So, today we are going to study introduction to passive filter, learning outcome at the end of this session students will be able to identify passive filters. Before starting with the introduction of passive filter you have to stop this video here and you have to answer for our question and the question is explain or what is working of inductor as well as capacitor. Introduction filter is an electrical circuit which can transfer a signal from a particular frequency band and it will attunate frequency signals except that pass band. So, frequency signal which are to be passed through the filter circuit is to be called as a pass band and frequency signal which are to be suppressed from the filter circuit are to be called as attenuation band. And the frequency signal or frequency which will distinguish pass band and attenuation band is to be called as cutoff frequency. So, generally there is a unique cutoff frequency or in some cases there are two cutoff frequencies. So, if a cutoff frequency is unique it is to be represented by fc and if there are two cutoff frequencies in that case the lower cutoff frequency is to be represented by f1 and higher cutoff frequency is to be represented by f2. So, generally in case of ideal filter frequency signals in pass band are to be passed through the filter circuit there should not be any attenuation or zero attenuation and frequency signal in attenuation band are to be suppressed. So, this type of filter circuit is to be called as a ideal filter, practical filters. So, there is a difference between ideal filter and practical filter. So, all the frequency signals which are present in pass band are not passed through the filter circuit in the practical filters. So, there is a loss in signal power and all the frequency signal in attenuation band are not attenuated. So, this is a practical filter and the passive filters are to be designed with the help of different combinations of inductor and capacitor. First property is characteristic impedance. So, characteristic impedance is to be represented by Z0 and the characteristic impedance should match with the circuit with which it is to be connected throughout the pass band. So, this will remove the reflection losses. So, a filter circuit in which the characteristic impedance is present is to be selected properly. Next characteristic is pass band characteristic. So, generally signal in the pass band should have zero attenuation or minimum attenuation and signals within attenuation band should have maximum or infinite attenuation. Attenuation constant is to be represented by alpha and that can be measured with the unit of neighbor or decibel. So, it will measure degree of attenuation present in attenuation band or pass band. Next property in the filter is cutoff frequency characteristic. So, a filter should able to differentiate between pass band and attenuation band. So, it should be capable of identifying the pass band and attenuation band which is to be used in filter circuit. Now, we will see use of filters. First use is in wise frequency number of band pass filters which will have different pass bands are to be used for multi-channel communication. Next telephony or radio and TV broadcasting. So, in this case the filter circuit is to be used to send information in which attenuation of a carrier signal is to be done and these signals are to be received by utilizing filters. Next is radio receivers. So, intermediate carrier frequency selection is to be performed with the help of filters. Next AM detection. So, in case of AM detection high pass filters are to be used to separate carrier frequency from audio frequency signal. Next use is in various stages in TV receivers to produce combined sound and picture carrier and which is to be separated at the receiver with the help of filter circuit. Next use is for audio amplifiers. So, in audio amplifiers harmonic distortion and wise rejection is to be removed or these errors are to be removed with the help of filter circuit. Next application is in many electronic measuring equipment band of frequencies are to be studied with the help of filter circuit. Last use is in case of electrical circuits low pass filter and high pass filters are to be used to eliminate undesired frequency component from thyristor controlled circuits. So, based on relation between series arm impedance Z1 and shunt arm impedance Z2 filters are categorized as prototype filter or constant K filter. So, product of Z1 and Z2 is to be represented by R0 square and which is constant. So, the alphabet K is to be used. So, if the product of series arm impedance and shunt arm impedance is constant. So, that type of filter is to be called as prototype filter or constant K filter. Next type is MD write filter. So, with the help of prototype filter or constant K filter MD write filters are to be designed. Next categorization is based on identifying the frequency characteristic of filter. So, based on that the type of filters are low pass filter, high pass filter, band pass filter and band stop filter. So, this table represents how the classification of filters is to be done based on the frequency characteristic. So, if it is low pass filter pass band is from 0 to fc that is cutoff frequency and attenuation band is from cutoff frequency to infinite. For high pass filter pass band is fc to infinite means from cutoff frequency to infinite and attenuation band is from 0 to fc that is cutoff frequency. If the filter is band pass filter the pass band is from f2 to f1 and attenuation band is from 0 to f2 means 0 to the first cutoff frequency and f1 to infinite. So, from second cutoff frequency to infinite that is attenuation band. If the filter is band stop filter pass band is 0 to f1. So, 0 to lower cutoff frequency and from f2 to infinite. So, higher cutoff frequency to infinite that is pass band and attenuation band is from f1 to f2. Now, we will see constant k low pass filter. So, these circuits will represent t configuration as well as phi configuration of low pass filter as well as the graph represents LPF attenuation characteristics. So, in t configuration we can see that two inductors are present in series arm and a capacitor is present in shunt arm. So, when signal is applied at the input of this t configuration for low frequency signals that capacitor which is present in the shunt arm will act as a open circuit. So, input signal is to be passed to the output and for high frequency signal the capacitor acts as a short circuit and signal is to be revert. So, signal is not transferred means high frequency signals are not transferred to the filter circuit. So, for that the graph is to be shown on the x axis there is a frequency and on y axis there is a alpha that is attenuation constant. Next constant k high pass filter. So, this is exactly opposite to the low pass filter and again t configuration as well as pi configuration as well as high pass filter characteristic are to be shown. So, in the series arm there are capacitors which are to be represented by the value 2c and in the shunt arm there is a inductor. So, with the properties of capacitor and inductor in this case for low frequency the signal is to be attenuated and for high frequency the signal is to be passed. So, capacitor acts as a short circuit for low frequency signal and it acts as a short circuit for high frequency signal. Now, constant k band pass filter. So, the band pass filter is combination of low pass filter as well as high pass filter. So, L C tuned circuit are to be used to construct band pass filter. So, 0 to f 2 that is a lower cutoff frequency it is a stop band and from f 2 to f 1 this is pass band for band pass filter and again from f 1 to infinite that is from higher cutoff frequency to infinite it is stop band. Now, constant k band stop filter. So, here also the combination of low pass as well as high pass is to be present in the filter circuit. So, here also we can see t configuration as well as pi configuration and the band stop filter characteristic are to be shown. So, from 0 to f 1 that is lower cutoff frequency and from f 2 to infinite that is from higher cutoff frequency to infinite is pass band and from f 1 to f 2 means from lower cutoff frequency to higher cutoff frequency it is stops. So, while preparing this video lecture I have referred circuit theory analysis and synthesis by A Chakrabarty.


What's going on? If you're not in a family, welcome back to another video. It's your girls and niece. If you guys are new to the channel, make sure you hit that subscribe button and join the family. Guys, today I have the best prank up my sleeve. So guys, right now Isaiah is getting ready for the day.  I don't know if you can see it, but I'm gonna spray this in his car and I'm gonna make it seem like I farted and we're going to get his reaction. Guys, Isaiah is going to trip out because first of all, he's obsessed with his car. He always has a smelling clean. So he's gonna notice it off the rip. I think I'm gonna act like I didn't fart or whatever and I'm gonna be like, what are you talking about? Like, I don't smell anything and I just cannot wait to see his reaction. So guys, if you are ready for today's video, don't forget to smash that like button. Comment down below, Team Janise, and let's get this prank started. All right guys, so we are in the car. I'm gonna spray this now. Oh my goodness, I hope I don't knock myself out, but he's definitely gonna smell this when he gets in and we are going to see that reaction. So let's go ahead and spray it. I'm so scared. Oh gosh. This is the way for him to get in here. So we're gonna do the intro and then we're just gonna tell them like what we're doing. Does it smell funny in here to you? You good? I feel like it smells weird in here. It ain't me. I just don't smell anything, cause that's how I'm smelling you. No, it smells... You're bugging. I gotta get a new air freshener anyway. Okay. All right, we're gonna do the intro, let them know what we're doing today, and then we'll just go ahead and start it off whenever we get the food. Cool. All right. Ready? Three. What's going on, Infinite Fam? Welcome back to another video. If you guys are new to the channel, make sure you guys hit that subscribe button and turn on the post notification. Babe, I can't, I don't know. What? It doesn't smell funny in here to you? No. All right, run it back. Are you messing with me?  You don't smell that? No, what is wrong with you? Let's just drive. Hold on. Forget the intro, let's just drive. I'm gonna let it air out a bit cause it smells a little funny in here. It smells like, I don't know, the car was wet inside and it was just sitting in the heat. Are you sure that you didn't leave the windows open last night? No, I didn't. Run it back, one, two, three. What's going on, Infinite Fam? Welcome back to another video. If you guys are new to the channel, make sure you guys hit that subscribe button, turn on your post notification bell, leave a positive comment down below for a chance to get a, for a chance to get a shout out in the next video. That is right, guys. So, babe, let us know what we're doing today. Today, we are going to be doing a food challenge. Let us know what food we're gonna be eating today. Guys, so what we tried last time, it was the Boo Baskets at McDonald's? All right, so guys, today we are basically gonna be trying the adult happy meal. I feel like this is like an old trend, but I feel like we gotta get to it, especially because I love me some McDonald's. I haven't had McDonald's since the last time we did the Boo Basket thing, so I've been behaving. Yes, you have. All right, so yeah, we're gonna be trying the adult meal today, and yeah, we'll see you guys as soon as we get there. Come in, are you going?  What you doing, bro? All right, they're gonna wait for an invitation. I'm gonna go ahead and go myself.  Sorry, babe. Bless you. Thank you, I missed it, I sneezed. Bro, there's a couple of them over there. I feel like it's turning around. If you want to turn around, go ahead. Watch your ribs.   Babe, what is that smell? I don't smell anything.  I don't smell anything.  I don't smell it.  Oh my God. Are you okay?  There's no way. I'm sure there's not your upper lip, smell it. Babe, don't be throwing jokes, bro, because it's not my upper lip.  I can't. I don't know what you're talking about. Smell that armpit. Ripe. How am I ripe?    No, I don't.   Sweater smells good. Smell my hair. Babe. Smell my hair. No, you smell bad, bro. Okay, I had to. I'm like holding my... Can I have me something to you? No. I farted. And I farted like three times. Bro, I'd never heard you fart, nor smelled one of your farts in the seven years we've been together. But yo, if that's what your farts smell like, oh my God, don't ever do it around me. I'm sorry, they're silent, but that leaves. God, that was bad, bro. I don't want to rip again. No, don't do it, no. No, babe, stop. I'm serious, stop. Don't do it. Don't do it. I can't hold it. Don't do it. I can't hold it. Babe, I'll drive back home. I swear, bro, hold it. Don't be doing it. Then step out the car. Get out the car and do it. Don't aim it this way. Why are you aiming this way? Get out the car. Don't do that.    Don't be doing that in the car, bro. That smells bad. You're right. Turn your face that way. No, you turn your butt that way. Stop screaming. Babe, no, get out if you're going to do that. Oh, my God. Get out if you're going to do that. That smells horrible.  I can't hold it. Babe, stop. I'm serious, bro. I swear, bro.   Yeah, so it's called. You want to see it? Is the smell out the car? Yes, it's been out the car. I'm going to get in, bro. Don't stop spraying that. You good? Try to make sure you ain't sprayed it on my arm. Did I? I don't know. I don't think so. Do you stink? Let me smell. I think I'm good. Bro, don't ever spray that again. Don't even do that in my car, bro. We could have did that in your car if you wanted to do this as a prank. Not in the BMW. So freak the Benz, right? Don't not the BMW, bro. Not the BMW, because the BMW is his baby. It's sacred. You can't be doing stuff like that. I'm sorry, baby. She just doesn't know how to treat you. She's so annoying.  Ass, no pun intended, right?  It's OK, girl. Guys, this is such a good prank. We're not doing a food challenge. I'm going to McDonald's, so I don't care. OK, well, I guess we might do a food challenge after all. I've been a good boy, so. Oh, you've been a good boy. I deserve McDonald's, especially after that. You've been taking those L's. Especially after that damn, that was disgusting, bro. Don't ever do that.  I don't know. I was spraying it, and he didn't even notice. I don't even want to smell you. I don't even want to find out. Guys, he is so rude. OK, so. I'm rude, bro.  Yeah, because it's funny. It's a prank, dawg.  Like, that's horrible. I think that's the point. All right, infinite fam, so that is it for today's video. I hope you guys enjoyed. If you guys did, don't forget to smash that like button. Comment down below, Team Janice, because this was actually really fun to do. It is now time for today's post notification shout-out. Today's post notification shout-out goes out to LibbyDeVelos. Thank you so much for your love and support. Isaiah and I love you. If you want to post a fake shout-out. I still smell it. I still smell it. Put the window down. All you guys got to do is like, comment, share, and subscribe to turn on those post notification bells to notify whenever we post a new video. And with all that being said, we will catch you in the next video. Love you guys.


from astro sweet astro sweet salutations hope you're doing well one dollar hula hello good folk chicho hope you're what is that to say let me read that chicho hope you had a glance at the electroculture links electroculture donation donation electroculture links is that on did you link it up for us on gilded astro astros is that the music uh stuff you linked up on gab or on gab electroculture oh man what is it why is this if i replied i i saw it electroculture electroculture i can't remember i can't remember i can't remember i'll go on gab and check it out okay i'll go on gab i did check something out on gilded and i believe yeah did you write it was you but i can't electroculture doesn't ring a bell i don't i can't remember what what did you link up on gab i can't remember now a rumble dollar plutonic world says i heard rumble is taking less from streamers and censored to yeah rumble for 2023 is not taking anything all contributions from rumble uh all gardening mastering physics yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah i did look at it i did look at it i looked at the guy's uh was it blog is this is a blog or uh it was a bit chute channel wasn't it i looked at one of his videos and i looked at the website with the diagrams and stuff with yeah yeah yeah with the guy standing up with the big plants and he was holding his hand up yeah yeah i looked at the design i need a i can't i can't do it here i looked at it but i couldn't do the electrical gardening yeah yeah yeah that's the one i couldn't do that stuff here i need to we need to be at a place where we have a garden into the ground not pots we could do it here with pots but it would just take too much space for us to do it here uh so i bookmarked it so at some point we're gonna have a full-blown garden where we're growing beds and stuff like this and that's one thing i'm gonna look into for sure astro suite thank you very much for linking and linking us up right electrical gardening yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah shara look into it looks super cool and it makes sense and it makes sense okay as tesla says everything everything's uh basically we're electrical beings so is everything on this planet is an electrical being all right so it makes sense to be able to make your garden flourish with the right setup okay with the right setup thank you by the way astro suite yeah yeah yeah i did i did check into it i was like oh i need to try this i have a bookmark check this out i'll give you guys the link uh there it is here i i created a brand new bookmark here i'll link this up here's what astro suite linked up i'll link it up both in our uh hold on let me do this oops boink hey come on okay hold on here i'm linking it up on our this is one of the links astro suite uh posted i'll put it in our chat here glad you found it interesting i bookmarked it and here's the other one here's the video i looked into is this going no it's not going good because i don't want it to kick in let me close this let me close this so i created a brand new uh bookmark tab on my uh on this new computer and bookmark these these are the only two links i have in gardening right now i'm so bad with names man that should have clicked for me right away uh as soon as you set it but i need a reminder of what it is so thank you for that super cool super cool super cool as long as it doesn't hurt my uh micro invertebrates i mean yeah yeah yeah check into it charl if you can do it before me and give me some feedback that'd be great the techniques can be used indoors as well and i would love to do it outdoors i would love to do it outdoors i would love to do it outdoors and hostile heiji allah god says astro suite thanks yeah 100 percent man and i linked it up on our gilded as well by the way on our gilded server um those those two links are provided uh because good info is worth sharing right we act as a node and pass on the info so sweet so sweet so nice so nice so nice charl now but lots of regular worms uh centipedes millipedes uh sow bugs and all kinds of awesome creepy crawlers nice um by the way charl i would love when i set up a garden uh like a like in the ground full on garden one of the first things i'm going to set up is a worm juice setup where you create a bed put nice soil in there with some compost throw worms in there and have it on an angle in poor water and get warm juice to feed your plants because that looked amazing astro suite my pleasure i'm paying it forward nice worm juice looked really cool so i would love to get some worm juice going super good super good somewhere frightening but also interesting we are 100 percent electrical beings and we're mainly water right so there's a lot to be said about moon phases and uh and electricity and electromagnetism and stuff like this really astro astro three worm juice like composty like composty basically you set up a bed you put it on a little bit of angle put really good soil in there get some worms in there right make sure you're constantly feeding the soil so the worms have active food and whenever you're going to water your plants not whenever but once a week i believe is fine depending on the concentration you pour water on top of the uh the bed and it seeps through the soil and you have a little funnel set up where you collect the worm juice sort of water coming out of the bed and that is nutritional food for your plants right it looks super cool i looked into worm juice a long time ago and it really stuck it really resonated with me so that's one thing i really want to set up sharl i have some vids to share with you that i took at a farm that has an amazing setup oh nice sharl oh last uh super blue moon for a while tonight don't forget to go outside tonight and check it out is it oh sweet yeah like the lunar cycle is huge man like there's a reason why they say full moon affects people makes people go a little crazy or a little weird or a little emotional or this or this because we're what is it 70 80 percent of water right so just imagine the ties in the ocean the moon cycle affects the ties of the ocean so we're water as well that also affects us right extremely important


It's why the chief executive officer of Convores, Todd Mickelson says more companies and governments are moving towards I detect a technology that uses a person's eye behavior to determine whether or not they're lying While the technology has been around for almost six years It was only launched in Trinidad and Tobago on Tuesday Some of these clients particularly our government clients are running tens of thousands of tests because they use it as a Pre-employment screening tool things such as ties to organized crime or drug cartels a history of drug use Maybe a history of other related crimes such as stealing or accepting bribes C&T is the third country in the Caribbean region to begin utilizing I detect Mickelson says agencies in Jamaica and Barbados have been Utilizing this method of testing in its employment process Already he says many local private companies have expressed interest in the technology In fact, he says government agencies are also looking to invest There are a couple of groups within the government that have expressed interest and we'll be meeting with them later this week to get more into the details of that both from a screening standpoint of vetting Employees but also from the standpoint of having a more effective tool for doing Investigations C&C three news and the stands legislation is expected to go before cabinet soon to allow technologies like I detect to Incorporated into the public sector, but how does it work? I detect measures changes in pupil diameter eye movement reading behavior among other things as Participants answer several questions using an infrared camera and algorithm the participants credibility scores calculated The results are then uploaded to a web server for immediate scoring only those authorized can see if the person has lied or not There have been instances where I detect was wrong now We have a lot of clients that use I detect in conjunction with polygraph Because they measure different things If you give someone a test on the same topic For polygraph and I detect and you get the same result. There is a 99 percent Probability that you got it right Mickelson says people have tried to cheat the test and you wouldn't believe what they do We're measuring changes in cognitive load You have to think harder to tell a lie than to tell the truth when you think harder your eyes dilate the more common approach To try to beat it is They will do things like take drugs beforehand to cause their eyes to not respond and We have done hundreds of thousands of these tests and so we have a bank of of data Well, we put I detect to the test we were told to write down a number between two and ten This is the number we chose Then we were asked several true false questions in relation to the number we selected in the end the machine did not lie We however were given this but we took a poll chance cnc3 news


to today's class. So till now as part of module 2, we have been trying to answer the question, imaging radars, how do I interpret and underlined are the topics which we have been covering over the course of last few lectures. So as part of this lecture, we shall try to cover about polarimetry, okay. So we are in the 12th lecture of the second module on to polarimetry. Just a quick recap of what we discussed about polarization. Polarization by that I mean the path of tip of electric field vector of an electromagnetic wave is what is known as polarization. And given here are the radar signals which can be polarized between H and V, between horizontal and vertical with VV denoting vertically transmit and vertical receive. When I say vertical, it is the direction of oscillation of electric field vector of an electromagnetic radiation which has both electric as well as magnetic field. So remember the concepts what we discussed in module 1, okay. So polarimetry is one of the most challenging aspects of microwave remote sensing. As in an ability to visualize three dimensions are required and then one also needs to conceptualize them changing in time. Generally, we say that it is a two dimensional property, 2D property. It is in a plane and the only requirement is that it is composed of two polarization states that are combined together to form the actual polarization and that these states must be orthogonal, okay. So now we know the x axis, we know the y axis because the x axis for convenience we denote horizontal axis is x axis and which is parallel to the surface of the earth that you know that we denote for the sake of convenience. And we denote that y axis is a vertical axis that is perpendicular to the surface of the earth. The further thing to consider is the definition of z axis which runs parallel to the direction of travel of wave. You know what should be the direction of z axis in the direction of travel or away from the direction of travel. So let me take this background to introduce to you something known as forward scattering alignment and backscatter alignment, okay. Optical based polarimetry when it uses the direction of travel of wave in the positive z direction we call it as forward scattering alignment. Let me reiterate when the direction of travel of wave is the positive z direction we call it as forward scattering alignment abbreviated as FSA. When making a microwave instrument we know that an antenna is used without worrying about where the wave is coming from or where it is going to that is either it is being received or being transmitted and this is known as backscatter alignment BSA. The x and y axis remain as before but the direction of z axis is chosen to be parallel to the direction of propagation of wave. Remember that the use of polarimetric information it is very important in both active as well as passive microwave remote sensing and through this short section let us learn about the properties of polarized waves and how to describe them mathematically. Now try to remember the example that we discussed in earlier parts of the lecture wherein two waves being of the same amplitude say A which are in phase are used. Now imagine what will happen when the electric field vector of both the waves are combined, okay. Remember I am talking about two waves having the same amplitude which are in phase and I am asking you to think what will happen when the electric field vector of both the waves are combined. Assume both these waves have an amplitude of say A which means both the waves shall reach the maximum amplitude at same time and both these waves shall cross the origin and reach their minimum at the same time. Visualize it. Visualize it using the small short videos that I was showing as part of earlier lectures and here I am specifically referring to just the electric field vector whenever I mentioned the horizontal and vertical polarization. Horizontal which means electric field vector is horizontal and vertical means electric field vector is vertically polarized. Let me show you this graphically, you know. Assume Ex and Ey are the components of the electric field vector and I have represented it this way. So the amplitude of the new linearly polarized wave is shown here as root of Ex square plus Ey square. This means that linearly polarized waves can be generated at any angle by changing the relative amplitude of both the waves, isn't it? Further we can also define the orientation angle using Tan inverse, isn't it? At this point, let me also make it a point to mention about elliptical and circular polarization. Here you see the same diagram but the pattern of polarization is shown here as elliptical. A relative phase difference between both the electric field components shall result in a very narrow ellipse as you see on the screen and as the magnitude of phase difference increases eventually the wave vector shall trace out a circle that is when we call it a circular polarization. So shown here are the result of changing phase difference between two linearly polarized waves when the phase difference between both waves are 180 degree, you can see what happens. So here red and green denote the orientation of electric field vector red in the vertical direction, green in the horizontal direction and the cyan color is the resultant wave that you get as a result of combining both the waves which are polarized in the horizontal and vertical direction. So shown here is whenever there is a phase difference of minus 180 degree what happens. Similarly if the phase difference between both waves are minus 90 degree have a look at how the output looks like. So I hope now you are getting the idea of an elliptical polarization and a circular polarization. Moving forward let me show you the output for phase difference of 0 and the output for phase difference of 90 degree. See some radar systems they transmit only one single polarization. For example we have radar SAT that is the Canadian remote sensing earth observation satellite program. The radar SAT it transmits and receives only horizontally polarized wave and when we talk about ASAR or advanced synthetic aperture radar which is on NV SAT which is an earth observation mission of European Space Agency. It can receive both horizontal and vertical polarization that is ASAR on NV SAT can receive both horizontal as well as vertical polarization and there is also something known as a quad pole radar system. The fully polarimetric or quad pole radar systems they transmit both horizontal and vertical and they receive both horizontal and vertical respectively, quad pole radar systems. The pulsar or LOs has quad pole modes. You will be learning how to download the LOs pulsar data and how to process them as part of the tutorials. Moving on, so in radar polarimetry the scattering matrix it offers an efficient means to characterize the data. The scattering matrix is shown here as S. Here each element that is S, V, V, S, H, V, S, H, H each element denotes complex numbers describing the phase and amplitude of the transmit and received wave. So, let me reiterate when I say polarimeter it is nothing but an instrument that can measure the polarization of an electromagnetic wave polarization polarimeter and radar polarimeters are instruments which measure the polarization of the returned echo as well as transmits the equivalent of full range of polarizations and a radar polarimeter will transmit in horizontal as well as vertical polarizations and if we know the phase and amplitude the information from two polarizations are actually enough for us to synthesize the response from all the possible combinations of transmit as well as receive polarizations. There are some systems which provide only partially polarimetric data and polarimetric data they are rich in information as they decipher the orientation of the scattering targets. Remember polarimetric data can be very well utilized to distinguish between different targets as well. See this is a very exciting research area but more mathematical details about polarimetric synthesis or polarimetric decomposition it is beyond the purview of this course. So, moving on I shall leave you with one more new technology that is polarimetric ratio. Polarimetric ratio can be considered both an active as well as passive polarimetry. Simply speaking if we take the ratio of horizontal and vertical polarizations we are focusing on the relative properties of different polarizations, isn't it? For example, when we take the ratio of vertical to horizontal signal it relates to the expression for reflectivity. You have already seen how a synthetic aperture radar image looks like. Black and white it is not as visually pleasing as a satellite image that is captured in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. So, say you need to create an RGB a colorful image using synthetic aperture radar images bands. You can very well create an RGB composite using the ratio of HH and HV polarization which can be used as the third band such that HH is assigned to red channel, HV is assigned to green channel and HH by HV is assigned to blue channel as what you see in the screen you know RGB composites. We will cover details about these as part of our tutorials as well. As I mentioned earlier, this topic of radar polarimetry is vast and it is a very exciting area of research and this short section was to introduce polarimetry as a challenging aspect to microwave remote sensing. The covering of complete mathematical details of radar polarimetry is well beyond the purview of the scores and the aim of this section was just to introduce to you the concept of polarimetry. So, thank you for listening and I will see you in the next class.


Armed police have been deployed in the center of Paris following reports of a threat to the Iranian consulate Dada police source told Reuters the man was seen entering the consulate, carrying what appeared to be a grenade and explosive vest. French police cordoned off the Iranian consulate in Paris where a man is threatening to blow himself up, French radio station Europe 1 reported. Service was interrupted on a nearby metro line for security reasons, the RATP metro company said, neighboring streets in the city's 16th district in the center was cordoned off. The area around the consulate, which is close to Trocadero and the river Seine, is popular with tourists and the Paris metro was suspended in the nearby area, transport officials said. IT was unclear whether the incident had any link to the escalating tensions between Iran and Israel. On April 19th, explosions echoed over the Iranian city of Isfahan and what sources describe as an Israeli attack. But Tehran played down the incident and indicated it had no plans for retaliation, a response that appeared gauged towards averting region-wide war recall with the Paris Olympic Games 100 days away. Police carried out a large-scale eviction at France's biggest squat in the south of the country's capital. Authorities, including dozens of gendarmes, cleared out the makeshift camp at an abandoned bus company headquarters in Vitrysir Seine. The camp had become home to about 450 migrants, with images of the eviction spreading rapidly across social media. Russians turned nuclear plant into military base in Ukraine. World is close to nuclear catastrophe. We are dangerously close to a nuclear accident. This statement was made by International Atomic Energy Agency Director General Raphael Grossi at a meeting of the UN Security Council speaking about the recent shelling of the Zaporizia nuclear power plant. According to Grossi, on April 7th, the plant was hit by direct attacks the first time since November 2022. One of the strikes hit the protective dome of Zaporizia nuclear power plant reactor 6 and two more hit objects near the buildings where the reactors are located, injuring at least one person. According to Grossi, the damage to the dome was external, but such an attack sets a very dangerous precedent for a successful strike on the reactor's protective shell. Zaporizia nuclear power plant has been under occupation for more than two years. The Russians are staging explosions at the plant and intimidating workers. Ukraine has become the only country in the world to have a nuclear power plant seized by another country. Russia, in violation of all international conventions, has done so twice. The Chernobyl nuclear power plant was liberated and the Zaporizia nuclear power plant near Ernaudar is still under Russian control. The few employees who remained in Ernaudar were forced to sign contracts. Some of them decided to stay to ensure the safety of the plant, which means the safety of the whole world. Due to the actions of the Russian troops, the plant has experienced eight complete and one partial blackout since the beginning of the full-scale war. The deployment of military equipment at the repair sites was recorded at five of the six power units. Russian military personnel are deployed at each power unit in special buildings and the laboratory and amenity buildings of the Zaporizia nuclear power plant. It has long been obvious that from the first day of the Russian occupation, the Russian troops turned the nuclear power plant into a military base.


everyone and welcome to Norris Cove. I'm Yoshida. Today we're going to be doing our paycheck to paycheck, my weekly budget check-in.  I am self-employed for those who are new here and if you're self-employed as well. I highly suggest that you click that subscribe button so that you can get more content like this from me. So let's get started. Okay you guys, so today we're doing paycheck to paycheck and y'all guess what? My taxes is coming this week. I'm so excited because I'm ready to pay bills. I've never, I don't recall ever been excited to get my taxes to pay bills, but I can't wait to start my emergency fund and I will be doing my first cash-stepping for the year. So before I get sat track, let's run down what happened last week. So last week was March 7 through the 13th. This is our quick overview. We ended up making $757. I didn't do nails. I could have done nails, but it snowed and I just didn't feel like it, so that was that. Shopify, actually this goes up. I put a hundred and one dollars. Then I did like a group sale and sale in my group. Just waiting one more invoice to come in, but it's like $45. So a hundred and $45. Let's just loop that together.  So we didn't do too bad. Shopify didn't get paid. That's going over this week. Carnot did get paid, T-Mobile. That was kind of part of the week before, but that was something that we used. So we did use about $200. Boothring got paid. Carnot insurance didn't get paid. Something else came up. I'll look back through my other planner because that keeps me accountable because when things come up, I generally write it down in there. I still want to set this up, but I'm debating if I want just like my budget planner to my home planner. So let me pull out the A6 and see what else did we pay last week. We did, let's see. Oh, credit one got paid. Walmart got paid. Carnot got paid. And a Boothring got paid. And we didn't do car insurance. And that was just a note to myself. So this is my guide for this week. And let's hop right on in. Okay, if you're new here, my resources of income is number one, being hair. I'm a hairstylist. Next up, I also do nails. And then I'm going to stop putting Shopify and putting Norris Code because let's put NC because like I said, like I did the sale on Saturday. And that was pretty much for Norris Code. So here, we're going to generate our 750 seems to be working nails. I know I probably do two sets of nails. I'm gonna put $70 this week for nails. Norris Cove. I have some orders to get out. Some paid with credit card. Let's put I mean, let's put 70 for Norris Cove. And then this week, because we are expecting our taxes, let's put miscellaneous. Now it says I'm getting one thing. I'm gonna kind of ride out a little under. But let's put 3000 for miscellaneous. And we have so much to do with this. I don't even know. But let me get my calculator. So we're looking at $3,890 as our total. And we'll come back and check in next week to see what that really is. So again, this week we have this is the 14th to the 20th on the 15th. We have capital 21. My intentions is to give capital one $100. Okay, next we have Citibank and that is due on the 17th. And I want to pay them down some and my intentions is to give them $100. We'll see how that goes. Barclays on the 18th. Now this one, I want to give them 500. Jesus Christ, because I'm still over the amount. And I think 500 to bring me down with like a extra $100. Card number two comes out this week. And that is 181.60. Cart insurance. So I'm paying for last month and I'll probably double up. I'm going to try to pay that. So the 16th. I'm going to give them a call and see what I can do if they can do me just a small extension. And then I'll go in later and pay an extra. So car insurance 206. I may pay more. I'm not sure. And my budget is due on the 19th. And that's $250. And then T-Mobile actually is due like on the 14th. I have the 18th down here and I have 284.37. So I have the wrong date. It's not getting paid on the 14th, but I'll be getting paid somewhere along there. And that says I'm going to give them more because I want to definitely pay them down 284.87. I'll be giving them more, but we're going to see what we're working with. So let's do a little calculating. So we have a total of $1,622.47. I feel like I'm missing something, but I'm not. $1,622.47. I'll probably need to change up. This is my total of bills. Over here under debt, I want to probably give T-Mobile an extra $100. I got to do some subtracting too. I'm going to skip down here to cash envelopes. And I'm going to put hubby, put destiny. And hubby, I'm going to give him $500 to help with any bills. My daughter, Destiny, I'll be giving her $250. I just hope all this adds up. It was something else. Oh, my emergency fund. Now, I generally said I'm going to give my emergency fund $1,000. If that extra is there, I'll do it. But for right now, I'm going to do $500. So now I'm kind of doing it a little backwards, but I'm going to take the $1,622.47 subtracted from the $38.90. That leaves us with $2,000. I hate to glare on this calculator. $2,267.53. So then we're going to subtract this $100. So that leaves us with $2,167.53. And then we're going to subtract $500 from that. I shouldn't know it. I want to guess. Hold on. That leaves us with $16.67. That don't sound right. That does it. Wait a minute. Yeah, that's right. $16.67. That's our balance. I'm just going to put balance here. And then we're going to subtract $700, $967. That's what we should have remaining. That's just a little cushion. Again, I could afford to give emergency funds some more, but I just really don't know because I know that I owe some taxes somewhere, some old taxes. And I'm just thankful to be getting something. So we're going to leave it like this, but we're doing much better. Oh, definitely. You know what? I'm thinking about it. I want to put savings, my regular savings. I'm going to throw $100 in there. So that leaves us with $867. Okay, so I'm going to try to know how this goes next week when we do our check-in. Let's pop this back in.  And if so, did you put a lot of bills? I don't think I need anything.  My loan with maybe federal is paid in full. I don't know what that is, so I have an extra $100 a month. And I think I'm going to start putting that into my savings or either towards one of these credit cards. So that's it. And also, I'm going to be putting money into a month ahead. So with some of this extra money here, that's going to put me with some extra head. I kind of have it written down what I'm going to do with it, but we'll just see how much it is when it gets here. So I'm super excited. I think I'm just going to transfer that when I do my cash stuffing. I'm going to transfer the emergency fund over or however, and y'all, I can't wait to do my cash stuff because I haven't done one this year. But thank you so much for watching. If today was your first time watching any of my videos and you enjoyed today's video and you would love to come back for more, please do me a favor. It really helps me out. If you hit the subscribe button, leave me a comment below. Also hit the notification bell so that you're notified whenever I upload new content. And I'll see you in my next video. Bye.


Welcome to Toffy TV, here is the Maths reaction. Wolves 1, Everton 1 at Mullenew, a last gasp Yeri Mina equaliser, could be a huge point for Eddarton in the grand scheme of things, put Eddarton 2 points ahead of Leeds, put us 3 points at the Leicester and just a point behind that thing on Forrest, obviously those teams have all got to play Forrest will be starting very shortly at the time he called on this. Everton hapoli had Dominic Alvedlun available for as long as that lasted and started again quite brightly really today. We had all the attempts at goal in the opening 25 minutes, I think we had 5 in the opening 20 minutes to Wolves as non. Obviously there was a bit of a mismatch, now Michalenko, Dwight McNeill went to left back. We had an opportunity within 2 or 3 minutes to knock down from I think it was Tarkovsky and shot on a turn by Don which I think some of the away fans thought it might have gone in. We had another dom, another headed opportunity which was too really that he should have done better with, headed them both over. We had breaks into the box by Onana but we couldn't just find the right pass or get the shot away and we fell behind to a terrible goal just a couple of minutes after losing Nathan Patterson with an injury. He looked like he had his knee, that's how it looked. He tried to carry on and went down and we brought Michal Kain on and within about 2 minutes we were a goal down. It was a really poor goal from our position as far as I'm concerned. Try or you run them with the ball, the only thing you can do. And no one goes and engages them really. Onana kind of just let them run across them and that's where you do have to put the tackle in. He's going to be dangerous if you're running towards your own goal with them. Tarkovsky backed off, let him hit it. He has a shot, Jordan Pickford pushes it back out and Hwangi challenge on hand to knock it in. It was a little bit of a kick in the teeth because Wolves didn't deserve to be ahead at that time. And then they kind of would deal with that better side. I think then till half time and we lost them just before half time and other break away. A ball time and play a ball in behind and he looked like he sprinted after it and went down and it was a little bit of a kill. And I was holding, he had a knock on his head face because I think it was Collins was with him and I was thinking did he catch him but you could see Dom was not too happy and off he come in with that best opportunity. It felt like it had gone. Obviously Domari Gray came on and went up front. We come out in the second half and the first 10 or 15 minutes it was so scrappy. It was untrue from both sides really poor. And then Everton got a grip of it although we did go a little bit more direct but with Domari Gray we were trying to play him in behind us. Wolves had a lot more of the ball, knocked it down a bit but didn't really cut us open at any time in the game. Apart from that obviously the run by triori for the goal and they had one late on with Nunes had a run late on brother and that day Everton was in front of us and we just didn't really look like we had anything to cut them open with. We had two or three shots and we tried the box. Domari Gray had one where he cut in it and the lad's got his head in the way of one. Another one the goalkeeper's flapped a little bit but got it away out of harm's way. And it was the frustration was there of the game Peter in the way and Shaun Dyche brought Neil Mawpai on. I don't know what Ellis Sims has to do to get on but Mawpai came on and it was ineffective really if truth be told Mason Holgate came on. Michael Key went up front. We did have to go for it listen. One nil down going into injury time and there being a lot of stuff which is the nine minute report and it was the correct amount. There was loads of stuff which they had played down a couple of times for a while. Key went up. Everton had a little bit more of the ball inside the box but like I just said before we had to watch a break away by Nunes a great run and shots which the goalkeepers made a save from which would have been two nil and obviously game over it was a big save by Pickford. And then we forced a couple of long throws and then a couple of corners and obviously basically the last kick of the game and the ball delivered back in by the Maree Gray. Tarkovsky kept it alive and knocked it down. Michael Key does well actually takes a touch put it across and Gary Mina is on hand to turn it home from close range to give everything. What could be a huge point. Every point in this situation is massive when you were one nil down in 99th minute and you grab a goal. Who knows that could be huge obviously. If you're a Forrest fan or a Leeds fan or a Leicester fan and you see that goal going late it is a little bit of a dagger to the heart. Obviously listen if Forrest be asking on now fair play to them if Leeds can go to West Ham and win fair play to them. If that's the case Evan will be back and Evan will be in the bottom three tomorrow. But what we've done is we've put the pressure on them a little bit and said it was always going to be four points in the last two games. I think I thought we'd keep Evan safe we'll see. We'll see now like I say if results go Evan's way. And this was how the weekend finished with us a point behind Forrest and two of the Leeds and three of the Leicester. I think we'd all take that going into that final home game against Bournemouth who were beaten by United today. Well today for me wasn't a very good performance at all. The players stuck at it. I think tactically it wasn't great and the manager might have got away with one a little bit there but who cares at this stage. It's just about trying to get points and we've got a point when in the 98th minute we didn't have anything. So it could be a big big point for us. It could be a big goal up by Gary Mina and for that I'm giving him man of the mat. I thought he had a good game anyway but he's going to be my man of the mat. So there you go Evan I've got to draw Wolves and we live to fight another day. That is it for me get the video a thumbs up. Subscribe if you haven't until you weekend. See you later.


It's a breakfast and plus TV Africa. We take a look at the second conversation. The PDP governorship primaries, winners of the People's Democratic Party government primaries, Sherif Ubuirawari for Delta, Oladimeji Adedirun, popularly known as Jadon for Lagos, Finteri for Adamawa, Sheimakinde for Shun State, and Shegun Shogumi Ogun State, Titus Uba for Benway, Peter Uba for Enugun State. You also have Fubara for Reavers in Gumbay. We have Mohammed Baddeh, Medj as PDP candidate of the state, and Nasarawar, we have David. Sherif Abdullahi for Uba State, Kefas, Abu in Tarba, and lastly for Quarra, we have Abdullahi Yaman. Joining us this morning to analyze this is a political analyst, Uponabon Katariya. As I guess this morning, let's go to have you join us, Uponabon Katariya. Good morning, Nasi, good morning, Kofi, and good morning, Nigeria. So, what do you make of the candidates that have actually emerged off from the People's Democratic Party primaries that was just recently conducted? Well, I cannot assess all the candidates in all the states of the Federation. But one thing is certain that most of these candidates were poisoned on the party. I can tell you for sure that the candidates are not a referendum, are not a referendum of their approval of the delegates. The delegates were instructed by the leaders of the various parties. Those who are governors instructed the delegates, those who are not governors or leaders of the party, instructed the delegates on what to do. So willingly, they went in there and carried out the orders of their leaders. That is exactly what happened. Not as if the candidates are popular, especially in reverse states. I can say that the two candidates, including the APC and the political candidates are not popular at all. They are not at all. But they were just poisoned on the party and they were instructed of course that of the APC, you have the primaries today. But before they were the consensus candidates. And this led to enough of a segment where they had used men's aspirants who went ahead to purchase firms. So you also have the issue of man-musabi. You have a jukai. You have one other guy and so on. And in the PDP of course, Pumbara was first in the party. If the governor, he was the account general of the state, he was the cashier, he came to the DSP of my house, became a partner's secretary, became account general. While most of this other, others were denied promotion in the so-called state and rapid promotion.  And surprisingly, they manage all of us without any harassment from the EFCC. We live in a country where the terms of justice was sweet for me. It is so sad. But in terms of going back to your question, most of the candidates are not choices of the delegates. The delegates were co-hosts into voting for those candidates and that was exactly what happened. But I have an addition to what I just said. Like I say, it's supposed to be secret ballot.   But otherwise, if a government, for example, instructs you to go and vote for a particular person, you go cast your vote. Nobody knows who voted for who. It's just between you and your conscience. So you go cast your vote and at the end of the day, the results will go out there. But they've got no thinking that you've gone to carry out the construction. Only to be there when they are now going to vote, that the people protest it. That's what they call the protest votes. But you don't have such people, people who are very gullible and character, and that is where we'll find ourselves today in this country. All right. Let's take River State for a bit. And you've given us a bit of a history of Simeon Alaie Fubara, who is the accountant general of the state of former accountant general of River State. Of course, Wikia has traditionally required his appointees who want to contest elected positions or elections to resign. But you said he was a cashier to Yes and Wikia. I saw people also saying that and we moved from there to become the director of finance and administration at government house when Wikia became governor. And his promotion was accelerated, became his permanent secretary, and then accountant general of the state. And why do you think that this man became the anointed or is the anointed candidate of Yes and Wikia? Of course, it was almost unopposed. You know, a few of them who still participated in the primary lost woefully. Cofi, Cofi, you're more or less in that song. You just want to wish the world's after my house. Otherwise, I strongly believe that without being told you can extrapolate. This is a man that has been declared wanted by the ESCC for frauds to the tune of 400 something billion. We all know that there is no way Pumbara would have stolen or led to the stolen 400 something billion without the connivance of the government. In fact, at the behest, not connivance, at the behest of the government. So, if he has been accused, not circumcised, but not before the God program, but if he's been accused by the ESCC of 400 something billion, let me tell you the truth. It is, they were not actually going for him. They were going for the governor, but because the governor has immunity, and that is why he's been arrested, so that he could school for that. And there will be a bigger charity group when they institute this matter. And that is the truth. So, what am I trying to say here? Probably the governor is trying to cover up his snazzy deals for myself daily, you know? And he's trying to act it. He needs somebody that will cover his own track. And that is what is not up to me, is the reason for the choice of Pumbara. That is our conviction, we're right or wrongly, and we stand to be contradicted on that. All right, let's take a look at the situation in Lagos state with the APC holding sway in Lagos. BDB has huffed and puffed in recent times with Jimmy Agbaje always emerging as the flag bearer of the party in the governorship elections in this state. This time around, Jimmy Agbaje did not emerge. And the young man who decamped from the APC, having worked for the All Progressives Congress in Lagos state for years, with his political structure called Lagos for Lagos. He moved from the APC to the PDP amidst fanfare. You had, you know, the movers and shakers of the PDP storming Lagos state for his official decamping. And of course, Riki was there, Sarki was there. And on that day, some of his supporters were asking Jimmy Agbaje to stay clear of the party and to take a rest that he had tried his best over the past three years. Jando is how he's affectionately called. What do you think the chances of the PDP in Lagos state will be with a new face other than Jimmy Agbaje? Well, probably on my back, which is very unlikely, I think if going by my celebration, I strongly impure PDP within Lagos state because Lagos state is predominantly an APC state. So it's going to be an uphill path. Well, not impossible, but it's going to be an uphill path. The advantage that the president, Samad Bairam might be having is, he was a member of the APC. Of course, I remember crying out against injustice in the party, and now from this group you talked about. Lagos for Lagos. I worked in one channel. Yes, so probably he has sympathy from most APC members in Lagos state. Oh my, even if they remain in APC, who might want to cut their votes for him? They live in, it's one of them. And if a situation, of course, it's going to get the PDP votes. And if a situation like that happens and you have a transparent or near-transparent process, then the chances are there, but not as high as the APC economy. But let's quickly share your thoughts on this one. I mean, personality, I mean, for the PDP in Kaduna, so you have the likes of Sherwusani and the fact that he had just two votes. One would think that the caliber of person that you have, who's seen him very vocal about a lot of economic issues going on in the country. And then he couldn't get that particular support. He lost to Issa Ashiro in Kaduna having just two votes. And he also mentioned the fact that he didn't give this delegate a dime. So what do you make of this scenario? Well, that's a promise. Probably he didn't give the delegate a dime because the delegate definitely, we are the officials of the governors. And so whether he gives them a dime or not is completely material. That is what. Number two, you're really making a great mistake. If you think that our political process is so mature that you just need to persuade them without any financial backing, that would be political suicide. Nigerians are hungry. And a lot of the voters, the electorate, they believe that once you get into office, you're going to abandon them. Which is always the case. Which is always the case. So it is like, a better hand is what's in the bush. You come here, you rampartize, you make all kinds of promises. And at the end of the day, you get into office.  They don't even have access to you. So let me have this one, two, three, 10,000 naira that I'm going to get now because for another four years, I'm not going to see you. I'm not just to find it. I'm not just to find it. But that is the situation right now. So if it didn't give a dime, then it's unfortunate. Then he planned to fail. That is the truth about. I haven't said this. Like I said earlier on, the delegates take instructions from their bosses. It is not a referendum of the people or approval of a candidate. No, it is not. They're taking instruction from their bosses. Like in River State, I mean all states, I will not say particularly all, all states.  So open up your term, because of time. No matter how popular you are, if you, you don't have the backing of the governor or the leader, right? I said governor in some states you don't have governors as leaders. Like River, the leader of the APC is not the governor. So it was a former governor, not the governor now. He's not the city one. So if you don't have the backing of the governor or the leader of that party, I mean it will be backing on a sticky weekend. So think that you're going to get the... I hope you can hear me. But let's... Yes, yes, because of time. Let's go quickly, very quickly, because I have one, two full of questions for you to look at all your state where Governor Shea Maki, they emerged. He's gotten the party's ticket to contest for a second term. Is this an endorsement of his achievements as governor, his performance, or you think that it's just still more of the same party politics that play in the PDP? I mean, for anybody, any sitting governor or president to lose an election, I think he's got the presence in Nigeria for now. Because as a governor, how are you going to take him away? Unless Mr. President is naturally interested in that particular outcome. Unless Mr. President wants that man out, then they know what to do. But if he has the backing of his people, it's also almost going to be impossible. Nevertheless, to answer your questions directly, the victory at the primary has nothing to do with his performance as a governor. It has to do with his office as a sitting governor. And I believe you understand what I'm talking about. All right, all right, very quickly, very quickly. Two elephants in the southeast, Tehina, yeah, Barbara, a senator, and A.K. Quirma, the senator, both withdrew from the race in Abia State PDP and in Inigo State PDP. Were you surprised? And what do you think could have happened? Now, I'm not surprised that they withdrew from the race. They just said the state got the shame that would have come their way. That's exactly what happened. Let's just not look at it. We were pitched at the primary, let it be, what I mean, PIPEP, PIPEP, PIPEP at the primary. Let it be that we withdrew in order to save our face. They would have lost because they were not just in the candidate of the governor, so they would have lost. So they just tried to save themselves. They got the shame. It's not simple like that. We have to go. We have to go. Bonobo and Kotaro, thank you very much for your time. We do appreciate you. Look forward to sharing more of your thoughts on the breakfast and the sea size of our conversation. Now, if you missed that on any part of it, it's all right to follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. We are at Plus TV Africa and Plus TV Africa Lifestyle. I am Mesibok. We'll have a fantastic day. And I'm Kofi Bachelz. See you tomorrow. Good morning.