I like the chairs. Dr. Hamry does things right. Okay, folks. Hey Skip. Good morning everybody. Thank you so much for for joining us today. It's a real privilege to welcome Ray Odierno. I've had the pleasure of knowing General Odierno for a dozen years or so and obviously he's a professional friend but he's also a very important personal friend and I know the commitment and the sacrifice that he's brought to his service on behalf of this country and it's extraordinary. We're very lucky as Americans to have someone of his stature and leadership is carrying his command who is willing to lead at a time like this. We were just talking very briefly. This is a tough time. Anytime that the department has to go through the wrenching sorts of choices that are required when budgets start to contract this calls forth the really the the greatest demand of leadership because it requires that the chief be an advocate for today and advocate for tomorrow. He has to integrate the capacities of an army that we cannot yet see but it will unavoidably be shaped by his stewardship decisions today. He also has to ensure that we're able to fight every day the fight we're in. This is a challenge and I do have a feel for how taxing it is and I would like to say how I congratulate him for having pulled through this in very very admirable way. I think the army comes out of this very difficult this very difficult budget environment strong and and I think that's important for everyone. I know that General Odierno has just been to Asia and I hope that you might say just a word about your visit to Asia even though it is a maritime theater all of the militaries in Asia that dominate the the geopolitical landscape their armies you know and so it's a very important to have a strong army presence for America in Asia and I think Ray will probably talk a little bit about that. So I just want to say words of welcome to all of you and special thanks to General Odierno for his service to the country his family's service to this country and let me turn it over to you Maran to get it started for real thank you thank you all. Let me start with a couple admin notes first welcome everybody thanks for coming if you could do us a favor and turn off your cell phones if you've got ringers on also when we get to questions you should have had note cards on your seats if you could write your questions on those cards and then we have folks who'll run around and pick them up when we get to audience Q&A they'll be brought up to our questioners in the front and well because we have a lot of ground to cover and not a lot of time so to try to be most efficient we'll do it that way if you need additional cards just put your hand up and someone should bring one your way. Let me also say thank you to the sponsors of the ground forces dialogue Dupont and Raytheon very appreciative of their support and being able to make this happen for us so. Sir welcome it's great to have you here I want to pick up on on the Dr. Henry mentioned that you just got back from the Pacific I was thinking about your career is essentially a microcosm of the evolution in the focus of the Army you just started out here in the Continental United States and largely and then in Europe and in the 90s did Balkans tour and obviously spent much of the past last last decade in Iraq and then your most recent assignments have been ones where you've had to take a global approach as the assistant to the chairman as the as the commander of joint forces command and now certainly as the chief staff of the Army spending more time focused on the Pacific of late and wondered about the messages that you were taking when you went out to the region what you heard in the conversations that you had there and how if at all those conversations have affected your thinking about the Army's role well first off it was a very substantive trip I just had spent a couple days two and a half days or so in China then on to Japan then Korea obviously Japan and Korea being very important partners and allies of ours and China you know really an interesting conversation they came to see me back in November interested in increasing the dialogue between our armies that they see it as a real important initiative falling through by the discussion of our two presidents trying to change the relationship with China in the United States or try to further develop the relationship between China and the United States and the one thing as I went over there the discussions we had were more about you know we have a lot more in common than we do we tend to focus on our differences but we actually have a lot in common one is obviously the security and stability of the Pacific region because of the economic impacts it has on both of our countries and that we have to play a role in developing a stronger relationship that brings stability and ensures stability and economic growth for all it is clear to me that they they went out of their way to ensure that they want to move forward with an army to army dialogue and so we had the initial discussions over about two days I had the opportunity to meet with the very senior leadership of the Chinese People's Liberation Army and and I will tell you that they are focused on establishing this dialogue and I think that's a positive step forward and so we outlined some initial guidelines secretary defense will travel there in a few weeks and a month or so and I I hope that we'll be able to solidify that as when he gets over there and then we'll move on from there I think that's important this is by far the biggest step that we've taken in many many years and trying to open up this relationship between our armies and I think as I then traveled back to Japan and then Korea you realize the important role the army plays in the Pacific Japan as they kind of look at what's the future of their national defense force what they wanted to do what they wanted to do in order to ensure they protect their needs the role that the armies plays in helping them to develop as they move forward in the future and we had some very good discussions there then moving on to Korea where we continue to have an incredibly strong relationship which is growing closer and closer together incredibly strong as that relationship begins to morph and change the Koreans taking on more responsibility but still the key part of a strong multi-lateral relationship that we have with Korea and Japan the the other piece I would say is we are now watching the expansion of what the army is doing not only in Korea and Japan but in other places over the last month we did a joint airborne exercise into Thailand we are developing relations with the Philippines we are having some initial forays into Vietnam we are increasing our engagement with Indonesia and I will tell you the establishment of the U.S. Army Pacific commanders of four stars helped in developing those relationships and I think it's key to the future of us and what the combatant what Admiral Ackler is trying to do in the Pacific command which is again prevent conflict build relationships create an atmosphere where we continue to bring stability which drives economic development so in my mind the army is fully engaged we are increasing our engagements and it's an important part of the engagement we've got to show a balance engagement across all of our services in order to build the right relationships I think we're in the right going in the right direction uh well so back here we're now in the initial stages of what promises to be along but hopefully not as long as last year debate over the budget a couple big issues for the army it seems like we'll take center stage in that debate the first one being the active duty and strength in particular and I wanted to ask you about that and then and then subsequently about the the relationship between the active and reserve and guard but with respect to the end strength was hoping you could specifically address some of the risks associated with a force of 450,000 versus 420,000 and also some of the implications of how quickly you draw down the force what the ramp looks like doing it quickly enough to get savings necessary savings but not so quickly that it's usually disruptive yeah so let me I want to talk about this in in a bit broader terms so last year when I we put out the budget the 14 budget I testified that in order for the army to meet the defense strategic guidance we needed an strength of 490,000 in the active 350 in the national guard and 202 to 205 in the US Army Reserve and that would enable us to execute the defense strategic guidance at moderate risk my position has not changed on that that's that's what it would take with sequestration it drives us from a budget perspective to a end strength of 420 in the active 315 in the guard 185 in the US Army Reserve and I'm very clear that says we will not be able to execute the defense strategic guidance at those levels and in fact I would argue that we would be able we would be challenged to conduct a prolonged joint multi-phased campaign of any long duration with that size force so what I've established is a floor and I believe the floor for us to execute the current defense strategic guidance is 450,000 excuse me 335,000 in the guard and 195,000 in the reserve and that enables us to execute defense strategic guidance but my mind at high risk why is it high risk it has to do with depth in order to do a major contingency and some other contingency the depth becomes in question at that size so it makes the risk a little bit higher and if we have some unforeseen circumstances and some of the assumptions we've made turn out not to be right that makes that high risk at 420 in my mind it's it's not executable so for me that's the underpinnings of of what I believe the issues are with with the current strategy so we believe that for it I'll testify when I start testifying over the next few weeks you'll hear me say those exact same words that 450 I believe 450,335,195 is the floor but sequestration drives us below that four so that means we won't be able to execute the guidance we'll have to write new guidance we'll have to define what we can and can't do at those low levels let me ask a little bit about some of the initiatives that you've been trying to put in place as chief first about regionally aligned forces because I think a wide array of perspectives on what that is I wanted to hear your take on first why the idea why why was it important to you to do this and then what do you think it means and why is it useful going forward so my last before I became the chief my last six seven eight years of experience was in the joint world and my understanding as I as I went through the joint world and and executed several different jobs it was clear to me the most important thing we do is providing joint capabilities to combatant commanders that allows them to accomplish their mission their mission really is to prevent conflict and shape their their areas of operation in order for us to maintain stability and security around the world and I thought it was important after coming out of two wars that consume the army in Iraq and Afghanistan that we understand that we we do play a role in all of the combatant commands and and so the concept of regional armed forces are forces that are are dedicated to specific regions that bring what I believe to be the unique capabilities of the army whether it be heavy light and medium combat capability whether it be combat sport combat server sport capability whether with which is engineering intelligence logistics ballistic missile defense and other capabilities that we have that are available for the combatant commanders to shape their areas so what we wanted to do is we're going to align our forces to the combat commanders based on their requirements to help them to shape and set the theaters that they're responsible for and so we've been doing this now in earnest for about a year and a half and there's a couple examples I would throw out there so we've we've had about we've aligned a brigade and some combat support combat support service support structure to Africa they've conducted almost 90 missions within Africa over the last year some of it being security operations deploying forces to secure our embassy in South Sudan during difficult times we're building partner capacity in many different areas training foreign armies we are in my mind the other thing we're doing is we're helping to build a multinational a joint interagency intergovernmental multinational solution to Africa and I think we play a huge role we we have we've now aligned a brigade to the national excuse me nato response force which enables us over the long term to maintain interoperability with our nato partners as we look to do as nato containers look to do things outside of the european continent and it's important that we maintain those relationships and and synergies that we've built for example as we demonstrated in afghanistan over the last several years and and we are we have forces that are being used in central command area with aligned forces that are conducting some capability in jordan as we as we look to provide support to the refugees that are in jordan out of syria so we're showing that this concept will work and it's important that we have an army that's still willing to do our basic mission which is to win and be a closer if we have a major operation but also contributes on a day-to-day basis in establishing regional stability and security and so for me it's a very important concept and it's one that I believe is taking hold and as now I go around it is clear now after about an 18 month that this this is starting to take hold with all the combatant commanders and I think it'll continue to expand and grow we'll adjust it as we go on we'll learn more as we do this as so we're providing the right capabilities that helps us sustain security around the world um let me ask a quick question about uh the the risk associated with your end strength levels one of the strategies for mitigating that risk that's been put forward both in the defense regime guidance and most recently in the qtr uh was reversibility or regeneration um wondered if you could talk about what in your mind that entails um how complicated it is and and and what it means so as you take end strength out of the army and it gets smaller and smaller and small you reduce the ability to be reversible and because the problem is is you got to invest every piece of your force structure and meeting current requirements and meeting potential contingency requirements so you can't you don't have any extra structure that would allow you to build a cadre of capability that might be able to fulfill for reversibility so the problem we have is when we built additional capabilities in the 2000 it took us 32 months to build one brigade the world today does not allow you 32 months if we got into a large contingency it's my assessment that we'd have to go to a national mobilization and I'm not talking about mobilizing the guard I'm already assuming that the garden reserves are mobilized I'm talking about a national mobilization are we willing to do a national mobilization I don't know we haven't done one since world war two and so as you reduce the amount of end strength and capability you have to look at new ways of solving these problems reversibility becomes very difficult because with the limited dollars that you have you have to invest in readiness you have to invest in current capabilities and in order to invest in others would have to take away even more from the capabilities you be able to provide on a day-to-day basis and that's the conundrum that we have on the readiness front obviously that's been an area that you've talked a lot about being heavily hit by the impacts of sequestration and a real challenge to keep readiness across across the board is certainly I seem well below what you'd prefer how do you envision at least for the next few years as resources remain fairly tight what's the what's the responsibility of home station unit commanders to train in that kind of fiscal environment what should they be doing what what have you asked them to do what can they do with less resources so there's two things and and there's a couple things that we've made fundamental decisions about one is when you ask what keeps you up at night it is the fact that we might be asked to deploy to an unknown contingency and our forces aren't ready they'll go but they won't be at the level of readiness that we would that we have come to expect so it's important that we we figure this out so initially what we're going to do is we have to go to a tiered readiness model that that causes us to ensure that we have some level of readiness across some capability and with the bipartisan budget agreement for 14 that's going to allow us to increase the amount of readiness that we have in 14 but it'll then start to go down again in 15 and 60 so how we point on solving this is the center piece of our readiness is our combat training centers our national training center our joint readiness training center and our joint multinational center in europe and we're going to utilize these to the absolute utmost to their potential which allows us to put brigades and combat support combat service support structure through there that develops a readiness that allows them to be capable of potentially meeting future contingencies the problem we're going to have is as we invest in that it's going to reduce the amount of money that's available at home station so what we're asking each one of our commanders to do is is use virtual constructive and live and a mixture of those capabilities that we've developed over the years to get as much readiness as possible so when they go into the training center they'll come out of the higher readiness level so we're focused on that and and based on the budget numbers that we get will determine how much of the readiness we're able to develop until we get our end strength and readiness back in balance which will take four to five years for us to do that over time and and you asked a question that i didn't answer you mentioned a question earlier some people say why don't you take end strength out faster well the problem i have is as i sit here today i've got 75 000 soldiers deployed worldwide i've got another 80 150 different countries so i've got to manage this in such a way where i still meet my my current commitments as we went through and executed sequestration cuts in 13 my commitments went up they didn't go down and so i've got to manage that in such a way where i can meet those commitments and reduce the army in a way that allows us to continue to meet those commitments and reduce it in the right way where we also take care of our soldiers and families who have sacrificed so much over the last 10 years and so i've got to balance all of that as we go forward the secretary and i have to balance all of that last couple questions and then i'll open it up to the audience but a question about the first about special operations forces and and both with respect to as the army as the general purpose force comes down in size and soft grows what are the implications of that for uh the quality going and how do you continue to support that and then a similar question related to the enabler component of the support that the general purpose forces provide operationally yeah so uh our growth in the operational side of special operations force has been completed we have finished that growth adding to special forces adding to the ranger but regiment so we have finished that growth the next step is the enabler piece of growing some capability in special operations forces but they will still have to rely on the enablers that come out of the regular army so as you reduce the size of regular army of course we use the regular army to feed our special operations force operators you know there's there about 70 percent of us of the SOCOM is made out of army special the operational side is made out of army special operations individuals and so as we decrease the size of the army what that means is the the pool gets smaller we think we'll be able to manage it but it's going to be difficult and we're going to have to watch that very carefully and we work very closely with us army special operations commands to ensure that we can continue to support that uh so far we've been able to do it but we'll see uh and and we'll have to take a look at over time can they sustain the current operational structure over time and that'll be something we continue to monitor um and then lastly with respect to the army as part of the joint force um the army future war gaming um places a really heavy emphasis on strategic speed and the ability to to be more expeditionary uh to borrow a term from your brothers in the Marine Corps and um and and yet um there's always a question about both about the interdependence component of of expeditionary war fighting right are you going to have the assets that you need to get to places and then um are you going to have the logistics uh support and other kinds of capabilities that you need to provide to them to let them execute their portions of the joint mission so how do you see that evolving yeah over the next 10 to 20 years so first off one thing we don't talk a lot about in the army is the support we provide to other services and the and the capabilities we have to provide to the joint force as a whole 40 percent uh of all support that is provided to the joint forces provided by the army uh and that gets back into what I talked earlier logistics engineering intelligence uh many other factors so that that stays we have to continue to have that support that we are directed to do that and we are we will continue to do that no matter what we do as we look to the future what we're going to do is you have to evolve the army you know I would love to be revolutionary but it's it's very difficult to be revolutionary because you have to meet current commitments and it takes a while to evolve and so what we are doing now is today what we're doing is we're looking very carefully at how we can be more responsive by tailoring and scaling our capabilities to move quickly uh and and we are working that in every support of every combatant commander but as we look to the future we're going to announce here in a month or so we're going to go over the next seven or eight years do this thing called maneuvers 2025 in maneuvers 2025 we're going to take be looking at we're investing in science and technology our s and t investment in this budget you'll see compared to everything else remains significantly high and so we're going to focus on science and technology development and concepts that will allow us to evolve the army to be more expeditionary and responsive over time in addition to this we are going to do a complete review of our of our uh pre-positioned fleet strategy around the world that also allows us to fall in on capability that allows us to get there quicker so it's going to be a combination of all these things and I see us over the next six or seven or eight years that will allow us to evolve and use technologies for example you know what what effect would 3d printing have on logistics what impact does robotics what impact does man unmanned teaming have on maneuver in the future uh what what impact does vertical lift vertical rotary lift would have so and then there's other things I'm not even thinking about yet so there are things like that that we have to start to look at and incorporate develop concepts that allow us to to change as we continue to assess what are the capabilities you want our land forces to have and one of the things that we we are really think is important is developing what we call a global strategic land power network that would be a multinational network that would be established around the world that enables us to respond and so that would be the over that would be the overarching concept that we are trying to fulfill as we move forward so these are the things that we are taking a look at as the security and environment evolves around us okay but I I don't want to take the whole time here so I apologize I I over indulge myself let me turn now to the audience again if people have questions I think they've been picking up some but if you have more then they can continue to come around come break them you want to turn on the microphone sir reference joint interoperability roles and missions the air force and navy have air sea battle the army and marine corps have the strategic land power initiative this is the perception despite multi-service involvement in both initiatives to these programs reflect the services positioning themselves for survival and budget share in the coming lean years or do they offer opportunities for increased interservice cooperation well I think budget shares have been determined so I this is not an attempt to look at budget shares this is an attempt to as we move forward so for example let me take this I just mentioned the strategic lamp house could be overpinned by what I just defined as this strategic land power global network which is a multinational joint capability for example the chief staff the air force and I we are we are now working through what does close air support look like in the future what kind of close air support do we need in order to support land power in the future and how do we go about doing that and so it's it is these are all joint concepts air sea battle is a concept that gains access what happens when you gain access you got to probably put in some kind of ground forces potentially could be one solution so these are all joint interoperable concepts that I believe have to be further developed and we have to do that over time we are doing a spending a lot of time on forced entry capability and what you know we believe in the future we probably will might have to do forced entry that is a joint forced entry is not a ground exercise that is a joint exercise that would require support from air naval sea cyber etc in order for us to do forced entry operations anywhere in the world and so these are clearly joint concepts this is not about positioning ourselves for budget this is about trying to develop concepts of how we want to how we believe strategic land power land power will be used in the future we have to start looking at that I I tell everyone when I became the chief one of the things I realized is we were so focused on Iraq and Afghanistan we were not focused on the future it's absolutely essential that we focus ourselves in the in the joint world on how we want to operate in the future and that's where we're headed with all of this in light of your the in light of events surrounding Ukraine and given your comments reference China do you see America and China conducting more joint exercises in the future in lieu of a solid US Russian military relationship and how do you see this playing out well I think it's dangerous to say we're going to pick sides and say okay now we're going to do more exercise with China and we're going to ignore Russia my 38 years of experience tells me we want to keep all doors open and we want to try to continue to develop relationships across the board we are clearly increasing we were trying to increase exercises with China we did what we're starting at a low level the first one we did is we did a joint we just finished a joint humanitarian assistance exercise with their army in Hawaii we're probably gonna do one or a typical one in China here coming up so that's good I think we still want to continue to try to develop relationships with with Russia as we move forward we might have to wait a little bit because of what's going on in the Ukraine but I think you know hopefully as that gets resolved we'll be able to rebuild our relationship it's important that we we continue to do this and and and so in my mind every time we can get to know each other we can pick up a phone talk talk to our counterparts to talk about these very difficult issues that we all face the better off we all are and you do that by familiarity build it by building trust so hopefully in the future we'll be able to continue a relationship with Russia even though right now we are not and we'll see what happens a similar question reference the Middle East could you discuss the army's role in shaping our strategic partnerships in the Gulf in the Middle East so again we have you know we have relationships across the board in in ballistic missile defense and building special operations capability and building ground capability uh you know we continue to help the Iraqis we're helping the Afghanis Afghanis we're providing ballistic missile defense to a variety of our partners we are we are doing special operations join exercises so all of these are key as we develop our strategy and you know I would call it the post-Afghan strategy in the Middle East and I think ground interoperability multilateral exercises building partner capacity is all going to be important as we look forward to the clear uncertainty that we see across the Middle East and so our ability to develop relationships and have mill to mill army relationships going to be key to the future as we walk through these very difficult uncertain times that we're seeing play out in the Middle East can I add a quick follow on onto that I'm wondering about the role of foreign military sales going forward both as it as it one of the tools available to help build that interoperability but also as something that helps ideally you address some of your internal budget problems and and whether or not you think there's a need for a greater emphasis on trying to to increase fms or to to better facilitate fms or how important is that but well first I think it's important for us to have us systems being used by our partners and allies because it helps us to further build deep in our relationships the other point you're making is a good one and I didn't talk about it earlier but as we reduce budget one of the things I worry about is both the organic and commercial industrial base I worry that we'll squeeze that to such level and that gets back to reversibility as well I worry about our reversibility and our ability to build systems if we have to because of the erosion of our both commercial and organic industrial base and so through foreign military sales it not only helps us to build relationships with our partners it helps us to sustain maybe a bit higher level of our industrial base which is key in my mind to our future do you think the reduction of foot soldiers and budget restraints will affect the size or role of the usfk in korea I think the the role of we clearly have a strong agreement both under the UN and under our bilateral agreements with the with South Korea to provide support and I think we will continue to provide support to them along the lines of the agreements that we have set in place and you know we're talking about operational transfer that that will affect it at some time when that occurs I think that but until that time we'll continue to provide the support that we believe is necessary in order to sustain stability on the Korean Peninsula for me it's about stability on the Korean Peninsula and the concerns we have now is miscalculation we don't want miscalculation and so it's important for us to provide the support necessary so we don't have miscalculation which could lead to unwanted provocations on on on the peninsula so obviously we're committed to South Korea we continue to be committed to South Korea how we do it might be different you know we just rotated forces from the United States over to Korea we just rotated up a tie-in and an aviation unit to Korea so we might go to rotational presence in Korea but in my mind that actually increases readiness and capability on the peninsula and so you might see how we do it we might execute it differently but it won't change the nature of the relationship at the 420,000 level will the army still be able to conduct contingency operations on two continents and how will reduction to that level impact modernization and procurement so the secretary of the army and I have made a very conscious decision the reason we're going to 420 is so we maintain the balance between readiness and modernization the problem we have is going to take us five or six years to gain that balance so we can invest in modernization to the level we think is appropriate readiness so we can keep a sustained readiness across the force for extended periods of time and and continue to modernize so that's key now I've already said that we can't meet this defense strategic guides of 420 which means we can't do operations major operations on multiple continents and on training war fighting and stability operations require different skill sets how do you strike a balance between those missions in a shrinking budget environment so the first thing I would say is as I look to the future I think the environment that we're going to have to operate in is one that is very complex and so the complexity of the environment is going to be one that has potentially conventional capability conventional threats irregular threats threats of insurgencies criminal threats it's not going to be a single threat and so we're going to have to be trained to operate in this very complex environment and the scenarios that we are developing in our training centers are centered around these very complex scenarios and so we will train our units to deal with this complex scenario which includes a bit of stability inside of that scenario because the one lesson we've learned and will project into the future is that we call you know in the army's phase one two three four five operations they happen simultaneously they don't happen sequentially and so we can be doing we could be fighting insurgency in one place doing stability operations doing high-end more high-end operations all within a hundred kilometers of one area and so we have to be prepared to do all of those at once and that's why for me I focused a lot on our how we're developing our leaders of the future because our future leaders could have to develop have to operate in this very complex environment and for me that's critical and so for me we got to develop them to have the ability to adapt to have the ability to be flexible and have the ability to operate in this very complex environment so I wanted to I want to train to the highest level the most difficult and then we can if we have to do pure stability operations you'll be able to do that with adaptable leadership in the end a question on the army in the national guard yeah can you discuss the relationship between the army and the national guard will there potentially be a more streamlined command structure in the future so there's a couple of things that's a really good question so as we get smaller the total army we've proven over the last 10 or 12 years the importance of the total army we could not have executed what we've done over the last 10 or 12 years without using the whole army us army reserves active in the national guard we have proven that that we have to have that as we get smaller it becomes even more important because as the active component gets smaller it's going to require us to rely even more on the guard and reserve and so what we have to be able to do is we have to set up a command structure that allows us to be much more integrated during during peacetime so us army forces command which commands all of the guard reserve and active units in the united states is publishing guidance that allows us to become more integrated from a command and control spectrum all multi-compo and will allow us to do joint you know combine joint training with each other on a regular basis i think you'll start to see organizations that are multi-compo in nature you're going to see command and control structures that control both all components at once and that's so we we are already prepared and we continue to build on the strength relationships that we've built over the last 10 and 12 years in in operational missions and i think that's key as we move forward NATO and other western allies are having very similar budget problems forcing them to make significant cuts to their forces how are we working with our allies to mitigate their cuts and sustain a NATO strategic capability so there's two things is a couple things that we've done is i think with the nato land component command that's been established it's in ismir turkey we are using that as as the centerpiece to conduct multinational exercises that will continue to allow us at the higher level to be able to coordinate operations a graph of our home fells we have really turned that into a multinational training center where we are going to have foreign countries contributing uh ocs content could contributing people who will help us to develop that and we will do many multinational exercises there that allow us to sustain interoperability for the first time we also have a brigade as part of the nato response force which will also allow us to continue to build interoperability as we move forward as i've met with my counterparts uh around nato they realize they are getting smaller and what they want to do is see how they fit in under a u.s umbrella they expect us to lead but they expect to contribute and so what we have to do then is build an understanding of each other's capabilities and how we can properly integrate and maximize and optimize the capabilities that each country brings so what we will do is uh we will do that through these exercises is through this joint multinational training uh capability that we're building and will continue to execute in europe in my mind that's really important and and we not only have to do it in europe we want to do it also in the pacific uh as we do the same thing where we understand and optimize capabilities so as we conduct operations we know where people strengths are but frankly they do look for us leadership in both of these areas as we as we prosecute this in the future with the end of the ground combat vehicle program how are you ensuring the heavy brigades have the combat vehicles they need in the future and how do you keep those acquisition programs on track so we continue to uh we continue to invest in the upgrade and modernization of the m1a1 tank we are we are going to continue to we will now have to invest in upgrading the bradley uh but the bottom line is in the future we have to have a new infantry fighting vehicle we'll be able to make improvements to the bradley but in the end we're going to have to have an entry infantry fighting vehicle and so as we get rebalanced in four to five years we will have to then start to build a new infantry fighting vehicle because it's going to be key to us in the future and one the problem we've had over the last several years across light heavy and medium units is you know there's the importance of lethality mobility and survivability and we've moved towards survivability and lost mobility we've got to get that back in balance we've we've got to get the lethality mobility survivability back in balance and that's what we have to focus on and what we need to see is some technology development that allows us to get that back in balance that enables us to do that and that's that's that's where we have to move towards in the future especially with our heavy units can i ask you another follow on to that i apologize we are in the process of wrapping up a look we've been doing on the soldier and squad as a system and um to some degree there's that same challenge um at the individual soldier level and and for squads not with respective vehicles right that and uh this as as every i think study of the acquisition system and anything involving acquisition finds that there are issues with how requirements are written and then the whole process all throughout but you've put a huge emphasis on the soldier and squad um what do you see when you think out to the soldier and squad of 20 years from now what kinds of capabilities do you think that soldiers soldier and squad need um and what's the path toward that in your mind yeah so what we want so we want them to be able a squad platoon to be able to engage at longer at at at longer range range so so what we're trying to do is develop lighter and more capability that can be carried by the squad platoon that enables them to engage over longer ranges and i think we're headed in that direction you know through the rapid equipping initiative we've actually made some great progress on our soldier programs i think we're going to continue to do that the thing about it we have to be a bit more disciplined so what you know what we found we have lightened the load on our soldiers but then they start carrying more you know so so we've got lightweight load that's why this is a squad issue because the the individual soldier load is getting lighter but we keep requiring the squad is carrying more and so we have to get that balanced correctly the the other thing that i'm challenging that that over this is a longer term issue is is the nine man squad right does technology allow us to move away from it now the iftremend will tell me i've just sinned by saying that but but the issue is that's what would lighten our our vehicles as well which driving the weight of our vehicles has carried nine man squad and our our young men and women are getting bigger in a good way they're stronger they're faster they're but but they're getting bigger so what that does in order to fit nine men in a vehicle it significantly increases the weight so we have to look at concept what are the concepts that technology might drive us then to and this is where man done man teaming robotics and some other things might play into this that would then lighten us and enable us to be more efficient and maybe also enable us to range further as well and so those are the kind of things we're taking a look at what do you think the role between the united states marine core and the army will be in the in future conflicts well i don't think it'll change i mean i think so the marine core provides a level of crisis response with their with their amphibious capability i think the army provides a level of crisis response with their airborne capability and light infantry capability to get in quickly we have the opportunity to reinforce with medium and heavy so i think you know there is our mission sets are very complimentary to each other and and i think that's going to continue and it what it does it provides our land power capability broad capabilities that allow us to respond to a variety of different potential contingencies if you have to do something in the middle of africa it takes one capability if you have to do something off the coast of you know wherever it takes another capability and so you know it's important that we sustain those different kind of capabilities but also enable us to work together in very large key operations of the future so i i see that continuing to be very important as we go forward considering the evolution of the close air support relationship with the air force is there a need for greater organic air support within the army well i think the importance of our attack helicopters continues to grow and i think in order to provide a mixture of close air capability both organically and with the air force is important and that's why i think as we look to the future we got to figure out where that relationship is and how do we develop that relationship of close air support we certainly will continue to need close air support from the air force and the navy and the marine corps with specifically the air force and and that's that's important to us and so we got to develop what that looks like what we what will be most effective for us as we look at where we might have to conduct operations in the future and how does that combine with the capability that we will keep organically in the army through our attack helicopter fleet how does the army the us military integrate soft power concepts to increase multilateral relationships that further advance endeavors for regional stability worldwide so there's a there's a number of things i mentioned some of them already i mean i think one of the best things we do is develop multinational relationships to deal with humanitarian assistance disaster relief we just proved that in the philippines marines and soldiers were on the ground in the philippines providing support to them we've we've proven it over time in many different areas whether it be in japan a few years ago i think this is a great way to reach out and build relationships and trust between not only militaries but governments as we're capable of providing this support so i think that's one area where it's very important i think it's also important as we develop potential support and peacekeeping operations and as many nations contribute to peacekeeping operations around the world i think those relationships that can be built there that are important for me it's always about building trust it's about building trust between nations and armies and if it if in some way and in many cases the best way to build that trust is through soft power it's through humanitarian assistance disaster relief it's through helping with peacekeeping operations it's helping with other capabilities such as medical support and other things that we're able to provide that we have the capability to provide and i think that's important in building this trust that then allows us to expand when we when we have to expand our relationship uh based on stability and security issues so for me it's it's fundamental to what we do with significant urbanization trends what does the army contribute to joint urban warfare and what new capabilities does the army need well so i have my strategic studies group which i established is actually looking specifically at this problem mega cities uh in fact i was over there yesterday and we are trying to look at what what are the dynamics of a mega city in the future you know all the all the predictions are that the large majority of the population are going to move into cities and what does that mean it's a very complex difficult problem so what does it mean for uh tactical concepts what kind of capabilities do we need what is you know whether whether it's what kind of information technology we need what kind of mobility do we need what kind of lethality do we need what kind of air do we need what are the concepts that we have to develop and how do we deal with this very difficult problem of mega cities and so we're looking at this and for me this is a 10 to 20 year problem that we have to look at very carefully and now start trying to think about how we're going to solve that problem let me inject one quick question here because i want to make sure we get to it i wanted to ask you about where we stand on the implementation of the women in service review and and also related to that as we uh have a expand the role of women in the army how do we ensure that we can have that have them be safe in the sexual assault problem so there's there's two things is is tradoc has been involved with as well as outs we have enlisted outside organizations to be transparent uh we have army research institute that's helping us do this we have many other institutions and the first thing we're doing is solidifying common standards uh and and and it has nothing to do with gender it has to do with what are the standards that are necessary uh to make sure that you can operate in and the main areas we're talking about is uh cannon artillery uh armor infantry uh and and we're looking at what are those common standards we are we have we've been working this very hard over the last year we are actually doing uh some more fundamental tests out for bending this week we're also we're also doing an integration study on how to best integrate initially women as we integrate them into armor artillery infantry and what's the best way to do that to set them up for success when we do this and it has to do with developing mentorship leadership and how we're going to go about doing that and we're in the middle of that study now and as we put those together we'll then make decisions on on on how we will go about implementing this I think everybody knows is that uh uh I we I will the chief staff the army has to report back to the secretary defense probably sometime at the end of 15 on our implementation strategy and so this is helping us to develop what that strategy will be we have had many groups look at this uh everybody has acknowledged the work we're doing and and see it really as very extensive in what we're trying to do so I think we're on the right track and I would just make a further comment about this you know I just as we look at our society and as we look at those who are eligible and meet the requirements to serve it's important for us that we're going to have to touch every part of society in order to meet the needs of our military in the future if you look at the demographics and you look at the the rates of whether they're qualified physically mentally and with with the lack of of a criminal background it's going to take all of society to help us to fill our ranks and so it's it's incumbent on us to make sure that we are able to reach in and take the best talent within our country and put it inside of our military that's the fundamental underpinning of an all volunteer force and so that's why this is really important as we go forward with the couple of minutes that we have left what is the top number one issue on your mind currently I think I've I've I've lots of issues on my mind but I think from a title 10 perspective the the issue is this this importance of of getting the army balanced with the right with the budget reductions in the fiscal environment we're in how quickly can we you know how can we get the army balanced of readiness modernization and strength and that we balance it between compos we balance it between capabilities that we need in the army and what's needed for the to support the joint commanders and we get that right and we get that on the right track this is good this this path is not a straight line path this is one that is a little bit curvy and what I have to be able to do is make sure that I provide the appropriate decision space for the next chief of staff the army and the next chief of staff the army because this is going to go on and we got to make sure we have programs in place that allow some flexibility so as we can adjust to the environment that we find ourselves in in terms of my joint chief's hat it's about ensuring that we have and continue to build this this what I call global and power network in the future to ensure that we're able to contribute to sustain security and stability in the most important regions around the world those are the two things for me it's always about how do we optimize and make our our army the most optimized and effective and efficient to support our ability to maintain our national security objectives that's always foremost in my mind as we look ahead and last question sir what area of the world would you say would be the most dangerous to deploy to in a future contingency if we have to deploy in a contingency they're all dangerous I've learned that over my time there's nothing that's not dangerous when you have to deploy all I would say to that question is whatever you know so a war on the Korean Peninsula would be incredibly difficult you have places that have been preparing and developing capabilities it would be a very complex environment as I described it with all the things I described that would be in North Korea and South Korea if we had a fight on the Korean Peninsula that'd be incredibly dangerous if we had to do that but frankly you know any operation we might have to do whether it be in the Middle East whether it be in the Pacific whether it be in the in the caucuses it's not easy anywhere you go it's very very difficult war and combat is a very difficult business and so it's incumbent on us to be ready and prepared no matter where that might be because if we're not ready and prepared it always ends up it's it falls on the shoulders of our soldiers sailors airmen marines and we got to make sure that we have them prepared to meet these contingencies because if not it'll be cost in lives and casualties and we want to make sure that we prevent that as much as we possibly can sir thank you so much for coming really appreciate let me just say a quick thanks to the CSIS team and to your team for putting all this together great job and we appreciate everybody's help with that thank you all for coming and it's been wonderful having you here thanks thank you very much


Hey everybody, welcome back to the channel today just a little brief video covering a little bit of news out of the Ubuntu world So in April, we'll see you the next release of Ubuntu and it will be 2104 for those of you who don't know what the naming mechanism is for Version or versioning mechanism is for Ubuntu so it's the year and then the month that we get updates in April and October and obviously April was the next one so For the vast majority of Ubuntu releases we always expect at least obviously since Ubuntu has switched back to using GNOME as their main desktop environment We've seen Ubuntu use the most recent major release of GNOME in their Releases, you know, whether that's 3.38 it's or you know, or whatever this next time Because of some changes that GNOME has just recently decided that they were going to make It's been announced that Ubuntu will not be using the most recent version of GNOME, which would be GNOME 40 They'll actually be sticking with 3.38 I believe is the the version of GNOME that they'll be sticking to and their Reasoning behind this if we look if we look at the article on OMG Ubuntu Their reasoning behind this is the redesign of the GNOME shell 40 and its potential to impact on GNOME extensions which Ubuntu uses a whole bunch of and the new Yaru GTK theme Is it is the other reason that they're saying why they're not going to Ubuntu or GNOME 40? So my agreement is this it's a good thing So when I made my video of looking forward to Ubuntu 21.04 I said that At that point we pretty was pretty sure that they were going to use GNOME 40 I said it was going to be very interesting to see how they were going to implement these changes If you look at this little graphic here, they have on Ubuntu or on OMG Ubuntu This shows you the changes that they're going to make the doc is moving to the bottom the way that the multitasking thing is in workspace switcher is going to be is Completely different than it is right now It's a very big UI shift From what it was before and like I said in that video It was going to be interesting to see how that Ubuntu was going to implement this because that their UI has always been a little bit different than you know stock GNOME's The panel has always been you know vertical on the left hand side To kind of mimic what it has always looked like since they use Unity So it's not surprising to me at all that they've decided not to go through and implement GNOME 40 because it completely changes the way GNOME looks and they have to decide whether or not they want to Implement this new look or try to make it so that it stays the traditional Ubuntu way So and I also think it because this change came so late in the development cycle for Ubuntu I think that it's a very good idea for them just to hold off and wait and decide which way they want to go Personally, I would love to see them implement the new GNOME You know look because I think it looks really good whether or not they will I don't know I Leaning towards them probably staying with their traditional, you know panel along the side thing But it wouldn't surprise me to see them implement some of it and then Not implement other things so they'll probably leave the panel on the side, but maybe they implement the workspace switcher thing It'll be interesting. See I I do think it's going to make give the or it's gonna cause the Ubuntu developers a lot More work because of this change Whereas before the GNOME UI and the Ubuntu UI were fairly similar all they had to do is change the dash to dock thing and make it You know so it was always visible This seems like it's a much bigger change between stock GNOME and what Ubuntu is likely to do so the other thing we won't see in Ubuntu 21.04 is GTK 4 This is I mean anybody who thought that they were actually going to see GTK 4 in the next Ubuntu release It's kind of naive because it's literally was just released in like early January. Maybe December It was just released No theme supported yet. Hardly any. I think Yaru just got support for GTK 4 like two days ago And it's gonna be very flaky for quite a while There's gonna be a whole bunch of apps that aren't gonna support it for a long long time It took years for GTK 3 to be adopted I Wouldn't be surprised if we don't see a good support for GTK 4 and Ubuntu until after the LTS And we might see initial stuff for it in October, but I doubt it It's good. I would really I would suspect that we're more likely to see full-fledged GTK 4 support in Ubuntu more likely in 22.10 Then we would in 21.10 That's just a feeling so That those are the two big things that they were announcing another thing that I Just kind of want to touch on Is this here Ubuntu 21.04 will ship with Wayland by default now if you don't know Wayland is Wayland is a Alternative to x.org which is a which is the display server that Linux has used for the last 20 plus years Waylands is more modern. It's It's more efficient. It's a Been worked on for about 10 years It's it's been around. I mean we've been have the prom. We've had the promise of Wayland for a long time And really what's been holding a lot of things back is the Nvidia support for Wayland and apparently Nvidia is much more interested in Wayland now to the point and Ubuntu feels more confident that Wayland is going to be Actually something that everybody can use so it's being shipped By default in 21.04 and this is huge news because Ubuntu is the biggest distro out there And now they're not the first to ship Wayland by default Fedora has been doing it for a long time I think Debian has actually been shipping Wayland by default for the last release I may be wrong about that one either way That the fact that Ubuntu is going to be doing it this time is a big boost to Wayland And it might kick the pants of Nvidia into making that support a little bit better And we've also I mean and we've also seen this recently a lot more support for Wayland from the steam and proton developers so gaming has actually become more Possible on Wayland instead of using some kind of bridge between Wayland and using something called like x Wayland or something in order to get those things to work So that is big news and probably actually is bigger than you know, I'm 40 not being there So that is it for this video if you liked it give it a thumbs up if you didn't give a thumbs down Make sure you subscribe you can support us on patreon at patreon.com slash linuxcast follow us on Twitter and Facebook and all those things And I'll see you tomorrow with another video. Thanks for watching


Starring Charles Boyer in The Gentleman from Paris on The Cavalcade of America, sponsored by Dupont, maker of better things for better living through chemistry. Ladies and gentlemen, a few days ago, Winston Churchill stood before a joint session of the Congress of the United States and declared that the new world stands as a beacon of hope to the exhausted peoples of the old world. He was not the first European to say this. Our play tonight concerns the man who was the first to say it and in his time he too was a symbol of liberty for two worlds. He was the Marquis de la Fayette and history has recorded for all time the high resolve, triumphant over every obstacle which brought him to the shores of the new world. Here in America he saw and was a part of the birth of a new order of freedom, a precious privilege for which men would gladly sacrifice and fight and die. Dupont presents Charles Boyer as the Marquis de la Fayette in The Gentleman from Paris. Versailles, the year 1776, the Imperial Court of France. Ladies and gentlemen of the court, Her Majesty, the Queen. Bonsoir, Marquis de Provence. Your Majesty. Oh, Monsieur de La Fayette. You are alone this evening? The Marquis begs your indulgence, madam. She isn't disposed. And so is His Majesty. Therefore you will be my escort this evening. I am honored. Tell me, Lafayette, how goes your present rebellion in America? High rebellion, Your Majesty. You see, Monsieur de Provence, the Marquis has no interest in it whatsoever. Perhaps I have been misinformed, Your Majesty. Not entirely, Monsieur de Provence. I did not say I had no interest in the Americans, Your Majesty. Indeed, my interest is considerable. Ah, then tell me, Marquis, what sort of men are these colonials? Oh, I know little of the man, but I'm... but the idea... Idea? What idea? The idea of freedom, of equality among men.  Your Majesty will knows my affection for herself and for the king. Besides, it is no dictator, the Americans desire. Oh, then what is it? That is only to have a share in governing themselves and a voice in choosing who shall govern them. Do you really believe, Marquis de Lafayette, that peasants and artisans are capable of governing? If they wish it, and I could learn, slowly, perhaps. Ah, what a weight off our poor shoulders if the people really could take care of some of this tedious detail. Indeed, Your Majesty. It would relieve you of much responsibility and care and think of the joy of your people. It will amuse us to see how your Americans succeed in this, Lafayette. Certainly, I cannot blame them for trying, living under that perfectly mad English king. Tell me, is it true he often fancies himself a foxhound? I have heard worse than that, madam. At least he is not mad enough to tolerate treason among his subjects. Please, Monsieur de Provence, this talk has not been serious. Pray to not be more royal than the king. Lafayette, you, for example, have larger states. Hundreds of serfs and peasants who bring you revenue. Yes. What would become of you if this rabble were not kept in check? I sometimes wonder. Then I will tell you. They would hang you to the nearest oak tree. Not if I joined with them. Joined with them? Yes, if they sought liberty and freedom.  Really, gentlemen. Did I understand you to say I lie, Monsieur? You did. Monsieur. Monsieur de Lafayette, it is a long time since a member of the court has been struck in the presence of the queen. I suggest that you return to your states until your temper shows improvement. I beg that you allow him to remain, at least until my second time. There is no objection to their calling at my estate. My most sincere apology is your majesty. Good day. Lafayette? Lafayette. Speak with me outside. Well, you're on a fine mess now, my young hot spur. Well, why did you provoke me? Why? You think this business of a rebellion against a European king is merely a matter for polite conversation? But I meant no insult. Why should it not be a matter for talk? Because of the American succeed, every king in Christendom will tremble for his crown. Every nobleman in France will fear for his money in his life. Are you serious, the cub? I have never been more serious. But what do you know of these Americans? I know that they're fighting, and they're fighting for the greatest ideal since Christianity. They believe that all men are created equal, have equal rights to what they themselves create with their sweat and blood. And if the Americans win? Yes, if they win. They need money and offices. It's like a dream, the cub. It is as though I were seeing a vision for the first time. A vision of something brave and noble and enduring that men will die for. Not yet. Would you? Yes. By all that I hold sacred. Yes, I would. Now then, Gilbert, what is this new excitement? I want to share it at once. My darling wife, how shall I begin to tell you? Surely it's not so desperate. At the end, darling, I'm going to America. Gilbert, you're mad. No. I'd be mad to stay here when the kind of world I want, the kind of world we want is being fought for in America. But, Gilbert, why should you risk everything for a lot of peasants and savages? Oh, tell me, not peasants and savages. They are a whole new race of men. The king would have you thrown into prison before he'd let you go. Look, I bought a ship. We'll tell him it's for a holiday. He'll never know. Leave me to face Versailles alone. No, of course you're coming with me. No. No, I can't. Why? I... I've no choice in the matter, Gilbert. But why? I thought you were... Big Martin, Highness. The baron decalbers calling. He says it's urgent. Oh, show him in, Henry. Adelienne, perhaps you'd better... No, Gilbert. I... I want to stay. Never yet. Decal, how are you? You do. Forgive my muddy boots. I have to take the back roads. Even so, the king's men may have followed me here. Quickman, what's the news? The victoire stands ready to sail. Good. Adelienne, that's our ship. Yes, I know. Decal, how many of our friends are sailing? Some 20 of us. The American agent has agreed to a commission of Major General for you. If you care to join us. Major General? You see, Adelienne, they do want... You'll have to decide quickly. I have confidential news that the king has issued an order to prevent your sailing. He'll stop at nothing. We'll see about that. Gilbert, you mustn't. You might be killed. I'll wait for your answer in my apartment in the morning. A decision is now with you, Lafayette. Not me. Us. My wife and I. Then... Then bid him reconsider, madame. He has all the world to lose. And nothing but a dream to follow. Nothing but a dream to follow. But what a dream to cub. That all men are created free and equal. And may one day win that God-given freedom. Well, then... Until we meet, Lafayette. Adieu, madame. Au revoir, Monsieur de Cobb. Gilbert, what does it all mean?   Darling, there is a whole new world to establish. And France will be part of that new world. Gilbert, there's something I must say to you. I would go to America with you, but I can't. I... I'm going to have a... Oh, Adieu. I... I hadn't meant to tell you like this. Oh, but, dearest, I haven't you told me before. You've been so worried and abstracted lately that I didn't want to upset you. I know. And no, darling, forgive me. Well, I'll send a message to the cub tonight and tell him I'll not be sailing with them. We'll forget the whole business. Oh, no, Gilbert. You mustn't forget it. This dream, as the Baron called it, it's giving you back your joy of living. It's brought new purpose and inspiration into your life. And if it should be only a dream, would you ever forgive me for leaving you to follow it? There's nothing to forgive if you love me, Gilbert. I do. I do love you at the end, now and forever. Then go, my darling. I'd keep you from going if I could, but since I can't, I'll say goodbye to you in the morning in a manner becoming the wife of a soldier. What's that? Open in the name of the king. Nuffie, yes, ma'am. Hey, Kevin, they didn't find you. What is all these, again? The king's men left yet. I saw them as I was leaving. And I know they have a warrant for your arrest. My arrest? The king discovered your plan to go to America. Come on, Marquis. Out the back way. I have horses. Wait. Well, quickly, Gilbert. Quickly. I'll detain the soldiers until you're gone. Goodbye, darling. I love you. God bless you. Goodbye, Gilbert. Goodbye. Both swarms soon. Both swarms. You wish lodging for the night. Why, uh, I know. Well, that is my friend here. He's in bad shape. Uh, he was a servant under bond to the, uh, Duke of Provence. Now, uh, if he can get to Spain, he'll be free. What's your name, bondsman? Eh, uh, no, I. Ferdinand, no, I. Follow me, monsieur. I know a safe place, and I'll fetch you a suit of my brother's clothes. Anyone would recognize the Marquis de Lafayette and those. What? You know me? All France knows you, heinous. And wishes you a safe voyage to America. Listen, what's that? A horseman coming this way. Have your musket ready. Shall I order him to halt? No, no, drop your arms, man. It's only a poor cloud of bass pleasant. Let him pass. You may pass. Oh, thank you, monsieur. A thousand thanks. One moment. Did you see that saddle, Lieutenant? What about it? They had a crest. The Noire crest. Lafayette's crest. After him, then, shoot him down! Tell him he did. Lafayette, you're here at last. We'd given you up for a loss. We were near to sailing without you. For shame. You would disappoint our commander-in-chief. Here's some hot rum, man. Thanks. Let's drink to our commander-in-chief. General Washington. To General Washington. And so Lafayette escapes King Louis XVI and imprisonment, escapes to America and his dream of democracy as the curtain falls on the first act of The Gentleman from Paris, starring Charles Boyer. This play is brought to you on The Cavalcade of America sponsored by Dupont, maker of better things for better living through chemistry. As we continue, the young Marquis de Lafayette, played by Charles Boyer, is waiting in an anti-rum of General George Washington's headquarters outside Philadelphia. I tell you, Marquis, the general can see no one today. He has a review of the Pennsylvania regulars scheduled for this morning and expressly ordered... Oh, Colonel, please. I've come a long way to see General Washington. Oh, here. The letter from the Congress. Show him that. I don't mean to be rude, Marquis, but these letters are common courtesies to foreigners. Then, Colonel, I shall have to command you to take me to General Washington. Command? My dear sir. Here is my commission. As Major General in the Continental Army, sir. I see. Very well, sir. Follow me. I thank you. General Washington. One pound a inch. I expressly... I had no choice, sir. This is the Marquis de Lafayette. It seems he holds a rank in our army. Hmm. Gentleman from Paris, eh? May I see your command, Marquis? Well, I have no commanders yet, sir. Only the commission. And that's a commission you bought and paid for with the ministry in Paris. I dare say... Well, General Washington, I'm at a loss to understand my treatment at the hands of your countrymen. I came here because I believed in your cause and have been shot from pillar to post, treated like a spoiled child. And you think you aren't? What, sir? Well, no matter. My Pennsylvania regulars are about to pass in review, Marquis. Will you receive their salute as our honored visitor from abroad? I shall be proud to do so. Believe me, sir. And you may tell them to commence the review, Mr. Tench. I will, sir. After you, Marquis. Ah, thank you, sir. Forgive us if our ranks are not so well-disciplined as your King Louis men, but you see, these men are not professional soldiers. You may count that a blessing, sir. We do. We do, but will you, when you see them, hmm, here they come now, Marquis. Peace to your eyes on the soldiers of liberty. But these are civilians, General Washington. Do the soldiers come later? These are the soldiers, Marquis. Soldiers? Many of them have no uniforms. Some of them have no boots. Such is the army of freedom, Marquis. Return my salute. Yes, sir. I hardly know how. I thought as much. Colonel Tench, see that Major General Lapid yet gets a safe conduct back to Philadelphia. Yes, sir. I will excuse you from this ordeal, sir. But I don't want to be excused. I want to help. I have money, General Washington. Too much money for any one man. I'll give half of it to see these men in proper boots and uniforms. Marquis de Lafayette, you cannot buy your way into this army. These men fight for something, something you would not understand. Oh, there is a winter ahead. They'll need warm clothing. See the quartermaster about that, Marquis. I have no further time for you. Good day, sir. I'll see you to your carriage, Marquis. No. All right. Very well, Colonel. Good day, General Washington. This way, Marquis. One moment, Colonel Tench. Yes, sir? Colonel, I feel somehow that you are my friend. Can you hear me for a moment? If I can help you, Marquis? Well, tell me, why does General Washington resent my presence? And even if he does, how can he refuse my offer to clothe that wretched tube? General Washington doesn't show his feelings much, Marquis. He could weep for having to refuse your offer, believe me, could. And I, too, for that matter. And why? I can afford it and much more. And I want to help. This man's army is proud, Marquis, proud to a man. They'd wear sackcloth before they'd wear royalist boots. Oh, I'm not a royalist. I'm a Republican. I believe you, Marquis. But all these men know is that you're a rich foreigner who's sorry for them. Your title of Major General's got to be earned in these parts, Marquis. I'm blessed if I know how you'd go about that. You mean they would accept my help if I were one of them? Possibly. But you're not, or ever will be. I wonder. So, Marquis, still with us, I see? Oh, General Washington, give me a few moments for what I have to say. Hear me out, please. Good Lord, man, there's a war to be fought. Philadelphia's close to falling.  No, I do not. I ask you to let me fight in your army without title, without pay. Forget my nationality and the mistakes I've made. Let me start as one of those men out there. Let me prove myself to them and to you. They'd never accept you, Marquis. Why not? Because you're not one of them. You're the Marquis de Lafayette. You came here for adventure like the young nobleman you are. This is no adventure, Marquis. It is the greatest adventure humanity has ever engaged upon. General Washington, I mean to be a part of it. Ah, these posturings of the young gentry are wearisome to me. General Washington, when I return to France, I return to prison, for I came here against the King's command. I left a wife in France, a wife whom I love more dearly than anything on his earth. Left her with child to come here because I thought his freedom you're fighting for is more than anyone man's happiness. I made her believe it too. If I've done all this in vain, I'm afraid this love will never be the same again. I love that way once. Long time ago, you hit me where it hurts most Lafayette. It's either your uncanny French cleverness or else. Well, there's hope for you, my boy. Then you will give me a chance to prove myself? We engage the enemy tomorrow at Brandywine Creek. Ride out with me at dawn. May have, there'll be a job to do. Ready, Marquis? Ready, sir. We'll ride slowly to the crest of the hill, men. There may be cause to spare our mounts. Yes, sir. All right, boy. You look fit enough, Marquis. Ah, dispensable in your hills with the sun of mourning on them. What a beautiful country, sir. And treacherous when the snow falls. You've never known such cold in France as we know here when the wind blows from the wilderness. The air is clear and sharp in old Washington. Good air, fresh air for your child of liberty to go up in. Here's the crest. Draw up for a moment, Marquis. Come any hoax? There's Sullivan's troops ahead there. That's Chad's Ford over there. The main enemy wedge will come through there. They come now, sir. Now, our men are calling before they can engage them. It's the barrage. They're beginning to outflank us. The lines are scattering, sir. Take command of this troop, Lafayette. You will be in reserve to support the right flank. I'll wait here for tension. Yes, sir. Poverty forward! General Washington. I'll go to our other column. All right, flanks turning, sir. Have you time to reform routes? I doubt it, sir, unless that reinforcement can hold them off above, we're not even able to achieve an orderly retreat. Everything depends now on that reinforcement. Good lord in heaven. What is it? What's the trouble? I sent that young fool, that Frenchman, to command that column. He's leading them right enough, sir. Have a look through this glass. By God, he is. Trench. We found a real soldier. The enemy's paying for every foot they advance, sir. But he's a fool riding so far ahead of the troops while he'll be killed. He must bear a charmed life, sir. He's slicing at their forward men with a sabre now. Trench. Our flank has reformed. It ranks. Oh, if Lafayette can only hold them off for a moment longer. But, general, look, sir. What is it? What is it, Trench? Tamaki is wounded. He must have been wounded at the outset. His saddle's sopping with blood and the whole flank of his horse has stained bright red. Come on, Trench. Let's go out and help him. That's nothing, general Washington. Look. The enemy's retreating. I know Lafayette, but you're done in. Come, Trench. Give him support, yes, sir? No. It's not necessary. Trench, he's falling. She's got to get him, sir. And what a gallant fighter he is. Trench. This day was saved by one man. I hope he'll live to tell the tale. He's badly hurt, sir. Shall I ride him in? Better take a stretcher. And, uh, Trench, one thing more. Yes, sir? The men at the hospital. They might be a little unfriendly because of who he is. Tell them he's to be treated as if he were my own son. Dear boy, I hope this is au revoir. Not farewell. It is not farewell, sir. I go back to France with good reason. I know you do. That young wife of yours. How I should like to meet her. She could not love you more for meeting you, sir. You've had a letter since I saw you. Yes, I have. May I read it to you? By all means. By all means. Well, it says, darling, our little son is six months old now. I know you will be glad to know he was christened yesterday. I named him for our adopted father. His name is George Washington Lafayette. If you knew what this means to me. And she says, all France is buzzing with your exploits in America. Even Versailles is impressed. The king won't dare put you in jail. And this, this I'm almost afraid to put in a letter. But things have changed here very much. I think France will be America's ally before the year is up. I pray we'll be able to hold out until then. You will, sir. Lafayette, you came to us a boy looking for adventure. You leave us a man carrying honorable wounds in a great cause. And I say to you now, if we should never meet again, and if I and our ragged army should perish under the snows of this winter or the next, in years to come wherever men speak of liberty, they'll speak your name, Lafayette. General Washington, you must know how humble, how grateful I am to you, and to you, America. You will win this wonderful freedom. You must. For the shackles of 5,000 years of slavery are yours to destroy. The fate of my own people is invisibly bound to you. For who knows, perhaps there will come a day when the free peoples of America shall give of their mightest strength and inspiration to France. A France of courage and wisdom will hold her head high in the majesty of eternal freedom. Thank you, Charles Boyer, for your stirring performance tonight on the Cavalcade of America. Ladies and gentlemen, in a few moments we shall hear again from our star Charles Boyer. Meantime, Gain Whitman has some interesting information for you about young men and DuPont. The war casts a new light on the DuPont Company's continued grant of funds this year to 21 American colleges and universities, which will in turn award fellowships supported by these funds to 28 graduate students of chemistry and chemical engineering. Wars are fought with brains. That has always been true. And in this war, more true than ever, science and technical know-how are paramount weapons. We'd like to tell you something about these fellowships which are awarded entirely at the discretion of the various institutions and which enable a number of young scientists year after year to continue their independent research and study. Since the DuPont Company began to help promising graduate students of chemistry with cash awards, fellowships have been granted to 478 American college students. In addition, for several years past, numerous awards have been made to students who have already obtained their doctor's degree of chemistry for further advanced work. This investment in the future of America has been a gratifying thing to the DuPont Company. Without singling out a few for individual mention, we can tell you that these highly trained men have gone out into the service of the American people and are now contributing their technical skill to such industries as aeronautics and transportation. They are serving as heads of departments in our leading universities, have gone into various branches of government service, while still others are directors of laboratories of American companies which are in the forefront of the drive to make America the arsenal of democracy. We haven't time to tell you what all 478 men are doing, but this random listing is typical of the jobs being done by the fine young scientific minds at work in the United States today. Two things about these fellowships granted each year by the DuPont Company are especially worthy of mention. One is that they have no strings attached to them. They go to many different universities and the appointments are made not by the DuPont Company but by department heads of the universities themselves. Nor is there any expectation that the men will come back to work for DuPont after they finish their college courses. The DuPont Company is confident that the universities will choose the men who deserve the awards and that they in turn will go on in later life to whatever jobs will make the best use of their individual talents. The other thing of significance as the record proves is that these fine young scientists are a national resource of the highest order. Their skill in time of war is of inestimable value to the nation and more important still in the long run their achievement as time goes on must increasingly enrich the future of a peacetime America. In that peacetime America to which we shall return they will work shoulder to shoulder with all the men and women of the chemical industry producing an increasing abundance of better things for better living through chemistry. And now tonight's star Charles Boyer. I hardly need to tell you the emotions I have felt in playing the role of Lafayette on your cavalcade of America. That same feeling was shown I think Mr. Boyer when the president just recently renamed the liner Normandy the Lafayette. Exactly. That is why in portraying Lafayette tonight on the cavalcade of America I felt that France was speaking to America again. Oh not merely the echo of history but the voice of a nation which will again be liberated someday to fulfill Lafayette's pledge of human freedom and to live again in the glorious tradition of American democracy. Thank you Mr. Boyer. Now a word about next week's show when we bring you another great Hollywood star Betty Davis in a play written and directed by the well-known radio dramatist Arch Obler. Mr. Obler will direct the distinguished screen actress in a new version of his radio play An American is Born an imaginative and powerful interpretation of what it means to all of us to call this my own my native land. Tonight's play The Gentleman from Paris was especially written for cavalcade by Robert Talman. The original score was composed and directed by Robert Armbruster. Don't forget next week Betty Davis in An American is Born written and directed by Arch Obler on the cavalcade of America. This is John Easton sending best wishes from DuPont. This is the national broadcasting company.


Hello and welcome to this session. Let us understand the following question today. Is the following pair of linear equation has unique solution, no solution, or infinitely many solutions? In case there is a unique solution, find it by using cross multiplication method. We have 2x plus y is equal to 5 and 3x plus 2y is equal to 8. Now before starting with the solution, let us understand what is the unique solution, no solution, and infinitely many solutions. If the lines are represented by the equation a1x plus b1y plus c1 is equal to 0 and a2x plus b2y plus a2 is equal to 0, then if a1 by a2 is not equal to b1 by b2, it implies unique solution. If a1 by a2 is equal to b1 by b2 is equal to c1 by c2, then it implies infinitely many solutions. If a1 by a2 is equal to b1 by b2 is not equal to c1 by c2, it implies no solution. Now this is the key idea to our question. Now, let us write the solution. The given equations are 2x plus y is equal to 5 or it can be written as 2x plus y minus 5 is equal to 0 and 3x plus 2y is equal to 8 or it can be written as 3x plus 2y minus 8 is equal to 0. This is our equation 1 and this is our equation 2. Now comparing the equations with a1x plus b1y plus c1 is equal to 0 and a2x plus b2y plus c2 is equal to 0, then we have a1 is equal to 2, a2 is equal to 3, b1 is equal to 1, b2 is equal to 2, c1 is equal to minus 5, c2 is equal to minus 8. Now a1 by a2 is equal to 2 by 3, b1 by b2 is equal to 1 by 2 and c1 by c2 is equal to minus 5 by minus 8 which is equal to 5 by 8. So we can see that a1 by a2 is not equal to b1 by b2. Now let us see our key idea. Now if a1 by a2 is not equal to b1 by b2 then we have unique solution. So for unique solution we have to find it by using cross multiplication method. It implies unique solution. Now solving by cross multiplication method. Now it says x by b1 c2 minus b2 c1 is equal to y divided by c1 a2 minus c2 a1 is equal to 1 divided by a1 b2 minus a2 b1 which implies x upon 1 into minus 8 minus 2 into minus 5 is equal to y upon minus 5 into 3 minus minus 8 into 2 is equal to 1 upon 2 into 2 minus 3 into 1. Now which implies x upon minus 8 plus 10 which is equal to y upon minus 15 plus 16 equal to 1 upon 4 minus 3 which implies x upon 2 equal to y upon 1 is equal to 1 upon 1. Now it implies x by 2 is equal to 1 which implies x is equal to 2. Now similarly implies y upon 1 is equal to 1 which implies y is equal to 1. Hence the given system of equations has unique solution with x is equal to 2 and y is equal to 1. It is our required answer. I hope you understood the question. Bye and have a nice day.


And a Forest View Middle School is making sure that all of its students are able to have a decent meal during and after school hours. Supplying food for kids and their families is just one part of the Fuel Up initiative, as Logan Gay reports for this week's Golden Apple. You wouldn't think a peanut butter and jelly sandwich would make somebody smile, but... That's just one of the many food options kids in need can find at the Food Pantry at Forest View Middle School. The Pantry initiative is called Fuel Up Forest View and is making a real difference in the lives of the students. Students get pretty excited that they can help out at home as well and so it's been a great response so far. The Forest View Middle School launches a Fuel Up initiative in October after realizing the growing need to provide food for students whose families may not have the resources to provide a meal for them when they make it home. Almost one in three of our students have free and reduced lunch which is a signifier of income and kind of one of the ways we identify students in need. The Pantry provides everything a child might need from food to clothing and even school supplies. These students are caring for themselves or younger siblings and so things that they can easily make mac and cheese, ramen, those kinds of things are always we're always running out of. So how the program works is that the students get to fill up these backpacks with whatever food items that they need and then they return them when they're done. Through the help of a student-driven food drive and donations from community members, the Pantry has grown to be bigger than anyone had expected. Yeah students to bring in food, the student council put it on and they're the team that right in the most was rewarded and our fifth grade just knocked it out of the park for us so that was awesome and then we've been getting donations from Costco um you know weekly they will send over some things and um I mean staff bring things in community members. All the staff use their relationships with the students to help recognize need. We are eyes are open looking for who's going out into sub zero temperature with a sweater and no hat and it's just a quick you know it's freezing cold out do you have a jacket. And whether a student is in need of the pantry or not, every student walks away with a lesson. Our staff do an amazing job not to just teach the kids academics but to get to know the kids and work with them and teach them how to be good people and not just you know math science and English. In Baxter, Logan Gaye, Lakeland News. If you are interested in donating food to the Forestville Middle School fuel up initiative you can find more information on our website. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News please consider making a tax deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


The study found that improvements in exhaustion symptoms, insomnia, perfectionistic behaviors, psychological flexibility, and perceived workability during treatment of exhaustion disorder were associated with lower sick leave rates one year following treatment. This article was authored by Jacob Clayson van der Laar, Monica Berman, Kaisa Wolby, and others.