Personal notice. Dangerous my stock and trade. If the job's too tough for you to handle, you got a job for me, George Valentine. Write full details. Standard Oil Company of California invites you to let George do it. Before we begin tonight's adventure of George Valentine, here's a reminder about motor oil. Compared with premium type oils, as designated by the American Petroleum Institute, new RPM motor oil doubles engine life between major overhauls due to lubrication. And it doubles protection against gum, acid and corrosion. For longer and better engine performance, change over to new RPM motor oil at independent Chevron gas stations or standard stations where they say, and mean, we take better care of your car. Framed for hanging, another adventure of George Valentine. Dear Mr. Valentine, my name is A.W. Anchors. The card I'm enclosing will introduce you as my representative. Anchors? Surely you realize the importance of that name? Of course, the initial A is for Andrews and all the money of his mother's family. Never heard of it. Well, let me read the rest of this. He's from Detroit. And when he asked me this afternoon to deliver this message... Oh, hold it, will you please? Well, I only... You're just delivering this note check. Mr. whatever your name is? Frame. Gerald Frame. But of course, everyone calls me Jerry. You see, I'm in the downtown office of Mr. Anchors' local administrative branch. He's only in town once every six months or so. Okay, okay, Frame. I get the picture. Everyone makes his little joke. So, Mr. Frame, tell me what's in this note from this big shot boss of yours, Anchors. Well, of course, I don't know exactly what. If you don't know, tell me why you should know. You delivered it like the man said. Thanks very much. Goodbye. No, no, he asked... I don't mind, though. Certainly if Mr. Anchors needs assistance, we should all do what we can. Curiosity killed a cat. Doesn't that worry an office boy? What? I beg your pardon. I'll have you know I'm in a position of some trust in the organization. Take your frame out of here. Now, see here, Mr. Valentine. Eager beaver. Yeah, come on with the letter, Brooksie. Oh, dear Mr. Valentine, my name is A.W. Anchors. The card I'm in closing will introduce you as my representative. I expect you to meet me at the office of the Dewey Company, one of my local holdings promptly at 5.30. Uh-huh. As nibs is spoken. Well, that's almost 5.30 now. Think I'm supposed to tremble? George, listen. My local inspection tour suggests that I have one problem of personnel to clean up. Oh, personnel. So that's it. Name of frame, you want to bet? The office nuisance. Big case. Yeah, he's certain. What's the matter? Well, maybe this isn't quite as routine as it looks, George. Mr. Anchors says, I normally don't interfere in these matters of local personnel, but I need your advice since I certainly don't want to be the employer of anyone who might commit murder. We're only a few minutes late, George. Don't see anybody waiting in the reception room. I'm dreadfully sorry, but we are closed now. Well, this is the office of the Dewey Company, isn't it? Administrative section, but I'm dreadfully sorry. I'm just locking up. We were supposed to meet someone here. Please leave your name on the pad. Besides, I have a date myself. I'm sure you understand. It's supposed to meet Mr. Anchors. Deadly sorry. Who? A.W. Anchors. I have a card he wrote to introduce. Oh, no, no, no, that's not necessary. I'm so sorry. Yes, of course, you're his personal representative. I mean, I had no idea. It's just that I had a date and I was trying to get away. Oh, please excuse me. Oh, sure, but where is he? Well, he was in and left. I don't know, but he'll be back if he said he'd meet you.   That's it. And for heaven's sake, don't tell him I treated you like a salesman. Hey, wait a minute. I've got to get my coat. You just lock up when you leave. Leave the keys here tomorrow. Well, the little card seems to work wonders. Imagine knowing a man who knows a man who knows A.W. Anchors. Oh, sure. Big man, except in words. If he'd only tell me what it was he wants me to do, I'd probably... Your name isn't George Valentine, is it? Oh, back again. That's right. What's yours? Angela. Angela Barclay. There's an envelope out there on the table. It's in Mr. Anchor's handwriting. For me? Yeah, let me see it. Well, he must have left it when he was here. Yeah, thanks. Well, what are you waiting for? Mr. Valentine, what exactly are you doing for Mr. Anchors? You expect me to answer that? Well, I don't want to be personal quite so quickly. No, of course you don't, darling. Mr. Valentine is nothing but a personnel man. Oh, well, I might be personnel, mightn't I? Yeah, yeah, I guess you could be a problem. Oh, thank you, but that wasn't quite... George, Miss Barclay seems to have a date with Jerry Frayne tonight. I'm sure she's in a hurry. What? How did you know? Guest, he's a man we met once. I noticed Mr. Frayne's picture on your desk. That's all. He looks much better without his glasses. Oh, he doesn't mean anything. He's just the pursuing type. You know how it is. And when your job throws you together with someone who's ambitious... Sure, sure. You're curious and... What? Oh, but I'll stay here if you like. I meant I could break the date or... I know, I know. That's what I mean. You and Frayne have one thing in common. You'd like to know what's in this letter. Well... Good night, Mr. Valentine. Well, it looks good kill, George. He might be the type any employer would worry about. This case is crazy. More orders than the big man. Oh, what does Mr. Angus say? Sorry, but I see no reason for waiting. Besides, the person I want you to meet and give me your opinion on is right there anyway. What? Well, then it is her. Wait, I'll call her. His name is Joseph Portland. Huh? Oh, that doesn't... It's somebody we haven't even met yet. Joseph Portland. Yeah. He's right here in the woodwork, I suppose. Of all the silly, crazy things. George, where are you going? To give anchors the benefit of the doubt for about one quick look, then we go home. But that's the wrong door. Oh, where are the lights back here anyway? This might lead to another office between the street. It just looked like warehouses in the back. I know. Oh! Ouch! He's right here. Sure, investigate the little man who wasn't there. There's no employee. Somebody snooping around. Stand still, angel. There's a side window here. I can see the streetlight. I want to take a look at... Stop! Stop! I'm all right. Hold still there. I see you. That's crazy. Let me go. Don't move, I said. I got the job on you. The heck with him.  George, I'll be here. I thought you'd get me, did you? Well, this'll... Hey, where did you... I mean, I can't watch this. Okay. I think you're smart. Do you creepin' in here like... George, where are you? George, what happened? Relax, Bruxy. I can't even see where I am. No, you don't. I'll get those lights. Well, too are you. Guess I better get the police. Knight, watchman. Oh, brother. Nobody's gonna creep up on me. I'm telling you. Watchman. And I suppose your name is Joseph Portland. Stand there, you. You bet it is. I'm no Hank Wales. I'm no sucker. Stop! Stop waving that thing. You stand over there, too, sister. Now, Portland, wait. I didn't know who you were, that's all. Now, you're educated. Operator, give me the police. Now, listen. I don't blame you for jumping. That's Portland. Hey, Portland, look. Look, I worked for your boss for anchors. Yeah, sure. Here, look. I got a card, says I do. Careful there. This is the Dewey Company, Matt. Dewey's my boss. But Mr. Anchors owns the company, doesn't he? I take my orders from Dewey, say. Sure, sure, sure. I understand that.  But Paul's the trigger-finger. Hey! There. Now shoot somebody here. George, you can reach the gun. No, you can't. Come on, Brooks. See, let's get out of here fast. I don't have to dislike this case anymore because now it's all over. But what business has anchors got meddling with my personnel problem? Mr. Dewey, I don't know and I don't care.  Well, we are. It took too long to find you. But it'd take a lot more than two hours to find the mighty anchors. So I'm telling you to get a new watchman down there and fast, thanks and good night. Portland's all right. Anchors is crazy. I'll phone his hotel. Just because he buys me out is no reason... Mr. Dewey, whom do I sue for being shot at? What? But Joe is a watchman and you were... You didn't even call out to us or ask what we were doing. Oh, you don't understand. His relief has been... I understand you got a nervous nilly down there who's got to be replaced. That's all I care about. Mr. Valentine, I know what Joe Portland's like. He's been with me for a long time. So had Hank Wales. Who? George, that's the same name the watchman mentioned. And anchors ought to understand. He was in town when it happened. What kind of a bloodless machine is he? Maybe Portland hasn't gotten over it. Maybe he does need another vacation. Oh, wait a minute. Who's Hank Wales? What happened? Well, I thought you knew. Hank was a buddy of Portland's before he was killed. Killed? Sure, last year. Oh, hello. Give me room 1610, please. Yes, Portland got shot in the leg, but Hank let them get the drop on him. Just from being such a polite watchman. Who got the drop on Wales? Who killed him? The same whoever it was who got away with the payroll and the rest of it. Didn't you overhear of the amalgamated robbery? That was us. A third of a million dollars. Oh, I see. No wonder Portland's still a bit nervous. Oh, hello, Mr. Anchors. Give me that. Hello. Hello. Mr. Anchors, this is that sucker named George Valentine. You're sent down to get shot at. What's that? What are you talking about? I'm sorry to wake you up like this in the middle of the night, but I wanted to give you a report. That's more than you gave me before I started. What? No, no, Joseph Portland.  The police did. They're standing here right now. What? I just hired you too late, that's all. Joe has murdered a man, just as I was afraid he might. Joe has? Yes. Killed a prowler not over half an hour ago. Prowler. I knew that man should be fired. Okay, bustle, let's have it. Fine watchman. Portland shot one of my own men, that's what he did. Some worthless young eager beaver from the office uptown. He killed a fellow named Gerald Frame. We'll return to tonight's adventure of George Valentine in just a moment. 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Be sure your tank is filled with not one, not two, but all eight high performance qualities. Qualities you get in every gallon of Chevron Supreme at standard stations and independent Chevron gas stations where they say and mean, we take better care of your car. Now back to tonight's adventure of George Valentine. The mighty Mr. Anchors has hired you, a nervous night watchman at the plant of one of his local companies needed to be replaced. The only trouble is he wasn't replaced soon enough. He's killed a man. The eager beaver named Jerry Frame. Well, if your name is George Valentine, it's a little hard for you to believe that this is anything but murder. He was crawling along there, I tell you. I thought he was trying to get in where the files are kept. Couldn't you recognize him? Worked for the same outfit as you? I'm a night watchman. I've never seen him before. It's true. Frame had no business coming down here, Lieutenant Johnson, except in the daytime. Trust him in a Mr. Anchors, please. Joe, didn't you challenge him or anything? You think I'm doing guard duty? So you shot first and asked questions afterwards. Leave me alone. You should have been fired months ago. Yeah, you can say that again. I'm not going to end up dead like Hank Wales. You cops ought to know what it's like to be all alone and responsible when people are snooping around. Yeah, he's right about one thing. This Frame guy was snooping, all right. He came in through a side door to the planet roots. Well, I'll grant you, the young man was apparently the type who nosed into everything he could. What was worth snooping for? I understand you don't keep oversized payrolls around anymore, Mr. Anchors. Of course not. Not since the robbery last year. Insurance company won't allow it. Oh, you're insured now. Why, wasn't he before? Not completely. That robbery where the other watchman was killed and Joe here wounded cost me the tidy sum of $75,000. So if you think this was none of my business, if you think I can sit around and be kind-hearted like Dewey has been doing... Okay, okay. I get the idea. Thanks very much. Of course. Whatever you wish. He sure the high and mighty, ain't he? Hey Joe, what did you mean people had been snooping around? What you said a minute ago? I don't mean Jerry Frame because I'll believe it about him. I don't know. Sure, there's been something going on, but I don't know what. Past week or two since my relief's been sick. Two or three times somebody's broken in, but I couldn't catch him. Better be more specific than that, Portland. Nobody's gonna get to drop on me like they did on Wales. I got a gun, I use it. This plant was robbed once, mister. Sure, Wales, he yelled to see what the noise was like a sucker.  Same one got me in the leg. Sure, me, I come running like a sucker too, but nothing more. I'm telling you, I'm the watchman. Joe, I know. Jitters. That's what's wrong with me, ain't it? Maybe Anchors is right. Maybe I ain't got no business working here. Sorry I shot that man tonight. Okay, okay, come on, Portland. We got some records. Yeah, hello, Sergeant. Listen, we got the gun. What gun? You're way behind times. Portland here is going to sign a statement to kill the man. What are you talking about? No, no, here, look. Let me see that. Property of JF Dewey Company, police special. Hank Wales' gun. What? I worked on the other case last year, Lieutenant, so to one of the ballistics men. He thinks it'll check out. The gun that killed Hank Wales a year ago. The one that was taken away from him at the time of the payroll robbery. That's it, sir. Holy smokes. Might explain why that Gerald Frayn was snooping again. We found this gun in the top drawer of the desk in Frayn's apartment. First lead we've had in a year. I know, I know, but wait, Johnson. All I want to know is whether that old robbery and murder was committed by one man or by a gang.  Maybe it was Frayn himself. He was snooping again tonight, wasn't he? He had the gun, didn't he? Hey, hey, wait a minute, where are you going? Your figuring's a little wrong, Johnson, wait and out for yourself. Meantime, I'm going to see a girl about a date. You already knew I had a date with Gerald Frayn. Sure, Miss Barclay, and you probably kept it, too. No, no, I didn't. Honestly. You saw him tonight before he was shot, didn't you? No. After I left you at the office, after I went home, I was dressing. He phoned. Where from? Well, how should I know? He just said something awfully important came up. Something he'd been working on, and he'd be delayed, that's all. Except, well, except... All right, except what? Well, he did say he was going to buy me a main coat. I thought he'd been drinking or was trying to be funny.  What? Oh, of course not. I agree with you. A man who's committed a perfect crime doesn't keep the murder gun around for a year and practically plain sight for people to find. Then what are you driving at? But a guy who knows he and ambitious and tripping onto old evidence might have such a gun in his desk. You mean Jerry knew who the robber was? Well, how else can you explain it? Who do you know that calls at this time of night? Well, nobody. Yeah. If you want me to be your last caller, come on, get in there. What? Mr. Valentine, please?  Where's a piece of paper and a pencil? Never mind, I see something. Just stay in there and be quiet, will you? I'm sorry, I didn't hear... Oh, hello, Mr. Joy. Valentine? Yeah, me. Your receptionist doesn't seem to be here. Well, I... I thought she might be upset, that's all. She knew this boy who got killed. Yeah, I know. What are you doing here? Same thing you are. You knew she had a date with him tonight? No, no, I just thought she might be able to help tell us what frame was up to. But if she was actually planning to be with him, was actually in on whatever he was... Well, I don't really know that. I just thought there's a note here. Oh, I didn't pay any attention just sitting here waiting for her to show up. Plane 62, 1.15 a.m. Well, yeah, but it's not her handwriting. It might be his, mightn't it. See here, Valentine, she's not mixed up in any of this. I'm waiting to find out. I mean, well, it's Anker's company now. He's the one responsible. But I know my personnel. This is all up to the police, not us anyway. Sure, sure, run along if you want. Yes, I... I guess I might as well. Sure you do that. Be quiet, lady, I'm thinking. Be quiet, I said. You're running away. You've already left for the airport. Have a nice time in the waiting room. Happy landing, see you later. Mr. Valentine, how could I recognize anybody? When that stick-up happened last year, I didn't see anybody to shoot at. It wasn't even a shout-out like there was tonight. Just gun flashes and noise. Joe, I got you out of jail, didn't I? So trust me. Brooks, are you sure Mr. Anker's got that message all right? He's convinced that Angela's running away. That's what you mean. That's what I mean. Now, here we are, here's the airport.  That's what those cops call it. Well, Joe, don't. Hey, Valentine. Hey, you got men watching outside, Johnson? Oh, sure, sure, I'll play ball with anybody. Angela's supposed to be running away on the 115 plane. Still half hour or so. From what may I ask, Miss Brooks? For you to figure out the obvious, Lieutenant. Joe here is nervous, he's trigger happy. You should hear what the police doctor had to say about him. Come on, come on, let's move out of the light. Sure, call me anything you'd like. Oh, wait, Joe.  Sure, sure, I can figure that far, but... If last year's robbery wasn't inside job, then whoever did it must have been scared to death of what Gerald Frayn was finding out. And what nicer way to handle Frayn than to trick him into going down to the plant at night like throwing him in a bus stall. Only how was he tricked into getting killed is a problem. What difference does that make? The important thing is that everyone knew that Jerry Frayn was going around with Angela Barkley. The one who committed last year's crime and who sent Jerry to be killed tonight must think that Angela knows who he is. Well, now that's the trap. That's what we're doing. I hope for your sake it pays off. But you know yourself Frayn was the kind of nosy ingratiating man who could have been tricked into using his nose once too often. Anybody, Mr. Anchors or Mr. Dewey? Mr. Dewey's an awful nice man. He couldn't have had anything to do with Robin his own plan. Sure, sure, sure, Skip it, Joe. Come on, we better stay out of sight. Let's get over there by that hanger and wait. Good beer trap. It just didn't work. Not a smell of anybody. Anchors are still at his hotel and... But didn't anybody try to send Miss Barkley a message or a telegram to the plane? Twenty-five men checked every taxi, every family waving goodbye, everything. So she really could have left on that plane and no one would have tried to stop her? We're right back where we were a year ago trying to solve that original robbery. Okay, Johnson. So if you haven't got evidence, you make up some. Huh? Oh, there's a bright idea. I just did. Don't you get it? What are you talking about, George? Well, if it was either Anchors or Dewey, this stunt tonight would have scared the daylights out of him. Okay? So it's not either one of them. Oh, that's just peachy. Now I was hired to solve a personnel problem. Okay, here I go. Uh, if you've been so trigger-happy, Joe, ever since last year, Dewey would have had to fire you no matter how nice a guy he is. What do you mean? So, all right, you haven't been. You just got nervous recently. I don't get you, Valentine. Wild man with a gun. It's an easy enough act to put on. What? Joe, who could get Gerald Frame down to the plant easier than yourself? Just phone up and ask him to come down for a talk. And who else knew that I'd already tangle with you? That you'd be jerked off that job fast, that there wouldn't be any more golden opportunity to get rid of nosy Frame? You're crazy. You don't know what you're talking about. When you pulled the original crime, when you shot the other night watchman last year and even shot yourself in the leg to make it look good, you slipped up, didn't you? You lost the gun or it disappeared. So you had to stay on, had to keep your job. It was the best cover anyway. And then finally you discovered who had the gun. It was Frame. And he was breathing close to figuring it all out. So you got rid of him. Well... I'll kill you for saying that. Yeah, sure. Shoot first, ask questions afterwards. But who else could have staged both jobs so they looked right? Oh, never mind. I know we had to prove the other guy's innocent to make you guilty. Only you did it yourself too, you know. The gun. What's that? What about what gun? In the original holdup, you said you didn't see anybody. And they slugged the other watchman and took his gun and shot him with it and shot you in the leg with it. Well, so what? Well, in the dark, all those flashes you chatter about that make you so nervous. How could you tell which gun did the shooting? Unless you were pulling the trigger. Why are you trying to... That's all but... Sorry, but sometimes it is better to shoot first and ask questions afterwards. He's all yours, Johnson. George, aren't you even going to wait to see what he said? Not me, Brooksy. I've still got a girl locked up in a closet, remember? You know, every evening it gets dark a little earlier and you're probably doing more driving during the twilight hours the time when most accidents occur. So don't take chances with a dirty windshield. Clear visibility means extra safety. Next time you're out driving, stop in and let our car savers clean your windshield quickly and expertly. It's just one of the many extra services at standard stations and independent chevron gas stations where they say, and mean, we take better care of your car. George, you mean Angela didn't have anything to do with it? That's right, Angel. Joe Portland ran strictly a one-man crime. That was all there was to it. I wonder if Mr. Anker's guest. I wonder if that's why he hired you. I doubt it. Here, this is the street she lives on. No, Brooksy, Ankers might be a little high-handed, but I got over being sore at him a long time ago. Just like Dewey. Perfectly nice guy who hates to fire people, that's all. It was a pretty neat stunt of Joe's, wasn't it? Pretending to be nervous, he could shoot anybody, and it'd be called justifiable manslaughter. Sure, he even billed up the legend by trying it out on me. Wait a minute, here we are. Oh, George, it's so late. Why don't you just give that key to the doorman there and ask him to go up and unlock the door? Oh, I don't know. Personnel problem. Well, for Ankers, of course, Angel. Her name's Angela, isn't it? Yeah, but she can scarcely fly out. No wings that I noticed.  You did duck now? Sure, sure did. What's the matter? She's not that good looking. George, I don't have any wings either. Hey, you doorman catch. Go upstairs and open the door, will you? I'm busy here. I got a little personnel problem. Tonight's adventure of George Valentine has been brought to you by Standard Oil Company of California on behalf of independent Chevron gas stations and standard stations throughout the West. Robert Bailey is starred as George with Virginia Gregg as Bruxy. Let George Do It was written by David Victor and Jackson Gillis and directed by Don Clark. Ken Christie was heard as Lieutenant Johnson. Louise Arthur as Angela. Clayton Post as Joe. Pat McGeehan as Dewey. Byron Kane as Anchors and George Neese as Frane. The music is composed and presented by Eddie Dunstetter, your announcer, John Heaston. Listen again next week, same time, same station too. Let George Do It. Let George Do It is heard overseas through the worldwide facilities of the Armed Forces Radio Service. At this very moment, in another part of the world, people are listening to their radios. But these people must first draw the blinds and keep the volume turned low. They are the people who live in Soviet-dominated countries and they are listening to Radio Free Europe as it keeps alive their hope for freedom. Now Radio Free Europe needs your dollars to help truth fight communism. Send your contribution to Crusade for Freedom Empire State Building, New York One, New York. This is the Mutual Don Lee Broadcasting System.


Hello, welcome to the Marketplace Theatre again for the next presentation. So our presentation is on upgrading a system and we are talking from a telco user perspective. So this is a little bit different to all the upgrade sessions we have besides this one on this summit and unfortunately there's also an upgrade session in the design summit in parallel at the moment here. So the schedule is a little bit difficult there. So I'm happy you are here and I'm coming from Huawei. We are one of the big telco vendors here but we are also big open-sac contributors so we combine the two worlds and from that side we are a good partner if you want to do both things in parallel. So what I want to bring to you today is a little bit of an explanation and background what is an upgrade for a telco user. I will explain to you the different scenarios that we have to consider for upgrade if we are in an NFV and telco environment and then I will also introduce you shortly to the work we are doing in the OPNFV project. You will find an OPNFV booth right over there in the other end of the hall where you can get more information about OPNFV. So let's go into the introduction requirements first. So upgrade and high availability is something which is hard to combine. So in telco networks everybody talks about the five nines. What is five nines for us? It means five minutes down time per year everybody can calculate that but the difficult part of that is what is considered a downtime. And in telco business downtime is everything which makes your service being not available. So this includes also the downtime you are planning when you do an upgrade. That might be in the middle of the night but some people are still taking their phones or want to watch a video or whatever during the night. So our network needs to be up, our services need to be available also then. So it's hard to find the right time of the day where you want to do an upgrade. Everything needs to be considered into these five minutes and therefore we need to take special measures to meet these requirements. The whole work you do for an upgrade of course can be much longer when you do the preparation in the system, when you bring the new software onto your service and so but the downtime of the service must be very, very short. And what we can do today in telco networks usually is around one or two minutes for an upgrade where a network element will not be available. I think today OpenStack operators are very good if they can do it with ten minutes downtime. So it's really hard work to do. One thing is good about it, we are talking not about a single application being down but we are talking about the service being down. So there might be possibilities to go around that when you consider a single network element. We have to look at the whole service for it. Another thing we should consider is that we have a different networking structure or application structure when we talk about telco networks. We don't have so many different applications running in a cloud and we wouldn't know what applications they really are. Here we know our network elements, we know their requirements, we know the consequences when we do certain things in the cloud environment or in the cloud platform. On the other side most of these elements we are running in many, many instances. So it's worthwhile to prepare well and do an automated process which you can run on all your applications you are running there. So this creates a different type of thinking about upgrade. And something I want to explain here is upgrading in the cloud will be different to upgrading a singly vertically integrated box. Here in the cloud environment you have new technologies you can use for the upgrade than we traditionally use in the telco networks. We can decouple the systems because we have different building blocks now in a way we usually don't have today in the telco network. On the other side of failure during an upgrade when I run multiple applications on a cloud platform and my cloud platform might go down that will affect many, many users. So the problem might be much bigger if something goes wrong. So I have to be well prepared for that. So this is the background, the requirements we have to meet with our upgrade process. So what are the scenarios for such an upgrade? I start with a well-known Etsy and FV reference architecture. I'm sure most of you have seen this picture but I might explain a little bit what it is. We have the hardware building blocks in the dark green area here. We have a virtualized infrastructure manager. It's called by Etsy. This is open stack and all the other tools you need to manage your cloud infrastructure. So there will be also SDN controllers as one of the things which will be there besides open stack. Then you have management systems. This is the VNF manager which is doing life cycle management for the applications, bringing them up or down, configuring them, establishing the network for them, establishing service chains and all that stuff. Then we have the applications above the big green box called VNFs, virtualized network functions. Of that we have an operating system where the carrier network operators can create all the stuff you need to do with his VNFs and we have a network function orchestrator which decides how many VNFs to install in which places, when to do automatic scaling and all these things. So when I'm talking now about upgrade, the great thing with NFV is that I can decouple the upgrade of the different building blocks. So each of these circles with these arrows stands for an own upgrade process. So I can do an upgrade for instance of the VNF manager separately to all the other components in this network and that will help a lot when I build up an upgrade process for the whole NFV based networking. So what I want to do in the presentation now is I will walk through all these different cases and I will look into that what does it mean for the upgrade process. All the different building blocks do different roles in the whole NFV architecture and therefore the requirements for the upgrade process will look differently when I look at the different cases. So you always find in the right upper corner the building block I'm currently talking about and then I try to explain the specialty for upgrading that concrete building block. So I start from the top going down. So first thing is the OSSPSS system. Normally you don't know what this is because as a subscriber, as a phone user, you don't know that there's somebody behind that managing the whole network. So the network is running if this thing goes down. That's a good part because it makes it much easier for us in upgrade. It's just a normal application. We can use the 10 or 15 minutes downtime as for any IT application for the OSS system. So we are pretty quick on that part. The next one is the NFVO, the orchestrator of the cloud. So the orchestrator usually is necessary when I want to change things there or when things need to change automatically. So it is not directly involved when people take their phone. It's not directly involved for the traffic going around. So also here the upgrade will be easy. But we should think about what is possible during the upgrade of the NFVO. There will some things be in the NFV network that will not happen when the NFVO is not there. Maybe no fault handling of major things. Maybe no automatic scaling. So there's a traffic burst somehow and I cannot bring up additionally new VMs to handle the traffic. So these things will not happen during that upgrade. But the rest we are fine. So we can do with a reasonable downtime here as well. Going down from there the VNF manager. Again a thing which is not that bad for upgrade. The VNF manager is doing the life cycle management for the VNFs. So it's bringing up new applications there. This is not that necessary for the networking being active. So people can still use their phone if I bring down the VNF manager to do an upgrade on it. Maybe we should think about one thing there. There might be different VNF managers depending on the VNFs. The vendors will be providing. There are generic VNF managers which have a very easy functionality. It will be like that. But there will also be VNF managers that have very specialized interfaces to their VNFs. So when we have traditional telco VNFs they might be very complex applications with many VMs that have different roads. They have internal redundancy and things like that. It depends on the vendor what he is doing with the VNF manager. Maybe the VNF manager is involved when I do failovers or things like that when I do fault handling. So in these cases I have to be careful for the VNF manager. So now the most interesting part there, what everybody is talking about, upgrade of the VNFs. So how is this done? The thing is normally we can do the same mechanisms that we are using when we are upgrading a physical network function. So physical network function, meaning it is running on our physical hardware, same functionality but implemented in a traditional way without cloud technology. So when a telco vendor creates now a virtualized version from that, he can transfer the same mechanisms he uses there for upgrade for the new virtualized network functions. So the network function still has a similar architecture. You can use the same mechanisms. And that is interesting since some of these VNFs will be stateful and very, very complex in the upgrade process. So when we can keep that process, that will make life much easier. But there will also be new small VNFs like a load balancer or a firewall. These ones will be single virtual machines. So when I do an upgrade there, that thing goes down and maybe even much longer than the five or ten minutes until I bring it up again. So there I have to make sure that I can direct the traffic to another VNF doing the job in that time. So this will help me to run through an upgrade process for the single VM which takes longer. But I need to have a network view when to upgrade which of the VMs doing the same job in my network. So this is a new task now where I have to have an overview over all the VMs which need to be upgraded and which are sharing a certain functionality. And my third point there, I cannot talk much about because there are hundreds of different combinations of that. I can have stateful small VNFs where I have still to get the state back when I come back from the upgrade. Or I can have little bigger ones, middle VNFs, anything in between is possible. So we have to have very specialized methods for that. The fifth one, we go for the NFE infrastructure. So we need to upgrade our servers in the easiest part or our storage system or our network components, switches, routers, everything we need to maintain in a telco network without the whole network going down. And for big routers that will not be easy, but the big ones will come with their own upgrade process. So the mechanisms there will vary. But most of these components are available in the infrastructure in many instances. So when I bring down one of them to do the upgrade, the others can take part of that. And since we have a cloud environment, I can migrate all the tasks away from that one before doing the upgrade. So I prepared some slides to show how that will go and walk you through a process to show you the consequences of that. It's important to know then what are the dependencies between the different components and what are the dependencies between the VNFs running on those components. And to walk through all this upgrade process, according to the dependencies, it makes it necessary to have some control process. And that's something which doesn't exist at the moment, which we probably will need to introduce, whether that will be a good part of OpenStack or not, we have to decide. So when I run through that, I just put a small cloud there for the upgrade control thing because I don't know where it is. We have to decide that. So what I want to do in this use case example is I want to upgrade these three servers. Service is a pretty easy part. It would be much more complex when I go for network equipment and I wouldn't be able to do it in the time I have for this presentation. So what we assume now is we have a VNF with two components. These two components are virtual machines running on the servers below them. And I assume here I have a VNF that has internal redundancy. So these two components belong to the same VNF. One is running in active mode. One is in standby mode. And in case of a failure, it would take over from the active one. You know these mechanisms. And we have one third server here which currently is empty. So it's idling around so I can probably do the upgrade very fast. So what I do in the first step, I calculate my upgrade process. What are the different steps to go through? And in that case, what I will do is I will first upgrade the server number three because it's idling. Then I will upgrade server number two. We have just a standby on it and then I will run the upgrade on the server number one. And I will need to do something before I can do that. So first thing, upgrade server three. It's idling. I can just do it. So the brown one is the upgraded server. Is it brown here? Yes. So the next step is a little bit tricky. It's something we don't do today. And we don't know how to do it at the moment because nobody knows how to talk to this guy to do this migration step, what I want to do. And there are also different mechanisms I can use for this migration. So when I want to shift this VNFC number two from server two to server three, I have several possibilities. One is live migration. Not in telco applications, some of them will not survive that. So in that case, I have to use something else. So what I can do with a standby easily, I can do a shutdown for it. Why not? It's not doing active traffic. And maybe I can also just switch it off because it's the standby node and we have all the mechanisms in place in our application to survive that without any outage. So one of these methods will be used to move the component on the server three. Next step, now this is already running on the new hardware. Why not use it? So in the next step, I do the switch over and we have these mechanisms in our applications from the active role to the standby role and that we will not lose a single connection for doing that time. So now the active service already provided by the new hardware. Everything else is not affecting anything in the active service. So I repeat the same thing. Server number two is idling. I can upgrade that one. Now I can move the other standby node. So component number one is now standby. I again have the three possibilities, keep in mind. So I'm moving that to the server number two. And the last step, I can upgrade server number one and I'm done. So for servers, it looks pretty straightforward. It was eight steps. We should automate that. So I can run that easily because I might have many, many cases to run through this process. So you won't sit there as an operator before you do the server upgrade and tell all these guys to move their applications. You need an automated process for that. And that will be something we have to implement. So this was compute resources. When I look at networking resources, it will be much more complex to decide when do I need to move a component from one equipment to the other. And to have an automatic calculation of these dependencies and to find the way how to do that without creating an outage will be a challenge for network equipment. But typically in telco networks, we also have redundant paths for the networks. So there will be possibilities for that. OK, now the remaining part, the virtualized infrastructure manager. So talking first on OpenStack. So we have a lot of things going on there in upgrade. We have many sessions on upgrading OpenStack during the summit. One is in parallel on the design summit at the moment. Keep in mind the VIM is more than OpenStack and even dependencies can be there. But when I look at all these upgrade sessions, everybody here does this upgrade differently. Nobody knows what are really the dependencies. Everybody finds a way around this or that problem depending on its own data center architecture. We need to find a method how to do that best for everybody in the telco environment. So there will be some work to do for that. And we need a really stable process. So we can execute that in many cases without a failure of the upgrade process. So let's talk about the downtime of the VIM. Typically the applications are running on the compute service. So when the VIM goes down, shouldn't be a big problem. But the upgrade processes sometimes affect the traffic flows. Some of the OpenStack modules affect the routers which are configured. So there are a lot of dependency to be considered and a lot of things where we might have new requirements to the OpenStack modules to keep certain things which they don't do at the moment since we now have HA applications running. So just to explain one of the most important things there, when I do the OpenStack upgrade all the applications must stay running. So the new version, even for a major version upgrade, the new version needs to keep up all the configuration of the network, all the virtual machines that they can stay on running during that upgrade. So besides the OpenStack part in the VIM, also SDN controller needs to be considered as part of the VIM. So SDN controller part of that is we can consider it as network equipment. Part of that we can consider maybe also as a VNF, as an application running on the infrastructure. But part of that is also cloud management. So we need to do the same thing there as we do for OpenStack. We need to have the similar requirements to the SDN controllers as we have it there. Keep the traffic up, keep all the configuration of the network up even when you do major upgrade of your own software. So we will have to do some work in those upstream projects as well. So one last consideration on that, because normally we don't talk much about that, but as OpenStack guys we might need to change our hardware. OpenStack controller nodes are running on. So when they go to a new hardware generation, it needs to work. We have three OpenStack controller nodes and one is running much faster than the other one. I'm not sure how many people did try that. So there will be a few things still to test and find out and I'm sure we will need to do a lot of improvements for OpenStack for these things. Okay, how do we do these changes? In OPNF-E we have created a project to analyze all these things around upgrade. It's called escalator and at first we are thinking about the parts OPNF-E is building. So upgrade of the infrastructure and the infrastructure management. And we decided to start with a WIM upgrade. So at first think about the tasks I have described as OpenStack upgrade. So we will work on these topics first. We will define the requirements in the much more detailed way than I could explain to you now in this short session. So also things like duration times, granularity of the upgrade. How do I do it in an installation with many sites? Things like that. What do I need to do in the upgrade preparation phase? And what are the mechanisms we have to support for the upgrade? Do we need new interfaces for orchestration so we can run the upgrade? And are there new information flows necessary to be able to run this automated process? So as OPNF-E is an open source project like OpenStack is. So we have contributors and commitors in this project from China Mobile, from Docomo, Ericsson, from us and from CETI. So it's a joint activity of many companies there already. And for the first release escalator will be in which is OPNF-E's Prama Putra release. It will come out next February. In this case we don't need to consider a real upgrade because nobody will upgrade to the Prama Putra release. The first upgrade we need to control is from Prama Putra to our C-release in OPNF-E which will probably be based on Mitaka. So we still have a chance from there to bring blueprints for Mitaka. So for the new version which needs to be installed. So that's the outline what we need to do in that project. Just to give you a short overview on what is this, the functional requirements we are analyzing there are describing the preparation tasks, validation of an upgrade plan. So I told about this sequence we are doing there to validate will it work in my particular data center, the necessary backups, snapshots I have to do to prepare the upgrade, then execution phase itself of course. So we go through all these requirements. We also have to think about different use cases, will it change when I have a minimal configuration like in our test labs, when I have HA configurations, redundancy in every place and even multi-site configuration with many, many locations like we will have it in the live telco networks. And as the last thing of my presentation I would like to invite you to help us in the escalator project. Please join us. Here is the link where you can find all the information about the OPNF-E escalator project and that way you can best contribute to the upgrade process for the telco networks. Thank you.


Hello everyone. Myself, Mr. Chopa, I am Madhika, I am working as an assistant professor in computer science and engineering department at Walton Institute of Technology, SolarPore. The last two videos we have discussed about computer network and then use the subcomputer network network hardware. Today we will be going to discuss about network software, learning outcome. At the end of this session, students will be able to describe the concept of protocol hierarchies and state the concept of design issues for the layers, agenda, protocol hierarchies, design issues for the layers, connection oriented versus connectionless services, service primitives and relationship of services to protocols. These are the points I am going to cover in this video about network software. Network software is now highly structured because while transmitting any data from one place to another place, the user should have to use any one of the software. The fundamental idea is that here nowadays the software can be used for store and forward purpose. It means before transmitting the data, the user should have to store the data, whatever the data they want to transfer from one place to another place. Then after storing the data, they have to forward. If the data is misused or somewhere it is dropped and discarded, then that time the user have to check out the original data in the stored places. Protocol hierarchies. First, let us see what is protocol? Protocol is a set of rules that can govern the data communication between each other. Hierarchies, it means transmitting the data from one place to another place by using sequences. First point is to reduce their design complexity and most networks are organized as a stack of layers one below it. It means the user can pass the data one layer to another layer, one layer to another layer and layer below the layer for hierarchy purpose. Interfaces. After transmitting the data from one layer to another layer, both the layers present layer and the next layer, they have to interface with each other. If the next layer is free, then only the current layer can pass the data. If the next layer is busy, then the current layer has to wait. That both the layers, each and every time they have to use this interface concept, it means they have to communicate with each other. Then if it is free, then only it is possible to pass the data. Next one is a list of protocols used by a certain system. One protocol per layer is called protocol stack. Protocol hierarchies. A set of layers and protocol is called a network architecture. The network architecture, we have to use a number of layers and number of protocols for different layers. That protocol can place a different rule for different layers while transmitting the data. This is a block diagram of layers, protocols and interfaces. Here the user one is there in the host one, then user two is there in host two. These two users want to send the data and receive the data, it means the current layer that is layer five, then how to interface with the next layer that is layer four and then if the next layer is free, then only the current layer they can pass the data. If it is busy, the current layer how to wait until the next layer will be get free. Then after if it is free, then only the current layer can pass the data. The same procedure, they how to follow from layer four to layer three also. Then layer three is free, then the current layer, I mean the layer four can pass the data to next layer. Then again the layer three can interface with the layer two. The layer two can interface with the layer one also. Then after interfacing, then they have to send the data to the receiver side through this physical medium. They can use any physical medium from sender to the receiver. In the receiver side also, they how to use the same concept, they how to interface with each other. If the next layer is busy, then how to wait if it is free, then only it can pass the data to the next layer. I mean in a parallely, both the layers are virtually communicate with each other while transmitting the data. This is a block diagram for layers and different protocols and interfaces each layers. This is how the user can pass the data. In the previous diagram, I just I said both the layers can interface and then they how to send the data, how they can send, how they can interface and what they how to add it means. In this diagram, they how given actual data transmission, okay. This is an example, information, flow supporting, virtual communication layers it means. Layer five want to transfer the data to the receiver side. How they how to pass the data and then how they how to add the current layer information to that particular data. It means here it is a this is M is in message. This message want to transfer to the receiver side. This message can pass the layer five to the layer four. Both the layers are interface which either after interfacing it can pass the data to the next layer. This M or the layer four can adds its own header information, H four indicates the header, four indicates the fourth layer. That is H four can adds the information related to the current layer. Next, if this message is divided into two part that is M one and M two, it can pass the data to the different users in the layer three. That means M one and M two, M one and then whatever the data is issued from the previous layer that is H four is in data related to the fourth layer. Then H three is in header about the layer three. Here also we have to add H three it means header about the layer three. Then message M two and then they can pass the data to the next layer that is M one is an original message. H four is an information about the fourth layer. H three is in layer information about the third layer. H two is in information related to the second layer. T two is in trial information they have to add before transmitting the data in the second layer. Then after preparing the how to send the data to the receiver side through this machine. This is source machine and destination machine. The data can pass it to the receiver side. The receiver side also they how to check out the whatever the process they how to follow it in the sender side. That means T two they can check it out the trial information about the second layer. T is in trial, two is in information about the second layer. M one is in information information, H four is in fourth layer information, S three third layer information, S two is in second layer header information. Then they can pass the data to the third layer, after processing then it can send it to the fourth layer. However the data is there in the sender side of the fourth layer. Same data is there in the receiver side also. Then original message will send it to the receiver side. Like this the user can send the data by using the protocol hierarchies. That means sequence wise they have to send the data to the receiver side. This is a dotted line indicates the actual line indicates the actual communication that is the dark line indicates this in actual communication and dotted line indicates the virtual communication between both sender and receiver. They can virtually communicate in a data communication or transmitting the data. In a communication they have to virtually communicate with each other. Design issues for the layers. Some of the key design issues are error detection. While transmitting the data if the data is discarded, data is corrupted where exactly the data is discarded we have to find out that is error detection. In the error correction after detecting the errors the user can find out the how to find out the errors and after finding the errors how to detect how to correct that errors they can use some different methods for correcting the errors that is CS and Hamming code they can use the different methods for error detection as well as error correction. Second design issues it is concerned the evaluation of the network growth is that different network technologies often have different limitations. Third design issues the resource allocation network provides services to host from their underlying resources. Okay congestion overloading of the network it means sender side is sender side process is slow the receiver side is high in that time the user can face a problem related to the congestion it means they can face a problem related to the spacing. Okay quality of services is the name given to mechanism that reconcile these competing demands. Reliable connection oriented services has two minor variations it is message sequence and byte streams. Message sequence they can send the messages in the sequence wise and byte streams they can send the data in the form of zero sign ones it means bytes in the form of bytes they can send the data. Unreliable connection less services is often called datagram services means here we have to use different protocol or one protocol that is UDP protocol that is datagram services while providing the datagram services. Next one is think and write it can contain one question that is list and explain different services of connection oriented versus connection less now pause the video and answer the above question. The answer for the above question is connection oriented services to talk some someone you pick the call phone pick up the phone dial the number and talk and then hang up. Connection less services is the model of turn the postal system okay when the intermediate nodes receive a message in full before sending it on to the next node this is a this is called store and forward switching. This is a simple explanation about the connection oriented as well as connection less. Connection oriented services reliable message streams reliable byte streams and unreliable connection it can goes to the global message region sequence of pages movie download and then vice-over-internet connection less unreliable datagram electronic junk mail acknowledgement datagram text messaging request reply database query service primitives primitives is a set of operations it means service is formally specified by a set of primitives or operations while transmitting the data from one station to another station the user should have to perform different operations that are connect a set of primitives available depends on the nature of the services being provided okay the primitives for connection oriented services are different from the from the from the connection less services okay there are total six primitives are there that are listen what is the meaning why we have to use a listen operation it means block waiting for an incoming connection connect this primitives can be used to establish a connection with a waiting peer accept accept an incoming connection from the peer ratio block waiting for an incoming messages send send a message to the peer disconnect terminate the connection these are the different primitives we have to use in a communication service primitives this is a client machine this is a server machine this can be used for sending the data and issuing the data by using some primitives okay these are the references high use for preparing the above video thank you