Pressing a button at Washington, President Roosevelt stopped the construction of the 75 million dollar San Francisco Oakland Bridge in California, providing work for thousands of men. It is an honor to initiate the construction of the greatest bridge ever built, the largest construction job undertaken in the United States this year, the bridge between San Francisco and Oakland because it brings additional employment to thousands of men and women who are getting the material ready and to another six or seven thousand more people who will work directly on the job of construction. I think we can well say that this huge undertaking which is to be followed by many other useful improvements through the medium of the public works program symbolizes the upturn that has come to our industrial life in the United States. Now we take you behind the scenes with the press to interview General Johnson, Roosevelt's administrator for industrial recovery. What practical results can you suggest as having resulted so far from this act? Well, well for one thing the tax code is approved by the president to abolish his child labor. That's something this country has been trying to do for 25 years. It was possible to do because under the president's plan where everybody can do the same thing together it was not at all difficult to do. That's one thing also in respect to the tax code. If that's approved it'll restore about 1929 purchasing power to workers in the textile industry. When you explain how the consumer will be safeguarded against unduly higher retail prices which may follow these industrial codes. Well of course the costs go up prices have got to go up but we don't want them to go up any faster than costs go up and if we find extortion practices to step in and either cancel or modify the code and if the code is taken away those who were formerly parties to it are subject to all of the penalties of the Sherman Act. Throughout the country members of the Civilian Conservation Corps were inspired by the stirring message from President Roosevelt. Man of the Civilian Conservation Corps in speaking to you tonight I am thinking of you as a visible token of encouragement to the whole country. You are evidence that we are seeking to get away just as fast as we possibly can from the door to get away from free lodging houses to get away from soup kitchens because the government is paying you wages and maintaining you to do actual work. Work which is needed now and for the future. Work that will bring a definite financial practical return to the people of the nation in the future. Through you the nation will graduate a fine group of strong young men clean living trained to self discipline and above all willing and proud to work for the joy of working that my friends must be the new spirit of the American future and you are the vanguard of that new spirit. One of the president enjoys his vacation at the Lyle Phillips Polo Ranch. Here he is coming out of the stable after saddling his pony. John's a regular fellow and the youngsters seem to take to him. After picking the proper mallet he mounts his pony and starts out for the polo field. Learning the game isn't as easy as it looks but John gets right in there and plays with the best of them carrying down the field under the direction of coach Phillips. They say he's got the makings of a first rate poloist. He loves the game and hopes to become a 10 goal man showing the same fight as his distinguished father. It is the base of the whole recovery plan. Congress did its part when it passed the farm and the industrial recovery acts and today we are putting those two acts to work and they will work if people understand that plain objectives. It is time for courageous action and the recovery bill gives us the means to conquer unemployment with exactly the same weapon that we have used to strike down child labor. The proposition is simply this if all employers will act together to shorten hours and to raise wages we can put people back to work. No employer will suffer because the relative level of competitive cost will advance by the same amount for all of them. But if any considerable group should lag or shirk this great opportunity will pass us by and we will go into another desperate winter. This must not happen. The principle that applies to the employers applies to the workers as well and I ask you workers to cooperate in the same spirit. That is why I am asking the employers of the nation to sign this common covenant with me. To sign it in the name of patriotism and in the name of humanity. That is why I am asking the workers of America to go along with us in a spirit of understanding and of helpfulness. Well dear it looks as if we have the right man in the White House. He's surely leading the country back to better time. He certainly is. The executive committee of the business and advisory council chairman Gerard Pope tells their plan. The reports coming in show that many thousands of people have been put back to work and wages and salaries have been increased in the effort to restore purchasing power. President William Green of the American Federation of Labor. We all hope the emergency plan proposed by the President will prove to be a complete success. General Hugh S. Johnson recovery administrator. The President's Reemployment Drive and the National Recovery Act gives this country the greatest chance that any country ever had to pull itself out of a tight place. BC Fennec Company employing 21,000 people has through its president wired the administration pledging prompt 100% cooperation in the national industrial recovery program. We shall cooperate wholeheartedly throughout our 1478 stores throughout the 48 states. Warren Brothers the largest road builders in the country emphatically endorsed the President's National Recovery Act. In fact we are right now busy on a co-defare practice for the paving industry to be presented to the administrator in Washington. On behalf of Remington Rand and its 10,000 employees I have pledged full support to President Roosevelt in his industrial recovery program. Everyone should recognize that increased payroll means increased purchasing power. We have steadily added more workers and shall continue to do so. The International Business Machines Corporation is putting forth every effort to extend full cooperation to President Roosevelt's plan. I believe the President's plan is reasonable and workable. The Gillette Razor Company stands squarely behind the President in his efforts to increase the purchasing power of the nation. We have adopted his voluntary code and we urge all other employers to do likewise. The National Recovery Act has brought forth the pledge of millions to aid his program. The pledge to follow his leadership and the pledge to bring back prosperity. On leaving Washington for the summer White House in Hyde Park with Mrs. Roosevelt the President turned over the administration of his gigantic program to General Hugh S. Johnson. Seems as though the whole country had risen as one man to carry the President's requirements into execution. Secretary of Labor Perkins urges your cooperation. Purchasing power of the workers will be and must be increased. We shall see the results of this new conception which we are thinking of in terms of the new deal. Ernest T. Weir leading Pittsburgh Steel Magnet. The steel industry stands squarely behind the President in his great work toward national industrial recovery. The wage increase of 15 percent has recently been made. Amounting to about five million dollars per month additional distribution which is immediately transferred into increased buying power and results in additional employment with thousands of workers in other lines of activity throughout the United States. Steel production is the backbone of industry. The road to prosperity and the barometer of recovery as steel goes so goes the nation. Hours are going down wages are going up and more than a million working men are back on the job. Every day new factories report increased payrolls and added labor. Every day sees an increase of car loadings and shipping. You and I are beginning to spend the man across the street has a new car. These are the things that indicate better times and show that under Roosevelt's leadership America is going forward. Newspapers from metropolitan dailies to country weeklies. Banks big and small. Furniture stores everywhere. Barber shops. The clothing industry. Small retail establishments nationwide agencies and the theaters are giving their support and now here the NRA spokesman for the motion pictures Sal Rosenblatt. Every group in the motion picture industry has pledged the president through me as the deputy administrator in charge of the motion picture industry code that not only will the motion picture industry immediately write and enforce its own code under the National Recovery Administration but will extend every facility from every group and division to enforce all of the codes under the National Recovery Administration. In the coal mines the NRA has inaugurated a new era after a strike that threatened the entire eastern coal area. Twenty thousand miners returned to work expressing faith in Roosevelt. The new deal is give us a square deal and we're all back to work and we hope we may be able to continue so without any outside interference and to convey a message of hope Postmaster General Farley issues the first NRA emergency stamps. General Johnson how do you like the design. It's great and we fully appreciate the cooperation of yourself and your department. You believe it typifies the spirit of the NRA. It does play but I missed the blue eagle. We will arrange for that later General. 400 million stamps on their way to inspire America to go forward to prosperity with Roosevelt. The spirit of 1933 personal visit President Roosevelt makes his first tour of the Civilian Conservation Corps camps in the Shenandoah Valley. After inspecting Skyland the commander in chief takes a seat at the head of the table to eat with the boys and enjoys every bite of the plain wholesome food furnished at the camp. It's very good to be here at these Virginia CCC camps. I wish I could see them all over the country. I hope that all over the country they're in this fine condition of the camps that I've seen today. I wish that I could take a couple of months off from the White House and come down here and live with them because I know I'd get full of health the way they have. The only difference is that they put on an average of about 12 pounds of peace since they got here and I'm trying to take off 12 pounds. His daughter Mrs. Anna Dahl and her children Sissy and Buzzy meet him at the train. Delighted to see their distinguished grandfather the children join him in the car with Mrs. Dahl. The president takes Sissy on his lap and then the happy group rides away headed for high park and a Roosevelt family reunion and the president proves he is a good scout. In that time and when you come right down to it the ending is based on in other words trying to do something for the do somebody. It's based on cooperation. You know what that means. It's based on the spirit of service and it's going to work just like scouting has worked. See his son John. There he is riding to victory and young John put his mouth through its paces like a veteran horseman. Then John and his sister Mrs. Curtis Dahl competed as a pair while the president looked on and together they finished four with his horse New Deal. Roosevelt's faith the National Guardsman and reviews the 71st and 174th Infantry Regiments. Think in terms of a rounded hole but your responsibility your interest in national government ought to stop there. The greater part of government as it affects your daily lives and mine is your local government and the opportunity in this field of local government for improvement for betterment that will be felt in your lives is just as great as it is in Washington with his grandchildren and the seat of President Lee and among those who wave goodbye to him from the dock was his mother Mrs. Sarah Delano Roosevelt and his daughter Mrs. Curtis Dahl grand son Buzzy after yacht Norma Hall President Roosevelt immediately took the helm of the ship of state with his arrival in Washington the chief executive ended his vacation as guest of Vincent Astard personally direct the progress of the NRA ready to deal with the nation's problem the president looked eager to get to work refreshed by his crew. How was your vacation Mr President? How was your vacation? With 1500,000 volunteers helping to mobilize the NRA consumers the president was delighted to learn that the housewives of America are lining up solidly behind him doing their part by patronizing the Blue Eagle. In purchasing my supplies for my home I considered a duty of every woman to support the always look for the Blue Eagle. I think the NRA is a wonderful opportunity for us women we spend 85 cents of every dollar which goes into the home with our united support it cannot fail. We women enjoy shopping in the NRA shop because we feel while we are doing so that we have the greatest opportunity since the war of doing our part in this great campaign. As you know the many governments in the United States the federal government the 48th government and the tens of thousands of local government are doing their best to meet what has been in many ways one of the most serious crises in our history the fact that people with property have been getting more from rents there have been fewer defaults on mortgages and bonds and various other kinds of investments people are not so worried about the banks and I believe today that you can go forth I won't say in the spirit of the NRA because you don't come under it all of you are going to work a great deal more than 40 hours a week I want to tell you that you are here by that if you want to work 70 hours a week God bless you go and do it Congress created the Tennessee Valley Authority to operate muscle shows we plan to salvage the wartime investment so that the plant shall no longer be a burden on the American taxpayer we have just announced proposed rates which after covering comparable expenses of private power enterprises will provide electricity for homes and farms at a maximum rate of three cents and an average rate of two cents a kilowatt hour cheap power however important is but a part of the great project as it was conceived by President Roosevelt the authority is directed and empowered to aid and to stimulate the plan development of vast natural resources and industries of this great region comprising seven states Virginia Kentucky Tennessee North Carolina Georgia Alabama and Mississippi an area almost as large as England in which live two million men women and children the methods which may be developed in the Tennessee Valley Authority for stimulating the natural resources of an area in an orderly way will doubtless be applied to other regions of our country well receives an ovation as he rides through the city seated in the car with Miss Marguerite Lahan his secretary and Mrs. James Roosevelt before going to Hyde Park for a brief stay the president's bed to his townhouse accompanied by a heavy escort of motorcycle police his arrival resulted in a family reunion and he remained in the city long enough to confer with friends and say goodbye to his eldest son James who was sailing abroad and here are Mr. and Mrs. James Roosevelt sailing for Europe with the first lady and the president's mother Mrs. Sarah Delano Roosevelt who accompanied them to the dock to bid them bomb voyage a happy couple Betsy and Jim real rosebells for the continent as unofficial ambassadors of goodwill constitution of the United States to help you God Franklin Delano Roosevelt who solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of president of the United States and will to the best of my ability reserve protect and defend the constitution of the United States though help me God the menace of war grew into dread reality as American ships and ships carrying American citizens were torpedoed sent to the bottom by the ruthless campaign of the unseen tigers at the sea the submarines and finally the day came when Franklin Roosevelt's chief president Woodrow Wilson sadly and reluctantly set his hand and sealed the declaration of war countenance our boys marched aboard the transports assembled prepared by the secretary of the navy Josephus Daniel and his active and enthusiastic young aide Franklin D. Rosa was so valuable that the president sent him to France where he put the big naval 12 inch guns on military trains to battle back the Germans at Bear Dunn fireless as ever the young assistant secretary witnessed every phase of the war following its course from disarbonization dots through the munitions works in the great shipyard who rose a bellion order he went to the front met the great marshal push and saw with his own eyes and heard with his own ears the savage onslaughts of the Germans against the allies and the allies against the Germans the baptism of fire for the young civilian Germans surrendered in droves the end was near at hand and finally on that unforgettable november the 11th the blessed armistice came to the front the triumphant legions of the allies in the aef swept back from the hard one fields of victory and over the whole world rose a peon and plumber of hysterical joy at the end of the horrible struggle Paris London New York who could ever forget that surging glorious day of celebration in new york city from tip to tip of manhattan island the streets were jammed from curb to curb by people utterly abandoned to joy it was unbelievable incredible daising and dazzling as the american spirit unchained and soaring something to be seen once in a century victory is not all celebration hard work was yet to be done at home and abroad the president desired to bring about a just peace which would not carry the seeds of future war the high hope he went to france with our great commanding general john j perchingly side he reviewed a full division of crack proofs at show more general perching's headquarter and once more frank and roosevelt found himself in france this time to clean up the debris of war the aef was coming home now it's worked well done with song and cheering the pilot aboard the home of work down transport while assistant secretary roosevelt directed the sale and dispersal of naval supplies and cleaned up in his thorough style finally perching in the boys were back blackjack heading the greatest and finest army that ever assembled under the stars and strike and how a million people roared to claim that thundering day of the great victory parade in new york city presently there came crowding upon his mind all the pressing problems that he must meet problems of the day what to do about the millions out of work those in need none knew better than he the flight of those who stood patiently in the bread lines dull with discouragement with hardly enough spirit left to walk the treadmill of their mischief none comprehended more clearly than he at the time had come for action to relieve the necessities of men and women whose only desire was to get the work that did not exist while he rested got ready to retire from the governorship his keen mind was at work on the problem of all these unfortunate driven to idols precarious peddler and accepting the charity of people in the street times were becoming more and more troublesome there was agitation on every side prohibition agents were raiding liquor selling places destroying illegal beer new york's great population was around and the symbol of that feeling was a great beer parade in new york city marched all day and far into the night one hundred and fifty thousand people in line some folks were saying the statue of liberty needed a glass of beer to cheer her up she certainly doesn't look her old self in this picture but night and perhaps a little inside information of what was to take place on april 7th 1933 gave her a more agreeable aspect big girl down the bay was gazing one must suppose that that gave beer parade which was still swinging along on the electric lights of manhattan became violent toward the close of the year 1931 taking advantage of the depression of general unemployment the reds organized numerous demonstrations they swept down from all parts of the city of new york to the city hall in order to keep the communists from invading the city hall and upsetting the peace and order of the whole city it was necessary for the police to deal vigorously with never pleasant to see men clubbed and roughed about however misguided they may be but all appeals and persuasions were wasted in case of use the club were surrendered to the riot i am george nigh the quicker evangelist of madison wisconsin the great people of the united states of america are out exhibiting their manager the republican party has paraded the elephant around the ring and fed him so much booze that already his stomach is contracting and he's about to lie down with a belly ache the democrat party is paraded the jackass around the ring and fed him so much booze that he's lava to lie down in a drunken stupor the prohibition party took command of the darkest hour the nation had known for generations a real american with three centuries of inspiring family tradition and brain and blood president roosevelt can trace his love for the soil and rural life whose first ancestor plows martins and van Rosenbelt and the sixteen forty nine that was a memorable year when the family came over from holland settled in new amsterdam our president's branch of the family later moved up the hudson to duchess county in the year 1818 and there the president first saw the lighted day on january 30th 1882 the home of his boyhood with its comfortable frame colonial house his 500 acre farm his little change from the days when he was a babe and his mother's arm sarah delano roosevelt is the president's mother a lovely and gracious lady whose old american family were merchants whose fast clipper ships raced to and from china in the romantic key trade of the six in the old dutch bible she recorded the birth of her son franken and one wonders if you ever dreamed that the baby of three months she held in her arms would someday place his hand on that same old bible and take the oath as president of the united states it may well have been for sarah delano roosevelt may have had a happy motherhood the strange vision that sometimes descends upon the mothers of only sons an instant glimpse behind the veil of the future and we have a word for it that franken was an active and ambitious youngster who invariably assumed the leadership of his playmates in their boyhood sports even at nine there is visible in his face the poise and confidence that goes with leadership brought up an educated insane simple and thrifty ways our president passed from boyhood into youth and entered the second cycle of his career at eighteen well grounded by private tutors he was ready for university training and entered harvard and paid his first respects to the man who founded this great university john harvard he became editor of the college daily the famous harvard crimson writing with a vigorous hand and putting pep into the once staid and conservative sheet franken roosevelt left his impress at harvard he was a good mixer a member of many social clubs played football and was a member of the varsity rowing squad many a time he tugged at the sweep on the beautiful and historic charles river seen at the great annual boating duels between harvard and yale and cheered with the crowds on observation train and shore as the crimson of fair harvard and the blue of old yale battled it out in one of their historic regattas childhood the president has loved the water that harvard in those boat racing days he began to acquire his wonderful naval life there was a thrill of combat in those races on the charles which was dear to the heart of the real roosevelt a fighting roosevelt and even today men who went to harvard with franken roosevelt recall his charming personality his vigorous enthusiasm his ability to get things done he was a vital figure in all harvard activity steam with his senior class group and the time was close at hand to bid farewell to fair harvard out of college he turned to the law for a career and headed the law school at columbia university and while absorbing black stone within these walls he married elinor roosevelt his distant cousin and a niece of president theodore roosevelt as a young lawyer he began his career in a time of change in tumult the economic and social ideas of the country were changing one of the seething movements of the period was the demand for the vote by women and the stirring campaigns of the suffragettes 1912 franken b roosevelt made himself a national figure by the support of woodrow wilson under wilson's dynamic leadership the country staged one of the most dramatic fights for the presidency in all its history the great teddy roosevelt leading his bull moosh revolt against the republican old guard was delivering blazing speeches he rolled up more than four million votes for himself but wilson won easily supported by such enthusiastic lieutenants as young franklin roosevelt william howard tap defeated in three cornered race maintained the famous tap smile and took his defeat like the good soldier the state that he was on that historic 4th of march 1913 200,000 people attended the great ceremony at the capital which was fated to begin a new era tremendous consequences to america franklin roosevelt among the guests of honor on the inaugural stand as the new assistant secretary of the navy felt his heart stirred by woodrow wilson's demand for the new freedom and took up his work in the spirit of devotion to his country 1914 war bursting over europe civilized nation gone mad the great green host of the german kaiser pouring through belgium they uneasily threw out the nation's demand in all the great cities thousands marched to preparedness period the sidewalks as 140,000 people quelled the breast swept up the avenue with bands wearing patriotic airs and the stars and stripes waving proudly in the sunshine important world histories being made these days in london and elsewhere new leaders new ideas have seized the minds of men events are moving swiftly in the direction of progress economic stability and peace outstanding in the great forward steps toward world unity or the geneva disarmament conference and the world monetary and economic conference here in the british capital in the new geological museum in south kensington uh in these rooms which workmen are now fitting out for their significant role the fate of civilization itself may well rest and in these far-sighted straggings for universal good two great leaders stand out two great leaders of two great english-speaking nations two men of widely separated antecedents but of singularly similar viewpoints and leadership prime minister j ramsey mcdonald of great britain and president franklin delano rosevelt of the united states premier mcdonald was born in 1866 in the little scotch town of lossy muth in elgin county far to the north on moray fair he was of humble origin and is practically self-educated at 19 he came to london to do secretarial work and a few years later found him active in the socialist movement serving his apprenticeship at soapbox oratory and hide park and profalgar square and becoming and becoming noted in labor circles as an organizer and writer little did the nation suspect in those victorian days that the lean long-haired scotch scribbler would one day be a world figure secretary of the labor party for 11 years and then its leader member of the london county council for four years and then elected as a member of parliament these were the steps by which he rose to high estate in the nation's affairs the labor party's great success in 1923 resulted in his selection as prime minister and as their majesties wrote to parliament in the auspicious year of 1924 with all the famous trappings of age old regal pomp ceremony the entire world marveled at the curious twist of british democracy that plucked from the masses from the very bosom of anti-patriotic internationalism a self-made battler against british conservatism to be the king's man the creator of a ministry the maker of government so they soon became paramount in all international death parades in paris he is welcomed by premier aereo on the eve of the lozan conference his stand-on settlements and cancellation of lozan ring on the world and again in paris he and premier aereo confer at the critical moment when the french leader is facing the wreck of his ministry over the december war depth payment and then came the prime minister's epical trip to rome general bow bow italian air minister himself pilots the huge primoted hydroplane with the mcdonald party aboard from genoa to austria and there for the first time on record premier mcdonald and premier musulini meet on italian soil a meeting destined to result in the announcement of the famous four-power treaty europe's own peace pact embracing britain france germany and italy it is during this important conference in il-duce's own office that the elements of musulini's recently adopted peace plan is dropped a ten-year fact that now months after its presentation looms as one of the outstanding instruments of the era in world politics as the originator of the mcdonald disarmament plan the british premier was the first european leader sought out by president roosevelt after the great change in administration at washington invited to confer with the american president prior to the janiva and london parley's the premier and his gracious daughter journey to the united states where they receive with honor and acclaim by the city of new york in the fleeting minutes they have to spend in new york waters the eyes of america and of the world are on mcdonald today as he lands boards of train for washington the peace and probable prosperity of all nations are in balance this visit means much to the summers parley and on those parley's rest the structure of modern civilization itself an agreeable almost a startling surprise awaits premier mcdonald at the white house the american presidential residence instead of expected stiffness and formality the president and his charming wife are out on the front steps to greet with warmth and true american hospitality their guests from overseas the prime minister long has been close to the hearts of the american public his tribute to the forever nameless american fighting man whose heroic dust lies under the slab at their unknown soldier's tomb won their high regard the self-educated scotchman of the 80s is made a doctor of laws by george washington university and gets a real thrill out of the collegiate mortarboard on his visit to the majestic capital home of the american congress and the seat of government he has accorded the courtesy of the united states senate and addresses the lawmakers of our sister nation winning great applause and praise by his apt and enlightening remarks one of the highlights of his stay in washington is his appearance at the national press club the shrine of american newspaper dump and hosts of the national press club i am really delighted to be your guest once again he wants the machinery of production and of consumption to begin to go round again and we can't do that by any system of pure nationalist economics if you want to come across a good nationalist go to scotland in order to find it i'm proud of being a national i'm proud of my history i'm proud of my culture i'm proud of my kiff and my kin i'm proud of the park that we have played in the history of mankind but if i translate that pride of mine that nationality of mine into nationalist economics by engage in the rather tragic delusion of imagining that a scotland made economically self-contained is going to make its tribute to the world's wealth then what i shall find is this that i shall both impoverish myself and impoverish my neighbors outside my own boundaries the united states great britain france must protect themselves we have been going through difficult times what's the way to hand agree how to get out of them happiness contentment enjoyed by large populations living on high standards of life can only be maintained by a freely flowing international exchange now we're going to devise that freely flowing exchange is to be the main purpose of the international economic country washington for preliminary talks with roosevelt and with cordell hull american secretary of state including prime minister bennett of canada an edward ariel his mission ended premier mcdonnell says goodbye to washington having laid the groundwork for anglo american cooperation in the momentous days to follow days that are to startle the world with roosevelt's appealed to all nations for immediate action on the mcdonnell disarmament plan and for real constructive results at the london economic conference and so the premier is welcome back to number 10 downing street by a nation enthusiastically impressed with the greatness of his efforts for world bettermen what manner of man is roosevelt the sudden idol and magic leader of the american people whose first bold strides into world politics seemed to herald the dawn after dark years of post war turmoil what is his history


The Ukrainian army has launched a missile strike at the Russian temporary deployment area in Makhayevka-Donetsk region. The Russian Defense Ministry said in a statement today. According to the Ministry's report, six strikes were carried out using the Humar's rocket launcher system. As a result, 63 Russian servicemen were killed. Earlier, the Strategic Communications Department of the Ukrainian Armed Forces released information saying that 400 Russian servicemen were killed and 300 others were injured as a result of an attack on the military base of the invading Russian army in the city of Makhayevka.


He actually changed my mind quite a bit on the subject as you think it could be a threat now. You don't know and free will because I you I Never like before I met Lex like Yesterday before that I thought that free will was just an illusion and everything It's a result of causality, right right determine determinism. That's right. A lot of people don't know what that that's called determinism, but Lex came up with the Like very good argument and now I am not so sure anymore. I think both things are true I think it's like many things involving human beings There's not an absolute in one side or the other for sure Free will is a thing because we both know about Discipline we both know how difficult it is like you know more than anybody how difficult it is when you're in Like a full training camp and you're exhausted, but you know you have the work That you have to do and there's some people that will find a way out of that work They'll they'll quit or they'll they'll not answer their phone or they'll take time off And then there's other people that would just bite down and deal with it and and be uncomfortable But do the work that's free will that's that's discipline. There's something But why can you do it and why can other people not do it?  It's a balance There's there's a lot of both things that's that's right. I you know in a mechanical world if a car Brokes, we're not gonna see this the car decide To break right or if a tree is fall down We're not gonna see the trees decide to break Maybe the asymmetry of the true mate makes it falls down mate There's a reason why but I feel that us as human beings sometime or ego want us to be in Control of the universe, which is I do not believe it's the case. So that's why I tend to before I met Lex I was a hundred percent convinced there is no free will and You know everything is Determined by causality now. I'm not so sure because about we thought we would talk about consciousness What it is and and he had some incredible argument and he made me see a different point of view that I never Never seen before well, just think about this think about how many people seek out inspiration Think about how valuable it is like Matt Frazier was on my podcast a couple of weeks ago He was a five-time CrossFit champion and one of the things that he does now He has this art collection that he's selling on his website and all it's all these Inspirational quotes and the idea is to put up this art with all these inspirational quotes And that will give you fuel to get through your workouts or get through difficult things that you want to do in your life We all are like how many people post inspirational things online and then how many people like You know read those things and get excited and it inspires them to action.  Why are they so? Motivational why did so many people flock to them because there's there's a reality to the there's a give and take to these Things and there's certain things that inspire you to action and you can externally be motivated by those things It's not necessarily a hundred percent determinism. There's there is some free will well However, there's for example a coat that can inspire you But to me it doesn't have the same effect because of my background It doesn't get me to my core because I cannot rely really much to it So it's a little bit of determinism because it's the causality that makes it who I am and who you are that Makes it that the effect of that coat as on you it is different than it has on me Or you could both grow up in the same environment. You could have a brother That's inspired by things that are not even remotely inspirational to you, but to him. It's everything Whether it's music or whether it's a movie or a book or whatever it is. It's true like in in families very often you have someone who's Going the right way and may perhaps one of his sibling will go the wrong way Yeah, and we always tend to say oh we don't understand because they've been raised the same way But they did not the moment you you take one of your kid in your arm And the other one is looking at The kid that you're you know, it's it changed everything. You know what I mean? Yeah, it's very hard to understand I but but I'm not saying that I'm convinced that there is no free will but I I Don't know now. He didn't completely convince me. He didn't complete me make me change my mind But he's got his point in and now Man, I don't know.  I'm gonna do it.  I'm gonna go for it. It depends entirely on what happened that day to you It depends entirely on how you feel whether or not you got rest whether or not you you broke up with a Girlfriend or she broke up with you or you got fired from a job or you quit a job Well, you took on a new path in life like all those different things play a factor But there's also your own personal decision-making that's based on your own personality and maybe your own life experiences There's so many things involved, but for sure. We all value Discipline we all value the ability to take action. Well, why do we do that? Because we know it's a variable who it comes and goes it ebbs and flows and sometimes it's there and sometimes it's not It's like what is that expression? There's an old expression. I don't remember who said it But that inspiration is like bathing. It's effective, but you need to do it daily And I think there's something to that It's like you need to seek out inspiration and that's why again people like David Goggins are so Inspirational because you can go to his page every day and that motherfuckers run 30 miles a day You know I mean like there's something to that like you get you get you get fuel out of that There's people like my friend Cam Haynes. There's people or the rock or whoever it is. They give you fuel You see them training hard. You go all this fuel in that. I want to go train. They are unbreakable Yeah, an unbreakable will and this is very Inspirational yeah, that's right. So there's two things happening. There's one.   I think it's important to face adversity at It helps if you face it at a very young age because it's it molds you yeah, especially if you able to overcome it because if you never face adversity Before and when you face it for the first time and you're not prepared for it. It can break you Yeah, it can make you fold, right?  You know his kids is not used to learn the the Importance of hard work. You know what I mean? I think it's very important like To teach that to to kids, you know, like the importance of hard work the importance of adversity The importance of you know, not to break them right when they're young and make them lost lose their confidence because I believe Confidence is everything right if you don't have can have all the skills in the in the world But if you don't have confidence, it's like someone who has a lot of money in his bank account But no way of accessing it right so by facing adversity and Overcome it you building your confidence. That's why sports are so important Yeah, man and life and same thing in business You you're gonna reach time that you're gonna go down and sometimes you might you might go to the Down deep but if you face adversity before you're used to overcome those those obstacles you'll bounce back from it Yeah, that's why I like I like I Know a lot of people sometimes they they face adversity and they fold they can stand up from it And some people I let's help them But if you help them you always give them help they will rely on that they need to learn from themselves and sometimes I think there is nothing better than reach the down deep to find out like How strong you are to come back from from that, you know, yeah Well, that's a lot of things that people say when they're talking about Experiencing drug addiction or alcoholism. They have to hit rock bottom. They hit rock bottom And then they realize they don't want to be there anymore and then they build themselves back up They experience that adversity and they overcome it. That's right break them


This research has developed a new type of substrate made of wood-based cellulose nanofibers that can be used for on-skin electronics. This substrate has been shown to have excellent properties such as skin breathability, skin compatibility, and mechanical endurance. It also has the ability to monitor electroencephalograms, electromigrams, and electrocardiograms, making it ideal for use in medical applications. Additionally, the substrate is reusable, sterile, and environmentally-friendly.


The National Broadcasting Company at its affiliated stations present the Pacific story. This is the story of the Pacific. The drama of the millions of people who live around this greatest sea where the United States is now committed to a long-term policy of keeping the peace. This is the background story of the events in the Pacific and their meaning to us and to the generations to come. My land heads back on August 17th 1945 a solemn little Siamese with a business like air hurried through the corridors of radio Bangkok as the music played he beckoned to the Siamese announcer. This special proclamation of King Anand Mahidol has just come in. Read it over the air at once. From the king? Yes the king. Read it at once. Interrupt the program? Yes At once the announcer signaled the leader of the music. People of Siam we interrupt this program to bring you a special message from his majesty King Anand Mahidol. King Anand Mahidol proclaims that the declaration of war on the United States and Britain is null and void and not binding on the people of Siam. Our musical program will now be resumed. Snap that radio off. quite a what do you think of that? Nor will it anyway. Say the least country declares war and then when it finds it's on the wrong side proclaims that the declaration of war was illegal and therefore null and void. Yes hoping to escape the consequences of its actions. If it were only a matter of declaring war but almost directly after asking us for a non-aggression treaty. Siam picked the wrong horse. Siam did pick the wrong horse not the people of Siam at any rate not all of them but the ones who had seized power in Siam the Wang people Sangram and his henchmen people tried to make himself a little Hitler actually patterned his regime on the Nazis and even dictated that like Hitler he beheld. People of Siam, people of Siam, people of Siam. Against dictator people there were good men. Men like Luang protest Manutham. Four or six hundred years we have been a free people but we must oppose tyrants from within as well as tyrants from without. And there were other good men. Mom Rajawang, Sanny Promage, the Siamese minister to the United States who headed the free Thai movement and many others but by 1937 the day was growing dark for them. Luang protest. Yes. People have set a good will mission to Indochina. What can be the meaning of this? It is a smokescreen. For what? People is drawing Thailand closer and closer to Japan. Yes he is drawing us closer to Japan. He wants to be sure he has Japan on his side when he makes claim to the Indochina territories. People will not bring up that old claim for Cambodia and Laos. Will he? He will and he will also make claims for territories in Burma. He will take us into war against our neighbors. Unless we can stop him. How can any of us stop him now? People's good will missions came and went but the apprehension about people's intentions grew. It's not only people's growing repression of Tokyo. It's the anti-foreign legislation that he's dictating and that is being enacted by the Thai assembly. The French in Indochina were equally apprehensive. Why is Thailand that means so heavily? Why is she expanding her army under Navy? People must be planning to use it and against whom would he use it if not against our neighbors? After Hitler struck in Europe in 1939, people became more overt. Indochina across the Mekong River began to strengthen her defenses along the 1800 mile Thailand border and the British in Burma looked on. Watch people. It wasn't long before people was making his demands. First, minor ones. The problem of the islands in the Mekong must be settled with France and the Burmese frontier must be settled with Britain. France and Britain both knew more demands were coming but now France and Britain were at war, were fighting for their lives in Europe and Feeble was taking advantage of this situation by finally openly negotiating a treaty with Japan. Japan and Thailand mutually agree to respect each other's territory. Thailand and Japan agree to exchange information on matters of neutral interest. Japan and Thailand agree to refrain from assisting the aggressors if either is attacked. At almost the same time, Feeble asked Britain for a non-aggression pact. The treaty was negotiated and signed in June 1940. Just about the time of the fall of France, France was down. Feeble made his demands. The territory which is rightfully Thailand must be returned to Thailand. It was Hitler crying for the return of the Sudetenland. Only this was on the other side of the world and a Siamese tyrant crying for a slice of Indochina. They have violated our borders and mistreated our nation. Hitler again. Only this was in Siam. Feeble, having asked for and got a non-aggression pact with Britain, was assured that he would not be attacked in the west from Burma while he was putting the heat on Indochina in the east. Also, Feeble had made sure that Japan would not help Indochina. The treaty between them just signed, said so. And more than this, the Japanese were also putting pressure on Indochina. It's evident now that Feeble has even a closer understanding with the Japanese than we thought. How close, nobody knew. But it was becoming clearer. These border incidents are being provoked by Feeble. Yes, but with the Japanese urging Feeble on. But Luang Pro this, why then with Japan behind him, does Feeble not declare war on Indochina? Even Feeble suspects that the Japanese are using him for a cat's paw. Ultimately, the war between Thailand and Indochina broke out. And Japan, as she had planned, stepped in and mediated the war she had promoted. Thailand got a slice of Indochina. But it was not so much a victory for Thailand as it was for Japan. Thailand in a small way had triumphed over Indochina. But in a greater sense, Japan had triumphed over France. Feeble thought he was using Japan. Japan was using him. Still, Feeble was dictator. And what he said went in Thailand. But now the big year, the decisive year was rolling around. The Japanese forces were in Indochina next door. The United States was not yet at war. But it was alert to the threat to Thailand and to the strategic importance of Thailand. The United States will not tolerate an invasion of Thailand. The British took the same position. But now Hitler, on the other side of the world, had turned on Russia. The Nazis came to see Feeble. It should be observed at once, Luang people Zongram, that we have beaten Russia. Nazi representatives waited on Feeble. You know, of course, that our Panzer divisions are at the gates of Moscow. That Moscow is helpless. I have followed the campaign closely. The fall of Moscow is imminent. The Red Army may make Luang people Zongram. We can take Moscow whenever it suits our purpose. Oh, yes. It would therefore be to your distinct advantage to join the Axis now. And thereby assure your solitary relations with the Führer. Feeble was cagey. Something was in the wind. The eve of the constitutional fates. All Bangkok was blazing with electric lights. This was the night of December 7th, 1941. The people were rehearsing for the jubilee of the constitutional fates, which would be held the next day. Luang Proudhishman, Muhammad. Luang Proudhishman. What is it? Hey, you must come at once. The entire cabinet has been called. The cabinet? What is it? An important communication has come. And all the cabinet has been called to here. It is very urgent, Luang Proudhishman. Communication? What kind of communication? I only know that you must come at once, Luang Proudhishman. Very well. Then let us hurry. While this army's people laughed and danced in the streets of the glittering city, the members of the cabinet gathered, one by one. Luang Proudhish is here. Yes, where is Peeble Sangram? Luang Peeble Sangram cannot be located. Is he not at home or in his quarters? We have not been able to locate him. Has he left the capital? No one knows. Oh, gentlemen, this matter is urgent. It cannot be delayed. This was the Japanese minister. The premier Luang Peeble Sangram cannot be located. The premier is not here. The regret that it will be necessary to proceed without him. Proceed. Read the document. Yes. To the government of Thailand. A state of war exists between Japan and the United States and Great Britain. In view of these developments, Japan demands the right to send troops to Thailand. No. Let the minister of Japan finish. If the government of Thailand fails to comply within two hours, Japanese planes, which are at this moment eroded and ready to take off on air bases in Indochina, will bomb Bangkok. Gentlemen, you have two hours. You may reach me at my courthouse. Good night. You have my answer now. Japanese troops will not be sent through Thailand. Luang Proudhish Mandewudham speaks only for himself. I speak for the reasonable people of Thailand. I say that we will resist any Japanese effort to cross Thailand. How can we resist? The only one who can order troop movements is Luang Peeble Sangram. No. Peeble Sangram's strategy is clear. In the absence of the premier, I say we must take emergency action. Our troops on the frontier must be ordered to resist any Japanese effort to... You are out of order, Proudhish Mandewudham. The cabinet was predominantly pro-prebo. Proudhish was immediately put under surveillance. The Japanese struck. But the troops did not invade Thailand in the east, where Peeble had concentrated his troops. They came in from the south. The next morning, Peeble returned to Bangkok. Order cease firing. All resistance to the Japanese is to stop at once. On the same morning that the Japanese struck Pearl Harbor, Peeble submitted to the Japanese. Thailand became a Japanese base, from which to launch powerful blows of Malaya, Burma and South China. And almost spontaneously, leaflets appeared on trees and posts everywhere. Down with Peeble Sangram, the dictator. Peeble Sangram and his fascists have sold Thailand out to the Japanese. Down with Sangram. Unite people of Thailand against the Japanese aggressor. Resist the Japanese and dictator Peeble Sangram. The leaflets were torn from the trees and posts, gathered up from the wind-blown streets and brought to Peeble. Do you have any information about those responsible for this? It is the free Thai movement. The free Thai movement? Yes, apparently it is already well organized. Who are its organizers? At that, we have not yet been able to learn, but Pradhisthmandu Dharam is at least sympathetic with it, and may have a direct connection with it. He is under surveillance. You will remove him as minister of finance from the cabinet? Yes, sir. And you will arrest all suspects that have any connection with this free Thai movement? But the free Thai movement stretched far beyond where Peeble could reach it. Head of the movement was in Washington, D.C., Mam Rajawang Saini Pramaj, the Thai minister to the United States. With him in the movement were important members of his staff. And the head of the resistance movement in Thailand was Luang Pradhisthmanu Dharam. These were the resistors, not only of the Japanese, but also of the dictator Peeble and his fascist henchmen. Pradhisth was suspect, but the Japanese, seeing his popularity with the people, made him a member of the Regency Council to act the boy king Anand Mahidol. So Pradhisth walked free, watched though he was at every move. The free Thai movement spread, but not without violence. Where is it? Careful. There are spies for the Japanese everywhere. Oh, that one is no spy. He is a geologist. I saw him talking last week with one of the main advantage, Pannenand. And Pannenand is our worst collaborator. Pannenand is worse than a collaborator. He is a treacherous traitor. Come along. This way, and I will show you. Now, come back in here out of the way so no one can see us. Here it is. I will keep watch as you look at it. Who drew up these aims of the free Thai movement? I do not know. Read them. The free Thai is an organization whose main objective is to restore Thailand's independence. The Japanese army is the enemy of the Thais because the Japanese army invaded Thailand. The Bangkok government is a puppet government because it has collaborated with the enemy against the Thai people. Is that not right? Yes, yes. A constitutional government will be restored to Thailand after freedom is restored. That is what we want, is it not? Yes, yes. All political prisoners will be released and a people's court will be organized to try those who have cooperated with the enemy. What do you think of it? May I do it? May I do it? No, no, no, no. Don't put it in your pocket. I will take it for safety. Let me take it so I can show so much. No, no, give it to me. Stop, stop. Where are you going with that? Come back here. Give me that paper. Give me that paper. Let go of my throat. Your collaboration is...  You will never live, never, never. The movement spread and all people could do could not stop it. People then did not properly assess the potential power of the movement. For he had Japanese all around him in Bangkok and throughout Siam, and he felt strong. Have not the Japanese driven the Americans and the British out of Asia? Have they not driven American and British merchant shipping and war vessels from the seas, from the middle of the Pacific to the Bay of Bengal? People felt strong. He directed the Thailand declare war on the United States and Britain. The boundary. And he was the one who asked for a non-aggression treaty from Britain. Britain declared war on Thailand. The United States did not. From Thailand, the Japanese drove into Malaya and Burma. And for his duplicity, the Japanese promised people all the Sian states of Burma and several states in northern Malaya. But when prominent Burmese heard about this, they sent Burma to Tokyo to treat with Tojo. It must be remembered, General Tojo, that Burma is also an ally of Japan. We are all together. But Japan cannot hope to win the full cooperation of Burma if all the Sian states are taken from us and given to Thailand. Around people, some Graham claims the Sian states by ancient rights. The Sian states are, by right, part of Burma. It must be remembered, people was forced to join Japan. To take the Sian states from Burma would unnecessarily alienate my people to the common cause. If we have a common cause. The Sian states have not yet been given to Thailand, Mr Burma. And until the thing is done, it is not done. Can I return to Burma and assure my people that we will not lose the Sian states? You may assure them that they will not lose all of them. How many will you give to Thailand? Not more than two on the border. But Burma is fortunate, Mr Burma. Four of the states of northern Malaya will go to Thailand. People has earned a reward. People was the fair-haired boy in Southeast Asia. He settled down in 1942 after he had won slices of the territory of his neighbors and devoted himself to helping Japan win the war. When a flood roared through the central plain of Thailand and destroyed most of the rice crop, Japan sent help. 6,500 tons of relief supplies. The Japanese Thai alliance has paid off dividends. This people pointed out to his people. While our neighboring countries which have not been realistic are being ravished, we are being helped. Thailand is greater today than she has been for more than 600 years. The next year 1943 told Joe himself visited Thailand and brought precious gifts for the right ones. A tacit admission that there were others and there were. Those in the resistance movement under protest and they were getting stronger. More and more were arrested. But the ranks of the underground grew. Why do you wish to join? I must join. Peeble is a traitor. Yes. Peeble has betrayed Thailand. He says that Thailand is greater than for 600 years.  Japan speaks through him. Yes. I will do whatever is asked of me. Without asking question? Yes, sir. Without trying to learn the identity of our leaders? Will we never know? Never. Nor will you ever be permitted to ask questions. Any questions. Nor tell what you find out. Not even to your own family. Not even to your closest friend. Not to anyone. I swear. You will come here tomorrow at the same time. You may go. The underground had members everywhere. Teachers, priests, nurses, clerks, maids, cab drivers. They rescued Americans who were survivors of the USS Houston. They helped allied men who had made their way into Thailand. They fed and kept them hidden. But few of the underground knew that Luang Pradist was their top leader in Thailand. Pradist kept in contact with the British and the Americans. The Americans, for purposes of security, gave the code name of Ruth to Pradist. And by 1944, the liaison between the underground and the allied forces was paying off. They are right on time. Look at them up there, the size of them. Those are the new American long-range bombers. They're getting closer. They will not hit here. We have given them detailed instructions of what to hit. Good. Good. Drive the rats out. Drive them out. People has already left. But his government is still here. We will drive it out of Bangkok. The government fled to Petchiboon, not far from Bangkok. The pressure against people never let up. It was climaxed for a broadcast picked up by monitors throughout the Pacific from Radio Tokyo. It was today announced in Bangkok that the government of Luang Pebao Sangram in the Thailand has resigned. Government of Taiwan has been instructed to form a new cabinet. Meantime, another change has been made in Thailand. Luang Pradist Manudham, or husband or member of the Regency Council, has been elevated to the head of the Regency Council Members of the underground had worked fairway up into the National Assembly and even into the cabinet. The day of people the dictator was done. But Thailand was still occupied by the Japanese. Thailand was still an ally and for all practical purposes a puppet of Japan. And Japan was still at war. People had sold the wind and was reaping the whirlwind. The people looked to Pradist. Pradist comes from the soil and rises to the sky. Thus the Siamese praised him. Pradist has held fast. And now it is the Japanese who are weak. By the summer of 1945 it was clear even to the most ardent followers of people that Thailand had made a mistake. The Americans had taken the Philippines, Iwo Jima, Okinawa and were hammering Japan itself to pieces. British forces had joined the Americans in the Pacific and Japan was tottering. But the Japanese were in control. The atomic bomb blasted the last hope of the ones who had taken Thailand into war. Luang Govitt Abhoi Wong would been one of people's supporters and who, though he had had misgivings and had strung along with people and who when people was forced out became people's successors premier. Now Luang Govitt Abhoi Wong came with hat in hand to Pradist. And now at last it was Pradist's turn. Yes. In view of the momentous turn in events my entire cabinet and I respectfully submit our resignations to you as president of the Regency Council. I will convey your wish to the other members of the Regency Council. Good day to you, Luang Pradist Manu Dharam. Good day. Pradist who had never yielded to people not to his successor, nor to any of the opportunists who followed in the wake of the totalitarian regime was number one man in Thailand. He could not undo the damage of the war but he could do the next best thing and acting for the boy king this he did. And therefore King Ananda Mahidol proclaims that the declaration of war on the United States and Britain is null and void and not binding on the people of Siam. Britain sped forces into Thailand. The 7th Indian division went into Bangkok. I say Bangkok's been hit worse than I thought. I do say. No wonder the government cleared out. Look at that rubble. The king was also taken out but we've granted the request of the Siamese to permit the boy to return. Return? We're still at war with Siam. Right, you are. But all our commanders have been ordered not to treat Siam as a hostile nation. Then I suppose a military administration will be set up here. No. No? There's a military administration in Malaya and there's one in the Netherlands, India and there's one in Indochina. Well, the situation's different here in Siam. We're going to run the country. For the time being, the Siamese got it. Where Peeble, the little Hitler had strutted in Bangkok, the surrender was signed and the war of little Thailand against Britain officially came to an end. Under international usage, Britain was entitled to impose a treaty of peace upon Thailand, a treaty to ensure that Thailand could not or would be unwilling to make war again. But this Britain did not propose to do. Instead, she proposed another sort of treaty. The Siamese came to Singapore to talk business. The British had selected this site. The Siamese had asked for the last treaty. The British had asked for this one. Men, wise in the ways of the world, came to observe. That's Denning right there. Britain's representative, eh? Yes. He's political advisor to Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten. Mountbatten coming here? No. Denning will act for him. I see. And where's the Siamese delegate? At Prince Shale, I'm turning out of here somewhere. I understand he's secretary, AGV, the Siamese Finance Ministry. That'll give you some idea of what kind of conference this is going to be. Political and economic, as I see it. That's right. Oh, there's Prince Shale coming in now.  Doesn't have to be. Siam's been given a pretty fair shake considering what she did. And I look for her to get a fair shake here. It's to Britain's advantage. Yes, it is. Oh, look, there's Annie. MS Annie. He's here from India. Oh, yes. Uh, what about Australia? Well, from what I hear, Thailand's going to sign a separate treaty with Australia. Australia's represented here by Colonel H.A. Eastman. Oh, they're going in now. I guess they're ready to start. Thailand had upset the apple cart in Southeast Asia. And Britain, with Burma and Malaya direct the concerned. And India, just in the offing, was bent on putting things right. On the first day of 1946, the Treaty of Amity and Trade between the United Kingdom and Thailand was concluded. Siam guarantees the United Kingdom unimpaired trade interests in Siam. Siam will make available to the United Kingdom a maximum of 1,500,000 tons of rice. Siam guarantees British commercial airlines full operation rights in Siam. Siam agrees to the export of her stocks of surplus goods by recommendation of the combined boards in Washington. This was the gist of the Treaty of Amity and Trade. Dictator Peeble had guessed, and he had guessed wrong. Peeble had taken the people of Thailand down the short road to destruction. And now they were on the long, long road back. But while the future was not bright, it was not without hope. But Pradisth and the ones who followed him are now high in the councils of the ancient country. And they are working for the establishment of a new Siam. I've been listening to the Pacific story presented by the national broadcasting company and its affiliated independent stations to clarify events in the Pacific and to make understandable the cross currents of life in the Pacific Basin. For a reprint of this Pacific story program, send 10 cents in stamps or coin to University of California Press, Berkeley, California. May I repeat? For a reprint of this Pacific story program, send 10 cents in stamps or coin to University of California Press, Berkeley, California. It is written and directed by Arnold Marquess. The original musical score was composed and conducted by Thomas Paluso. Your narrator, Gain Whitman. Pacific story came to you from Hollywood. This is NBC, the national broadcasting company.


Let's take on a few more brain tumors and intraventricular cases. Let's begin with this infant with macro crania. We have an axial T2 spinneco MR, the presence of a mass with innumerable other findings, an axial T1 non-contrast, an axial flare non-contrast, a coronal T2 non-contrast, a coronal and axial T1 with contrast, a set of axial diffusion restricted images, an axial ADC map parametric image, and a sagittal T1 contrast enhanced image. Let's take our first question. The most likely diagnosis in this infant is a. Choreoplexus papilloma, b. Ventricular metastasis, c. Subapendemoma, d. Ventricular glioma, e. Ependemoma. You can pause if you wish. I'm going to move on to question number two. We're following as false regarding Choreoplexus papilloma. a. 50% in the atrium of the lateral ventricle, b. Left side more affected than right. c. Macro crania, nausea, vomiting. d. Calcifies 90% of the time. e. Hydrocephalus. Question number three. Which of the following is false regarding Choreoplexus papilloma? a. Hypercoic on ultrasound, b. 50% third ventricular roof, c. Robust contrast enhancement, d. When in the fourth, posterior medullary vellum and foramina of lusca, e. Extensive invasion equals Choreoplexus carcinoma. Let's turn back to our set of images and analyze them together. We begin with our axial T1 weighted image. A large mass, whose position is a little bit in question. Is it intraventricular or does it compress the ventricle? It is located in the region of the left lateral ventricle atrial trigone, which is a classic location in an infant for Choreoplexus papilloma. Yes, this is one of the unusual tumors in an infant, which is supratentorial. The coronal T2. Again, it's a little difficult to ascertain whether it's intraventricular, but there is no compressed left lateral ventricle. In other words, you can't see the ventricle compressed by an extra ventricular lesion, and that's because it's occupying the entire intraventricular space. There is a caven septum palusitum and verge, which is a variation. There is ventricular dilatation or hydrocephalus, either from obstruction or overproduction hydrocephalus. The temporal horns are enlarged. There's sub-fall scene shift. There is displacement of the uncus medially, worrisome for potential herniation of the brain, something that must be called out by you in your interpretation. The coronal contrast enhanced image demonstrates a large cauliflower-like mass, papillary, in configuration, in keeping with the name choride plexus papilloma. It's very frond-like. There is a little bit of inferior extension, so your differential diagnosis would continue to lie between choride plexus papilloma and carcinoma. The surrounding brain demonstrates extensive encephalomalacia, most consistent with a chronic infarction, perhaps related to compression of the key vascular feeders in this distribution. The diffusion-restricted image demonstrates diffusion restriction in the center of the lesion. I'm not sure that's particularly helpful in telling you what the histology of the lesion is, but the diffusion restriction is definite. For on the ADC map, there is low signal intensity, indicating decreased micromolecular movement or restriction of movement. Therefore, the velocity is low. The signal is low on the parametric image. The sagittal projection corroborates the intraventricular nature of the lesion. This is the one image that confirms that your lesion is like a belly button. It's an innie rather than an outie. It's inside the ventricle, for the ventricle lops over the top of it right there, as opposed to being compressed or displaced by it. Furthermore, look at that downward inferior extension into the temple horn. There's no question that this component of the lesion is intraventricular, corroborating the rest of the lesion as being intraventricular. Now let's go back to our questions. Let's begin with the first question. The answer is chloride plexus papilloma. Could it have been a carcinoma? Certainly. Sometimes only the histology will tell, but chloride plexus carcinoma was not a choice. It's an infant. It's a large papillary mass in the left lateral ventricle atrial trigone. You should reflexively choose chloride plexus papilloma. Ventricular metastases. In somebody under age two, really metastatic disease to the ventricular system, if you chose this, you're probably not very practical. Sub-apendimoma. Typically found in the inferior fourth ventricle, but it can be supra-tentorial, but it doesn't enhance very often. You don't find it in infants very often, so it's a very poor choice. Ventricular gliomas. Don't enhance intensely and under age two as a choice for an intraventricular lesion, also not very practical. The only other lesion that I think is a viable choice is appendimoma. But typically not under age two. Typically in the fourth ventricle, and when supra-tentorial, often in young adults or adults, involves surprisingly the brain parenchyma. So this one, too, is not a great choice. Question two. Which of the following is false regarding chloride plexus papilloma? The answer is D. It does not calcify 90% of the time. It calcifies around 20 to 25% of the time, but the rest of the answers are true. 50% involve the atrium of the lateral ventricle. It is true that the left side is more affected than the right. It is true that macro-crania, nausea, and vomiting are a common presenting complaint, and the reason is it's true that hydrocephalus is often associated with this tumor. Question number three. Which of the following is false regarding chloride plexus papilloma? And the answer is B. 50% do not involve the third ventricular roof, for that designation is often given to colloid cyst. No, this lesion has a marked propensity, as stated for the lateral ventricle, especially the atrial trigone, and especially the left side. But it is true. They are hyper-echoic on ultrasound. It is true that they have robust contrast enhancement like our very large papillary lesion in the ventricle. It is true that when they occur around the fourth ventricle, that they may involve the posterior medullary vellum and foramina of lusca. It is true that extensive invasion suggests the diagnosis of chloride plexus carcinoma. Let's talk a little bit about chloride plexus papilloma. First, chloride plexus tumors are not very common. There are only about 3% of pediatric brain tumors. They are only 0.5% of adult brain tumors, but they can be present at birth. They are World Health Organization Grade 1 lesions. Despite the fact that they can get very large, wreak havoc on the brain by virtue of hydrocephalus, which was present in this case. The hydrocephalus can be related to compression or overproduction hydrocephalus. As stated, lateral ventricle is most common. Especially in kids. And there is no gender predilection. Although there is a slight gender predilection for males if you break out the fourth ventricular ones alone. They can occur in multiple locations. In fact, 5% of the time they are in multiple locations. Chroid plexus papilloma and carcinoma are notorious for their ability to seed other loci in the brain. This is also true for the appendemoma, the medulloblastoma, and the glioblastoma multiforme of the adult. As you've seen, hydrocephalus is intimately associated with both the chroid plexus papilloma as well as the chroid plexus carcinoma. This is a tumor that occurs in the young, under age 5. And the overwhelming minority of these, fortunately, are chroid plexus carcinomas. The majority are benign. They're pretty soft. They are well circumscribed. They have been likened to the appearance of cauliflower. And I think ours looks quite a bit like cauliflower. Histologically, they are very similar in appearance when benign to regular chroid plexus anatomy. Hemorrhage and cyst formation may be seen. If we go back for a moment, here is a cyst associated with our tumor. There's another cyst associated with our tumor. Sometimes the cyst can be misconstrued with trapped ventricular tissue. They only calcify about 24% of the time, or as we said earlier, 20 to 25%. So that one choice, 90% calcify, is incorrect. They can extend from one ventricle to another, and our mass was extending from the lateral ventricle, the atrium, into the temporal horn. They can be attached by a vascular pedicle to the chroid plexus, and they can move, causing intermittent ventricular obstruction in much the same way that chroid or colloidal cyst, sorry, colloidal cyst will do the same thing, so-called colloid cyst of the entero superior third ventricle. On CT, they are iso to hyper-dense or iso-dense. There is intense enhancement. On a CTA or an MRA, you may see an enlarged colloidal artery. On MR, the T1 signal is iso to hypo-intense unless they have blood. The T2 signal is iso to hyper-intense, although may be low signal if they have intermittently bled, and there is citerotic accumulation. On MR, you may see vascular flow voids. On non-contrast MR, they are avid for iodine, they are avid for gadolinium, so on MR, the enhancement is also intense. Unfortunately, imaging alone cannot distinguish chroid plexus papilloma from chroid plexus carcinoma. In my experience, diffusion restriction is not helpful in differentiating chroid plexus papilloma from carcinoma. This concludes our discussion of chroid plexus papilloma, a tough lesion, relatively large, young patient, left lateral atrial trigone, calcifies 20 to 25% of the time, intense enhancement, looks like cauliflower, very papillary, closely associated with hydrocephalus, either overproduction or obstructive hydrocephalus. Let's move on to the next case, shall we?


Welcome back to the breakfast on a plus TV Africa. It's now time for off-the-press as the segment where we analyze The headlines on our national dailies. Let's invite our guests. Mr. Tunde Kola Wale a public affairs analyst who joins us via phone Mr. Kola Wale good morning. I think we're still gonna, you know connect with him while we wait for Tunde Kola Wale I think we can just go through the papers for now He will be joining us in just a few seconds and of course having his review of these stories across Nigeria on a Monday morning All right, let's begin with the Daily Trust newspaper headline reads federal government postponed scovid-19 vaccination as doubts dog donated doses Experts worried over reluctance to provide key documents now that says there is no problem with the vaccine Also in the Daily Trust Senate's list conditions for creation of states First Bank Echo Bank five others make 60 billion Naira from E banking charges Billy crisis governors decide second is fate today Importers exporters lose billions over customs server failure Kidnappers free buy also business man detain ransom couriers Three killed as gunman abducts Swiss national driver in Ogun Obia not my ask residents to ignore IPO be seated home order and There's a picture here on the front of the Daily Trust and it reads Residents of a pool community in equal to chief Dom Zangan Cataflaka government area Kaduna state Troop out for free medical services Provided by participants of the 60th regular course of the Nigerian Defense Academy So that's free medical services there on the paper All right, Nazi on the punch newswapers No work no pay directive for the government battles Naira D opens attendance register resident doctors adamant Resume first or forget further negotiations ministry orders insist on sanctions for doctors It also says here. You can bully doctors. You haven't paid with no work. No pay threat Naira D lambast federal government tributes empty stands as Tokyo 2020 ends in Also on the punch PDP governor's meet today reps caucus demands second this resignation. I have not fled Nigeria I mean Ben F for Igbo who says I came Louis Also on the punch federal government postpones vaccination resumption indefinitely list 3700 cases in one week stakeholders meet on vaccine distribution to states today We can also find here on the punch petrol landing cost hits 249 Naira litter the regulation remains uncertain and group roots for Shimba Joe's presidency list VPs qualities Those are the big ones on the punch newswapers this morning. Okay. Well, I think in the southeast I sit at home Confrontation looms as IPOB blows hot government vows clamp down On the nation newspaper pressure mounts on PDP chairman to condos to quit Southeast governors IPOB clash over ghost Mondays Senate's panel to recommend break up of police operations IG to lose some powers over deployment funding members for Fail to agree on state police tributes flow for business mogul cumbo Buhari governors others Budget as a villa laments non-release Non-release our full allocation Nigeria's telecom sector attracts 822.66 billion Naira Respect Igbo's rights kinsmen tell Ben in government Also on the nation Nigeria finishes 74th on Tokyo Olympics medal table wife pause hot water and husband's girlfriend in church US Nigerian the intact Naira on rebound deal is a weight 6.35 billion dollars IMF your one Cash and those are the stories on the nation newspaper And also the daily independent ban on forex sales to BDCs a devaluation imminent as Naira faces stiff pressure for the government unveils 250 billion our intervention facility to boost gas value chain and Serap urges Buhari to probe spending of 881 billion Naira by 367 MDAs Please kill two has gone men abduct expatriate and driver Buhari of Basaki or Schumel and mourn captain Hossa or cumbo Leadership crisis how northern power brokers saved second is party stakeholders to take final decision tomorrow We are guilty of lack of political vision says Baba talk, but and also Senate denies proposing creation of additional 20 new states Northern coalition others demand review of abacare's suspension Canoes younger brother and IPOB disagree on today's sit-at-home order and Finally on the daily independent why nine-journey Airlines are yet to benefit from 3.4 trillion dollar AFC FTA treaty two years after good morning to our guest a tune they call our way. Thanks for joining us. Good morning Mr. Color. Well, you can hear us Yes It was it was brilliant. Thanks for joining us and welcome to a new week There's a pretty interesting stories on the news papers this morning. I think we can start from the Southeast where they of course, there's you know back and forth with regards to sit-at-home order by the IPOB In the news Nambi Khan's younger brother apparently had asked that the sit-at-home be cancelled mostly because of the NECO examinations And of course the state governors are also adamant that it should not be Respected and people should go about the lawful of business and activities What's your response to you know the IPOB and all of this? What are your thoughts? The position is taken by Nambi Khan's younger brother and there are plans to deny this in both positions taken by these two different people and the Khan's brother is saying that the sit-at-home order might affect half students who are going to be sitting for the NECO exam Where the IPOB appears not to be reflected in the NECO because according to them, they may not believe in Nigeria But if you ask me for my take I would have to say that I hope the sit-at-home order and allow the children to take the NECO exam after all Even if the IPOB will not believe in Nigeria If you find some students in Nigeria who are going to take the NECO exam and all of them are going to take the NECO exam That is the conveying issue today. I appeal to the two parties to negotiate and meet the compromise in the case of the South East people Alright moving away from the South East now We know that in the People's Democratic PDP Secondus seems to have a lot on his plate right now. There's mountain pressure That's how the nation describes it. That is mountain pressure on the PDP chairman Uche Secondus to quit And when we see other papers, they also mentioned this particular situation The Daily Independent describes it as a PDP leadership crisis When we look at this situation, how do you see the PDP coming out stronger from this? When we look at it, it is not just the PDP They are absolutely new to the Civil War In most of the political parties that we have in the country today If we look at the APC, the Congress is at their control Rather than create the harmony that the party has desired or has intended That the congresses will lead to It has further polarized the party When we also look at the PDC One would have expected that an opposition party Lying to take power in 2033 There is more cohesion There is more camaraderie that is going to be more rapport between the leadership of the parties So all we have seen is a kind of change If you try to blow away the party as large And you ask yourself, what remains is the fundamental issue Got a name that the PDP has For that it is a subject in itself Is this kind of any devices or services? No, just ego-treat There has to be ego-classes between most of the top echelons of the party Dr. Muki, for example, is no longer in good terms With the chairman of the party in 2032 We see himself as recommended As the party chairman You also have some other tendencies of the party Who are already looking at 2033 And they want to dictate and call the shop Who becomes the chairman and holds both of the other Executives positions in the party So that once they see the top of the party It is easy for them to realize that they are political They are expected political ambitions In 2023 And of course you also have our friend Mr. Iodile Fios here Who wants to remain relevant He is also a subject To become the chairman of the PDP So it's all about better ambitions It has nothing to do with the general interest Of all Nigerian people For the country of the PDP we need to start Start in total respect For the Nigerian people It is a part of the only party to say That the Nigerian people are open And looking at an alternative to the APC And If they are looking at them as alternative And these kinds of things are happening within their ranks and orders Then where lies the hope of the upgrade to the Nigerian party There it is And that is very very exciting It's like even if 40,000 of them could come The PDP would like To surrender The government Or the picture or the post To the APC without any part And that in my humble opinion Is a pathway to The one party state in Nigeria Which is going to be very dangerous We are not yet having a one party state And the situation is as calamity and as chaotic It's as Insecure The economy is in attack So when you now have just one party to dominate The political state What is going to become the rest of us In terms of those who are the PDP Kind of have some point The man does that To have the charisma To lead a pan-Nigerian political party A highly decentralized party And the party with the kind of the Republican ideology That the PDP are But the party should have waited The man's time is going to run out in another three months time Then if you seek to Make a commitment or a contest They have to also have a small voting point 20 minutes or 40 minutes Or get into the guys three months away So when you knew Congress And new executive committees are going to Vote for Don't think they seek one for me As an observer Of what is happening in all of this political party And if I will have my way Then we are even thought That people like a thief who Will drop his political ambition And become the chairman Of the PDP political party And have the charisma And have the social And have the reach And have the political spirit To mobilize people So we may begin to focus on the PDP And we vote for them at the vote Another question that could have looked onto Who will be talking too much today Or is it going to have a number Who is going to be the chairman Who is going to be the president Who is also charismatic here in the spirit And where we are To lead the party and get a political party To find out Yeah, just so we can cover a couple more stories Before we go There is also a conversation about Creation of 20 more states The Senate has said that they are not Making the move And that they are going to be passing it over to INEC To set up a referendum Do you agree that we may be needing More states in Nigeria? The creation of one state Yes Honestly speaking I find that to be very strange People they say that we are in the country To say That is the participation Including a vision Only maybe about a three Or four of them Are being run in a very, very five human All the other states Will be able to survive Most of them are now rivaling in security They are always trying To clean The salaries of staffers They are being able to pay If we now create more states How will those states Be able to decide for things How will they be able to run themselves Other than create more states I will have thoughts Because those who are managing the constitution Will be looking at Creating more local government So that the government can become At the disposal of the people And then getting Two federalism To begin to work in Nigeria And then working as a parameter By which the party By which the state Can decide to sustain it Because in fairness There is no state in Nigeria To say that it is not viable All of them are practically vital Because they will have had The leadership The political leadership They have been setting leadership In the future They are hindering They are incompetent They are corrupt They are not ready to do what is necessary To get most of these states To run on a viable structure Say for example If you say for example Here is a Nigerian Nigerian food In the kitsi store today Was planted Before independence That is about my day 59 And that is still what we depend on today This is the result of these people The kitsi state Impact on the plant On the plantation For most of these people By now They would have been nearly They would have been products to export And even if you don't even export them You could be having pastries And other industries To be protesting the type of products Of this cocoa, coffee And cassava And then you would be exporting Look at a coffee like Itopia They depend on only coffee And then they are airline When the Nigerian import came in They were exporting raw coffee beans And the man said no He must begin to add value to this Package it And sell the coffee in the international market Other than selling the coffee That doesn't bring more And to pay Coffee on the airline Which they are not exporting Appear to be Determinant Or maybe about 70% Or 50% Of the coffee that is being used To run in Tokyo as a country So both of those are safe You can be careful In the area of agriculture In the area of IT And then some of these other areas Human beings are the most important factors In development And there is only a place in Nigeria That we don't have Too complicated Of quality Educated Vibrant And I know it's also human beings Who can design programs And also lay out their master plans For the growth and development Of the state that we have in the country Let them drop the proposal For the creation of 20 additional states Let them have more local government And let the local government Defend autonomy And like we do have in the past We used to have municipal councils But the municipal councils The government They were very powerful They would make their own budgets They would create their own sources And they would have a presentation See slides Communal washing And dry places And a playground For our children When they are told meddling weekends Those are the directions In which I think Those are mainly the positions To be looking at Lastly Mr. I want us to take a look At the headline on The Punch Neespaper It's talking about asking our chief medical officers to go ahead to open attendance registers, and that any resident doctor who doesn't come to work and who doesn't sign that attendance register would not be paid salaries. And that's the only way of trying to make sure that doctors go ahead to read your work. Do you agree with the way the government is addressing this issue of the strike by resident doctors, threatening not to pay them? I mean, Nard is even saying you don't pay us anyway. So, honestly, I don't agree. Part of the challenge we have in this part of the world is that we have no respect for acrimony. And the nation that has no respect for acrimony, trying and value for resources cannot be developed. For God's sake, these medical people went to a strike from Montecou, and then you negotiated with them, you entered into an agreement, and then the agreement was executed. No sooner than the ache dried on the agreement that was executed, the federal government released the chief's tool, a increment, the size of the agreement. And that is what has led the doctors to go back on strike. And when you look at what the doctors are complaining about, could they be described as their treasure? The answer is no. Most of the hospitals around them, common basic medicines are not there. The facilities are not there. The workers are fully motivated. Most of the structures don't look like a hospital structure. They are around them. They look like a aperture, very tiny. How do you look at them? Never renovated, they have not been renovated so many years to come. Whereas when you go into hospitals and order, hospitals use, I mean, you can almost compare them to first class, four, five-star hotels. They are packing clear. The environment is serious. Do you have any of those hospitals in Nigeria today? Even when you take the 15 hospitals, the 8 hospitals, they are well in the country. The government should stop these bullying tactics, and say that they will start the hospitals that will not pay them for work that is never done. Later, they should look at the ground for grievances of the medical doctors and find ways and means to address those grievances. Even the President himself has not been confirming what the medical doctors have been saying. If your hospitals are good, will he be traveling all the time for medical treatment at all? No, he has not. Which is a simple concept. Do you see an American president travel to Russia or to Germany or to China for treatment? Do you even see an Angela Merkel come to Africa for treatment and order? Whatever your people are not aware, whatever you cannot keep them, a leader in charge is not supposed to enjoy those facilities. But here the opposite is the case. They leave all their cities around them and then allow people to try a little help test, and then they begin to bully the doctors, but they will not pay them, they will not do the exact same. If they don't resume their work, for me it is good to work. These are professionals who have opportunities. Look at the number of medical doctors that have left the country. When the COVID pandemic broke out, the British Supercenter, they were playing here to call for me to carry any medical doctor or nurse who is willing to come and walk over there and pray. The pandemic hasn't come, and the doctors are seeing all the demands in most of these parts of the world. So that is the way you can look at it. Furthermore, you now have a situation in which the federal government is saying that they are not going to be fascinated people against COVID-19. When I get that story, I will stop. I nearly went. Some other countries in the world are now being treated under vaccination. A country like France, for example, they want to go to the elderly people and they want to go up to 50. After the first and second dose, we are going to be giving them a booster dose, that is the test dose, so that we can be sure that these people will never contract COVID-19. And then they will not give up the vaccination. We would have to wrap it up here. But of course, we thank you for your time this morning. Thank you for waking up with us on a Monday morning. And we wish you a very interesting week ahead. Thank you. Good morning. Good morning. Thank you very much. All right, it's now time for Today in History. After the break, I'll come back to tell you about a significant day in South African history. And we'll be talking 2014 in the United States, one of the incidents that led to the discussion of cameras, body cams, rather for United States police officers. We'll be back after the short break.