This is your host, Guillermo Salvatllian, and I'm Prospective on Energy, and welcome to Think Tech Hawaii, and today we are going to talk about power system fundamentals. Again, I'm your host, Guillermo Salvatllian, and Director of International Services for HSI, and very happy to be here today as your host and presenter. And once again, thank you to another great installment and show on Prospective on Energy brought to you by Think Tech Hawaii. All right, so noticing there's been a lot of questions regarding understanding the power system with a bulk electric system or the grid, for example, and how those fundamentals work. And a lot of cases in these discussions get to the point where the way it operates gets a little mowed. So we're going to go ahead and kind of cover some of the basics. Maybe this would be part one of two, perhaps. Oftentimes this can get a little bit more involved. But hopefully here we'll get some common terminology determined, and then hopefully after watching this video, you should be able to have a more productive conversation when it comes to discussing topics regarding the grid and some basic knowledge. All right, let's go ahead and go to the next slide. All right, so for the most part, right, when we talk about generation, and this is a slide from a previous show we had on grid-forming inverters and solar sites, right? And this really came out of the discussion regarding the deployment of solar facilities and wind and all sorts of renewable resources to generate power. The problem arises when you begin to lose a lot of what they call system inertia. And ultimately that loss of system inertia has a really negative impact on grid reliability. And we'll get into why that happens. But what really forms grid inertia is the synchronous generators. Normally you have, for example, it's this rotating mass. I'm sure most of you have seen a typical generator that you buy at Home Depot or at Lowe's and you use that to basically power an RV, power some appliances in an area offsite or off-grid where you don't have any power. You'll notice that that generator has a very heavy piece of machinery and it has a motor and a generator coupled together and that is what most of the weight is centered on. So as this thing is spinning, it has inertia. Well, you can imagine how much inertia all this rotating mass has when you have a much larger piece of equipment, right? Maybe several tons. So as this spins at a certain speed, the synchronous speed, right? Usually it'll rotate at, oh, final output really is 60 times per second, which usually is about on a very simple machine is 3,600 RPMs, revolutions per minute. So something that heavy spinning that fast is going to be really resistant to change, specifically to be slowed down by load. Now the reason that generator spins is because it's connected to all this machinery that has a lot of input on it, which is usually fuel or steam or it's coupled to what, for all intents and purposes, is a combustion turbine or a jet engine, really. And that jet engine usually is always spinning on its longitudinal axis, longitudinal axis. So to make changes on that, to make it spin faster, you have to introduce more fuel, more prime mover, for example, whether it's steam or fuel. Now to slow it down, usually it relies on the inertia and then that'll introduce a change to arrest that drop in frequency, right? Okay, so for the most part, right? The majority of these, of the grid had all these generators spinning together. And usually they were pretty resilient when it came to managing a fault in the system. And when I say a fault, meaning I'm not talking about small distribution faults that you see down in your neighborhood when a tree branch hits, for example, a conductor, I'm talking about those big transmission systems where they have a fault on there where it's lightning or something gets up in those large conductors. Those transmission circuits, a fault on those can have a more of a significant impact on the grid. So these units that are all spinning, I'm talking about thousands of units all tied together through the grid as they're interconnected, spinning at the same speed, spinning at the same phase angle, meaning that they're all linked together all three phases, they're going to be synchronized. And that synchronicity is what allows them to be able to, A, have the correct frequency, 60 hertz in this country, but it also allows them to be able to sustain maintain that frequency at that speed, but also be able to sustain these faults that have happened throughout the grid and not have a problem with stability in as much as one event at a time. All right, so let's move on to the next slide, I think here. And we're talking about what's happening now, right? And a lot of these like generators and a lot of them, of course, we're being fueled by steam, meaning it's generated by burning of coal that heats up the water, creates steam, a sort of thing. So that initial fuel source is what is causing a lot of the environmental concerns and these policymakers, right? So then they're going ahead and they're pushing for these early retirements and some of these plans that still have a viable life and they haven't even been fully, fully, so we're looking for tax purposes when they've been fully depreciated. So they still have a functional life and they still have an accounting life left in them. So they go ahead and retire them early and they replace all that with renewable resources. A lot of things that do not have inertia. We'll talk about what that looks like a little bit in the next couple of slides. Go ahead and go to slide number four, please. So on here, we're looking at the, basically the system breaks up into three different, three different sections of it, right? You have on the left here generation, which is basically all your generators that are tied together through the transmission system, right? Now here we only have a transmission system represented by one line and two transforms, but in reality, this transmission system is spread out and tied together throughout the entire, like Eastern and the connection, for example, and I'll show that map later, but all this transmission system really is tied together and different voltages, right? The transformers usually make that change, but they're all tied together and there's thousands of generators all tied to this transmission system. And then of course, feeding your customers, how do they finally get to your customers, right? Well, this transmission system eventually feeds different distribution systems throughout the grid and the distribution system is what distributes this energy that was initially generated by the generators. So again, it's generated at the generation sites, thousands of them. They're interconnected at the transmission level on this transmission system that is interconnected throughout the whole Eastern and the connection. In the U.S., there's three major sections, right? The Eastern and the connection, Texas, ERCOT, and then there's WEC, and I'll show that map later. So this transmission system is vast, one of the largest machines that were devised by humans. And then fed off of different portions of the transmission system, we have transformers that step it down to distribution voltage levels that then eventually bring that power down to the customers. All right, so let's go ahead and go to the next slide. And here's a simplified view once again, right? Well, you see the generating station in black, those usually are, that's just one generating facility. You can have four, five, 10, 20 generators in one facility, or you can have a smart generator as one site, but you can have hundreds of these, maybe thousands throughout the country, right? Then they are connected through the transmission system where it can be at different levels, where it can be 765,000 volts, where it can be all the way down to 138,000 volts, right? By the way, these are all interconnected, and they connect through transformers in different stations. These are the ones that are usually the really big eyesores out there where you have really, really big structures and really big lines, and they tend to be suspended a lot higher than your distribution circuits. Now, tied to all of these different segments in the transmission system, you're gonna find, for example, distribution stations, right? Where they take the voltage from the very transmission system and they step it down to the distribution voltage level, and that's what finally gets distributed to either the industrial customers or it goes out to the neighborhoods, and these are the ones you see out there, typically you see that out there in your neighborhoods, and eventually that gets stepped down all the way down to your house, where it's going to be either 120 and 240 to power the actual circuit, and that's usually what is delivered to your house or to your place of commercial business in most cases, right? And that is, and I'm not sure what the system looks like, it's very, very simplified, but I guess a lot more complicated than that, right? Next slide, please. So what we're looking at now, right, is that you have all these different, you see different systems out there, and I guess when you look at it on that diagram on the far, far left, you have, for example, generators, which those circular diagrams are on there, and then they're all tied together with those straight lines, perpendicular lines, those transmission lines, and then those other smaller lines that are kind of shooting out like branches, those will probably look more like the distribution system, and that's kind of what it looks like in a nutshell, right? Very simplified, and then with a couple of like renewable resources, and then when you look at, for example, those different little branches where they kind of look like, you know, those houses, right, as they branch off from a main circuit. They're oversimplified, really. What's happening now is that you're seeing a lot of these resources where they're getting rid of the baseload generators, and they're installing all of these inverter-based resources, which are solar and wind, and what happens there is that you're seeing a bit of a challenge when it comes to maintaining system inertia and surviving, for example, faults on the system. So eventually you might see a lot of rooftop solar that's coming, and it's been coming for years, but it still doesn't take away from the problem that the reality that we're newly system inertia and we're going to have to make that up with software, and that can only go so far, right? So next slide, please. So here we see the interconnected systems of North America. You're gonna see here the eastern interconnection, which is comprised of those multi-colored maps where you see Florida all the way up to the MRO, SPP, and New York, and parts of Canada. So that is the largest interconnection, and all of that's connected together electrically. So ideally, if you plug in a load in South Florida, it should be the same frequency, same phase angle, as load up there, and like for example, Maine, for example, New York. So that is the eastern interconnection. And down in the middle, you have Texas, which is an ERCOT, and they have their own frequency, their own separate tie lines. Now, they're all tied together, something they call DC ties, so they don't really share frequency. They're, for all intents and purposes, isolated from each other. And in the west part, you see the western interconnection, WEC. And that one also has its own frequency. Now, mind you, all of them operate 60 Hertz, but you should be able to travel on any part of the country and be able to use your same appliances. But they are all at different frequencies and different phase angles, and they're all separated from each other through DC ties, meaning that they're not going to be operating at the same frequency. And DC ties is probably a topic for a different day. All right, so the next slide, please. All right, so within each of these areas, and you saw before the eastern interconnection, you had different colored maps or regions. You can pretty much think of those as areas A, B, C, and D, like we see in this diagram here. In a lot of cases, though, you will see some of these are tied together. A is tied to B, is tied to D, tied to C. D is tied to all three of them. And then here, in this case, all of them are tied to each other, apparently. There are some cases where some are not tied to the others. It all depends on how their transmission system is interconnected, right? So the thing is, you don't get to remember that, there's flow, powerful moving from one side to the other, depending on how they determine buying and selling a power at a wholesale level. So A, B, C, and D are all possibly different power companies on different regions. And the whole point here is that in there are some cases where some companies will decide to buy power from another company because they just can make it cheaper during that time of the day or that time of the week. That's the case, you know, let's say for example, say B wants to sell power to D, well, and D will then decide, well, I wanna show you X amount of megawatts, then D agrees to buy it, then what will happen is at that point in time, on top of that hour, D will back off from producing that exact amount of megawatts they're gonna buy, and then B will go ahead and over generate the amount of megawatts they're gonna sell, and then they keep doing that for that one hour, and then power will flow from B to D for that hour, as far as that excess generation being generated by B, and then they have a deficient generation in D that's being supplied from a transaction that they're getting from B, and that is an example of interchange scheduling where they're buying and selling power between companies and they find a path to sell that power through to get to the other side, right? Now, the whole point is that all of this has to balance out, you just can't have one power company decide, well, I'm gonna generate less and less and less power every day so I can keep taking power from my neighbors, but ultimately that won't work, that's gonna have a problem, and you're going to have an issue with an advertence, you're gonna have an issue where you're eventually are burdening the rest of the power companies around you, that happens, then eventually they all have metering, they all have, and they're tied, so they all know who's buying what and who is on what schedule, so they wouldn't be able to get away with it for long, and in fact, if they do that for too long, meaning minutes or maybe up to an hour, they will eventually have to pay that power back, that's known as an inadvertent payback. Now also, managing all this frequency, making sure you're on the same frequency, making sure you're on the same schedule, meaning hey, I'm supposed to be selling X amount of megawatts an hour, well, I'm gonna make sure that I am selling X amount of megawatts an hour, so that error is calculated, so that is known as area control error, there's a formula that goes along with that that determines how much power is bought and sold, and how well you're doing with your system speed, that you're going too fast, that you're going too slow, or you're going just at the right speed, like everybody else should be, and that also helps determine your error at that time. And tie line bias, of course, it looks at, basically it looks at your ties with all your neighbors to make sure that you're both looking at the same meters and you're both agreeing to the same schedule, right? All right, let's go ahead and go to the next slide. So the whole point here is, right, when we talk about inertia, is think of it as inertia on the power grid really means you have strong connections with each other, right? If you have a strong rubber band being tied to a bunch of cars pulling up a hill, you're gonna have, for example, the ability to be able to resist some of these changes where it's not gonna pull too far behind or snap. The other thing that's important as well is that if you have strong rubber bands going up this hill, when you're pulling it up, they're not gonna stretch out so far either, and then when you pull really dramatically, they're gonna stretch, and then they're gonna sling back, and then you're gonna have some of that weird oscillations that take place. So that also means stability. So considering that, think of it as a, think of many cars tied together going up a hill on cruise control. The moment you begin to, and they're all pulling this giant trailer, and the moment you lose one or two of those cars, the other cars are gonna slow down until they're able to put more fuel into the system and amp their power up to be able to make it up that hill. Well, that is what they mean by system inertia. If you have the cars moving up at a good speed and they're heavy cars, and they lose one car, well, they have enough inertia to just keep them going up that hill, but they will begin to slow down slightly. So the amount of fuel they gotta put in to maintain that speed going up hill is gonna be a lot less than if they were a bunch of smaller cars, really running really hard, and then dealing with stuff, like for example, like other devices that don't quite really respond to what it changes, right? So the whole point here is that solar doesn't add much to system inertia, and that is the challenge that we're facing. Next slide, please. So a typical generator, right? You look at this here, you got two generators. Ideally, they're on the left, they're balanced there at the same angle, meaning phase angle, right? And they're at the same frequency. What happens there is that if you have a generator that has a problem with either odd, the frequency begins to lie, they go too fast or too slow, eventually that rotor angle will become a little bit different from one to the next, right? And the problem with that is that then as you change your rotor angle, it's not, the system isn't quite balanced, and then that is reflected on the output at that point in time. With respect to the other units, the other generators are on line of the system. So what happens then, then it begins to impact. If a generator goes off balance, then it begins to impact all the other generators in the system. They begin to try and swing back and forth, and ultimately that could cause a problem with stability. So when you have more generators tied together and they're all the same angle, they're all the same frequency and same phase, for them having a disturbance is barely even, it's barely even noticeable. But when you have a lot fewer generators and a lot smaller ones, then any kind of disturbance becomes felt throughout the entire system, and then recovery becomes a lot more of a problem. Let's look at the next slide. Okay, so in this case, stability, right? So when you have an event that happens, usually you're gonna have what they call a damp oscillation, in this case where the system will eventually recover because it has enough inertia. You see initially, for example, it takes a hit, it slows down, and then it speeds up a little bit with a fuel or then it overshoots, then it slows down again, because it holds back and so eventually it gets back to their steady state position and then things are nice and happy again, right? And the next slide, however, you have instability, you're gonna notice a rotor angle where you begin to, if you suffer a fault or like a severe loss of a unit, you may not recover and then you eventually become undamped and your system does not settle back in that steady state position and then eventually you lose stability, you lose other generators and then you can eventually lead to a blackout, right? This next slide, 13, an example of a condition, unconditionally stable system is one that theoretically would not trip and then it wouldn't rely on frequency from other systems, it would just basically be feeding itself but when you're conditionally stable, in this case, if you notice, you're okay on the left end, but it takes just, it can take only so much on the right end until finally it kind of goes past that knee and it collapses. And here we go to the next or last slide, slide 14, please. This is an important slide to consider and I think probably the most important slide for everyone to look at.  When you look at the very bottom of the graph, you have, for example, time versus output generation and then of course that green, that blue line up there is your load, your forecasted load, right? So as you notice, right, you have 2 a.m. all the way to say, for example, close to a 24-hour period right here and it's broken up into increments of two hours. One of the things you look at is that you have unit one, more likely a nuclear plant, for example, is running at the same level all day. Unit two is also running almost the same level, but you notice at some point at our midnight, you'll see that that load begins to get into that particular output of unit two. What does that mean? It means that unit two is going to have to back down in this case. Problem is unit one, for example, is probably really, really cost-effective and very difficult to move, especially like a nuclear plant. Unit two, more than likely, is like a very large fossil site, like maybe a coal plant or something like that, of the sort. Units three and four usually are units that are for the most part highly dispatchable.  Now, above all that, our units either have to either put them on, put them off, turn them on, turn them off, or they could do what they call load following when those need to be able to be dispatched. Mind you, as the more dispatchable the unit is, the more expensive they are for every unit of energy to operate. Also, shutting them off, shutting them down also costs a lot of money. So why is this important? We notice between the hours of 10 and the hours of four in the afternoon, you see those loads begin to dip down and a lot of that has to do with the fact that a solar energy comes in and it forces units to back down, which is fine as long as we're accounting for that and we understand that we have excess capacity. We also have to maintain that spinning reserve. Ultimately, and the reason you have spinning reserves to be able to manage for the loss of any one of these generators. Because ultimately if you lose a generator, say if you lost unit three entirely, that entire stack now drops one level and then you have to be able to manage, not just supplying your load, but also being ready to survive the next unit you would lose. So this is the problem that a lot of us are having where it's the fact that a lot of these units at unit one and two are the ones that provide a lot of system inertia and so does unit three and four. As you get into more and more solar, that dip in the middle of the day gets deeper and deeper and now you're forced to begin to back down units at unit two and eventually units at unit one, which is really, really precarious for the grid reliability. So if you have an outage during that time of the day, you're less likely to survive as opposed to six, seven, eight in the morning or eight, eight PM at night. So that's the concern. And the next slide, please. And here this is from a previous presentation we have, but you're looking at how, for example, you're losing system inertia at a dramatic rate. And that's something that I think we're going to have to be looking at. So we shall see how that transpires, but hopefully this has like a very basic fundamental of a generation inertia and interconnected systems. We'll get into this in a later topic. But again, if you have any questions, if you have any comments, please feel free to put them in the comments below the video, which I might best get back to you. And once again, thank you so much for attending today's session on Power Access and Fundamentals. And hopefully we'll see you on the next part of this Continuing Education sort of series of grid educations. Thank you and have a great day. If you liked this show, why don't you give us a like or subscribe to our channel? Thanks so much.


What's going on everyone Sam here late in sports cards. We are doing 2022 panini gold standard football hobby six box break number 24 random team style. Here's a look again at your random results As always you can find these on the website under the results tab as well as the link in chat. Let's do it guys Good luck everyone. See if we can pull out of here See a one-on-one Pretty cash money if you ask me Equals this shield. Oh, yeah, Khalil Shakir. That is 10 out of 99. We've got our Pretty much won a case Jameson Williams on the opulence rookie that is numbered 12 out of 25. There you go lions Richard E Got Carson strong on the newly minted jersey 262 out of 399 Eagles Got uh hall of gold warren moon that's going to the um 83 out of 199.  Who's minzata?  Uh rookie not rookie, but second year patch auto trailance 23 out of 49 nice Wasn't expecting to see a trailance in this Very nice. Take that for sure 23 out of 49. There you go angel And we've got last card is karson strong 133 out of 149 dual rookie jersey auto for the eagles Eagles are keep them on that combo spot, man Eagles are good combo spots ahead in this Because you get a lot of karson strong jordan davis has autos um And when you saw last break, there's two karson strong and the razzle dazzle case it Yeah, so it's like How bad can it be? Maybe not Uh tj watt 11 out of 25 stealers and we've got deandre hopkins eight out of 30 for the cardinals Uh another eagle hit here white gold a j brown 149 out of 2 99 noise That's one there eagles Keith Born again with another haul of gold. That is this is weird, dude Um 145 out of 199 Yeah, warren moon And then we've got right after another tj. Who's been sawed a gold auto? So like back to back of the same jersey and then the same auto that was weird Uh six out of 25 this time is differently numbered We've got rookie auto. That's leddie brown 41 out of 49. That's going to the chargers There you go la And we've got rookie jersey auto on the triple five out of 149 is garret wilson for the jets There you go jets tyler b The jets nice hit there tyler. What else? What did oswaldo do mickey? Oh, we're up four two. Let's go Still have the the mariners game on Maybe I just shouldn't watch because apparently they do better when i'm not watching Got the cabon simido for the giants 28 out of 49 and joey bosa 43 out of 75 for the chargers We've got that's courtland sutton on the gold rush jersey 297 out of 299 broncos Uh player warren on the sudden Got debo samuel white gold 217 out of 299 niners angel doing really well with that Yeah, we got bubba and mic coming in the two yankees fans Thank you.  We've got chris olave. That is 102 out of 399. This one's sick. What's up, michael? Michael you hit something pretty decent. What break are you in again? Earlier was it basketball? We're gonna basketball break earlier today Thank you. It's something decent. This is sick. How about a garrison hearst? 8 out of 49 going to the niners Mowbly hit that's what it was Yeah, no problem, michael grass man. Nice one there angel eight out of 49. That's sick, dude And then we've got going to the ravens. That is 52 out of 149 Kyle hamilton Congrats on that Oh, no, you're good. I just the little thick. I just let you see this He was pretty good he played on the ravens for a little bit. I believe I think that was garrison Hearst Am I thinking of somebody else? No, I'm thinking of priest holmes. Um, yeah, no, he's pretty solid He was a good I mean he was a good running back. It's just like a very very like solid like Um, it would be like a good Comparison just like a guy who's been around for a while. He always kind of depend on So he wasn't like uh, no, he wasn't a superstar.  No, no, no, no Um, jail in widemire going to the bills to 75 and matt corral rookie 37 out of 99 going to the panthers We go panthers. We've got gold plated. That's d andre swift 60 out of 299 Now that's a good point. That's what it's been like the last like five years though, bubba I feel like got a motherload. That is 234 out of 299 Uh terry mclauren nice scary terry That's on that washington. That is tom h. We've got washington again. That is wow nice one there. We've got Uh jahan dotts and bryan robinson jr. And sam howell 16 out of 49 two color one color two color nice commanders hit there Got going to the stealers calvin austin the third 142 out of 149 or rookie jersey auto Yeah, that mobley was nasty michael and we've got kenneth walker 47 out of 149 for the seahawks Congrats seattle. Who's got seattle? That is Um, Todd see Todd a little bit of a corner issue down here. I'll send you an empty box and wrapper See if there's anything they can do about that for you about that Todd On to the next one. It's still a nice card though. Nonetheless I don't hit something crazy out of select now. We've got points for sure 100 we got points Um, just gonna take it off right now. That's 600 points. I'm gonna be random till all at the end. Let's get that back from there And you get the chance uh rashad white 29 out of 30 going to the uh bucks There a few boxes and stash in part of plan axis. Nice. There you go. Michael. Heck yeah Uh, just godwin 36 out of 49 Yeah, I always I always see you ordering stuff michael like ship it sealed or Uh, I don't think I've ever ripped anything. I think you're always pretty much buying product from us. We appreciate that man. Thank you Um, just checking up on orders here. See if there's anything. It's all late in gaming Caleb's live over on late in gaming guys by the way too Um, I'll drop you guys a link to his, uh, break schedule He's doing on the flies and personals. So here is a link to, uh Um, I'll just send you a link to the break schedule There you guys go If you're interested in some tcg breaks Caleb does a great job over there Uh, we've got scary terry that is gold gear going to the commanders 45 out of 2.99 Let's get some big sleeves and you get a chance. Oh, yeah. Thank you points Uh, game davis white gold 128 out of um, two 99 nice one there rats on that, uh Um bills You've got player worn hall of gold cherry rice 158 out of 199 There you go niners angel really killing it with that Niners spot And then we've got matt corral dual rookie jersey auto 93 out of 149 and going to the uh panthers and grab panthers And last box of the break guys good luck here When you're in a can't score runs challenge, but your uh competition is the mariners and astros Last box of the break guys good luck. We'll do a quick recap right after we've got Reggie roverson jr. For the titans to 30 and darin waller 38 out of 99 Raiders we've got de andre swift on the gold gear going to lions 211 out of 2.99 Nice one here. We got a jail and hurts on the mother load 235 out of 2.99 nasty patches on that Really cool glove in the middle there There's the eagles this time around I'm missing the eagles here. Oh, they're there keith. They're still keith. I forgot if keith was this breaker last week Uh, we got in and hutchinson on the newly minted That is 314 out of 3.99 Oh, this is cool This is going to vaughn vaughn. This is like literally like what we what we do This is just a very obscure player for the oilers going to the titans. How about elvin buffet? gold jacket auto 41 out of 49 Yeah, I've got this so far, which I might be enough by I think the whites the whites says it's enough Nice elvin, but but they there you go vaughn. Nice one, man And we've got alec pierce going to the colts. That is jersey numbered 14 out of 149 There you go indy who's got the colts that would be Indy not to say they a combo. Oh no, jonathan b. There you go jonathan That'll do it for the break guys quick recap here We've got our jerseys aiden hutchinson lions Jalen hurts eagles Deontre swift lions jerry writes niners gape davis bills That is terry mclauren commanders Commanders trio dotson robinson jr. Howell terry mclauren commanders Deontre swift for the alliance chris olave saints debo samuel niners courtland satan broncos warren moon oilers aj brown eagles warren moon oilers So titans karsten strong for the eagles And our autos we've got alec pierce going to the colts elvin buffet going to the To the titans matt corral for the panthers kenneth walker going to the seahawks. That's calvin austin steelers kyle hamilton for the ravens Garrison hearse niners. That's so sick. Garrett wilson for the jets Letty brown chargers tj hugeman zada for the bangles karson strong eagles traylands niners and tj hugeman zada Bangles again, that'll do it for the break guys. Oh, we know we got to do a points random hold on I don't want to forget that one second. We got 600 points to random off. Let me uh Get that right now Not still points, right? What break are you talking about ty? Everything's everything's full right now Uh, so we've got 600 points. We're gonna random all really quick take you guys over Uh, whatever team is on top after three times is gonna get the points one Two and three go into the titans.


This is an image of an unusual edge on galaxy, revealing remarkable details of its warped dusty disc. The strong warping of the disc indicates that this galaxy has recently undergone a collision with a nearby galaxy and is in the process of swallowing it. In the outer regions, especially on the right hand side of the image, we see that the twisted disc contains not only dark dust, but also bright clouds of blue stars. This shows that hot young stars are being formed in the disc. Astronomers believe that the formation of new stars may be triggered by collisions between galaxies as their interstellar clouds smash together and are compressed.


Good afternoon and good evening. Thank you for joining me today. I'm Jie Hong Mo. In this presentation, I will discuss enhancing the debugging ability for home. This method can effectively apply to home in general, extending its benefits beyond the scope of kill scape alone. Therefore, I will introduce this idea in the presentation and use kill scape as an example to illustrate its practical implications. Before that, I will introduce myself first. My name is Jie Hong Mo, and it removes Mounder's Master's students currently starting at Ado University in Finland, and I will continue my studies at AeroCon in France next semester. This is me, and this is my GitHub and LinkedIn. Then let's move on to the first part.  Kill scape is an open-source security tool specialized developed for Kubernetes. It serves as an early detection system that can help identify security risks, complaints, violations, and misconfigurations within Kubernetes clusters. By using kill scape, organizations can proactively address security concerns and reduce the risk of potential breaches. It is worth to mention that kill scape is assembled for CloudTip Native Computing Foundation now. Here's the contents of the presentation. First, we will discuss about the existing problem. Then I will show my solutions to the problem. In the end, the conclusion will be given. Let's focus on the existing problem. As we mentioned above, kill scape can scan misconfigurations in Hub in Kubernetes, which included humchart. However, hum does not give information about which output line is coming from which input line. We take this as example. We can see humchart use template file and value file to get the rendered file. But after rendering, the results file only provides which source file comes from without telling the output line is coming from which input line in original templates file. So it caused a problem in kill scape. The information can create the correlations between the source and outputs. So for kill scape, there is no backend connection to the original source file after the charts were templated. More than that, kill scape cannot use it to produce correct faces for humchart. To deal with this problem, we need to link the output with the original line in template file to achieve the features of comments is used. In humchart, if we add the comment on the template file, it will be remade after rendered. Therefore, if we can add the line numbers information in the comments, then we can get the line information in the rendered file. More than that, we can add more information for each line to from a mapping node. For example, here we can get the field which is the path of young file. We can also get the values of line 20. And line number, template file. More than that, we can also get the API version and kind for humchart information. So for one line, we can get so many informations here. But the problem is, how can we generate the mapping node for each line? Here are two methods I have tried. First, I use regular expression to get the mapping node. Second, I use young package to get the mapping node. They have similar steps here. First, for the first one, it define the pattern, extract the field and fill a mapping node. For the second one, it use the package to calculate the field, extract the field, then fill a mapping node. Maybe we can all notice that the difference is how to calculate the field here. After a comparison, I choose the second one as my final result. Things, final solutions, things for the first one, we need to define the patterns manually. And there are many possibilities for young file for the patterns. So if I miss one, it will cost the bug. More than that, if we define the patterns in the code, there will be a lot of workloads. So in the end, to simplify, I choose package to calculate the field. And now I can just calculate it directly. But the problem is, the second one is much slower than the first one. For the final solution, it can divide it to two parts. First, get the mapping node, then apply it to Qscape. For the first one, there are four steps. First, add commands to the template file. Then, render homechart. After that, get the mapping node of the rendered template file. In the end, delete the commands on the rendered template file. For the first part, get the mapping node of the rendered template file is the most important part. And it is also the part I will explain in detail in the demo time. Then, after that, we just need to use it to calculate the output line of homechart type file. Then use it to form the fixed objects. Let's move on to the demo time. I will show you how I use the regular package to get the mapping node. Before telling the function, I will introduce the structure I used here first. As I mentioned above, for each line, it can have one mapping node here, and it encodes the object ID, field, value, template file name, template line number. Then, here we define the template node. For one template, it can have several nodes. This one represents a template here, and it encodes like several lines, several nodes. For one file, it can have several templates. We use a circumference to represent it. This represents a file. Then, after knowing the structure we used here, let's move on to the real function I used here. This is the most important function I used. It used file name and file contents as input. The file mapping is the output here. For each file, first we split the file contents to lines. Then, we range the lines to possess the file. We use three dashes here to separate the template. For each template, we will check if the API version and kind is here. If one of them is lost, which means that the YAML file is correct or wrong. It's not correct or wrong. Now, we will just give it. Otherwise, we will continue the process. This function is the function we call the YAML package to possess the file contents. Here is the real function. We define the encoder and decoder of YAML. Then, the stream elevator. In the elevator, we evaluate it. We input the file contents, the encoder and decoder. But actually, we use the expression to define. We will only possess the which line of the file. Then, it will tell the output of the file. It defines the output of each line. It will tell the dusty path and the type and also the value. Then, I will use an example to show you what is the output looks like. Here, it tells the output of the YAML package. Here is this. We have the dusty path and it also has the type and also the value. For one output, it can have different... For one output, it can have different type. So, we divide it to three types. First is the map type and also the sequence type and also the not map type. Then, what is the difference between them? For the map type, it doesn't have the values in the opposite. For the stream type, it will definitely have the values. The difference is the sequence type. This is one sequence type example. For YAML file, we can use this one dash and space to mince the sequence here. For the sequence type, it represents the sequence. After seeing what the output looks like, let's go back to the function. Here, we know what the output looks like in this one. Then, we go back to process the output. We get the output here and for the output, we can get the path. We check if this path is empty or not. If it is empty, it means that for this one, there is no any important information. So, we will just skip it. Otherwise, as we mentioned, for one output, it has many small outputs inside. We use these to split it. Then, we use this function to process each small output. For each small output, first, we will check if it is a map type or not. Only if it is a map type, then we use the map type. We show that this is a map type. We set it as true and use the map type to percept it. If this is not, it means that it's the sequence or stream type here. Then, we can get the value of the result. We use this function and set it as false to process it. In the end, we will wise the nodes to the mapping nodes. Then, we append the mapping nodes to file mapping. For file mapping, it can contain several road mapping nodes. Then, we just output the file mapping. Okay, after the demo time, let's move on to the result. Here are two results. First, with the mapping node or file node, Qscape can give correct locations to the rendered file by homechart. Then, with the mapping nodes, Qscape can provide automatic fixes to the rendered file by homechart. Here, I will use GitHub Action to show the result. Now, I will text this workflow to show the result of my program. Here, I defiled Qscape's game as the workflow to show the result. You can see there are several steps here. Basically, it is the same as the one of the Qscape. The only difference is that I changed the GitHub Action here to mine. So, it will use my own image instead of the Qscape. We can check this step. It will show how it runs my function. Like this one, you can see this is the one same as in my function. So, it selects the line free and gets the result and process it. So, the last two are similar things. Then, after that, we can get the result here. We output the result side feed. Why we use the side feed format? Because for side feed, it can create the result and just upload it to GitHub Action security. So, we can check it in security directly. So, basically, what I change is on the result part of the report. So, here, it shows the which kind of policy and index, and this is the test. So, it will also tells the here is what I add, like the mapping nodes can help. It's like it can tell the accurate star line and also the accurate columns here. More than that, it will also add the faces for this one. So, for the faces, it shows that it is like here the where the problem is. Then, it shows where I have to change it for. It's like for this line, I have to insert this one. Tags like namespace and my namespace. So, this is my changes to home charts for Cubescape. To first, it's like adding the location. Then, the second one is like adding the faces objects here. And it can also show in the security. So, for this one, you can see here, it's like it only has the... Now, it only has the where the location. The location is like I haven't can... I'm still doing the part like showing it the faces in this one. But still, we can see it works. It tells like where the problem is. So, yeah, this is the demo. After the demo time, let's go to the conclusion. My solution effectively bridges the gap in Cubescape's automatic fix capabilities for home charts and provides a workflow to generate accurate fixings. Furthermore, my solution is not just limited to Cubescape. It essentially improves debugging abilities for home charts, which makes it versatile for solving similar problems. In the end, I have to say, I have gained valuable knowledge here and I'm afraid that I can contribute to the advisement of Cubeneer security practice. Based on my experience, I highly recommend the videos who are passionate about enhancing Cubeneer securities to join our community. Together, we can continue to learn, grow, and make a meaningful impact together in the will of Cubeneer security. Thank you.


Yeah, please Okay. Hello everyone. My name is Pablo I come from Spain and I'm studying game design in colon while I'm also independent in game developer I'm working more on the animation and modeling part This is my first time here and my first time I say hello to you all so I'm with shaky, but it's fine And I have trouble imaging you all naked. So could you just take your clothes off, please? No, no, it was the joke. It was a joke. Okay So you can see some of stuff I do here. You can see a software here used Mostly better, of course, that's why I'm here But the important is that I only use free software for for it seems from the operating system To all the tools I'm using there You can watch this While I drink a bit of this secret water Yeah, and I've been lately Well, since one year missing around with blender game engine. I think it's very powerful And I want to talk about that also Be that you can walk this game is called hardcore chicken 3d If it doesn't look hardcore, it's intentionally, okay But it is just prototype like maybe some time in the future. I start developing. I don't know just showing some of the rigging I Even rigged the but you know to make lay eggs Mostly I learned from Nathan Bechdel with the human rigging the watch my Yeah, this cover your friggin somehow These are for a video game in progress right now Which but the engine we are using is unity and I would like it to be a blender game And that's why I'm here now and this for a project for a university Which was also developing unity cool, so First I want to check on you and see how you are filling with these terms I do not free software right all of you You know what this means what it stands for and you're aware that blender is a free software, right? But how many of you? Wouldn't use blender if it wasn't so how many of you would use blender if it was for free, but not actually free software Like you don't care that it's free software, right? You just because it's cool Yeah, that's what I want to change or at least encourage you to think of it Yeah How many of you use also some of the free software in your workflow? Like game creature all this cool very nice Very nice. You know about free culture too, right? The culture works distributed with permacive licenses How many of you are using a free culture as a living or how many of you are doing with this awesome cool? Okay cool So first I want to apologize a bit because of the superficiality of some terms I'm going to talk I will not talk in depth about free software free culture I just want to talk about our role as blender community or our responsibility towards these movements First just a clear Free software means freedom not gratis. Sometimes. I accidentally say libre and what it means is this okay freedom in French or Spanish So the overview of the talk is these three three topics First I want to talk about my motivations of free culture then about our role as blender community and then about video games because that's what I do Okay, so my motivation for embracing free culture as an artist as a creator is Because I think it's the only way culture can really thrive and reach humanity It because it's it's not only aware of technology and technological progress, but also wants it The industry right now is making a huge effort to keep an absolute business model That is impeding culture to thrive by pursuing both creators and users who want to change the rules This process of course rules and capitalism which has clashed with new technologies since its beginnings and In every case in every case industry has seeded a bit and evolved chains But after deadly prosecutions and cultural damage Ultimately free culture philosophy is another cogwheel for the change in politics economy and social organization But chains don't combine themselves. We have to make them happen So let's shape our global culture with values that prioritize a long-term happy humanity over a short time in the interval benefit Or everything will explode So what's up with that with that in the blender community? What can we do? So as we know the blend foundation the blended Institute is very known for making these open projects, right? And we can find the educational liberties released under creative commons and other free culture licenses So why isn't that? Really on our on our side on the user side. Why not all of the users care about it? But blender being Libre This uses my thing. It's a matter of ethics philosophy that has nothing to do with using the software So I just use it because it's cool, but I don't care. They don't really they don't see the value added to it In contrast with proprietary software So the fact that this fact and the efforts that benefit foundation and blender Institute Are making with open source projects Shouldn't be ignored. We should be listening to them and seeing it as a viable way of earning your living We need to stop being mere users and become Activists we have to be activists in the military community because blender is making a huge effort And it's itself an activist way of change the industry or change in the world The blender community should be an army of activists who spread the philosophy behind free software Let's change the phrase that I hear sometime Then a school for a free program to then a school and free software It's a value not present in provided software as I said So I would recommend to anyone involved in this community to learn about big about this Richard Stallman Lawrence Lessie creative commons copy left remix culture anti copyright public domain Socialism because this is what blender is about If this is just too much for you, you don't want to save the world Where you can start from? Well, I don't know. I just give some advices or the feelings I have so in your next project experiment to use only free software Maybe give it a try to linux. It's not as hard as apple or Microsoft. I mean it. It is not hard Okay, really, I encourage you to do that just to try an experiment if you believe in these values and also distribute you work on their free culture license and Try to find Sustainable way to do it So I know how I know I didn't tell that I used Adobe and provide us for instance. I'm 13 years old, okay That's 13 years already. I know how hard is to break Adobe's heart But we have to free ourselves from the user lock-on they employ an ass They are not respecting us as humans. They just want our money or in cases that the service is free or for free They are we are the product and so all these terms that I want to get in depth But I'm sure you probably know that already So as the free software foundation says if the users don't come to the program is the program who controls the users So This means you're going to be poor. No, I don't want that. We don't have to be poor with these Maybe you guys some sacrifice, but at the end if you find new ways of financing work that are compatible free culture You would much happier We have crowdfunding. We have patreon. We have flutter public funding unique value Sorry, yeah, the unit value means if you are selling a physical object with that. It's unique It doesn't exist anywhere else in the world. It has a value a digital copy cost control C control V Wow a millionaire. Awesome. No, this is this morally wrong. We have to change that personalized value means as Tom was encouraging us all before that we teach people we are doing a personalized service to someone. That's as valuable as For donations because asking works if you want to sell something and you put the barrier with with a price You're enforcing people to pay if you just say look, I want to do this I want to do this for you and if you want you can give me something it works You can check Amanda Palmer tell talk about this. It's amazing So at the end follow blended foundation way of financing as a role model because we are part of it Be aware of your space time and embrace the possibilities of technology. There is no middle ground here I think either you are supporting this at the school by Don't caring or you're fighting against it or you're finding to change it. I mean I Engage your community and rise awareness about this if you're an educator Don't just teach the software teach its reasons to be its its values behind Yeah Free free so fs is free so whatever So after some sacrifice you will demonstrate that a new culture industry is possible Despite of the cup of the effort of capitalism to drain it. I'm also in this way I as I said a drug prototype software three years ago And I moved my workflow and tried to Linux and I'm just using free software And I'm finishing my studies, which means I will I will it will get the moment in which I confront financing for myself And I have to be ready. I'm just starting that too Maybe in two years or three years. I come here back and say I did it. Hopefully So what about video games in this? What do they have to do here? What do they matter to us as blender activists? Well interactive entertainment is the new media and it's one of the biggest cultural industries Independent game developers are changing it right now So it is our chance to engage them and help them shape the new rising industry according to these values Blender is already present in game development as a professional modeling and animation tool But then the game engine even though it's just one click away It's not that present. I think now is the moment to make it shine and to make developers think that you can do stuff with it Also games as software and as such they belong often Libre evolving and games this look at the game modding We've been modding games since ever and everyone is cool with that. They it's been enriching games and modding means changing a copyrighted work and Everyone now is saying okay, but it works you can modify them wherever unless you are in a free world So I don't have any solution. I just have some naive ideas. Okay. Let's start a reaction chain Let's make cool games that bring professional game developers that make cooler games that bring cometers to improve the engine So more game developers do even cooler games that bring feedback to improve the engine Sorry if you want to So we make this as I said the better Products we have out there that that really show how powerful better is the better these tools would become this already happened with animation I want this to happen with games Another idea for example the next brand of foundations open project should be a video game by the time Joe Frankie was out The video game industry was still looking down the indie developers But now they are individual person and mainstream like it's everything in the same plan you just go to steam or with any Game store and you see both Industry games and indie games and this is awesome. We just have to take this chance to to shed the industry For example, let's organize a global blender game jam How cool would this be the round rules of course is the use of blender game engine And the distribution of the games and the liberal license licenses just like the rest of games do It will spread its use bring developers cometers and feedback Okay, wrapping up Brenda is free software, but not not all of its users know what that means We have to be not only involved in its development, but become activists that share blender foundations cause Then they should feel free culture works that reshape the culture industry Let's create liberal works and live out of it But the game engine hasn't entered the jet in the video game industry as much as all the business features And it's now our chance to change the industry. Let's start our reaction chain Thank you. Good question. I Have one question for you all before is am I being too naive am I missing something? Are you with me on this? Yeah, what I'm an A Thanks question. I can show I wait time. I can show you also some of the stuff From this video if you want to see or I don't know this for some of what's inspired was inspired by Jacob Steiner. Jacob Steiner's developer is one of the artists interface designer of known and His trailers that he makes with Blemmer. So I just Take took his idea Any interest of this? No, you can discuss me later if you want Cool. I should discuss it later Because time is already over Thank you very much. I will ask that. Thank you on time Is here next speaker he runs so is here Dalai for Linto Dalai we need you


I was serving with the 9th Infantry Division in the Mekong Delta in South Vietnam. We were out on a mission and I tripped a land mine and the explosion costed the loss of both of my legs above the knee and my left arm. I never lost consciousness when this happened, so I knew everything that was going on and without Doc and the Sergeant probably wouldn't be here today. I thought about him a lot through the years. I wonder how he was doing, what he was doing and whether he had done anything other than just sitting in a wheelchair with life. I just want the opportunity to get with Doc. First, I want to thank him. Secondly, it was just a part of me that kind of wants to apologize to him for what I put him through that day. I know it wasn't my fault but that's just something inside of me that I'm sure he's had a vivid memory for a lot of years for as bad as I was wounded. I still pictured that day but that's going to be there for the rest of my life. It was very restless last night, thinking about it all night long. What do I want to say? How do I want to say it? Could I ever thank him enough? Thank you brother. Thank you, thank you. You're welcome. I was afraid I'd be starting breathing like I'm not reliving a lot of those experiences. I'm not going to react to that. But I would say now, reach out to him. Glad you did. Glad I did.


What's up everyone? My name is Alex. I'm one of the co-founders of MyInvestingClub.com and I want to let you guys know about something special we're doing for our viewers on YouTube. So the most common question we get asked is, you know, how do I start day trading? So what me and my mentor about it is we create a free two-hour mentorship course for the brand new trader. It's going to be available at MyInvestingClub.co. The link is going to be right here. This is a free webinar that reveals our 12 secrets that every single brand new day trader should know before they start. I also want to let you guys know about something that's very unique to MIC. So if you have any questions about trading or you're curious about trading or you don't know if MIC is the right fit for you, now you can text our head mentor, Tash, whose number is going to be right here and he'll answer all the questions that you have in less than 24 hours. Thank you and enjoy the video. So guys, welcome to the webinar. Just kidding. This won't be my last webinar. We're honored to have Joe with us this time and this time, like, we actually, I mean, like we can actually like, he's got a video. So like last few webinars, you didn't even, you didn't have a video, so it should be more fun. Yeah, we're just, we're just going to talk about biases today. One of the, one of the people in the lifetime room talked about it and I was like, you know, that sounds like a good thing to talk about. I had something else planned, but I'll do that next week. So yeah, we're going to talk about biases, flipping biases over, getting over bias, all that good stuff. And I also really want to talk about the market and where it's at. And we'll, we'll, we'll pick Joe's brain on where he thinks the market's going.  Exactly. Right. That's, that's obviously everybody. Uh, what's up, Victor? Okay. So let's get started. Yeah. So for those of you who, this is their first webinar, welcome. Thanks for coming this week. Um, I, we're gonna, we're going to start out by going over the key traders.  It was my least, like I haven't, I like, I basically took this entire week off. I had like, you know, a couple of low hanger trades, which I posted in the chat throughout the week.  Um, I want to go over market sentiment. I do want to let you guys pick a choice. So start thinking you guys, um, every, starting going forward from every webinar, I'm going to ask you guys anything you guys want to talk about. Just you guys all collectively vote on something that we'll talk about. And we'll talk about it for like 10 or 15 minutes. Then we're going to get into the heart of the webinar. Joe and I are going to go over biases, you know, where we, where the, you know, where we think the wrongs are and the rights are in, in formulating a bias that we're going to end the webinar with Q and A. And if you have a question based on what we're talking about, just go ahead and post the question and, you know, we'll try to get to it. If it's, uh, if it is, um, relevant to what we're talking about. All right, without further ado, let's go and Joe's for dinner. So I did trade AY to you, um, the day before I got nuts. And this is the only trade I'm going to really talk about because it was really the only like real trade I kind of took this week. I took basically every other day off. Basically, this is a line short, right off the open. This is something that a lot of you guys like to do, but a lot of you got, and this is, I was going to talk about this next webinar, but a lot of you guys have a little bit of intolerance around lines. Like you guys, you'll guys go and short into a line, but you guys will be so nervous that it, that it's going to go to the next one. And it's probably because you're going, maybe a little bit too big at the line or you're hesitating to go the way I do it guys. Yeah. So if you want to go full, full size on a line short, you really got to have a tight risk. And I honestly don't recommend it right at the open of the gate because right at the open, your one cent stop losses are doomed, right? You're one cent, two cent, three stop losses. You might as well just hand the market your money because you're, you're gambling, like it is a line short, but when you have that tight of a risk right in the first five or 10 minutes, you're basically gambling, hoping that it doesn't go to like 152, right? And oh, you got to get out, right? So this is a line short. I don't go full size. I'll put the order at the line in case it wants to be nice. But then I wait for it to top out before like really show, hey, my line's working before I go and add size. That's what I did with this one and follow the process. I stick, I stick to my number one rule where I don't go big until the risk is confirmed or lowered. I recycled it and I covered near the morning lows or the pre-market lows. So that's the only trade I really want to share. It's just very routine, very process.  I could care less about the, the abnormalities that's going on right now. Like give me one of these every day and I'm, and I'm chill. You don't want a short J-nug? I don't want to short any ETFs right now. I had two trades on Boeing today.    Like, like you ever see that picture that means reasons why I lose in a trade? One percent, one percent, I was wrong.   Yeah.   I'm like, oh dude, look at it go.  And then I looked and I have a formula with these. I get in, I get in half and then I add it as it continues to go. Like that's what I do. I did it here and I did it here. I did it here. Like, and so I was, I get in here and like, okay, perfect. It broke 59. Here we go. It tanks. Dude, I'm like kind of paying attention, but I'm like, I feel like I'm in the money now. Like I feel like I don't have as close. What am I talking about the day? Why would you not think it's going to have some continuation further?   Like, and then, and then it just like pops and then it pops up.   That was one of the other higher rated questions. Yeah, let's talk about it. You have already, but we're going to do again.  It's true. You did. Yeah, it's okay. Um, yeah. So leveling up the, uh, one, one thing that if you really want to level up. Talked about how. So let's, let's talk about like knowing when, when is it time? Yeah. Okay. Obviously how, um, is slowly just like what, there's a quick sentence on it. Try to get, if you're trying to level up, try to get to an all time big size by like a hundred chairs or two. Right. Just literally be like, Hey, I've never been in 1,700 chairs before. I normally do 1,500. Dude, just being at 1,700, you're leveling up. Anyway, so that's a quick, the snapshot on how when to level up is when you're Victor, when you're as good as Victor. Um, that's honestly the truth. When, when it's time to level up after you thought that it's time to level up and you forced yourself not to level up a couple of times. Like that's one thing that, um, that, that Vic and I talked about for a little bit, like a month or so ago is, is leveling up. And it's like, Vic would just show me a couple of these charts and it would just be like, he'd be like, dude, you're doing awesome. And he's like, can I level up?  You just, the how is slowly, the when is when you feel like you're, it's time to level up, give yourself like another month. Dude, that's, I mean, that's a simple answer. Do you have a better answer? Dude, it was, so whenever I started increasing my size, I went through that phase of like, like every other day trader that wants to increase their size, you know, because you want to, you feel like the only reason like you're not making as much as everybody else is because you need to use more size. So usually what would happen to me is I would have a good two or three weeks of just green trades. And I would hit, I would hit this streak and I'd be like, all right, it's time to size up. And I would size up on the wrong shit, right? Every time.   And I actually just recently increased my size again from what I used to scalp with. And the reason why I did it is because so used to my starter size was like 300 shares. Well, so in the beginning, it was like a hundred shares. I would use like that dollar a share rule where I'm like, it can go a dollar a share against me on my starter size and I'm not going to freak out. So in the beginning, that was like a hundred bucks and I'm not going to freak out. I could care less. And then it graduated to where I was literally like, I wasn't afraid of a hundred dollar loss anymore and I was consistent. And so at that point, I didn't think about how long I'd been on a streak. I didn't think about anything. It was just in my gut. I knew I could size up and it wouldn't be bad. I wasn't sizing up because I wanted to see my P&L increase.  I was bored with the money.  Like I need some, I need to get the blood pumping. And so I went to 300 share starters. And so I started 300 shares and then the first time it happened, I was, I was like, whoa, that's a bigger number. And and so I had to hide the P&L because I knew that if I saw it or looked at it, I'd be like, whoa, because I was used to trading the prior size. So I had to hide the P&L pretend it was the same size, have faith in the strategy, have faith in my account size that I wasn't going to like all of a sudden draw myself down a lot, got comfortable there. And now the next level, I went to 500 share starters. And that's when I trade equities and not options. That's pretty much where I start. That's like my starter size now is 500 shares of a big cap.  Right? That's pretty much my starter because it can go a dollar against me and I lose 500 bucks. Okay, whatever. And that's fine. And it's getting to a point like today. Today I was down a G on Apple. Wasn't even afraid, wasn't even scared. So I'm going to be increasing my size again pretty soon. But it's because I've built up a padding and I, dude, I just didn't even, I looked at it and I went, oh, I'm down a grand. Okay. Well, if I stop out, I stop out. And that's the mentality you have to get to. It's, you can't go under gunsling. And because if the loss hurts, you're too big. All right, guys, thanks for showing up. Thanks two times. You guys are too nice right on peace out. Thank you so much for watching our video. If you want to see more of our videos, please subscribe to our YouTube channel by clicking the button here. We do our best to post a new video every single day. If you have any questions about MIC or any general trading questions, please text Tosh using the number here. Also, stay up to date by watching some of our most recent videos right over here.


Finally, made it back home from Jocon. That was a great convention. I met a lot of viewers, that was fun. But I am happy to be back home. I'm your biggest fan. How'd you get in my house? How I got here is less important than why I'm here. I have a very important message for you. You must review something from the 90s. Why?  Right. What? You've taken on this project of reviewing every G.I. Joe toy from the vintage line. But if you don't review something from the 90s now, then you'll get through all the best figures and vehicles in the first few years and then you'll have nothing left to review except for toys from the dark years. There'll be nothing but week after week and month after month of bitterness and disappointment. That's a good point. So I guess I better review something from the 90s. You have chosen wisely. Now get out of my house. My work here is done. This project right, I really do need to look at more G.I. Joe toys from the 90s. So we're going to start this week by looking at the 1993 Ninja Force Snake Eyes. This is Snake Eyes version 5. This is another Ninja Force figure and the previous Ninja Force figures that I've looked at I thought were not very well executed action figures. But this time we have Snake Eyes in the mix and Snake Eyes is one of the most popular characters ever. So can Snake Eyes save Ninja Force? Let's find out. HCC788 presents Ninja Force Snake Eyes. This is Ninja Force Snake Eyes, the fifth version of Snake Eyes from 1993. This figure was only available in 1993 and was discontinued for the year 1994. In earlier years, G.I. Joe figures were available for two years, but this figure was on the peg for only one year and that may have been a red flag that the line was in decline. Of course, 1993 was the penultimate year for the vintage G.I. Joe line. The line ended in 1994 and this is not the final version of Snake Eyes. There was a Snake Eyes issued in 1994. There were six versions of Snake Eyes in the vintage line or seven if you count version 1.5 from 1983. These are all of the Snake Eyes that I have. I do not have version 4 or version 6. I'm not going to show you any images of the version 4 or version 6 action figures right now. They will be reviewed in time. If you haven't seen those versions, I will preserve the surprise. In this review, you will see some depictions of version 4 in animated form, but I'm not going to show the figure right now. Snake Eyes version 5 was in the Ninja Force sub-team and he was in wave 2 of Ninja Force in the second year that Ninja Force was released. Of course, Snake Eyes was G.I. Joe's first Ninja, although he was called a Commando when he was first released. So why was G.I. Joe's first Ninja not in the first wave of Ninja Force figures? All Ninja Force figures had a spring-loaded action feature. Chabong had his silent backslash. Scarlett had her Kato kick. Snake Eyes also had an action feature called the Basami Slice and we will take a closer look at that when we look at his articulation. There's something strangely not mentioned on the packaging and it's one of Snake Eyes' most famous attributes. Snake Eyes does not speak or more correctly, he cannot speak. In the G.I. Joe comic book continuity, Snake Eyes' vocal chords were damaged in a helicopter crash and that same helicopter crash also disfigured his face, which is why he wears a mask. Let's take a look at Snake Eyes' accessories and there are a couple important things to note. First of all, none of these accessories are original to this Snake Eyes action figure. All of these accessories appeared with other figures. Second, all of these accessories are the same color, this light blue color and that's because these came packaged on an accessories tree and the purchaser would have to clip them out. All of these accessories are the same as the ones that came with Ninja Force Scarlett, released the same year and the reason they're the same is because they issued the exact same accessories tree, like this one, just in different color plastic. I've talked about these accessories trees before and how much I hate them. I think they are lazy and cheap and the only thing that could be lazier and cheaper than packaging a figure with an accessories tree like this is packaging another figure with the same accessories tree. We're not even trying now. So, let's look at these accessories. He came with a curved sword. This sword also came with the 1993 Sagaht and the 1993 Scarlett version 2. It looks similar to a scimitar, but who cares really? He came with a long sword and this sword is a reissue of the sword that came with Storm Shadow version 3 from 1992, so nothing original here. He came with a short sword, which is a reissue of the sword that came with the 1992 Dojo, so nothing original here. He came with a knife and this is the same knife that was issued with the 1993 Scarlett version 2. Of course, Scarlett's being in yellow. He comes with two claws that attach to his wrist, though not easily because there's some sculpting on his wrist that make the claws not a perfect fit, way to go design team. These claws are reissued and only slightly different from the claw that came with Storm Shadow version 2 from 1988, so again, nothing original here. And finally, Snake Eyes comes with Nunchucks and this is a copy of the Nunchucks that came with the 1992 figure called Nunchucks. Snake Eyes' final accessory is probably his best one. He comes with a figure stand, a blue figure stand that matches the other accessories, and this was a nice innovation from the 1990s. In the 1980s, the only way you could get figure stands was with accessory packs or small place acts, so it's nice to have figure stands that actually come with the figures. Okay, let's look at Snake Eyes' articulation because we have to. His head is on a swivel, not on a ball joint, even though we've had ball jointed heads since 1985, so we are losing that for some reason. He can move his arms up at the shoulder about so far. He can bend at the elbow about 90 degrees. He does have that swivel at the bicep, so he can swivel his arm all the way around. But his other arm articulation is severely limited by his action feature. So let's talk about the action feature, the Basami Slice, and Basami is a Japanese word that means shears, so Basami is referring to the shearing motion of his slice. One arm goes up while the other arm goes down. You can adjust the arms at the shoulder a little bit. They do ratchet a little, so you can adjust the slice. You can activate the action feature by squeezing the legs together, and that causes both arms to move. I'm not a big fan of action features, and I don't like this one. I especially don't like how we lose articulation for it. But it's not the worst, I guess. Squeezing the legs together to activate the punch makes it a little bit like the DC Superpowers figures. I have a message for all toy manufacturers everywhere. Stop making toys with action features that make this motion. Kids are really immature. There is no articulation at the waist. We sacrifice that for the action feature. In fact, this isn't really even an O-ring figure. This figure is either glued or sonic welded together. He cannot move his legs apart at the hip, so he can't do side kicks or anything like that. He can only move his leg forward and backward at the hip, and bend his knee about 90 degrees. Let's look at the sculpt design and color of Snake Eyes, and in this we have some assistance from the file card. These 90s file cards had guides for some of the features on the figure. On his head we have what looks like a hockey mask over a hood, and the file card calls this an armor plated concealment mask. The eyes are white, so I have to assume these are lenses over his eyes. On the chest we have a black uniform and light blue straps and a criss-cross pattern. Although it looks like there should be a spot of blue paint right there. It looks detached here, although on the back it does keep that criss-cross pattern. These blue straps have some silver details, but at least the base color plastic is black, so he does look like Snake Eyes from that respect. The file card calls these XJ2 baseball grenades, and in fact they look like M67 grenades. The file card calls these Torinoco Plastic Charges, and the only reference I could find for these that would be in any way relevant was to Ninja Smoke Bombs. He does not have a separate waist piece, this is all one solid piece here, but on his waist he has this rope belt that goes all the way around, then he has this large whatever this is here in front. It looks like home plate, I guess this is supposed to be padding. It's still not as embarrassing as Scarlett's V-Crotch. The file card calls these Nage Teppo Smoke Grenades, and these are based on real Ninja Smoke Grenades. One thing I don't like about this whole chest assembly is how low the arms are set on the body. You have the shoulders up here, then you have a drop off, and then you have the arms. And compare that to the way 1980s G.I. Joe figures were constructed. You have the arms really right at the shoulders that looks much more human. This I don't know what this is supposed to be. On his forearms he has what the file card calls sword blocking forearm shields. And I do like these, these elbow pads. They are in that blue color and that's not my favorite color, but I like the idea of these and I think they're nicely sculpted. Well done. On his right arm he has what the file card calls Mitsubishi Escape Flares, and Mitsubishi refers to a device that is used to blind the enemy. On his right leg he has a pistol, which the file card calls a standard issue 9mm Beretta, so this is probably a Beretta M9. On his left leg he has what the file card calls a Shinobi Tana Dagger.  And I have to be grateful that anything from the 90s is understated, so that's good. Then he has these knee pads, which I kind of like. I mean they're not the best, but they're not bad, they're unique, and they are legitimate knee pads. I have to give the designers some credit for trying to give authentic Japanese names for some of the sculpted features on the figure, although the origin of some of them is a little obscure and some of them may just be made up. At least they tried, at least that's some effort. So now let's look at that file card, and as with all under ninja force file cards, I hate this background color. This background color makes me want to gouge my eyes out rather than read it. It has a portrait of Snake Eyes here, it has that guide for the features on the figure that we've already looked at, it has his code name as Snake Eyes, and it says he's the covert mission specialist. It doesn't just call him a ninja here, nor does it refer to him as a commando, as it did on most of his file cards. Snake Eyes, a covert mission specialist, makes it sound like he's a replacement for the 1985 Lady J, who was the covert operation specialist, but I don't think that's what they intended. This file card adds to the mystery of the disappearing hyphen. Snake Eyes' version 1 file card did not have his name hyphenated, but the version 2 file card did, then the version 3 file card, again, did not have his name hyphenated, and now the version 5 file card does have the hyphen. So with Snake Eyes' code name hyphenated or not, you decide. This information up here is very similar to other versions of Snake Eyes' file card, file name classified, primary military specialty infantry, secondary military specialty, hand to hand combat instructor, birthplace classified, and grade is E7. Snake Eyes got a promotion, his pay grade on his first two file cards is E5, and I like seeing GI Joe characters get promoted like that. I think in reality they should. That promotion occurred on his version 3 file card, where we first see his grade as E7. Here it has a quote, but who is it quoting? It's not quoting Snake Eyes, as noted earlier, Snake Eyes does not speak. So who's speaking here? Did they get this from a fortune cookie? Move with the wind, and you will never be heard. Break like the wind, and no one will want to sit next to you in the movie theater. This section has some background information on Snake Eyes, and I've got to be honest with you, I am not going to read this to you. This more or less follows the comic book continuity for Snake Eyes' background, so I'm just going to call it a day, because I am sick of looking at this horrible file card. As far as Ninja Force Snake Eyes' use in GI Joe media, I cannot find any confirmation that Snake Eyes appeared in the cartoon series in his Ninja Force uniform. In the Deke animation series, he did appear in his version 4 uniform. Snake Eyes of course did appear in his version 1 uniform in the very first GI Joe cartoon episode in 1983. Many made a lot of appearances thereafter, but in the cartoon series, Snake Eyes was never really a main character. He got a lot more attention in the comic book series. In the GI Joe comic book, Snake Eyes did appear in his Ninja Force uniform. In fact, Ninja Force had its own story arc in issues number 135 to 138. I have to admit though, I did not like that story arc, and I consider it a low point in what was otherwise a brilliant comic book series. I wasn't reading GI Joe comic books when those issues came out. I only got them as an adult collector, and going back and reading them now, I am saddened by how fatigued that series had become. But Snake Eyes was perhaps the most important character in the entire GI Joe comic book run. He had a two part origin story in issues number 26 and 27, and he was part of what was perhaps the single most important GI Joe comic book issue of all time, issue number 21, the silent issue. Snake Eyes was connected with a lot of other characters in the GI Joe universe, particularly Stalker and Storm Shadow, and he was romantically involved with Scarlet. In the later years though, the comic book relied heavily on the popularity of Snake Eyes to sell the comic books, at one point even calling itself GI Joe starring Snake Eyes. When you start doing stuff like that, you have lost focus on what you are really about. You are missing the forest for the trees, or really missing the forest for one really big black tree. Because Snake Eyes was popular and connected with so many other characters in the GI Joe universe, the comic book tried to connect him with even more characters such as the Baroness and Cobra Commander. Those connections were very contrived and improbable. I'm not a fan of this kind of storytelling. It's good to have threads that run through the backgrounds of multiple characters, that's fine. And you can even have a few improbable coincidences that can be accepted. But with each unlikely coincidence, the story becomes less believable, until the reader no longer buys in. The GI Joe story lost me when it tried to link Snake Eyes with the Baroness and Cobra Commander. That just went too far and it broke my suspension of disbelief. Looking at Ninja Force Snake Eyes overall, he's alright. What? You heard me. This figure is alright. Now don't get me wrong, this is not a good figure. The loss of articulation is bad. The action feature is bad. That baby blue color they have on him is bad. The accessories are bad. The accessories are beyond lazy. He doesn't come with his signature Uzi and he came with another one of those accessories trees and they didn't even give him an original one. They just stamped out more of an old one. This isn't the worst GI Joe action figure. There were far worse figures released for GI Joe. This figure, despite not being very good, is pretty far from the bottom, which is kind of scary if you think about it, because if this is in the bottom, then the bottom is pretty low. The figure has a few small things going for it. I mean at least the base color is black, which it should be for Snake Eyes. And at least the figure kind of looks like Snake Eyes, which is not something I could say about all versions of Snake Eyes. Despite being a bad action figure, this is not the worst version of Snake Eyes in the vintage line. It's the third worst version of Snake Eyes, which puts it about in the middle. The real shame is that it shows what happens when a character becomes popular and then gets exploited. His name and likeness gets slapped on everything. As time went on, Hasbro released as many versions of Snake Eyes as they possibly could. And with so many versions being released, inevitably you're going to have some that are mediocre and even bad. And this is one of the bad ones, just not the worst. This wasn't as much of a problem in the earlier years of the GI Joe line. He didn't have a Snake Eyes on the pegs every year. There were some gaps between versions. By the 1990s, Snake Eyes becomes a cautionary tale about the overexposure of a popular character. At one point, the comic book was even called GI Joe Starring Snake Eyes, and Snake Eyes got bigger billing than GI Joe. I don't resent having ninjas in GI Joe. When they're done well, they add a bit of mystery and adventure to the line. But I have a problem when GI Joe becomes about ninjas, when it strays too far from its core concept and becomes ridiculous. In 1982, GI Joe knew what it was about. It knew its core concept. But by 1993, it really didn't. In the 90s, GI Joe was trying to be all things to all people, which you can't really do. And that's going to be a theme in a lot of these 90s reviews. But for now, that was my review of Ninja Force Snake Eyes. I hope you enjoyed it. If you did, make sure you subscribe on YouTube, like me on Facebook, follow me on Twitter, comment and share this video. And thank you to everyone who came up and said hi to me at JoeCon. That was great. That made the convention for me.  So let's do it again next year. And don't forget, next week begins Cobra Month. You don't want to miss that. I'll see you then. Joe's loose again, Scarlet. You're the one that just rode Snake Eyes. It's the GI Joe Ninja Force with real Ninja moves. Here's Snake Eyes on the Ninja Lightning with Thunder Missiles and Zip Strip Speed. And now Joe and Cobra Ninja Raiders get into and ride Ninja Spring Interaction in their own fast attack vehicles with a Ninja Surprise. GI Joe Ninja Lightning and Ninja Figure Soul separately. Ninja Raiders come with exclusive figures available in May. Uh oh, we need that gold to build our ultimate weapon.


In the preceding video, we had to ask for input twice, once before entering the loop, and then at the bottom of the loop to get the next number. Here it is in the code where we do input outside the loop and inside the loop at the bottom. Depending on your philosophy of programming, this is inelegant because it duplicates code. We'd like to do the input only once inside the loop. Here's the pseudo code. The key is to set a boolean that tells us whether we have finished or not. The initial value is false because we're just starting, so we're certainly not finished yet. As long as we're not finished, we ask for the year. Say the user enters 2023. 2023 is not zero, so we determine whether it's a leap year or not. It isn't. And print the result. We then loop back to our condition. Finished is still false, which means not finished is true, and we have to do the loop by the again. We ask for the year again, and this time let's have the user enter zero. Now our condition is false. Zero is equal to zero. We set finish to true and loop back to test the condition. The condition evaluates as not true, which is false, and that ends the loop. We'll add the variables for the year and the boolean finished, which starts off as false. We'll put in the while with the condition not finished, indent the loop body, and put in the closing curly brace for the while. Since we've already declared year in line 14, we don't need to declare it again in line 20. After we get the input, we need to check if year is equal to zero or not. If the year is not zero, then the body of the if gets indented. We do the leap year test. Otherwise, we set finished to true when the user enters zero, we've finished the loop. Let's compile and run it, and we can enter years to our heart's content until we enter zero to finish the program. Using the boolean to control the loop lets us write a program that needs to ask for input only once.