So, what I want to briefly describe today is a consolidation of what has been said already and has been put on the model, but some more details, because there seems to be a lot of confusion on what is expected to be done by every individual, by every team, by every project group. So, I describe the project groups once again. There are specific project submissions and hard deadlines that must be noted by everyone. Finally, I will describe the project evaluation. Test questions and quizzes to be said. I will describe the approach, the work to be done and the evaluation that will be made. You will recall that we have removed five marks from the lab assignments and five marks from the quizzes. So, we shall have to describe the quiz marks and the ten mark assignments, which I will describe today. This is the repeat of the yesterday's slide. I did not spend much time on it, but basically I have re-emphasized that the projects are necessarily open-ended and ill-defined to reflect exactly how you will face the real world where the problems are not as well formulated as questions in an exam. But I believe through these projects you will learn to take decisions, you will learn something about teamwork, and you will learn to discuss design and document whatever you discuss. When you write a program individually, you are not compelled to make notes before writing the program. You can have all your notes in your mind and directly start writing the program as you often do in a mid-same exam or in an assignment. However, when you conduct a group project, your thinking must be visible to other members of the group. And the only way you can do that is by documentation. So whenever you discuss something, the discussion results must be documented and must be circulated to all members of the batch, all members of the team, etc. So please spend time on deciding what are the naming conventions, what are the file structures, what are the memory data structures, identify functions and write stops as I mentioned. That's the only way you can proceed quickly on completing a large project of this kind. Please note, however clever and experienced an individual may be in programming, one individual cannot ever do a large complex project. And that is why it is important that all members of the team for a team assignment and all teams in a project lab batch, plus all four lab batches working together in a group must work in a composite fashion. To recapitulate, there are 10 groups, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Two of these groups assemble every day. So that is how our lab batches are formed. Each group will together work on four projects R, C, D and A, which have been already described. Each group will have four lab batches and one of these projects has to be assigned to a lab batch. I presume this assignment has already been done. If it has not been done, it should be completed preferably by tonight. Then the four lab batch coordinators shall take decisions related to any common data structures, file naming conventions or whatever common interfaces that are required. This is vital. You must take these decisions as early as possible so that individual lab batches can start writing their programs or designing their programs at least. In exactly the same way, within a lab batch, if five teams are to work on five different activities of the project, then the coordinator for the batch, in consultation with other team leaders, must allocate first of all activities to individual teams and for these teams also it is important that any common interface or any common functionality be decided upfront. Now each team will work on one activity, but the team will also contribute to the general common definitions for the entire lab batch. Similarly, while a lab batch concentrates on one project which is assigned to that lab batch, they must also contribute to the work which is required to be done by all four batches together. Consequently, there is a huge amount of non-programming work which is required and that's a fact of life. Although this is a programming course and similarly you will be doing various other engineering and science courses, while you study an individual course, you attempt to acquire proficiency in that course, but when you want to apply the knowledge gained in that course in real life, almost 80% of additional work is required to be done which is not related to that course at all. Exactly same as the situation here, the non-programming work in the project will be significant. Now, as mentioned here, since the work involves not just programming, but also testing, documentation, data and file management, schedules and meetings, reporting, etc., the allocation of work to each individual student within the team and each student within the batch and each student within the group will have a lot of flexibility. What is expected minimally is written here. Every student should write at least one program or function for his or her team and additionally should carry out at least one common task for the batch or team. This is very, very important. So, the project is not just about programming, but is about doing variety of other things which are required to successfully complete the project. This assignment, of course, should be done by the team leaders and by the batch coordinators. But please ensure that every student, because this is ultimately a programming course, every student writes at least one program. However small or big, it does not matter. Of course, some students may end up writing four, five, six programs. There is perfectly fine. But every student must minimally write a program and every student must minimally participate in any common activity that is defined for the batch. This is important. If you have not already done so, please pay attention to this. Keeping records of how much time you are spent on which activity is important, not only from the purpose for serving the purpose of your own counting, how much time you are spent on the project and doing what, but this also defines totally how much time was spent by a team or by a project lab batch on the project. And please note this is not related only to program development. As a matter of fact, when you submit all your programs, tested and documented, the total lines of code that you may write may vary between 2000 to 10,000. But the total time spent on the project will be some total of the time spent by all students working on that project together. And that time will include time for example, for discussions, time for designing, time for actual programming, time for testing, documentation or report writing, time for logistics, just maintaining manual records of fingerprints collected, uploading files, CVS work, etc. Additionally, there could be a whole lot of miscellaneous work. This kind of categorization is suggested. Individual groups may add to these categories or may subtract from these categories. But ideally every student should maintain a daily diary. It is quite possible that on some day a student does not spend any time on the project, which is perfectly fine. The entry for that day should say simply nil work. But on any day when you do a work, you have to classify what is the nature of that work and the start time and end time, the total number of hours and minutes that you have spent. So suppose I spend one hour 15 minutes on a task, somebody has spent 35 minutes on a task, somebody else from the team spends 15 minutes on a task. All these time spent on a daily basis should be accumulated on a weekly basis. And this accumulated time is what must be reflected in your report. So this is important. Daily diary must be maintained. Now each student must submit the diary entries in the form of a common electronic document on a weekly basis. This is a must. Without if any single student's diary is missing, the whole project may even get disqualified. It is that important. Maintaining your own record is that important. I repeat this because in India it is not traditional to write diaries. We generally don't write our diaries. But every professional always writes professional diary. When you work, whether it is in a mechanical engineering factory or in a software engineering firm, you will be required to maintain daily time slips. Particularly in the software development activity, a daily time slip is a must. You cannot leave your desk in the office unless you are filled in the timesheet for the day. Now that rigorous routine is attempted to be implemented here in this project. And that is why what we ask is not a daily submission, but a weekly submission. So the format for this is to be decided by the group. What I am suggesting is a simple text format which can be edited using g-edit. So every student will prepare a g-edit document which will be a growing document on a daily basis. So every day you add the day's entry to it. At the end of the week, all such documents are consolidated. So they can be put together. Student roll number so and so, diary entries, roll number so and so, diary entries. All the teams' diary entries or all the lab batch diary entries could be put together in a single document. And that consolidated summary should be written on the top of that document. This consolidated summary will count the weekly total of person hours spent by each team of the lab batch and by the batch as a whole on the project. So this is absolutely vital. This is not really meant for evaluation, but this is meant for each one of you and the batch to know exactly how much time people have spent on various activities. Ideally, the consolidation should describe not just the total time spent, but the time spent on different activities as you have classified.  And you will suddenly discover at the end of the project that if somebody has spent 100 units of time, some lab batch has spent 100 units of time, the actual time spent on programming could be as little as 10 or 15 units. There's nothing unnatural about it. That is exactly how large projects consume time. A whole lot of other activities in what we call program management or project management consume a large amount of time there. So that's okay. Of course, what is required is that the programs that you write are properly tested, properly documented and submitted in the final form. Now, every week this submission should be made for the consolidated document, as I said, in the form of a single consolidated document. This is to be submitted to the batch JTA. All submissions are due midnight of each Sunday. So the first Sunday will be the coming Sunday when you will make this submission. The submission need not be perfect. So suppose you have written a program only halfway through or you have written only comments of a program or you have written only the title of a program in to main and you have not completed a program. It's perfectly fine. But this consolidated document gives you and to us who are evaluating you a test of how progress has been made. So please do not hesitate to submit partial programs. In fact, you are required to do so. Ordinarily, I would not expect a final working program suddenly to pop up from the sky. That does not happen as all of you know. You will have programs which will have bugs. You will have programs which are half return. You will have documentation which has half return. It's no problem. But on a weekly basis, all such documents, all such program files, source code of course, do not submit executables and such things because these are reports which are to be visible, which are to be seen and read. So these reports will have a large number of files. An important file amongst the submission would be the consolidated diary file. Additionally, any programs that people have written partially, any design document people have written, any document on standardization of the file formats or function interfaces, etc., even though they are in the preliminary form, not necessarily in the final form. In fact, whatever has been done during that week, all the documents, all the files should be collected together and a single tar should be submitted. So to recapitulate, each weekly submission will include consolidated diary document for the week, any design documentation, partial program code, testing report that has been prepared. All files and directory should be put together in a single tar and uploaded on the batch model. So instead of having different directories of different students, I suggest that the submission material should be collated by all students and put together in a single file. I was told yesterday that there is a problem in CVS implementation. I have a meeting with Dr. Subhadra today and we are trying to set up for 10 groups and for four lab batches in these groups, 40 CVS route directories. We shall be keeping these on some of the machines in the lab itself. We'll identify which are those lab machines. So the CVS route permission will be available or those CVS directories will be accessible to the students of a batch. The lab batch coordinators and the team leaders together should work to decide on the excess control and so on. For this purpose, I propose to conduct a special lab session, a demonstration session where one member from every lab batch should be present, either the coordinator or any other designated person. I will announce that time. It may happen on this Sunday. So these 40 people will be told how exactly the CVS is to be operated by all the students of the batch. Subsequently, in the next two weeks, you will be able to use the CVS to manage your files. This is absolutely essential. You please remember that the weekly submission must include these things. So I would not like any final sort of program or project report to pop up from the sky. This must be a growing document. Please note that in the next week that you submit, you may be submitting a program which was partially submitted earlier. That is perfectly fine. So each week's submission is not independent of the previous week. It's actually a growing document. So if I do a difference between the second week submission and first week submission, I should be able to find out how much work has been actually done on the ground. The diary entries, however, will be mutually exclusive. The diary entries will be for one week each. But the other files that you submit would very well, in fact, they will almost always contain the documents which have been submitted earlier, perhaps grown to a better level of perfection. That is exactly how the project document grows. So submission and evaluation, the dates for which midnight is the hard deadline, the first submission on 1st November, second submission on 8th November, and final submission, midnight of 15th November. We have a lecture on 16th November. I have not yet decided what I will do because it is too close to the final exam. I believe the exam will start on 18th or 19th. I will take a call in the last week depending upon how much material we are able to cover. In any case, we will have the lecture on 16th, but most probably I will end up discussing only the format of the end semester paper on that day. The project evaluation has been clarified earlier. There are 15 marks for the group project. That is, each lab batch will get marks out of 15. Each student gets the same marks. So if a lab batch gets, let's say, 12 out of 15, every student of the lab batch gets 12. That is because he or she has participated in that group project. These group projects will be evaluated jointly by the back JTA and the group seniority. So based on your submissions, and this will be a growing evaluation. It will not be done only for the final project report. So what work you do every week or what submission you do every week is equally important to decide how many marks out of 15 you will get. 10 marks for each student based on peer review. I have explained the process. I will mention it briefly once again because you have never done it earlier. It is important that you understand what is the peer review. I mentioned this yesterday. It has never been attempted. But you have to award marks out of 10 based on the quantitative and qualitative contribution by each student. These words are important. There could be a few students who will make significant qualitative contributions in terms of design ideas or in terms of approach or in terms of meticulous planning and project monitoring. There will be some other people who will contribute significantly in quantitative terms. They will just do a whole lot of documentation. They will consolidate all documents. Now it is important for a lab batch. The lab batch consists of about 20 to 25 people. Maybe 18 in some cases. 18 to about 22 people is my guess. This batch forms a coherent group and within this batch the peer review process must ascertain that marks are allocated out of 10 to each student of the batch. As I mentioned yesterday, additional incentive for special extra work for best creativity, for best teamwork, etc. will be awarded by the course. And these marks will be in addition to 15 plus 10. It does not matter if the total exceeds 100. I'll be very glad if some of you get more than 100 marks in this course because we still have a provision for what we call an A plus grade, right? There's an AP grade there. I hope at least some of you will get that grade. But these extra marks will not necessarily be given to individuals. These extra marks will be given to things like best creativity, best teamwork, etc., etc. And these could be awarded either at the level of lab batch or at the level of team. Again, depending upon the reports that are submitted and I hope that in the weekly reports that you submit not only you put the diary for each individual student and the total work done, but the team leaders and the lab coordinator together should take time to write down what exactly the whole lab batch has achieved. May be a paragraph in that week. And for each team, what exactly the team has achieved during that week. So there are five teams. I would expect five paragraphs team-wise. Team one, team two, team three, team four, team five and one paragraph of the lab batch will be part of the final submission. Formulating these five paragraphs plus one paragraph will take at least a couple of hours. So please account for those two hours at the level of batch coordinators and the team leaders. Now I will revert back to paper to describe the peer review process. This is for allocating 10 marks. Actually, this is all it takes to award marks out of 10. The meeting of about 30 minutes of the entire lab batch. You can meet in the lab itself. You can meet outside. You can meet under the tree. You can meet in hostel. I can make some classroom in crescent building available for this purpose in the last week. In fact, for such meetings, I am proposing that there are some small rooms which can accommodate 25 students. I will reserve two rooms in the evenings and nights for such meetings if you wish to conduct them. What do you do in these meetings? Of course, 30 minutes may be the actual meeting, but a lot of homework should be done by every individual student and by every team. So basically you have to award marks out of 10. Ordinarily, since every student would have contributed in some way or the other, the quantitative contribution can be ascertained by looking at the diary of that student. Every student would be familiar with one zone diary and the team leaders and the lab batch coordinator will be familiar with all the diaries because they will be consolidating these diaries. You can roughly scale on a quantitative scale a sort of evaluation of how much quantitative contribution each student has made to the lab group. Additionally, the qualitative judgment can be made by groups of individuals. So suppose somebody finds out that a student has made significant contributions in design ideas or writing large programs or something, that contribution can be kept in mind. Essentially, when you give these marks out of 10, there is no quantitative accurate scale. It is not possible for anyone to give marks such as 7.25 out of 10. That is nonsense. So there will be a lot of gut-filled judgment that will have to be arrived at. However, any marks that you give must be commensurate with the quantitative and qualitative contribution made by a student. Since it's a long-term activity, I do not expect anybody to get less than 5 marks. So effectively the scale is likely to be 5 to 10. However, there could be students who have not contributed to the project at all. Say somebody has just disaligned oneself from the project activity or somebody has gone away or somebody was not well. All of these could mean that an individual's contribution is very insignificant. In which case, I would expect marks to be awarded from 0 to 4. Please do not hesitate to award 0 marks to someone who has done nothing at all. Now that is the responsibility that you have. That is the accountability that you have. However, as I said, I do not expect any such thing. In only exceptional cases, there could be somebody who gets 0 mark or 1 mark or 2 mark or 3 mark. What is to happen in this final meeting is a waiting of these marks. So generally each person should be aware of how many marks he or she deserves. And that is what should be put forward and endorsed by the team leader in this meeting. The meeting should really review only those cases where there is no agreement. So for example, if I say I claim 10 marks because I have done so much, whereas others say, no, I should deserve only 8 marks, this is what needs to be discussed. In any discussion, a decision has to be arrived. Ideally, a decision should be a consensus decision. However, if there is no consensus, then the lab batch coordinator along with the other team leaders, that is the five team leaders together, must take a call. And even if there is a difference of opinion, that must be resolved at the level of team. This is the responsibility and accountability you have. Ordinarily, if in a mid-same exam, you believe that you deserve two more marks in a question and you have got two marks less, you have a CRIP session.  The CRIP session ends in this meeting. There is no appeal. And that is the responsibility, that is the accountability. Please understand, however, one or two marks difference in this scale will not make any significant impact. And therefore, suppose I claim to deserve ten marks, but I get only eight, I should not worry too much about it. I am not suggesting that marks must be reduced to eight. By all means, if you find significant contributions, by say, five or six members out of twenty that you have, do award them ten on ten. Absolutely no issue. If somebody has not done any work, do award zero marks, convince that student. If the student is not convinced, that's the accountability you have. These marks have to be submitted, roll number wise, along with the last submission. So, the Sunday submission, the final submission will also include one sheet, which will have roll numbers and marks, roll numbers and marks for all the 18, 20, 25 students of that batch. Now, ordinarily, I would have conducted those sample interviews, which I had told you before the mid-same, before the end-same begins. But unfortunately, there is not much time. If you make submissions on 14th, you will have the end-same starting, I think, within two days of the last lecture. Anybody has an idea of when the end-same begins? Nineteenth. Okay, 19th or 20th. That still gives me couple of days, but I will not be able to make up my opinion on sampling without I go through all the project reports and individual diaries. What I will do, however, is on the day of exam, I will announce certain names. Those will be the sample names, who will be separately evaluated by me and some of the lab tiers, and we will decide the mutually convenient time during the next two weeks, during the exam itself. So, for example, if some of those sample students may not have an exam on a certain date, I could conduct the interview on that date, etc. Ordinarily, I would expect the marks allocated out of ten to stay. As I had mentioned earlier, if the sample interviews, if the sample viva indicates otherwise, that means some student has been allocated, let us say ten on ten, and I determine that the mark should be seven on ten. Then three marks will be reduced for every student in that batch. It is very, very important that you understand and appreciate this. Once you appreciate this, the need will not arise. Believe me, I have tried it in the last five years in my postgraduate courses, except once in the third year of this kind of method, where I had to change the marks for all the batch. In fact, that batch lost heavily. Each student lost five marks out of ten, and several students went into negative mark range, because they had given five marks to a student who had done absolutely nothing. According to our judgment, he should have been given zero marks. He was given zero marks, but because the peer review indicated five marks, five marks were reduced from every student. This is very serious matter. So please be very careful in your allocation of marks, so that the marks stay put in spite of any external evaluation that is done through such sample Viva. So sample Viva names over and above these ten plus fifteen marks, as I mentioned, were working out an incentive scheme. I was hoping to announce that today, but I am waiting for the TA meeting, which will happen either tonight or tomorrow. So this Saturday lecture I will announce the incentive marks. That is not important. The incentive marks really are to honour those individuals or teams which show some extra activity or extra work. So this is an incentive for that extra work. So this completes the project evaluation. Anybody has any doubt on this? Do you agree that this method is likely to be more truthful in evaluation? The peer review method? Fine. Well, those who say no are only worried that they will have to convince their own colleagues about how much work they have done. That is always far more difficult than convince an extra agency like a teacher or a TA that how much marks you did. But it is important because in real life this is exactly what you will be doing all throughout your professional careers. It is important that you learn this. Now, as you will notice, there are no lab assignments for last couple of weeks and there will be no other lab assignments in the remaining weeks.  So instead of this, there is a composite assignment that is being given. This will have to be submitted one week before the project submission, which is exactly two weeks from now. What is to be submitted here? So let me begin by describing the notion of a test question. All of you are familiar with these kinds of questions. We had asked some programming questions in the quiz. We had asked some questions in the mid-sem. You are familiar with those questions. The questions could be simple. The questions could be very complex. All the questions could have medium complexity. I describe these three questions in S, M and C categories. These are simple questions, medium questions and complex questions. Each question is a programming question. So you will have to write a question just like you would see it in a mid-sem exam or an end-sem exam or for that matter any programming question that you might see in a textbook or in any tutorial that you come across. Ideally the question should be suitably modified so that it becomes a new question. You may pick up an existing question also. It's not a problem. The questions have to be decided at the level of a team. So the submission for these questions will be from teams and the final selection will be done by the lab batch. So that means every lab batch will set how would each question be submitted. First of all the question will be decided by the lab batch coordinator along with the team leaders. So five questions will be set. The team which sets the question will not attempt to answer that question. Some other team will be asked to answer that question. This will be a regular programming question the like of which you come across. The topics can be allocated batch-wise and the lab batch-wise topics some of which will be repeated that allocation will be announced on this Saturday. So what you are required to do is to set up a question and every student in that team so every team will be given one of these five questions every student in that team will actually time and write an answer to that problem in half an hour. This will have to be timed individually. One can take this question in one's hostel room but that timing has to be exquisite. You start writing and you stop writing as if you are giving an exam. There are absolutely no impact on the marks that you get based on the correctness of the answer that you write. You are supposed to write exactly how will you write in an exam. Once you time this out this has to be entered in a readable form. The answer has to be entered in a readable form and is to be compiled. So there will be five such sample answers. It is important to understand what exactly I mean by this. Suppose I am part of a team which has four members and my team gets a particular problem on let's say handling some array or finding out maximum or finding arranging, sorting whatever. Now as a team member along with my other team members I will actually try to write down the answer to this problem in half an hour. So I will spend half an hour in attempting that answer. That answer in comments should have my roll number so that it is known who has attempted that. All these five attempts are to be put together in a single text document. In the same text document at the end there should be final answer. Now this final answer should be arrived at by the entire team working together. So that team can spend additionally up to one hour. I hope you understand the idea behind this. Once you get a question you get a real life test of attempting it in half an hour.  Doesn't matter. The attempt is what is important. So in 30 minutes you attempt to answer that question and put that attempt together. All these attempts are then consolidated by the team. The team discusses what should be the correct question or correct answer. That answer is evolved out of an additional discussion of one hour. You should then try it out on the machine ensure that it runs and then submit that as a final answer. This activity gets each member of the team so five marks are awarded for setting up a question and making submissions like this. Please note that as an individual suppose my attempt is so feeble that it is not even correct, not even complete yet I will get the same marks because ultimately the judgment of these five marks will be based on the final answer that is submitted by you. The quality of question and the final answer. However there must be a genuine attempt for 30 minutes by every student. So if I get a blank submission from a student or if I get a submission from a student individual attempt roll number so and so and then another comment sorry cannot solve the problem the entire team may get zero marks because it is impossible that any student doing this course at this stage will not be able to at least attempt something or the other. So the five attempts together five or four or three depending upon how many team members you have must be included in the final submission. Is that clear to recapitulate? A lab batch decides on five questions each question is given to a team each member of the team attempts to solve that question in half an hour half an hour is deliberately low some of the questions which are of the complex type may require 45 minutes to solve even for the experienced programmers. Does not matter if in 30 minutes you are able to only understand the question and attempt a little bit doesn't matter. What is important is finally when you assemble all these submissions you will put together a final answer this is a team effort all five members of the team must make an effort in case even they cannot solve that problem and if they want somebody's help they are most welcome to take anybody's help but that must be acknowledged that in the final answer the following contribution was made by such and such student the idea is to get as good an answer as possible for that question the team may decide to include two final answers or three final answers if they believe that two or three different alternative answers are still okay this will get you out of five marks for each member of the team again I do not expect a significant diversity in the final attempts and therefore I will be highly surprised if anybody gets any team gets less than three marks in this ordinarily the gradation will be three, four or five and this will not depend upon whether the question is simple, medium or complex even a simple question very elegantly solved properly documented and correctly tested may qualify for five marks so simplicity has nothing to do with it but marks will depend upon the quality of the final answer that is produced for the question and for the formulation of the question itself these five marks are for a quiz question in exactly a similar fashion you will set up a quiz question which may take anywhere between two to four minutes to solve there is no question of individual attempts being included because the questions would be either multiple choice questions or fill in the blank kind of question or writing one line of the code kind of questions you have to formulate these questions but what is important is if there are multiple choice almost all the questions will be either multiple choice or fill in the blank or what is the output produced etc etc what is important is along with the question if you give multiple choices you have to give the right choice you have to give the reason why that choice is right and why other choices are wrong if it is filling the blank when you fill up the blank you have to say why that particular answer is right if you have to work out the output that the program produces you must give at least one paragraph full of reason as to why that output is justified and why nothing else may happen setting up this question is again a teamwork as you can see these ten marks are almost available for asking you have to do good work somebody will have to design good questions and people will have to come up with right answers the quiz questions the marks decision will be almost always on a qualitative basis the quality of quiz I will elaborate the nature of the submission that you have to make on the quiz question you have to identify what concept you are testing and you have to describe how that concept gets tested by that quiz question I will elaborate this in the next lecture thank you very much


Welcome back everyone. Today I want to talk about Arsenal Image Mountr 3.9 and they've added three features that are just amazing. So I thought I should talk about them. So the first one, we're going to look at a Linux disk image. I'm using the magnet Lenovo disk image, we can mount it as disk device read only. And if we do that, then it will show up as a logical volume in Windows, we can do a disk device write temporary, it'll also show up as a logical volume, but we can actually write to it. We're going to select that one and then select delete differencing file after unmount. So basically any writes are sent to a temporary file, instead of to the actual suspect data. We could also do Windows file system driver bypass read only problem with this is we're looking at a Linux image. So this isn't a Windows image. So this wouldn't work for us. Then click OK. So now we have our Linux image mounted on eDrive. What I can do next is launch VM and launch VM requires Hyper-V installed on Windows, you do have to have a Windows Pro version unless you do something kind of hacky, and then you can get it for Windows home. You want to try Hyper-V out I'll give some instructions below. Okay, so we can do launch VM. And really the new thing that I want to show you is bypass Linux authentication has been added. So if we click that, click OK. Now the virtual machine is going to start up this image does have a user password set. So here we see the user login account, if I just click on it, and I'm in so they've already bypassed the user password.  And then we can see different accounts that have been saved. And we can see what their actual password is. What this doesn't do is unlock the key ring. So it allows you to log in and you can get access to anything that the user has permissions for. But things like the key ring are not automatically unlocked, or at least it doesn't seem like they are. So that's Linux authentication bypass. Now I can go in and interact with the system just like I was the user. Next we can do basically the same thing for windows. Go to mount disk image, select the image that we want. I'm going to choose lone wolf because I think everyone's familiar with that one. Same idea disk device read only disk device right temporary. I'm going to go ahead and select right temporary, delete differencing file after unmount. Click OK. It's now mounting and you can see we have local disk e g and h in the Explorer menu. If I click on e, then we get something that looks a lot like the system drive for a windows system. And it is actually this drive was mounted under e. Now I can search the suspects data directly from my system using whatever tool I choose to recovery is exactly what we expect an H we don't have access to. There's a lot of different options now with windows systems, but we're going to go ahead and launch VM. So this looks a little bit different than the Linux system. We have a few more options and they're all specific to windows. We can do things like inject aim virtual machine tools and adjust boot drivers. We want to do that with last windows shutdown time and then bypass windows authentication. That's what we're interested in here. And we specifically want to try to bypass data protection API or DP API and any accounts where data protection API can be bypassed should be detected here and we do have one account that's detected. Click that click OK. Now we have our J Cloudy account and there's the password field. If I just hit enter, I'll be able to go in because we bypassed authentication. Now I can see the user's desktop as they would have used it. I can also open up their browser and it says wasn't shut down correctly. Do you want to restore pages? We could potentially restore that. I'm not going to. And then we can go to settings, advanced passwords and forms, manage passwords. We can see the websites that were saved the username for that website and then the password that they were using and unlock that password. Unlike Linux, Windows uses data protection API and it doesn't use that key ring. So we don't have to unlock a key ring. As soon as we bypass data protection API, we can get access to this kind of information. And the final thing I want to show I'm going to mount disk image. We're going to choose a Windows image here. So lone wolf again, disk device write temporary, delete differencing file after unmount. So now it's mounted. We have our mount points here. I'm going to go to advanced and enable virtual DD. And this is one of my favorite features because now we have a mount point for virtual DD that is F. So if I click on F virtual DD, then you can see that we have a what looks like a DD image for every single one of our logical devices and our physical devices. Let's go look at this. This was physical device, physical drive two. So we have a physical drive two dot DD arsenal image mounter is providing raw disk access to every device on your system. So if your tools only take raw data, then you can use enable virtual DD, you'll get access to all the devices on your system via dot DD kind of virtual image. And then you can process it using your tools. So if you watch this channel for a while, you know that I love command line and a lot of tools from command line only like more dealing with raw data. Okay, so we can go ahead and CD into F drive. And this is our virtual DD drive. We have our physical drive to here we have all the physical drives plus our logical drive. So I'm going to focus on physical drive two. So I'm going to use strings physical drive DD and then more. And then we can see here invalid partition table error loading operating system that looks like the beginning of a disk. And then I can just do a quick string extraction from that raw data device, providing that DD functionality is very useful because we started with an easy row one which is usually compressed. And from that we can very easily without imaging get access to a raw device in case your tools don't support easy row one. So those three features were worth sharing Linux authentication bypass windows authentication bypass and virtual DD. So go check out arsenal image mount or some really cool stuff happening there.


That is the Seeker Sessions Band and what a band they are, we caught them two weeks ago in Sturban. Oh you're welcome and we're absolutely brilliant. Well we move on swiftly, we move on to No Stranger to this programme, we're delighted to say. It's Jessica McCain and you're very very welcome. Hello. No stranger? Who's that? That was me, sorry. You're very welcome, you've been very very busy. Yeah, very very busy. And you have now got through to the final of Eurovision, junior Eurovision Song Contest. And how does that feel for you? I'm just so proud of myself and like all of this effort and time and all of that. I'm just really proud of myself. You're very very welcome. My God, has Paul's talking over himself again there? Bad enough, listen to me once. And you know what, you have to be proud of yourself Jessica because what you've achieved is just amazing.  Oh I'm delighted, they said they were looking forward, they're listening in. So I'll never forget as long as I live the bus confestival here in your voice and seeing the crowd. And I said to myself there's somebody there, it's got a great future. So basically what happens now is you're through to the final and there's three people in the final. Who are the youngest ever? Yeah, it's such an achievement to be honest. Like the youngest ever in the finals of 10 year old, like that's just crazy. I know it is. And if you won the final you go to Nice in France in November. Yeah, so. Wow. Well what we'll do is, what we'll do is first, we'll get a piece of music Jimmy. You're going to sing a song first. Yeah. What song are you going to sing first? I will sing, I will always love you by Whitney Houston in Irish. That's right, all your songs have to be Irish don't they? Yeah. Well listen, we're looking forward to hearing your version of it. And whenever you're ready just go for it. We'll get the orchestra sorted out here. We're okay. We're no panic. It's live, it's silent radio. Monday night sessions. Wherever you're listening. Am I all right Jimmy? What? How's it come through yet? Take your time. Absolutely beautiful. Do you know what I want to ask? Sit down now. Well sit down, rest yourself. After that don't worry. I'll pull that microphone down. There we are. All right. After, my God, that was spectacular. But you had to learn these songs in Irish. Yeah. So it was quite a challenge but we literally just learned them just. You know what I mean? Just sunk in your head overnight and yeah. There's a lot of work. You know I don't think you're giving yourself enough credit for that. Because that's not an easy thing to do. You know just swap something over to a different language. So you don't very well. The finals this Sunday. So what you want people to do is. So guys I'd really appreciate it if you could please vote for me on tg4.ie. Junior Eurovision. And I'm just really proud and obviously I've worked so hard to get to this final. And I think that I've just, I deserve it. Do you know what I mean? You do? Of course. I just really want you to vote for me. Please click on the Jessica McKean. And there's, if you scroll down there will be a little red bar. Click on that bar and it will say you have voted in green. And you can vote as many times as you want and it's free to vote. Yes. You can vote every hour of the day and it's all free. And we can scan that Jimmy. Can we put that sort of link up so that people can scan it from our page? We'll try and do something like that. And we'll get these posters out and about for you. It's all went very, very quickly. But you know the semifinal in the final you know there's not like three or four weeks. It's just you know bong bong. How do you work with your schoolwork? You're going to be tired today and stuff like that. Well I was down in Maggie's Travern for Sunday watching the semis. The finals was just shocking to me. So I was knackered the next day at 11 o'clock the edge you know. Too late for school. And I went into school today. It was like chaotic but it was like really nice. I shot it to my school by the way. What school did you go to? I go to Ruffo Central National School. Oh very good. And are they all cheering for you do you think? Oh it's just really exciting and just all of that. It makes my heart buzz every time I see all the younger ones. Oh you're famous today. How did you take the cameras and all that because that's a different thing again. You know this is microphones here and stuff and when you're singing on television or if you're singing out in an event it's different but cameras are different again isn't it? Yeah well I'm not really new to cameras. I've been on TV.  Take it. I've had the opportunity and I'll just try my best. It's hard to believe you're ten years old coming out to talk like that you know what I mean.  So it's tg4.ie forward slash junior Eurovision if you can if you can log on to that and vote for Jessica and just keep hitting the red button and button button keep going. You can vote as many times and we would love to see. We'd love to see. You can only do what sorry? One per hour. Oh good job you told me that. Set your watch then and go. We'll be voting away for you on the hour every hour. It's all week once every hour so. Sabrina Turry said well done you're fantastic. Lisa Wilson voted for you. Brilliant well done thank you very much and it's been lovely to go to Nice. But the exposure you'll get you know it's going to be it's going to be great for your career if that's the road you go down you know. Yeah no it's going to be great for my business. Of course it is of course it is and of course you're joined here by your staunch supporters your mom Sarah and your dad Wesley and Archie and Louisa are here too and you wouldn't be where you are without the support of the family am I right there?  Well. Sometimes. Yeah.  We were going to we're going to get behind you we're going to tell everybody to vote on all our programs and you might be up here even during the week I think you're coming up again Artnie I may be seeing some other presenters. Ah excellent so tell everybody to vote for Jessica McKean Liffords Finest, Donegal Donegal Proud and of course her school and her foe Jessica and your mom and dad and Archie and Louisa thank you very much indeed you have to be very proud yourself so well done. Just one more thing, I am celebrating the finals of Junior Gurus in 2023 and Maggie's Tavern Pubs so big shout out to them guys please come down if you're listening now and I myself Jessica McKean will be there so autographs will be signed guys Oh next Sunday what time did you kick off Maggie's Tavern? Well this Sunday and it's at half eight so please please please come around and vote Oh brilliant Jessica McKean three orange squash for everyone Orange squash for everyone Jessica thanks very much and the very best luck and you'll let us know right away won't you? Definitely Brilliant well done Jessica McKean


Hello from Let's Learn English! During the holidays, we spent time with our families and friends. So, we made a holiday video card for you! Happy holidays! Happy holidays! People in the United States celebrate the holidays in many different ways. There are three big holidays at this time of year. Kwanzaa, Hanukkah and Christmas. Hanukkah and Kwanzaa last for many days. Candles are important to both celebrations. Sometimes, people call Hanukkah the festival of lights. Kwanzaa celebrations often include music, songs, dance, and storytelling. Christmas falls on December 25th. Christians believe this holiday is the birthday of Jesus Christ. Religious people often go to places of worship to celebrate the holidays. But many religious and non-religious people celebrate the holidays. Some families decorate their homes and put up Christmas trees.  Young children tell Santa Claus what they want. They write him letters or visit him in department stores. All these holidays have one thing in common. Big meals and special foods. The most important part of this time of the year is spending time with family and friends.


Well, the team started excavating Kalao Cave in the early 2000s and in 2007 they found a small foot bone. At that time I got involved in the dating of that foot bone and we ran it through uranium-serious dating, so the technique that they used and we published that that foot bone is 63,000 years old. It was either juvenile or of a very small human species, but just from one bone you can't know much more. This is the oldest Philippine human remain ever found because before that the oldest were perhaps 30,000 years old or so. They continued the excavations at Kalao Cave and in 2011 and 2015 they found more material. So they sent me samples from the new excavations and so I worked on the human tooth. We decided to use uranium-serious dating. Unfortunately it only gives you minimum age estimates. So the bone could be quite a bit older than that age, but it could also be very close to that age and could establish that that age of the human tooth is 50,000 years. Well, human species are found quite rarely. However, in the early 2000s homofluorescensis was excavated in flores. We know it's about also 60,000 years and it basically says when modern humans arrived in Southeast Asia there were other humans around, but probably quite a bit more than we thought. In Indonesia and the Philippines the systematic investigations start only in the last 20, 30 years or so. Virtually most of Southeast Asia is unexplored. I would expect that if we continue the systematic investigation and excavations it's very likely that we find more human remains and some may be as exciting as homofluorescensis or homo-lusonensis.


Hello, that's me. That's who I am. That's what I'm talking about I genuinely did my PhD in 3d printing shape-changing jelly and if you pay tax in the UK you've paid for some of that And I am very grateful. Thank you Yeah socialism So I prefer to be known as scary my pronouns are they then I have a legal name And that is what is required if you want to give me money or look at my academic publications Which is why it's up there. I've realized that if I'm stride around then I cannot hit the next button Which is a bit of a failure mode. I have to say and so the thing people always ask is Why So Much like the the the last speaker. I'm going to assume a few things as actually as axiomatic 3d printing is by default good We can debate this and I certainly did not agree with that by the end of my PhD But that's what I believed at the start One thing you can say for it is that it lets you make lots of different shapes with one piece of equipment Can't argue about that bit the rest of it Shape-changing things. They're pretty awesome So I don't know how much you know about pinecones I repeat my previous talks at EMF about shape-changing materials and how they are awesome But pinecones can they know when it's wet They close to protect their seeds. They know when it's dry. They open to disperse them. They keep working They've dug pinecones out of million year old coal seams and they keep moving you can break half of the bits off and the rest that's left Just works. They don't require a power supply. They are not vulnerable to hackers from any geopolitical area.  They're awesome they have a lot more money than I do and I learned that the lab MIT where they do this their machines are half a million quid and They have two dedicated technicians to look after them and their work is beautiful and I admit It's more beautiful than mine, and it's it's it's more photogenic than mine, and it's more reproducible than mine But mine cost me 750 pounds So if you normalize it and ignore the cost of my labor as vaguely works And a final point which is an interesting meta point that probably people who know more about history and philosophy than me can say But historically we've done some kinds of engineering more than others We do a lot of work with bricks. We do a lot of work with metal We do a lot of work little bit of work with wood less now less on ten secrecy more on compression and We've done a lot less with soft materials Which is weird because like we are entirely soft materials and we interact with a lot of the things we use so there's this big gap of People know less about working with rubber people know less about working with gels That's why jelly so 3d printing cool shapes responsive things pine cones are defying me and soft materials jelly because a lot of the people who do this work with those very expensive machines and Those use proprietary plastics which a I resent having to pay for and B. I am too bad a chemist to be trusted to make So I'm about good enough to cook and that's why I do what I do so This is where I started open-source 3d printer and rust oak mini because Delta printers are cool again We take this as axiomatic I modified this to have a nozzle head and a syringe extruder This is actually v1 it got updated you see an action here because I had to submit it in PDF. So no videos The sort of materials I'm using are a jelly You will know if you've made jelly that it starts off as a liquid And then you have to set it into a sort of more solid structure I can bore you endlessly about the technical differences between those but as long as you know that it is runny and then it is not runny that is the important bit and The way that you make this special heat sensitive jelly Into not runny needs to be running to go through the needle and then not runny to put the next layer on top And you do the not runny by putting some LEDs on top so There's a really helpful company in Shenzhen who helped sort that out for me for very little Compared to what it would have cost me in this country. So I bolted that on cut up an old heat sink. It's an incredibly lossy system Put a syringe extruder on the top and whacked it in a fridge that used to hold drinks that I bought second hand on eBay and That's what you need to make this particular kind of shape-changing jelly I can again bore you about how this jelly changes shape but if you understand that jelly is mainly water and What's not water is like a network of long thin molecules like cheese strings, but with less nutritional value and even less and The cool thing about this is that when Environment around them gets hotter They shrink up and then they kick out all the water that's in them So think about a jelly where you've taken all the water out That's going to be a lot smaller and that's how this tech works but If it all got smaller at the same rate that would be the world's most boring shape-changing item, right because it just Into a slightly smaller thing what you want is two layers one that gets a lot smaller and one that gets not much smaller and then you can start folding and Making sheets and stuff like that so you use the UV to make it not runny and You squeeze the running stuff through and then the UV you set it into shape And you get this jelly that changes shape when it goes into something hot So these it's a rule that whenever you're doing science you start with the simplest Situations so one-dimensional beam 3d print a thin jelly and 3d print a thick jelly That's one thing I changed and on the left is what they look like when they're cold on the right It's what they look like when they're hot. So these are the same samples and you will know that they look different They're here. They are white here because they've checked out all the water So what's left is I take rather than transparent and the interesting thing is that it's it's kind of curving up in a funky way Which is kind of cool and the weird thing is that some of them bend one way and some of them bend the other and I don't know why And neither does science And I can't figure out how to publish it because none of this is replicable so I Swear to you it happens. I swear to you. I did it. I swear to you. I did not fabricate it Nobody can explain it But it's a really interesting technology because all you need to make them fold different ways is to shine light on them from different Directions and make them different thicknesses, which is again really controllable So you've got your 3d printer which can make stuff in any shape Then you've got two extra degrees of freedom No one way like where you've shone the light on them which way they bend when they get when they go into hot water So there is another requirement when you're working in soft robotics. You have to make a gripper. Oh, yeah Technically this constitutes soft robotics because the bar for robots is very low If it does something in response to an environment, it's a robot. So I'll claim it. So Jelly robot sort of So 3d printed flower. So start off in cold water. That's top left put it in hot water and it goes I Don't really know what this is for to be honest It could be like something that we could be like an egg cup the auto deploys Could be something that we put on the seabed that you know as the ocean gradually warms can give any sea life Just a little reassuring hug could be something that we use for meditation, you know Meditation is very in right now for the future generations when we've wiped out all the trees We can show them. This is what pine cones used to move like Anyway answers on the postcard for what the point of this is but there you go 3d printed jelly that when you put it in hot water closes up If you would like more on this and I have no idea where I'm on the timing Lovely, oh, I'm on time and all this and on time Here is a three-minute video of me at the Royal Institution talking about it I put up a video of the machine working so you can see the Absolute strings and wishing that hold together a Responsive jelly printer built on 750 quid by me in a broom cupboard with a sign on the door saying all hope abounds in ye who print are here My thesis if you want all the gory details, I'm on Twitter for questions I do stand-up comedy about science as well as being a scientist if you're interested in what you do after doing a PhD in 3d printing jelly that changes shape when it gets hot the answer is I I consult on recyclable packaging and Also on food science vegan food is my favorite thing So yeah, like weird polymer structures edible and non-edible is my two branches Yeah, so you can like see me do other things And I'm trying to write this into a paper and I'm trying to document it really nicely because I would love to contribute This to the open source network because my major bug bear with these million pound beautiful systems they have at MIT is Nobody else can do what they do because nobody else has the money and they don't share the designs so All of this is built on things that are publicly available. I haven't documented it very well because they stopped paying me to do that I Will be working on that and if you're interested I can let you know when that comes out. Thank you so much I'll be around for questions. I brought a fan club. It was not intended So my name is Serena And I hand it in this proposal about 36 hours ago So that's not slides because I didn't do slides because that I didn't bring my laptop. That's actually Yeah, let's show from the beginning that's the publicly available Distillation of my of my master's thesis The idea of my master's thesis was to develop a set of recommendations on how to make research in HCI mostly more inclusionary It started out with a focus on gender, but that's because it was funded partially by a horizon 2020 Project and that only focus on gender and I open it up more widely because there's a lot more things that cause discrimination and exclusion than only gender The recommendations are Available on our website you can Look at them and there's also this PDF that you can print out and I basically looked at what HCI Publications from well-known when use did good or could have done better in Documenting their research in conducting their research in the methods that they used And Drew recommendations from that it's 15 by now and It's actually some of them are No, brainers, but you need to take the time to think about the stuff that you're doing and how you're doing it And why you're doing it the way that you're doing it and very often people don't have the time to do that or in Science technology engineering and maths where I come from You don't get the education to do that at least in Austria where I come from So it helps to have Some recommendations and some information on what you should be thinking about in order to know what you should be thinking about, right? That's two of the cards They all look the same. They have these icons on top. They have a short title They have a couple of questions that you can think about yourself or discuss with your team members there's Explanations and examples that you can follow that you can again discuss with other people and I put a footnote That's because Again, the assumption was that the target group is tech people who do not know shit about sociology drawing from my own experience And So that if you sit together with your other techie people and no one knows shit about stuff But you're usually bullying each other because you're tech people and we're a toxic community You don't have to ask someone who's holding the description of the whole of the whole card deck if you don't understand a word Instead it's there on the card that you're holding in your hand and you can look up the the definition of the word yourself and I try to keep it in understandable terms sometimes hard because English is not my first language and Sociology is complex What else is there the the color of the title bars actually indicates a Somehow Position in the project lifecycle so we start with stuff like acquiring Funding Conducting research I put that up earlier. I forgot it I've been talking about this for three and a half years and I still stumble over across some things and the icons on top are like thematic groupings so that you can see that some things might be happening in different phases of the Project, but they are still somehow connected to each other Yeah, how am I with the time lots of time still lots of time I'm gonna have my defense in three weeks and one of the questions that is probably coming up and some of you might be asking yourselves is why is this even important and it's important because one we have a lot of Exclusionary stuff happening. We have a lot of tech that is not developed to work for many people but just for a few who are usually white cis-head males able-bodied and so on And it's really hard to think outside of your own area So if you're a tech person, you're gonna be in a very homogeneous Surrounding and it's hard to think about the issues other people might have So that's why they are here second is there's actually a scientific issue because if you look at research, there's often not all of information for example on Assumptions they made I looked at quite some research that was tagged as gender research and Nearly none of them talk about how they operationalize gender. So what do they mean when I talk about gender? Do they mean biology? Do they mean like do they literally mean? Distribution of fat on your body because that's not gender, but they call it gender and That's one of the things that needs to be done In order to make research That's a reproducible issue that we have before And the and the third thing is that I hate injustice and I just figured I could make a difference with that work and I hope that it gets spread of it and that's also a reason why I showed up here and There's the link to The website where you can find it. It's really not pretty because I'm not a web developer And you can look at the cards you can download the whole PDF you can there's a Drawing stack is what I called it. So you can draw a random card. You can refresh and draw another random card you can go back to The the info page and it's available in German and in English if you're so inclined to use German Right, that's that I'll be here for questions. Thanks


All righty got a shot here Welcome back turning Into this this is the step version Not sure if there are going to be any Camera changes, but I know that's it There is also a spline version. So looking at this. I think that works a lot better having a moving camera. I think we can Slow it a camera down. That's a harsh linear key right there. So definitely have you more slow ramp up into That the dog can easily be here if not here Leading the camera and then the camera can come to stop it late and overshoot But that's something we can easily work on later for you to work on you can also have something where Imagine the camera is like zoomed way out. So you got the window and Then all of this and that's your framing and the dog is back this big in frame So you can just really concentrate on on the mechanics and everything else Don't have to worry about the camera just yet In places I would say it feels a bit slow This could be a tad faster on that drop Just like generally in terms of just the feeling and the weight even this moves back For dog this size. I will go just a bit faster Just a bit just for the weight of it.  That's almost too fast and it's probably I'm reacting to this. I like how it starts, but then we have Smaller spacing going up here and then whoa a big pop going to the left And then suddenly small spacing again. So your two frames here Are adding a bit too much poppiness to all of this And then on that turn I would try to find a way to turn him more So that the butt is here to get just again a cleaner silhouette So we don't have everything stacked up here And then that jump again feels a bit slow Why not that landing? I don't mind the jump to be honest. It's almost a bit pop again mainly because of Your spacing wise you're moving to the right and then we have a sudden direction change over one frame total left Which makes us feel very light and then you have a really big spacing pop going up here And then I don't mind the slight change because the butt is going this way There's a bit of a curvature in the upper body in the whole body to get a bit of this in here But I would still try to minimize it. This gives you a lot of zigzaggy arcs there, but that landing is very soft And it's like we're easing in And we're almost easing in on to this. It just all feels a bit too soft So we'll cut a couple frames out give this a bit more weight That being said you provided the reference and usually I am not A fan of using animated content for reference because it's gone through the stylization process already So you have the reference here But it's definitely different. You know what I mean? I mean, I know you know You're the one that chose it. So if I look at this here And you can play this here. I mean, it's obviously rough rough rough, but The general action is the same But the thing is I don't I to be honest, I don't mind in this case. I would still look at That actual dog in real life to get all the proper references and the weight and everything because that's my concern Is that if you look at something like that That's already stylized And in some parts definitely light Obviously, it's still well animated, but I'm looking at this being more realistic looking You know me in terms of just the model the texture So the feel of it is not going to be as stylized as this already visually So this needs to feel more realistic to me at least objectively if you look at this turn There's a turn and then bam you go straight into fast movement there's not enough ramp up terms of weight If you want to look at this in a realistic way, I'm not saying this in terms of a 2d animation I love this though That's a nice lean at the end with the tail.  So in your case It seems to a generic enough action of a dog That's what I have a beagle. It's a different dog But he does that kitchen counter goes down for sure does that well Now a bit less he's a bit old but used to do this definitely does all of this He never really was the type of dog that would jump and catch things But this is you know, obviously not rare So I feel like it's generic enough That you don't recognize that from a specific movie unless you just watch it and you're like, hey, I know that scene At the same time, I would still look at a real life reference of this dog To see all these actions You're not going to find exactly this you have to find multiple pieces then copy paste Just to kind of see how this dog is moving to weight of it And all that good stuff So as an idea, I like it I think You made some changes, but not drastic changes. So if you have something that's that's animated as reference Um, I will make broader changes to this just in case, you know, you you send this somewhere and someone just watched that movie go Oh, that's interesting. Why would you choose a stylized version as reference? You know, I don't that maybe that's just me So I think next that would be find the actual reference real life cut them You know copy paste different versions and you got your real life reference here And then that way you can really base this more on proper weight Because again, that's all fine. This turn is a bit fast. This drop is a bit slow a bit fast This turn also stops a bit clunky You can see the the spacing goes to the left and then bam We go one frame to the to the right and then bam to the left again. So you just need basically needs cleanup But then weight-wise this was really really soft So by finding reference there might be something, you know, a bit more specific and different With this space in real life that makes this shot different than you to the inspiration If that makes sense I'm gonna leave it at that Let me know what you think if you want to just continue dust up for an exercise This is not for your real you just want to practice and now Kind of refine this for you know, the proper weight and all that stuff Let me know or you want to make this into them real piece then I would definitely push for more changes and potential tweaks in terms of what the actions are doing and The dog is doing all right. Let me know. Thanks All right There's an email you can sign up you can start whenever you want you can submit whatever you want You get 16 submissions either way a like and subscribe would be awesome. All right. Thank you


Hi, everybody. So I want to give a great shout out to Katie O'Connor and our marketing team who put together that video. So you did a really terrific job really reflecting kind of the state on what we want everyone to be building today. So I'm Tal Tran. I lead global product partnerships for Chrome and the web platform team. So that's just a fancy way of saying, I basically get to talk to all you guys and talk to a lot of different companies and sites about being early adopters of all these new awesome web technologies. So it's great to hear from Darren and get a state of where Chrome is and the overall web platform. And now I get the opportunity to tell you more about progressive web apps and what's happened over the last year. So I did a lot of reflecting the last couple of days. No, no, no, not about the other stuff. But really about kind of where were we last year at the same event? And so I went back and looked at some of the tweets coming out because the Flipkart team had just launched their progressive web app. We're really kind of pioneers in this space. There's a lot of buzz and excitement about what's now possible for the web. I really want to echo Darren's sentiments about the emerging markets really leading the way here in terms of constraints leading to a lot of innovation. But I would say I was a bit nervous about the success. And I didn't know whether it was going to be specific to Flipkart, the region, will progressive web apps actually extend to other verticals and markets. And I wasn't sure if this was going to be a hot thing for a minute and then it would just get shelved away. And so it got me thinking a lot about toys. So this is my son. And so he recently got a gift of refrigerator food and wanted me to build a refrigerator. And so I spent two hours painstakingly going through building custom shelves so that every single piece actually fit. So all the pieces actually fit across all of these shelves. And I think most parents in the audience would know that most toys last about a week because it literally got shelved and empty and he didn't really play with it anymore. And I wondered would progressive web apps actually have the same fate? So was the Flipkart progressive web app a unicorn? And thankfully that wasn't the case. And so Flipkart continued to invest in progressive web app technologies. Actually just did a big refresh of their site. They also extended it to their desktop. And they had tons of learning this past years. They battle tested progressive web apps. In fact they just went through big billion days which is the biggest shopping event of the year for them in India. And last year the event was app only because they had shut down their mobile website. And this year with the Flipkart live experience back and the web experience back they saw as much traffic on the web on mobile as they did on desktop. So it completely affirmed their commitment to bringing the web back on mobile. And I think beyond Flipkart and the progressive web apps we wanted to see if we were starting to see momentum in the overall marketplace. We started to see that progressive web apps organically came up as a topic at various conferences. Saw a lot of articles about progressive web apps. I have a Google alert letting me know every time someone mentions progressive web apps sometimes I get flooded. And I want to point to kind of three articles that really illustrate that progressive web apps is actually broadening across all industries. So Smashing Magazine wrote a beginner's guide to progressive web apps. A few months ago Business Insider wrote about how PWAs are blurring the lines between mobile and web. And then more recently Marketing Land which is targeted at digital marketers talked about how the progressive web apps could be kind of the next biggest thing. And so it was really terrific to see that both developers and marketers are all interested in these technologies. So Darren talked about the importance of your web audience being a worldwide audience. And we've seen tremendous interest from developers globally. After a progressive web app Dev Summit in Amsterdam this past June, we held viewing parties across the world. And so these are folks who actually came to actually watch together with other Googlers and with other developers in the region. 17,000 developers showed up across 35 countries to showing the enormous momentum and excitement for wanting to build with these new technologies. And my favorite tweet was that there was a viewing party in Bangladesh where there were over 310 Ds and they were so inspired that they actually formed a human PWA and then tweeted this out. So definitely my favorite tweet of all time. So we're seeing global interest from sites large and small across many industries building progressive web apps. And so I wanted to kind of take a moment here and just kind of talk to you about kind of what exactly is a progressive web app and then really tell you real life partner stories so that you can kind of maybe get inspiration for how you want to go about approaching it at your respective companies. First of all, it's amazing to see the term progressive web app take a life of its own. We really view it as a shared definition across the entire web ecosystem. And it's great to see folks in the community continue to contribute to what is a progressive web app. And so we wanted to offer kind of our definition but obviously evolve it to what makes sense for your site. And ultimately it's about radically improving the web user experience. Probably just saw this in Darren's talk where we wanted to make sure that you understand that your PWAs are first and foremost about improving your user experience, making sure it's fast, reliable, engaging for all users. And a common question I get is, wait, does that mean I have to build a native app, a PWA and a mobile site? And the answer is no. Your web experience should just become your progressive web app. And so that also means that your progressive web app should be indexed and crawlable just like any other website. We've also got a lot of questions about this as well. And so I wanted to just note that we just posted an updated blog post from Webmaster Central Blog where we talked about updated guidance on building indexable progressive web apps. So definitely check that out. I think it just got posted yesterday. And so we wanna let people know that building progressive web apps is a journey. And so we wanted to just maybe offer up some of a framework for how to think about building a progressive web app because people sometimes think, oh gosh, it feels so inaccessible. There's just like, there's so many things I have to do. And so we wanted to say, you know, think about it as a journey. You can start off with a baseline with things like HTTPS, a web app manifest file, and a few other things. And then continue to add on more and more features over time. And so an exemplary one is about pushing your site to add more features, get even faster loading times, provide a more reliable experience offline, and even on flaky networks. So the good news is that you don't have to track all this up because we actually heard your feedback and we put together a baseline and exemplary checklist of things to test and fix. It's on developers.google.com slash web. You're gonna hear that over and over again because we're really trying to be better about having a central Google resource for building on the web. And Darren already talked about Lighthouse Tool. And so really think about it as your personalized guide for a site to becoming more progressive. We're continuing to invest in Lighthouse and it will get better. So with the checklist, Lighthouse, along with testing on real hardware devices, you should be on your way to shipping a great PWA. So I'm not gonna spend this talk going into detail about Service Worker and all the various APIs. There are a ton of great advanced sessions about that. But I now wanna dig into the impact of Progressive Web Apps and why it's a big deal for your users and your business. So I've had a really fortunate opportunity to work really closely with a number of partners across the globe. It's been awesome to have folks actually share stats because they want to kind of contribute back to the ecosystem and talk about the awesomeness of what they're experiencing after they've shipped a Progressive Web App. So I wanna run through a few Progressive Web Apps in different stages to really illustrate the diversity of approaches, regions, and industries. So Darren talked about Alibaba, which is the world's largest speed-to-be marketplace. So the scale at which they're operating is huge. And he went over how they saw a 76% increase in conversions. So I wanna add one more detail because conversions is great, but you really want to make sure that users are coming back to your site time and time again. And so I wanna talk about how they saw an increase on iOS of monthly active users, as well as a bump of 30% on Android. And so the higher increase on Android could probably be attributed to the fact that their open rate on web push notifications is comparable to their native app. Again, just increasing the overall reach of your user base. And housing.com is this major, growing online real estate platform in India. So seeing incredible activity and innovation coming out of India with Flipkart and then startups like Housing Embracing Progressive Web Apps. And like most startups, Housing is obsessed with how to efficiently acquire users to gain market traction. This is probably not something that developers think about, but I bet you your marketing team is thinking about how to bring in new users and how much they cost. And so Housing took a look at how much they were spending to acquire an app download versus getting user to come to their mobile website. So the first that I wanna offer is I cost them about $3.75 to get users to download an Android app. And how much do you guys think it's costing them to get users to their mobile website? 75 cents. 75 cents, 80, 50, seven cents. So I wanna pause on which to observe the difference here. And how much cheaper it is to get your user to your mobile website. So maybe worth saying, well, app users are usually more loyal, so it may be worth it. But for that single app download, you can reach 53 mobile web users. So that's 53 potential re-engagement opportunities. And Housing is operating with millions of users, so obviously trying to get more users to their website efficiently is a no-brainer. Yeah, people should take pictures of this and send it to your marketing team. But it's not only about getting users to your site experience, you want them to make sure that they're getting a really good user experience once they arrive. So Housing was seeing faster page loads as well as an increase in conversions. And the Housing folks are actually here, they traveled in from India and are giving a talk tomorrow morning. So definitely check it out. I believe it's the second talk of the day. So now I wanna turn to West Elm. We've seen a lot of adoption in other parts of the world, and so we're starting to see more and more here in the US. And so West Elm is this modern furnishings company, and it's on its way to doing about $2 billion in revenue. And a significant portion of that is actually coming from online. They don't have a native app, so they rely on the web to deliver the best user experience possible. And as you can probably see from your own habits, you're seeing a growing number of users shopping on mobile devices. So we're gonna queue, so I'm actually gonna demo an early beta that they just launched yesterday. So I already have it on my home screen, and so one of the key principles or tenets of them launching this was that they wanted it to be a hugely immersive experience. And so here you're dropped right into this West Elm experience. You can scroll, everything's super smooth. You see the navigation on top. They took a lot of cues from social applications, so it's highly visual. So I can tap in here, see how smooth everything looks. And I actually wanna go through an example of when I showed my sister a desk I just bought from West Elm. And so instead of me kind of searching, I just look and say, oh well, I can just go ahead and just tap. I look at furniture. I see home office, desks. And as I'm scrolling through, I see, oh, there it is. There's the desk I had purchased. And this is actually how I showed my sister the desk I bought. Very much like a magazine like experience. And so this is the type of user experience that we're hoping all of you are inspired to build back to sites. And so this is where focusing, we talk a lot about performance and making sure that your site is super fast. But I think we really think of West Elm as a great example of how to rethink your user interactions for today's audience, which is about casually consuming and being inspired by things. Maybe the user is not gonna purchase every time they come to your site, but maybe they wanna come back and just browse in their few moments where they have some downtime. So you can check out their early beta at the URL there. And I wanna kinda now turn to Latin America. So Infobay is one of Argentina's first major digital-only outlets. It's a top publisher with a strong presence throughout Spanish-speaking Latin. And we're actually starting to see growing interest in Latin America for all these new web technologies. Infobay's primary motivation was speed and delivering news to users as quickly as possible. And it's no surprise. 65% of their traffic is on mobile. And so they took inspiration from the Washington Post progressive web app demo from IO and they started working with the post team and leveraging the Washington Post CMS to really roll out their progressive web app. And we're seeing that the Infobay's article pages are loading in less than a second. They're also caching content for offline experience. And so similar to what you saw with the CNET demo from Darren, this is really about a smooth reading experience and really what news should be and be resilient to flaky networks as well. And then I wanna talk to you about Lyft. So we've seen adoption with retail and publishing sites and it's great to see another use case here. So for those who are unfamiliar, Lyft is an on-demand ride sharing network. It was app-only for a long time. And so they wanted to make sure they could reach users across all platforms. And obviously we've seen that reach and user acquisition are critical. So they rolled out an MSI. I think there was an article about rolling out their MSI for the first time a few weeks ago. It wasn't a PWA yet, but it was just an MSI just to test the waters. And they had some internal metrics that they were looking at. And after a month, they saw five times more rides than expected coming through their mobile web. So it turns out that people were probably wanting to book rides even before they're able to download an app. So here's a gift of their user experience. And so after they saw that initial kind of success with their MSI, they went all in and said, you know, we're going to invest in mobile web. We're going to build a progressive web app. And so their goal right now is to achieve feature parity with their native app. So they launched in preview yesterday, ride.lyft.com, and the team will continue to iterate and add more and more features over time. And so this is about making sure they can deliver a great experience for all users regardless of what platform you're on. And so, and they didn't want to actually have people download an app if they didn't need to. And here I want to point out that they're trying to achieve feature parity by also dramatically reducing the download size. They were gracious enough to share some of their stats around, you know, 17 megabits for Android. You see the bump in iOS there. And their progressive web app is less than one meg. And so the Lyft team is actually here and will kick off tomorrow morning with housing as they deep dive into how they're building a progressive web app and the benefits of being able to deploy updates and experiment quickly for the web. So kind of the final one where I want to talk about stats a little bit is to make my trip. So we're going back to India. And make our trip is the largest, well, one of the largest travel sites in India. And what's interesting here is to make my trip folks really start digging into kind of differences in user behavior between the native experience and the mobile web experience. And so for those of you unfamiliar with the India market, like up to 90% of users will uninstall the app in six months. And so for an infrequent purchase like travel, it can be hard to remain on the user device. So after being in a market for a few months, so they share some insights about what they're seeing in terms of their user base. First of all, half of their bookings on their progressive web app are same day reservations. And not only are they same day reservations, but this number is actually 30% higher compared to their app users. Turns out that these are generally last minute users. They just want to book right away and they prefer to do so on their mobile website. You probably are experiencing the same thing. Like when you want to get something done, you just want to get it done. You don't want to have to wait for a download. And the other fascinating stat is that in taking a closer look at first time visitors, it turns out that their progressive web app users were booking three times more on their first visit. And so this really shows the web is great at fulfilling the immediacy of intent, which is in this case, resulting in more bookings. And so they're also seeing that the destination cities of progressive web, the destination cities are much more widespread for progressive web app users versus native app users, indicating that people might be booking once they arrive on site and they just want to get a booking done as quickly as possible. So really terrific staff and really kind of giving us insights into the different user behavior. And so they still have a native app experience and that will address and be great for a specific audience but then they're also building a great progressive web app experience. And so I just want to make sure that, I talked a lot about a bunch of these companies seeing worldwide adoption. And now I wanted to spend just a couple of minutes talking about how to get started. So you know, have an idea of what you should be building and you can see that it can have high impact on your business but the toughest part is figuring out how to get started, especially if you're part of a large org or you need to deal with a lot of legacy issues. And so you have to take a look at your different user experience and figure out what you want to tackle first. Sometimes you can tackle the entire site, sometimes you can do a section like CNET Tech Today, they did, they ended up shipping a progressive web app for a section. And if you're a larger brand, sometimes it's easier to start with a smaller site to become familiar with the technologies and then extend out to your flagship. So here I want to walk you through a journey that the Weather Channel has gone through over the last year and I think many of you will relate. So weather.com is a top 20 site here in the US delivering billions of forecasts around the world across many, many platforms. And weather is really focused on innovation and new technologies and became really interested in seeing how they could build a much better mobile experience. So their journey started about 18 months ago where they had to diligently roadmap what they need to do and knowing that it will take time. They're a major site operating in almost 200 locales. And so they had to prioritize, I think most of you are figuring out how to prioritize transition HTTPS right now or if have not already done it and we have a great session later talking about HTTP too as well. And so it wasn't easy with ads and analytics but notice it was starting to get easier as more third parties were prioritizing HTTPS as well. And then in April, they actually rolled out web push notifications across 30 languages. What's significant here, and it's actually now 62 languages because they've continued to expand, what's significant here is in the first three months of rolling out web push notifications, weather saw a million opt-ins. So they provided the same set of notifications as their app users for the web but now they're reaching a whole new audience with web push notifications. And then more recently, they started looking at integrating service workers and transitioning more of their sites over to a progressive web app. Given the U.S. site was more complex and with more legacy, they decided to tackle their international sites first and have now rolled out progressive web apps in 178 countries seeing growing traffic in China, India and Mexico. And the weather team is constantly trying to improve their overall experience. And they've been happy enough with working with these technologies and seeing some gains here that they are planning to expand to a progressive web app for their flagship U.S. site in 2017. And I think I really want to tell the story because I think we hear a lot about, well, I can't do it in the next three months. We can't figure out how to prioritize. But I think given some of you who will have legacy sites, like you need to take a step back and kind of roadmap out how long it's going to take and what it's going to mean, it's not something that's going to be done overnight. Think about it as a journey. And so I wanted to kind of maybe walk through kind of the approaches to building progressive web apps. And I've offered up a diverse set of sites at how they start building PWAs. And so we started just noticing patterns in how people are approaching it, right? So some folks are lucky enough to just build new from the ground up and transition their experience almost immediately. Some people will want to ship a beta to kind of test and experiment, rolling out to a small percentage of traffic with the intent of transitioning their main site over time. And then some people are able to actually build on their existing experience. So integrating APIs indirectly. And so housing and CNET are actually two examples of where they were able to build new experience from the ground up. And I think they are, that was the right approach for them. Housing for the whole site, CNET for a subsection of their site. And for the beta, as I talked about with the demo with West Elm, they couldn't transition a site right away. It was going to be, and it was tough to describe what this experience could be like. So even before they got to a beta, they actually built a demo and then they showed it to their senior leadership. And so now they are going to move to a beta, early beta by the end of the year and then a public beta next year, which is a great path. And then they'll start to kind of move their site over over time. And left again is an early preview this week and they'll continue to iterate and bring more and more features to their PWA. And as far as existing sites, I already talked about the weather channel, but make my trip actually started first with their hotel section of their site. And then they expanded to flights and now they're going to continue to add other sections to bring into kind of the progressive web app fold. And so there's no right way or wrong way to build a progressive web app. I just wanted to offer kind of a framework as you're kind of going back to your teams and saying, okay, section, whole site, new beta existing, just so you can get the conversation started in terms of how to start building. And so looking ahead, there's going to be tons of great sessions today. I want to kind of talk about how progressive web apps really is, we talked a lot about kind of engagement, conversion, we don't need to know like all the marketing terms at the bottom, but kind of think about progressive web apps as kind of this term for just improving your mobile web experience. And then accelerate mobile pages. This is also great. If you're having a lot of traffic coming in from search and other platforms, it's a great way to get users quickly to your site from the top of the funnel. And we're going to have an AMP and PWA session tomorrow morning where we'll talk about AMP installing a service worker to transition to a progressive web app as well as how AMP is being used inside of a progressive web app. But we get a lot of questions about that. And then for some of you push notifications, it's like the one thing that you can do over the next few months, that's perfectly fine. You're able to re-engage users so quickly like what Carnival did in what Darren went through. And then two things I did want to highlight which are actually after my talk this morning. Conversion is such a pain point. Typing is so painful on the mobile web. And we've done ourselves a disservice by not trying to do more here, but we are now. And so seamless sign in and one tap checkout are going to be great sessions where you can basically just understand your get users into your experience, build an engaging experience, and then make sure they actually convert and close on them. So it's really about radically improving the overall web experience. So over the last year, we've heard from so many of you the excitement for building and innovating on the web. And again, this really is a journey. And it requires constant iteration, probably patience as you're trying to figure out how you're gonna construct your back end to fit in with the progressive web app architecture. But it's worth it. And I hope you see that today by just seeing the enormous momentum and what people are seeing in terms of success with their various business metrics. And so speaking of iteration, I talked in the beginning of building a fridge for my son that didn't really stick. So I did try again. So this is actually a hotel room key because I was traveling a few months ago and he was really upset that he couldn't be in the hotel room with me. And so I built, I took a shoebox and then I put a little hotel, the slit. And then he was able to, I bought my hotel key and now he uses it every single day. He literally closes his door, puts in the key card, beeps and then lets himself into his hotel room. And so he does it every night.  And so with that, I think that's your inspiration for building great web experience that people will want to use every single day. Thank you.