Hello everybody, it's great to see so many of you joining us today and thanks to those few who've introduced yourselves in the chat and asked some questions already. My name is Sinead Whitty, I'm the acting course director for the brand new postgraduate diploma in global health research here at the University of Oxford. So I'm delighted to introduce the course to you today.  So the program is fully online, so we'll take some time to outline exactly how that will work and how it will feel for you as a student and various other details as well. So please do keep the questions coming as I'm talking through. So the postgraduate diploma itself takes 14 months to complete. It's taught over four terms. As you can see there on screen each term has a particular focus from research design, data management and analysis, quality systems and finally research implementation. So the course is designed for all people involved in health research. Whatever the disease area is that you're interested in and whatever your particular role is within the research team, we really do want to cohort that's geographically and demographically representative and that also encompasses the depth and breadth of any well-functioning research team. So taking this course will really help you understand how to run an ethically framed high quality research study, particularly within the context of a low resource setting. So the course is unique on a number of fronts. It is the University of Oxford's first award bearing course that has been designed to be delivered fully online. And uniquely there is no requirement for you to travel to Oxford at any point. So you don't need to worry about visas or taking a break from your career or leaving your family or moving your family. And we hope that this flexibility will make the course very excuse me, very approachable for a lot of people and will give you the flexibility to actually take up your place on it. So at every level we have designed the programme itself with really busy professionals in mind. So you will see as we go through all the flexibility that is designed in and all the practical elements as well. So this is really a very practically focused course. And while you take this balance your study with your professional and personal commitments, you will enjoy the Oxford experience fully online. And when we talk about the Oxford experience, what we mean really is very student centred and really supportive environment in which you learn to the best of your abilities. And we talk more about that as we go through. Excuse me. So we believe as well that the content of the course also adds to its uniqueness. We begin by asking what is health research and then we work all the way through finishing up with how to convert your research into practice. So I just want to take a moment to outline how we created the curriculum because that as well was a very novel approach. It is actually a crowdsourced curriculum. Colleagues at the Global Health Network here at the University of Oxford together with colleagues from TDR conducted a huge piece of research. To find out really what were the essential skills that anybody involved in research needed to have. We had over 7000 respondents to that Delphi process. As you can see from the map on the left of the screen, the majority of the respondents were researchers from LMICs. We also had substantial input from stakeholder organisations such as EDCTP, the European Commission, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and so on. So that gave us the essential research skills curriculum, which you see in the centre. And we took those topics and further mapped them against the Global Health Network and TDR's competency framework that you see on the right. And that is what has given us the curriculum for the postgraduate diploma. So when we looked at all the topics that we had, they naturally fell into those four teaching terms that I outlined briefly earlier. And they've also naturally fallen into the sections that give us our main course learning outcomes. So to design and implement high quality and ethical research, to translate that into new policies, best practices or maybe medicinal products and to effectively manage data right throughout its life cycle and to practice research always being mindful of its potential societal impact. So in terms of course content and how it works, we study four particular modules in each term. So there are eight teaching weeks in a term. What happens is, say in term one for research design, you'll study what is health research at the same time as outcome measures and protocol design. So you study those two subjects for the first four weeks and in the second four weeks we move on then to ethics and community engagement. And that's how it works right the way through. So how does a typical week look? How does it feel? What's the structure? So if you can see on screen here, we start at the top with the purple circle. So we have an interactive pre-recorded lecture and when we say interactive, what we mean is that you interact with human beings on it. So you can click on any part of the lecture and leave a message for your teachers, for your classmates and your teachers and classmates will respond to you there. This is really helpful for us because the teaching team can understand where you're stuck, what you don't completely understand and also what you're really interested in. So it's a great way to share your experience and expertise right at the start of the week. And we follow that up with some real-world tasks and that really helps you to put the theory into practice, particularly bearing in mind the context in which you're working. Those tasks are reported onto discussion forums that the whole class can see. So we all learn from each other and the discussion continues. Now what happens is on those discussion forums, your teachers will come in and they will give you feedback so that you're really clear on what you're doing well and also what you need to do to improve. So maybe we'll invite other class members to build on an answer that you have started, for example. So it's all really supportive with the idea of helping everybody to learn to the best of your ability and also to share your expertise and to share your questions because that's really important too. In the middle of the week then we come together for a live class which would be on Zoom or similar. And this is not a lecture because we've already had that right at the start of the week. So in the live class we take time to talk about those parts of the lecture that were a bit tricky, that might need a bit more explanation and also to delve into the parts of this week's topic that are most of interest and relevance to you. So it's a really dynamic, lovely part of the week to come together live. That's followed up then by an individual guided reflection where you will write up a really short note on what you learned, why it's important to you and what are you going to do with this new knowledge or skills that you've gained this week. And it could be that you've realised that actually at your site you're already implementing best practice and that's a wonderful thing to realise and to share that with your own team at work. So that's a lovely thing to pop into your reflection or it could be that maybe you want to implement some change in your workplace and you're not really sure of who you might need to bring on board to support you in that, who you might need to have on a team in order to make sure it's successful. So you can talk out those particular questions with your own personal tutor and you get one-to-one feedback on that guided reflection. Now I'll talk in a moment about the assessment and when I do those real-world tasks and the guided reflection are going to come up again so just bear those in mind. So naturally the week doesn't look all circularly, it looks a bit like this. So we use Canvas which is the University of Oxford's online learning platform. So this is our classroom, it's where we meet, it's where you find absolutely everything you need and the design is really simple. You start at the top of the page and you work the way down so you can't get lost, you can't forget anything. Canvas is available as an app that's free to use so you can work on the go if you like. As much as possible the content will be downloadable so you can also have the flexibility to work offline and absolutely everything you need is here including additional resources which might be books, journal articles, videos or podcasts and you will also have full access to the University's libraries online of course. On screen here you have the beautiful and ancient Bodleian Library on the right hand side and it's next to our neighbour the Radcliffe camera to the left. These are just two of the 100 libraries that make up the Bodleian Libraries group and together they offer you access online to 1.4 million e-books, 118,000 e-journals and over 1,300 databases. So if you can't find what you're looking for here I don't know where you'll find it so it'll be extremely well prepared for your learning and for your assessment as well. So we have one assessment per term. The design is that you do a little bit every week so you never actually have a crunch point where all your essays are due or anything like that and again this is part of the design because you will be working at the same time as studying so we really want to support you through the assessment. So what happens is we come together at the first week of term we announce the assessment details you will be put into assessment teams and you will have a team tutor who will help you form as a team and decide how you're going to work together. Now you'll have a private group space on Canvas that you're free to use but a lot of groups like to use WhatsApp or something like that just for really quick informal communication and that's absolutely fine. And then at a roundabout the midpoint in the term as a team you will submit the first draft of one section of your team assessment and you will get formative feedback on that so that means you don't get a percentage or a letter grade what you get is a roadmap to your continued success so the feedback will tell you what you're doing well and what you need to do to improve. So you should have a very clear path forward then in terms of guiding the work that you do for the rest of the term on your team assessment. Then in week 10 that's assessment week which for us is celebration week so the team assessment is a live presentation the whole class is there and everybody learns from the work that you've done you will have worked really hard to create your team assessment so we hope that you'll enjoy sharing that with the whole class and being really proud of it. Following the presentation then we'll have a few minutes for questions and answers with the assessment team and also then there's an individual element to assessment so if you remember those reflective pieces that you will have written every week what you can do is bundle those up put them in context of the overall term and submit that along with a note that outlines what was your contribution to the team assessment and what you learned from that. So what you'll find actually is that in addition to learning theory and how you might put that into practice in your own particular context you'll actually be developing a host of really valuable and really important transferable skills so everything from critical thinking interpersonal skills those advocacy communication skills academic writing skills and so on these are highly valued by employers across the globe regardless of the role that you have within your own team at work. So really what's hugely important to your success and to your enjoyment of the whole process of studying online with us is the support that we have for you as students because the reality might be like the picture on the top of the screen here that you will sit down at your own computer on your own at the start or the end of your working day and you'll be working away on your coursework but it should actually feel like the picture on the bottom that you're really embedded in this hugely supportive friendly team where everyone's there to help each other out and you have all the support from the academic and admin teams through the formative feedback that you get every week your individual tutor is there for you your assessment team tutor is there for you but the most important thing really is that your classmates are there for you and it's those connections that you're going to make with the peers in your class that are going to help you through on those weeks when you're a bit stressed at work maybe you've pressured at home maybe you're not feeling so well having those good strong social networks are really really important so we help you form those as well at every point so that's a brief outline of the course how it works online I hope by this stage you're somewhat interested in applying the entry requirements are on screen here if you have a degree in one of the four areas that's listed that's terrific you can use that to meet the entry requirements if your degree is in a different area or if you don't have a degree but you do have at least three years relevant work experience you can use that to meet the entry requirements so do please email the course if you have any questions about your own eligibility for it the links will be in the chat there thank you very much Lauren for popping those in just to say there is an application fee of £75 that's standard across the university for any course there are some waivers for people from low-income countries again if you're wondering if you fit in that category send us an email and we'll advise you you do need to submit some paperwork so what I'd suggest is if you're interested begin your application process straight away you can add to it over time and what happens is we shortlist candidates and we interview everybody on the shortlist and then we'll follow up with you to offer you a place all going well just to say that there is a fee for the course as well this year it's £12,880 I do appreciate that's a substantial amount of money for anybody to get together there are some bursaries available so please don't let the course fee put you off from applying and again do email us if you've you know particular questions about your own individual circumstances we'd be delighted to hear from you and I suppose really as much as we're really proud of the course that we've created and how special it is how special the University of Oxford is what really makes the university special and I think you will have gotten this idea very clearly from Prashista's talk as well is the people that's what really matters and so on screen here we have a number of Oxford people past and present I mean we could add loads more names to it and we'd love to add yours so will you join us so thank you very much everybody we look forward now to hearing your questions in the Q&A or maybe some of them are in the chat but that's everything from me and thank you so much


This is covering the spread part of the fan dual podcast network We have got nine games in the NBA for tonight and five in the NHL So why not lump them all together and talk about both by bringing on Tom Vecchio to break down his thoughts and snites NBA slate his NHL betting process and say your bets across all of the hockey universe for tonight This is covering the spread right here on the fan dual podcast network and number fire calm My name is Jim Saunas. I am a senior writer and analyst for number fire calm joined here as mentioned by Tom Vecchio Check him out on Twitter at DFS underscore Tom. Tom. Happy Wednesday to you a Glorious laid-ahead for both these sports. How you doing today? I'm doing good. Yeah talking NHL is is one of my favorite things It's it's arguably my favorite sport to bet Maybe outside of MLB home run props, but I'm ready to go MLB home run props is very specific and a very frustrating market for me So I'm glad that at least someone here is willing to bet those I go K props to the most part I can do money lines, but home run props.  It's like if you dig into a header versus pitcher data Badded ball rates hard contact like all these sorts of things like there's an overlap and oh, yeah As long as some of the external factors Whether park factor like a lot of those things as long as you can pile them together like it makes sense, right? And I think for me, it's a part because of the DFS like volume that I play I get further in my stacks don't hit and if I also bet on those guys. It's more frustrating I feel more confident in my ability to pinpoint strikeouts So like if a pitcher flops, it's like at whatever I can I can deal with that but like batters They just drive me nuts whatever reason but luckily I have two and a half months before I have to worry about baseball again So we're talking about some basketball and hockey for today and get Tom's thoughts on both of those for tonight But first a reminder to make sure you are subscribed to covering the spread wherever you get your podcast We had our first look at the NFL's Divisional round of the playoffs went up yesterday breaking down what my numbers are saying about this round Primarily focusing on Bengals bill some bets in there get that wherever you get your podcast I'm covering the spread and also we did talk to Brandon Gadoula about the American Express may PGA betting perspective All that up on the covering the spread podcast feed and on the fan dual YouTube page on the DFS side The NFL Saturday million is now live on fan dual Put your NFL knowledge to the test and create your best nine player roster while staying under the salary cap Then use Fandals live scoring feature You can follow along as you compete for your share of one million dollars in total cash prizes including $200,000 at first place all for just a $5 entry fee January 21st Saturday is coming quickly So head to fandal.com and get your lineups in today Eligibility restrictions apply go to fandal.com or download the fandal app for more details We're gonna start things off on the NBA here because that is more of a straightforward discussion for tonight We talked to Tom about his process for that last week in the NBA a couple of nationally televised games for tonight We've got the Hawks and the Mavericks first followed by the Nuggets and the Wolves both those games on ESPN any bets for you in those games Tom that you like if people are looking to tune into those games Yeah, let's start with Christian wood the now starting center for the Dallas Mavericks over 30 and a half points plus rebounds It's taking a minus 120 This you know last week I was here. We talked. I was talking about you know attacking Atlanta versus via centers I think this is the exact same spot Alana bottom 10 versus centers in both points and rebounds allowed There's also a nice pace-up spot for Dallas or 28th in the league in offense pace Atlanta is sitting at 6th We have a 234 over under it's a two point spread all these things You know looking at wood overall if you just look at the stats this season He's averaging. I think it's 18 and 8 which you know, you're seeing in this line That's 30 and a half is averaging 18 and 8 beating course of the season. He was coming off the bench Now he's been in the starting lineup and since January. He's averaging, you know, basically 20 and 10 So we're getting to that mark and and if you look at his game log back Some of these are big games where he's going for like 25 and 14 where he is not just getting to a double-double I'm just like, you know getting to the edge like he is pushing past it in a big way So it's like all these things we're attacking these weak defenses. He has a new and increased roll high pace High over under close spread really love Christian Wood tonight. I had a slate in DFS last week where I had a Long consideration of Christian Wood. I pivoted Bobby Portis. I think it was at the last second and Portis Did he was like fine met expectations Christian Wood went for like 66 Fandall points or something like that and I'm still Distraught so maybe I can like recoup some of what I would have gotten by betting his his points plus rebounds prop As he said a minus 120 at Fandall sportsbook for that one any other bets across those two games for you The Luca points plus assist is all points plus rebound is also looking good. That's at 40 and a half If I remember correctly That's also looking good. He didn't play in their most recent game. He's listed as probable for tonight I expect him to go his points plus is it is 43 and a half Minus 113. I think that is still good Lana bottom 10 versus point guards when it comes to rebounds allowed Trey young does not rebound at all Luca low volume shooting low scoring his most recent game. It's kind of one of the spots that you know bad game He sits out. He's listed as probable tonight should bounce back very clear spot for him Yeah, 43 and a half the numbers you said minus 113 both ways on that for Luca and the points plus rebounds one For Christian would 30 and a half minus 120 on the over there There are as mentioned those seven other games across the NBA for tonight any other spots where you're seeing some good props You want to bang in for tonight? Yes, so Absolutely number one Julius Randall over 38 and a half points plus rebounds minus 106 He's been awesome as of late for the Knicks and both him and Jalen Brunson for the Knicks are putting up huge points and again It's the same situation where just like it's not just a double-double for him some games that he's having 42 and 15 and 30 and 16 in these huge games and Rough loss for the Knicks in their most recent outing. They sense it over time versus the Raptors on Monday. They lose an overtime Washington is atrocious via centers And I mentioned it last week when it was the Bulls against them and Busevich and all these sorts of things So we're attacking the same teams Dave weak defenses the Knicks need to bounce back They're a very tight playoff race in the east and he and Randall has been awesome for the Knicks. So that's number one There's no props posted for Nuggets wolves. I will say there's injuries on both sides One of the notes I'm looking at for the Nuggets is that Jamal Murray played last night He was listed as questionable going into last night's game He played a full you know 30 some odd minutes very normal, but second night of a back-to-back So this could mean extra usage for Yokech who doesn't need any more usage to begin with But he could be getting extra usage We also see Rudy Gobert on the other side of the wolves listed as questionable So if he is out and go bears a very good defender But it could be a much easier path for Yokech going up against Nasri their backup center and The potential for no Jamal Murray. This is a this could be a triple double spot for Yokech Not that I can't say that on any other slate But specifically this one this could be a very very clear spot for Yokech Is it going to be the points plus rebounds plus assist marker? We were looking first for Yokech given the variety of ways he can put up numbers in that category, right? That and you know realistically his most nights like for him to record a triple double It's only sitting at like plus 150. Yeah, right? It's it's very low like him to record a double double like minus 300 or minus four But like to record a triple double was only like plus 150 a part of me almost wants to take just that okay Because you know him going for Like 18 12 and 10 he won't get to his PRA, but he would get the triple double So I'd rather go for plus 150 then go for like minus 110 Okay, I like that file process there So Yokech the key guy to turn to the two situations Thomas pinpointing Maybe Jamal Murray gets his minutes scale back in the second night of it back to back Completely, yeah, because he is coming back from an injury from last year did not play at all last year Right, so that could be a situation there and then Rudy go bear the other guy to keep an eye on there for potentially keying up a Nikolay Yokech big night as you typically would expect from him. Okay, that's the NBA side of things Let's hit our folks and talk now about the NHL We talked NHL with you last spring So it's been a very long time and it kind of somewhere to the NBA I don't want to assume people listen to that that was a long time ago So I want to go back to baseline process for you What is he starting point for you when you're betting the NHL whether it be? Traditional markets player props, whatever it may be. Where are you starting in that process? So I start for it's essentially the same spot where I start from and I will say I do bet a lot of NHL sides It's probably the sport that I bet the most sides and I also bet a ton of props it all starts from the same point and the Example I use is from the movie Moneyball Okay, it's like we're you know, you want to be focused on getting runs right and how to get runs You get players on base you want to be doing these things. So like when comes the NHL You're betting on teams to win or you're betting on a total. So you're betting on Goals, essentially, how do you get goals? It's like well you get goals by getting shots on goal and how do you get shots on goals that you get shot attempts So the baseline one of the easiest NHL Analytics is called shot attempts, which the term for it is Corsi C O R S I and everything when it comes to NHL Advanced analytics is for and against for is what your team does or what a player does and then against is what they allow So everything starts with essentially shot attempts because if you think of it like a funnel if you have a lot of shot attempts And those are just all shot attempts whether they're blocked whether they're away from the net on the net whatever Those leads to shots on goal shots on goal leads to goals So I look for teams that have or players that have very high shot attempts And for all NHL stats you always want to adjust it for per 60 minutes in 5v5 situations You don't want to be accounting for what they do on the power play because Shocking you know when teams are on the power play they take more shots because they've been advantage and when they're on the penalty kill They give up more shots because they're without a player which is so we want to adjust For 5v5 situations per 60 minutes and I'd like teams that take a lot of shot attempts because those lead to shots on goal which lead to goals So team and that's when I reference NHL When I say like teams that push the pace that are high offensive pressure teams It's teams that are hopefully in the top 10 lead when it comes to shot attempts per 60 minutes This is not to say you can't find value on teams or players in other spots But we always want to be looking at teams that are consistently doing the right thing like teams that have a high pass rate or pass rate over expectation in the nfl so In talking about like power play percentage, you know you're talking about you want to you want it to be an even strength and Focus on that is that because power plays gained is like a fluky kind of stat or Is do better teams induce more power plays because I know nothing about the NHL So I'm actually it's just very basic stuff.  So You know, you can't be adjusting for like and if the power play ends early because they score 10 seconds in You like we just have to adjust for what they're gonna be doing the most So power plays are fluky like a team can be awesome in a power play and then they go through like, you know Oh for 15 slump and I don't want to be looking at their stats just because they're over 15 So it's just like they're on the ice for 5v5 in most circumstances. That's what we have to look at So you focus everything around trying to find teams that are Possessing the puck getting shots off regardless of the quality of those shots You just want to make sure they are getting us volume basically. Yes, but then if you bring up quality, that's a different Uh, is there a metric for that? Yeah, there's a sublayer to that which is uh called high danger chances Okay, and that comes down to the next metric which would be expected goals, which is Uh, I'm not I know dr. Ed fang is big in the soccer But if you look at expected goals, it's basically the same thing where The shot Location has a different expected goal rate in the nhl and the same thing in soccer where in the nhl It's in the slot between the dots That has a different expected goal percentage compared to a shot from the blue line from a defender So high danger chances are coming from the slot So we can leave the team that not only takes a lot of shot attempts But they're also coming close to the net So then the next layer of what I would look at in terms of process would be Teams that have a differential between their current goals scored And their expected goals scored and if they have a high differential I'm going to say okay, this team is due for positive regression because They're not scoring right now, but they're still doing like they're doing the right the small things correctly They're just not getting the results So that that differential is why essentially target on a lot of nights Right because there's a lot of variance and whether or not the puck goes in you generate a good a good chance You shouldn't be dinged just because it doesn't necessarily go in and stuff like that Do you find that the market does a good job of accounting for that stuff or are there still some inefficiencies there where If you were using good advanced numbers, you can still have a pretty decent edge I think there's I think there's a decent edge in nhl and I think it's simply due to It's like baseball where it's it's fluky It's just like a player is having a massive hard contact rate and all these things are great He's just not getting the results where it's the same in the nhl where these teams go through Just like the ebbs and flows and I'll use the the devils as an example earlier in the season They went on like a 10 game win streak Which is along for the nhl And then they went through a stretch where they lose like 10 out of 12 games And now they're on like another six or seven game win streak where there's just so many ebbs and flows to the nhl That if you get a team that is hot at the right time They're going to be pouring in the goals and a lot of it I hate to say that a lot of it has to do sometimes with the travel schedule Where again, I'll use the devils as an example Let's say they have like a a four game homestand like whatever it is a normal Homestand and then they go to play like away games. They can play at the rangers Which is not an away game for them. They're still sleeping at home at the islanders And then they go to philly. They go to dc. They go to the penguins. That's a five game road trip But it's not like a heavy travel schedule. So they're they're like, they're still pretty You know cool common collect because they're not doing a whole lot, but they compare that to them going to Detroit in minnesota win and pay colorado Dallas and phoenix They're all over the place in those six games and that like how do you vary that sample size compared to when they're at home For two weeks Right for sure and it's same thing as like any other sport travel matters And that kind of stuff matters. So kind of for that is important within the process Now you mentioned You will bet sides in the nhl Are you betting Like team totals too because it sounds like that would correlate perfectly with what you're studying It does so I love team totals my my favorite bets In the nhl they're always going with the over just because especially in today's nhl there's just so much scoring and It's really tough to take it under With you and like it just meshes well with like our general mindset of like, you know, a lot of us come from a dfs background There's an overlap there. So it's kind of pinpointing what you you know best even if like Sure, the over rate for like the overall sample might be, you know under 50% or what it may be Um, but like if you can identify the proper spots, that's that's kind of what matters more Right. So the over I love my one of my favorite bets is called Uh, the 60 minute line or the three-way money line I call regulation, which means the team has to win in 60 minutes So the game can't go to overtime if they win in overtime the winning shootout You do not win so they have to win in regulation The example used tonight is the Bruins through the best team in the nhl. They're minus 178 road favorites Which is that's a pretty heavy line when it comes to the nhl 17 minus 178 is never a spot that i'm willing to go on the 60 minute line. They're minus 111 That's a pretty substantial difference from minus 178 to minus 111 for the best team in the nhl Now it obviously shortens your Threshold for winning and shortens your your sample But if I would have to double check the numbers for this year, but over the past few years It's only about 25 to 28 percent of games go to overtime So that's a spot that i'm willing to go because games generally don't go to overtime And we are getting a good team at I want to say really great odds So that's one more that I like And then I also love the puck line Which is minus Generally minus one and a half You you either have to hope a team blows the team out Or you're hoping for that The fact that the team that's down pulls their goalie and you get that empty net goal, which I gotta say is a thrill That's like bad hits with like under 30 seconds left. That is a that is a thrill That sounds more like stress than thrill. I think we got this a little bit a little bit We might have a better mindset here Words, you know stress thrill Exhilarating whatever one used to describe it that is a an exciting bet because again, if you use these expected goals You know points you're saying this team is going to be scoring goals tonight This team is giving up way too many shot attempts way too many high danger chances They are just the floodgates are to open for them And they're going up against this awesome offensive team like this game could be Six nothing before you know it as we saw on monday with the Bruins against the Flyers Yeah, interesting. Okay. So that is the puck line there. Let's open things up to talk about wednesday night You mentioned the Bruins minus 111 to win in regulation to win that in the first 60 minutes Is that a bet that you're pinpointing for tonight or just using it as an example here? Uh, that's a bet. I absolutely love tonight. I would also be willing to go to the under in this match Against the islanders. It's five and a half um The islanders are an interesting team because they have Arguably one of the top three top four goalies in the league with ilia sorokin Um, they often rely on him to win them games single-handedly because their offense is just bad And then the Bruins on the other side have an elite defense They have a goal tender probably gonna be line is all marked tonight Who could be up there for the Vesna, which is the goalie of the year award They just these two teams play a very similar style where The Bruins don't allow you to take a lot of shot attempts They're never going to be high quality and then the islanders also have a super strong defense And then they're also horrible on offense, which just doesn't go well against create defense So the under and Bruins and reg or as I say regulation Would be the spot that I go. Okay. Any other bets you like across wednesday night? Yeah, the abs and flames over six abs defending Stanley Cup champions Decimated by injuries in the early portion of the season season and now they're getting significantly healthier And that is translated to their goals picking up and and one of the things I look at Is not only their their goals, but I also look at over certain sample sizes So a two-week sample is really I think really important for a team And I think notably it shows it well with colorado. So for the entire season colorado They're scoring 2.15 goals per 60 minutes in 5v5 situations, which is the fifth lowest in the league Not good not good, but over the last two weeks specifically The abs are scoring 3.8 goals per 60 minutes in 5v5 situations, which is the fourth best So from 2.1 to 3.8 is a massive increase because they got healthier No surprise. They have their best players back on the ice. They're starting to score more Combine that with the flames who are also seen an increase in their offense Not because they weren't healthy just because they got off to a slow start. They knew players All these new things So to end the abs still aren't amazing on defense So we have like these two offenses that are trending up and two offense that like to push the pace We should see some score Okay, so that one as you mentioned is six right now the over is minus 118 did want to dig in quickly on the Corsi in recent weeks stat. It's talking to Brandon about some NBA stuff and he found a site where you can like Toggle when a player is active versus when they're inactive in season splits there Is there a way like this might not exist Is there a stat out there or a site out there that you know of where you can see a team's Corsi 4 slash against percentage when a certain player is active versus inactive or is that a Piperine no, there there is you would have to Um, you would almost have to go game by game maybe Yeah, and look at it because you can look at it for line combinations for the game. So the two sites that I use Are natural stat trick natural stat trick and money puck com. Okay, so you can look at like line combos You can look at recent games Um, I don't know if you can I would have to dig in to see if you can get like a full sample size of when the split of the player on and off But there are ways to find that maybe at a more specific level than overall Yeah, okay, interesting. I find that uh, that really fun. Um, so natural stat trick and money puck com are the two sides you mentioned Yeah, yeah, you can look at expected goals Uh money puck scrape because they have and both the sites actually have live live feeds of the games So you can actually see the the the shot attempts like in real time And you can see like what the players are doing so I can have like my my winter baseball savants up where i'm watching You know velocities and it's the same thing and there's a uh, there's also an like an expected win model That is live with live probabilities Okay, are you using that for live betting or not? Yes I I have this up like every night like I had it up last night when I was sweating the Leafs Florida game the Leafs came back in one, but they didn't win in regulation. So there you go. That's all that matters Okay, so uh, we like the avalanche flames over six and minus 118 Bruins islanders under five and a half minus 110 and the Bruins minus 111 to win in Regulation anything else tom before we close up shop for today Yeah, jason robertson of the dallas stars to score goal at plus 128 And you could also go to him over three and a half shots at sitting at minus 118 Elite goal score and this is one of the things that I have to say it is kind of tough can be tough about nhl Where it's something with baseball. It's like it's kind of just like intuitive where it's like He's an elite goal scorer. He's taking three four shots a game and he hasn't scored in like five games right and now he's going up against the Sharks who right now are allowing 3.68 goals per 60 minutes and a 59.9 for coursey against Both of which are in the bottom 10 league of the past two weeks He's on the first forward line He's the first power play and he hasn't scored in a couple games Like this is the spot where it's just like you kind of just got to know a player's role Right Where it's it's same thing with the ml the mlb where it's like This player like Aaron judge hasn't had a an rbi in three games He's batting second or third and Yankees have like a five whatever implied team total Like he's just gonna have an rbi tonight kind of feeling Where it's it's just that kind of sense where the the more you dig into it and the more you are in tune The better idea of where you have you'll have where players and props should be Well, it was also interesting like during judges like home run binge when he was chasing the record There were actually like a couple of days where I actually saw value in his home run prop Which blew my mind I just kind of assumed I would never get that but like comparing Like projections and using like a posse distribution to like see like his odds of a home run I was like, oh That's surprising. This is actually not the worst bet on the plan even though I assumed it would be so When guys are in slumps like that you actually can occasionally find decent value because people are reactive to results Yeah, and I would say like The the NHL can be very specific where if you're not in tune with it You just want to you just want to bet on mcdave to have a goal, which You know, I don't like betting on a player that's minus 110 to have a goal Yeah, especially, you know like him, but he you know have a hat trick any night But if you're in tune with things as you are with any hobby or any sport or anything You'll just be a little bit more familiar with where the value actually lies right for sure Alrighty, well, we'll be talking to tom plenty about the NBA and the NHL throughout the season But also we're talking nfl with tom on friday back with us to do our player prop show on friday That will be a blast tom. I appreciate the time for today. Good luck to you and both the NBA and NHL tonight Looking forward to talking to you once again on friday for some nfl. Yeah, thanks for having me see you then All right, find tom on twitter at dfs underscore tom. I am on twitter at gymsonis We are back once again tomorrow ryan willians will join us to break down all four Divisional round games coming up for this weekend get that by subscribing to covering the spread Wherever you get your podcasts or hitting subscribe on the fan dual youtube page. Good luck to all of you tonight as well We'll talk to you once again tomorrow. This has been covering the spread right here on the fan dual podcast network


Everybody forced here rip in 20 it's 22. I'm at collegiate football hobby five box full case number 11 random divisions I'll show you the results right here. You can always check those out of late in sports cards.com Thank you everybody for joining good luck here. We go Google up because we're gonna need it for some of these guys again collegiate rules longest tenure for teams if they're if they're retired or inactive for agent maybe and tiebreaker for longest tenure or get it's it's a it's years and then tiebreaker is games played total games played Never had to use a tiebreaker after that and There's gonna be a few There's a few collegiate guys in here like current collegiate NAL players We pull any of those they're random to everybody since they do not have a team and we will not know the team At minimum for another like what six months seven months. Let's see And then it's current player if it's if it's current player it goes it goes in their team Russell Wilson's Bronco Julio Jones is bucking here Starting off with a Barry Sanders 23 of 99 Lions NFC North AFC West go Broncos Jersey auto 99 of 99. It's sky more That's chiefs. AFC West Western Michigan Tony Dorsett auto 14 and 25 NFC East Sierra with another team Other than the Cowboys Don't think he was was he he was he had a year in Denver it is his last year So yeah, all that's Dallas on this one Tony Dorsett and that kill it ain't Phil Jerkeback 65 of 99 random to all the end He's still the BC quarterback random to all the end Nice NFC North prime patch auto 32 of 99 Jameson Williams Nice hit NFC North We did personals for about four hours during the day Sundays to do them daytime We'll do them tomorrow night again 5 p.m. Eastern quad patch for Notre Dame here Kyron Williams is a ram Jack Cone is a cult Kyle Hamilton of Raven and Ian book Who is he in book with now? Never seen appreciate your written like that. Well, yeah, you're welcome Who's he with? Eagles so what is that NFC East AFC North AFC South NFC West random at the end In book eagles in book eagles Yeah, Sunday's the only day we do them during the day Like 10 a.m. Start time usually goes about two or three Monday we do them 5 p.m. To midnight and then every other night. It's after group breaks stop here They do not get it the homes rack it up, man There's a Mack Jones 85 out of 99 AFC East.  That's a Colorado State patch They were red and blue You go NFC West's Cardinals Trey McBride RPA Damian Pierce 33 of 49 AFC South Texans Damian Pierce 33 of 49 RPA nice hit there very nice And quad quarterback rally got Trevor Lawrence AFC South trail ants NFC West Justin Fields NFC North Mack Jones AFC East Random at the ends like one random for box Actually more than that. All right box three Moving along that is a Ted Hendricks three of ten Ted Hendricks Maybe related to Jimmy Ted Hendricks Maybe Colts right? Let me see. Let me see gotta find It's gonna be Raiders actually so he was drafted by the Baltimore Colts, which is the Indianapolis Colts and Then he was with Oakland for the longest so it's gonna be Or just the Raiders in general. He was with Oakland and LA Raiders So yeah Raiders on the Hendricks Tyler van Dyke auto two of 99 random to all he saw the Miami one of the Miami QBs Dolphins Tyler van Dyke and I thought I said I saw Miami said dolphins random to all Hotty toddy Jersey auto eight of 25 Matt Corral NFC South NFC South nice hits Prime patch auto Jalen Tolbert 7 to 25 NFC East classic three killer patch there I'm Is that a is that part of the Jersey or is that a glove 23 and 99 cave on thibbadoe relic auto NFC East Sometimes they have those weird like shoulders on the Oregon Jersey that might be the Jersey. It could be a glove though I don't think I've seen a glove in this yet though Doesn't say nice thibbadoe for the NFC East And NFC East Sam Howell rookie glove 30 of 88 Cool glove pattern there Matt damn if you're watching someone's interested in the Mac Jones that you hit They're in YouTube chat if you're watching brush on Twitch got a John Elway Broncos 32 of 75 Demshin Rookie patch auto Justin Ross. He's still a chief, right? I don't think he he's Chiefs. Yeah, was he is he hurt? Yeah, he's on IR chiefs on the Justin Ross AFC West NFC East rookie auto here Wanda Robinson 39 of 99 Jack Cone auto 78 of 99 AFC South eyes patch auto 12 of 25 NFC South Desmond Ritter Very nice hit on the Ritter there for the NFC South that's sick. I Think he's gonna get a chance this year. Maybe maybe Grants NFC South will get that Magnon jumbo Jersey Garrett Wilson AFC East 22 of 99 last box everybody We got some multi-randoms to do and to recap Nick Chubb 46 of 75 AFC North. I Mean no matter what the Browns if they're good. They're bad.  It's gonna be bears, right? Did you ever play for anybody? I got it now Gonna go NFC North here Let's see. I got it now now that I'm already looking it up have to look it up No, not the Hall of Fame. Nope all Chicago only played for like nine years Then again back then Nine years when you're just leaning and tackling with your head and Medicine was not as good 30 40 years ago Do a lot of Kyle Hamilton, Kyron Williams Ravens and Rams AFC North NFC West Ran him at the end. There he is Bailey Zappy prime patch auto 20 of 25 AFC East Zappy hour Oh zappy day 20 of 25 Get that mag for you AFC East Western Kentucky Hilltopper legend Patch auto Kenneth Walker NFC West 43 of 99 and Jumbo Jersey Kyle Hamilton AFC North 85 of 99 How many we'll combine the NIL guys and then we'll separate the others That's four Next we'll do The quad noted Dame was Kyron Williams Rams NFC West Jack Cone Colts AFC South Kyle Hamilton's AFC North and book is Eagles NFC East Quad QB's Trevor Lawrence AFC South freelance NFC West Justin Fields NFC North and Mac Jones AFC East And then do a lot of Kyle Hamilton is Ravens AFC North And then Kyron Williams NFC West Rams back over this we got Reynolds all there that is NFC West NFC West AFC South AFC North NFC East NFC South NFC West NFC North AFC East AFC North Cool Okay, so in this order guys, we'll do one random for the two NIL Autos here we'll do Jerk effect top spot to 99 and the second spot will get The van Dyke to 99 so in that order top spot gets the Jerk effect second spot van Dyke same same random in that one We got a quad noted aim patch here. So Kyron Williams NFC West Jack Cone AFC South Kyle Hamilton AFC North and Ian book NFC East Next up quad QB's here Trevor Lawrence AFC South trail ants NFC West Justin Fields NFC North and Mac Jones AFC East And dual auto Kyle Hamilton AFC North Kyron Williams NFC West Good luck everybody. Let's roll the dice That's four randoms five cards A one and three four times here Four times on everything whoever's up top gets the um, it's the card. So top two in this one four times one Two three and four Matthew W gets the uh, the Jerk effect and Justin H is going to get the Tyler van Dyke Four times on the noted aim quad patch here one two three four Going to the NFC East Quad QB's here one two three and four AFC South the dual auto one two three four NFC West Let's do a recap. All right. So this one wins AFC South on the quad QB is there NFC East on the noted aim quad patch AFC North Kyle Hamilton Jumbo Jersey AFC East Garrett Wilson Jumbo Jersey and glove relic Sam Howell NFC East autos now NFC West went this one Kyle Hamilton and Kyra Williams dual auto Uh, the jerk effect went to Matthew W The van Dyke went to Justin H We had Jersey auto Kenneth Walker the third NFC West Dick butt kiss for the NFC north auto to 25 Jack Cone AFC south auto to 99 NFC East Wendell Robinson auto AFC West redemption Justin Ross rookie patch auto K Von Thibodeaux relic auto to 99 NFC East NFC East Jalen Tolbert auto to 25 or patch auto 25 Matt Corral NFC South Jersey auto to 25 RPA Damian Pierce AFC South to 49 Patch auto Trey McBride NFC West to 49 Jersey auto Kyle Hamilton to five AFC North as a nice one Patch auto James and Williamson to 99 NFC North NFC East 20 door set auto to 25 Jersey auto Skymore AFC West 99 of 99 Patch auto Bailey Zappie 20 of 25 for the AFC East Got Desmond Ritter patch auto 12 of 25 NFC South An Immaculate Inc. AFC East Zach Wilson 43 of 99 That's gonna do it. Thanks again everybody. We've got the mixer coming up next


Today, I have the pleasure of speaking with Jack Lipton. How are you today, Jack? I'm fine, Tracy. How are you? I'm great. And I'm going to start with, I can't wait to see you this next week at the Technology Medal Summit. Can you give us some kind of glimpse into what you're going to be talking about? I've decided to talk about how the financial world views the resource world. And there isn't very much understanding in finance, and I'd like to make the point that the Chinese seem to understand this a lot better than we do. How to finance companies that make critical materials for our society. Never mind the share prices and the pumps and the promotion and all that, we really need to get these companies financed. And I've changed my mind now after 75 years. I've decided that national governments in Canada and the United States should indeed invest in these resources. I'm going to talk a little about that. Okay. So, speaking of governments, I want to ask you, because I know you sit on the Board of Directors for Texas Where Earth Resources, and they've just announced a deal with the U.S. Defense Logistics Agency. And I understand that this is the first time they've ever awarded a contract like this before, so talk to me about this. It's certainly the first one ever in the rare earths field. I wouldn't know about the actual history. But the point of this contract, as you say, is to determine whether or not continuous iron chromatography is an effective and economical means of recovering rare earths from deposits such as Texas Where Earths. So to me, it's the first I've ever heard of this, although I understand in World War II they might have awarded similar contracts, the ancestor of this agency. People have to understand this is not just an award to Texas Where Earth to supply a few grams of yttrium. This is in fact the agency determining whether or not Texas Where Earths is on the right path to develop its project with the right non-traditional technology, which is continuous iron chromatography. I understand that the originator of that technology will be a panelist next week at the conference. Is that correct? Well, it is correct, and I was just about to say I'm kind of putting you in the hot seat here, Jack. Yes. What we have next week is we're going to have a number of the top disruptive, innovative and revolutionary and groundbreaking rare earth extraction technology representatives all on the same panel. Right. Now, can I get you to comment on how you think that's going to go down? It's all a matter of economics. The three technologies I'm looking at are MRT, the technology being developed for U-Core rare metals, the continuous iron chromatography that's being developed for Texas Where Earths, and what I call targeted solvent extraction, which is the very modern variation of solvent extraction that has been developed by rare element resources. And I believe all three of those companies will be on a panel to discuss their technologies as they apply to their own deposits and as they might apply to resource deposits in general. So this is actually the first time these latest developed technologies will have been put in the same room and talking to each other, let's say, their promoters. And quite frankly, this is probably the most important panel at the conference and certainly the most interesting one that I've ever seen. Well, thank you for that. I agree with you and of course we're also going to have the, it's my understanding we're going to have the Oak Ridge National Laboratories with the membrane extraction technology and the innovation metals technology as well. So we've actually extended this panel for over an hour and a half because I don't think we can handle this many scientists together in one hour or less. So speaking of that and speaking of the upcoming technology metals summit, we also have Amanda Lacaz from Linus who's going to be kicking it off.  She's going to be talking about Linus as a turnaround play and what they're planning on doing and being competitive with the Chinese with their processing and their cost. Can you talk to us a little bit about how you perceive Linus and what you expect to happen in this presentation? As I commented yesterday on Investor Intel, I think that Linus is producing at least two thirds, perhaps 100% of all of the rare earths produced outside of China in the so-called rest of the world. Now Linus in my opinion and from knowledge, direct knowledge I have is the lowest cost separator of light rare earths on the planet and therefore that's why it's surviving and that's why it's competitive. Now they've had some rough times, they have a quite nice state-of-the-art huge processing system in Malaysia, in fact it's the world's largest solvent extraction plant dedicated to light rare earth separation. It's not only the largest, it's the largest one ever built and in contrast to a recently failed company, the Linus plant works. So I'm very optimistic about their future, the Japanese seem to love supply from Linus. Unlike some national nations and corporate representatives of those nations, the Japanese have poured their money into things that work and some things that didn't work. Japanese have spent a lot of money in India, in Vietnam, that hasn't worked out so well but the money they've invested by giving off, they accept the lead to Linus has been a success. So I think Linus is the star of the rest of the world where earth industry. Well they are and I'm looking forward to seeing Amanda present. Also of course we have Mark Smith doing a lunch presentation on NIO Corp. We're going to be discussing a lot about the super alloys, what's happening in the technology metals sector overall and Jack as the founder of the term, you coined the term technology metals. I want you to know that I just finished having an interview with Hastings Wear Metals and they kept talking about how they're focused on technology metals. So technology metals of course now expand, we've expanded it to lithium and graphite. Can you tell us a little bit more for our audience who may not understand what you meant by technology metals when you came out with this term? Yeah I mean those metals, they're not all rare metals but those metals that enable the technologies we have today that underpin the society. The most important technology metal is not a rare metal, it's called copper. Copper is literally the vascular system of our civilization but in order to take the electricity generated let's say in northern Manitoba to charge an iPhone in Florida requires more than just copper. It requires rare earths, lithium, graphite, uranium, many many many others. The point is these metals and materials, I call graphite a material although it's elemental and of course a metal would be like copper. There are a variety of these materials, all of them are important to technology because in one way or another they either conduct electricity or they can be made to conduct electricity including graphite, graphite is a good conductor. The future of technology is now downstream tracing. You're going to see from now on unbelievable developments in the technology of lithium ion batteries, graphene based devices and new rare earth devices and alloys that will completely change the context in which we speak of these things. We are now entering the next phase of development of technology metals and materials which is extreme high tech. That's why it's so important to pay attention to these new technologies for recovering the rare earths economically and from low concentrations as well as high concentrations. We're going to need these materials, the technology metals more than ever and we can't waste them. Recycling is becoming a big deal. There's already a 25,000 ton a year industry in China and it's a zero ton a year industry in the United States. What do you think about that? I think we need to change that. Well Jack, fantastic, I love your conclusion and I especially liked when you were mentioning moving downstream the water sound effects behind you. So once again Jack, thank you so much for joining us, we really appreciate it. Okay, thank you Tracey.


Hello, everyone. Welcome to groundwater hydrology and management in PTL course. This is week five lecture two. My name is Pedan Chinnasamy and I'm an assistant professor with Center for Technology Alternatives for rural areas IIT Bombay. In the last class, we looked at the conversion of hydraulic head as a point into a line of equi-potential hydraulic head. And those were called contours. We also defined what is a contour interval. In today's class, you look at another important aspect of these contours and lines, which is your flow nets and flow lines. For example, we'll take the same example we use for contours. We have the well locations and at each well, we have a hydraulic head. And the hydraulic head, if it is similar, we made a line and said this is called contour lines or equi-potential lines. We also mentioned that the groundwater flows perpendicular to these lines from high hydraulic head to low hydraulic head, high contour line to low contour line, and high equi-potential line to low equi-potential line. So in this image, you see groundwater moving towards the river because here it is high, one, two, two, and then it is one, one, four here. It is coming down. In between, you'll have some irregular, higher elevations, but that is okay. That is why you have this cone shape, but otherwise it does go very smoothly. One, two, one, two, one, one, one, four, etc. On this side, we have one, two, one, one, one, two, one, one, eight. It does come down into one, ten, one, zero, six. So what is flow lines? How does it differ from your contour lines? Flow lines look like this. So you have the equi-potential line as a dash line, which is your contour line. And then you have your flow line, which is perpendicular to the equi-potential line, and it is based on the property of the aquifer. You can also see where the gradient of H happens, which is a change in hydraulic head, the gradient, the direction also happens. So it may not be in the same direction of gradient of H, which you see in the figure B, and we'll see why the difference happens in the next slide. Let's define flow lines and flow lengths. It is an imaginary line which traces the path of a particle of groundwater and how it would flow. For example, you have hydraulic head high, a well high here, and a low hydraulic head. So water will flow from A to B. But how it flows the path? The imaginary line that captures the path in which the water would flow to B is called flow line or flow net. It is similar to gradient lines in understanding the movement, whereas the gradient line gives you the direction. It just says the side xy plane, yz plane, etc. But it doesn't give you the line of movement and it doesn't show you how it changes abruptly, whereas flow nets do show you that. And it is purely dependent on the media, which is your soil profile or your rock profile and what properties it has. For example, let's take an isotropic case in the A. You see the cross contours at right angles. This equipotential line is a dash line and your flow line crosses them at right angles. Why? Because if this is your equipotential lines, all sides are being pulled by the water equally. It is isotropic. Let's define isotropic again. Isotropic means in each plane, the variation is the same. The magnitude is the same. So it is kx, for example, kx is equal to ky is equal to kz. It is isotropically same and homogeneous. So in that sense, when water goes into a plane, the x direction will pull you in the same magnitude, y direction will pull you in the same, z direction will pull you in the same. So at the end of the day, you have it flowing perpendicular to the contour line. Whereas an isotropic media where anisotropic means kx may not be varying as same as ky and same with kz also. So all these three planes might have differences in how it changes from point to point. And in that point, the flow lines would cross contours at an angle dictated by the degree of anisotropy. What do you mean by degree of anisotropy is how much kx is differing from ky. If ky is very, very strong and higher, much, much higher than kx in anisotropy, then it will be pulled along the y plane. So here you could see that if this is x and y or like let's have it normally. So here y and x axis and your y as I said is very, very high. So even though your equipotential lines suggest the water should move along the gradient of h, the flow nets would say that it is moving towards your y direction. Why? Because the y axis is having higher pull, higher anisotropy, degree of anisotropy. So this is where it gives you a difference between the gradient and the flow line. The gradient will just give you the direction as it says this one is a high potential. This is a low potential. So the gradient is from high to low. It flows this way perpendicular always perpendicular gradient is always perpendicular to the contour line. Whereas your flow net would also undertake the anisotropy also undertake the property of the soil and then choose a path. Let's see how we can visualize it and the time of travel for water. So on the top you see the surface and then the dash line is your water table on the top of the surface. And then below the water table, you have the equipotential lines dash line, which is a contour lines. And the solid line is the flow net. So if I put a particle here, I'm putting a particle here how water flows change the color into water color. So how water would flow is shown by the flow net. So what it says is it flows from high potential to low potential. So you see here the potential of the water table is high here and the contour interval is low here. So it will flow from there to down. It doesn't continue to flow in the perpendicular direction, but it has a tilt because it knows that the anisotropy is present and it knows where to go. It has to go to the stream. Okay, so the contour lines are there to give you the variation of hydraulic head. However, a particle, even though a particle moves from high to low head, it is also the direction is also pulled by the anisotropy and the solid media and the pore space, etc. So it is a function of the media in which the groundwater particle will flow. So it is a two dimensional image that we are showing here. Okay, and what do you see here is a vertical cross section.  So if you expose the land, what you see is a homogenous. This is a homogenous isotropic system. And underground, it is impermeable. So it always would flow as previously we saw the particle flow net would be always in right angle. So from here, right angle, right angle, right angle, and then it goes into the stream, all right angles to the pp potential line, which is the contour line. Okay. And there could be some differences in a anisotropy non homogeneous medium, but here because it is dominated by your high elevation and low elevation the undulating surface, we keep it as how water moves from high potential to low potential.  I put it on the top topic of the slide flow nets and time because we know what path the water particle will take to go and join into the other water body or groundwater aquifer. We know how much time it takes. You can go from a to be in a straight line. Okay, or you can take a very cautious line so a to be, and then you can take a very straight line, which is the shortest, or you can go around and round and round and then go here which is how it happens in the groundwater scenario. And the path, the path therefore gives you the time how much time it takes because the hydraulic conductivity is the same, which means the velocity, the permeability of the media would be the same, but the path determines the time. And the time also determines the recharge residence time of groundwater, which we have already seen in the previous classes. So how does this relate to your groundwater flow and time. As I said, you have these flow nets from the top, we have the recharge happening, and then flow nets happening and the particles traced how the water would move. This in this scenario your water moves directly into the pumping well, it is in the unconfined aquifer, and it is already saturated, so it would directly go into the well. This would result in a very quick transfer of water, and that's why it is in days or maximum in years. In two or three years you'll get the water well recharged, if it's a good rainfall year. When the path of the water goes down into the unconfined permeable layer, and then goes down further into the confined layer, it takes more time, because it has to pass through this, as I said, and then suddenly the material becomes continuous. And there is a longer time of travel, because it gets slow, the path is tortuous, and the material has changed. So the velocity, the hydraulic conductivity, everything has changed. It takes a very slow path. And that path results in a longer time for groundwater flow. Also clearly see here that even though this water would take this path, the water particle, this particle would not go down because it sees the confining bed, and it doesn't have energy to penetrate or percolate further, it will go in the lateral direction. And this happens at century time series. So for centuries, this will happen. This from the groundwater on the top to the confining layer, and then to the confined aquifer, this will take centuries to come back to the stream. Let's go down further the particle, trace the particle. In this particle method, the water particle would go down in the unconfined, then go into the confining bed. It enters into the confined aquifer, slowly gets percolated into another confining bed, and then goes into the last confined aquifer. This actually takes more than a couple of centuries in times millennia. So if you look at the path, the path, if you look at the length of the path is not as different than the century path. But because it has to go through different media, and each media would have a different property of porosity, hydraulic conductivity and permeability, it takes time. The flow path and flow net is a very, very important concept in groundwater hydrology, which helps you to understand the changes in flow path, because here you could see the flow path instead of going down. It changes course into horizontal, because it was not moving vertically, it didn't have the energy, it moved horizontally. And those kind of aspects are clearly understood by your flow net. You can imagine a line, so you can be more or less confident of giving an assumption. It is not the exact path that the water would take, but more approximated path. So as I said, some water would take days, years, centuries and millennia, all are made by the flow path. So how do you estimate this? How do you estimate how the flow path would change? How the porosity and other particles would drag the water particle down? All this cannot be done on hand by manual calculation, but it has to go through a followed empirical equation, which have already been developed. Okay, so we will see those equations when we discuss in this week about groundwater equations for confined and unconfined layers. So when we move on, we are going into the types of groundwater flow. So initially we saw how hydraulic head is, and from hydraulic head how groundwater flow happens. And then contours we discussed, flowness we discussed, now we discuss the type of groundwater flow. There are two types, a steady state flow condition and a transient flow condition. The same suggests, steady state means the magnitude and direction of flow velocity is constant inside the material across time. For example, if I take a sample here or here or here, all the samples would have the same magnitude and direction of flow, and it is constant in time. So, for example, this one, let's take this example, this hydraulic head is kept constant. Okay, and del H is what drives it, right, that this is a hydraulic gradient which drives the groundwater flow, and it is kept constant and this is at a lower head so always water would flow from A to C. So AB is this cross section CD. So let's say water from AB will always go to CD because higher water head compared to lower water head. What is the hydraulic head here? It is 1000 and then goes to 975, 950, 925, 900. So it always goes from high to low. Assuming this is a homogeneous isotropic system, you can draw now the flow net as a perpendicular line to the contours. So this is 975, this is 1000, this is 950, you could see it cut perpendicularly into the CD zone. So this is a very constant steady flow because the hydraulic head is kept constant, this is also kept constant and somewhere where the groundwater comes in, it just being pumped out. So all of the incoming and outgoing is kept constant and that is where it is a steady state flow. Now, what is a transient flow? Unstable is unsteady or non-steady flow condition. At any point in a flow field where the magnitude or directional flow changes with time. For example, at E, it is not the same velocity and magnitude at time. Why? Because there is a change in the head. So here we maintain the head constant, the water table and then this water table is also made constant. So there's always a flux at a constant rate. Here what happens? It is not constant and it falls down. So when it falls down to T1, for example, T0 to T1, now this hydraulic head AD is equal to the hydraulic head condition in CD. So why would water move? Do you get the understanding? For example, if this water falls here, now this water table let's say it is at 1000 hydraulic head and this is also at 1000. So when 1000 happens at T1, T0 to T1 time 0 to time 1, then this would become 0. There's no flow. There's no need to flow. But at T0, when time was the initial start, this E was equivalent to this E. The flow condition at both these points were equal because the hydraulic head was maintained by the water table at one location. And on the other location, water was still flowing. So if you maintain the water table that is maintaining the hydraulic heads across the domain, then you get a steady state flow. Whereas in a transient flow, the hydraulic head which drives the system changes. For example, if this comes to T1 here, then there won't be any flow. So the flow that actually promoted water movement from AB to CD now is going to be stopping because it is at the same water potential. So this is an important concept to understand that in real life scenarios, it is mostly transient in nature, groundwater flow conditions. It is not a steady state condition because to maintain a steady state condition, there's a lot of energy needed. You have to push water into the dam and then also maintain the hydraulic heads same. Whereas that doesn't happen in the natural condition, always there is a change which is represented more by the transient steady state condition. So we will be looking at groundwater flow equations. As I mentioned, we have defined the flows, the hydraulic head, contour lines, flow nets. We identified those two types of major flows, steady state and transient. Most of the models that you would see are using steady state flow because that is the easiest, less data intensive, but transient is the reality in nature. So we'll be seeing how those things happen. And now we will be looking at an introduction to the groundwater flow equation. And you would see that there are multiple different types of groundwater scenarios. So we have to be careful not to use the same groundwater flow equation to all. It is not an assumption that you can use it for all. So what are the different conditions we have saturated versus unsaturated system. So you have in this location, you have number one is a zone of aeration where water can still come and occupy the pore space. So it is a unsaturated system. Whereas underneath it, there is a water table and underneath the imaginary water table line, there is a saturated zone, zone of saturated. So there is a saturated equation that will consider. So then what happens is you have confined versus unconfined. As we mentioned, the confining layer, which is present here, defines the location of your confined aquifer and unconfined aquifer. So you have an unconfined aquifer above the impervious layer and below the impervious layer you have the confined aquifer. So the unconfined is totally going to be recharged by the surface water and surface precipitation, whereas the confined aquifer gets recharged from very, very far away. The processes are different and the assumptions are very, very different. We will look at different equations for each setting. For example, the first setting is a, what is the setting? It is a unconfined, unsaturated system. The water is not fully saturated. We will have a different equation for that. Then we have a unconfined aquifer but saturated system.  And at the last we have a confined aquifer with a saturated system because here below the impervious layer, all porous space is full of water as you see in the diagram. So quickly if we look at it, two of them can be combined, which is your saturated, unconfined aquifer non-water equations may be combined with your confined aquifer saturated condition. The saturation saturations can be clubbed together. But please understand that this line, this imaginary line that separates the saturated and unsaturated can fluctuate like the transient I showed in the previous slide. So suddenly if there is pumping, then this line would come down, which means the confined aquifer conditions that you put here in the unconfined saturated layer will not work because your saturation layer comes down, the time water table comes down. Similarly, if water is recharging, there's no pumping and the water table goes up, then this unconfined unsaturated porous space equations would go away because you have full of water. So just to depend on how you use the system, what kind of assumptions you would like to make for the groundwater equation. In the previous classes, we also gave an introduction to Darcy. We would be looking at Darcy's equation to start with and how they are used widely in the world. We would also look at what are the key parameters and data that is needed for Darcy's equation. And as I said between one and two, the zone of aeration and zone of saturation, there are some changes, some differences, which cannot be explained by the Darcy's law. So you would be using a different law. You use a different law and you say that it is because of the saturation, then please understand you have to give the data on saturation, which normally it is very hard to get. So theoretically, these different equations can work. However, practically on the ground without data, these cannot work. That is where it is very important to have groundwater equations with basic data that is needed to run the equations, otherwise it will not run well. I will see you in the next class where we look at these equations in.


A cruel inner voice can harm your mental health without you even realizing it. According to psychologist Lauren Alexander, negative self-talk can worsen depression and anxiety and cause low self-esteem. By becoming aware of harmful thinking and learning how to be nicer to yourself, you can avoid these negative effects and evolve into a happier, healthier you. Keep watching to learn how to identify five signs that your inner voice is cruel and how to change it from cruel to kind. Number one, personalizing. Cywalk past a group of friends who were laughing and automatically thought, they must be laughing at me. Even though they weren't actually making fun of him, he assumed they were. If you blame yourself for things that probably don't have anything to do with you, this is called personalizing. And it could mean that you have a cruel inner voice. Personalizing is a common type of negative self-talk. If you find that you personalize a lot, counselor Heather Tim recommends taking a step back and asking yourself if it's rational to blame yourself. Or if there's another way to interpret the situation. It's more likely that people were laughing at a joke someone told and not at sigh. Make sure to consider all the possibilities before internalizing negative beliefs. Number two, the absolutist.  Why do I bother trying? Dr. Alexander says statements like these are examples of negative inner dialogue that can affect your mental health. Watch out for absolute language like, I always fail or, I'll never be good at this. If your thoughts sound like this, it's a sign that your inner voice is cruel. Try to catch yourself in the moment when you notice harmful inner dialogue. Then replace it with kinder and more gentle self-talk. Number three, the confidence killer. Negative self-talk doesn't only affect your mental health, but it can also impact how successful you are. According to Dr. Elizabeth Scott, a cruel inner voice depletes your confidence, it makes it harder for you to reach your goals and become the best version of yourself. Scott suggests coming up with a silly nickname for your cruel inner voice to make it less threatening and to help you recognize that you can disagree with it. This way the negative thought doesn't have as much power over you. Speaking of nicknames, number four, the consistent Karen. Is your inner voice a consistent Karen, nagging with negative self-talk all the time and never giving you a break? Having a critical thought about yourself every once in a while is normal and doesn't necessarily mean you have a cruel inner voice. But according to Dr. Alexander, your inner voice is constantly negative. That's when it becomes a problem and can be damaging. The next time your cruel inner voice tries to bring you down, try taking counselor Tim and Dr. Scott's advice.  Then consider whether the thought is true or if there are other possibilities. Think back to the example of getting a bad mark in your assignment. When the cruel inner voice chimes in, here's how you can challenge it. Not today, Karen. I got one poor grade.  I rushed to finish the assignment the night before I was due, so it's possible that I just didn't spend enough time on it. Next time, I'll plan ahead. I'm smart and capable. Number five, stealing your thunder. According to counselor David Panahee, a cruel inner voice diminishes your accomplishments. He calls this a yes but mindset. If you give a presentation at work and it goes well, your inner voice might say, sure you did a good job, but you're not prepared for the meeting with your boss tomorrow. Focusing on the bad can prevent us from enjoying the good. Panahee says that you should remember why your inner critic is there in the first place. He points out the negative self-talk usually arises to help you avoid the pain of failing or being let down. This insight can help you develop self-compassion for your cruel inner voice. Acknowledging it and knowing why it's there is the first step to improving your inner dialogue. We hope this video helped you reflect on the way you talk to yourself. Remember, Psych2Goers, you are loved. And you deserve the same kindness you give to your loved ones. If you wouldn't say it to a friend, then don't say it to yourself. Do you have a cruel inner voice? If so, how has it affected you? Share in the comments below. See you in the next video.