بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم الحمد لله رب العالمين والعاقبة للمتاقين ولا عدوانا إلا على الظالمين ووصلي ووصلم على أشرة في الانبياء والمرسلين سيدنا ونبينا محمد وعلى آله وأصحاب ومن تبعهم بحزان إلى يوم الدين وبعد سورة قاف وهي مكية إن شاء الله today سوف نبدأ التفسير من القرآن سوف نستخدم التفسير من إمام ابن كثير الرحيمة الله تعالى سوف نبدأ من سورة قاف السبب هو سورة قاف is the أول الحزب المفصل في القرآن ماذا يعني الحزب المفصل أوس who is one of the great companions from the great tabi'in sorry who is from one of the great tabi'in he said I asked أصحاب رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم I asked the companions of the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم he asked them what كيف يحزبون القرآن how they used to how they divided the Quran that's what he asked them how they divided the Quran the companions they said to him they said 3 3 5 5 7 7 9 11 11 13 13 13 و حزب المفصل and after that the حزب which is the مفصل is what is one by itself so they divided they took the Quran 3 5 7 11 9 11 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 ونمل والقصص والعنكبوت والروم واللقمان وصور السجدة والأحزاب والسبق وفاطر وياصين ثلاثين اس صافات صاد زمر غافر حاميم سجدة وحاميم عينسين قاف زخرف والدخان وجاثية واحقاف والقتال وصور محمد والفتح إنها فتحنا لحجورات ترى when we say حجورات that's the 13 now what starts from there the juice that's the حزب that's مفصل it starts from there which is صورة قاف صورة قاف so ثم بعد that you get حزب المفصل as the صحاب is used to do it so the strongest view is that and the chosen view is that the juice the حزب المفصل is قاف and because of that when we chose to make صورة قاف that's here to start from أنا الله سبحانه وتعالى knows best أنا الله سبحانه وتعالى knows best the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم he used to read صورة القاف and he used to read خطبة إما محمد بن حمبل narrated he said حدثنا عبدالرحمان بن مهدي حدثنا ماليكن عن ضمرة بن صعيد أن عميد الله بن عبدالله أن عمر بن خطاب سأل أبا واقد اللي في القرمبان he asked أبا واقد اللي في القرمبانيان he said ما كان رسول الله سبحانه وتعالى يقرأه في العيد what did the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم used to read in what صلاة العيد he said صورة قاف وقتربت الساعة صورة اقتربت صورة الساعة that is narrated by ما محمد and I gave you the standard of ما محمد and it's also narrated by ما ممسلم and it's also narrated from أبداوتر ميدي بن مرد النسائي four of them all of them narrated from who من مالك the narration of ما مالك رحم الله as for the narration ما مسلم is عن فليح other than مالك so he got it from فليح عن ضمرتها عن عبيد الله أنا بواقد اللي في also أمهاش ششام بن تحارثا أمه الشام بن تحارثا she said as it's narrated by ما محمد as it narrated ما مو أحمد بن حبل ما محمد narrated من رواية إسحاق that is narrated from عبد الله بن أبي بكر بن عمر بن حزم عن يحيا بن عبد الله بن عبد الرحمان بن سعد بن زراء زرارة عن أمه هشام بن تحارثا also مسلم بن تحارثا same narration same same same نورنا اوة تنور وطنور رسول وطنور النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم that the fire that the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم used to light and our fire وحدون they were one now the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم تنور is meant by the fire when it's lit on the on the on the oven so the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم and our fire was one what does she mean by that mean we were neighbors the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم and us were neighbors so how long واحد وستين واحد وستين 61 or سنة or واني وبعضو سنة so the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم were neighbors 61 months or a year or a year and a half or some of the year وما اخدتوا قاف وانا never took off والقرآن المجيد I never took it from nowhere else إلا على رسول الله سبتم صلى الله عليه وسلم صلى الله عليه وسلم وكان يقرأوا هذا مثل صلى الله عليه وسلم he used to read كل يوم جمع the prophet used to read قاف every Friday وعلى المن بري on the pulpit إذا خطب وانه ونبه دان خطبة عليه وسلم this hadith narrated by محمد and it's also narrated by مسلم and both of them من حديث إبن إسحاب من حديث إبن إسحاب مسلم narrated in his كتاب الجمعة باب تخفيف الصلاة والخطبة the bab of تخفيف الصلاة والخطبة that Imam ناوي done for the bab so the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم used to read صورة القاف on the pulpit and he used to read it also on عيد صحيح عافظ بالكثير رحم الله سين والقصد what was the intent in why the message صلى الله عليه وسلم used to read it is and our صلى الله عليه وسلم the intent is that the message صلى الله عليه وسلم used to read صورة القاف the intent why the message صلى الله عليه وسلم used to read صورة القاف on the pulpit is and our صلى الله عليه وسلم كان يقرأ بهذه الصورة في المجامع he used to read in the places of the gathering where the people came together كالعيد on the عيد days والجمع are on the جمع والبعث والنشور and the death the people dying have been resurrected it consists of that والمعاد والقيم والحساب and going back to Allah سبحانه و تعالى and being put on accountability والجنة to the hellfire what's the what's the reward and when the عقاب what's the reward all of this is what the what the what the what the what the what the what the what on the pulpit عليه س这样 and in the gatherings where the people are بسم الله الرحمن المعرفة in the name of Allah الله says قاه و القرآن المجيد بل عجب أن اذا متنا وكننا ترابا ذلك رجع بعيدا قد علمنا ما تنقص الأرض منهم وعندنا كتاب حفيظ بل كذب بالحق لما جاءهم فهم في أمر مريج قاف الله أعلم بمراده الله يعرف ما ينقص من هذا النقص قاف قاف is from the word kelimat حروف sorry they are from the letters الله سبحانه وتعالى he took with him the meaning and it's referred to as the schoolism of fasini used to say حروف مقطع they are the letters that are disconnected the letters that are cut up they are what they start with 29 surahs and they are 14 letters they are 14 letters and they start with 29 surahs in the Quran the first surah starts with the surah to al-bakara and the last surah finishes with the surah to al-qalam 29 surahs in the Quran the meaning of it we will take the path of what the four khulafa al-rashideen took Abu Bakr Omar Usman Ali Abdullah ibn masud we will take the path in which they took which is what hea min masta'a thara الله بعلمه it is from the things in that which Allah is alone in it's meaning no one else knows the Quran the ayat that are mutashabihah the ayat that it's meaning are not known the scholars they divide it into two mutashabih mutlak and mutashabih nisbi mutashabih mutlak is what mutashabih mutlak is what mutashabih mutlak is what it's an ayat in which it's meaning it's not known or a kelima in which it's meaning are not known whatsoever only Allah knows it that is called mutashabih mutlak there's another one which is mutashabih nisbi it's meaning is known but with some people they don't know what the meaning is the meaning to some people is not clear it's mutashabih it's unknown it's meaning is not clear to some people that's called mutashabih nisbi but mutashabih mutlak it is like these which are the meaning in totality is not known this is the call of the and the call of who there are some scholars who gave the meaning to it but this is the call which is the strongest now what is the wisdom behind it we gave the meaning we said Allah knows the meaning and we explain that it is from those things Allah is singular in its meaning Allah is unknown in what is meant by it that's what the meaning is we explain that what's the wisdom and why it's been started with the wisdom has been explained حافظ ابن كثير رحم الله حافظ ابن كثير انت تفسير صورة البقرة he brings that the wisdom in why it was started or it's been mentioned he says that it is بيانن it is to clarify لإعجاز القرآن it is to clarify the weakness and the unableness of the human being in bringing something equivalent to this quran Allah is starting قافظ القرآن is to show the Arabs look at this quran which you are reading it's letters in which you will know you know the Arabic alphabet it's known it's like qaf and even then you guys are not able to bring anything like it or equivalent to it so it's to give them إعجاز to make them weak unable to come with something like it this is the call of him and he said also this is the call of رحمه الله and also the call of who are both the sheyuk the teachers of حافظ ابن كثير they are both the teachers of رحمه الله قافظ Allah knows what is meant by it Allah alone knows what is meant by it والقرآن that is what مجيد والقرآن قافظ Allah knows what is meant by it والقرآن والقسم والله is the word that is used here والقرآن الله is swearing by the quran المجيد the quran that is glorious the scholars they say there is a qasam there is a wallahi where is the answer to the qasam where is the answer to the oath where is the answer to this vow that Allah is given when I swear I say what is the answer to the wallahi I will give you 10 lbs so the answer I will give you 10 lbs is the answer to the qasam صحيح so where is the answer to this qasam the qasam is محظوف محظوف is hidden 3 قول the first one is we say والقرآن المجيد that is glorious لقد أرسلنا محمدل it's what what's the answer to the qasam meaning the answer is لقد أرسلنا محمدل محمد one qol the second qol is the second qol for what the qasam is والقرآن المجيدي مأامنة قرش the second one is by the quran by the glorious quran by the glorious quran I swear Allah is saying مأامنة قرش قرش did not believe qurash did not believe the second one the third qol is والقرآن by the glorious quran والقرآن المجيد by the glorious quran لا تبعثوا نه you be resurrected لا تبعثوا نه you be resurrected that's the 3 جواب which is محظوف in this ayah بالعجب they wonder بالعجب they wonder أن جاءهم that they have come to them من أن جاءهم that they have come to them من جاءهم that they have come to them مندر أيونة they are what wonder they wonder أن جاءهم that it has come to them أيونة من هم that one that is from amongst them is like them, human being like them فقال الكافرونة then the disbelievers so the disbelievers said what هذاء where is that اسم إشارة gonna go to the question is هذاء is the اسم إشارة when I say هذاء بيتون what goes with it so this اسم إشارة has to go something هذاء كون محمد من درا meaning محمد بن أوونة meaning this شيء عجيب it is something that is fascinating it's a strange thing it's something our minds cannot comprehend it's a wonder, fascination that this person amongst us came up and said to us he is a water from Allah that is what شيء عجيب الله says in Surah to Yunus telling us that this is nothing to be wondered about الله said is it for the people عجب and fascination and our highly that we have some revelation إلى رجل into a man من هم from them an angel in NASA to warn the people go warn the people about fascination and wonder in that إبن كثير رحم الله وليس هدى بعجيم that's no wonder فإن الله يصطف من الملائكة because Allah chooses from the angels whether he wants as Allah chooses from the creation whoever he wishes so it's nothing to wonder about it's nothing to be fascinated about this is what Allah does He chooses then Allah says after that the elf is the elf who understands the elf here stands up stands for what هل the علمات they say the elf who understands there's a there's a which is what and we'll be brought back إذا مثنا في ذلك and we'll be brought back and we'll be brought back إذا مثنا if we die وكننا أن we become and we become what ترابن and we become what ذلك ذات ذلك ذات رجعن it's a what it's a far return ذلك رجعن بعيد that is a return which is far some of you may ask yourself so does that mean they believed it but it was far ذلك رجعن بعيد means ولمعنى أنهم يعتقدون استحالتي that means they believed that it was impossible وعدموا إمكاميه and that it could never happen so what do they mean by it when they said that is a far return they meant that is a far from reality that is far return from reality meaning it's impossible for it to happen far return from reality it will never happen and we become dust is it then possible that we will be brought back is that possible that's what they said ونرجعو I said there is a far return which is what there is a far return which is محضوف we say ونرجعو we will be brought back the word you have to know out of benefits inshallah it's very important that you know the far return this far return it comes from a measure two measures it comes from which is original source it comes from a measure it comes from رجعة if it comes from رجعة then it's a فعل متعدي meaning it brings a مفعول it requires a مفعول but if it comes from the word رجوع if the measure is رجوع it becomes لازم if it's what the measure is رجوع it becomes what but if it comes from the original measure it's رجع رجع محمد it comes from محمد it comes from محمد it comes from محمد it needs a what الهاتف يدخل منهم من هؤلاءهم. الله يقول ، قد علمنا نعرف ما تنقصو that which the earth is decreasing that's the right way of translating the ayah. تنقصو comes from the word ناكس decrease which means taking. الله يقول we know they are saying to us are we going to this ayah is explaining the ayah to come after which is what they're saying that if we become dust are we going to be resurrected again is the impossible that we're going to be resurrected that's rarely something far from reality. الله isn't saying to them let alone me being able to bring you back and resurrect you rather i know. الله is saying قد علمنا i am aware and i know that which the earth is taking from their dead bodies i even know the earth when it swallows their dirt and it eats it. الله says i know where exactly it is. وعندنا and الله is saying with us is what. كتابر a book حفيل that preserves things a book that is preserved حفيل with us is a book that's preserved meaning everything to us is known everything to us is known. there's nothing that is not hidden from us. اللي ما يبنو كثيرا رحم الله i said ما تأكول لدى أهد does not eat. من أجسادهم from their body في البيلا. نعلم ذلك الله is saying that we know it. ولا يخفى علينا and الله is saying nothing becomes hidden from us. اين تفرقت الابدان where the body has become divided in the earth. وين ذهبت and where it went. وإلى اين صارت and what is it become. الله is saying all of that where it went. so how can it be possible if i'm aware of all of that that that person can say that how will Allah bring us back against سبحانه وتعالى. الله then said الله is now going to tell us سبحانه وتعالى زبنو كثيرا يسد ثم بينا تبارك وتعالى الله makes it clear to us سبب وكفرهم why they became disbelievers وعنا يديهم and why their heart hadn't occurred واستبعاديما ليس ببعيدين and they considered فاريج what wasn't really a far reach something that can happen they saw it to be impossible. الله is going to tell us why why is it brothers that these people did not believe in all of these things look what Allah says because the answer has to become something we implement and we understand. الله is saying بالكذبوا they believed in it they disbelieved in it sorry بالكذبوا they disbelieved in it and they denied the Quran the truth بالحق the truth here is the Quran. when it came to them they disbelieved it for whom they are in what they are in امرين مريج they are in a state of confusion they are in what a state of confusion why have they become has it become hard for them to believe why did they become disbelievers why couldn't they take it in because when it came to them straight away without looking without مرحبا they denied it straight away as soon as it came to them they refused the حق this is why they became misguided and this is why they became in a state of confusion they couldn't distinguish between the right and the right on the wrong look what Abu Kathirin said and this is the principle it's a قاعدة جليلة it's a forever living principle that we have to hold on to what did Allah سبحانه وتعالى saying بالكذبوا when they disbelieved in the truth and they didn't take it they became what in a state of what confusion ibn Kathirin said on the translation of this ayah he said and that it is the situation of what كل من خرج عن الحق everyone who leaves the truth that is how his situation becomes مهما قاعدة as much as he says whatever he says the person who leaves the truth behind him and doesn't take it in however much he may speak بعد ذلك after that فهو أباطل it is rejected it is false however much it's the principle we have to know that is why you see people who contradict themselves so much whenever they say something whenever they do something they're always wrong tomorrow they say something else the next day they say something else every day there is an iwich جليل it's a new face this is nothing except they left the haق the haق doesn't have no contradiction it's only one so they are in what مريج مريج means what مختلف مضرب ملتبس they're contradicted they're in a state of lack of tranquility that's why الله سنصور to the area which will come to us إن شاء الله إن أكمل في قول مختلف you are in what speech that are مختلف ممعنا مختلف different different every day on a new face الله ذنس سبحانه وتعالى أفلم ينظروا did they not look إلى السماعي did they not look at the سماع فوقهم over them كيف بنينها the way have they not looked الله is saying سؤال استفام انكاري الله is saying to them have they not looked here إلى السماعي to the heavens which is above them فوقهم above them كيف the way here بنينها the way that we have made it وزينها and we beautified it or we adorned it وما لها and it hasn't got in it here فروج فروج is what it's rifts meaning there's no cuts spaces in it فرج is there is no spaces in it الله أكبر haven't they looked at it now Allah has given us a comparison to what is still answering the answer they said اي دامتنا وكننا تغابة ذلك رجعون بعيد that they don't believe they're Allah can resurrect them again Allah is saying to them can you not see i created what is bigger and i created what is stronger and i created what is in comparison to what you're saying مهادة but to Allah nothing is hard as He said in another ayah لخلق السماواتي the creation of the sky the heavens والأرض and the earth أكبر is bigger من خلق الناس than creating the people الله said in another ayah to create the samawat and to create the earth and the heavens is bigger than create human being so the one who did that is able to do this why would you not believe in it الله then says وزينها and what did we do we beautified it وما هل ترى أي رفت في it هل ترى أي مكان الذي قمت بسيطة في بعض الناس لا there isn't and the earth beautified اسم الله تعالى and now what did He said about the earth والأرض and the earth الله then says and the earth ها مددناها we have spread it we have what we have spread it out علماء they mentioned this is called باب الاشتقاق those of you who studied it باب الاشتقاق ما معنا the كلمة مددناها اشتقاق before that goes before the والأرض so you say مددنا ومددنا we have what spread out الارضة the earth مددناها a spreading what's what it means والأرض the earth ومددنا and we spread الارضة the earth مددناها a spreading وارقنا and we then set on them on the earth رواصية means mountains we made on top of it mountains وامبتنا وامبتنا and we have then produced الله is saying سبحانه وتعالى hey the wisdom of all wisdom of all because Allah says وامبتنا the final is mentioned and the final is mentioned the final is نبت نباتا the final is الله where is the مفعول what does Allah produce نبات the مفعول is محظوف which is what وامبتنا we produce نباتا we produce what نبات we produce نبات فيها on the earth من كل وامبتنا ندخل ج oujin every type of growth لدي ب revive ج what every type of growth was produced on the earth is what الله سبحانه وتعالى ده He produced it بمدخل ج كونانا غضاف بر Basically, Allah arteUC وامبتنا وامبتنا what the 프로باده and how every وهي وذكرة انا الرمائن دا it's an inside تبسرة وذكرة انا الرمائن دا رمائن دا for what لكل عبدن for every slave ها عبدن slave منيبن that turns to Allah سبحانه وتعالى every servant that is turning to Allah سبحانه وتعالى who's obedient this is what for him we did this so he may take it as an insight and a reminder ونزلنا الله then we sat down من السماعي from the sky ماء ووطى from the sky we sat down هي بلسد ماء ووطى مباركن that is blessed ووطى that is blessed فانبتنا بهي and we then produced there within gardens بهي بسبب الماء بهي دا باء بسبب الماء the reason of the water الله سبحانه وتعالى what did he do جنات in gardens هي وحب الحصيد حب الحصيد is grains from them came the rain came what grains in every kind of harfits then what does it mean حب means grain حصيد means that were reaped حب الحصيد that were reaped some of you may ask yourself العلمات they say حب الحصيد is what comes under باب وحذ في الموصوف وإقامة السفة they are reaped meaning grains ونخل is palm trees باسقات باسقات means that is long هي باسقات لها for it is what طلع النظيد range clusters some of you may ask yourself when the tree is at its first stages that's not what it becomes العلمات they say that is حال مقدر this is what it's going to become this is not at its first stages but the one that has made it for it to become like that is الله سبحانه وتعالى why has Allah done all of that رسقا الله has made it a provision for the servants الله سبحانه وتعالى made it a provision for his slaves الله سبحانه وتعالى said we gave life به بسبب الماء through the water means through the water بلدة ميتة a dead land a dead land الله سبحانه وتعالى what did he say we gave it الله says we gave it life الله then says سبحانه وتعالى كذلك الخروج كذلك خروج به بلدة الله says we have a life we give life به بسبب الماء through the water بلدة ميتة a land that is what is made the description of that land is what is made death dead does it live الله then says الخروج كذلك and what the resurrection is like that the resurrection is like that we stop the adha and peace be upon our master Muhammad and peace be upon him وآخر دعوانا الحمد لله رب العالمين


The tactile momentary switch. It's the button backbone of PCB user interfaces. Available in a variety of form factors, tactile switches are probably most recognizable as the ever-present reset switch on a microcontroller board. But you probably don't realize how many of your devices actually use them, as they're often hidden behind a front panel. Tactile switches are convenient, but wiring them up can be confusing. Because it's easier to forget which pins are connected which way, was it these two are connected to each other? If you don't have a multimeter handy, just solder to posts at opposite corners. Those will always be disconnected until the switch is pressed. Easy.


Save 10% with my code BOBBY10 on raw, organic, grass-fed and grass-finished, freeze-dried organ meats from grassland nutrition. Link in the description box. All right guys, welcome back to the channel if you're new, my name is Bobby. Guys, this is the very first video that I'm recording during Ramadan. I'm not too sure when I will upload it, but this is the first time that I'm recording a video whilst not drinking water or having ingested any fluids prior to this, so I'm curious myself to see if I'm going to be able to record as many videos during Ramadan. May God guide us all, Ramadan Mubarak to everyone. Guys, today we're going to react to seven Russian states with a majority Muslim population by the amazing channel Muslim Convert Stories. Being a UFC fan myself, I of course know about Dagestan and Chechnya, two states within Russia that brought forth amazing fighters, such as Habib Nwagametov or Hamzat Shimaev. But which other states in Russia have a majority Muslim population? We're going to find out today with no further ado. Let's have a look. From its first steps in the region of Caucasus in the seventh century and fighting a war with the Turkics to becoming a superpower in the country and reigning over the lives of more than 10% of the population, Islam has come a long way in the Russian Federation. Currently, there are four mosques in Moscow, the capital of Russia, and over 8,000 praying centers established all over the country. Islam is the second largest religion in Russia and it is mainly comprised in seven states. Today, we'll be elaborating the story of the seven states. One, Ingushetia is a Russian Republic with a population of an estimated 330,000 of which 96% are Muslims. The state proclaimed Islam as its primary religion in the 19th century. Previously, the Ingush... And man, this is the beauty of Islam. I mean, notice it. Check this out. Policia. Here you can see a policeman praying with the common people. This is the beauty of Islam. Everybody prays together. It does not matter who you are. You could be a millionaire, a billionaire, a policeman, a politician.  Previously, the Ingush practiced Christianity and used to be pagans. Today, the state follows the Chechen preacher Kuntahaji and practices the Shafi'i school of thought with Sufism. Ingushetia has the largest population of Muslims in the Russian Federation and most of them dress similar to the Muslims in Indonesia and Malaysia. Mahmoud Ali Kalimatov heads the state of Ingushetia and is a practicing Muslim. Two, Chechnya. Of course. Chechnya is one of the largest Islamic states in Russia and was actually proclaimed as an Islamic Republic in 1997. Ramadan Kaderov, the head, has memorized the Holy Quran and continues to preside over the state as a hard-line protector of Muslim rights. Although the state's head has come under fire, I've seen him as well being involved in certain Sufi practices. Quite interesting to see. For regulating tough laws, the state itself is known for its diversity in food and scenic beauty. Chechen Muslims primarily follow the Shafi'i school of thought. Three, Cabardino-Balkaria. Cabardino-Balkaria is a federal subject of Russia and is best known for its scenic beauty. Cabardino is home to the highest mountain in Europe, Mount Elbrus, and a population of approximately 900,000, of which 70% are Muslims. The cabards and the bulkers of the region were among the last of the North Caucasian people to be converted to Islam and today they primarily follow Sunni Islam. The head of the Republic, Kazbek Kokov, oversees the legal and religious affairs. Four, Karachay-Cherkestia is a federal state of the North Caucasus region of Russia. It boasts a population of half a million people, of which 64% are Muslims. The state republic is one of the most religious regions in Russia and they have been known to spend their lives practicing spirituality. Until the 17th century, Karachays were primarily Orthodox Christians. Then the Crimean Tatars arrived and the Circassian Turks stayed until the mid-18th century. They were Muslims and their influence led the Karachays to accept Islam. Today, just 14% of Karachay-Cherkestia are Orthodox Christians. Their leader- It's a shame that he doesn't show the map as he did in the beginning. I would like to see where they are located. Ashid Temrezov has established many rules to balance the religious nature of the Karachays, but it's yet to be known whether he too is a practicing Muslim. Five, Bekortostan or Bashkiria is a large federal republic of Russia and it is located between the Ural Mountains and the Volga River. The beautiful nature is known to around 5 million people, of which 60% are Muslims. Okay, let me go with this. All right, so what's wrong? It's not close to Bulgaria. It is just the Volga River, which is way way bigger than I knew prior to this. So this year would be Bashkortostan around here and if we zoom out, this is where Europe is. So this is where Bulgaria is, Romania, Ukraine, Russia is so huge, man. Here is Moscow and Bashkortostan is around this area. When you go down, you see Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, etc. So this is in close proximity to the Muslim world. The beautiful nature is home to around 5 million people, of which 60% are Muslims. Islam was introduced in the region around the 10th century by the Volga Bulgars. A minority population of Russian Orthodox Christians also live in the Republic of Bashkortostan and they comprise around 17% of the total population. The native Muslim Bashkortostan is something very interesting as well because if you look at the Volga Bulgarians, they actually way closer to the Proto-Bulgarians than the Bulgarians in the Balkans nowadays. So this is something that we as Bulgarians, and yes, I do identify as a Bulgarian even though I come from Macedonia, have to keep in mind too that the Proto-Bulgarians ultimately became Muslim. Bashkirs primarily speak Turkic, influenced by their own history with the Turks. The Republic of Bashkiria is presided by Radil Khabirov and he has been known to respect Islam. Another large federal republic of Russia. It has a population of nearly 4 million people which mainly comprises Tatars and Bashkirs. Influenced heavily by the arrival of the Turks in the late 10th century, the region converted to Islam and followed the ways of the Turkic people. Around 55% of the population of Tatarstan is Muslim. The other half are Russian Orthodox Christians. Given the massive number of both religions, everyone has the freedom to practice their religion openly. There are Masjids on every corner of Tatarstan and beside them stands a church. The balance is beautiful. It's another example of course that Islam in Christianity can coexist. If you look into certain evangelicals, certain Islamophobes, they will tell you that if you establish Islam anywhere, Christianity will suffer or will be wiped out and this is simply false. Even if you look at Senegal where my wife comes from, 97% roughly are Muslim. So they have a population of roughly 3% Christians. What's up with them? Are they enslaved? Are they in shackles? No. They are co-existing peacefully of course. And the same applies to the Balkan. If you look at the Balkan, if the Ottoman Empire was so evil, so bad, how is it then that we still have Orthodox churches around? And moreover, if you look into the time of the Ottoman Empire, those Christian churches were able to practice however during the communist times, they were not. So if you look at communism or even modern-day liberalism, those ideologies are way worse of course to Christianity than Islam could ever be. Dagestan is one of the oldest Russian Republic with a Muslim majority. With a population of approximately 4 million, Dagestanis enjoy diversity to its fullest. There are multiple ethnicities in the region, all of whom speak different dialects, but are united under Islam. Dagestan is also known as a mountain of language and nationalities. Around 90% of the Republic of Dagestan follows Islam and the rest practice Orthodox Christianity. The famous mixed martial artist, Habib Nurmagomedov, hails from the public of Dagestan and is a devout Muslim. He has inspired millions around the world with his kind attitude, gentle manners and respect. This concludes our story of the seven Islamic states of Russia. Muslims recognize only 10% of the population of Russia, but their influence is larger than any other religion in the country. From the heads of the states to the citizens of the republics, everyone makes sure to practice Islam thoroughly and inspire others to do so as well. There aren't many converts to Islam and most of the Muslims are natives to the federal states. This is primarily because rejecting state orthodox still isn't met well in the country. Converts to Islam are shunned or forced to exile to different countries. However, Islam continues to grow in Russia given the high birth rate and with the will of Allah, Muslims may see a better future in the country. May Allah Almighty safeguard the Muslims in Russia, bless them with mercy and keep them steadfast on their iman. Amen. Curious of course to see how we've seen a rise in the UFC ranks by Russian Muslim fighters even so far then we have a champion which first name is Islam. And throughout the video it was mentioned as well that certain Caucasian people, white Europeans ultimately were the last ones to revert to Islam. And by seeing this rise in the UFC ranks, seeing this representation of white Islam if you will, this of course can be a beautiful motivation to the white Europeans to see that hey Islam is not only for Arabs, for Pakistanis, for Turks, for Albanians and what not. No Islam is universal and as it says in the Quran it came for all of mankind. Alright guys, that's it for today's video. If you liked it, leave it a thumbs up. If you haven't subscribed already guys, please do so and if you want to support this channel by Patreon, all the links are in the description box below. Thank you so much for your ongoing support guys, as always may God bless you all, much love and peace.


All right, so up next, we have my Jordan, CEO of Legion, or LCDO for France. So Legion is the company which is basically responsible for being an asterisk. And we should probably all know.  All right, so are we? Yeah. All right, cool. So as I was mentioning, when I proposed this talk for Fosdom, I thought it would take, I could probably fit it into a 30, 45 minute sort of talk, and then I saw it at 20 minutes. So for the most part, I'm going to be trying to give you an impression of techniques today to build a large SIP infrastructure using asterisk in a horizontally scalable fashion, also with other useful tools like Camaleo. And the way I approach things is this is a much longer version of the talk name, which is that I would like to build a large SIP infrastructure using open source tools, but I'm going to emphasize the ability to go hire people who can build services around these tools. And so a large number of things that we're going to be doing is trying to try to simplify asterisk, Camaleo, and the monolithic open source projects in this infrastructure so that I can have other developers come in and build services around them to come help them out and orchestrate them. And in particular, I'm going to try to hire not just C developers, despite the fact that asterisk is written in C. So couple of overarching philosophy goals that I have when I'm trying to build a SIP infrastructure. I want to be able to scale out first. And then worry about scaling up. There's a lot of optimizations that you can do later on in order to improve the performance of individual components. But in particular, I want to be able to spin up new servers because that's just going to allow me to scale faster or easier. I want to have reasonable redundancy as much as humanly possible. I'm not going to stress about being redundant, where it's extremely challenging. We can always come in and improve redundancy in places. But in general, I want to be able to have backups for everything. I want to treat my applications like they're cattle, not pets. If nobody's ever heard this phrase before, when your server dies, it should be like you treat it like your cow died. You have hamburgers. You don't treat it like your pet died, and you have a service for it or a funeral. In particular, I want to actually minimize the necessity of requiring specialized monolith knowledge. This may come as a shock to everybody in the room, but the world is not overflowing with real-time communication developers. We're kind of a rare breed. There's not that many people who know the inner workings of Camalio and Asterisk. And while you can teach people these things, it's much easier to find JavaScript or Python or Perl developers and teach them the basics of real-time communication rather than just requiring right off the bat that you are only going to hire developers like this. Good try. So this is sort of how I view the strengths and weaknesses of the various players that I'm going to build my infrastructure out of. And apologies to all of the Camalio and Asterisk people, including myself in the room, because I give us some meh marks in some places. Camalio scalability, fantastic, right? Scales wonderfully. It's API, it's OK, but it's kind of a solid meh in some places on that. And it requires a lot of specialized knowledge. Asterisk, scalability, kind of a solid meh. Scale's OK, but not that great. And pretty quickly, you need a lot of them. API, we've done a lot of work over the past couple of years to give ourselves a better API for building communications applications. It's one of the biggest areas that we've focused on development in. Required knowledge, though, need a lot of required knowledge in order to be able to build Asterisk applications or to be able to run Asterisk. On the other hand, if I'm building my own services, I'm putting all the burden on to my developers. They scale as well as my developers are able to build things. If they have APIs, it's however good I'm at writing APIs. And generally, I can find people out there who can go build these things. So from a very high level, I want to build an architecture or a system that looks something like this. I have a pool of Camaleos that are performing my registration. They're acting as my registrar. And they're doing the routing to my Astra servers that are acting as my media application servers. I may have another pool of Camaleos that are acting as my proxies to go out to my providers. I have another pool of servers that I'm writing that my developers are writing that are handling all of the application logic. And that is sitting outside of my Asterisk instances. So I'm going to keep my Asterisk instances as simple as humanly possible. They should have a very simple dial plan. And I'm going to push most of the burden of what happens in the call off to the application servers. So we're going to refer back to this a couple of times as we go along. So there's sort of four problems we're going to kind of talk about. And the thing I want to remind everybody is that there's no right answer when you solve these problems. There are absolutely wrong answers, right? You can make bad decisions, but when you make a decision, you're usually just choosing a path that's going to force you to make some trade-offs elsewhere. So we're just going to kind of do some pros and cons on different options in terms of solving these things. So how do phones find each other? How do I handle the SIP registrations? My first goal, I want to use Camaleo for this. It scales better. It handles sharing registration between Camaleo instances in a cluster really well. And Astrus doesn't do either one of those jobs well at all. So I want to get my Camaleo instances to act as the registrar. The other thing I don't want to do, I don't want to send SIP registrations to the Astrus instances because I'm either going to start storing phone location on specific Astrus instances, which is really bad because then they die, and then I have to have a funeral for it because it was a pet. And I stored phone location on it. I don't want to do that. I don't want to send all SIP registrations to all Astrus instances because that doesn't scale well. And when I'm at 500,000 subscribers, I don't want to have 500,000 registrations on every single Astrus instance. It's not a good idea. So how might I go about doing this? Well, in Camaleo, this is a very easy problem. This is a very well-known problem to go solve. Use the location module. If I have a couple of instances of Camaleo in my cluster, I can fork the register requests to the other Camaleo instances. And they can be smart enough to go, oh, I'm just updating my in-memory information. So they're keeping track of all the registrations. In Astrus, I've kind of got two different approaches that I could do. One is that I could create a view on the Camaleo database and look up the location information by the address of record, which is in the PJ SIP stack. We call it dialing by AOR. The second option is I can build what we like to call sidecar services. And these are little tiny microservices that you stand up that expose some information in Camaleo off to Astrus in a way that it can more easily consume, in which case I'm going to be dialing by URI. So if I did with the database route, I would create a view on the Camaleo database that exposed the parts of the location table using the same schema that Astrus needs to consume for its AOR object. And then the rest of the Astrus instances would be looking at their own Astrus database for the rest of the objects. Generally in Astrus, all you're doing for doing that is you're going to take the PSAORs object, map it off to the Camaleo database, such that it actually looks at the PSAORs view that you've constructed there.  And when you do that, Astrus is going to go off to the Camaleo database and look up the registered URI that's actually been stored in that view. So I can dial just like I've always been doing it, but I can use Camaleo as the registrar and get the location information from it. The downside of this is this is kind of non-intuitive when you're maintaining a system because now my Astrus instances have a database connection off to a database that it's not really their database. And I had to create a view on it and I had to understand the schema mappings and things. And that can cause some cognitive overload on people when you're trying to maintain things. Another option is we create the sidecar.  And then I go ahead and use that in order to actually get the contact when I go do my dialing. This works great when you're actually doing all the dialing not in the dial plan and you're doing inside of applications that are written on top of asterisk. And you just dial by URI where you create a dial string that's pjsip slash the name of the endpoint slash and then the URI that's their location. And that will actually go ahead and dial to that URI. And if you set up the outbound proxy it'll funnel it out through your Camaleo proxies. The downside of doing this in particular case though is that it's a little bit tricky to do this from the dial plan because you have to go probably use the curl module in order to go get that location. So I wouldn't really recommend it if you're doing in the dial plan, but we're not anyways. We want to build our applications outside in the services that are actually built on top of asterisk in that original diagram. Okay, so very high overview of registration. So let's talk about routing and distribution. How do we get the SIP invite requests to the right media application server? Initially you might think of, well, let's just tie a customer domain to an asterisk instance, right? We're gonna say this asterisk instance is for this customer. On the pro side, that's pretty easy. You put a little bit of routing information in your Camaleos and suddenly you're getting calls on top of specific asterisk instances. The downside is that doesn't scale and it's very inefficient. So let's not do that. Instead, let's just go ahead and round robin and use the Camaleo dispatcher and we'll just start sending all calls to all asterisk instances. That's great, it's very efficient, makes use of resources, it's tolerant to failure. On the downside, we're gonna push all the burden on to asterisk and our application media servers in order to figure out what to do with the calls. So we're gonna make our application people work a lot harder, but that's actually probably the right thing to do if we're gonna go be horizontally scalable. So let's go into the hard problem then. How do we build applications on top of this kind of infrastructure? Because we now have calls that are just showing up to any random asterisk instance and we have to go ahead and figure out what to do with those calls and at the same time, I want to be able to have as many developers as possible building communications applications so that I can get more features to my customers faster. Okay, so there's a couple different things we have to figure out. We can't let any customer information live or be owned by asterisk, that's the first step, okay? So there's usually roughly three things that means we have to not store on the asterisk instance. We can't store endpoints or any specific information on those particular instances. We can't store prompts on the asterisk instances because I can't put every single customer prompt on every single asterisk instance. I can't store my recordings on the asterisk instance. They can record it there, but then I've gotta get that recording off there as fast as possible because the next person who wants to play back that recording may be on a completely different asterisk instance. I may also need to be able to move channels around to other asterisk instances when I realize that I have a call that has ended up in the wrong place. So there are times, for example, if I'm building a conferencing server and Kamaliu's round robin dispatching calls out to all the asterisk instances, I may have to shuffle those channels around to get them all onto the exact same asterisk server for that particular application. The only way you can do this, keep the dial plan simple.  Your dial plan needs to be as small as humanly possible. You're not gonna scale a complex dial plan if you, because you can't keep editing it every time you add a new customer. And what's more, you're gonna find the cognitive overload of trying to maintain a complex dial plan will quickly overwhelm you. In one of the systems that we've built like this, our dial plan is six lines, total. Two contexts, three, one, two catchalls in each one. We have two different contexts depending on which pool of Kamaliu proxies they come from. And then we immediately just shove it out to our application servers at that point. Okay, so I need to actually get my, how do I connect my asterisk instances off to my application servers? The first phase that we went with, we decided to just use AGI as a dispatcher. There was a lot of nice things about this because it's relatively simple to get going with it. You can use the HAGI protocol, which actually will then go ahead and do a DNS lookup for a specific type of DNS entry. And we'll then round robin your AGI connections across your application servers. So it's really easy to get going. We can just use AGI to get the calls off into our application servers. And then our application servers can start doing fancy things with ARI selectively as they need to. The downside of this is that you need special DNS entries in order to really make this work. And when you're trying to bring up Aster servers quickly, that means you've got to go update DNS and do some other annoying things. But it works fairly well. A second phase, which is one that we've been thinking about moving to in which a number of other people in the Asterisk community have actually already done some interesting work on, is to go full in with ARI. Use the ARI protocol for the whole thing and you build essentially a fat proxy middleware layer that actually handles the decoupling of Asterisk instances from the application servers themselves. The great thing is that when you pull this off, you're fully decoupled, at which point you can scale your Asterisk servers however much you need to, and you can scale your application servers however much you need to, and whatever the load demands on each, you can keep spinning them up as you need to do. The downside of that is, is you are in for some decent amount of custom development work. If you're interested in that, there's actually something called the Go ARI proxy that a number of people in the community actually have worked on that is working along this path and it's up on GitHub. When you do that, assume you go in whole hog and you decide I want to completely decouple these things, rather than actually having AGI connections going off to the application servers being round robin, you essentially build out of your own message bus and queue. And you're terminating the Asterisk events coming off the web sockets and you push them off onto the message bus and queue and then that message bus queue is responsible for dispatching them off to the particular application server. One of the things that's interesting about this unlike sort of just a generic rabbit and queue, you have to build some sort of concept of the application servers achieving ownership of the channel so that once an application server says, hey, I actually am servicing this channel, it owns that and all the rest of the events start getting dispatched off to that particular application server. All right, so one of the other things we've got to deal with, we have to not put endpoints or specific customer endpoints on specific Asterisk instances. The easiest way to deal with that is just simply to use real time. You map the PJ SIP objects to a real time backend. Please, for the love of God, do use a cache if you do this so that you don't try to pull down 500,000 subscribers when Asterisk naively tries to find out how many different endpoints are out there. And the cache, we actually have just added recently a number of commands to even let you go ahead and prune and clean up the cache manually if you ever decide and you need to go to that level of granularity. Prompts, how do you handle prompts? Have your developers create a small rest service that exposes custom sound files for customers and store the media in S3 or some other blob object storage front-ended by the REST API. Asterisk in Asterisk 14 has the ability to do remote URI playback to playback that media. And so if you issue a playback command using any of the dial plan applications or AGI or through ARI, it will actually pull that media down locally, cache it for some period of time and then play that back for the customer so that you don't actually have to keep pushing specific customer prompts onto specific Asterisk instances. How do you handle recordings? Use ARI whenever possible to manipulate the recordings. What ARI gives you when it's done recording is a stored recording object and that stored recording object exposes rest routes to allow you to pull the binary stream of media off directly from the Asterisk instance. That means you don't have to set up little weird FTP servers or other kinds of hacky things on the Asterisk instances in order to get at the media. When you're done with the recording, pull that media off, store it in another service so that if Asterisk needs it again later, it can do a remote URI playback of the media that was previously recorded on some other Asterisk instance. Last but not least, sometimes you end up in these weird situations in which you've got to move calls around and get them co-located on Asterisk instances. This typically happens in multi-party conferences, call queues, or other really complex applications. Rather than trying to complicate Camaleo by shoving application logic into the Camaleo dial plan, we found we just like to just move the channel. And so if it ends up in the wrong state and the application goes, oh crap, you're supposed to be in this conference, we just do a redirect, which is either gonna issue a 302 or refer and shove it over to the correct Asterisk instance. The trick there is when you do that, the only information the Asterisk instance is gonna have is the request URI that says, I've got this channel, where was it supposed to go? And so we typically embed a little stateful token in the front of the request URI that says, hey, this guy's supposed to be in this conference over here. So when he shows up, don't do the normal, hey, what's this new channel that showed up? Just go ahead and shove them directly into the conference. All right, last general problem we're gonna tackle today. Subscriptions, how do we make blinky lights flash? Again, please don't shove all the subscribers across all Asterisk instances, you're going to probably overload it. Use Camalio, it's really great as a subscription server. Do this for the exact same reason that you use Camalio as a registrar. One of the nice things in Asterisk 14 is we now have the ability to generate state notifications and publish them directly to the Camalio pool. Camalio will then send your notify requests off to the subscribed user agents. Again, handling this in Camalio is dead simple and is one of the standard things that Camalio does, which is great, not a whole lot of work. In Asterisk land, we use a concept called auto hints and auto hints will automatically generate the extension state hints intelligently whenever a device state changes. So rather than having to actually code in all my device state hints into the Asterisk dial plan it will just automatically generate them for you and then you can configure Asterisk to go ahead and publish every time an extension state change happens directly to the Camalio cluster. So I don't, if I have Alice acting on one Astra server as soon as Alice picks up the phone and starts dialing somebody, a hint will automatically be generated for Alice on that Astra server when that channel is there. It will publish it to the Camalio cluster and anybody who subscribed for Alice's state will just automatically get it. And I don't have to do a whole lot of special custom hint work. Okay, that was lightning fast and a whole lot of information. And I apologize. So by the way, the slides are actually already up on the Fosdum site. I already uploaded them to Penta Barf and I put a whole bunch of links onto where the documentation is for a lot of the features that I just rambled off here today. So by all means, go check out the slides and all of the features that I talk about should be documented on the Wiki because I actually had to go refer to it as well to remember how to do some of these things. We've got time for one question. So I have a question about the AGI AI interface where you said the AI layer, you can build a fast proxy in between the asterisk and application layer. Did you consider using service discovery that also exposes like the console that exposes DNS and HTTP and not have to build that intermediate cooling layer? So actually what we've actually looked at console for a number of other things as well. I think one of the problems I glossed over and didn't really talk about at all either is how when you're bringing up a new asterisk instance, how does Camalio know and trust that this thing actually is supposed to be in my private network? So console is actually a really interesting application because I think it can play a large role in a whole lot of that service discovery, authentication, authorization, what are you allowed to do? When we looked at it, I don't think the Go AI Proxy is using it and we aren't using it today for that purpose but it absolutely would fit. So there's certainly a good idea to look into that. All right. Thank you.


So there's a very interesting note that caught my attention, especially because I wanted to do something similar when I was using Game Maker, and it was not possible. And that note is the video player.  If you want to add something like that, it's very nice to, you know, create just a scene with the video. I have one here prepared. It's just a placeholder. But yeah, let's go ahead and use this note. If you see here in stream, this is the actual video that you want to open. You can only open a few kinds of videos here. Here you have like, OGV and WebM are the ones that, you know, are supported. I have just this WebM. There are a lot of converters online or even, you know, offline that you can use if you have a video on it before and you want to get it to WebM to being able to open it here. But yeah, let's go and add it. Okay, so we have our note now. And what I'm going to do is I'm going to do the layout to full rect as before. And now let's see, let's press on autoplay because we wanted to play automatically when I run the project. Let's see, let's save this as intro. And here we have it. Here we have the video. And the problem I see here is that it's stretching in a weird way. But that's more related with how Godot will use this. And also if you notice the video stopped playing because the loop is very short. So one thing you can do is to create the script on your video and use the signal finished to do something when the video finished. So what I will want to do just for this example is I want to play it again. So when the video is over, I want it to play again so it loops.  Let's try it out again. And we see the video which should loop. Yeah, there it is. Okay. So I have the video now and I, you know, if you want to keep the proportions, you can do that from the project settings window. And here in mode instead of disable, you can do viewport and aspect you want to do keep. So it will keep the aspect.  You can even do a video player with this. There's not a lot of options. If we go to the documentation, you see that there's not like, you get this dream position, but it doesn't give you a lot of information on the video. So you have to code a lot of that yourself. But, you know, it's very nice to have something like this. Especially because, you know, this in other engines would be so complicated to create. Now I'm going to try something that I wanted always to do. Maybe, you know, if we add something on top of this, let's see, let's add just a button here. And let's say Godot is cool. Okay, can I see it on top of that? Yeah, so even if you want to create a menu with a background loop, you can do so. And I think it's very, very cool. I think it's a very good feature and a very simple mode to know. I downloaded this video from a website, which is called cover.co. They are not paying me or anything. It's just a website that you can use for downloading videos. They are free to use. So yeah, you have a lot of options. So if you're looking for something, it's a very good resource to have. So yeah, sorry for the short video this week. I've been doing a lot of work and I'm looking forward to the weekend. So I can record something better for you guys. Thank you very much for your support. I really want to thank my new Patreon mic king. Thank you so much for your support. And yeah, if you want to help me making more videos, you know what to do. Thank you very much and see you next time.


Good afternoon and welcome to Condo Insider. This is the weekly show on condominium living. And we deal with topics that affect people who live, work, and manage condominiums. And today our guests are from the Legal Aid Society of Hawaii. And I want to welcome, we have three people. We are really lucky today. We have three people. We have Sergio Alcubilla. He is the Director of External Relations for the Legal Aid Society. And we have Dan O'Meara, who is managing attorney for the Consumer Protection Unit. And we have Madonna Castro Perez, who is a civil rights advocate. Thank you and welcome to our show today. Thank you for having us. Okay, now first let's go to Sergio. Sergio, you're going to tell us what the Legal Aid Society is and what it does and how, why our audience should be interested in the Legal Aid Society of Hawaii. Again, thank you for having us. And I think definitely, I think the why is important. Why we do the work that we do. And it goes back to our vision of building a just society. I mean, we believe in helping the most vulnerable in our community with their legal issues. Those could be helping victims of domestic violence get out of an abusive relationship, helping our homeless get off the streets, helping our families stay in safe and stable homes. Our staff, we have about a staff of 111 offices statewide. We believe that fairness and justice for all shouldn't just be for those that can afford it. That's the why part. Exactly what we do, so we're the oldest nonprofit legal service provider in the state. We're a public interest law firm. We have 11 offices statewide, offices on every major island. So what we do is we help people with their civil legal problems. It can be in areas of family law, public benefits, immigration, housing, consumer issues. So it can be anything from brief services to all the way to full representation. And brief services that can be, when people call or intake hotline, we provide legal advice over the telephone. Or it could be helping them fill out paperwork and court forms. And it could be all the way if they need full representation, if it's something that they need someone to advocate for them on their behalf. And finally, we help people access legal resources. We understand we get about 20,000 calls every year and we can't help every single person. As much as we would want to, we just don't have the resources to do that. And so we help people access the legal resources that they need so they can educate themselves.  So that could be online forms, legal information videos or any other technology pieces that we can use that can help people understand their rights. And Dan, today we're going to be talking about fair housing issues. And that's where you might have some relevance. Sure. With our fair housing group, we are the only entity in Hawaii that has received funds from HUD to a fair housing enforcement program. What we do is we offer intake services for people who have discrimination concerns. And what differentiates the fair housing from some of the other services provided by legal aid is that you do not have to be income qualified. So regardless of your income, if you have a fair housing discrimination case, we can address that issue for you. So that means if a condo owner has, if they think they've got a fair housing claim, they can come to legal aid and you guys can help them. And we help them at no cost. There's no cost for legal fees, which is a big deal. For anybody, whether you can afford it or not, it's good to have an advocate behind you who's one of the few practices in the state that actually represents people who have been discriminated against in fair housing. It's not a widely practiced area of law in Hawaii. So we have funding for that program. We have attorneys who handle those cases. We have paralegals who handle it. We deal with HUD directly. We deal with the Hawaii Civil Rights Commission directly. We file complaints. We can go to court, state court or federal court. We also can offer... One of the things our funding allows us to do is education. So we're able to provide education and training for free again to people who need it. We've done it for housing providers such as real estate companies. We can do it for ALO management companies. We can do it for ALO boards. Frankly, we can do it for attorneys. We can educate whomever is out there who wants to be a little more tuned into fair housing because there's a lot of hot button issues in fair housing. And it's a benefit to provide free training for that across the state. Why would you just mention... Give us a list of some of the issues that fair housing affects. Well, we have...  So there's state protected classes and federal protected classes. And so what you have is... You have race, color, national origin, religion, sex, disability and familial status. Which means if you have kids, they can't not provide you housing because you have kids.  They can't do that. And in Hawaii, they protect your marital status. So if you're single or not single, they can't discriminate on that basis.  So it can take a lot of different forms. I mean, disabilities includes a lot of things that you probably are... People are familiar with sort of a hot button issue with comfort animal and service animals. Those come under disabilities. And then you have people who have wheelchair and access issues to their unit. So it's a whole broad range of things. And we also... It's prior to where we have a large Micronesian population. We've found that they have challenges as a community with some of the issues of housing and how they deal with culturally, how they perceive housing and how they perceive paying rent and how they perceive what you're supposed to do. And so there's ways that if they don't speak the language, they should be able to have interpreters. So there's a whole range of fair housing issues that come up all the time. And you mentioned training. Why would it be important to train like association staff members? I mean, because usually it's the board who makes these decisions. And I mean, why is it important that the association staff be trained? Because they all can be liable. So it's not just the board, it's the people who...the providers. That can be your person who answers the phone. It can be your custodian. It can be your grounds crew, depending on how they're treating people. And the part of the importance... I mean, the real...the simple importance is you can be liable for money. You can be liable for damages. So somebody acting on behalf of the board or through the board or through the management company can put that association at risk for monetary damages and other actions, civil rights complaint basically. And so it crosses the board. And so the more people who are aware of it, the better. And that's why we're pleased to be able to take those opportunities. We probably don't have as many people seek it as we would like, but we're happy when it comes up. And your office does do the training. And what do you do? You teach them about the law and some of the do's and don'ts and things to look out for me? What exactly? We give them examples. We show them the types of things, the pitfalls. Some of the things they need to be aware of. Some of the items to be sensitive to that we've seen come up. And so we go through examples. We take questions. And there's a lot of people who have a lot of questions. Once they start hearing about something, they always will come up with a question on this or that. The comfort animal thing, almost any time you go to some place, you're going to get questions on that. Or disabilities or language access. You get questions on those all the time. And so we provide some basic information so that they can avoid putting themselves in their condo association or their management company or their employees at risk of discrimination. And when you talk about at risk, what is their exposure? What kind of exposure do the associations and the management companies have if they violate fair housing? The typical scenario, it can go all the way up to going to federal court with a lawsuit where they're subject to damages which can, some fair housing claims have been, you know, $10,000, some have been six-figure, seven-figure awards. And then you also have, with the Civil Rights Commission, typically what happens is there's an investigation process which is, they don't enjoy it when they're being investigated. It's not a pleasant thing. It takes away from their daily activities to be investigated. And they can be subject to taking affirmative relief so they might have to be forced to go to training. They might have to implement policies. They might have to change their bylaws. They might have to change their covenants if they've got improper procedures, along with money. I mean, we've settled things for, you know, we've had comfort animal cases settled for over $75,000. Wow. Well, you know, we have a video that we're going to be showing that was developed for your program, right? We're going to cut to the video. And after the video, we're going to take a one-minute break and then we're going to come back and talk about that video. Okay, so let's look at this video, the 10 things not to do. If you've chosen the apartment industry for your career, chances are you know a lot about fair housing laws. But why are discrimination lawsuits so common? And what can you do to make sure you're never involved in one? You're probably very familiar with the seven protected classes defined by the Fair Housing Act. You know, race, religion, nationality, color, sex, familial status, and disability status. Chances are good that your state or city has even more protected classes than the federal government. Did you know in Washington, DC, it's illegal to treat people differently because of their political affiliation? It's true. If you don't know the additional protected classes in your area, find out. In fair housing terms, discrimination means treating someone differently because of their membership in a protected class. And it's against the law. Most multifamily professionals don't intentionally discriminate, but fair housing lawsuits happen, in many cases because people make mistakes. So let's run through Grace Hill's top 10 fair housing mistakes so you can make sure these missteps never happen in your community. Ready? Let's count them down. Number 10. Forbidding kids from doing things like saying children may not ride bikes on the sidewalk. Your rules can't be different for kids or people with kids. They're part of a protected class, familial status. Instead, say no bicycle riding on the sidewalk. Number 9. Asking a prospective resident how many children do you have? This may seem like a polite conversation starter, but you don't want your customer to think you're treating them differently just because of their family size. Number 8. Not realizing your state or city has protected classes in addition to the 7 in the Fair Housing Act. You've got to do your research on this one. The HUD website is a great place to start. Number 7. Not keeping good records about your leasing tours. Document everything, including the apartments you showed and the rental rates you offered. Number 6. Denying a rental application because you had a bad feeling about a customer. That's totally not okay. Stick to your community's qualification guidelines. Number 5. Refusing to create a reserved parking spot for a resident with a disability because you have plenty of handicapped parking already. It's always wise to meet a resident's accommodation request if you can. Involve your supervisor before saying no. Number 4. Telling a resident they can't have a service animal because you don't accept pets. Listen closely because this is important. A service animal is not a pet. You are required by law to allow them, whether it's a dog, a monkey, or even a miniature pony. Number 3. Not realizing that hoarding isn't just the stuff of reality TV shows, it's a disability. Proceed with caution if you discover a resident is hoarding. Talk with your boss at once. Number 2. Letting your maintenance team complete service requests in any order they like. To avoid any appearance of preferential treatment, establish a response system and stick to it. And the number one fair housing mistake is failing to train everyone who interacts with customers on fair housing requirements. And we mean everyone. Leasing, management, maintenance. If they talk to the public, they need to be trained. Don't let these fair housing mistakes happen to you or your coworkers. Learn more online. And remember, it's hip to be fair. Hi, I'm Ethan Allen, and I'm the host of Likeable Science on Think Tech Hawaii. I hope you'll join me every Friday at 2 p.m. to discover what is likeable about science. We bring on scientists of all ilk, astronomers, physicists, chemists, biologists, ecologists, and they talk about their work, and more importantly they talk about why you should talk about their work, why you should think about their work, why you should like their work. I help them bring out why their work is understandable, why it's meaningful, why they care about it, why people should support science. We have a good time. We talk about current events of interest. We talk about historical events sometimes. We dig deep into their research, why they do, what the joys and delights and frustrations of their work are. And in all, we show a real world of science, a real world of likeable science. I hope you'll join us every Friday at 2 p.m. Okay, welcome back. We're here with Dan O'Meara and Madonna Kasha Perez of the Legal Aid Society of Hawaii, and we're discussing the Top 10 Fair Housing Mistakes. We just saw the video, and it talked about 10. I'm only going to highlight some of the ones that I think our listeners will be most interested in, and I think the one I know I hear a lot about is service animals. Okay, we have a lot of condos that have no pet rules. And the buildings have adopted these rules for a reason, and a lot of these buildings started off to have pets. And because there were abuses, people didn't take care of their pets and irritated a bunch of people. So they passed bylaw amendments, and so there were no pets. I know in my building, I think our no pet bylaw amendment happened in 1986 or something like that, but a lot of buildings have them, okay? So under fair housing, it's considered discrimination, right? If somebody has a disability and needs a service animal, and the building has no pets policy, you have to allow that service animal in the building. Well, I just want to point out that there's a difference between an assistance animal and service animal. Okay. So the American Disability Act has a different definition of what a service animal is. So in terms of fair housing, under the law, they describe it as assistance animal, which is a very broad term to encompass... It's broader than service animal. Yeah, so service animals, assistance animals also include service animals. It also includes emotional support animals and comfort animals. Basically, any animal that is basically there to work to perform a task to help alleviate or mitigate symptoms of one's disability. And so what kind of animals would qualify for an assistance animal or a service animal? Any kind of animal that doesn't pose a health and safety threat to the condo or through the housing complex, with, however, in Hawaii, I know there are laws that prohibit snakes, so obviously a snake is not a reasonable animal to have as an assistance animal, but in generally speaking, any kind of animal that is there to perform the task of relieving or mitigating someone's symptoms of their disability. And one part that helps clarify it, I think that people... It's a misunderstanding is pets. People say there's no pets. Well, service animals, assistance animals aren't deemed pets. So people are used to saying, we can't have pets. We have no pet policy, which is fine. But service animals and assistance animals aren't really defined as pets. They're treated as a separate category. So that's part of the way the verbiage makes it confusing for people who are used to saying that we have a no pet policy. And I think with a lot of condominium people and what I'm hearing is they feel that there are certain homeowners or residents who apply for an accommodation that they are abusing the policy for the people who really need these assistance animals or whatever. So there is a feeling out there that there is an abuse and people are taking advantage of it. Like in one instance, somebody told me about a comfort chicken. And it's like, well, you have to kind of keep a straight face because you don't want to make light of this because it's a very serious issue. But I'm saying that there are people in the industry who feel that there is abuse. So let's say somebody wants an accommodation. Can the association ask that person to provide a doctor's letter or some verification from somebody to say that they really need this assistance animal? If the disability is not apparent, so most mental disabilities are not apparent. So the housing provider doesn't know whether or not that individual needs an assistance animal. So if that's the case where the disability is not apparent, then it's okay to ask the person requesting an accommodation to have a letter from a medical provider. It could be a social worker, it could be a psychiatrist, a psychologist, a treating medical professional that's worked with the person and who recommended that individual to have an assistance animal. Does it make a difference what type of medical profession it is because I heard of a situation where a dentist wrote the letter and I think an association questioned that and said, you need to get it from somebody else other than a dentist because the disability did not affect the mouth or the oral, it wasn't anything to do with the teeth. So they basically said, we can't accept this, you need to go and bring us a letter from a doctor or a psychiatrist or some other, but not a dentist. Is that a violation of fair housing? Well, it's preferably a medical provider that's treating that person or that person to have that specific assistance animal. The main thing that condo associations have to do or housing providers they have to do is go through the interactive process. So you can't just flat out deny this accommodation request. You have to go through steps to make sure that person is being accommodated. So I know there's some times in which the board doesn't meet for a while, so what the board could do is they could grant a temporary approval until the next board meeting. So that's the case. It's usually, I recommend for the association to have their attorney look over to documents and say, okay, this is questionable. I think, yes, maybe we should have another verification form. Perhaps they could talk to their psychologist or whoever's treating them for that specific symptom in which they need that accommodation. So a delay could be considered a violation. And so what if a board only meets quarterly? Yeah, undue delay. You have to engage in a process. You can't just sort of sit on these things. So somebody might have a legitimate need for something sooner than three months. So the board or the management company has to figure out some way to address things that come up in between board meetings. Right. And one of the things you should know about our fair housing program is we take it seriously because we know the concerns you're raising are concerns. There's a sense of scam-ness to some of it. So we have our own threshold. We want to make sure these are not happening. We aren't looking for people who have gotten something off the internet from Texas. And then they come here and say, well, I got this certification from Texas and they gave me a vest for my dog. Well, we want to go a little step further than that. We want to be able to talk to whoever the provider is. We want to seek authorization to talk to whoever is giving the opinion so that we can kind of make a threshold legitimacy thing. And it's reasonable because there is a lot of, like you say, there's a lot of noise around this topic. Right. Well, there are some condos who have rules about the size of the animals that you could have. Like they may have a 25-pound rule. And some condos have rules about no-pit bulls because they feel that they're dangerous, like a German Shepherd or a Rod Weiler. And the reason for limiting different breeds would be, well, we consider them dangerous.  Okay. So there's two separate questions in your question that I see. So the one question that you had is, are there any breed and size restrictions for an assistance animal under the Fair Housing Act? The answer is no. There are no breed and size restrictions for an assistance animal. And that's because assistance animals are not pets. So when someone is making an accommodation request to have an assistance animal in their unit, it's usually because they're asking for a waiver on the no-pet policy because the assistance animal is not a pet. And so the other thing that you asked is like, okay, so what if this dog has a history of biting people? Then automatically you can deny that because it is a safety concern. It's a safety concern that dog has a history of biting other residents. And so I can see how it could be okay for the association to deny that accommodation. Okay, and you know what typically happens is when it's, you know, with service animals, service animals have been trained and so they're like different from the so-called assistance animals. The assistance animals don't have the training into not bark or you know, whatever. And what the association usually do is when they grant the accommodation, the board has granted your accommodation. But please be aware that if your animal becomes a nuisance under, you know, to the other residents in the building that you may have to, you know, the animal may have to leave. In other words, if it barks and there's lots of complaints about barking that you cannot control the dog or if it bites or attacks somebody. And you know, at some point the association is going to say the animal has to leave because now it's a safety concern or it's interfering with somebody else's use of the building. Is that okay under fair housing? Those types of rules? Okay, so in general, the condo associations have house rules that have quiet hours or if they say there is extreme disturbances after a certain hour. I can see how the property manager would issue violation notices saying your dog was barking incessantly after 2 a.m. or right after you leave from work the dog was barking like constantly. So in that sense, like, it's not posing like a direct threat in a sense because it's in the unit and it's just barking. The association can engage in an interactive process and say, hey, your dog's barking all the time. Maybe you can put a muzzle on it. Like maybe you can do something about it. But if the tenant isn't complying if the tenant's still violating the house rules no matter how much warning you've sent them so that would be a case in which, okay, you should talk to the private attorney and see, okay, we tried our best. We tried to engage in an interactive process. We tried to negotiate them and nothing's happened. So in that case, I would recommend talking to your private attorney. And right now we're kind of running out of time so this means you have to come back. Okay, so can you come back? Because this is, I mean, this is a topic. I still have a lot more questions to ask. So will you guys come back in the future for another show, a continuation? Part two? Part two, sure. Yeah? Sure. Okay, well thank you. And thank you all for joining us today. And so this, we've had the Legal Aid Society of Hawaii here answering some questions about fair housing. And thank you for joining us and join us again next week every Thursday at 3 o'clock. And see you then, aloha.


Cucurbits are an important family of vegetables, and until recently, there have been few genetic and genomic resources available for cucumber breeding. This has hindered progress in cucumber breeding efforts. However, recent advances in genomics have allowed us to develop a large number of micro-satellite markers, or short-tandemly repeated DNA sequences, which are highly polymorphic and can be used as genetic markers. These markers are often preferred because they are highly informative and can be used to identify genetic relationships among different cucumber varieties. Additionally, micro-satellites are also useful for tracking the evolutionary history of cucumber species. We have surveyed and characterized the distribution and frequency of perfect micro-satellites in 203 megabase pairs of the GY14 cucumber genome sequence, representing 55% of its nuclear genome, and in cucumber-expressed sequence tag, ESD, sequences. We also compared our findings with those of seven other plant species. Our analysis revealed that cucumber has a high density of micro-satellites, with trinucleotides being the most frequent repeat motif. This article was authored by Simon-Philip W, Young-Lumming, Sennelik-Wlessay, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.