news update. Good afternoon, everybody. I'm Tommy O'Brien, coming to you live from TFNN 12 noon Eastern time on Tuesday middle of the trading day. We got markets near session lows. You're looking at an SMP right now, negative by 41 points were coming down right to the level that we had for the lows of yesterday. You're down 9 10th percent in the SMPs overnight last night. We end the day at 44 76. You're talking about almost 43 points from those highs. Tech stocks pulling back as well again coming right down to the lows we had on yesterday. Nasdaq 100. You're talking about 200 points basically from where we were yesterday. We're down 199 points. Technically down 1.3 percent. Make it 201 as we speak down about 9 10th percent coming down to the lows we had yesterday as well. This would be a critical area. All the markets catching a bounce yesterday. We're right back at those levels today. The Russell not quite the scenario. Russell well below those levels. Russell continuing to lag down 1.7 percent right now. The Russell well off the highs as you've had the SMPs Nasdaq and Dow flirt with all time record territory on a consistent basis. Jumping around to commodities crude hovering right near sixty seven dollars we're trading at sixty six ninety four. Gold contract was positive earlier going for eighteen hundred we pulled back a bit you got gold down about five dollars on the session trading at seventeen eighty four. Silver is off sixteen cents at twenty three sixty three we jumped to notes and bonds. Little bit of a reversal I'll get it out on the retail sales number this morning you get the ten year negative by two ticks trading at one thirty four oh eight the thirty year right now negative by one ticket one sixty five oh three as we get some negative action in the market. You're seeing a spike in the Vicks obviously so we're above eighteen at eighteen oh seven as this market right back to where we were yesterday. Talk about a quick reversal from where we're and we actually just dip below that level yesterday actually the lows intraday yesterday forty four thirty two fifty basically right we're trading out right now but we actually got slightly below that level we'll see if it holds right where we are noon. What else we got happening folks it's a big day Thursday at T. F. and N. we got our man Larry Pezzamento he's coming up right now a trade what you see we got some market action folks we have the Vicks above eighteen to traders market out there with two way market right now in this market Larry Pezzamento a five hour live trading webinar nine a.m. till two p.m. on Thursday you get a month of his Fibonacci twenty four seven trading service all that's two hundred ninety five dollars that will be archived and always nice coming into a market where we got some action folks in both directions we get the doubt right now down three fifty nasdaq one hundred down two oh two look at those moves on the fifteen minute basis right back to the lows we had yesterday S. and P. S. down at forty four thirty one all things considered though relative strength in this market sitting right near all time highs stay tuned folks Larry coming up right now at twelve Steve Rhodes at one Dave Wighted to Tom O'Brien three right back. The reality is that navigating financial markets can be risky.


What is perfect? You know what perfect is? Checking off 70% of my to-do list for the day. Okay because it's a long list. Keep watching find out what book we're talking about today. This is Kyla Denigno and today we are talking about another exceptional book. I've recently realized that perfection is a hoax completely made up. It's not made up in terms of like engineering and medicine and things like that but let's talk about why perfect is not the goal okay. So today we're talking about the book like she owns the place. All right this book is written by Kara Allwale-Laba. I discovered this book Pink Hair. It jumped at me. It jumped okay. She's written three other books. I gotta go back and read those. She has a podcast. I had to start listening to that. I'm just completely standing okay but the genre of the book is not fiction. The theme of the book is business economic self-motivation. So we're gonna jump straight into perfection and what it has to do with this book and that is my favorite quote which is from page 77 okay. So she writes I think many of us feel that confidence comes after we achieve perfection which never happens because perfection doesn't exist. Perfection doesn't exist. So the reason why I love that quote is because Kara cuts through all of your excuses. All right I'll do it when I'm perfect. I'll do it when my body is perfect. I'll go to the beach when my book is perfect. I'll submit it. No no no no no. She submitted her book to over 19 publishers, kept getting rejected and decided to self-publish and now she's on her fourth book okay. So the truth is perfection is this big hyped up thing that we just use as an excuse okay. A lot of times people will use perfection as another way to procrastinate like if you're being honest does the thing have to be perfect or do you just really not want to do it? Does the thing have to be perfect or are you scared of the result? Does the thing have to be perfect or are you terrified to put yourself out there? It's probably one of those things right. This video is not going to be perfect. You're watching it right now because you enjoyed it okay. So you might as well subscribe to the channel and get more book reviews from me every single week and another big aspect in this book that ties into perfection is when Kara writes about guilt all right and I'm talking about the classic guilt that we all know about right.  Let yourself be human. Kara writes you are allowed to be human. You are allowed to let the ball drop. You are allowed to make mistakes and what I loved about that is Kara says that you have to prioritize yourself right. We often have these lists of all the things we need to get done and all the things that have to be done for the day is meditation on that list is go drink a glass of water on that list and if it is don't feel guilty that you don't drink the water right like you can't add stuff in it at the guilt that's right like add yourself to your list make yourself a priority and I love that I absolutely loved it and let me tell you another thing a lot of times people have to grow into their ambition they have to grow into their goals and if that's you you should definitely watch this video here where I talk about being unapologetically ambitious yes I am telling you all the secrets from a big time CEO who talks about how their ambition grew with them okay so I will see you in the next video


Okay, so good morning once again, welcome all of you to week three of our class and welcome to all the e-learning students who have been interacting over the portal and keeping in touch with the class. I'm really encouraged to see how some of you are really engaging with the course and, you know, bringing up questions. I really appreciate and bring more of it and I encourage even the students here online to, you know, be active on the stream so that, you know, if you have questions, you could also bring it up later through the week onto your classroom stream and we could either have a discussion or, you know, have an open conversation here itself. So I'm encouraging that you'll continue being involved. Yeah, welcome once again. Let's just start with the word of prayer and we'll move right into the lesson. Can I ask one of you all to please pray, somebody on the call please. Yeah, let's pray. Dear Heavenly Father, we come to you under the name of Jesus. We thank you for this beautiful day and for the beautiful class we are about to have. God, we just give everything else into your hands. Be with us and guide us throughout the session. Help us to have the good Wi-Fi connections. And every single thing that we learn today, Lord, help us to apply it in our lives so that we can be a blessing to others so that we can help others when they fall because when one falls, the other picks up. That's what you have called us to do. Help us to open our mind and heart and listen to it. Help us to have the compassion that you had for the people so that we can shine your light to this world. Be with us and guide us in Jesus' name. I pray. Amen. Amen. Thank you, Jafina. Thank you. Okay, so as we move ahead into class, any reflections about what we learned last week, any thoughts, any questions? We'll just probably take maybe two minutes to address that and we'll get started. So any questions, any thoughts, any revelations? Anything? I just want to say I'm really being blessed through the classes. I'm learning a lot. And I should really say being a 19-year-old girl, this helps me a lot to work with myself also. It helps me a lot to understand even myself like what is my emotions because I think as we are being Christians, when I was back in my hometown, these emotions are actually neglected. They're like half-faith, but there is no importance for the emotions and feelings that we have. But through this course, I'm learning that we can bring our emotions to God. So I just want to say I'm really blessed through and it really helps me to analyze myself a lot. Like what state I'm in, what are the things that I should work on so that I can be a better person serving the Lord. So yeah, thank you. Thank you, Jafina. That's encouraging. That's so encouraging. Thank you. Yes, Divya. Thank you, ma'am. Are you able to hear me? Yes, I can. Yes. My question is regarding, like when we say that man is an image-bearer and as we were talking about the attributes of significance and security, self-worth, all this, when I was going through that again, I felt I had a question regarding, so if it is like that, whether God also has these attributes, like if we are image-bearers, so it means like God also would be having these attributes. I'm understanding it right. Yeah. So these attributes are given to man as his created, to given to us as his created beings. God is all-existent. He is the source of all of these attributes. He is all of that. He is love. He is purpose. He is security. That's the characteristic of God, right? And that's what he's given us as his created beings. So as God being the source of all this, it is there in him, all of these attributes that are given to man or attributes that we had before the fall and the needs that we need right now because of the fall, it's something that is already present. It's always been there. It wasn't a beginning or an end in God. It is who he is. He is love. He is purpose. He is security. So that's something that he gave us as well. So it is always and was and will ever be something that God is love, security and purpose. Sure, sure. Thank you ma'am. So is it right to say that God created man with these attributes that only God can fill? Yes, and that's exactly why we see that. So if you remember we said prior to the fall, this was something man inherently had because sin didn't separate man from God. Man was in complete fellowship with God, in one fellowship with God. But the minute that man began to look at himself because of sin and saying and looking at his own means to figure out a need, that's when we moved away from that inherent capacity and moved into a place and that's where it becomes a need. And so man looks at everything around them to fulfill that need. So you're absolutely right. It is only in their one relationship with God that this can again inherently be met. So the process of counseling as we looked last time is to restore man back into God's image. Through the relationship, although there is depravity that is there, it is to restore them back into the image by building back a relationship with God. So yes, you're right. It is found only in God and that's the aim of counseling, to restore man into the image of God where they inherently sense those attributes with God. But being in the world that we are in, we are still bound by sin and that's why our relationship with Jesus really matters because our inheritance comes from knowing that he's the one who died for us. Because of our faith in him, we have all of these attributes that we live by. But it is a walk of faith. We have to live by faith. We have to believe that all that he's given us is ours. Sure. Thank you. Thank you for those questions. Lovely. Alright, so we'll move into our next lesson. And if you'd like to follow through in the book, I'm on page 15. And I'd like to do two chapters today, maybe the first star, this one and the second are the second chapter. We may be going a little bit faster because we've missed a couple of classes because of the holidays and things like that. So we're going to ensure that we move faster. However, this is pretty simple. It is a simple chapter. And what we're looking at is something that we call as a counseling relationship or in other words, the word meaning therapeutic relationship. So if you look at the word therapeutic, what does it mean? It means a relationship between a counsellor and counsellor. So this word therapeutic comes from the word therapy where the relationship is one professional. It is characterised by certain attributes. It's characterised by certain attitudes that is important in the life of a counsellor. So when you look at therapeutic, it actually means a relationship that enables the other person to build their own skills or to have them develop and grow. And it is also a helping relationship. So the therapeutic relationship comes from these specific terms of enabling and terms of helping. So the therapeutic relationship, when you look at it, it is the interaction between a counsellor as well as a counsellor. So it's an interaction between the counsellor and the counsellor in which it is characterised by specific attributes. And those are the three main attributes that we are going to be looking at today. And highly important for a counsellor, whether we are Christian counsellors or whether we are pastoral counsellors, whether we are secular counsellors, extremely important to have. So the importance of this, as you would see on this slide, the therapeutic relationship or the relationship between the counsellor and the counsellor is characterised by a couple of things. One is by trust and the second is by openness. Where over here the counsellor needs to be in a place where they feel the space and the security to open up as well as to be able to trust that the individual that they are talking to or the counsellor that they are talking to has the best interest and sees them for who they are. So whether it be a one-on-one counselling or whether you're doing it as a group, the characteristics of trust and openness is highly valid here in this relationship. And what happens when there is trust and openness, the person who's coming in for help is open enough to deal or to work through whatever problems they have come with or whatever issues or events that they have come with so that they have someone to deliberate and talk with so that they are able to find new strategies or new ways of thinking, of behaving, of feeling or of working towards their issues and thereby finding what is their God-given purpose. So this is extremely important. Now in counselling, remember, and I'll bring, I'll highlight some of the things why a therapeutic relationship is so important that a lot of times what is the counsellor doing over there? The counsellor is encouraging or is building or enabling or helping the counsellor to build themselves up in the goals that they would come for. So let's say a counsellor comes to you and says, I would like to be a better employee at work or I would like to be a better husband. I would like to be a better child. I would like to have a better relationship with God. So they come in order to find something and the counsellor enables and helps them to come to that point of a goal that they would want. And how does that happen? So there are specific ways that happens. Remember that your techniques or your approaches in counselling is not the only thing that helps a person. It is your own personal qualities that really help the person to bring about change. So to give you an example, so one of the things, so earlier in, you know, and I'm going to bring in examples because I've been in this field for so long and, you know, I just go back and whenever I read a certain principles like this, I go back and think of how true some of this is. So a lot of times, you know, when people have come, some of them may have come with extreme issues where there aren't easy answers to their problems, right? But for the very fact that they have a person who's sitting with them, listening to them, helping them just emote, just being able to maybe they just cry through one whole session. They are just able to express whatever they're feeling. And here there's a counsellor who is sitting alongside them being without really judging, without really questioning these emotions, without really telling them to grow up and develop into a more stronger person. That in itself can be extremely therapeutic. So what I'm trying to say is it's just not the approach you use or the council that you give, but even your personal qualities that can really encourage growth in the person, in the counselling. So that's why the relationship is extremely crucial in counselling. So what is the goal of the counsellor is one to provide that relationship, to bring about, to create a relationship that allows the counsellor to be safe enough to evaluate, to discover what's happening within them, and to seek after certain goals that will help them in a better way, to help them maybe to come up to a better level of thinking. Maybe it is a better way of dealing with other people or maybe it's a better way of having a better thought process. So never undermine the relationship in this process or it's called the counselling relationship. Never, never undermine because that is important for the counsellor to create. The counselling is not the one who needs to really create that space because they've come in with a need. So it's the counsellor that actually needs to create that space. So what are some of the functions of that relationship?  And this may come in time. So don't feel perturbed if a person doesn't share or open up everything on the first time. Perfectly okay. Even now, even after these years of experience, I've had people come to me after the second or the third session and say, this is something I was waiting to see when I'd be comfortable to share. And so sometimes information or their life story gets unpacked, you know, maybe in subsequent sessions. Why? People are coming first and foremost to really judge to see is this place safe for me? Is this place an atmosphere of safety and security for me? So you have, remember, you have different kinds of people who come to you. And when they come, the goal that you have is to create that atmosphere of trust where they begin to trust you as a person so that they are in a place of being able to share and deliberate as much as possible. So one, it should create an atmosphere of trust. Second, it provides a medium of effect. Now, what does the word effect mean? The word effect means to emote. Okay. When you're creating a relationship that is close, you would probably understand this, you know, think of a friend or think of someone, you know, that you can absolutely talk about without having to gauge or minimize your emotions. Okay. Maybe when you're, so think of that one person, if you have somebody like that, no matter what you say, they are there with you to hear you out and to encourage you to listen to you and not to put down your emotions or say, you know, that's not the way that's feeling or it's silly to feel like that. Or, you know, you're becoming a baby, none of that. So it provides a medium of effect, which means a place where the counselling can really share and discuss and talk about what's affecting them. What's the next function? It models a healthy interpersonal relationship. Now, you know, what you are doing in a therapeutic or in a counselling relationship is you are modelling to your counselling or you are demonstrating to your counselling that a relationship can be healthy. All right. And that and who demonstrates that you as a counsellor is demonstrating that, right? Demonstrating that through your empathy, demonstrating that through your non-judgmental attitude, you demonstrate that through your acceptance of their emotions, acceptance of them as a people of their confidentiality. So that's what you are demonstrating. And you're actually showing them, oh, there is a way that you can actually have a good interpersonal relationship. So that's what models it there. And of course, the most important one, it motivates them to change. It motivates when there is a relationship that is one neutral, that is respectful. And, you know, when your counsellor knows that the person who I'm talking to doesn't have any hidden agenda, it is not that my counsellor has a hidden agenda that if I do such and such thing, it is going to benefit them. They know that there isn't a hidden agenda, right? So that in itself, when you are bringing up healthy questions to them, it makes them think and motivates them to change that perspective because they know that it is a safe relationship. It is a place in which where they can explore and they can make mistakes, they can develop. Okay, so these are specific functions of it. So in a counselling relationship, what is important? The attitudes of the counsellor is more important than the approach. That's what I mentioned earlier, right? The attitudes. So the way I approach the person who's sitting in front of me, not the problem. Remember, there are two different things, right? There's a person here and there is a problem. So the way that I approach the person is far more greater than the way I approach the problem, all right? Because if I have built a positive feeling or an attitude towards my counselling, the approach will be much, much faster. They will probably be in a much better place to accept the questions or accept the insights that you are giving them. If your attitude towards them is strong, is one of care and it is one of specifically three attitudes which we are going to go in. So that's what we say. That's the bedrock of that relationship, okay? It also matters the way the attitudes are perceived in the counselling, all right? Now, what does this mean? Now, sometimes, especially in different cultures, especially in our Indian culture, we are very, we are quite open to maybe touches.  You're expressing your oneness with them. But maybe in a different culture, that is not something that is, may not be acceptable, you know? The people are very wary about how much they approach physically. So it really matters how what you are doing as a counsellor and what is perceived by them, by the counsellor, right? And that's what makes a difference to the client. And sometimes you can gauge that by your open communication with them, okay? So the basis of this entire lesson is one that attitudes and the feelings of the counsellor is far more important than approaches and the way that they perceive these attitudes are also important. Now, something that a research has discovered is that the best predictor of success in counselling is the quality of the relationship. Now, that was an amazing study, right? That counsellors who have a good relationship with their counselling and open good relationship with their counselling is a better, it's a better predictor of a success of a counselling relationship than the kind of therapy you use or the kind of counsellor you give. So it is within that relationship that you see that counselling actually is really helpful and it's something that really works for the counselling, okay? Now, in order for us to understand this, there is this person by the name of Carl Rogers and he was a behavioral scientist who speaks about these three main attitudes that a counsellor needs to have, okay? And these are these three attitudes and this is what we'll go through one by one. The first one is empathy, the second is congruence and the third is what we call is unconditional positive regard. So empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard. So let's just look at each of them and just unpack that and you will begin to see a lot more of how you can bring some of this into practice. So what is empathy? Empathy is, okay, maybe let me ask you, how different is empathy from sympathy? Just so that I have you all involved as well. So how different do you think empathy is from sympathy? Any thoughts? Okay, there's no right or wrong answers, okay? You can share. I'll just try and just let them. Sure, go ahead, go ahead. Yes, sympathy is just, you know, maybe comforting them, consoling them, just aligning with their feelings. But empathizing, I believe, is more of like stepping into their shoes, like kind of really trying to understand what they are going through. Like trying to, suppose I'm talking to a child, getting into their level and trying to understand what is their situation, what are they facing, just coming to their level. That's what I think. Okay, thank you. Thanks, Divya. That's good. Anyone else? Anybody else has a thought? How is empathy different from sympathy? Ma'am, good morning. I think it's pretty similar to what Divya said. sympathy is like you feel for the other person. Whereas empathy is you assume what the other person goes through is something that you can relate with what the other person is saying and assuming that, you know, if you are in that position, how you would feel, how you would understand. Okay. Thank you. Thank you, Lyndon. Wonderful. Okay. So that's good, right? I think you'll kind of have the essence about what empathy and sympathy is. So sympathy is, yes, you do feel for what is going on, but there is a sense of detachment from actually getting or being or being in the place of the person. So sympathy is you look at it from a very distance. You look at it from a distance. It is more a detached view about what happens, right? So it also plays on how you involve yourself in helping the person. So you may involve, but it is more out of sympathy, more out of a sense of detachment rather than a sense of care. Now, empathy, I think like what both of you said is some of those key words I think you'll put very well is putting yourself in the shoes of someone else. We're going to be looking at a little bit in the next chapter also where you place yourself in the position of your counselling or you're wearing their shoes or you are taking on their skin, right? So which means it's almost as if you are going through the very same issue that they are. So it is the way of being with your counselling or with the person who you're talking to. And by doing so, you're also, so what does empathy mean? It doesn't mean that you're so involved that you work on their behalf. That's not what empathy means, right? That would be a lot more into what is happening in sympathy that you're working on somebody's behalf because you feel you need to change. You are the one who needs to take action to change. But empathy is just in a place of being in a different framework. You moved yourself out from your framework and taken yourself into the framework of the other. So that's what it says understanding within the framework of the other person's world. So you're almost taking off your shoes and your skin and getting up and going there to begin to see the world from the way that they see it, okay? And so how does this happen? This happens through listening, through active listening, which means you are in a place of not just listening, but in a place of understanding. That is, you've heard something and you're making a certain deduction of that what you have heard, which is an understanding.  So for example, someone is talking, a person is talking about the way that they have, let's say, the way that they have a rebellious child. They're talking about how the child has been giving them a hard time. So that is first listening. You're listening.  You seem to be quite frustrated. You seem to be hopeless in dealing with the issue, right? So what am I doing? I'm communicating. Hey, I have understood what you're saying and I'm reflecting this back to you to really see that whether I have understood and I've been in your world for the last five minutes. Okay. When is it that we are not empathetic is when we are listening and say, okay, so what are some of the things that you can do to change the situation for your son?  So what have you done? You haven't communicated any form of an understanding. You've moved into the next step of trying to resolve the problem. But when you're being empathetic, you are spending time enough to live in that hopelessness that the person is there so that you are able to demonstrate to your counseling that you have understood where they are at. Okay. So what is the importance of this empathetic understanding is what are you doing? You are helping them see that they are understandable that whatever I'm going through, my counselor is able to see or counselor is able to understand or resume. They are able to internalize what I am going through and what happens when someone feels understood, it increases their sense of esteem. It increases their sense of being able to be intelligible or workable with someone. Okay. So the importance of empathy is you are helping the counseling see that they are understandable and you're also helping the counseling see that listen, you are important and whatever you are going through is important for me. Okay. So when you are trying to do that, you are demonstrating that you are taking every effort and willingness to understand them. So that's the importance of empathetic understanding. Now what are the functions of it? Okay. I'm just going to quickly go through it. It builds a relationship with the counselor and the counseling. When you are in a place of empathy, it stimulates your counseling to actually explore more about their problem. Right. You're just not dealing with it on the surface level.   They have their exploring more about where they are at. What is going wrong? What is the need that I have? You're actually working through that. It checks understanding. That's extremely good and empathy is because you are on track on the same track. You're running parallely. You're not running in opposite directions with your counseling. And of course it provides support. It helps in better communication. It also helps in focusing your attention on the person and the problem. It also empathy helps you restrain yourself as a counselor, not to give quick answers, not to give quick solutions, but to stay in the pace of the counseling. Okay. And it paves the way. Paves the way for what? For greater exploration. Okay. So these are some of the importance that you would see in empathy. The point of, you know, in counseling you don't sympathize. Sympathize, like I said, is you are standing distantly and you are not expressing that you are with them. And some of the ways of doing that is, oh, okay, you know, that's really sad.  And when you sympathize, you're quickly getting into a place of solutions and say, okay, let's figure out how to work through this. But that's what we call is grounding. It's needed for a counselor to be grounded in the space of knowing that my emotions are being understood. Remember, the problem is there, like a cloud, but below that there are extreme emotions that need to be really worked on, to be processed. And in sympathy, you're moving away from the place of emotional togetherness and moving away and looking at solutions. Okay. So be careful not to sympathize. Okay. I am going to move into the next one. Okay. So in empathy, you generally use a statement like this. Okay. You feel dash because dash. So if you remember our Susan's example, remember, we will go back to it. We will go back to it in the next hour, but it's about your feeling. So whenever they're saying something to you, you're saying, hey, Susan, you feel confused because of all the events that's been happening at your home. Or you feel nervous because of the exam that you are going to face today. You feel lost because whatever, right? So the empathic understanding has a formula. And this is a good formula to use because the minute that you do this, you say this, you will begin to see someone opening up. Now, I have a maybe like a homework for you all to do. Okay. And test this out if you all have children at home.  Let's say he or she had a fall and they come crying to you. What do we often say? Why didn't you be more careful? I told you not to go over there. I told you, right? So what is this? This is not empathy. You may be feeling bad, but you're not empathizing, but rather use this. Your child comes running and says, oh my, this must be so painful. I know this is hurting, isn't it? So what are you doing?  And within minutes, you will find that they will be happy. They will run away and go because why they have been understood. They have been, their feelings have been accepted. Okay. So try this at home, whether it's with your spouse or with a friend or with your child, try this at home and instead of, instead of rebutting or giving them a solution, get into the place of saying, oh, you feel upset because you feel angry because the maid didn't come today or you feel upset with me because I ignored you. You get into a place of empathic understanding. You will find that that conversation goes extremely well. Okay. So is that a deal? Will you try that? Okay. Great. Okay. Okay. Good. All right. So we'll move on. The second one that we're looking at is the first we said is empathy. The second is what we call as unconditional positive regard. Okay. Now I'd like you to pay attention to the words that I use here. It says it's not conditional positive regard, but it is unconditional positive regard. So what is, what does this mean? So let me let's unpack this. Okay. This is something that's extremely vital for us in our relationship with others. And, you know, we see scripture on this too where it says love one another as I have loved you. Okay. So if you, if we were to unpack these, these terms, one, unconditional, what does it mean? It is something that there is absolutely no conditions held to that in the sense of, I accept you no matter what you have done. Okay. There aren't any conditions of acceptance. It is the opposite of an evaluating attitude. It is an opposite of saying, okay, this is what you've done. So, you know, I don't think I can accept what you're doing. So this is, it's a central concept in, in counseling in order to build a good interpersonal relationship. Okay. And you see that it is a need. It is a universal need for people to feel accepted, not based on certain conditions. Okay. So unconditional meaning there's no condition at all. There is just absolute acceptance. Positive means a warm acceptance of the person or a pricing. What is it saying? A sense of value that you are placing to the person. Okay. And it isn't based on their color or their creed or their, the crisis that they've been or their behavior or the kind of person they are nothing. It's just a warm acceptance of the person and regard is caring. They are respecting them as someone who's absolutely unique and absolutely precious. Okay. Now, this unconditional positive regard, it is an attitude. It is something that is there within. Unless it's there within, it cannot be, it's not an action that you can do to someone else. So think of someone who you, who you judge. All right. And you, you just pay a little bit of attention to what you feel about them. And then you will know that the issue is in your mindset. The issue is in the way that you have seen them as a person. Maybe they've done something to you and it is out of that that you, that you regard them. Right. And maybe you don't talk to them. Why?  So remember unconditional positive regard. It is an attitude. It is a feeling. It is a mindset. And it is generally not an action towards others. Okay. It also shows support and acceptance of a person, no matter what the person says or does, you are, no matter where they are at, you are continuing to accept them. Now this, I know, you know, as a lifestyle, it's far easier to do it, I believe as a counselor than as a person with, with members of your own family or friends, right? Because there is so much of an emotional attachment. But that's what we are called to do. That's what Jesus called us to do, to unconditionally love and accept others. And that's so much more in counseling where you are going to be meeting with people who have very different backgrounds, who come with different stories, quite unacceptable from your own values and thoughts, but showing them the acceptance of who they are as a person. So remember whenever you see people separate the person from the problem. Okay. The person is different. The problem is different. Just like how, you know, in parenting seminars, you would say separate the child from their behavior. Right.  Remember, always separate the person from the problem. Okay. So what does unconditional positive regard do? It shows an attitude of respect that you respect the individual no matter what they have been in. There is a sense of acceptance. There is a sense of warmth. You price them and you give them a sense of value. You're affirming that they are valuable. And what are you doing here?  You are doing it in turn to someone who comes to you for help. Okay. Now, unconditional positive regard it showing shows that show shows a non-possessive care. What does that mean that, for example, let's say your counselor says, you know, they want to make a choice that is totally outside of what you all have been discussing. Okay. Like, you know, one of these extreme examples of they made a choice that, you know, they want to continue a certain affair of marriage affair. Right. And you have spent many hours working with them where, you know, you've kind of figured out the pros and the cons and finally they say, yes, you know, I should go into this and they do that. And finally, they go and do something else. What is unconditional positive regard mean that you will continue to accept and engage and to regard them no matter whatever the decisions they make. So you have, your feelings are not with any kind of a reservation or with evaluation. Okay. This is what he did.  Now that's something that we need to work on that no matter what the person comes back with, we actually show that sense of unconditional positive regard. Okay.  It's always different. And this is the way that he's put it, you know, every person is like a sunset and, and the way that you deal with people are very different. So it's important that we don't put people into boxes and thereby, you know, create, create cookie cutters of them and say, okay, this is the way that you need to react. And this is the way that you need to be. You are with them unconditionally through that. Okay. We'll go into the next one. Okay. The next one is genuineness and congruence. Okay. What is genuineness? Genuineness is a place or a state where you are in, in your relationship with them, what your responses are, your outward responses are matches with what you feel about the person. All right. So, and remember that, that's, that's extremely important in counseling. So if, if you're sensing something that's a negative about your counseling, but you're attempting outwardly to be, to be positively regarding them, that can be easily found out. Okay. It can, it can be, it can reveal itself to your counseling. So genuineness is really working on what, on how you respond outwardly and that matching with what is going on inside. Okay. Now this is, is definitely something that, that is important for a counselor, counselor to be able to evaluate and work on. So the, the feelings that a counselor experiences within them can come about and be communicated if we aren't careful. So, you know, as the slide says, feelings that the counselor is experiencing is available to him, available to his awareness. And he's able to live these feelings, be them and able to communicate them if appropriate. So that's, so for you as a counselor to be very clear about where you are at, when you are in the presence of a counselor, counseling, like for example, there are times that, you know, as a counselor, I personally, there may have been certain settings or certain issues that I have felt extremely uncomfortable to deal with, you know, whatever, whenever a counselor does come. And if, and the, and genuineness means to expressing to my counseling that this is probably where I'm at. And this is not something I can be of support to them. And as a result, I would be referring them to somebody else. Because if you're not in a place of genuineness, a counselor can quickly identify that and see the incongruence in the way that you are responding. Right. So it is an accurate matching of your experience, your awareness and your communication is these three things, your experience. That means you may have experienced something which is close to what your counseling is and how you are aware of that and what you communicate is a, is an important thing. So that's, that's what really matters in genuineness because when you, you're being congruent or when you're being genuine, that's when trust begins to build greater. And what you're doing, what you are also attempting to do with your counseling is you are helping your counseling see that there could be certain weaknesses in you that you're attempting to overcome, but you don't not want to use the, the therapeutic relationship or the counseling relationship to work on it. And it helps you as a counselor to learn more about yourself and also open for change or open to, to work on that. That's what you're also expressing to your counseling. And that's when they begin to build that confidence in you as a counselor. So that's, and that's something that a counselor does like a model. Okay.  Now that's something that we've got to be careful of because I may be saying something, but I may be doing something else. And that's not what I want to model to my counseling. I want to model that whatever I am going through inside is what I would want to behave and what I would want to say. So that's, that's something that we, we will need to ensure that we keep, keep going. Okay. So these three constructs, sorry. Yeah. So these, yeah, I'm just going to go back to show you that mean slide. Yeah. So these three constructs of empathy, of congruence or genuineness. Okay. And unconditional positive regard are highly essential in a relationship to be built. Now, whether definitely in a counseling relationship, but then when you take these three principles, these three attitudes into any relationship, you will begin to see the trust that, that openness, that sense of willingness to, to open up definitely enhances that counseling session. Okay. All right. Any questions up here? Any questions? I have a question maybe you can answer in the next session. Let's say for a person, as you mentioned in between like, you know, a person sharing and we suggest something and so especially when it comes to addiction and being a part of it, you know, we tell them how do we overcome it through the word and stuff. And after a few months, this person comes to us and saying, they're not the same happened again. And so how do we, you know, the principles are even the same. How do we overcome some temptation is either same, but how do we communicate that without, you know, judging? Maybe, maybe we can discuss in the next session. Okay. Sure. We'll probably look at that in the next question. Okay. Next session. Okay. It's 10.53 on my clock. We will come back at 11. Three for our second day. Okay. Thank you.


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Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to a user education. Today we will talk about derivatives of parametrically defined functions. In particular, second derivative actually, because the first derivative has already been addressed. Now, this lecture is part of the advanced mathematics course for teenagers and high school students. It's presented on unizor.com. I suggest you to watch the lecture from this website. Not only it contains very detailed notes for each lecture, it's also for registered students. It provides the certain functionality, like guidance, including exams, and the site is free. So let's talk about parametrically defined functions and second derivative. Now, first of all, let's assume that our function is defined parametrically. Now, the typical example of this is where t is time and x and y are coordinates of the point which is moving on the plane. Basically, making some kind of a trajectory, which can actually be something like this too. Okay, let's wipe it out. This art. Now, what is the mechanical, if you wish, meaning of the first derivative? Well, if you have a trajectory, well, as you know, this is delta y, this is delta x. And as these two points are getting closer and closer, the ratio is becoming the tangent of the tangential line at this particular point. So you know what the first derivative of y by x actually is. So we're talking about y first derivative by x as a function of t. It's a tangent of the tangential line at this particular point, which is characterized by parameter t. Okay, now what's the second derivative? Well, it's a little bit more difficult to talk about mechanical sense, but probably you can think about the speed of the changing of this tangent. So the steeper, for instance, the trajectory changes its direction. Well, the higher would be the second derivative, right? Okay. Now, so our purpose is to find the second derivative, but let's start from the first one. It's a little repetition of that particular problem which we have already discussed once. The first derivative is basically a limit of delta y divided by delta x, right? And what we do in this particular case, well, this limit is as delta x goes to 0, but we can as well say it's delta t goes to 0 because x and y are presumed smooth functions. And if delta t goes to 0, then both increment of these functions also go to 0. And we can obviously replace it with delta y divided by delta t divided by delta x divided by delta t, right? And we can put delta t converges to 0, which is the same thing, right? And that is limit of the ratio, again, presuming our functions are smooth enough and the bottom is not equal to 0. Then its limit of ratio is equal to ratio of limits. And you will get obviously the first derivative by t and the first derivative by t by t here. So that's what it is and that's the expression for the first derivative of y by x. Now, I'm interested in the second derivative. Now, what is the second derivative of anything by anything? It's a derivative of the first. So we have to derive, find the derivative, whatever, of this by x, which means we have to give some kind of an increment to x or increment to t, if you wish. And so we will have what? We will have incremented value of this ratio divided by incremented value of x, right? Incremented ratio, incremented of this ratio divided by incremented x and have a limit as delta x goes to 0. So that's what we have to find. This is our second derivative, right? Now, again, what I will do, I will change it this way. I will divide this by delta t and this by delta t. Same exactly approach as for the first derivative. And I will take limit of ratio as ratio of limits, right? So we will have limit of this divided limit of this, which is yt divided by xt derivative by t because the limit of this is derivative of this, right? Divided by and limit of this is derivative of t. So all we have to do now is take a derivative of the ratio and we know how to do that. If you have a ratio, derivative is what? G squared fg minus gf, right? So f is the derivative of y and g is derivative of x. So that's what. Now, in the bottom, I will have derivative of x as it is. Now, when I do derivative of this ratio, now in the bottom goes to g squared, which is derivative of x squared. Now, but I already have one derivative of x, so it would be in the power of 3, right? Cube, one of this and the square of this. And numerator will have derivative of this, which is the second derivative now. The first derivative is yt, y by t, and derivative of this would be second derivative by t times first derivative of t minus, again, derivative of this one of the x prime, which is x double prime by t times y prime. And this is the formula, basically. So this is my second derivative by x as a function of t. That's what it is. Okay. Now, knowing this, we will just apply it to a couple of problems, real life problems. And we will see if we can have enough patience and skills to go through some challenging calculations. And I wish I would do it correctly. All right. So let's just remember this formula. Just do it. It's, everything is function of t, so it's easier if I will just omit this t parenthesis. So that's my final formula. All right. Example number one. x is equal arc tangent t, and y is equal logarithm of 1 plus t squared. All right. So we need the first and we need the second derivative, right? Of both of them. So the first derivative is equal to, what's the derivative of arc tangent? Obviously, I don't remember. Let's derive it. So if x of t is equal to arc tangent of t, by definition of arc tangent, it's tangent of x of t is equal to t, right? I take the tangent of both sides. What is arc tangent? It's the argument. If we take the tangent of this, we will get the argument of arc tangent. That's from definition of arc tangent. Now, we will take the derivative of both sides. Well, it's easier on the right. The derivative of t is 1. The derivative of the left, obviously, I don't remember. All I remember is derivative of sine is a cosine. Derivative of cosine is minus sine. So it's sine over cosine of x of t. And we have to take derivative by t, right? All right. Now, this is a ratio and again, I remember that formula about ratio. So first, we have to take derivative of this ratio, which is what? It's a cosine square of x of t. And here I will have derivative of sine, which is cosine of x of t times derivative of x, right? And times the cosine of x of t. Minus. So this is my f prime times g. Now I have to have g prime times x. The derivative of cosine is minus sine. So minus, it will be plus. This is sine of x of t times x of t. And times the first one, the f, sine of x of t. Now obviously, I will have here cosine square sine square multiplied by x prime. So this is x prime of t divided by cosine square of x of t. All right. Finally, I've got my derivative. So that would be, okay, now I don't know what cosine of x of t is. However, I know that x of t is arc tangent. What's very useful in this case is to express one over cosine square as one plus tangent square of x of t. Why? Because tangent square is sine square over cosine square. And if we will go to the common denominator, I will have cosine square plus sine square divided by cosine square. And in the numerator, I will have one. So one over cosine square is the same as one plus tangent square. Why did I do that? Because I know what is a tangent of x of t. It's t. It's easier, right? And now I can replace the whole thing with tangent square of this, which is t square. So now I've got it. So this is my, and this is equal to derivative of this, which is one. From this, I can derive that this is one over t square. All right. I probably should have remembered my table of derivatives, but I don't, so I derived it. Sorry about spending the time, but it's a good exercise anyway. But those people with memory, which is as bad as mine, there is always the way to derive something. And actually I encourage you to do that. Okay. Now, how about the second derivative? Now, the second derivative is the derivative of the first derivative, right? Now, this is one over something. Well, I remember that if it's one over something, it's minus one over that something square, right? So it's minus one over one plus t square square times derivative of the inner function, which is derivative of one plus t square, which is 2t, right? Just a plain 2t. Finally, we got it. Okay. Now, why the first derivative is equal to derivative of logarithm is one over whatever is under logarithm, which is this, times derivative of the inner function, which is 2t. Now, second derivative is derivative of this guy. So, again, that's f over g. So I have g square square. Okay. Now, in the top, I have a derivative of this, which is 2 times this minus derivative of this, which is 2t times this, another 2t. So it's minus 4t square. Or I can simplify it. It's 2 minus 2t square, right? 2 minus 2t square. All right. Fine. So we have all the components for this formula. And let's just use it and see what happens. Okay. In the denominator, I have this thing to the third degree. So that would be 1 plus t square to the third degree. No, that's wrong. That should be on the top, because this is one over and this is denominator, so it will go to numerator. So it will go to a numerator. Okay. Now, and this thing is... Okay. Second derivative, which is 2 minus 2t square divided by 1 plus t square square times xt, which is this, and it will be cube minus. Second derivative of x, which is this, and this is minus, so it will be plus. 2t divided by 1 plus t square square times the first derivative of y, which is this. So it will be again the third degree here. And here 2t and 2t will be 4t square. Now, lo and behold, this thing, this thing and this thing are cancelled out. And what do I have? 2 minus 2 plus 4, so it's 2 plus 2t square. That's my second derivative of y by x, and of this calculations. Next problem. x is equal to cosine of 2t, y is equal to sine square of t. Okay. Same thing. First derivative equals 2. The derivative of cosine is minus sine of 2t times derivative of the inner function 2t, which is 2. Now, the second derivative is from here, minus 2 from a sine is the cosine of 2t times derivative of the inner function, which is also 2, so it's 4. Okay. And let me change this 2 in the back into 2 in front, minus 2. Okay. Now, first derivative of y by t is equal to 2 sine of t times cosine of t, right? First, I took the derivative from power function, which is 2, which is 2 times whatever is under power, with a power minus 1, which is 1, 2 minus 1 is 1. And then inner function is cosine. Now, the second derivative is, well, this is second derivative of x by t. Now, the second derivative of this is, well, it's a product. Actually, it might be a little bit easier if I will convert it into sine of 2t, right? Remember trigonometry, 2 sine by cosine is a sine of double angle. Now, the derivative of this is cosine of 2t times derivative of inner function, which is 2. Okay. I hope it's right. Now, let's go to my second derivative by x. Well, I wiped out this formula, but I do have it here. So it's the first derivative of x in the power of 3. So this goes to a third power. So it's minus 8 sine cube of 2t. Now, in the numerator, I have second derivative times first minus first times second. Okay. So this times this is 2 minus 2. It's minus 4 sine times cosine of 2t. Minus this times this minus 4 and minus it's a plus 4 cosine 2t times sine 2t. Cosine times sine. Wow. These two cancel out, so the whole thing is equal to zero. Isn't that wonderful? What does it mean, actually? Well, if the second derivative is equal to zero, it means that the first derivative is constant, right? And if the first derivative is constant, then the function must be linear function, right? Remember? So if you have a linear function, my first derivative is a, which is constant. And my second derivative, the derivative of a constant is zero. So it resembles, right? So it looks like we should have something like this between y and x. Well, let's just think about it. It's why Paul told this nonsense. And start from the beginning and see what exactly our y and x actually are. Look at it this way. What is cosine of 2t? Well, I do remember this, right? But at the same time, since cosine is, cosine square is minus 1 minus sine square, so it's 1 minus sine square and sine square, so it's 2 sine square of t, right? So you see, that's my y. No, sorry, that's not my y. That's my cosine of 2t. So in this case, sine of square of t is equal to, this goes here, this goes here, 1 minus cosine of 2t divided by 2, right? So this is equal to 1 minus cosine of 2t divided by 2, which is 1 minus x divided by 2. So as you see, we do have a linear dependency between y and x. And we have noticed this by taking the second derivative of the y by x. I mean, obviously, we could have noticed it in the very beginning and derived this type of relationship between y and x just looking at this. But maybe we were not smart enough and didn't realize it, so we decided to go by some kind of a paved road and use the formula and got 0 as a second derivative and from 0 as a second derivative, we actually concluded that the functions must be linearly dependent. And they are. And what's the graph of this? Well, don't forget that y is supposed to be from 1 to 0 and x is a cosine, it's from minus 1 to plus 1 and at x is equal to 0, it's 1 half. If x is equal to 1, that's 0. And if x is equal to minus 1, that's 1. So this is my graph.  So you see, that's a very important difference. If I will write the function y is equal to 1 minus x divided by 2, this function is defined for any x. But defined parametrically, it's not defined for any x because the x is a cosine that cannot be outside of the minus 1 and 1 interval. So we are basically reducing the area, but still the straightness of the line is retained. Line is still straight because the second derivative is always 0 and the first derivative is constant. Okay, that's my second problem. Next. Alright, x is equal to cosine of 2t and y is equal to t square. Okay, my first derivative is minus sine and times 2, so it's minus 2 sine of 2t. And my second derivative is, it would be 4 actually, right? Minus 2 cosine and 2, so it's minus 4 cosine of 2t. Okay, that's my second derivative. Now my first derivative is 2t and my second derivative is just 2. Alright, so let's again do this thing. Denominator is cube of this, which is minus 8 sine of 2t cube. Okay, in the numerator, I have second derivative of this times this. So it's minus 4 minus second derivative of this times this. So minus it would be plus 8t cosine of 2t. Okay, basically that's it. I mean we can reduce it by 4 and that would be my answer. That's it. Okay, these are just, you know, nice exercise to check if you have enough patience to go through all these calculations. I wish you do. That's it for today. Thank you very much and good luck.


Hi and welcome to the session. Let us discuss the following question. Question says, if a unit vector A makes angles pi upon 3 with i vector pi upon 4 with j vector and an acute angle theta with k vector then find theta and hence the components of vector A. First of all let us understand that if it is given that l, m and n are direction cosines of a vector then li plus mj plus nk is equal to cos alpha i plus cos beta j plus cos gamma k is the unit vector in the direction of that vector where alpha, beta and gamma are the angles which the vector makes with x, y and z axis. This is the key idea to solve the given question. Let us now start with the solution. Now we are given that vector A makes an angle pi upon 3 with unit vector i. Now we know vector i is a unit vector along x axis. So we can say cos alpha is equal to cos pi upon 3 is equal to half. Using key idea we get alpha is equal to pi upon 3. We are also given that vector A makes an angle pi upon 4 with unit vector j. Now we know vector j is a unit vector along y axis. So using key idea we get beta is equal to pi upon 4. Now cos beta is equal to cos pi upon 4 which is further equal to 1 upon root 2. Now if vector A makes angles alpha, beta and gamma with x, y and z axis then cos square alpha plus cos square beta plus cos square gamma is equal to 1. We know cos alpha, cos beta and cos gamma are direction cosines of vector A and sum of squares of direction cosines is equal to 1. Or we can say if lmn are direction cosines of a vector then l square plus n square plus n square is equal to 1. Now here l is equal to cos alpha, m is equal to cos beta and n is equal to cos gamma. Substituting these values of lmn in this expression we get this expression. Now we will substitute corresponding values of cos alpha and cos beta. Here we know cos alpha is equal to 1 upon 2 and cos beta is equal to 1 upon root 2. So we can write this implies square of 1 upon 2 plus square of 1 upon root 2 plus cos square gamma is equal to 1. Now this further implies 1 upon 4 plus 1 upon 2 plus cos square gamma is equal to 1. Now adding these two terms we get 3 upon 4. So we can write this expression as 3 upon 4 plus cos square gamma is equal to 1. Now subtracting 3 upon 4 from both the sides of this expression we get cos square gamma is equal to 1 minus 3 upon 4. Now this further implies cos square gamma is equal to 1 upon 4 taking square root on both the sides of this expression we get cos gamma is equal to plus minus 1 upon 2. Now we are given in the question that unit vector a makes an acute angle theta with unit vector k. So we will neglect negative value of cos gamma here and we will substitute theta for gamma and we get cos theta is equal to 1 upon 2. We are given theta is acute. So we will take cos theta is equal to 1 upon 2 and we will neglect negative value that is minus 1 upon 2. Now we know cos 60 degrees is equal to 1 upon 2. Comparing these two equations we get theta is equal to 60 degrees or we can say theta is equal to pi upon 3. Now components of vector a is equal to cos alpha i plus cos beta j plus cos theta k.  Now this further implies vector a is equal to 1 upon 2 i plus 1 upon root 2 j plus 1 upon 2 k. So we get value of theta is equal to pi upon 3 and components of vector a are 1 upon 2, 1 upon root 2 and 1 upon 2. This is our required answer. This completes the session. Hope you understood the solution. Take care and have a nice day.


Hi and welcome to the session. I am Asha and I am going to help you with the following problem which says find the value of sin 75 degree. Let us now begin with the solution and we have to find the value of sin 75 degree which can be written as sin 45 degree plus 30 degree. Now the formula of sin A plus B is equal to sin A into cos B plus cos A sin B. Therefore applying this formula on this equation this can further be written as here A is 45 degree and B is 30 degree. So it can further be written as sin 45 degree into cos 30 degree plus cos 45 degree into sin 30 degree. Now sin 45 degree is 1 upon root 2 cos 30 degree is root 3 upon 2 plus cos 45 degree is 1 upon root 2 and sin 30 degree is 1 upon 2. So this is further equal to root 3 upon 2 root 2 plus 1 upon 2 root 2 which is further equal to root 3 plus 1 upon 2 root 2. Hence the value of sin 75 degree is equal to root 3 plus 1 upon 2 root 2. So this completes the session. Hope you enjoyed it. Take care and have a good day.