Fyelodau, ymhynger, argyfwylodau ac yn ymgyrchu. Mae'r ffaith bwysig i gael i fynd i'w cael ei wneud i'w ddechrau gŵr i'r gweithio ar gyflwynoedd yma ar y 21 Davos Agenda. Ym hyn yw Dominic Waray, ym y dyfodol yma ar y Gymdeithasol Ym Mhir Yn Yw. Ac yw ymhynger i'w gweithio ar gyfer gweithio ar y dyfodol'r parol. Efallai chi'n bwysig ar gyfer dechrau'n gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio'r Gweithio'r As the official closing session of the 2021 Climate Adaptation Summit, which was a 24-hour live-streamed event focused on scaling up global cooperation and leadership for a climate resilient future. Your tools on all – 2021 is a critical year for climate action. The Covid pandemic has created a new reality presenting us with both The 2021 Global Risk Report from the World Economic Forum identifies climate action failure and extreme weather events as the most likely long-term risks we face over the next decade. And just a few weeks ago the World Meteorological Organization announced that 2020 is on track to be the joint hottest year on record with 2016 and jointly, if not firstly, the most hottest decade 2010 through 2020. So, it's obvious we're not keeping pace with the scale and impact of the climate crisis. We need to raise ambition and, more importantly, we need to translate that ambition into action. That's why here at the World Economic Forum our Executive Chairman and Founder, Professor Claes Schwab, announced one year ago at our annual meeting in Davos 2020 a net zero challenge asking forum members to radically step up their targets to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 or sooner. And we're now working with several alliances to help us achieve our vision. The CEO Climate Leaders Alliance which represents over 85 companies and the International Business Council with 122 companies globally who will be implementing some ESG metrics. In addition, through initiatives like our Mission Possible Partnership, we're working directly with heavy industries to help key sectors decarbonise in what are so-called hard-to-abape areas like aviation and shipping. Since its launch at the UN Climate Action Summit in 2019, this initiative, the Mission Possible Partnership has grown from 30 to over 400 companies and with a great partnership with others, we're all working with the UN-led processes to deliver sector-specific decarbonisation outcomes to unlock finance, technologies and policy solutions that will accelerate the transition and promote the race to zero. So through these initiatives, we are working closely with the COP Presidency, both 25 and the Presidency Designate COP26 and the COP High Level Champions in the lead up to the important meeting in Glasgow at the end of the year. So I'm delighted that we have the COP26 President, Alok Sharma with us today and we look forward to discussing how we can deliver high climate ambition outcomes at Glasgow. So we can do this but we can't do it alone and that's why we're going to move to hear from the panel about how the Climate Adaptation Summit went and then we'll hear from the host of that summit later on in the discussion. So, with no further ado, we'll turn to our panel discussion. I'm delighted to welcome our panellists to this discussion. We have a great panel for you and I also want to flag to the audience that after the panel presentations we will have an interactive question answer session if we have time. So on your Slido, you can submit questions directly. It's very easy. You can simply scan the QR code to submit your questions. So let's get on and meet the panel. I'm delighted to welcome our panellists. We have in no particular order of esteemed capabilities and fame. The Secretary General of the World Meteorological Organization, Professor Pateri Talas. Welcome, sir. Fyker Cybezmer, the honorary chairman of Royal DSM, which is a leading Dutch company and a global commissioner on adaptation. And may I say, an honorary chair and founder of the CEO Climate Leaders Alliance I mentioned earlier. Welcome, sir. Rebecca Marmot, the Chief Sustainability Officer of Unilever, an incredible leader at an incredible company at the forefront of corporate action on climate and social issues. Welcome, Rebecca. And I'm also delighted, as I mentioned, to welcome to the discussion the right honourable Alok Sharma, COP26 president from the United Kingdom, the person in charge of the 2021 climate meeting in Glasgow. Welcome, sir. It's delightful to have you, given how much you have on your agenda. I'm also delighted to say that a little bit later in the conversation, we'll be joined by Mr Shinjuro Kwaisumi, who's a Minister of Environment of Japan. Japan, as you know, recently announced a national net zero target commitment. So, let's get going with the discussion. You see the QR code on your screen if you want to ask any questions as we discuss. Professor Tallas, if I could start with you. The statistics that you and your organisation have put out about 2020 are quite incredible. Joint hottest year ever, the end of the joint hottest decade ever, fires in the Arctic, let alone California and Australia, floods in Asia, heat waves in the ocean, 29 tropical storms across the Atlantic, so many that we ran out of alphabet letters. You must be quite concerned to say the least as the leading scientific organisation in this space. And I guess the question is, how do we better prepare and adapt for the events that we are seeing if more is to come? And specifically, what are you looking for this year in the run up to the COP summit for actors both from the public and private sector to do? Over to you, sir. Thanks for the invitation to address you and I would like to thank also the government of Netherlands for hosting excellent global adaptation summit yesterday. It's also had a chance to participate in. As you said, climate change is only very visible. We have reached 1.2 degree warming so far, and there's 24% probability that we will reach 1.5 the low limit of Paris agreement in the coming five years. We have stored lots of extra heat to the oceans and we are breaking recourse there year by year. And also the same is true for the main greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane. Year by year we are breaking new recourse and we have started seeing growing amount of disasters, growing amount of economic losses and the big impact of human welfare worldwide. Pedigation is of course very essential. We have heard encouraging news from European Union, China, USA, Japan, South Korea and South Africa. But it's time to go from political promises to concrete action. So what finally matters is what happens in the real atmosphere and so far we haven't anything positive to report about that. The negative trend in climate will continue until the 2060s and she'll ever rise until next century and that happens despite of the success of implementation of Paris agreement. This means that we have to pay much more attention to climate adaptation and one of the very powerful ways to adapt to climate change is to invest in early warning services. Today only 40% of our 193 members have proper early warning services and also the basis of early warning services. The global observing system is in fairly poor shape. We have poor observing systems of weather, climate and water, especially in Africa, Caribbean, Pacific islands and also some parts of Latin America. That means that the accuracy of the forecast in those regions especially is poor and it's having a negative impact on the quality of forecast worldwide also in developed world. That's why we have created three major initiatives to improve the situation. We have already cross initiative ongoing which was initiated by the government of France. We have now eight contributing countries and Finland announced yesterday that they are joining this initiative. This is supporting the further development of multi-asset early warning services with impacts. That's important. Then we have to improve our observing systems and that's why we have created systematic observation financing facilities. We need this soft and we need the 400 million US dollars to improve the situation especially in Africa, six countries and some Latin American countries. Thirdly, we are also working to build a water climate accelerator to improve the implementation of sustainable development goal. Six, we don't have proper ways to control the water resources to cope with drought and flooding. We have ten UN agencies behind this initiative and several governments at the head of state and minister level. This is a subset of United Nations water. We have to pay attention to adaptation and mitigation from every more side. We are happy to be part of the game. Thank you. Secretary General, thank you so much and it's very heartening to hear about the amount of effort and collaboration internationally that's occurring in early warning systems to get us ready for this future. You are a commissioner on the Global Adaptation Commission and you were involved in the summit yesterday along with colleagues on this session. What were the key messages coming out of the commission and moving forward? What needs to happen next? Thank you Dominic and great for organising this. Two years ago we started with the Global Commission on Climate Adaptation. It was mentioned in the Paris Treaty but not so strong. It was mainly in the Paris Treaty where we cut our climate approach on mitigation. As we all know unfortunately we are not on track on achieving our Paris goals so we work harder on mitigation. In the meantime the impact on climate change is growing especially for the developing countries where we realise its effect of every single day. We started with this Global Commission on Adaptation and we set up also the Global Centre for Climate Adaptation coached by Mr Ban Ki-moon and myself. What we do there is developing best practices for resilient food production in terms of drought and how can we produce our food when it's too dry or too wet? Or how can we protect infrastructure in the west but also in the south so to say or cities or water etc. Those best practices which we develop can be rolled out. We do that also with the African Development Bank in the different countries. It's not only for the public sector also for the private sector who need to join to be honest also in their own interest to protect their own supply chains but also since we figured out that climate adaptation and investing in that can take care of another 0.7% extra economic growth in terms of GDP globally and provide millions of jobs. So what we said yesterday is we need adaptation next to mitigation and we need to work on that from the public and the private sector on both hand in hand because climate change is a reality today. Today globally we spent about 30 billion. If I take all companies and all governments etc globally all together went down a little bit over the last year and it needs to increase with a factor of 10 over the coming years in order to fulfill our ambitions. So that need to be done and several governmental leaders including my own Dutch Prime Minister mentioned maybe we should split the total finance of mitigation and adaptation in a 50 50 manner. And I think that is good. I hope that during this year towards the cop we can raise the money allocate the money both for mitigation and adaptation. And like I said work out concrete best practices because climate change is a reality today and therefore the solutions need to be implemented for people today and obviously for generations to come. And I think this this journey could continue mitigation and adaptation in parallel hand in hand into a mitigation. And I love Sharma knows very well the race to net zero reducing strongly our emissions and then adaptation to make ourselves resilient to the race to full resilience. And I think there is also a moral humanitarian obligation also from the richer countries to support in this respect the poor countries for whom climate change impact is a reality every single day. And that was I think the main breakthrough of yesterday that so many governmental leaders said we are behind that. We will do that. We will invest in that. We will develop the best practices for this and the next generation race to net zero race to resilience. Thank you. That's a very good way of putting these hand in hand isn't it the race to net zero which is really caught on over the past 12 months and the race to full resilience together and with that 50 50 proposal of the of the financing. I very much like to welcome and you can probably see him on your screens. His excellent season Jero Kwazumi who is the environment minister of Japan. Welcome sir. We'll come to you in a second. But just this link that you mentioned about the private sector as well. Maybe we can turn to Rebecca Marmot who is the chief sustainability officer as I mentioned for Unilever. Rebecca Unilever is a leader in the net zero. You committed for net zero missions in all Unilever products by 20 39 latest which is an incredible and exciting goal. And here we're talking about climate adaptation at the same time.  Over to you Rebecca. Thanks Dominic morning everybody. It is Dominic as you said it is something that we are spending huge amounts of time trying to trying to tackle climate change is obviously impacting a business cycle right the way across the value chain in numerous different ways from how and where we're growing and sourcing the material the direct manufacturing the people in the communities that were serving around the world how how they use our products. So we've had to try and tackle that in a multitude of different ways. You talked very briefly about some climate commitments that we made last year. There's two medium term emissions reduction goals underneath that 20 39 goal that you mentioned one around reaching zero emissions across our operations by 2030 and the one that you talked about by 2030. Right the way across the G.H.G. footprint of all of these products. But of course we can't talk about just an isolation. We've also at the same time made targets around the forestation supply chains really thinking about how do we work with a new generation of farmers and small holders through what we're calling our regenerative agriculture code. I'll come back to that in a second. And then specifically on water water stewardship programmes for communities that are working with around the world. And of course Dominic with the work that you're doing on the W.R.G. on the water resources group. And I think I just particularly talk about that area of adaptation to climate change that is about better water management. So across the world we all know many of the people on this call over 70 percent of the fresh water is used around the world for agriculture and a lack of water is reducing yield. It's reducing crop crop quality. It can destroy a whole harvest which has a terrible impact especially for the small holder farmers. So water scarcity for us is a massive challenge for farmers and a lot of the countries where we're sourcing our crops. And we see that becoming even more volatile where we're seeing raising temperatures more frequent droughts and predictability around rainfall patterns. So when I look at how can we help farmers and supply chains to adapt to that. How can we use water more efficiently to improve crop yield. So we're focusing specifically at the moment on water scarce countries and thinking about rainwater intensive crops for example like tomatoes. So a couple of examples in South Africa. Our cornwall brand are working very closely now with small holder farmers on a number of different approaches to better cultivate herds using less water. We're doing that in partnership with WWF in the Drakensburg area. And I think through good governance and through land management we can then help to replicate that program around the world. Think on regenerative agriculture specifically where about to publish some new guidelines for our suppliers on how to deliver better outcomes around nourishing soil. Thinking about increasing biodiversity improving water quality and climate resilience. One other brief area I just wanted to mention is how do we use innovation so that we can help to change our products and so that they're better able to be used by communities around the world. We're impacted by this. So we need to think about how through research and development can we make products that provide the same kind of performance but they use less water or even unfortunately poor quality water or perhaps even no water quality at all. So we've done a lot of work into looking at things like sharing habits. How can we help what would scientists help to save energy on water. We know in our value chain around 95% of GHG emissions associated with our shampooing states and shower gels and things like that come from people using hot water especially showers. So that kind of research that we're doing helps us understand what the catalysts are for changing people's behaviors. So I'll give you a couple of examples in laundry for example. We found that people often use a lot more washing detergent than they actually need. So by creating a very positive concentrated detergent things like we make it easier for people to use the correct amount. We've developed now that kill the amount of foam that comes out in the wash. So for example you might only need to use one bucket of water instead of three. So I think that risk based approach encourages policy makers to consider a whole range of different future conditions. Adaptation can't be shouldn't be undertaken in an isolated way. We need to think about it in a very joined up and an integrated way. So just to end I'd like to find his words. Thank you to Alex Sharma for his leadership. And as we go forward to the autumn we're really looking forward to working with Alex Sharma with others in the public and private sector and governments so that we can have a successful COP26. Rebecca thank you very much. It's fascinating to hear some of those very specific examples where organisations companies such as yourself are really getting into the weeds so to speak of how to build up from the specific to the more general. Alex will come to you in a second but with Kwazumi san perhaps we can bring him in first because minister Japan really is a leader when it comes to climate adaptation preparedness and disaster risk reduction. You were the catalyst of the Sendai framework of disaster risk reduction in Japan in 2015 which was endorsed by all of the United Nations parties a bit like a Paris agreement for risk reduction and disaster preparedness. So perhaps you were able to share some perspectives from your side on how Japan is tackling the rising impact of climate change and from listening to the analysts what you need to see in terms of the adaptation agenda. For 2021 and then we'll move on to you. Alex Sharma is the COP president. Minister Kwazumi over to you. Thank you for this opportunity. Let me express my respect to the host of this closing session, the government of the Netherlands and the World Economic Forum. Last year became yet another sobering reminder that adaptation is urgent. Extreme heat, wildfires, torrential rain, these disasters and the damage they bring, no borders. Re-designing of a socio-economic system therefore is definitely needed. Now, let me answer the two questions one by one. Japan is one of the few countries with dedicated law on adaptation as we recognize.  Even the Ministry of Defence takes part in the Governmental Council on adaptation because adaptation is also a matter of national security. Mr Warren, you mentioned disaster risk reduction. Here, our strategy is to enhance the synergy between climate action and disaster risk reduction. I call it adaptive recovery. It is about resilience measures that take into account adaptation needs. It includes the control of land use for communities to better adapt to climate change. Let's not forget developing countries need support in the adaptation efforts. Japan is working on this front too. At G20 Environment Minister's meeting in 2019, Japan established a science-based knowledge platform on adaptation called APDOT that helps enhance the country's coping capacity. Going back to the other question on the private sector, adaptation can be a risk or an opportunity for businesses. With this in mind, the government collects and shares best practices of adaptation to support the private sector, both in avoiding supply chain risks and in creating new business opportunities. Talking about businesses, by the way, Japan counts the highest number in terms of the TCFD membership and ranked second in the world and first in Asia in its commitment to science-based targets. Last but not least, let me draw your attention to the progress in our mitigation efforts. Japan's new Prime Minister, Suga, announced in his policy speech that Japan will become carbon neutral by 2050. We will write a carbon neutrality goal into law to ensure legal grounds, credibility, and policy continuity. He also pledged to make all new car sales to be electric by 2035 through doubling EV incentives on certain conditions. Tokyo's EV target is even more ambitious. It's 2030. Furthermore, our discussions on carbon prices have started in earnest. Besides that, we will submit a bill on plastic resource circulation to accelerate the transition to a circular economy. Japan plans to have a round table on circular economy CE Davos, together with the World Economic Forum in March. This will be an excellent venue for showcasing various efforts toward the circular economy. Minister Sharma, let's join forces for a successful COP26. Together, let's redesign our socio-economic system beyond COVID-19. Thank you very much. Arigato. Arigato Minister Kwazumi. Thank you so much for that. So, Alex Sharma, COP26 president. We've heard from the science, we've heard from the commission on adaptation with some pretty good ideas on policy and directions from the leaders in the private sector and from a leading party, as they say in the United Nations, a leading government who's working on these issues. Perhaps some food for thought there in terms of the adaptation dimension to the COP26 meeting. Over to you, sir, for your thoughts and reflections. Great Dominic. Well, thank you very much for sharing this event. Of course, huge thanks to the World Economic Forum and the Netherlands for organising this panel. Some really brilliant contribution there from my fellow panellists, incredibly insightful. And I think everyone acknowledges universally that this year 2021 is absolutely going to be a critical year for climate. And I've said this before and I will never tire repeating this, that I want to see the golden thread of climate action woven through every international event on the road to Glasgow. And at the Climate Ambition Summit, which we co-hosted, the UK co-hosted with the UN in France last December, we had 75 world leaders coming forward making very concrete commitments. At that point, I set out four key priorities for COP26. So the first was to secure this step change in emissions reductions, which we all want to see. Secondly, to strengthen adaptation. And this is about ultimately protecting people and nature. Thirdly, to get finance flowing to climate. And clearly that is both public finance, but also private finance. And fourth, to enhance the international cooperation that we have around the globe on this particular area. And that has to be amongst policymakers. It was great to hear my friend Minister Koizumi setting out what the Japanese government is doing. And I want to thank him for the very good collaboration that he and I have had over the past year, which will obviously continue this year as well. Obviously investors need to be part of that. Businesses society, we had some great examples, chronic examples there from Rebecca about what the business that she represents is doing in fighting climate change. But I want to just focus on the last three priorities, if I may, in this particular session and how they work together, how they meld together. But the reality is we all know that climate change, the effects of that, the very severe effects of that are very much with us. We heard from Petrie who set out where we are in terms of global warming at this stage. So it is absolutely vital that we go further and faster on adaptation. And we need to build this resilience into our societies and our economies. It needs to be completely woven into that. And ultimately, of course, that will require all of us to act. So whether we are representing governments or businesses or investors or indeed cities or indeed civil society, we all have a role to play. And the human case, Fika talked about this, the economic case for this is absolutely overwhelming. And we know, as we've heard, that the most vulnerable are at the greatest risk from climate change. And in fact, those who have done the least to cause it. Time and again, you've heard it from my fellow panellists. We've seen the devastation, the human misery that's wracked by storms, by droughts, by rising sea levels. And we know that without sufficient actions, millions will lose lives and livelihoods and very many more people will be pushed very sadly into poverty. We've heard from the Global Centre for Adaptation from Fika's organisation that every dollar that is spent on adaptation will yield between two and ten times that in avoided costs and damages. The economic case for this is very clear. So what I'm doing is calling on leaders in all sectors to up their ambition and indeed action on adaptation. I'm urging all countries to come forward with ambitious adaptation plans and communications. The UK, of course, did that at the Climate Ambition Summit in December. And I'm encouraging all governments to align their recovery packages with the Paris Agreement and of course with the SDGs and sustainable development goals as well. I'm asking businesses and cities and society and more to join that race to resilience campaign, which we launched yesterday and it's about increasing ambition resilience across the whole of society. Just to give some examples from a UK perspective in terms of the practical solutions that we are supporting in finding for adaptation. So, of course, we had the launch of the Adaptation Research Alliance last week. We are very pleased to be supporting LifeAR, which as colleagues will know is a programme led by the LDCs, by the least developed countries to aid their adaptation because we are committed to adaptation being locally led. I think that's really very important and to making progress faster through international cooperation. You'll have heard yesterday Prime Minister Boris Johnson launching the Adaptation Action Coalition. He's done that together with our partners Egypt and Bangladesh and Malawi, St Lucia, the UN and of course our friends in the Netherlands as well. And critically, we are also working with donors and development banks and private investors to get adaptation resilience finance flowing faster and stronger, particularly to developing countries. So, we've got organisations like the Coalition for Climate Resilient Investment, for example. And through that, we are encouraging investors to take climate risk into account in every decision that they make. Last year, we launched an initiative to accelerate investment in adaptation resilience through the Development Finance Institutions and I certainly urge all DFIs to join that particular initiative. And I'm also urging donors to significantly increase international climate finance commitments and ensure a balance between adaptation and mitigation. You've heard that from my fellow panellists. I very much back that call. And so, what we need to ensure is that not only do donor countries honour that to temic $100 billion pledge a year of money going to climate finance, but adaptation should no longer be regarded as a poor cousin to mitigation when it comes to finance flows. I think that's absolutely vitally important and it's a point that FICA made in terms of what we've been hearing at this conference. So, I do believe that if we can get finance moving, if we work together, if we can have the ambition and the support to act, we can increase the scale and the pace of our adaptation. And by doing that, we will protect our people, we will protect our natural environment and, of course, our economies as well. Thank you. Thank you so much, the right honourable Alex Sharma and COP26 president. We'll be hearing more from you a little bit during the Davos agenda week as well. As I mentioned at the beginning, we are delighted to be co-hosting this session in the Davos agenda with the Climate Adaptation Summit as the closing session of the Climate Adaptation Summit. And technology permitting, I'm hoping that we can connect over to Sasha de Burr who joins us from the studio in the hay. Thank you, Dominic, and thank you, panellists. I am indeed your co-host, Sasha de Burr, joining from the Summit Studio in the Netherlands. And this was the official closing session of the Climate Adaptation Summit 2021. The Summit seeks to accelerate adaptation action all around the world by inspiring change, showcasing best practices and tangible adaptation solutions. As you know, COVID-19 has transformed the landscape of our society and poses both threats and opportunities for the Climate Adaptation Agenda. Climate adaptation is at risk of serious setbacks in the coming years due to shifts in public spending, due to immediate relief and the potential fallout of a global recession. Yet adaptation has never been more important. Climate shocks are happening now, intersecting with and worsening impacts of COVID-19. Therefore, building resilience to climate impacts will be critical to response and recovery efforts. The Climate Adaptation Summit sought to accelerate climate adaptation and it's vital that we keep the momentum going beyond this summit. During the summit, partners from all around the world presented their adaptation efforts and their commitments towards the future. Their efforts, our joint efforts, will be captured in the adaptation action agenda and shared with the summit participants, all of them. The adaptation action agenda will provide insight into efforts from around the world, strengthen cooperation and facilitate progress monitoring.  We will meet again at COP26 and other international events to showcase progress and share lessons learned. Thank you for participating in this co-host session from Davos Dialogs and the Climate Adaptation Summit. At the summit, we'll continue at Channel 1 with the final cast talk on the way ahead with Frans Tiromans, Patricia Espinosa, Marta Delgado and Tracy Fung. Please join us for the final word by our Prime Minister, Mark Rutten. Ladies and gentlemen, first let me thank you all for your contribution to the Climate Adaptation Summit. We are completely online, all in different locations, but with one common goal, to adapt as well as we can to the reality of the changing climate and to turn our ambitions into adaptation action.  And also because as COVID-19 has shown, in order to deal with risks, it's crucial that we show resilience and that we do so together. And we have the opportunity to act now, but we are running out of time. Last year alone, governments around the world invested more than $10 trillion in crisis relief. This accumulated debt may reduce the ability of governments to address urgent needs. And yet, so far, most stimulus packages have not adequately built climate resilience into their recovery plans. This needs to change. Because investing in climate adaptation brings many advantages in a broad range of areas. It creates jobs, protects communities and ecosystems and propones sustainability in a changing world. So investing in adaptation is simply the smart thing to do. And with that in mind, it's great to see the enormous spectrum of plans, ideas and initiatives that have been presented in the last 24 hours. Like the inspirational example of early movers Ghana and Bangladesh who are making their infrastructure climate resilient. And a fantastic initiative aimed at offering one million young people from the global south a free adaptation course and so involving them actively in climate adaptation. We have bundled all these initiatives into the adaptation action agenda 2030, which will help guide us towards a climate resilient future by 2030. The current pandemic poses extra challenges, but it also gives us a chance to build forward better. To build forward to a world that's more resilient, sustainable and inclusive. Let's seize that chance together with each other and together for each other. Thank you. Thank you very much Sacha Dabur from the Climate Adaptation Summit and good luck with the final discussions there and from Prime Minister Ruta. Back with the panel I'm delighted to say and probably no surprise to you as panellists or to you as viewers. We've had millions of questions that have come in about this topic. I'm going to if I may just offer a few up and to the Secretary General of the World Meteorological Organization. Here's a sort of science question is from a chap called Rupert House who many of us might know. Thank you Rupert for your question. Has humanity just left it too late given the positive feedback loops to keep warming below 1.5 degrees? Realistically what can we do? What can be achieved if we do everything now? Is it too late Secretary General? I think at this IPCC report that was published two years ago was demonstrating that for the welfare of mankind and our planet it would be very important to aim at reaching this 1.5 degrees. And these good news that we have heard from the European Union, from China, Japan, South Korea, South Africa and more recently from USA. They are positive news and we should aim at getting also other countries on board. So they're still theoretically possible to reach 1.5 and there's a good chance to reach the limits of Paris Agreement 1.5 to 2 degrees. That's what I understand. It's actually one of those moments where we could just do this given the level of commitments that are coming in and inching us down towards the Paris Agreement and maybe beyond 1.2 towards 1.5 which makes the COP summit so exciting in a way at the end of November. This could be one which we can just do with the leadership that is being displayed from the public and private sectors. Rebecca, and maybe to an extent Fika given your sectors, here's a question about the food sector. How can the food sector be engaged in a more resilient direction, e.g. food security and vulnerable livelihoods, but also food industries in the global north? We've heard a lot about the food sector. You gave us a few examples Rebecca, but maybe what are you seeing in the food industry more generally? Is there a movement towards net zero more resilient food systems? Maybe Fika, there's some thoughts from you as well because you work in the innovation side of this agenda as well. But Rebecca first. Thanks, Dominic. Well of course there's the UN Food Systems Summit that is coming up this year which looks to tackle the issues around how does the food industry ensure that they have the right steps in place to protect against climate change. I talked a little bit about the work that we're doing on regenerative agriculture practice. So working with small holder, working with farmers around the world to think about how can you grow and cultivate crops in a more positive way. Some small tangible examples of things that we've been working on. One I think is a big shift in dietary habits. We made an acquisition last year, the vegetarian culture, and we're seeing a huge move now towards plant-based, which of course better in terms of thinking about deforestation, but also in terms of eating more healthily. Last year we made a big announcement with the WWF through Cornwall around future food. So actually how can we encourage greater dietary diversity so stopping consumers around the world, all of us eating the same things all the time and having an over-reliance on those key crops. So actually by including greater diversity of fruits and vegetables in the dark, thinking about different sorts of grains, plant-based that I talked about before, I think we can make some important moves towards changing the reliance on those same key areas. And then I think lastly, I talked a little bit, Dominic, in my word earlier about the importance of thinking about water management in the most effective way. So how can we think about drip irrigation, how can we think about better water management when we're growing our crops and commodities. Thank you, Rebecca. Verca, what are your thoughts on this? Is it a resilience, if you like, in the food system and particularly in the food industry in the north, shall we say? Well, it counts for all food production. Maybe the south first. I mean climate change is impacting more Africa and certain Asian countries at this moment than it does the north. And that's of course bad because the south did not cost it. And that food production needs to be resilient by local production, by helping to have different seeds which can survive droughts or survive floodings, different agricultural methods in Kenya. Now they work with apps that help the farmers how to fertilize and how to deal on the weather, et cetera. So there are all kinds of technologies on growing the crops and that make it more resilient in an adverse climate situation. Droughts, flooding, seeds, fertilizers, all that stuff. And a project like African Proof Foods is very much supporting this with the African Development Bank, local production. But also for companies like Unileaf or our company or other companies who are dependent on all kinds of food supply chains, you better prepare and realize how their supply chains are resilient and otherwise at once you will be confronted with some hiccups or some issues. By the way, I also think that companies should be more transparent about that towards their shareholders, towards the media, towards the outside world. What is the risks DC and maybe also embrace the DC of the framework for this. The good thing is also next to all the problems Dominic that there's a lot of technologies or a lot of solutions also. So I would like to end also on a positive note on this. We are smart enough to develop solutions as well. And that in adaptation very important. Not only need to prevent, but to find solutions for the problems and they are. They need to be financed like Minister Sharma said, but they need to be developed. The private sector can play a role, but they are available. Thank you. And then the final word for this closing session of the Global Adaptation Summit to you, Alex Sharma is COP26 present. You'll be pleased to know, sir, that the questions and comments that we're getting in, there's so much support for a breakthrough. Like we want this to happen. What can we do? How do we get involved? Lots and lots of comments like that. So we're all rooting for you. It seems around the community who have been watching this session. But in particular, there's a couple of questions which are really about how can that ambition both on resilience and on tackling the Greenhouse gas emissions? How can it be unlocked? How can we help? What is your ask to those companies and those financial institutions and communities generally to get involved? It's so important and there's such a grand swell of wanting to help. And people are interested to know what your remarks to them would be. How to get involved? What can people do? Great Dominic, thank you very much for that. And look, I'm absolutely delighted that so many people are willing us forward to have a year where we're going to actually make a real difference when it comes to tackling climate change. And as I said in my remarks as part of the panel is that this is on all of us. At the end of the day, if we are successful this year, that success will belong to each and every one of us in playing a part. I mean, you raised the issue about businesses and investors. I mean, clearly their role is absolutely vital in that. And you've heard from Rebecca, from Fika in terms of what businesses are practically doing already. So, I mean, it is the work that's going on in developing resilient agriculture. You've heard about the work on crops that's happening. And actually infrastructure as well is absolutely vital, making sure that we have resilient infrastructure as well around the world. And then providing those technical services and assistance, particularly in developing countries, which is going to be so vital. And if you look at what businesses can do right now, we made reference that during the panel session. But the UN climate champions for climate action, Nigel Topping for the UK and Gonzalo Monos for COP25 have been doing a brilliant piece of work. And I want to pay tribute to them for the work they've done through the Race to Zero campaign. We've got a significant number of companies that have signed up to that, committing to net zero by 2050 on science-based targets. And of course, those companies also working, bigger companies working with their supply chain and supporting them to sign up and to aim for reducing their emissions as well. And the other big initiative, which was launched yesterday, was this Race to Resilience campaign. And this is about pulling together non-state actors business, of course, as part of this, to improve the resilience to climate risks. And we're talking about supporting 4 billion people in vulnerable groups and communities by 2030 around the world as part of this initiative. I talked briefly about the work that we are doing through COP26 on climate resilience, so the CCRI work that's going on, which is a private sector investment. But again, it's showing the private sector coming forward. We've got 62 institutions representing over $10 trillion who are developing and testing practical solutions when it comes to transparent risk pricing as well. So, you know, there is a huge amount that is going on in terms of the private sector. And I think this is a question of us supporting each other, policymakers supporting the business community, the wider civil service community. And I do think if we continue to do that this year, then I hope we will be able to achieve something that we all of us are very proud of by the end of 2021. Thank you so much, Alex Sharma, president of the COP26. We're all here with you to make this work. So thank you for those kind words. Rebecca Marmot, chief sustainability officer of Unilever. Genjiro Kozumi, the Environment Minister of Japan. Faikus Ibizma, honorary chairman and role DSM, chairman of the Global Commission on Adaptation. Professor Pateri Talas, secretary general of the World Meteorological Organization. Our friends and colleagues with the government of the Netherlands who have been hosting the Global Adaptation Summit. And of course our colleague and friend, Sacha Dabur, who has been moderating and chairing that. This has been a wonderful discussion co-hosted between us and the Netherlands as the closing session on the Global Adaptation Summit. So here from the Davos agenda in Geneva on behalf of the fantastic panel and our colleagues in the Netherlands, we close the session. Thank you so much for watching and goodbye.