Fiery horse with a speed of light, a cloud of dust, and a hearty high old silver, the Lone Ranger. With his faithful Indian companion, Tonto, the masked rider of the planes led the fight for law and order in the early western United States. The stories of his strength and courage, his daring and resourcefulness, have come down to us through the generations, and nowhere in the pages of history can one find a greater champion of justice. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear. From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse, Silver. The Lone Ranger rides again. Come on, Silver. Roll the tail of our clothes. The tiny western town of Split Rock with a huddle of less than 15 small shacks along one dusty street. The two men on the porch of the general's store didn't even take their spurred boots off the rail when a young rider galloped in from the hills to the west. I reckon that's young Ted Jenkins coming back to Split Rock. Fan in the dust, too. Young sprouts in a hurry. He's always in a hurry. Full of boys' enthusiasm. Bubbling over with pepper and ginger. He'll grow up. Poor boy! Poor there! Poor boy! Poor boy! Howdy. Howdy, Mr. Dovey. Howdy, Mr. Shane. Howdy. It sure is a hot day, isn't it? It's hot all right, Ted. But it's going to be a whole lot hotter when you're more fined, you. Well, you were supposed to be gone just overnight. Instead, you've been gone three whole days. You're going to catch it. Oh, shucks, ma won't mind. Say, you know where I was? Eh, telegraph line, I'll bet. Who told you? Son, ever since the town of Split Rock, learn they were stringing one of them newfangled things past the Marjory Range. That's all you ever talk about. I mean to say you went 70 miles out of your way just to see that useless gadget. Oh, it's not useless, Mr. Dovey. It's a wonder of the ages. Oh. Why it is, too. Just think, a little ordinary wire. No thicker than a cactus needle, and they send messages on it. Messages all the way from San Francisco to New York. That is, they will when they string the line the rest of the way. And what good is it? Just a lot of foolish nonsense. I wish they'd strung the line through Split Rock instead of 70 miles away. Now, lookie here, young Jenkins. What's the difference? We get news plenty fast enough already. Why bother having it come a day faster? Days faster, Mr. Dovey. The travel's like lightning. Days faster then. I never cared for lightning anyways. Split Rock can get along right enough without it. Oh, but Mr. Dovey. Rush, rush, rush. Ah, it's a nuisance. That's what it is. Oh, you wouldn't say that if the town of Split Rock ever needed help in a hurry. Oh, get help from a little spindle and wire like that? Split Rock's done all right so far and will keep on doing all right. I'm just as glad it didn't come through this town. Aren't you ashamed? I'm sure. Well, anyway, I went over to see it. They got us strung over the top of the range already. Must be 20 miles past the summit. Just a long row of poles stretching out of sight. With one wire running from pole to pole, as far as your eyes can see. Well, you got any other news, boy? Your mom said you went to Crawford. Oh, yes, sir, I did. Nothing much, just the usual. Speak up! Just the usual.  Oh, yes, sir. Folks in Crawford said there's rumors about a band of Geronimo's engines wandering around somewhere. Yeah, patches, eh? They won't ever bother us. Oh, I don't reckon so, Mr. Dobie. There's nothing they'd want in Split Rock. Eh, shows how little you know about your own hometown. This time next week there'll be 50,000 sitting right in my office. 50,000 gold. Gold? Well, I didn't know that myself, Dobie. Yep, those prospectors up in Bitter Creek have been scraping it up for three months. That's their total. Well, it's mighty interesting. Hope those Apache engines don't hear about it. Yeah, they won't. And route laws either. We can handle any of them. Oh, say, speaking of outlaws, that's another rumor I heard over in Crawford. Some ranks are out that way. He saw two of them. Oh, that's so? How do you know they were outlaws? Do you know them by sight? Oh, no, sir. They were strangers to him. But he happened to see that one of them wore a black mask over his eyes. I guess only an outlaw would do that. Yeah. He said they had a pair of the best horses he ever saw, even from a distance. One of them was a paint, and the other was the biggest white stallion in the fastest order. What's the matter, Mr. Shane? Something wrong? No, no. I just recollect something I got to do. Adios, youngster. Hope your mortals give you licking. Adios, Dobie. Adios, Shane. Real nice fella, Willard Shane. Minds his own business.  We better for you. Yes, sir. Shane's got a good horse, too. I always admired Jean who can judge horse flesh. Yes, sir. But this white stallion, the rancher was talking about.  You're always thinking that anything in split rock can't be as good as something someplace else. Telegraph, horses, everything. Mr. Dobie, I'm beginning to worry about my son, Ted. He... Well, land or living. Oh, ma. Ted Jenkins. No, ma. I just went a little bit out of the way. Don't you now, ma, mean young man. If your father was alive, he'd take care of you proper, and maybe I will myself. Now, you get along. I'm going to talk to you after supper. They're coming up ahead. Oh, Tonto. Steady, steady, silver. Most got hope out of home. The man we're looking for may be here. Maybe. We look plenty long time. The sleepy little village. Now, this town is split rock. Isn't the sort of place a man like Slaggle would pick out, is it? No. Still you'd never know. Only way to make sure is to ask. They're light and winter. I'll wait for you here, Tonto. You go ahead and see what you can learn. Ah, you wear a mask. They think you outlaw, maybe. Time to go. Come back soon. Shucks, I'm almost a grown man. I didn't wind her far off. I just had to see the telegraph. Oh, you're just like your father used to be, Ted. Reckon, it's no use blaming you. Well, it won't happen again, Ma. I promise. Stop right there, Ted Jenkins. No promises. Huh? You'll only be making a promise you won't be able to keep. But after this... Yes, sir. Let me know beforehand, will you? Yes, sir.  What is it, Ted? I hear something. What? A horse coming to the cabin. Now, be careful, Ma. Oh, lame sakes, Ted.  Just because you heard some stories about engines and outlaws, you think... You can't be too careful. Oh, now, nothing ever happens in Split Rock. Go on, answer it. Yes, sir. Yeah, what do you... An engine. An engine. You'll not be afraid. Me, friend. Me, come in peace. What... What do you want here? Me, look for a man named Slagle. You know him? Why, there's no man by that name in Split Rock. Oh, him, bad outlaw. Masked friends say to find him... That's enough. So you got the gall to come here and ask right out for an outlaw, huh? You're the one that's making a mistake. Ted, all he asked for... And he got his answer. There's no Slagle here, and there never was. Is that your horse outside, engine? Then straddle him proud on Van Moussade here. Oh, you're not... Ted, careful, he's wearing guns. Oh, me, not you, it's gun. Adios. We make camp out in range. If you learn about man named Slagle, you tell us, huh? Get going, engine. Ted, did you ever think you might be in the wrong? He didn't do any harm. Oh, supposing he wasn't a patchy. He looked like a right-friendly engine. There, I knew it. Huh? Did you see that? That engine was riding a paint, and he met another rider back aways. The second man had a white horse. Ted, the story you heard in Crawford. Yeah, Ma, about the two outlaws. That was them. That's why the other man didn't come to the door himself because of his mask. We didn't know right away he was an outlaw. Here, take the gun, Ma. Ted, where are you going? To tell Mr. Dobie to get a posse after those hombres right this minute. What's that, Ted? Is this a straight story? Straight as a telegraph wire, Mr. Dobie. They left our place head north. How long ago? Ten minutes. Keynote, Ted. I reckon you wouldn't fool about something like this. No, sir. You don't want your horse? Yes, sir. We'll rouse Shane and Parsons and all the men we can muster.  I'm trying to get the boys going, Tondo. His mother might have been hurt. Uh, nearly quick, like him say. In a small town like that, he'd know everyone. Uh, you asked about Sleggal? Uh, him say no Sleggal in Split Rock. His mother say that too. There's no reason to doubt them. It's like we followed a tumble wheel trail, Tondo. Uh, we waste time. That Sleggal is somewhere in this section. I'm almost positive. Maybe so. He was seen with the telegraph crew. You know, that was a week ago. He might still be around. And telegraph? Not close to Split Rock. Then we'd better try the moderate range. Uh, mountain plenty big. It take long time. Our job is to smoke him out. We've got to find him, Tondo. He's dangerous. Oh, that right. Take us three or four weeks to cover the mountain slope, but we'll... Tondo. Huh? Horses. That's right. Tondo here in two. They come this way. There they are. Kimatabe, that posse. Why them come after us? I don't know, Tondo. We've no quarrel with anyone. Oh, that boy in Cabot. They think we're aslaws. And what we do? No time to argue with them, Tondo. It's dark in their nervous. They'll shoot first and talk later. But Kimatabe... Never mind. It's a mistake on their part. This is no time to tell them so. Gallop, Tondo. We'll leave them far behind.  Come on. Slow down. Rain out. Rain out. Clear out of sight already. We're rid of them. They won't come back to Split Rock after this. I reckon not. I wish we could have caught them. Too bad Mr. Shane wasn't along with us. He's got a real fast horse. He might have done some good. No, I doubt if his horse could have kept up with those two. It's mighty strange all the same. What is, Mr. Dobie? Shane said nothing to me about taking a trip or anything. Yet he wasn't at his place when the posse called for him. Wonder where he went so sudden. Are you listening to me and listening close? As soon as it got dark, I saddled my horse and rode out of Split Rock. I hustled right over here. What's the matter? Did the honest Mr. Willard Shane rob a bank? No, I didn't rob a bank. That's not as humorous as you think, Kinlo. Because next week there will be something with robbing in Split Rock. 50,000 in gold. 50,000? Yes, Kinlo. Well, that's fine and dandy. A little sleepy town like that. Will there be any soldiers around? No soldiers. You hear that, gents? Well, we got enough guns to wipe that turn out easy. We'll do it. We'll get that gold dust next week, won't we, boy? Hold on, hold on. There's one thing more. I rode out here in a hurry to tell you it won't be so easy. Why not? Kinlo, did you overhear of the Lone Ranger? Lone Ranger. Lone Ranger? What's he got to do with the shebang? I don't know, but he's been seen between Split Rock and Caldwell. Him and his engine partner. Do the people in Split Rock know who he is? No, they don't, but you can't... But nothing. That's all I want to know.  Yes, Kinlo. And we attack the town. We got enough guns to take care of everything, including the Lone Ranger. Good, Kinlo. That's what I've been waiting to hear you say. Wipe him out, including the Lone Ranger. The curtain falls on the first act of our Lone Ranger story. Before the next exciting scenes, please permit us to pause for just a few moments without a sign of trouble. True to his word, the Lone Ranger had stayed near Split Rock, camped in the hills, but young Tad Jenkins never came out looking for him. I've got a feeling something's wrong, Taddo. We're going to spend the rest of the night circling around scouting this section. I thought I saw some riders in the hills. They looked as if they were trying to conceal themselves. Stars fade out now. Dawn come pretty soon. Yes. Perhaps I was wrong. Perhaps... Kinlo, what's that? We're moving this way. Don't move, Taddo. Plenty horse, plenty rider. Why then ride at night? Why, Taddo? That's what we're going to find out. Take the town, ride it, Dawn. Take him by surprise. They won't have a chance. What do you mean? Who not have chance? Figure it out, Taddo. Those men mean to attack the town. What else could it be? A Dawn attack. I don't know why, but there it is. What do we do? We'll head for town right now. We're going shooting our guns. It's the only way to rouse the town, and at least I'll be awake when the outlaws strike. Tad, wake up. Ma, what's wrong? What's the shooting for? I don't know, Tad. Still dark outside. It's not even daybreak yet. It's right down the street. Sounds like trouble. Let me get my boots on. I'll go see. So will I, son. You better be careful, Ma. The whole town will be out there. Must be something important. This is no time to be careful. Then hurry up. Whatever it is, we don't want to miss it. Hurry up, Ma. It's the idea. Rousing at the town. That's Mr. Dobby, Ma. I don't believe a word of it.  Listen, Ma. What I say is true. You got your guns, you may have to use them. There's an outlaw band coming down from the Modras. He'll take this town any minute. I don't know exactly, Ma. There's a paint horse and a white horse, but it's a masked man. Watch that. Who's that talking? It's me, Mr. Dobby, Tad Jenkins. That hombre and the white horse is a masked outlaw, and the others is Inge and Parr. Six alive. They must be after the gold. Hold on, all of you. The town and I were after this gold. Would we ride in here shooting off our guns? Of course we wouldn't. Besides, we're not outlaws. We're working for the law, not against it. I'm telling you, there's going to be an attack on this town any minute. Don't stand around and get ready for it. What are we waiting for? These men are outlaws. Let's put them in shape. Who said that? Him and Inge and both got guns, Ma. I reckon the wooden bees is doing his shooting now. Who said that? I didn't think it, Anser. Lurking in the crowd, weren't you? It's getting lighter all the time, and I've got you spotted, Mr. Taddo. Uh-uh. Taddo seemed good. I'm out here, or we'll get you ourselves. Stay away from me. Stay away from me. Don't move, Slager. Let go of me. Let go of me. What's all this? You're making a mistake, Mr. That man's name is Shea, not Slager. No hard lock, and come in and tell us. Get away from your guns. Taddo, make sure no one makes a move. I'll try to make sure. He's holding six shooters. Now, Mr. Dobby, you seem to be the leader here if there is one. I say this man is an outlaw named Slager. He's been using the name Shea to hide out in your town. You want proof, read this. And I don't listen to all that. Well, don't go on my hide. This here's a poster asking for the arrest of an outlaw named Slager, and the picture proves that you're him. Do you deny it? Look at his face, Dobby. Yeah, Mr. He can't deny it. We'll put him in jail already. Shots. You can't. What in thunder? It's an attack. This master over here must be right. Everything he says is so. Come and get him. Come and get him, That's where you're wrong, Slager. You better ready, and they've got guns. All right, Dobby, Jenkins, Tutto, everyone, take cover to houses and hold them off. Use your gun. Warned ahead of time of the Lone Ranger, the men of Split Rock were ready when the attack came.  All day long, they held them off. They tore dust from the shooting slack, and the defenders, clustered in Dobby's store, got worried. You've done all right so far, but what's going to happen when the darkness comes? They've got twice as many men as we have. It's just a question of time, mister. Even with you and the Indian, we haven't got a chance. They'll worse down sooner or later. All right, plenty bad. We mustn't give up. All thereafter is the fifty dollars in gold dust. Let them take that and release Shane.  You can hold out a little while longer. What's the use, masked man? It'd be different if he was on a regular road. There'd be some people passing by that hear the shooting and ride for help. Yes, but Rock is just a lonesome little town. It's more than once a month anybody comes near us, mister. Cross is too bad to telegraph. Don't come into town. We can call for help that way. Ah, telegraph. Wait a minute. Hold on. What's that, Ted? Well, all I said was... Yes, I know. What made you think of it? Is there a telegraph line anywhere near here? Near nothing. It's fifty miles. Fifty miles? Is that all? There's well be two hundred. Just a second, Obi. Two miles, eh? What do you think, Toddup? Maybe so. There's an army post one hundred miles from here. They could send a force... If, if, if! Gee, horse of that, mister, it's no use. Why to take two days to reach that army post and two days more to get back? We can't hold out that long. Won't be necessary to go all the way. Eh? Obi, you man, listen to me. You gathered everyone into this one building. You can hold out better, can't you? I reckon so, mister. A little longer. And do it. Do it at once. Toddup will help you. Ah, I'm chemo-sapping what you do. I'm leaving, Toddup. Swiftly the townspeople were called to the building. The gray shadows of deepening twilight concealed them as they moved behind the shacks. Fifteen minutes later, Toddup slipped out of the door. They moved along the wall with a lone ranger watched. Chemo-sapping. Yes, Toddup. Everyone inside. Ah. Good. Silver. Here, boy. Ready, boy? Chemo-sapping. You ride silver throughout laws. It's the only way. Silver is fast and it's getting darker by the minute. You take plenty chance. Maybe you stout-bullet. It's the only way, Toddup. Get back in the house. After you, Chemo-sapping. Don't let them give up. Ah, Toddup, try. You come back soon. As soon as I can. Very silver. Adios. Adios. Chemo-sapping. Adios, Toddup. Ready, boy? Ready, silver? Ah! Has he gone, engine? Ah, him gone. He ain't reached him yet. And he'll never get through. Never. You say that again. Easy, easy, engine. You hold your lips, Lager. You'll get a gag in addition to them ropes if you don't. I wonder what the mess man's plan is. I don't know, Ted. Maybe he's going for some help or... Shoot him! Did he... Did he make it? Ah, him make it. Him get through. You listen. Speeding like a bullet, Silver left the outlaws far behind. Soon the lone ranger was riding in the clear, Racing across the shadowed prairie. Fifteen miles to the moderate mountains, Fetch those lakes, Silver. Cover the ground. Like a white flame whipped for the wind, Silver sped in his way. The moon rose, none of the pale stars, The tall man leaned forward in the saddle. His black mask close to the flying mane Of the great stallion. His voice surging, Silver on. That's it, big fella. There's no horse like you in the west. We're heading up the slopes now, Silver. Faster, Silver, faster! Up the long slopes, Tow the lifting hills, On through the night, Till finally it a cut between Two glistening snow-capped peaks. The telegraph lines, Teddy's, Teddy, Silver. Ah, my knife. Climb the pole and cut the wire. With Silver on guard below, The lone ranger climbed the telegraph pole. A knife gleamed in the night As he cut the wire. Ah, I'm wearing gloves. Spark won't be retarded. Touching the wires together, I can send a message. Somebody's bound to hear it. Split Brock needs help. The army's got to send help. The army's got to send help. It's almost morning, Townell. Do you reckon we can hold out? Masked friends say fight. We fight. There's too many of them. Don't be fools. Give up. Give us a golden. I'll see you don't get hung. Looks hopeless with the mask man gone. Yeah, he's gone. Gone and left in alert. He deserted you. That's where you're wrong, Slagos. Mister! You're back! I'm sorry. I'm too glad to see you. You bring help. I can't. I'm glad to see you. You bring help. I came back alone, Tonto. But help may be coming. Just hold out and keep... Help may be coming? Me? What do you mean? We can't be sure, Mrs. Jenkins. We sent a message. If the message got through, the army will come here. The message didn't get through, and... Yeah, mister. Then? And I'm afraid we're lost, Ted. But at least we'll go down fighting. Have your rifles! Here you come again! The attack was beaten off. So was the second attack and the third and the following night, three more. Without the lone range of the defenders would have given up long before, but his flaming spirit sustained the courage. Don't give up. Keep fighting. Getting mighty lone ammunition, mister. Make every shot count. But keep on fighting. Don't give up. So the fighting went on. Two nights later, just at dusk, the outlaws attacked again. Adobe, siding through a boarded-up window, pressed his trigger. Bullets. I need some more bullets. That's all the ammunition there is. Watch out. We'll clean out a bullet. Oh, that's right. This time we're not stopping it. Yes, Tonto. They're coming closer. Well, we put up a good fight. Listen, mister. Am I hearing things? It's a bugle. That's what a bugle. Yes, Ted. It's the army. They're safe. The army at last. Listen to them. Those outlaws haven't got a chance. The lone ranger was right. The army column swept down on the outlaws. In a few minutes, they were prisoners. And 15 minutes later, the army captain was inside the store talking to Dobie and the others. All right, can we get here just in time, Mr. Dobie? Are you sure, dear captain? I never heard so welcome a sound as that army bugle. We got them all and we'll take Slagle along also. Was it you that sent the message to us by Telegraph? Telegraph? Hey, captain, is that how they did it? Yes, son. Didn't you know? You mean a masked man rode out and cut the wire and sent a message that way? That's it. Well, I'll be doggone. Ted, I take back all I said about the Telegraph. It's a wonderful invention. Well, it saved our lives. Yes, sir. See, I wonder who that masked man is. The masked man is gone? Yes, sir, captain. Him and the engine rode away as soon as the shooting was over. Didn't even wait for thanks. He never does, son. He never... Hey, captain, from the way you speak, you know who that man is, don't you? I certainly do, Mr. Dobie. That must have been the Lone Ranger. The Lone Ranger? Hey, gosh, did you hear that, ma? We met the Lone Ranger himself. Gosh! What you have just heard is a copyrighted feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated.


Ryan, be very careful with what you say next. I got to give a shout out to our partner for this video today, Bumble. The Bumble app is innovating in ways like none other. Not only is it one of the most popular dating apps out today, but they also got new special features such as virtual dates, which are especially made for people who are staying at home. You can meet the person first before seeing them in person. And that also helps with the whole awkwardness of a first date and everything. Also, check out Bumble BFF if you guys are just looking to meet friends. And they even have Bumble Biz, which is just for networking and meeting mentors. So if you guys download the Bumble app at the link in the description down below, you can shoot your shot today, guys. It is free. It's super easy to use. And thank you, Bumble, for being a partner today. Enjoy the rest of this video. What's going on, everybody? Welcome to another Epic Fried Chicken Battle. We are going to be deciding which fast food chain has the best chicken tenders of them. Oh, David, who are our competitors on this side? We've got KFC, Chick-fil-A, Popeyes and Carl's Jr. So we got Jack in the Box over here. We got churches. And then we got the Asian representative Jollibee's right here. And yes, by the way, I am wearing a GoPro on my chest. If you guys like any of the shots that we use from this, make sure to hit that like button, click, subscribe and turn on your notifications for the algorithm. This is a KFC hallmark, the pepper, extra crispy tenders from KFC. The flavors there, you can get the seasoning in the breading. If you guys like salty tenders, pretty salty, let's try with the finger licking good sauce. That's a game changer for me because it adds that little bit of moistness that the dried chicken needed. It kind of gives me like pickle vibes for some reason. It does. It has like a relish flavor to it. I prefer the KFC tender without the sauce. I've never liked Thousand Island. The flavor profile is really from the 1950s. And we all know the KFC demographic. You're talking about the boomers here. People look like Colonel Sanders who go to KFC. And I really don't like the animal style fries. If you get the animal style fries, oh my God. Overall, I give them a three. I give this a 3.5 out of five. I'm going to go two. Guys, the next competitor up we have Chick-fil-A. Is it Chick-fil-A or Chick-fil-A? Immediately, it just looks way darker and just, I don't know, almost like overcooked. A lot of people will stand by Chick-fil-A as having the best fast food chicken. I didn't always agree, but I'm going to try to come in here. No bias. Chick-fil-A, chicken tenders. Oh, that's way more tender than the KFC. Way more tender. It's not flaky breading. It's not flaky at all. Yeah, it's a little bit more puffy, a little bit more chewy. All right, you guys, you got to try it with the sauce. I'll say this, the chicken quality is there. All right, I'm going to try the Polynesian sauce right here. For me, for me, chicken quality was a notch up. Flavor was a notch down for a combined score of three. I'm going with four. That was definitely significantly better than the KFC one. 3.5. I like the quality of the chicken. And I think it's a good standard bearer. If it's going to be better, it has to be better than Chick-fil-A. Next competitor, we have the fried chicken juggernaut, Popeyes. Expectations are high for this one, man, with high expectations can also come high disappointment. This is definitely what I'm looking for in a chicken tender. The two sauces that you really get with the tenders are the buttermilk ranch and then blackened ranch. Popeyes, chicken tenders without sauce. Really strong buttermilk flavor. Very strong buttermilk, very flaky, very crunchy. I kind of like it without sauce. I know what you mean. I can't say enough good things about this. Oh, man, this blows away the competition so far. You guys kidding me, man? You guys were not disappointed at all? No, no. Really? They had all the flavor you wanted. It was not too salty. The way that chicken was cut in the short way, you liked. I was not impressed. I'm not saying it was bad. It wasn't bad. It just wasn't impressive. I give it a 4.5. I'm also going to give Popeyes a 4. It's a 4 out of 5. It did not. It was not clearly better than Chick-fil-A, in my opinion. Next up, we've got Carl's Jr. Listen, they so do not specialize in chicken. They put it in the Angus Burger box. So I've actually never had Carl's Jr. before. Really? Like just straight up?  It looks different, I would say for sure. Carl's Jr. chicken tender. See, at first I got hit with a chicken, which was like, okay. And then it was just a lot of bread. You know, the weird thing is, there's nothing really bad about this, but there's seriously nothing really good about it at all. It's just very lukewarm. Try it in with the barbecue sauce, let's see. It wasn't bad. It's not bad, but it's not good. Clearly, they don't specialize in this product. I'm going to just have to go out and give it a 2.5. I give it a 3.5. What? I just, I really was not feeling KFCs. This is, what? 2.5. 2.5. You know what it is though? It wouldn't be bad at like 3.30 in the morning though. I think it's still be bad at 3.30 in the morning, bro. Coming in at number five, we got Jack in the Box. I think a lot of people weren't even aware that Jack in the Box had tenders. Jack in the Box. I bit into it. Yeah, that was hard. I got to try it with the barbecue sauce. Give it a 2. 2.5. Wow. I don't know, I could just see Jack in the Box just throwing that on the menu for, you know, the late night stoners that roll through.  Oh, let me get some tenders too. I do think a lot of the time when people get Jack in the Box, they're not fully like. In the rest of the month. Over, yeah. Anyways, coming up next at number six, we got Church's Chicken. I would say that Church's most often gets compared with Popeyes. This looks a lot like Popeyes Chicken. It's kind of like. It does not break the same way. No. And it doesn't have the same bounce. Dude, mine is even pink. Church is tender. It's pretty good. I do like the breading on it. I think it's crunchy. Kind of tasty. Oh, I don't like that. I don't like the creamy jalapeno. I kind of like it. Oh, dude. Oh, no. I'm weird. I'm weird. There's some elements you love from Church's, whether it's the breading, the biscuits, and then the chicken quality is always a big L for me. I got to go with 2.5. Think about it, guys. We could not even eat the first piece we got because it was pink. That is a huge violation. I had a different experience. I happened to get the normal piece of chicken, and I thought it was actually pretty good. I'm giving it a 3.5. Okay. I got a little caught up in the hysteria of the pink chicken.  I'll give it 2.5. I had a good piece. Our last competitor, we have the Jollabies Chicken Dippers. Wow. Visually, this looks a lot like Popeyes, except the flakes and the crunch is a little bit smaller. Jollabies Chicken Dippers. I think the flavor's there. I like the breading. Jollabies kind of let me down on the moisture and the chicken. It's kind of dry. Here we have Honey Mustard. It has this saltiness that's a little unidentified. I'm not the biggest fan of it. You know what? Let's dip it in the gravy. That makes sense. Overall, I give it a... Man, that gravy... You know what? I'm just gonna give it a 4. I'm giving it a 3.5 because my expectations for Jollabies are a lot higher than some of the other ones. I do love Jollabies Spicy Chicken. Yeah, okay. You love it. You love Jollabies Spicy Chicken. Like, it's really good. You stood by it. You were willing to. I still stand by it to this day. I thought it was pretty solid. I'll give it a 4. I mean, that was pretty good. It met my expectations. All right, guys. That wraps up round one. All right, everybody. We are on to our final round. Here are our top three competitors. Chick-fil-A. A good, nice Christian chicken. Jollabies and Popeyes. However, for myself, I'm gonna be... Look, what do you mean for yourself? I got the wild card. KFC. I think with the Jollabies gravy, this KFC is gonna be fire. David is convinced that if he dips the KFC in the Jollabies gravy overreact, don't you overreact here. You know how salty this thing is? You know how salty the gravy is? I was wrong. Sometimes the wild card doesn't work out, guys. I think we could have predicted that it was gonna come down to these three. Chick-fil-A's famous for having high quality. Jollabies is this newcomer in the game, young, hungry, really coming at chicken and food in general from a whole nother angle. Boom, Popeyes is sort of like the Duke. I think we gotta go Chick-fil-A versus Jollabies first. Is gonna be a really close matchup. I honestly think Popeyes is in the class of its own right now. I'm not gonna, I'm gonna reserve my judgment for the championship. Chick-fil-A by itself, round two. I'm generally not that big in the Chick-fil-A's like mushy breading, but the chicken quality might be the highest. I'm gonna amend my rating to pump up Chick-fil-A to a four. This is some good chicken. Not usually Chick-fil-A.  That's why I'm just putting it out there. I don't like the spices. In fact, there's a lack of spice. The second competitor of the final round, Jollabies. You can get white rice on the side. Jollabies. It's like difficult to think about because it's so different. With the gravy, that's easily better than Chick-fil-A. Easily with the gravy. That is easily better than Chick-fil-A. Take away the gravy. Without the gravy, it doesn't really stand on its own for me. I think chicken for chicken, Chick-fil-A edges it out a little bit. I so did not like the flavoring on the Chick-fil-A. I'm going with Jollabies. To zoom you lost. No, that's two to one. We picked Chick-fil-A. We have to roll with the majority. Yo, you guys in the final championship, we've got LSU and TCU. This is what you live for, baby. The chicken tender championship. Ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah. Tick into the hat.  Popeyes, chicken tenders. Man, that peeled pretty easily, I gotta say. The Popeyes didn't keep that well, but if it was fresh, I'm definitely taking that over Chick-fil-A. Hands down if it was fresh, it's not even close. Ryan, be very careful with what you say next. This Chick-fil-A is like, right now, right now. This Chick-fil-A is like going to the grocery market, like Whole Foods, and getting some chicken and making it yourself. Like it's a home style kind of chicken nugget. Popeyes, it's something I can only get a Popeyes and it tastes like Popeyes too. What does that mean, Ryan? What are you trying to say? Just say it. This is better. The Chick-fil-A is better. It's a better quality chicken. It tastes better to me. This just tastes like Popeyes. It doesn't taste like good chicken. Close. Give it a Chick-fil-A. Does it? Chick-fil-A, because they do not even serve chicken on the bone, might specialize in this like, I guess ultra basic style of chicken more. Though I feel like with Popeyes, they try to dress up the chicken with all the breading, all the spices, and everything. And the Chick-fil-A, what I appreciate about them, is they're like, look at the quality of our chicken. You don't have to put, do too much to it.  I've been vindicated! Wait, what? Yeah, I picked Chick-fil-A this whole time. I've been trying to tell you guys. All right, you guys, give us a huge thumbs up, a like, subscribe, turn on your notifications. Huge shout out to Benson. Please let us know in the comment section below. Number one, where your favorite chicken tenders are from, even if they're from a bag, just name out the brand of the bag at the supermarket, whatever. Just tell us what your favorite chicken tenders are, period. And number two, please let us know another food item you would like to see us rank in our objective scientific unscientific method. All right guys, thanks again for watching. Shout out to Benson. This is David and Andrew from the Fung Bros. And until next time, we out. Peace! I feel like they hired someone from Japan to get their presentation. Oh yeah. Okay, okay.


First of all, let me say that I'm glad to be back home for those of you who are here as a student and as a lecturer before I was elected and vice president. I'm very excited to be back here, but I'm also excited to see what is going on here. This student's innovation challenge, the South West Regional Event. The best examples of successful technology companies started in universities. All the best examples we know, whether it was Steve Jobs's, Apple, or Vancouver, came out of Harvard at the Gates, dropped out of Harvard, here in Nigeria, a jobber man, we've heard of a jobber man, or for me, just told us about a jobber man, out of a family, a whole lot of universities, Naira Land also, out of the university. And I know of the incredible ideas that are going to come out of the University of Lagos. One of the reasons why I'm so sure that's going to be the case, just before we came here, we went to commission the hub, our new hub, our technology hub, which will be here in the University of Lagos. It's going to be built in Nigeria and it's going to take exactly three months to build. So we were here earlier in the day just to take a look at it and to see what's going on there. So I know that's going to be a place of great creativity and hopefully we're going to be able to do this in the six geopolitical zones, starting here at the University of Lagos. So everybody knows where the smart money is looking. We all know that the university is the best place for getting the very best talents and that's what's going to shape the future of our country. And so what we did, the Federal Government did, is that we simply partnered with the UNDP, with the BOI, Bank of Industry, with the MTN, the Civic Foundation for Innovation and Access Bank to come and do what we describe as a student's challenge. A student's challenge is to find the best of the students, the best innovation, the best technology ideas, the best creativity, the best creative ideas from students across Nigeria. Now we're going to pick 37, but I've spoken to my partners and they say because of what they've seen today, we've got to move that up. So we're going to pick 50. So there are some here today, there are some here today who might get, even if we don't get into the first part, you'll be able to get into that additional. So we are definitely going to do it in such a way that as many of the great ideas as possible, get a chance to be tested commercially, get a chance to be supported. And that's why, you know, we're just listening to the six that were randomly picked and they are not necessarily the best that have been heard today. They were just randomly picked. I thought those ideas were just fantastic. I thought the ideas were great. And I knew that there's so many other people with great ideas all over here. That's why I decided that I'm going to take photographs of these 40 who are behind me here. And the simple reason is that I know these guys are going to be famous and they're going to be rich one day. And I don't want them to forget me. So that's the reason why I'm going to take photographs of them. But to everyone else, let me just say that it is absolutely exciting times to be alive. This is the best time. You know, people talk about the good old days. If you know the good old days, the good old days, it was Obama who said always be suspicious of people who are telling me about those good old days. The best days are here. The future is right there. And I'm welcome to that future. Thank you very much.


My name is Christina of the beautiful Twin Island of Trinidad and Tobago. I completed the 120-hour TEFL course online with ITTD and it was truly amazing. It was a lot of reading, yes, but it was informative, it was detailed, and it was easy to follow and understand. I appreciated the end task sheets where we had to evaluate our understanding of the material after reading through the unit. In my class, I've implemented some of the strategies. For example, DEGO, DEGO, where you have to demonstrate, explain, then give out the worksheet. I teach preschoolers, yes they do speak English, but I still implement the techniques and the strategies I've learned within my course. For example, in our unit 5, with class management, I've learned what to expect in our class. I've learned how to deal with certain issues when they arise and also unit 3, with techniques and methodologies. I've learned about elicitation and I've implemented that within my classroom. I will use what I've learned within this course to further advance my teaching abilities within a classroom. Thank you. Thanks so much for watching. We are ITTT, the leading provider for TEFL and TESOL training courses. If you like this video, please subscribe by clicking the button down here and click on any of the videos here on the left for more interesting teaching tips for getting certified to teach English abroad and online.


This is Julia and welcome back to my channel and for today's video I'm going to be talking about some of my 2018 most anticipated book releases. This is just my personal list. I am, the lighting is changing, oh my god I can't deal with this today. This is personally my most anticipated list so I'm counting, I'm going to be talking about 15 releases that I'm personally really excited about that also some that I know you guys are gonna be excited about so I'm gonna have my Goodreads thing with them all linked if you're interested but let's start off with January releases and go to the end of the year which I know there's gonna be a lot of pop-up releases that I'm really excited for and there is some other releases that I'm excited for but I just like to only talk about 15 so yes. First up here I have this boy's A Rainbow by Sam Payne this is a poetry collection that has to deal with heartbreak and it's about an LGBT relationship it's very similar to milk and honey in the way that it's formatted with the illustrations and things like that this comes out on the first of January so it is already out and I did receive this as an arc and I really liked it so just letting you guys know about that one. Two on this list is Gunslinger Girl this book I actually already have I found it in the store well I found it like two weeks before it was out in the store so it's like over there but basically this book is a Y Western and it's published by the same it's published by James Patterson presents so the same company that published Stockings Out the Ripper and Hunting Prince Dracula which I didn't like Stockings Out the Ripper but Hunting Prince Dracula was really good so yes I'm excited for it I love me some Westerns and we need more of them in our lives so yes this comes out on the second of January. It's Zenith by Sasha Alberg and Lindsay Cummings this is another one that I already have because I found it early because my bookstore put stuff out early but this one is like really early because I found this before January and this this is released on January 16th. Basically this book is a sci-fi space story and I believe there's romance involves I believe there's space pirates things like that so I'm excited to see what this one's all about. I've heard mixed things but I'm excited to kind of see how I like this one. Next up here I have the Apocalypse of Ellen Mendoza this is by Sean David Hutchinson and this book I'm so excited for because Dylan from Dylan the Reader 5 loves this book so much so I'm super excited to see if I will enjoy this well considering I loved We Are the Ants so I'm excited for it. I believe this one's a female-female relationship which I'm interested or no I think there's bi-rep I don't know exactly but I'm very excited for this one I know Dylan loves it because he received a normally copy no it's the apocalypse yeah I'm just confused about this title because all I wrote down was like Ellen Mendoza so I'm like what is the title but yes this comes out on February 6th. On March 6th Restore Me by Tanara Mavi comes out I'm so excited I read Shatter Me so long ago and I loved that trilogy so much I remember reading this in the halls of my school and like people were like my friends were near me and I would just be reading this like oh my god and everyone's like what is happening to you and I I get it's not a perfect series at all but I love Warner I love Juliet's growth and I'm so happy there's gonna be a book for so yes I'm very excited for this one it's gonna be the fourth book in the Shatter Me series if you didn't know yay another book that's coming out on March 6th is The Witch Doesn't Burn in this one by Amanda Lovelace. This is going to be another poetry collection by the same author who wrote The Princess Saves Herself in this one. I don't know much about this individual poetry collection but I loved her other one so I'm gonna read it. Next up on March on March 24th Leah on the Offbeat releases which is by Becky Albert Talley I've loved her two previous releases I love like I decent like I liked Simon versus the Homo Sapiens agenda it was really fun and then I loved the upside of her quite it's I'm very excited for Leah on the Offbeat and I don't know much about it only that it connects with the Simon versus the Homo Sapiens agenda and like I think there's gonna be crossover characters and things like that I forget if it's a direct companion like I don't think it's a direct sequel I think it's a companion I'm not exactly sure I suck okay next up here I have not that bad this is by Roxane Gay and I believe some other writers I don't know much really say hi to my camp oh my god you scratched me yeah he hates being lifted now I'm gonna start bleeding great I love everything literally I'm bleeding my cat I swear to God so not that bad by Roxane Gay this really sounds on me first all I know is that Roxane Gay is gonna be a part of it I don't really know even what it's about but Roxane Gay's name is on it so I'm gonna read it nine is Aco math Aco fast so a court of Frost and Starlight this is a 3.5 in the Aquatars series so I'm very excited for this one on May 1st so I'm gonna be waiting for this because I'm die hard obsessed with that trilogy or like the series but there's three books out okay next is the outsider by Stephen King I'm so excited for this one this goes on June 5th of 2018 I'm very excited for this one I'll link all the good repages for these if you want to check more about what they're about because a lot of them I don't know the exact synopsis but I'm just very excited for them because I've read from this author before or because it does sound intriguing or because I've heard good things and things like that but the outsider by Stephen King I'm excited for I'm always excited for Stephen King's new releases I usually don't look into too much what they're about but I'm very excited for this one so next up here I have Providence by Karen Caroline Kepnas just leaves this releases on June 9th of 2018 and I don't know much about this one either but she wrote you which I loved when I read it and I'm just very excited for her to come up with a new book and the cover looks pretty I think I've heard a synopsis and it sounds cool so I'm going to read it next up here I have listen to your heart by Casey West this is a fun this is gonna be a fun way contemporary as usual her books are so this one is going to come out on June 29th so fun we're gonna skip through these quick because I'm getting bitter because I'm edgy and this video is not gonna be fun if I sit here for another five minutes so first we have escaping from Houdini which this is going to be the third book and these talking Jack the Ripper series which this is going to be coming out on 9 18 18 so I'm very excited for this one because I do quite like hunting restracula probably my most anticipated is Queen of Aaron darkness by Cassandra Claire which comes out on 12 4 18 very excited for this one this is the third book in the dark artifice the series so I've been waiting I'm so excited fight me I know everyone's excited about it I love it like I'm excited like I'm thrilled next up I have some that I don't like they don't have official release dates yet but they're set to come out in 2018 so first up I have blue actresses volume 19 and 20 which are set to come out in Canada this year and next I also have Warcross book 2 which doesn't have a title or cover but it's set to come out in 2018 so I'm waiting so there you guys have those are some of my most anticipated releases I'm so sorry for this video it's all over the place the lighting is absolute shit if this goes up I'm very surprised um but if it does let me know what you thought of it down below I need a nap so I'ma leave bye


As you talk to all these companies, what are the, what are the one or two or three things that you're seeing that the decision makers are moving forward on, on this? Mm-hmm. Yeah. So movement, mindfulness, and emotional intelligence, basically it's just how to keep a person well and present, how to allow yourself to come into a space of connecting with your own body. And that's really what movement helps with, and that's what we've been helping a lot of employees with as well. Just to keep that consistency of a movement practice, to be able to get up out of your chair and move your body around. Because that's also something that contributes to, you know, to this fatigue and to be, to being in a place where you eventually would lead to burnout. Because if you're not moving, if you're not taking time to look away from the screen, to shift your focus to other things, then it becomes very dense. And the energy that you're sitting in kind of becomes quite heavy. So basically learning how to incorporate movement into your every day, but learning how to incorporate movement into your working environment as well. Getting up and moving every hour at the least. Also having a movement practice. And we have different types of practices, so it also really depends on the company. Some companies love the yoga and Pilates. Some companies are all about the hit, and they want, you know, the harder, more physical things. That's all dependent on, again, the company's culture. When it comes to mindfulness, it's more about, like, the companies that are really just about keeping their employees very focused and aware. And also helping to just foster that little element of creativity and resilience, as I said. So helping people to connect to themselves in a way that they're understanding where they are in space. Connecting back to their breath, coming back to their bodies. It's a very interesting thing to see those clients kind of shift, especially the ones that really are quite anxious or in fight or flight. Or very go, go, go, and very much about the hustle. It's really beautiful to see how the mindfulness practices and the meditation practices really helps to bring those people into a deep sense of awareness of their bodies, their minds. And not just reacting to situations, but rather responding. I'll just mention two things that you touched on. I've been working from home for a long time. And so for me, I had to work really hard on figuring out a schedule. And so my schedule has basically become, you know, I wake up at seven or usually 6.30, 6.37, no alarm. It's just like, I just try to keep it as natural as possible. No phone, I brush my teeth. No phone, I put the phone in my pocket. I make my coffee. I enjoy my coffee. I do the New York Times crossword, which is, it's a mini one. So it takes like three minutes max, really small. It's like nine things. And then I lean into work. I work for two hours. And then at usually around nine, I'll just go for a walk. I'll just go for a walk and it's like either music or it's an audio book that I'll listen to depending on the day. I'll go for maybe like a 20 minute walk. I come back and I do the same thing at 11, another walk. But the challenge for me has been on busy days. It's almost impossible, right? To have the discipline. With that schedule. Yeah.  I find it so, especially under lockdown, you know, a lot of people are saying there's a lot of studies around, oh, well, if you're not going outside, then you're not developing antibodies. You're not touching other bacteria. And so being in your house is kind of crippling to your immunity. Yeah. If you're not taking any other supplements or anything like that. And so it's like a, you have, there's so much more on the plate now, which is really interesting, right?  And there's so much more now that you have to do. Yeah. Hey, everyone. Thanks for checking out that clip. If you enjoyed it, be sure to hit the like button down below. And if you're interested in hearing the full episode, it's out right now on our YouTube channel. We've had a lot of great guests come on this show before and we've got a lot of great guests coming up in the future. So hit subscribe so that you don't miss a single episode. And one final note. We're always looking for new ideas and new companies to feature on the show. So if you know of someone or know of a company, write us a comment down below letting us know who they are and what they do. We'd be happy to have them on the show. Till then, I'll just be here waiting for your comments. So, uh, see you later.


couple of years ago. Yeah, I would probably tell you just stick with what I do. But now, the world of artificial intelligence, it entered our lives so fast, and so strong everywhere, everywhere, you can you can see that you can you can feel that right, people talk about it, apps, everything, and same with trading. So I am super excited to try and find my way in this new modern world of trading, the combination here of the human experience, and how you can interact with the market and find your opportunities together with the artificial intelligence, because sometimes, you know, these solutions can point you to the place where you would not even bother to check. And when you combine that, like, there will be many aha moments for for traders.


Welcome to the original gangsters podcast. I'm your host Scott Bernstein quick hitter edition we're going out to New York City and figgy figurata high-ranking capo in the Genovese crime family has been booted out or stepped down from the Carpenter's Union. He has been the Genovese crime family's point man in the construction rackets and in the Carpenter's Union down in Manhattan for quite a while. Got his union card I believe in 1990 and according to a report that came out in the last couple days shout out to the messenger which is a really really on its game new media outlet that's that's doing some great reporting. Back in July Tommy figs aka figgy figurata resigned his post in the Carpenter's Union to avoid a hearing and inquiry into his mob connections. And we know that both from previous FBI documents as well as documents related to the early parts of the inquiry that will never finish because instead of going in front of a disciplinary board and explaining themselves figgy stepped down and just to avoid the issue altogether. And according to these documents he was personally placed into this point position in the in the Carpenter's Union by the top guys in the Genovese meaning Barney Balomo Ernie Muscarella put him in place. I'm told that Ernie the reputed underboss under Barney who we just saw a picture of proposed Tommy figs for his button. Tommy figs dad Tony figs was a longtime member of the Genovese crime family someone that might have been made with Barney in a in a fault 1977 ceremony. So you know this is you know figgy is a guy that is very trusted. There's rumors that he or speculation that he could be in line for an administrative post in the future. He's about 65 years old but he's no longer going to be in the Carpenter's Union. New York City's District Council of Carpenters after a 30 33 years in the Union figgy Ficcarata is out has stepped down. He was served with with notice of inquiry back in May and in July he sent a letter and resigned. I think it's it's interesting to point out you know where this guy's juice came from because according to investigators within the Carpenter's Union this guy was again personally tapped by Barney Balomo the most powerful mafia Don in New York City the boss of bosses today and is close with Ernie Muscarella was close to Jimmy Massera ledger took over Jimmy's crew Jimmy Jimmy from A Street who passed away in late 2023 gone to Florida. I was also close to a Bonanno Capo Joe Lefty uh well Lackano Lackano um and uh you know this is a guy that everybody should you know uh going forward into the you know the rest of the 2020s and and beyond as a a major future shot caller and you know current shot caller in the Genovese Crime family but he will no longer be doing it uh in the Carpenters Union uh his his his crew that he took over I'm told from Jimmy Massera is Manhattan it's Brooklyn it's Bronx out in Florida a little bit a little bit New Jersey so Tommy Figgs no longer in the Union Barney Balomo has to go find a new guy to a run point for the Genovese Crime family in the construction rackets in Manhattan for OG pod I'm Scott Bernstein out


Same thing with not being the best version of yourself.  You are choosing to be selfish when you come to practice and you're not prepared. Because the only way you guys can actualize your potential is if every one of you comes every single day is the best version of yourself. So don't let selfishness win out and selfishness is a natural tendency. That's what makes all of this so hard.


Welcome to the lecture on syntax analysis part 4. So, in the previous lectures, we covered basics of syntax analysis, context free grammars, context free languages and top down parsing. Today, we will continue our discussion on parsing with recursive descent parsing and then move on to bottom up parsing. So, we looked at a transformation known as useless symbol elimination and now we also look at two more transformations one on left recursion elimination and another one known as left factoring. The left recursive grammars pose problems to LL1 parser generation. The problem is that left recursive grammars do not satisfy the LL1 condition. So, let us understand what exactly left recursive grammars are. So, if a grammar has a non-terminal a such that a in more than one application of the productions of a produces a alpha. So, you can see that the first symbol of this sentential form is also a. So, that means we can produce as many you know we can go on applying the productions of a as many times as we want and this is known as left recursion. So, our LL1 parsing method and also the one we are going to see the recursive descent parsing method cannot handle left recursive grammars. So, left recursion in grammars can be of course, eliminated in other words we can convert left recursion to right recursion and similarly right recursion can be converted to left recursion. So, first of all if you look at what is known as immediate left recursion then we need to handle productions of the form a going to a alpha. Remember left recursion implies a derives a alpha in one or more applications of productions of a whereas, here the production itself has non-terminal a on the left most in the left most position. So, if there is a production of the form a going to a alpha then the grammar is said to have immediate left recursion. So, let us see what we can do with it. So, assume that there are two productions a going to a alpha and a going to beta. The assumption is a going to beta will not have a in the left most position. So, if that is so then we can transform these two productions into these three productions first of all a going to beta a prime and then a prime going to alpha a prime or a prime going to epsilon. A prime is a new non-terminal which did not exist before. So, if you look at this you know this application produces exactly beta a prime and nothing else, but then a prime can be you know it has right recursion. So, we can use it as many times as we want. So, a prime going to alpha a prime can be used many times to produce many instances of a. So, if you look at this production we produce as many instances of alpha as we wanted and then a was replaced with beta. So, here also a prime produces as many instances of alpha as we want and finally, a prime goes to epsilon thereby producing nothing, but we have already produced a beta to begin with. So, we have produced beta followed by many alphas which is exactly the same as what a produced. So, this is immediate left recursion elimination, this grammar you know does not have left recursion. So, if we have a group of productions say a going to a alpha 1, a going to a alpha 2 etcetera, a going to a alpha m and then the other alternates without left recursion would be beta 1, beta 2 etcetera, beta n. So, if this is the case then we can transform these productions to in a very similar way to this a going to beta 1, a prime, beta 2, a prime etcetera, beta n, a prime and then the new non terminal a prime will have productions alpha 1, a prime, alpha 2, a prime etcetera, alpha m, a prime and then extra epsilon as well. So, this is just a generalization of this transformation and is sure to you know remove left recursion, immediate left recursion. Let us take an example. So, the rule is given here a going to a alpha or beta will be transform to a going to beta a prime, a prime going to alpha a prime or epsilon. So, this grammar has left recursion because e goes to e plus c or e, e or e star or parenthesis e parenthesis or a or b. So, in 1, 2 and 3 these 3 productions we have e as the most non terminal and therefore, there is left recursion. So, if we eliminate the left recursion, but remove the ambiguity as well this is ambiguous. So, if you want to eliminate the left recursion first of all let us try to write a left recursive, but unambiguous grammar because ambiguous grammars do not you know help us in parsing. So, this is the unambiguous version of that grammar e plus t or t, e goes to e plus t or t, t goes to t f or f, f goes to f star or p, p goes to parenthesis e parenthesis or a or b. So, this is the you know generates the same language as the previous one, but is unambiguous, but this is still left recursive. So, if we remove it you know the left recursion then we get e going to t e prime exactly like this you know beta a prime right. So, e going to t is the other production. So, we have e going to t e prime, e prime going to plus t e prime.  So, that I leave it you as homework. So, that was about left recursion elimination as I said left factoring is the other transformation that we want to study. If there are two alternatives beginning with the same string then the grammar is not a l 1 example is here. So, s going to 0 s 1 or 0 1. So, this is definitely not a l 1 grammar and the idea intuition behind left factoring is remove the common portion of the alternatives and then have a separate non-terminal for the rest of it. So, for example, here 0 is the common portion. So, that is factored out and for the rest of the portion we have a new non-terminal s prime. So, s prime goes to s 1 which is the rest of it here and r 1 which is the rest of it in the other alternate this grammar of course, is definitely l l 1. So, this transformation you know using this transformation it is possible sometimes to change a grammar which is not l l 1 to l l 1 form of course, left recursion was another as well. One method would be if there are two alternatives for a production a going to alpha beta 1 or alpha beta 2 of course, there could be many alternatives with the same prefix as well. So, the method remains similar. So, we remove alpha. So, a becomes alpha a prime and the new non-terminal a prime goes to beta 1 or beta 2. So, here is another example for logical expressions. So, e going to t or e or t, t going to f and f and f and t or f and f goes to not f or parenthesis e parenthesis true or false. So, this grammar of course, is definitely not l l 1, but because it starts with the same non-terminal t for both the options here also it starts with the same non-terminal f for both options. Once we do left factoring we get e going to t prime e prime going to r e r epsilon t going to f t prime t prime going to and t r epsilon f going to not f or parenthesis e parenthesis true or false. So, this definitely is l l 1. So, it is not as if these are hypothetical examples these you know this expression grammar of course, occurs in the programming language in the grammar for programming language c or similar languages. So, now an example to show that grammar transformations may not help every time. Here is our you know controversial if then else grammar we know that this is ambiguous. So, even if we do and of course, it has the same left side as well if i d s and if i d s because it is ambiguous even if we do left factoring.  So, this is a factored grammar. So, there is no common part between the left side and the two right hand sides of s, but once we compute the direction symbol sets and try to fill up the table. We have seen this example before. So, I will not go into too many details again for the symbol s 1 and else we get two productions. So, the grammar does not happen to be l l 1. So, left factoring has not really helped in this case because the underlying grammar was ambiguous. Suppose you know practically if the grammar produces you know such a table and we have a problem with it. In such a case the programmer can be given a choice to choose the correct entry and you know eliminate the other entries correct in the sense intuitive entry. So, in this case if we choose s 1 going to else s instead of s 1 going to epsilon on the look ahead else this results the conflict because we have eliminated one of the productions here and this associates else with the innermost if then which is actually the correct choice so the matched statement grammar that I gave you couple of lectures ago does this as well. So, the choice of eliminating s 1 going to epsilon and retaining s 1 going to else s fills this table correctly makes this operatable as an l l 1 parser, but it will associate the else with the innermost if. So, let us move on to recursive descent parsing. Recursive descent parsing is a top down parsing strategy and basically instead of a table driven grammar you know table driven parser as in the case of l l 1 parser here this is a you know inlined program as such. So, we are going to have one function or procedure for each non-terminal. So, these are hard coded programs rather than table driven parsers the functions call each other recursively that is why this is called a recursive descent parser based on the grammar I will show you an example as well. The recursion stack handles the task of the l l 1 parser stack. So, there is no other stack necessary like in the case of l l 1 parser the programming language stack which handles recursion will also take care of the job of the l l 1 parser stack. The exactly the same l l 1 conditions need to be satisfied for the grammar here as well for the grammar to be eligible for recursive descent parsing just like the l l 1 parser we can generate recursive descent parsers also automatically from the grammar hand coding is also very easy even if we do not generate them automatically. The advantage of recursive descent parsers is that error recovery in such grammars such parsers is superior to that of l l 1 parsers.  As I said there is one function for each non-terminal. So, this is the function for non-terminal s prime then we have a function for non-terminal s and then we are going to have a non-terminal you know function for non-terminal a and another one for non-terminal b as well. So, let us look at the function for non-terminal s prime. So, this is the main program because it corresponds to the start symbol of the grammar. So, on the right hand side we have the non-terminal s followed by the end of file symbol dollar. So, the flow within the program in the within the parser would be call the function f s corresponding to the non-terminal s and once it completes that the control comes here. So, the next token is checked whether it is E y f or not if it is E y f parsing is over. So, you accept otherwise you show an error message. So, this is for the non-terminal s prime which is very intuitive the whenever there is a non-terminal you call the function for the non-terminal and whenever there is a terminal check whether the next token actually corresponds to the terminal present in the production. So, let us take the function for the non-terminal s. So, the all the alternatives are combined in the function. So, we really have many you know cases of the switch statement one corresponding to each of the alternatives of the production. The first alternative is a s and it begins with little a the second alternative is little c. So, we have on the token a switch statement to check whether it is little a or little c and the grammar has been assured to be l l 1. So, these two alternatives will never begin with the same symbol. So, little a assures us that the production to be used for expansion in l l 1 parsing is s going to a s and. So, we are going to expand using the production s going to a s here as well. So, the token a is matched already because we came to case a we get the next token then here is a function here is a non-terminal a. So, we call the function f a the next one is a non-terminal s. So, we call the function f s then that case is completed. So, we have a break. So, that we get out of the case switch statement for the case c we already you know we have matched the c with this because we if we take case c the matching automatically happens. So, you get the next token and then get out of the switch statement any other symbol in the input implies an error. Then we have the function for the non-terminal a. So, again there are two alternatives one corresponds to b a the other one corresponds to s b. B a starts with little b.  So, to take this particular alternative we must make sure that the input symbol that is the token is either a or c which corresponds to the first of capital S. So, in that case we call the function corresponding to the non-terminal s. Then we call f b the function corresponding to non-terminal b and then break for any other symbol it is an error. So, finally, the function for non-terminal b it again has two options b a and s. So, we again have a similar flow for b we get the next token and call f a and finally, break for the first of s which is a comma c we call f s and break for others it is an error. So, how do we generate recursive descent parsers automatically? Of course, the scheme is based on the structure of productions. So, the generator actually looks at the productions and generates the program we are going to look at some more details of this. The grammar must of course, satisfy the LL1 conditions. So, we are going to check the LL1 condition and then call the generator function get token obtains the next token from the lexical analyzer and places it in the global variable token this is the assumption function error prints out a suitable error message and now we are going to see the details. So, the weight is given here for if the you know right hand side happens to be epsilon of a if there is a production a going to epsilon and let us start with the last one first. So, there is a production a to alpha. So, then we are going to write a function f a which returns nothing and does not take any parameters and the body of the function corresponds to the program segment generated for alpha. So, now we are going to see various possibilities for alpha and then mention the code which can be generated. So, if alpha is epsilon then we just generate the skip that is semicolon if alpha is a single non terminal a. So, a single terminal a then we generate the program segment if token equal to a get token else error. So, this is intuitive we saw this in the program segment example before if a is a non terminal then we generate a call f a function call for the non terminal a. If alpha consists of several alternatives alpha 1 alpha 2 alpha 3 etcetera. Then we generate a switch on the token and for all the symbols in the direction symbol set of alpha 1 instead of first we use direction symbol because alpha 1 alpha 2 etcetera may also be epsilon and then the follow automatically kicks in if the symbols begin alpha 1 you know. So, that is direction symbol of alpha 1 all the symbols are listed here then the program segment corresponding to alpha 1 is generated and break is generated as well. Similarly, for alpha 2 alpha 3 etcetera and for any other symbols it is error. So, we saw an example of these two already the first one you know begins the first option and the second set begins the second option etcetera etcetera. If the you know string alpha is of the form alpha 1 alpha 2 alpha n then we generate the program segments for alpha 1 alpha 2 alpha n and concat them in the same order. So, this is the scheme for generating the program segments for you know recursive and parser. So, let us just go back and see one of the examples again. So, this is a production of the form a going to b a or s b. So, there is a function for the non terminal a and then because there are alternatives there are there is a switch as well and within the switch the direction symbol set of b a is b and the direction symbol set of s b is a comma c. So, that way we generate get token and then check the. So, this is the program segment generated for the string b a and this is the program segment generated for the string s b. So, within this this is of the form alpha 1 alpha 2 this is again of the form alpha 1 alpha 2. So, we go on applying the rules of generation and generate the appropriate program segments. So, now we move on to bottom up parsing. So, far we have discussed the top down parsing strategy in which the start symbol was expanded progressively and finally, we reach the leaves which correspond to the string to be parsed. In the case of bottom up parsing we begin at the leaves build the parse tree in small segments combine the small trees to make bigger trees until the root is reached. So, that is why this is called as a bottom up strategy. So, this process is called reduction of the sentence to the start symbol of the grammar. So, one of the ways of reducing a sentence is to follow the right most derivation of the sentence in reverse. So, let me give you examples to show how this works. So, and shift reducing shift reduce parsing implements one such strategy and it uses the concept of what is known as a handle to detect when to perform such reductions. So, let me show you some definitions and then we move on to examples. So, what exactly is a handle? A handle of a right sentential form gamma is a production A to beta and a position in gamma. So, let us take a derivation of this form S going to alpha A w. So, this is a right most derivation in many steps and now we replace alpha A by beta and the context in which we apply is alpha on the left side and w on the right side. So, now in this sentential form alpha beta w we say that A to beta in the right position following alpha is a handle of the string or sentential form alpha beta w. So, basically we want to locate the right hand side of the production which is applicable at this point. So, that is why that is the reason it is called as a handle. Handle of a right sentential form gamma is a production A to beta and a position in gamma where the string beta may be found and replaced by the non-terminal A to produce the previous right sentential form in a right most derivation of gamma. So, from here if we replace beta by A we get this particular sentential form. Similarly, we progressively replace handles by their left hand side non-terminals to reach the start symbol S. This is the strategy which is used in shift reduce parsing. So, handle will always eventually appear on the top of the stack and is never submerged inside the stack. This is a very important property what it says is this alpha is in the stack and this w is the rest of the input which is not yet parsed and now we have beta also just on the top of the stack. So, when we want to remove beta and replace it with A we just have to pop an appropriate number of symbols from the stack. What it really says is it is not mixed up with alpha, but it is at the top of the stack. So, in shift reduce parsing we locate the handle and reduce it by the left hand side of the production repeatedly to reach the start symbol. So, we are going to see examples of this these reductions. In fact, trace out a right most derivation of the sentence in reverse. So, this is known as handle pruning and L R parsing is a method of shift reduce parsing we are going to study that in some detail later. So, let us look at examples of what handles are and how they relate to right most derivation. Here is a grammar S going to A A C B E A going to A B or B B going to D. So, let us consider the string A B B C D E. So, the right most derivation is given here. So, for S we apply the production A A A C B E and then you know we apply the production B going to D to get the form A A C D E. Then you know we apply the production A going to A B to get the form A A B C D E and finally, we apply the production A going to B to get the form A B B C D E. So, this is a right most derivation of the string A B B C D E because every time we replace only the right most non-terminal you know we rather expand the right most non-terminal. So, now let us traverse this particular derivation in reverse. So, the right most derivation runs in this order the reverse of it would be this particular order. So, this is our given input string A B B C D E and the shift reduce parser let us not worry about the details of how it locates that this second B is the handle. So, it says let me now reduce that little b to capital A if it does that then we get this sentential form. In this it locates the handle as A B. So, the production applicable is A to A B A to A B you know is applied at this point. So, we replace A B by A and we get this sentential form. So, in this form it the shift reduce parser says D is the you know handle. So, and the production applicable at this point is determined to be B to D. So, this little D is replaced by B to get this sentential form. So, now it determines that this entire right hand side is the handle and the production applicable is S going to A A C B E. So, it replaces this entire right hand side by S and since we have reached the start symbol the parsing is completed. So, this is how you know the shift reduce parser works it starts from the inputs input string and reaches the start symbol. So, the handle is unique if the grammar is unambiguous if the grammar is ambiguous then you know it is not possible to use this strategy in a very simple way. Another example. So, we have S going to A A S or C A going to B A or S B B going to B A or S. So, let us take the string A C B B A C. So, the string is here and the right most derivation is in this order. So, you can observe that the non-terminal on the right most at the in the right most position has been expanded. So, S to C then B is expanded then A is expanded then S is expanded and finally, we get the string. So, the handles are handle is really underlined here C is the handle. So, the production is S to C. So, we replace C by S we get this non non this sentential form B A is the handle. So, it is replaced by A. So, we get this here again B A is the handle. So, we get B replace B A by B and we get this sentential form. S B is the handle. So, that is replaced by A to get this form C is the handle. So, that is replaced by S because S to C is the production to get this sentential form and this entire thing is the handle and that would be reduced to S using the production S going to A A S. So, third example this is the familiar expression grammar this is ambiguous. So, let us see what happens. So, the grammar is E to E plus E E to E star E E to parenthesis E parenthesis E going to I D. So, we know very well that I D plus I D star I D can be parsed in two ways because this is ambiguous we get two parse trees. So, the first interpretation says I D plus I D first and then star I D the second interpretation says I D star I D first and then added to I D. So, these are the two derivations. So, we let us see what happens you know we have I D here and that will be replaced by E because of this production I D is the handle the second I D is the handle here and that would be replaced by E again the third I D is the handle here and that would be replaced by E again. Now, E star E is the handle that gets replaced by E and E plus E is the handle and that gets replaced by E. Whereas, if we had used the other right most derivation we have the same string again I D plus I D star I D at this point the handle is unique. So, we get this sentential form again this handle is unique. So, we get E plus E star I D the third handle is also unique. So, we get this right sorry the third this is one step has been missed by mistake. So, this becomes E plus E star E. So, we get you know we replace E plus E star E by E to E plus E is replaced by E. So, this is what we get E star I D is what we get and then that becomes E star E and finally, this entire thing E star E is the handle and that gets reduced to E. So, E star E this becomes I D and this becomes E to E plus E star I D and now this E has been replaced by I D and finally, we get I D plus I D star I D. So, the thing is this is not the handle here you know. So, this is the handle there is a minor error in this slide. So, we get from E plus E we reduce it to E star I D and then finally, E star E and finally, E. So, the problem with this is when we have a particular step we really do not know whether this derivation sequence was followed or this derivation sequence was followed. So, locating the handle uniquely may not be possible. So, in this case if this was the derivation sequence the handle at this point in the third step was I D whereas, if we had used this derivation sequence the handle in the derivation sequence would be E plus E. So, with because this is because of the ambiguous nature of the grammar and the moral of the story is if the grammar is ambiguous then handles cannot be located uniquely. Here is an example to show how exactly the parsing happens with respect to parse trees. So, it is the same grammar again S going to A S R C A going to B A R S B B going to B A R S the right most derivation of the string A C B B A C is shown here and I have also underlined the handle. So, here this is the right most derivation very simply like this I am not going to discuss it in too much detail because it is a very simple thing whereas, what we discuss in detail is how exactly the parse tree is built up when we traverse the entire derivation in reverse. So, we start looking at the input symbol A to begin A C B B A C is the input string the first symbol is A and we can do no reductions here. So, we move on to the next step in which the little a remains as it is, but the next C gets replaced by S right. So, the second C replaced by S. So, this is the small parse tree which has been built here and this remains as it is. The third step you know the we have again replace this handle B A by A. So, the small parse tree corresponding to A going to B A has been added to this sequence. So, now we have A here S to C another small parse tree the symbol B remains as it is and there is another small parse tree which has been built. So, this progresses further and in the fourth step we have replaced B A by B. So, this is the parse tree which has been built here. So, this little B and this parse tree have been combined to produce B going to using the production B going to B A. So, here is a amalgamated parse tree and the other two remain as they are. Then step five we have S B being replaced by A. So, here is you know the tree for S to C and here is the tree for B going to something. So, this S and this B are combined now by A. So, we have a new parse tree in this form and the little A which remain before also stays. And then we have step C in which this C is replaced by S.  And finally, all these A A and S. So, this A this entire parse tree rooted at A and this S which is the part of this parse tree are combined to produce this entire big parse tree and there is nothing more to do this is the root of the parse tree. So, the parsing strategy starts from input builds small parse trees combines them on the way and finally, reaches the start symbol. So, this is the big parse tree for this entire string. So, this is the process of bottom up parsing. Now, let us study the shift reduce parsing algorithm. So, so far we said we have handled and then replace the handled by the right hand side the by the left hand side non terminal of the production and so on and so forth. We have not answered the question of how exactly do we locate a handle in a right sentential form. In the case of L R parser which we are going to study later in detail it uses a deterministic finite state machine to detect the condition that a handle is now on the stack. So, how to do that is actually a fairly complicated process and we will study that later. The next question is which production to use in case there is more than one with the same right hand side that is possible, but the question is answered by the L R parser using a parsing table similar to an L L parsing table to choose the production which is applicable. It so happens that the state of the D F A tells us not only that it is a handle, but it also tells us the production which is applicable at that point. Then the third component is a stack.  It has several actions four to be precise. There is a shift action which shifts the next input symbol to the top of the stack. Then there is a reduce action the right hand side of the handle is on the top of the stack. So, it locates the left end of the handle inside the stack by looking at the number of symbols the right hand side is made up of. Replaces the handle by the L H S of an appropriate production which is applicable at this point. So, you can observe that the reduction process consists of popping symbols from the stack and pushing some symbols on to the stack. So, again these moves can be coded in terms of an ordinary deterministic push down automaton. So, that is why I said this is an augmented version of the D P D A which is more amenable for programming. Then it has an accept action which says yes parsing is completed and is successful and of course, it may announce an error which says the input string is erroneous. So, an error recovery routine is called to make sure that parsing can be continued. So, let us take some examples to see how exactly the parser shift reduce parser works. So, we have the same A C B B A C input. So, in this case it shift the action is supposed to be shift. So, it shifts on to the stack and the next action is also shift. So, the parser shifts A C C also on to the stack. Now, the parser determines that reduction by S to C is in order. So, it replaces the top C by S. So, the next three symbols or the next three actions are shift. So, we get A S B B on the stack and A C in the input. Now, the reduction is called for A. So, because the stack has B A as the handle and the production applicable is A to B A. So, B A is replaced by A and the only symbol which remains in the input is C. So, now B A is again said to be a handle. So, the replacement by B application of B to B A happens and B A is replaced by B. Again there is a handle here S B. So, S B is replaced by A and we get A A. Now, there is a shift and C is pushed on to the stack. Again C is reduced to S and A S finally reduces to S and here the shift reduce parser accepts. So, these are exactly the same sequence of actions that were actually performed when we traverse the rightmost derivation in reverse. It is just that they are coded in the form of the actions of the parser. So, that a program can be written for it. Here is another example from our expression grammar and parser. So, I D 1 plus I D 2 plus I D 3 combined with plus and star that is the input. So, I D 1 is shifted on to the stack then a reduction to E happens then plus is pushed on to the stack and I D 2 is also pushed on to the stack. Again I D 2 is reduced to E star is pushed on to the stack I D 3 is also pushed on to the stack again I D 3 is reduced to E. Now, E star E is reduced to E and finally E plus E is reduced to E and the parser accepts. So, this is the second example of how the shift reduce parser really works. Let us move on to a specific type of shift reduce parser called the L R parser because these are the parsers which are of practical interest to us. Of course, I must mention that there were in the olden days other types of shift reduce parsers known as operator precedence parsers which were very popular at that time, but once the L R parsing strategy was proposed people found that this has much more much wider application than operator precedence grammars. And therefore, in the recent years the parsers are all L R parsers and the tools that we have are the ones which generate L R parsers automatically from the grammars. So, here again just like the L L k we have the L R k. So, left to right scanning with right most derivation in reverse k being the number of look ahead tokens. So, in the case of L L k it was left to right scanning with left most derivation. Here it is left to right scanning with right most derivation in reverse not just right most derivation and k as usual is the number of look ahead tokens. So, of practical significance are just L R 0 and L R 1 really speaking L R 1 is the most important. These parsers can be automatically generated using parser generators and Yacht is a an L R parser generator available under UNIX. L R grammars are a subset of context free grammars for which L R parsers can be constructed. So, remember just like the L L grammars the L R grammars are also subsets of general context free grammars. And a particular grammar for a language may not be L R 1 or L R 2 and we may be able to rewrite some of these grammars to become L R 1 or L R 2, but it does not mean that every grammar that is written for a language will pass the L R 1 or L R 2 test. We should be smart enough to write the grammar such that the test actually is completed successfully. So, L R 1 grammars fortunately can be written quite easily for practically all programming language constructs for which context free grammars can be written it just needs a little practice. And L R parsing happens to be the most general non backtracking shift reduce parsing method that is known today. So, these L L grammars are a strict subset of L R grammars. So, an L L K grammar is also L R K, but an L R K grammar is need not necessarily be L L K. So, you cannot that means you can always find L R K grammars which are not L L K. This is the block diagram of an L R parser generator. So, the grammar is input to a table generator this is the L R parsing table generator and out comes a parsing table. And when we use the parsing table there is also a driver routine this is the this thing is this block is the entire parser. So, the parser consists of a stack a driver routine and the parsing table which has generated automatically. So, when the input is given the driver routine reads the input manipulates the stack appropriately using the parsing table and generates some output in the form of either a parse tree or error messages etcetera etcetera. So, let us see what exactly is an L R parser configuration. So, the input you know is a 1 a 2 a 3 a n dollar and the starting state of the L R parser is assumed to be S 0. So, a configuration consists of you know a string of states and non terminals mixed here non terminals or terminals mixed here and unexpended or unused input is the second part of the configuration. So, S 0 S 1 S m etcetera are the states of the parser and X 1 X 2 X m are the grammar symbols terminals or non terminals. So, the starting configuration is always S 0 and then the rest the entire input unused. So, there are two parts in the parsing table the first part is called as the action part and the second part is called as the go to part I will show you an example. The action table can have four types of entries shift reduce accept and error which were which we have already seen and the go to table provides the next state information to be used after a reduce move. So, let me show you a parsing table just to get the feel for it. So, the parsing table is indexed by the state number on this side the action table action part is indexed by the tokens where as and of course, end of file and the go to part is indexed by the non terminals alone. So, for example, if you pick state 2 and the input symbol as b it says S 6 the interpretation of this is the action is shift action and the state to which we shift next is 6. So, the what is done is if the parser is in state 2 and the next input symbol is b it shifts it on to the stack and also shifts the state number 6 on to the stack. Similarly, suppose the state in which the parser is 7 and for all the input symbols a b and c it says the action is r 4 r stands for reduction and the number 4 is not a state number, but it is the production number. So, here it is a going to b a. So, the action which is done here is suppose the input symbol is a the action is reduce using production 4 the implication is the handle b a is available on the stack. So, pop the handle from the stack it exposes some particular state. So, what we do is use that state along with the go to table to determine which state we should really go to. So, that is why what is said here is the go to table provides the next state information to be used after a reduce move this becomes clear when we take up a complete example, but before that let us see how the L R parsing algorithm works. So, here is the parser it has a table it has a stack and it looks at the input as well it starts with the initial state 0 and the input is w dollar a is the first input symbol. So, the whole thing is repeated forever until we get out of it that s be the top of stack state a be the next input symbol. So, we look at s and a in the action part if it is a shift p push a and p on to the stack in that order advance the input pointer this is what I just now explain. If the action says reduce by a to alpha then pop 2 star alpha symbols of the stack the reason is the stack has a combination of both states and grammar symbols. So, there are 2 n symbols if we the right hand side of the if the handle is of the size n. So, we really pop 2 star alpha symbols of the stack now the state s prime is exposed on the stack. So, push a and go to of s prime comma a on to the stack in that order. So, this is how we determine the next state to be jumped into if the action is accept then we end otherwise we announce an error and get out you know either do an error a query or get out of the parser. So, we will stop at this point and continue in the next lecture. Thank you.