and Barry Groot. I've seen them a few times. And so is it both of you watching at the same time? Or is it just one of you? So I want to know. And then Thomas. Oh, man, Colonel or Colonel Lina or Colonel Lina or Colonel Lina or Colonel Lina or Colonel Lina. Stay safe out there, Thomas. In Washington. It's a fun one. His last name definitely is. We've had ice storms here. So our grass outside, their little individual upside down icicles. There's more ice than grass. Oh, that's kind of cute. Erty. I was noticing yesterday on the Queensway, which is our interstate kind of system here. There was a guy in a Jeep with like a four foot icicle hanging off his back bumper. And I'm like, man, if he had a bump just right, that would just go right through my windshield and just I would be so dead. And Thomas is actually Ken line. Thomas Ken line. Oh, cool. Anglicized pronunciation. And then in Dallas, Oregon. Not Dallas, Texas. Hey, we have a question for you, Mandy. You ready? Yep. How did you do with Dr. Gates family tree? I think we did a lot better than expected. There were a lot of peripheral lines added, but there were also some really strong indications of new ancestors for him that his own genealogist did not have on his tree. So I would say it was a success. And it is impressive. If you do want to watch the rerun of Wednesday, it is recorded on Facebook and YouTube. So you can go watch it. It was very, it was a fun time on Wednesday. We had a good time. So and only Mindy can make ice sound cute, says Lizzie. Well, it wasn't that cute Tuesday when we couldn't get in the car, because the whole thing was enclosed in a blanket of ice. Judy Russell is cute. Is that what your mom? No, no. She said that she was looking for Ms. Russell. Ms. Russell. She's Judy. Everybody calls her Judy. Judy. Yes. So, oh, he has a drink of wine. Yeah. Dr. Gates had to get some wine. While he was in the talk, that's cool. So what is our question? There was a question. It was a question of the week, which was interesting. The question of the week is what is your most memorable genealogical find? And I love, love, love the graphic for this week. The graphic is beautiful. Thank you. You're welcome. Let me get rid of us. All right. So what's your most memorable question of the week? I love the colors. That's fun. Very 70s, early 70s. That's what all of our kitchens look like in the early 70s. I don't know if I was going for that. I just don't know what I was. I think it's great. So there were a lot and there were people, there was somebody in here who found their, found their biggest discovery today, like when they were adding that. But lots of, lots of things. Here's one where they discovered the maiden name for their great, fourth-grade grandmother. And then they discovered that there were people who named their children after each other's sister who had married brothers. So that was kind of fun. One was Rachel Trenchard, Alford, and then Mary Alford Trenchard. So it's, it's very cute, cute, cute. This is the one I ran across a 1900 census yesterday. And it's also a bonus when you have more than two generations in a household. But this time they actually had somebody identified as a great, a grandmother in law, which is very odd. That's, that's very strange. So that was cool. That was from Eric Stumpf. And Debbie, uh, Bander Weide, don't ask me to pronounce that name. Let's see, going on down. I love this one down here. And he just, he said, for me, it was finding my connection to Simeon Leroy. And he just gave us a link to the profile. So you could go down and you could read this guy was, he was born around 1637. There's lots of fun information and good, like his birth record over here on the right. But it was, it's really good. It's a well done profile, by the way, for something that's so far back. Look at all those, the sources and the great write up. Love those write ups. Up, up. Let's get back to it. Here we go. And Pip, Pip Shepard, are you in here this morning, Pip? I didn't see Pip. What's up with not showing up on Saturday morning? Shame. Shame. Pip was going around thanking people. He was reading each one of these. He should come on and do the question of the week. He was reading each one. He was jumping in and congratulating people. Um, Kate, um, Kesh, uh, Knight found, uh, her great grandmother, Jane Whiting, who taught her about researching ancestors. Um, as I began, I knew her main name engraved on her silver forks and her husband, George Sands, from visiting the grave site where the forks at the grave site. I'm not sure about that. But she didn't know anything about her ancestors. So she found a probate record that opened things up for her, um, along with 35 others, including many names, both Whiting and Cornish, which were family names. So that, that's cool to find one record with lots and lots and lots and lots and lots of information. Um, the one I like the most, this is Michael Vaughn, Vaughn, uh, the one I like the most is the story about an ancestor's sister whose name got published in the police registers as a criminal on the loose for kidnapping his underage girlfriend from her parents home. That's a crazy story. Um, solving a mystery for my mother from Azure, uh, who was to, who, for my mother of who her grandfather was. Yay, he went by an alias. Great. Hillary says her greatest discovery, uh, has to be the biggest fourth great grandfather as a soldier who married in Jersey, the Channel Islands. Uh, let's see, rolling on down here. There's a really fun one. Here we go. Uh, I love this one. Joyce, this one wins the day. Joyce Vander Bogart discovered the Erie Canal. Oh, Elizabeth Griffiths, her favorite discovery was you, Hillary. Hillary does write a good, pretty darn good blog. So Joyce Vander Bogart discovered the Erie Canal. How about there? Of course it was there all along, she says, but I never noticed it. When I thought of going west, I picked pioneers and covered wagons headed for California. Then I read this entry in George Holcombe's diary. George lived in Steventown in Eastern New York. Uh, 12th November, 1834, William Holkin and wife left my house for Housick and calculate to start on the canal on the 14th to move westward. So she was shocked to find that somebody had actually used the Erie Canal and her family to go westward. How cool is that? Did they go westward in a covered wagon? Did they take the wagon on the canal, on a barge-like situation? That would be fun to find out. Uh, and she says the Erie Canal, of course, thousands of people went west on this canal. Some of my other relatives ended up in Ohio or Michigan. My friend's great-grandparents came from Germany to New York City, then up the Erie Canal and on to Ohio. She also posted a really cool article about the Erie Canal. Chris Ferriero says mine was something that happened last week. I got pics of my great-grand parents, Marco Ferriero and Caterina Coppola, and in talking to relatives in Switzerland in Italy. Yes, Chris, he did have a good one where he said he made connections to family and he actually talked to people in those areas in Italy and actually talked to them. Did you speak with them in Italian, Chris? That was my question. Was there any language barrier when you discovered these people? Benjamin Oldworth, I guess, finding a family Bible, not recognizing any of the names in it and then discovering they were all ancestors. That was awesome. Brian said he just had one an hour ago. No way. An hour ago, found a relative with guilty of the murder of her husband and sister upon returning home early from playing cards, found her husband and her sister in a compromising position on the sofa. Oh, no. Oh, no. How we got there? Hey, are you? That's interesting. And Chris answered, yes, he spoke in Italian. I think he was saying I saw his post that he was like translating stuff back and forth. Nice. So that's basically the question of the week. There are 53 answers. There's lots of great answers. So jump on over there. There was an answer. What was Joe's answer in Facebook group?  And then what did somebody answer to her, Sarah? How can we believe you? Don't make me laugh. All right. So that was it. Question of the week. Question of the week. What was your greatest memorable, most memorable? My family is so boring. I think the biggest, the biggest one was confirming that my surname was actually a derivative of another name, and confirming that we aren't related to anybody else with any other spelling surname, like we're not related to any goldens or gold beings, that the goldens are something very specific and very unusual. And we aren't related to anybody else. But when I was a kid, I would go to the city directory. If I went to a new city, I would look up the city directory and look for goldens. And if I found one, I would say, yay, there are goldens here, because you never saw a goldens. But then once I started researching, I realized how rare a name it is. Which is also fun with research. Do you have any, Mindy? Do you have an answer to the question of the week? I had several really big finds. But early on, you know, years ago, I have a great grandfather that had all these skeletons hiding in his closet. And he had children. He was a murderer? No, not that. Families. He married the first wife. They went through a nasty divorce. He split the kids up. He married the second wife, which knew about the first wife. But the first didn't know really about the second wife. He had kids with her. He split up with her. He married a third time. She didn't know about either of the two previous wives or any of the children, nor did her descendants until a few years ago, when I put them on wiki tree. Very interesting. And then I know that some people said, I don't think, did you mention this, Mags? A lot of people said that wiki tree was there. Yes, wiki tree. Wiki tree was their biggest discovery that opening up the world of collaborative genealogy and meeting so many living cousins. For me, that was huge for wiki tree. Being researcher for 30 years and not getting to meet very many, like I can count them on two hands, the people I actually met live or talked to that were real life cousins. And wiki tree is 10 a day or 10 a week sometimes or 200. It's three cousins, Mags, two. We're cousins, like eighth cousins. We are. Okay. Well, that was the question of the week. That's a good question of the week, getting people talking about their most memorable finds. Discoveries. So then let's take a look at our profiles of the week.  Let's look at his profile. There's been a name actually being Tally Ferro. Yes. So I'm sure all of us are, I would say, mostly familiar with T. Washington. Very big in the, I didn't even read this ahead of time, but he was one of, he was our main profile of the week. He established the National Negro Business League. And then he was actually invited into the White House by Theodore Roosevelt. It is cool tombstone. Let's put this head on. That's our main one.  The Underground Railroad. And while I'm talking, guys can probably, who are you most closely connected to out of the nine? That's what I'm doing. I'm sneaking around doing that listening to you. So Harriet's actually first name was Araminta. I said that. I said that right. She was born Armanita Ross. And Tubman was her first husband's last name that she had. And she was born on a plantation. And then the rest. Oh, look, this is a newspaper clipping of her, the reward. What is this? Another dollar. Oh, reward for capture. That's pretty cool. And it's not really that cool, but it's kind of cool. We have this little snippet of this newspaper. And the next one we have is Barbara Jordan. We have a lot of female black change makers this week. She was a U.S. Representative from Texas and also a Texas State Senator. She was a force. She was the first black woman from the Southern States serving the U.S. Congress. Very, very cool. And then we have next one is Alitha Gibson. She's a tennis player, it looks like. She excelled tennis and golf and she broke the color barrier for women competing in those sports. In 1950, she was the first black player to compete at the U.S. National Championships at Forest Hills. And she was the first black player to compete at Wimbledon. And she was the first African-American ever to win a Grand Slam Tennis Championship. And she went on to win the Wimbledon and the U.S. Nationals. And she was the first black player to be ranked number one in the world. She won 11 Tennis Grand Slam tournaments in all, including five singles and six doubles. That's pretty impressive. It's very impressive. What year was that? These were the late 50s. She won the one Wimbledon Nationals in 1957 and again in 1958. Nice. And then next we have Mary Terrell. She was the first African-American woman to earn a college degree and became known as National Activist for Civil Rights and Suffrage. Very cool. And she was also the first African-American public, wait, she taught in the Latin department at the M Street School, the first African-American public high school in the nation in Washington, D.C. And she was also one of the founding members of the NAACP. And she was also the first African-American woman to be appointed to the school board of a major city. And she was inducted post-Humans. Can I say that? Yes. Where are you from? To the National Women's Hall of Fame in December. Nice. Very cool. National Women's Hall of Fame. She was just inducted. Very interesting. Next we have Blanche Kelso. Blanche? Blanche? Blanche? I think it's Blanche. So he was US Senator from Mississippi. He's my closest connection. Oh really? Maybe that, me too. Usually yours is usually mine. So you are Senator from Mississippi. Well I guess he was rejected by Union Army during the Civil War. And he was restored voters and attacks. He was appointed to the positions of voter and tax assessor before he won an election for sheriff in Boulevard County. He was elected to other county positions. He became a Sergeant in Arms for the Mississippi State Senate. And then in 1874 he was elected to the U.S. Senate. The second African-American to serve in the upper house of the Congress. And the first to serve a full term. It has a very well written biography. Yeah he was said he was the only African-American to serve a full six year term. Very cool. And you have lots of little photos here. And then we have Chuck. Oops I don't think I was going to open the right one. Chuck Berry. Yes. Pioneer Rock and Roller. The father Rock and Roll. And born in St. Louis in 1926. So there we go. And everybody knows his most famous song is Johnny the Good. Yep there's that one. His um he said Roller Beethoven was number nine on the Billboard Top 100. And he toured the U.S. and well look the Beach Boys used to song his melody. Yep so Chuck Berry. And we have Viola. Oops keep clicking the wrong stuff. Viola Desmond from Canada. The first Canadian woman to appear on a bank note. She was featured on the $10 bill. She was the first article about her and that yes or yesterday I want to say. Wait what'd you say? I was reading an article about that yesterday. And she was the first African Nova Scotian to serve as the Queen's representative in Nova Scotia. So if you don't know what that is the Queen's representative of Nova Scotia means that she was the governor. Like the in Canada we have a prime minister who works for the Queen's representative which is our governor general technically. The Queen he has to get approval to start parliament or to do whatever from the governor general which is the Queen's representative because we are Commonwealth. Great Clark is here. He said yay. Yeah I saw him popping earlier. Yay Canadian Canada. And then we have Bishop Healy James Healy. He was American Roman Catholic priest and the second Bishop of Portland Maine and he was the first Black Catholic priest and bishop in the USA. That's pretty cool too. It's Lieutenant Governor thank you very much Brian. I didn't know if it was Governor or Lieutenant Governor but it's Lieutenant Governor. She would have been Lieutenant Governor back to the last one sorry. And then those are our nine profiles of the week. All these Black change makers in in recognition of Black History Month all managed by the US Black Heritage Project. Let me see real quick who I most closely connected to. Let's see if it's the same as my ex. Blanche did you say blend with yours closest one? Yes it was. Let's see oh through my dad. The my fuller side that's cool. That's 19 degrees. Mine's 18 to Booker T Washington. Yay. How am I connected to Booker T Washington? That's what I want to know. I'm 20 degrees. How far am I from Booker? Also through my dad's with the boss. 18 from Booker through my dad's side yeah. Yeah I'm also actually 19 to Betty Norman who's our member of the week. I'm like 11 from her because she was born in Anderson South Carolina which is like right outside of Greenville where I'm from. So yeah cool. How am I related to her? I'm related to her through oh I'm like the wrong way. So I also wanted to mention this last week but each week the U.S. Black Heritage Project is featuring their own set of profiles each week. Last week was first and this week is people who were featured on they were stamps but there was nothing for it. The Black Heritage Stamp Series. There have been four different stamp series featuring total 43 Black Americans and they actually have a space page for all those people. Their main one is Marina and Mary Ann. I always want to say Marina but it's Mary Ann. Stuck in my head. I even spelled it Marina a couple times. I don't know why. See this is their free space page where they have all of the like the separated out parts. Very cool. And Harriet Tubman is there and Marie Luther King Jr. All these different people who were featured on stamps and they have it all very organized and I'm sure they're working on adding people and getting them if they're not already all connected all connected to weekly tree and that's pretty I think it's great what the project's doing to expand our these profiles so there you go that's that and I guess now we can do our photos this week because you know for Benjamin it's already Valentine's Day but for Valentine's Day we have a theme of romance seeing if there was anything going on in the chat but no so we have Minnie and Bill Barnett she looks very happy in that photo I think how many photos do we have to look at 16 we have a 60th wedding anniversary party very cute that's very poofy dress that's a tall couple or are they standing on something maybe they're on an elevator they're on elevated something on a step yeah because sometimes you know in churches they have that thing where it's yeah it has a name I don't know I don't either I don't either well Bill Sims uploaded this one I also uploaded this one as well are they the same people no I thought I'd find it wasn't any people but we have William Margaret this is actually Bill's anniversary newspaper clipping how fun it's nice the couple requests no gifts I would be like the couple requests all the gifts yeah really we've been at this for 50 years we have learned to live together we deserve gifts all the gifts please all the gifts every gift ever we have another anniversary photo I don't know it doesn't say which anniversary this one is it might be a 50 as well who knows there is another photo the profile and see so this one was in was uploaded in 2020 but let's see they were married in 1938 so that's got to be a 50 year one got to be oh playing love songs at a dance I like that one that's sweet look at the big flowers behind them that's cute we got next Hugh and Eunice Hinnan like how they have him looking at her yes you say it Billy Crystal well I was going off the princess bride movie that was Billy Crystal oh I don't know who he is he's the one who said clue up actually now it was was it the it was the priest yes it was the priest who of yeah he was yeah yeah Clarke in Virginia and Eva oh 50 years I like all these 50 year anniversaries sweet cute hey what's next oh wedding photo so I guess this is the husband and then the wife and maybe the best man and the um native honor maybe but that's my assumption the boutonnier there's the guy that's the husband person have a boutonnier on I can't tell the guy that's wearing the boutonnier is the guy standing up maybe it was a double wedding but she oh that was really close but she doesn't look like in an actual like she doesn't she's in a wedding dress but the other one doesn't look that much in a wedding dress and it looks like she's holding her bouquet right so I don't know maybe that is the husband I have no idea if anybody has any insight please tell me maybe in the g2g post there will be some insights oh got that pop hat on this in England that's cute that is a cute one I like that one okay next day is very dashing mm-hmm oh 50th wedding anniversary newspaper clippings couple married 55 years and we have a wedding and by deter he uploaded this one I like that one he looks I like I like how he's looking at her Marty Feldman was not the priest on the princess bride Brian it was Peter Cook just saying how cute I like that one a little little people love little baby love baby love baby on their wedding day you're very welcome Brian last year that's cute is that no it's not a real mustache oh my gosh I got fooled I was like you really think that was a real mustache mags that is some impressive handlebar mustache shame bye Thomas thanks for coming today I like this one too cute what the cute photos people thank you for sharing love the photos okay let's go look at the g2g post real quick see it we have any insight on that one photo so is this one 1990 together for over 55 years until he passed away they slept in a double bed together and even their only they said they never heard a crossword between them they slept in a double bed together their whole lives yeah they're all together wow they saw this one their 60th wedding celebration oh well this one is a photo of my husband's parents um Richard proposed to marry on valentine's day in 1934 and they were married on valentine's in 1935 my mom and dad were married on valentine's day oh yeah yeah okay this was the newspaper clipping oh i guess it was the same couple was it the same couple i don't know no we were talking about the height on that one yeah i know i had thought that this was the same this is margaret rice marie cool airy and william bill del sim so this is their wedding photo this is their anniversary yes it is that's cute i was confused about oh that's a new one yeah no it's not it's not a new one deeter so it says i have long search for suitable photos on this theme and thought about which photo i can take because in most photos the people always look very serious and informal whether it's wedding a wedding silver wedding or gold wedding photo and then i had to laugh at myself the solution was quite simple there's a photo of my parents and i'm gonna say it and i'm gonna try coming out of church coming out of the church after their church wedding in 1957 so that's his parents and then well we didn't see this one remember my grandfather sister Ella was a practical woman inclined to be bossy and opinionated but when she was young and pretty but once she was young and pretty don't you suppose that's the book she is reading is a romance that the book is a romance book okay oh here's a little call i love my mother so she was married to five outstanding guys so this person's mother so scott's mother she was married to five outstanding guys musicians to doctors she was never a flirt too striking for that but wait a minute here she is making a move on a young handsome sailor at three and now without some tough competition that's funny they were married for 63 years until charles passed away this is cute this is a a a crostic poem and a photo is the outside of the valentine's day envelope the paper's too fragile to open this is the the 50 year anniversary photo we saw that one as well but he was a war war two veteran and this is the one with the real hand of bar mustache she was also valentine's day baby all this was their last valentine's day together oh my grandpa was a valentine's baby too oh they didn't have the one to explain about oh well those are our photos of the week everybody we love favorite part of the saturday thanks for everybody who shares photos do we have any any comments uh mainly people were uh just saying and just commenting on our comments not really the pictures um then malzor says that he has a grandpa that was born on valentine's day now our youngest was born on valentine's day two two attempts to get a child born on valentine's as you're in this place as you're as you're told us what the name of that thing is a dice yes day is day is a raised platform at the front of our hall i say it dies dies yes oh they're talking about me being a romantic and my mom says yes she is okay um yeah those are our photos of the week so i guess we can jump on into so this week we are working on judy russell's tree for the wiki tree challenge and for those of you who don't know what the wiki tree challenge is it's our year-long event for each week we take on a different genealogy guest star and improve their tree and this week we're working on judy russell um so how's that going mindy i have to say i have to say judy is very um i noticed that she had posted a comment that she she is very skeptical and that she wait wait she's very skeptical but she's excited to see what a whole crowd of genealogists can do to her tree yeah that's what she said on the chat she wants us to prove her wrong she wants us to yeah she she wasn't sure about the whole collaboration thing so she wants us to prove that collaboration works but it has been you know with every other week of the challenge now of course judy's done some really really in-depth research on her tree so people are moving slowly to make sure they don't go past something too quick everything's proven really well we actually this is the first week i think on a saturday that we do not have bounty point chat which are the 10 points given for breaking down a brick wall so judy russell judy russell judy if you're watching your skepticism is is still holding but we're gonna see what happens the rest of this time but we i know we fix a lot of the mistakes that were on her tree on right you mean on wiki tree the mistakes that are on the tree yes that's great yeah not her mistakes but other people had put information out not just on wiki tree but on other sites that was inaccurate and you know one can totally understand why that would annoy judy so at least on our site we fix those yes yeah we don't have any bounty points but looks like we've created 10 ancestors and 47 relatives so far i know i've been seeing in the discord chat lots of back and forth uh going on i know people are hard at work i can guarantee you that judy if she has access to the stats and stuff she's checking in i know i know that some i know that she had some brick walls that were probably weren't gonna get past like her german line right so and she also said with that she has a lot in her blog so we do have a few german wiki tree members that are going to be working on that but she said she's done a lot recently on those german lines so they need to check her blog first to make sure it isn't something she's already discovered yes and some of this you know stuff that we've worked on she knows but once again we're developing and making sure our facts are correct um george washington cattrell charles smith did beautiful work on that i was trying to work on the biography of it can't be his first wife mary because right afterwards he was um charged with bigamy and adultery so i'm saying mary probably wasn't first but there is mention of another mary so it may have been a mary a mary and then amartha i'm not sure but unlike um the original george washington this one did not tell the truth to anyone so if you haven't looked at that biography go out there and look at it um really interesting stuff also there when we talked about this um on wednesday the gambling and uh solve battery and murder so hey sir can you post that posted judy's uh legal genealogist blog link can you post it as a uh banner line so somebody can grab it somebody asked for it hey did you know yes she is the illegal genealogist so if you google that you will definitely find it but yeah hold on hold on i'm going to in the private chat yeah i saw it i'm just and if you're and if you're working within the challenge this week it is linked to on the resource page so so that's her website and blog so she has lots of information there and she actively works on her tree as well um unlike some of our other guests who don't really have time to work on their own tree right and that's and that is one of the biggest challenges i think you know with some of the others it was records um possibly that were hard to find or hard to get translated with judy it's the everything that can be found she's probably already found so people are working really hard to try and push past that at least a little bit i'm sure and there's some collateral stuff that could be added to a tree that she hasn't done yeah jonathan asked if there's a discord for wiki treeers yes there is jonathan we have a server for wiki tree and then we have a server for the challenge so people who are working on judy's tree they can um like real time chatting so if you want to get get on the discord is that we do we have a link to the discord somewhere like the main wiki tree one anywhere i don't know i don't know if we have linked the main but if you if you're part of a project on wiki tree i know most projects have the link to the discord and then you can join that way but the for the discord for the challenge if you're part of the challenge the link is on the gtg post and that's really coming handy it's really helped us cross project you know communicate so we can try and get help when we need it so we do have a he says he can feel like he helped jonathan says i feel i can help the community with their french canadian ancestry so we have a lot of we do have a canada canada canadian project and jonathan there's uh when you join the project there's a requirement that you jump into the canadian uh the trans canada orphan trail and it's just an opportunity for you to learn how to work in the project so you can jump in my question is do you have a DNA test do you have a DNA test and also that though doing the trail also helps you learn wiki tree yes and you're only you only have it on wiki tree for a month so i feel like it'll only benefit you yes so we're all reading the we're all reading the chat that steven says oh no that one of my cousins lost her son this past week and i've been talking genealogy with her to keep her mind off things all that or you're making her go to sleep one of those two things so azure this is the invite is that for the main discord azure so if i don't know where you would put that i guess if you have discord you put that code in to discord for an invite link to add to join the server so yes so there you go so if you want to join the discord there you go and i'm also i'm also where i'm sorry who's next week on the big challenge did i miss that first kirstie gray kirstie oh my god you know her i know kirstie quite well i was talking to her yesterday yeah i know she's excited too when i had posted on twitter about her she she seemed excited so she doesn't do her family stuff like she she knows who she is she doesn't need to do it and okay that was my my brain got blank so does anybody have any questions about wiki tree the challenge anything in general john says he's he's a member of the project and uh remember the children not official that's cool uh and he's been busy connecting himself to the trees that's a really important to do jonathan so that you can take advantage of all the stuff that wiki tree has if you just have a profile on wiki tree not a lot of stuff is going to be obvious to you but once you get yourself connected you're going to find cousins cousins are going to find you see how you're connected to the profiles of the week each week yes see even asked what's the pie of the week don't i was being so say the word man she's polite steven why'd you have to bring it up do you take us down take us down the rabbit hole i'm gonna come in i have i have come in in the morning after i've had pie for breakfast but one day i'm going to come in with your blueberry stuff all over my face you're apparently lucy lucy said that hillary is god's friend i'm just kidding friends you should miss to oh hillary's good friends with christy okay it's so funny there all of these conversations going on in the chat and you just see these one liners like greg says there's only one true answer and i'm like answer what what are you talking about the week oh the pie of the week okay good and i guess they would they they want to know if you saw this comment max the golden retriever what i did see that i did see that because i was going out and finding my gold and so i would go out and i would hunt for them when i went to a city because the name was so unusual that was fun and tommy buck you're so wrong i'm not even going to mention that pie because somebody right below you my very good friend joe says blueberry yes blue the blueberry pie so do we have any any any questions or comments what are you gifting to your your other path for valentine's day i want to know that because i haven't gone out and done that yet we're not allowed to go out so technically i could say i'm not allowed to be out chocolate chocolate well that's what i'm expecting m&ms m&ms m&ms where i've got m&ms up there uh let's see what are you gifting are you getting flowers do you get flowers greg can give flowers to your beautiful wife for valentine's day what do you give her besides your wonderful self-personality chocolate joe says chocolates and my mom wants my dad's my dad's pretty good valentine's day flowers chocolate joe is that what you're giving or is that what you're expecting the question was what what are you giving and anybody you're giving for your valentine's many's like i'm a deer in the headlights here yeah nothing nothing i can't go out in the shop this week either our stay at home order ends on monday we're actually out we're we've done we've done so well with getting the covid exposure under control that we're allowed to be free and wander around actually on monday but not today not today well my mom is giving my dad chocolates oh that's nice oh chocolate you have no one to give to it's okay you can give a hug to your pet you can just give chocolate to yourself that's what you do you love yourself Hilary says her significant other ain't getting nothing i've not been in a shop this week so nothing i can't do even says the the first vaccine shot is what we're getting for valentine's day june oh and greg says that um a fan chart a fan chart chocolate here definitely without peanuts silly american chocolates okay you you oh no we spoiled the the surprise for my dad you said mom you said it well i said it out loud um and then we did have a question about wiki tree um a little new to wiki tree does anyone have any advice for finding mick mick muck mick mack mick mack mick mack ancestry mick mack ancestry that is um people who lived in the eastern areas of canada on some of the islands um chris wooden has a mick mick mack connection kind of sort of but it hasn't been proven there was a story somewhere where one of his ancestors had had as well as his wife possibly a person a concubine that he had that was mick mack because he was a captain and he would go off for like donathan just a month here he has all the answers there you go good job coming in project for me mom there's also other projects that would also include mick mom besides that one but yes please do ooh luther's making bacon wrapped weenies with brown sugar and pineapple anything with bacon is good bacon good yes doctor knew well you can join any project you want that you don't have your family itself doesn't have to be like you can join the france project without being french you can join amish just when her interests are if you want to help and and you can join the akkadian project if you live in new orleans uh-huh again and then also benjamin says you can start a g2g post g2g question for health uh joe says she's making pasta with italian sausage and a lot of babies they're like middle mini hotdog sausages yes that's what they are and all right and ben wants us to start a g2g question about the mick mack that he was telling me well the mick mack flag has a big red cross on it that is very reminiscent of the night's template and there's all this lore that says that the night's template actually came to parts of eastern canada to hide treasure you ever watched the curse of oak island but the mick mack actually do have a huge template cross on their flag which is interesting and there's also template crosses that have been carved into stones on the east coast of canada so lore family history tradition who knows it's interesting i like k i like k's answer for the food she says we're having the other half of the oops it's boneless and won't stand up rib roast that's funny j jonathan your eighth cousins with greg oh chris fariello has a mick mack cool oh hey benjamin don't tell greg that he did a great job on the surname finder that was all me greg had nothing to do with that he's not giving me credit anywhere either oof is making a quiche quiche real man eat quiche they do okay now we're getting sidetracked with food to start talking we always get sidetracked with food i know we do hopefully it's 11 o'clock so we won't gain any more weight yes benjamin says great job on the surname finder max it was my design he took it and created the app i give him credit for that he did a really good job on the app so we have we do have a question about not food i i actually oops i shouldn't say this but i actually know that she's in the list well that's what she he says he knows event yep how how do you say that we think that she like food featured sometime when i don't know when that's a surprise but she's in the list she is in the list i i've talked to a certain elf this week who told me she was in the list i know that a lot of people have made suggestions for who to for who for us to invite but um you know we it's a matter of if they want us to work on it so we can ask them but if they say no you know that's that we do you want any suggestions mm-hmm you know we got so we can you can always email uh mendee or me or alan for suggestions we max is trying to grab the wiki tree logo it's not working very well and yes we already tried kevin bacon benjamin we already tried he didn't respond i don't think that kevin bacon actually likes his name being associated with that i think he bemoans that until we had uh the gdpr kevin bacon was our main connection anchor so yeah well unless there are other wiki tree related questions not food related questions we might go i want to answer food related questions june just says dan brown i missed whatever the trail is for that one maybe a suggestion of who we should feature i don't know but dan brown isn't a genealogist he's a novelist oh yeah yeah unless there's a dan brown on wiki tree i'm not aware i've i bet there are millions of dan browns on wiki tree yeah yeah brian says he actually has a six degrees site um kevin bacon and then johnson asking greg if he's from ottawa he's not i'm actually gonna answer that question for you jonathan you're that's close to me jonathan i'm in ottawa mm-hmm well i guess greg's in the big it's chet snow chet snow is already a wiki tree yep so we can yeah they aren't doing they aren't doing people who use wiki tree can we start a dna match challenge bags that would be an interesting challenge to do um but um it would be probably a concern over privacy issues because you you would only you wouldn't be able to say hey mendy and i match so mendy and i can be on here and talk about it the problem is is that we wouldn't even show we wouldn't be able to show any other matches because we would have to get permission from all the other matches to show them unless they were already on wiki tree then we could try and get people who showed up on profiles as matches but it's interesting interesting thought but it would be a very tiptoe around the privacy issues it would be very hard to do well we are a few minutes after 11 i don't see any more questions or comments that i besides talking about bacon i see they are talking about bacon down chat so i guess we will go so one day at 8 p.m. we have wrap we're wrapping up judy rustle and we will be kicking off first degree are you wrapping judy and what are you wrapping for in paper bacon wrapped judy wednesday night wrapping you bacon now i'm just kidding judy if you're watching i'm sorry i'm just kidding but it was yes so wednesday night judy and kirstie and if you haven't go if you haven't seen all of the other past ones they're all recorded on youtube kirstie don't call her kristie i didn't say kristie i said kirstie i'm pretty sure you said kristie did i i've been very i've been very aware and say kirstie aware aware and i have one of my best friends started dating a new guy and it's either burt or bart and if i go down there i have to remember which one it is and i can never so i just call him b you there you yes and i'm just saying if you can't remember the name say you hey hey how are you hey you over there how are you how are you with the face okay is kirstie okay with being up at one i am indy and you know hillary we usually offer a little bit of an earlier time slot so she hers may wind up being at six p.m but we don't have that confirmed yet so maybe it's six p.m don't stay tuned for one time don't stay tuned or stay tuned you stay tuned please stay tuned i will also stay tuned as i'm not sure either it'll be six p.m eastern time right p.m eastern time who knows so like seven says happy valentine's early well some of you it's already valentine's day or happy valentine's day tomorrow and uh yes so have a great saturday or sunday whatever date is for you yeah and i hope you get chocolate and flowers chocolate and flowers and bacon


Courtney St. John, I'm the Associate Director of Outreach at the Center for Research on Environmental Decisions at Columbia University's Earth Institute. At CRED, as we call it, we study how people make decisions under conditions of uncertainty, including climate change and other environmental issues. You published a book, A Guide on Psychology of Climate Communication. Why is such a book needed? Well, the first one was published in 2009 and our follow-up communication guide, Connecting on Climate, was published December 2014. And what we've really found is that with a variety of audiences where we're going out and communicating to them, they don't read scientific papers and we certainly can't expect them to. And oftentimes, even the concepts that are described and the ways that they're described in scientific papers are too complex for the public to understand. And we found that we were getting the same questions over and over again from groups, too. So in 2009, that really was the impetus for Sabina Marx and Debakashon, the co-authors of that first guide, to start bringing all of this research together, both that the Center for Research on Environmental Decisions was doing, and then sort of a past look at all of the research that had come out over the last 30 years that sort of brought this decision science component that CRED studies together. So it's certainly, the 2009 guide wasn't necessarily comprehensive in terms of referring to all of the research, but we sort of hit on what concepts we thought were the most important and translated them into a very digestible format for a variety of audiences. So I think the tagline on the, or the subtitle on the 2009 guide is for journalists, policymakers, business people, you know, all of these different groups, we really wanted it to be as accessible as possible. Social science can help explain why our brains understand climate change the way that they do at the most simple level. And with that, once we dig into it, we can really start to not only explain past behaviors and current behaviors for why people are addressing climate change in the ways that they are, but we can start to understand future solutions too. So through the research that CRED does on decision science, we start to think about how we can change people's behavior in ways that are not against what they would choose for themselves, but are pro-environmental and can sort of help nudge them along the right path. Some of the factors driving the low level of concern, I mean, the two foremost that I always talk about are that climate is both distant in space and time for most people in the world. So it's something that people perceive as happening far in the future, and it's something that people perceive as happening far from where they live. And that inherently, as humans, we have trouble with thinking about things that happen far away or in the future. That's why we're not so good at putting money into our retirement savings plans all the time. So those are kind of the two primary factors that I normally point to about why it's so difficult for people. And oftentimes I think kind of a third point is that it's challenging because of the way that it's presented to a lot of the public. A lot of the public sees it as a very scientific thing that doesn't affect them. So if we can show the public how it's affecting them now, today, where they live, and also that solutions are actually possible, that there are things that they can do that can contribute to viable solutions, then we can go a long way toward engaging them and I think getting them more concerned and supportive for action on climate change. I think we do need to close the psychological distance, and I think that it's very possible through some of the work that we do in our new communication guide we address that heavily, the psychological distance piece. So confirmation bias is the idea that we as humans seek out information that confirms what we already believe to be true. So in the context of climate change, one example might be that if I am a denier, I may only read Fox News and listen to Rush Limbaugh organizations in the U.S. that typically also deny climate change and the existence of it, because I'm more comfortable with finding information that I believe is already true. It's sort of inherent in, and it can certainly go the other way, for liberal folks who watch CNN or MSNBC and read more liberal newspapers, they will seek out information that only, you know, might confirm what they already believe to be true. One of the best tips I've heard from one of my former colleagues, he read the denier and skepticism blogs and newspapers and things like that very carefully even though he knew that climate change was happening because he felt it was very important to understand what other people were saying and to have a true, as in your website, a true skeptical approach to it doesn't mean denying it outright. One of the things that we say in our 2009 guide to combat confirmation bias is to make people aware of it. And we actually find that simply by making people aware of it, it can help them become more aware of it in their own daily actions. And then we can encourage people to seek out information from a variety of sources and to really question and say, am I believing this simply because I think it's true or because I've done some research and I looked at a variety of different sources and it's what a range of experts or the consensus believes is happening. So we encourage them to question themselves a little bit about facts that they think they're getting. You can't explain psychological processes and biases to people alone. You have to explain it in the context of climate change writ large and sort of weave it into the story that you're telling people. I think if you just slam them over the head with that information, you're apt to lose them. But as we know, you know, there's an element of making it relevant and once people, you can explain to people why these things are happening and what these phenomena are in understandable terms. It can really go a long way to increasing their understanding about climate change itself and why we understand it the ways that we do. With respect to framing, there are two main types that we talk about in our new communication guide from 2014 which are content frames and form frames. So content frames actually talk about the content that you're conveying to a person when you talk to them. And form frames talk about the way in which you actually structure what you're talking to them about. But framing an issue can help connect to your audience's values or the identities that they hold, who they are in their communities. If they're a mother, you can speak to them with a frame about their kids in the future and things like that, which is a very common one that's used. But if it's someone who cares about the air quality in his or her neighborhood, you might frame it in the context of public health benefits and things like that. So framing is a really, really useful tool to help talk to people about climate change in ways that matter to them. So the human brain processes information in two distinct ways. This was written about very heavily in the book Thinking Fast and Slow, which I'm sure many people are familiar with. So in that book they're described as system one and system two. But really we have two systems in our brain. One is sort of our analytical processing side and the other is our very emotional or affective processing side. So we as humans tend to predominantly use our emotional or affective side and that's not a bad thing. I mean throughout our evolution we were required to run from threats or seek food when we needed it and things like that. And that side of our brain has served us very well. Unfortunately climate change is often presented very analytically to the public and unless we are trained scientists it's very difficult for us to understand that type of information. And even if we do understand it and it's translated in a way that we can easily understand it for non-experts, oftentimes we don't make decisions based on what our analytical side of our brain is telling us. So one example I like to use frequently is that of buying a beach house on Long Island because I live in New York. So that's the example I use when I'm talking to people in New York. And I talk to them about, you know, let's say that you're interested in buying a beach house on Long Island.  You're about to retire. You've saved up a lot of money and it's been your dream to retire in this home. You're, you know, aware that climate change is happening and that sea level rise is related to that. And so you're certainly concerned about buying a beach house and you may even go so far as to look at the flood maps and to see what the future projections of sea level rise are to look into the premiums for flood insurance on that home. But in the end what will likely make the decision for you is the fact that you envision having your grandkids come to visit, having cocktails on the porch and having, you know, waking up to a beautiful view every single morning. And that's the emotional side of our brain. So even if we consider all of the analytical information, we often don't make decisions based upon it. So when we think about communicating climate change, we can speak to the more emotional side of our brains and that can be something that's very effective to people. In addition to giving them the analytical and more technical information to sort of improve their understanding of what climate change is, we can also tap into that emotional side. You certainly don't want to make things overly emotional. It is a fine line and I think we're certainly, the goal shouldn't be to fear monger people or to really scare them or make them so upset that they get paralyzed, which is something we call emotional numbing. The goal is to just tap into it and recognize that we do make decisions often emotionally and, you know, in that sense we can present the information using both types of information. What are some of the words they use the most that they shouldn't be using? Scientists use all sorts of words that are confusing to the public. I think some of the most common ones are, you know, even the word models is confusing to many people. The general public, they don't really understand what that means so when then they hear in the media talking about climate models and things like that, you just completely lose them. I think the role of misinformation is something real and it's something to be concerned about as an American. I think we know for a fact that there are a lot of misinformation, concerted misinformation campaigns out there, unfortunately a lot funded by the oil and gas and fossil fuel industries, where they're purposefully putting misinformation out to confuse people or to state that, you know, there is no consensus about climate change and things like that, which really does serve to confuse people. I think it can be really challenging for the general public to sort through information when it's presented equally, you know, and unfortunately in mainstream journalism that's what we see a lot, that journalists feel like they need to present two sides to every story and with the amount of misinformation out there, it appears that there's equal evidence for or against climate change when in reality we know that's not true. We talk about sort of a few different steps for addressing misinformation. We think the communicator should really acknowledge it and probably acknowledge it upfront, you know, close to the beginning of the messages that they're giving because what that does is it sort of, it makes them, it doesn't make them seem like they're hiding anything, but also it clarifies things for the audience upfront. You know, the audience for the most part will be trusting the communicator to share with them relevant information and so if something isn't right, they should know about it, you know, at the very beginning. So my elevator pitch about what's happening with climate change, I would talk about how we're really changing geography at this point and how we can point to specific observations, we don't even need to look at the future, but we can look at what the planet is doing now and see that we're changing it and see that humans are most likely the main cause at this point in time. And that it's something that affects every single thing that we do. It affects our economics, it affects the price of our food, the price of our gas, how we function in our daily lives and so it's really an important issue to be concerned about for those reasons.