She's getting a little antsy. Dude, I got her! I got her, yes! So we're out here today at a small little pond. We're gonna be trying to do some bed fishing at small ponds today, gonna be traveling around. Get Connor with us today. You guys have seen Connor in some of the episodes previously, but we tried bank fishing what, a few weeks ago. Yeah, not too well, but the bad juju that I bring is gone. So we're gonna catch some big, big bed fish today. We're gonna get on. He said he has a few really big ones on bed, so I'm just pumped about it.  It's been a while since we filmed a bank fishing video, so I'm just glad to be out here today.  It just feels good out here. Got the sun peeking through, and we're gonna try to find some big bass. If you guys are new to the channel, hit that subscribe button, hit the notification bell, also hit the like button, if you guys have been enjoying the content. We're gonna go ahead and hop into this, and I'm gonna show you guys exactly what I'm throwing. So guys, this is the little pond that we're at. Nothing too big. You got a little bridge back here, you get shallow, personal walk around, and we can see if we can find any bed, spot any big bass. He spotted a couple big ones this week, so oh my God. For those geese, you see that one sitting there? I've had those things like, hey, this at me, try to get me. I didn't have one come at me the other day, they're all over the place. And you said the big ones you found were over there, right? Yeah, literally right next to that tree, the left of that one, and then under that big tree in the middle right there. Cool. This construction guy that was working on the concrete over here, was like, what are you doing? He's like, you don't see that big fish under the big tree over there? And I was like, there's big fish right here. And he was like, go over there. And I was like, oh. Look at all the bait, dude. Yeah, look at the coy right there. Oh my gosh, yeah, there is a coy. I don't know if you guys can see that. Oh yeah, you can easily, look at the GoPro. You see it on the screen? Yeah. Easily see it. A ton of bluegill, yeah. Couple two pounders, right? Probably a half, two pounders. It's not the female, but that's desert. Yeah, there's the bed right there. But I literally walk over to the other side of the tree and just duck down and hide and throw onto its bed. But it's literally like, right in front. So guys, these are the rods that we got. I have a Mock 2 with the Custom Pro. We're gonna be throwing just a simple crawl on that, which I'll show you here in a second. And then the bait that I'm bringing out is this S-Waver glide bait. If we get some big ones around these beds, I think we could get one to turn on this glide bait, which would be awesome today. I think that would be the coolest little thing is to catch one on a glide bait.  I think we can get one to eat it. But we're gonna go ahead and rig up this Texas rig. I'm gonna grab these two. We have two packs of crawls. We have a natural color and then like a darker color. This one is summer crawl and the rage crawl. It has green pumpkin on one side, chartreuse on the other, one of my favorite crawls. And then this one is California crawl, which is gonna have like a watermelon red, green pumpkin on one side and a black and red on the other. So this is a good like dark color. It's a good light color. I think we're gonna start off with this darker California crawl and just see where we can get going. We haven't seen any of those big ones right now that he's talking about, but we're just gonna have to keep on looking around. To put this on your hook, all you gotta do, see, it's like green pumpkin or watermelon red, black and blue. Stick it through the head of the bait right here, break it through, slide your bait up to the top, and then you just hook right there. It's gonna be weedless just like that.  We actually have a tungsten on right now. It's just a one fourth ounce bullet weight, three IEWG. Let's get started. We're gonna see if we can call this fish out. Connor said this fish is huge, like big, big. I see him right there next to this pycom. Oh my gosh, he turned on it. There's no way. Dude, that fish is huge. Oh, it's massive. Guys, I gotta throw this glide bait. That fish is massive. I don't know if he's eight pounds or seven pounds, but he's big, he's big. We're gonna leave it at that. If you guys notice, that's the bank. I'm standing way off here because I don't wanna spook this fish. What I'm gonna do with this swim bait once, one thing, we're gonna check our drag. And two, we're gonna beam it out there and work it up. So you don't wanna put a big splash on this fish. We're gonna see if we can call this fish out. Oh, he's right there. Oh my God.  He honestly didn't want anything to do with that. There's another one about two pounds with him. There's another one about two pounds right next to him. I see another one right here. I don't know if that's a big one. Oh my God. Missed a small one. He just took my pinchers. All right, these fish are gonna bite. We gotta catch this big one. Connor said he broke them off, which is just heartbreaking. He broke them off yesterday. So if we catch this fish, it might have a hook in its mouth, which would be good because we can take it out and release them right back where he belongs. But I just had that small one, the male bite me. It's probably only a pound and a half, but this big one I'm telling you. Can't tell if he's five pounds or eight pounds. Sometimes hard to tell in water. Small one's about to eat me. That's the male. Yeah, that's the male. The female is lurking. All right, this is our first fish today, guys. We just caught the male, the female that we're trying to catch. This is the first step done, you know.  I'm gonna release the male right over here.  So I'm just gonna gently release him right here. Pretty little fish though. We gotta start somewhere.  So that's good to catch the first fish. I missed him before he took my little pinchers. Nice. Oh, she just tapped it. Just gave it a little love tap. Oh, there's two. Hey, there's two other good ones pulling up. Not bad fish. This, the female's getting protective now. There's another one that's like two and a half pounds. Oh, no. All right, it's okay, it's all good. She's mad, dude. She's mad. Dude, did you see her mouth open up when I hooked it? That fish was big, dude. That's a five pounder at least. She'll bite again, man. I didn't see her eat it, I just felt her eat it. So I was kind of shooting in the dark there. I mean, I can't tell how big she is, man. I can't tell if she's five or if she's like seven. Come on right here. Oh my gosh, she tried to eat it. She actually opened her mouth for it that time. Dude, took my crawl right off. We are getting a step closer to catching this fish. I'm gonna actually put on the summer crawl color, see if it might entice her a little bit more.  You can just tell when a bass is kind of getting aggressive and getting mad. You can start to see that their fins are moving, start to see that they're roaming in circles and they come right back to the same spot. And I'm gonna tell you right now, this fish is catchable. She bit me a couple of times now. She is on it. Yeah, dude, mine's about to bite, dude. Pretty sure she's getting a little antsy. Dude, I got her. I got her, yes, I'm bigging. Oh my God, that's a tank. Dude, there's a tank. That's a five pounder, dude. Look at that face, bro. She finally ate it, dude.  Is that the one that you broke off? Dude, that's a good fish. That's awesome. That's awesome right there. Finally got that big female to bite. That's a big one right there. She's definitely five pounds. I couldn't tell if she was eight, seven, six. It's so hard to tell when they're in the water, but that's a five pounder right there. Just got her right off the head. We're gonna release her right back where she belongs, but man, does it feel good to do some bank fishing and ate that bait right there on the rage crawl. Let's get her back in the water. That's the best feeling in the world, working on a fish like that and finally get her to bite. Thank you for biting. You can go right back to your bed. There she goes. She's literally already back on her bed, chasing bluegill right there. Man, that was awesome. That was so sick to work on that fish. Well, we've caught two fish today so far. We got a male and a female. Female was really big, man. That was a big bass. I was hoping it was gonna be like eight pounds, but it's so hard to tell when you're looking at them in the water between five pounds and eight pounds. If you guys saw one of the recent videos where I went out and busted that really big bag, I saw some fish in the water. That looked like they were five and they ended up being like seven and a half. So sometimes it's hard to tell when you're looking at them with your sunglasses through the water, but that was a big fish. That was a lot of fun. Let's go walk over here by Connor because he has another one on bed. See the bed right there? Yeah. Which on that, and it pushed all this stuff over here and now the fish is swimming around all this grass right here. And then circles and then it'll come back and look at it. Dude, she is eyeballing your bait right now. I know. This is what she's, I've spent 20 hours trying to catch this fish. I'm not even joking. Like I'm losing my mind over here. All right, let's see where we can get going. Bring my stuff over here by Connor.  This rage crawl has caught like my top five biggest fish in the last two months. Like that, this rage, only the rage crawl. I've caught a few really good ones on the thunder cricket, which is like the chatter donk, but the primary big fish bait has been this rage crawl and summer crawl. It's been whacking them. You want me to? I don't want to steal your fish, dude. Heck, I already caught a big one, man. We can try to roll it, Pat. Watch her just destroy it, first cast. I know, dude, she was trying to get that big swim bait out of the storm. Watch her destroy, the watch her just smoke this, bro. Oh my God. Oh my God. Do, do, do. That's just so bad. Yeah, she's going to eat it. She's going to eat that swim bait. You want to keep working on her? Yeah, let me try.  If you can't get her on that crawl, I'll try to get her on the swim bait, but I don't want to steal it. Oh my God. Dude. This is exactly where we were fishing. You can tell there's like so many bluegill, ton of grass right here, and then you have that shade from all those trees, and that's where one of the big ones were. And the five pounder I caught was on that tree right there. That's where I caught that fish, which is crazy. I know we can catch some more today. I think he has like another spot that we can go hit, but he called me up this morning and he was like, or he called me last night, late last night, and he was like, dude, I broke off like a couple of giants. You got to come out here and catch them. So that's what we're doing today. We're having a good start so far.  Just got to keep on hunting and see if we can get one on that swim bait. So we just left that first spot, came out to this new pond.  And Connor said he, you said you caught a couple of good ones recently. You caught like what? Like a three and a half? Yeah, there was a three and a half on a bed right there. And there's actually a bed over here that we're going to go check out because there was a nice fish on that. I couldn't catch it. That was about a week ago. And he said there was a lot of snakes. So we're going to be cautious. Yeah, we were like leaving that last pond and Connor's like, can I stop by my house real quick to grab some long socks? And I had a feeling on why you said that, but you didn't really go in debt. So I was like, we walk out here. He's like, yeah, be careful for snakes. I'm like, that's the one thing I don't mess with. But let's go ahead and start fishing. Well, no snakes. No snakes today, Connor. No, don't be, listen, I don't know about snakes. I do see the beds though, like a lot of little beds on the ground. By the way guys, if you're watching this video, you made it this far and hit the like button if you guys want to see some more bank fishing content and see the bank fishing videos back on the channel because I have yet to film a bank fishing video in a couple of months. So this is like our first little bank video back and if you guys enjoy these types of videos, like let me know down below. I want to know your feedback. And if you have any ideas for like the bank fishing videos, please let me know. Like I love reading your comments and even if I don't get to reply to everyone, I still get to read them. So drop a comment down below, let your boy know what you want to see from the bank fishing videos. Oh, I got one. No, he came off. I think he took my curl, dude. He had it though. Yeah, he messed up my curl. Let me, what did you, you have one?  Guys, I'm gonna put on one of these darker, darker crawls instead of the summer crawl. Yeah, got him. Yes. Oh, nice dude. I'll watch that fish come up and just eat it. He is not hyper. He didn't shake one time. Just let me grab him. Got him right in the mouth. I don't even know where my rage crawl went. That is our first fish at this like little canal, canal pond. There's like a lot of grass on the bottom and these fish, you know, it's kind of hard to work that Texas rig with that weight. And I just started reeling it towards the edge of that grass. I watched him come up behind it, I slowed it down. He came and ate it. Pretty little bass, nothing big, but hey, I'm just excited to catch one in this pond and see what else there has to offer in here. It's a pretty fish. Thank you for biting, buddy. I'm so tossy right back. I could have been the one that bit me earlier because the other bite I had was right there. He like came up behind my curl and I slowed it down and he just ate it. Oh, here's one Connor. Oh gosh. What? There's one right here. He's right here. He's like two pounds. I can call this lady that lives on the pond. Dude, that was so cool. That was so cool. I didn't even have my reel clicked when he ate it, dude. I was just like, oh my gosh. Not a bad one. It's a little guy, he's not two pounds, but some one pounder. Smoked it right when he caught it. Yeah, dude, that was cool.  It's a pretty little fish. Second one in here, guys. Nothing big, not like that big five pounder we caught earlier, but we'll get up next to the water and get him a good release. Still a pretty bass. Not bad. Thank you, buddy. I think I'll start fourth or fifth fish today. There she goes. She might've been on bed right there, man. The water feels super warm, too. So we just came out to a new little pond. Connor actually asked these people, hey, do you mind if we come fishing back here? And they were very kind and said that we could go in their backyard and fish. So that's awesome. You don't meet many nice people like that nowadays. People think fishing is just a crime. Some people get a little crazy with the fishing sometimes, but I was very kind of that guy to let us fish you. But we're going to go ahead and get started. Hopefully, I guess a really good one. Connor said this spot could be really good. So I brought out a lipless crankbait and also brought out this little Texas rig that we've been catching them on. So see what we can do. They say if he cares if we walk on the dock. Oh, cool. Yeah, dude, like all that grass on the bank, the reed looking stuff. Never been able to do it. So you fished on this guys? No, not here. I'm over there. Like if there's anything on bed, dude, there has to be some over there. Watch this, dude.  That's where they were just.  Dude, I got a giant. No, I don't. Unless he is running that. It's not big. Is he big? Oh, dude, that fish is good. I got a little twinkie. He felt big when I hooked him. The fish in here are healthy. Like a lot of them have a nice little dot on them. On the red-eye shad. First one on a moving bait today. You know, we threw that swim bait earlier and threw on the old red-eye shad. And got us a little nice, a little tiny guy. Look, a little squeaker. Kind of spooked me. Dude, dude, it didn't even, dude, I didn't even reel, bro. Connor, I didn't even reel. That's a dang good one. Like I'm not even kidding. I'd never reeled my crankbait. It hit the top of the water and ate. Dude, that's a decent fish. Dude, that's insane. Well, we found the juice hole, Connor. That's like the average that I usually catch in here. Like a little pound, a pound and a half. Dude, I can't believe, like on the GoPro, that's going to be crazy. I literally never reeled it. I just went straight to hook setting. That was, I think there's just a ton of fish. When we pulled up here, guys, that's a nice little bass. There was like, I feel bad dropping them, but it'll be fine. But there was like a bunch of fish chasing bait up on the bank. So my first two casts over there, we smacked one.  Dude, Connor's got a giant. What's up? Wait, did he come?  Dude, that was such a cool hook set. Like everything about that. That's a good fish, bro. How big is he? Dude, I don't have enough line on this reel, but let me see that. Now that's a pretty good one, dude. He was definitely on bed up there. Unless he was just super shallow. That's a nice fish. If you look bigger when you hooked him, I thought you had a giant. That's a good one, dude. Nice. Dude, that's a really good fish. A solid like two and a half. Slippery, little slippery boy. Dude, that's a decent fish. Oh my gosh. Look at the growth on this tail, bro. Or he got bit or something, bro. Is there any gators in here? Yeah. Is there actually? Right here. You see that, guys? Yeah, dude. He got injured somehow, bro. That's recent, too. It almost looks like he has some parasites on him, too. Poor fish. That's a nice little bass right there, guys. Two pounder. That was a cool catch, though. I think I want to go release him over here. It's a little slippery on the bank right there. The day's coming together, guys. It's been a long day.  And it's coming together now. Thank you so much, buddy. I hate that he has something wrong with his tail there. It's like he got injured, something bit him, or... I don't know. It's weird. If you guys know the answer to that question, let me know in the comment section down below. Yeah? Thank you so much for letting this fish right here, too. I appreciate that. Yeah, dude, I keep my... You got one? Oh, nice, dude. Dude, that was a good fish. Nice. The last couple of times, guys, that Connor's gone with me, he just had, like, the worst luck. But you're catching him to... Dude, that's a good one. Yeah. I might be one of the best that we caught right here, right? Yeah, that's really not a bad fish, dude. That's a good one.


Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms that form on living or non-living surfaces. They can cause persistent infections, increased antibiotic resistance, and recurrent infections. Current and emerging anti-biofilm strategies focus on disrupting quorum sensing, preventing bacteria from attaching to surfaces, interfering with bacterial aggregation in mucus layers, degrading the extracellular polymeric matrix, and using nanoparticles to target persistent cells within the biofilm core. However, these strategies face challenges such as limited effectiveness in vivo, potential cytotoxicity to host cells, and the propensity to illicit resistance in targeted biofilm-forming microbes. Next-generation anti-biofilm strategies, which combine multiple approaches, have been developed and are being advanced through recent advancements in nanotechnology, synthetic biology, and antimicrobial drug discovery. Assessments of current anti-biofilm mitigation approaches, as presented here, can help guide future initiatives towards innovative anti-biofilm therapeutic strategies. This article was authored by Ahmed G. Abdulhamid and Ahmed E. Yousef. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Look at how aggressively he just goes to town on the top of this course and starting things off with a big Half cab drop right there so fast in the landing. He's got a slough some speed Before he just drops that Mute so far into the landing in this this was one of my favorite parts of his run the high speed butter 50-foot nose butter. Oh my god And here kind of getting a bit off of his line You can see the tracks I think caught him up in the running for that jump We just sent him into that kind of you know cork that didn't match up the landing Mark McMorris from Canada You didn't see him in Jackson Hole because he was in China competing at the Olympics But his love for this event is proven by the fact that he made sure his first stop was here at Ball Face Lodge The atmosphere here is really good everyone It's more into big mountain riding in backcountry snowboarding But just nice to switch it up and enjoy the mountains Last season purple was the color for Mark McMorris now giving us a little bit variations on blue. I like it And opening up with a backside 360 as he finds his way to this second lip and hitting that pillow line Ooh back one off of that How in the world he was able to adjust and save for that because I don't think he meant to hit that so hard I think you are right. It almost looked like he kind of softened a little buck off of that The manner in which this This guy can adapt from a slope style course into the backcountry is seamless Yeah, his body awareness and air awareness is just unfathomable See there with that backside 360 and pulling left into Oh Can you go back to back? But it looks like he came a little short on the landing and got bucked right there That was incredible though. Just to go backside 360 and make that quick left hand turn It looked like you said he came up just short There was a little lip that sent him off of that landing that he came up showing on yeah, cuz I was very clean in the air I Played a little could play it harder left or harder right on that Thank you. You guys are over it.  Oh, yeah This angle really gives you that perspective of just the speed that is being picked up on the landing look how fast He's like oh my gosh That was really rad Snowboarding is Especially when it's done at this level and a contest that can reward that can reward a high-speed butter like that switch back Cork three to face. Yeah to face slide somehow bounce out of it and just throw a backie He's not stoked, but we're kind of stoked because I've never seen that before no and just I think further evidence of his superhuman status Obviously winning in Alaska would be insane. It's not necessarily Something I feel That is out of breach, but the more time you spend up here the better chances you have and I haven't spent a ton of time in Alaska yet Sort of building my credentials if you will In due time and it could be this time it could be next time. I'm not sure but I'm gonna try and ride my best Mental game especially in gnarly terrain like this is so important You have to be able to keep your composure because you are riding these things on on site for the first time and he is Fantastically strategic you watch him in a slope style contest and he knows exactly how to play the game and he'll be doing exactly the same thing here lovely frontside 180 Setting up switch. He's been reading the rulebook And just a quick revert back to his regular stance it's interesting to see the Evolution of the riders kind of learning those ins and outs of what the judges are looking for and how to kind of navigate this terrain Within the contest parameters. Well, that's exactly what Matt Morris has done He's looked at dusting Craven scores from boldface and gone. He got put through the roof for those switch turns I'm pulling in there So I have to feel a little bit like mark is kind of like Familiarizing himself as you put it so well range finding the terrain right now.  Is he setting up? Nice backside 360 is floating into that landing right there Beautiful butter out of the bottom as well clean set of heels on the face That was very very tidy Super tech up top he managed to get a bit of freestyle in down at the bottom Feels like he's ticking all boxes. I do feel that he's holding back a little bit though I think that you know, we saw him last year in Alaska really go full send and mark has a lot more in the tank I think that's him getting a rundown on his feet feeling things out and setting himself up for run number two And he had quite a clinical first run. I feel and he's definitely in the driving seat here Oh beautiful front side 360 to start things off looking very smooth at the top It's got that Classic all the front one so he's again We're seeing that big switch riding drawing out those turns riding as fast switch as you'll see a lot of people ride normal That half cab round again, so he's not Arguably he's doing that as lip service for the judges rather than a really really technical Moment where he's linking it into a big switch takeoff exposure with the transfer Finding a new line there. I mean mark looks very very collected in this run He looks really really comfortable in this terrain as well if you cast your mind back to 2012 at Supernatural Travis's first iteration of this comp and he looked he was so far out of his depth and now he's one of the the The big players essentially the heavy weights of this field Navigating a backflip off of that Second drop right there. I mean you see mark picking his way down after having done this once already You know he's got something in his pocket three here last time and he wanted to improve big back seven That was huge. He almost ran out of landing there. Didn't he? Wow, okay, so that's putting the pressure on Craven for sure Okay, it'd be good to take a closer look in the recaps at the landing on that seven to see whether the How hard the judges are gonna hammer him for that. I agree kind of pending really what happened that landing I mean that was a very solid run, but he's pushed a lot harder than his first run. It was an 80 point I think yes, and then yeah. Oh, yeah, definitely too much gas up there sparky There wasn't too much freestyle. He added the seven added the backflip and he's starting to ways He's only four points shy of Travis I mean, this is where fantasy leagues become a reality mark McMorris versus Tarsar and Hortmoe in the Alaskan backcountry That's insane. Okay, so mark getting in early onto this big plateau Just straight lining it pinning it down there. Oh Beautiful butter Just holding on to it ambassador you're spoiling us Look at that and then right out onto the nose of this Super technical Billy go to his way through that Right up on top again, but Morris has made a real statement about his big mountain credentials here Oh, yeah, he's navigating the spine so well right now and just popping a really easy back side 360 right there before going cross court and he did get the tailgrab on it We haven't had many big solid Confident grabs today, and I think that means a lot I think that's one thing definitely in going out into a front side three holding on no problem right there Is that in this kind of terrain? I mean usually you would see these riders in a video part in a contest really getting to kind of hold on and yank that grab for An extended period of time, but this kind of terrain makes that so much more difficult Oh My finally hold on he has to reverb out of it, but he held on through that the judges aren't gonna punish him for that I don't think okay, so this is a great run He has that top very technical section the crowd rejoices and then a litany of solid freestyle hits in the lower section That it that really was a tiramisu run wasn't it? It's got a little bit of everything in it some super super tech riding up at the top And then some spicy freestyle down at the bottom Definitely pressure put on Torstein now Like it's not like he was in the back country Reading himself for the natural selection tour. He had to worry about a whole other contest So this this is him shifting his focus and having really no problem at all doing that Okay, he's got to beat a 95 it is gonna take let's not make any bones about this a very very special run Huge butter up the top clicks round to switch so he's taking a leaf out of Torstein and Travis's book with the cab 5 On over the bars Travis and Torstein haven't they haven't it's not they haven't put a foot wrong They haven't put a hair out of place on those runs And it means that the cleanliness is next to godliness up here completely to have runs that are That clean. I mean this is just flabbergasting. It's it's immaculate It's a lovely wildcat Getting caught up a little bit right there on his toe edge look like he was trying to get barreled I'm going front three all doing it together. Oh not quite Imagine having the spatial awareness to be able to save something like that Oh, yeah, any mortal would have had their head in the snow on that one And somehow he gave it this rocking cat and managed to bring it round Pop in a half cab for the fans down at the bottom. Yeah, you get the feeling I think after that that hit on the cab 5 I think Mark almost let it go at that point Like, you know, I'm not gonna take him down


Hi Bill, how are you? Glad to see you. How are you? Hi sir, how are you? Yeah, how are you? Mr. President, nice to see you. We've got to get right down to a perfect, I know you're all ready to be out there. Last year we began a study of the arms control option preparation for negotiation with the Soviet Union and the main point of course, the primary concern was the reduction of strategic nuclear weapons on such negotiations as you know have been underway for about a year now. But there'd be no incentive for the Soviets then to give up anything if we would come to the table and do no matter the giving up things ourselves. And so we, some of our strategic weapons are very old as you know. We've already retired some of the V-52s. We are closing down a Titan missile every 45 days. It's been at the camera.


My name is Sonali, welcome to Vlogmas Day 22. I am gonna be doing a Q&A today because it was a work day, didn't really have much to film and I thought it would just be a good day to answer some questions. So I'm gonna try not to ramble too much. I'm gonna keep it short and sweet, so let's get started. First question is, what's the hardest part about moving away from your family as a post-grad adult? I would say the hardest part is just growing up.  I don't know how to really explain it, but I feel like when you live in the same state or like the same city as your parents, you can go over to their house, you can ask them for help on, you know, X, Y, Z.  But other than that, like it's just different being in the same state and being able to drive over and ask for help. Does that make sense? I feel like I'm just not a baby anymore. And they treat me like an adult. And at first it was just weird to get used to, like, I mean, yeah, I'm 24, I am an adult, but it's honestly really hard to explain. Next question is, how do you score a job like yours? Where should I be looking after I graduate? You guys don't know, I am a content creator for a student housing company for their corporate social media brands. And then I also help with all of their properties in their portfolio. The short answer to getting that job is networking. One of my sorority sisters that was older than me worked for them at the time and I actually did a couple of freelance video gigs with that company. So they kind of already knew me and I got to meet a lot of other people in the company. So they gave me referrals. Honestly, just network and meet as many people as you can because you never know who could put in a good word for you. Next question is, favorite part about living in Austin? I'm gonna cry, I miss this so much. Like, I'm so ready to go home and I don't wanna like wish away the holidays and like, you know, wish away this time being spent with family, but at the same time I'm just so ready to get back to my apartment and organize and clean. Ryan thought I was like crazy for saying all this that I like wanted to clean, but it's just something that I'm like feeling like ready to do. That definitely did not answer the question. My favorite part about Austin, whenever Ryan says like, oh, what's so great about Austin? Why don't you wanna move back to Atlanta? I always say bodies of water and we joke about that a lot because I always say that but there are so many beautiful lakes, obviously. There's the huge one, Lady Bird Lake, the Colorado River or whatever. There's like Travis. There's a Barton Springs pool. Barton Springs Creek thingy, my bobber. What is that, spillway? And I just like love being surrounded by water, especially because we're not super close to the beach. Next favorite is the food, obviously. Like, it's insanely good, but I've realized being home that it's actually really expensive and I didn't realize that moving there, but now coming back here, I got like an avocado toast sandwich and a matcha and it was like under 20 bucks and I was like, is this right? I feel like that in Austin would be like, you know, not under 20 bucks.  Next question is, do your parents approve of Ryan slash dating in general?  Both of my parents really, really like Ryan and they know that he treats me so good. I honestly think I hit the jackpot and I'm really so lucky to have him and I'm really lucky that my parents do approve of him because I know, you know, especially in our Indian culture, it's not as common to date outside of your color, but I feel like now it's 2020, it's definitely more common than it was, but you know, it's still kind of a weird thing in some people's eyes, but luckily not my parents. This question asks, if you could only choose five brands to wear for the rest of your life, what would you choose? Okay, first of all, set active.  I want them to come out with so many more colors. So the set active would be one brand. Oh, Abercrombie and Fitch, that's like my newest obsession. Let's see, let's see, what else do I wear a lot? Maybe misguided because they have a lot to choose from, like trendy items, you know, what else? I feel like I'm missing something. Hmm, let me go through my Instagram and see. I don't have a lot from Zara, but I feel like that would definitely be on my list and then I don't know. I can't think of anything else, but I love that question, it's so fun. Someone asked me if I have any tips for finding a good wedding photographer. One of my sorority friends actually just got engaged and it's funny because she sent me like the people that she was looking at and I was like, yes, they're good, like you should definitely go with them. But yeah, I definitely have some tips. So first off, like look at their editing style and think about what you would wanna see in like five or 10 years. Personally, I don't really love that orange or yellowy warmer toned edit because I feel like if I, let's say, have my wedding today and I hired a photographer that did that kind of edit, I would look back like 15 years down the road and be like, why am I so orange or why is this so freaking warm? You know what I mean? So I feel like for wedding photos, especially, you should definitely try to find a photographer that edits true to color. And basically that means just, you know, your actual skin tone and what the colors actually look like, but they still look like they're kind of like touched up and edited. And the second tip that I'll give you guys is that obviously when you're looking through photographers, they might wanna set up a call, which is great because you can kind of feel out the personality. And I recommend just like kind of going through a couple of those interview kind of phone calls just to get a feel for, you know, who you might vibe with the best because they are gonna be around you for a lot of your wedding day.  Next question is, how long do you think you and Ryan will stay in Austin? No freaking clue. Really wish I knew because our lease ends in June. So if we are moving in June, I want to have the six months to just take everything in and just enjoy it as much as possible and do whatever I can. And obviously I guess I can still live like that even if I'm not moving. But I just need like a warning, like a six month warning, okay? Like I need to know today, but I don't know. Everything's up in the air. I'm honestly down to move anywhere else, but Georgia for now, because I know it's inevitable that we come back to Georgia and like settle down here. But I think we're just so young that I'm wanting to explore other cities too. I would love to stay in Austin for another two years at least if that was my choice. But yeah, we'll see. The next question is, are you scared to get COVID? I actually already had it. And a little story time, I guess. Me and Ryan actually both got COVID during March. It was right when quarantine started and we didn't really know everything about the virus and like every single symptom of the virus. And so it wasn't horrible for me. Ryan had a little bit of a harder time because he already has kind of like asthma and just like a heart issue, I think. So he did have it a little bit worse than me, but luckily today we are okay. I actually found out that I had COVID two weeks later after I had it because I saw a tweet that said that they lost their sense of taste and smell. I was like, yep, I had it, that was it. Like I had COVID and I didn't get the antibody test right then and there, but when I came home, I got a COVID test, it was negative. And then I actually got the antibody test here and I still have the antibodies. So that was in March and I got the antibody test in November. So that was like nine months after I had it and I still had the antibodies, which I'm really thankful for because I know there was a lot of articles saying that antibodies were only good for like three months. So we were kind of worried about that. But to this day, my taste buds are fine. Feel like they could be, you know, a little bit more there if that makes sense. But unfortunately my smell isn't really all the way back yet. And I'm like praying that it will be. That was honestly like the worst part for me was not being able to smell anything or taste anything. I remember we got Thai food and I couldn't taste the pad thai and I was so pissed I paid for it. I was like, what the frick? Like it's just nothing in my mouth.  Like I said, my smell is not all the way back yet, which really stinks when, you know, my parents are cooking and I want to smell the garlic or like even baking cookies. I really can't like smell it as I used to be able to, if that makes sense. Like I can smell a little bit if I stick my nose right next to a candle, I can smell it. And you know, when I walk into a room that had a candle in it, I can smell it. I feel like I have like selective smelling, you know, like selective hearing. I don't know if that's a thing. I'm feeling very optimistic for the new year with the vaccine coming and everything. Unfortunately, I do think that COVID probably has some long-term effects on us. Even Ryan says he can't really focus as well and just has like a foggy brain a lot of the time. So that's kind of scary. But at least I'm feeling optimistic for the new year with the vaccines coming and everything. The next question is, how was it growing up Indian? Do you have close ties with your culture? I love being Indian. I honestly think about it a lot. How grateful I am to have this culture. Unfortunately, I feel like I'm not that into my culture as I used to be as a child because my parents were there, you know, taking me to the Bali functions and Garba and obviously cooking me Indian food. I feel like I never had Indian friends in my schools or at least that many to make like an impact on me. Or if I did have the Indian friends, it would just be as American as me. This new year, I'm gonna try to watch at least one Bollywood movie a month and just kind of slowly get back into my culture because I know once I have a kid, I'll want them to have the same experiences that I did. But you know, if I'm not starting now, then I feel like that's gonna be extremely difficult. So I definitely wanna try to cook Indian food at home and just like, you know, get back into the culture slowly. But yeah, I'm really sad. I wish I like spoke the language and I wish I did Bollywood dance a lot longer. I think I did it like what, two years or like two Bollywoods, it wasn't even like a whole year. It was just for like the function. But I wish I got more into it because I always like am jealous of people who can dance. And I feel like if I did that, I would be able to dance, you know? Last question asked for a weight loss journey update and I am taking a pause on that while I'm home because it's kind of hard because I'm not really the one cooking. I'm at my dad's and then I'm at my mom's and both of them honestly eat really healthy. But it's just me being bored and snacking and then wanting dessert and you know, all of this. And I feel like once I'm back in my apartment, I can really be strict with my routine and you know, like not tempting myself of what's in my apartment. So I do want to try to get back on the low carb diet. We'll see when the new year rolls around, but that's the plan. And then I obviously want to get back into working out. I've been working out a little while I'm at my dad's because he has a gym in the basement. So I'm trying to take advantage of that. But I did recently get those ball of angle wrist weight things and I really like those. I'm really excited to just like tone my arms and I've been doing a lot of that, which isn't like too much cardio that's gonna make me lose weight. But my arms are definitely a big insecurity in mind so I'm gonna work on toning those. But yeah, that is the update. Not really an update because nothing really changed. I hope you guys enjoyed this Q and A. Definitely go follow me on Instagram so you guys can participate in the next one. Just at so underscore and early without the G. And I will see y'all in tomorrow's vlog. Bye.


EPSP and IPSP that is the excitatory post-synaptic potential and inhibitory post-synaptic potential are the graded potentials which develop on the post-synaptic membrane. We know that synapse is basically a connection between the two neurons that consists of basically a pre-synaptic membrane that is the exon terminal of one neuron and a post-synaptic membrane which is the dendrite of another neuron. So the signal travels from the pre-synaptic neuron to the post-synaptic neuron and because of this there is a change in potential on the post-synaptic membrane and this change in potential can be either depolarization. Depolarization is basically change in potential towards the positive side or towards less negative right or there can be hyperpolarization as well okay. So hyperpolarization is change in potential towards more negative side. So if an RMP is minus 70 millivolt, change in potential towards minus 60 millivolt is depolarization and change in potential towards minus 80 millivolt is hyperpolarization. So when the change in potential is towards the positive side or towards less negative that is basically EPSP, excitatory post-synaptic potential because this is the synapse and the potential is developing on the post-synaptic membrane so excitatory post-synaptic potential and the hyperpolarization that is known as IPSP that is inhibitory post-synaptic potential. So how these potentials are developing and how EPSP and IPSP either may lead to generation of action potential or not lead to generation of action potential we will see. So first of all just the basic concept of synaptic transmission how it happens well whenever there is a action potential which reaches to the exon terminal there is opening of the voltage gated calcium channels. So in green here are shown voltage gated calcium channels which open causing entry of calcium from the extracellular fluid into the exon terminal and this calcium causes release of the neurotransmitter which is present in the vesicles. So because of this calcium these vesicles move towards the membrane and fuse with the presynaptic membrane causing the release of the neurotransmitter which is present in the vesicles and the neurotransmitter in turn binds with the receptors which are present on the post-synaptic membrane and upon binding with the receptors there are certain changes which happen on the post-synaptic membrane that lead to change in the movement of the ions and whenever there is change in the movement of the ions there is change in the potential. So let us see that how this is occurring. So first is how excitatory post-synaptic potential is occurring. So these neurotransmitters which are released they bind to the receptors and generally the neurotransmitter which leads to excitatory post-synaptic potential very common in central nervous system is glutamide. There are obviously other neurotransmitters also but this lecture is not about in detail about the neurotransmitters okay. So we are just giving a classic example of a neurotransmitter which leads to excitatory post-synaptic potential. Now when this glutamate binds to the receptors which are present on the post-synaptic membrane there are mechanisms which can lead to movement of ions and of these the mechanism is opening of ligand gated sodium channels and when there is opening of ligand gated sodium channels sodium enters from outside into the post-synaptic membrane. So a positive ion is entering and this leads to positive change in potential okay. Now this is very common we all know about it. Second mechanism can be closure of potassium channels. So these potassium channels are open before okay. In resting state they are open and the binding of the neurotransmitter causes closure of these potassium channels. So in the open state what would have happened the potassium might be continuously leaking from the cell right. So when these channels close what will happen? Potassium will not be able to leak out of the cell and there will be potassium increase in the post-synaptic neuron right. So positive ion is being retained so that is the decreased efflux of potassium ions and that can also lead to de-polarization. So these are two mechanisms for de-polarization or EPSP to occur that is entry of sodium ion and decreased efflux of potassium ions. So here in this graphical manner what we are seeing is that on x-axis is shown time in milliseconds. So here this is time in milliseconds and on y-axis is membrane potential in millivolts right. And what we are seeing that this blue line is showing the resting membrane potential so minus 70 millivolts is the resting membrane potential and this green line is showing the threshold potential that means for action potential to occur there should be a change in potential towards the positive side such that it reaches the threshold isn't it. But here you see what is happening because of the signal which is coming from the pre-synaptic neuron there is EPSP. Excitatory post-synaptic potential that is basically changing the potential towards the positive side but this EPSP is not leading to action potential remember okay so this is a graded potential occurring which is not able to generate the action potential. So please remember that this EPSP and IPSP are actually graded potential we will see the properties very soon so these are graded potentials fine. So that was about EPSP. Let's move on to IPSP. So how will IPSP occur? IPSP we said is basically change in potential towards a more negative side right hyperbolarization. So that occurs when there is either opening of a chloride channel so opening of ligand gated chloride channel when the neurotransmitter binds to the receptor there is opening of this chloride channel and because of this there is entry of chloride ions into the dendrite and this negative ion being inside leads to hyperbolarization and classical neurotransmitters in central nervous system are GABA and glycine which cause inhibitory post-synaptic potential. But there is another mechanism also of inhibitory post-synaptic potential and that is opening of ligand gated potassium channels. So opening of ligand gated chloride channels and opening of ligand gated potassium channels why because you see potassium ion is more inside right so when these potassium channels open what will happen there will be more efflux of potassium ions from inside to the outside thus causing less positivity inside that is there will be negativity less positivity is nothing but negativity right. So opening of ligand gated chloride channels opening of ligand gated potassium channels causes IPSP on the other hand IPSP was due to opening of ligand gated sodium channels and closure of ligand gated potassium channels understanding so these two mechanisms each for IPSP and IPSP we should remember. So let us see the same way in diagrammatic manner what is happening here again the x-axis is showing time in milliseconds and y-axis is showing membrane potential in millivolt and what we are seeing here this is the resting membrane potential minus 70 millivolt and there is decrease in the potential due to this signal which is coming from the presynaptic neuron to the post-synaptic neuron. So here also again it is written activation of the synapse but here basically any potential change which is occurring that is a synaptic transmission which is occurring and causing that potential change but you see here that when IPSP is occurring it is taking the potential away from the threshold potential IPSP was taking the potential towards the threshold potential but IPSP is taking the potential away from the threshold potential so if this neuron has to generate an action potential now the change in potential which will be required is from much below maybe minus 80 millivolt till here right so it is becoming less responsive okay so maybe there might be another stimulus which is causing maybe excitatory change but you know that now that excitatory change required is much more because IPSP is also there so that is the significance of this IPSP and IPSP that is making the neuron either more responsive or less responsive to another stimulus right. Now this IPSP and IPSP remember their graded potential that means they have the same property as of any graded potential and what are the properties one very important property is that that if the signal increases if the signal increases that means the potential change will increase meaning that means if the amount of the neurotransmitters which are released from the presynaptic neuron increase then the potential change in the postsynaptic neuron will be more in case of IPSP and much more hyper polarization in case of IPSP so increase in this stimulus is leading to increase in the potential change that is why it is known as graded potential right and it is not an all or none law following potential that is action potential fine. Second very important property is that it travels with decrement what does this mean that means if at the site of the synapse maybe the potential change is minus 10 millivolt that is IPSP right so from minus 70 millivolt the potential has actually changed to minus 80 millivolt. Now this potential change travels along the exon right as it travels along the exon what happens that slowly slowly there is loss in the potential so here the potential change maybe minus 80 millivolt here again it may be minus 79 millivolt then here it may be minus 78 millivolt so you see as it is traveling along the length of the tendrite the loss in potential is occurring so that is travels with decrement action potential does it travel like that no action potential travels without decrement and third very important property is that it can be summed up it can be added up okay that we'll see in detail what is that see now here is one neuron and this is the axon and this is the cell body and there are so many dendrites right now for simplicity sake I have just shown one dendrite with one synapse okay now you see that maybe this synapse there is generation of EPSP other synapse there may be generation of IPSP and you see the quantity also EPSP here changes 8 millivolt IPSP here changes minus 10 millivolt then there may be another synapse where EPSP is 15 millivolt okay and maybe other synapse which is not active and so in that case there will be no change in potential now because these potential change travel with decrement you see by the time they reach the cell body what is happening IPSP from minus 10 millivolt it has become minus 7 millivolt EPSP from 8 it has become 5 millivolt and similarly EPSP here from 15 millivolt it has become 10 millivolt and you can very logically say that if the dendrite is long then what will happen the loss in the potential which will be much longer by the time it reaches the cell body now they have reached here at a common point right and maybe they will travel like that so by the time they come together at a particular point on the membrane what will happen that all these potential will get added up why see these are nothing but ionic changes so whatever is the summed up ionic change that will be the actual potential so that is known as summation of the postsynaptic potential all the graded potentials can be added up while action potential it cannot be added up it is an all or none phenomena and that is because of the inactivation of the sodium channels and all we are not going into details of that but just remember here that graded potential can be added up it doesn't follow all or none law so just little somebody about that different EPSP and IPSP travel with decrement towards cell body the longer the dendrite the decrement will be more finally they will be added up and depending on the net result of summation of EPSP and IPSP action potential may or may not be generated fine now let us see the types of synaptic summation of these EPSP and IPSP so first is summation in space also known as a spatial summation so here what we are seeing that there are three the synapses okay so the line diagram I have drawn for simplicity and they are impinging another another neuron now suppose that all these three synapses are activated simultaneously so all these three synapses will cause change in the potential on the postsynaptic membrane one may be EPSP one may be IPSP or all three may be EPSP or all three may be IPSP that is different but suppose they come together so what will be the ultimate change in potential on the postsynaptic neuron they will be added up and that will determine so this is known as summation in a space where the potential change caused by three different neurons in this example that is being added up so these three different neurons are differently located in space as you may say right so this adding up of change in potential caused by different synapses that is known as spatial summation and let us see it graphically how it will be so here is an example where you see that these are the presynaptic neurons which are making contact with the postsynaptic neuron and EX is showing basically excitatory synapse and in INS inhibitory synapse now suppose EX1 gets excited only only EX1 right so here this green line is showing the threshold and say suppose this is the resting membrane potential suppose only EX1 is excited or the synapse is activated so what will happen we will get a positive change in potential but it is not reaching to the threshold now given a condition where both EX1 and EX2 are excited so the summed up change in potential will occur right so they are acting together and what will happen we will get maybe a graded potential which reaches to the threshold and there will be generation of action potential okay so this is the point where two excitatory synapses are excited together so what is this this is summation let's take another example say suppose excited three synapse one and inhibitory synapse one are excited and maybe quantitatively for simplicity let us say that this causes plus 10 millivolt change in potential and this one causes minus 10 change in potential so if both of them are excited simultaneously how much will be the potential change nothing there will be no potential change right adding up is not causing any potential change so that is spatial summation next is temporal summation here temporal when we are talking it is in relation with time so here i have shown only one synapse okay so now if this synapse is activated repeatedly so suppose there is a train of action potentials here right so lot of action potentials are coming one after the other and they are activating this particular synapse so maybe one action potential from the presynaptic neuron is causing a EPSP on the post synaptic neuron of three millivolt suppose so it will fade with time remember fade with time also so one is that it travels with decrement and second is that at a particular position it will not stay forever right so after sometime it will become two millivolt after sometime it will become one millivolt and it will decay with time right now as it is decaying before it's complete decay to zero millivolt suppose another action potential comes right so this action potential will again generate a EPSP of three millivolt and EPSP due to the previous signal was suppose two millivolt because one millivolt has faded so how much will be the EPSP now it will be three plus two is equal to five millivolt so the excited triposynaptic potential from the two signals have actually added up right so that is known as summation with time that is temporal summation similar will be the case in IPSP also so maybe initially there was a change of minus 10 millivolt okay and then there will be decay so it is going to become minus nine millivolt minus eight millivolt and maybe now another signal is added up here that is minus 10 millivolt so how much will be the EPSP it will be much more negative that is minus 19 millivolt understanding so that is summation of the EPSPs and IPSPs fine so if we see it graphically in this same example so here excitatory stimulus is there only one stimulus comes so it will be like this right and then it will start decaying right now as it is decaying again maybe the next stimulus comes in the same synapse so what will happen it will add up and it will increase to this level and again if the same stimulus comes right so it was decaying and again it will add up and you see the third time it may reach the threshold so if the frequency of the stimuli is more in case of excitatory synapse ultimately it will lead to generation of the action potential so what is the point of all this thing point is basically that generally stimulation in a single synapse doesn't lead to action potential it is the combination of the synapse which are being activated that ultimately will determine whether the post synaptic neuron will fire or not and depending on how much is the added potential so here you see EPSP is much more than that of the threshold right you see here is the threshold so this is the action potential frequency another example you see that if the threshold is here and the summated potential is much more higher than that of the threshold here it is only this much okay then the frequency of action potentials is much much more so here this diagram is showing only the action potential so in this the action potential frequency is less in the other one action potential frequency is much more now before we end this concept on EPSP and IPSP I want to talk about the presynaptic inhibition what is presynaptic inhibition here you see this diagram is showing one excitatory synapse right and this excitatory synapse is being inhibited right so on the exon there is an inhibitory signal this synapse is not here right so if the synapse was here that is known as direct inhibition now this is what is known as presynaptic inhibition because it is the presynaptic neuron which is being inhibited okay now suppose one action potential causes the release of maybe 100 neurotransmitters right just simplistic values we are taking and 100 neurotransmitters lead to say suppose this much potential change okay now suppose this excitatory synapse the presynaptic inhibition is present that means this one is activated but by means of another neuron this is inhibited also understanding so maybe instead of 100 neurotransmitters now only 50 neurotransmitters will be released because of this inhibition the amount of voltage gated calcium channels which will be opening are very less so the fusion of the vesicles will also decrease so that is why the neurotransmitters are going to decrease okay and here in this diagram if we see it has shown that okay with inhibition total inhibition of the neurotransmitters is occurring that means no release is occurring but generally it doesn't happen like that it may be partial inhibition also right so if EPSP without this presynaptic inhibition was say plus 10 millivolt with the presynaptic inhibition the EPSP maybe only say suppose plus 8 millivolt or plus 7 millivolt understanding so that is the concept of presynaptic inhibition this is not direct inhibition but it's still the amount of EPSP which is being generated at a particular synapse is being less because of the presynaptic inhibition so that was all about the concept of EPSP and IPSP how they are generated what are they how they are summed up and when they will lead to the generation of action potential thanks for watching the video if you liked it do press the like button share the video with others and don't forget to subscribe to the channel if physiology open thank you