Thanks Marty. I want to thank Ruth for putting this together. She does all the work and I want to thank you for coming. It's always good to talk to real farmers. Last winter if you were here we spent a lot of time talking about water and that's what it's all about is water. And if you look at what impact that we've had with with no till in South Dakota and whatever it's all about water and better utilizing the water. And we calculated a couple years ago for the board of regents who wanted to know what the hell we did. The board of directors of Dakota Lakes got together and we met with the board of regents and we calculated the difference in crop production in 1987 versus 2014. This was in 2015. If we took the center, the south center and the north central crop reporting districts in South Dakota, basically that middle third of the state of South Dakota in the middle there. We changed, the farmers changed there, we used the Woolsey price the night before, Woolsey South Dakota price. We changed the amount of grain that they sold by $1.6 billion. Those are big numbers unless you're in Washington. But that's big numbers in South Dakota. That's a big increase and it's the thing that I noticed from when we first started doing this in 1990 till now. Cities like Gettysburg that at one time years ago in the 60s or whatever when there's lots of babies had two classes in every grade in the elementary school and then they went to one class in every grade and then all of a sudden they're almost talking about closing the school. They're going back to two classes in every grade again and I think that's a good news and I think part of that is how we produce things and I'm going to kind of follow up a little bit with what Cody is doing and then I want to talk about just some real basics. A lot of talk about soil health and muffin fluff and whatever but they're just some real basics to how you do how you do no till and it's just real simple stuff so we're going to talk about a little bit of that and then you can go home get ready for the blizzard. That's the Dakota Lakes right you know that's our main station then we have some soils to the north and if you're not familiar actually that main station the north those north two quarters right in here those are what we call Milborough soils which would be very similar to what you see around Kennebec in that area for you guys for their east. They're a bit just a little bit better than the pier soils and stuff you see out here in some places and then the south side are some pretty good less soils. Our north unit has the old triple threat with promise opal and sand sarks so those are ones that you're familiar with some of you guys here have none soils which are really quite good soils actually and then quite a few farms and pier soils or something like that. I have a little trivia question for you. All our soils are named after cities and whatever localities right so the sand sark is a really shallow soil it's about a foot and a half deep over fractured shale and it's a foot and a half of that real clayy stuff the true vertisol just really shallow. What's that named after? Well the sand sark Sioux right sand sark Sioux tribe there's a little city of sand sark there right across the river from guest Gettysburg but where does that name come from it's French. Anybody here speak French? Well in French sans means without. Arc means archery or bow and arrow so when the first fur traders first came to that area across the river from Gettysburg the tribe they ran into there was it's not using bows and arrows they're still using lances. So that's where that name comes from it's kind of interesting I always like to joke with my Native American friends from that I said that those guys were the conventional tillers of the Indian society the last the last Native Americans to adopt a new technology right we still have people doing conventional tillage here you shouldn't be doing tillage here. Water is too precious to you did a meeting yesterday in Columbus Nebraska get 28 inches of rain a year. Well maybe they can grow crops without saving water there and then they got irrigators they got irrigators sitting on fields there where they get 28 inches of water a year in rainfall what a bunch of pessimists right okay that's what our native vegetation looks like we're going to go to Australia Ruth not going to go to Australia in about a month and they have trees everywhere and they have less rainfall than we have because the rainfall comes in the winter time when it's cool and it goes deep past because you're not using any water and it all just moves deep and then you've got trees okay so that the only place we see trees is where there's a major drainage way so the first time I went to Australia I showed this slide somebody in the audience went I said yes ma'am she's where did the trees go I said Paul Bunyan cut them down there no idea who Paul Bunyan was so you don't do that that was a dumb thing to do so Ruth and I went to France four years ago and we did a kind of it we were in England first that was fun and then we went to France and they they got us a car that had GPS that would speak English and we would do a meeting I do a meeting from 8 till noon and then we'd hop in the car and turn on GPS and go to the next town and somebody meet us for supper and show us around that town and we do another meeting the next day and whatever it's kind of an interesting trip but every town we went to they had to show us their castle so we went and looked at the castle and you got the grain bends and they all kind of look pretty impressive and took a lot of energy to build them and a lot of work and a lot of wealth and whatever and you know you go and now you got the grain bends there where did where'd you produce the grain that went in the grain bends they said well in the land right around the castle so you look over the wall and it was so degraded it wouldn't even grow bushes very well and you'd point that out that maybe that was one of the reasons it's no longer a castle and when we looked at their soils it's what they look like and this is what they look like and they're still plowing them and they're plowing them deeper and they're plowing up and down the hills and there's places are plowing down the hills because they can't plow across the hills and they can't plow up the hills that can't pull it so they drive up and plow down and so I started the discussion by saying my ancestors left Europe to come to the United States because they degraded the soil so badly that they had in Europe that they had to go someplace else and find soils that weren't degraded and then I said they've done a good job of degrading the soils that they find in the U.S. okay this area is part of the Louisiana Purchase so the Louisiana Purchase happened because the Lavandre brothers came from Winnipeg Manitoba they were fur traders and they came across the Continental Divide in eastern North Dakota if you didn't know there is one there is one there between the Red River drainage and the Missouri River drainage right there between Valley City and and Jamestown there's a Continental Divide it's about this high okay and and they came across that Continental Divide they came down the Missouri River and they buried lead plates in different areas of around here we don't know how many they built if they buried but one was buried just above Fort Peer and you can see that one in in the Heritage Museum and it claimed this area for France it was 1743 so the white man had been here quite a while you know pretty pretty actually before the Revolutionary War we had white guys run around out here claiming the area for France you know pretty optimistic guys there too and and our founding fathers George Washington Thomas Jefferson and those guys were way back in the early part of our nation the late 70s and 1700s a few years more increased sterility will drive the inhabitants of the Atlantic states westward for support they're degrading the soils and they knew that and they were trying to figure out what to do about it whereas if they were taught how to improve the old instead of going on to in pursuit of the new and productive soils they would make these acres which now scarcely yield them anything turned out beneficial to themselves George Washington he and Thomas Jefferson had lots of conversation about how stupid it was that they continuously degrade the soils that's 300 200 whatever years ago David Montgomery wrote a book dirt if you haven't read it it's kind of interesting reading this photo here was taken in South Dakota in the 1930s because we were doing that when I went to Gettysburg in the 1970s to teach high school chemistry not not egg I was teaching chemistry people don't understand that you couldn't be assured that you would make it to peer and back if you left Gettysburg go to peer in the wintertime you wouldn't be assured you're going to get home if if the wind started to blow because everybody was doing wheat and summerfowl in that country okay talking about his dirt book at a meeting and I said you know in the teachers line I mean the speakers loans that you have at these bigger conferences I sat down with him I said you know you really should come and revisit that area north of peer again and see what's happened there because it's changed and he comes it subsequently wrote this book growing a revolution which has a chapter about some of the guys in that area in fact Mike Arnold he's in that in that book they talk about his his operation okay but anyway Thomas Jefferson realized that they had to do something soon 1803 he bought the Louisiana Purchase and then he sent Lewis and Clark up the river right here's where Dakota Lakes is by the way right in there but they came through here so we know what this land looked like before before we got here and start screwing it up but what they were looking for were beavers was the first thing that's what the Lavender is were looking for is beavers and they took all the beavers I well what were the beavers doing here all these dams and all these little tributaries all the way from Black Hills down down river through Missouri whatever so you take all the beavers out then you send the settlers in and the settlers start to do tillage they cut down what few trees there are and they start over grazing and we have flooding now what should the response be put the beavers back and quit doing that stuff you're doing right I know we're we're not that smart so we're gonna put in large main stem reservoirs we're European males right that's what we do we go put in large main stem reservoirs we got four in South Dakota they're gonna they're gonna give us 500,000 acres of irrigation over around Redfield because that was flat in the 1930s and 40s you can't irrigate land that's rolly you have to have this stuff that you can run the water down between the rows and we all know that you couldn't produce corn and soybeans at Redfield without irrigation for God's sake and it's kind of like Nebraska they don't think they can produce anything without irrigation right did you notice that so they built a big dam and they built a big power plant and they built an irrigation pump station that's never been used and they built a whole bunch of canals so I show people the canals when they come to visit if they're going the right direction we show them this huge huge canals that were built to take the water from the Missouri River over to the Jim River but when I went to Redfield in 1983 and by the way Ray managed the same farm I managed the one at Redfield one time in its existence we both had the same major professor and our PhDs we have a lot of parallels but when I went to Redfield in 1983 there was 1900 acres of soybeans and spanking Brown County combined and I made the mistake of my PhD orals to say that I thought if we know till we could probably grow corn and soybeans in the Jim River Valley without irrigation and Larry Fine who Ray remembers nobody else does but he thought I didn't understand water very well so he he really made my life miserable for an hour or so in my orals but he lived long enough to see no till and different crop production move into the Jim River Valley which now those two counties are the number one number two corn producing counties in the state and I was told before we came to peer that we would never produce hundred bushel dry land corn in use County I was told that George and I made a bet on it so we won that bet several years in a row before the guy decided he didn't want to do that anymore but it just it talks to the idea of we haven't in the old days we didn't use water well the thing that we have done no till is just a tool the thing we're doing is using water better that's really what we're about so 1973 we had a whole bunch of guys got all excited about the Russian wheat deal energy prices were low 1973 and interest rates were low 1973 everybody started putting in irrigators along the Missouri River because somebody had invented a center pivot we didn't need to we didn't need to have a level ground to irrigate anymore so these guys start pumping water on the Missouri River and irrigating and it ran promptly back down the hill into the river because our soils were these wind blowing less soils and they when they got tilled which everybody said to grow irrigated corn you got to have it black and then we put water on it just looked like this floor and that's kind of when I entered the scene to try to figure out how to stop runoff under irrigators and that's where those efforts led to a meeting after field day one night at Bob Steakhouse where people said we really need to have more research effort along the center in the western part of the state and another guy said well I'll get my brother-in-law who's in the legislature to get you some land and I said why don't you leave your brother-in-law alone let's see if we can't get our own land instead of having the state on it so we can control it so that's the way this started it's owned and directed by farmers all fixed facilities and land and much of the irrigation equipment is owned by the corporation and things like that right again the comparison of corn soybean spring wheat winter wheat and sunflower production those three areas increased by 1.6 billion in 2014 as compared to 1986 we didn't do that because we set out to improve yields the goal was to better manage our water because that's what we're having trouble with we weren't getting the water in the ground better manage our nutrients and this is what this whole movement's about whether you call it soil health or you call it no till or you whatever you call it it's about better managing the ecosystem we have to do a better job or we're going to end up looking like the Europeans with a totally degraded soils we've only been at this for 200 years so what we did is starting to look at how the native systems work because they water goes in the ground native systems and you don't have the salty spots and native systems normally and we call this a transformational change or a holistic report approach I stole this from Jay Fuhrer who said he stole it from somebody else but it's one of my favorite statements the light bulb did not result by incrementally making candles better you know when you think about that it just kind of okay yeah that makes sense you know back and off and and so what we've been doing a lot of times in agriculture we're just incrementally changing what is really a system that's been broken since it was in Europe instead of just saying now this is stupid let's do something else farmer manages ecosystem take sunlight water and carbon dioxide makes them into products to be sold and we look at this water cycle energy flow mineral cycle community dynamics and there's lots of places where we have talked about how we do that does the rain feed plants and recharge ground water do you run off or deep percolate if you're running your water off and you live at wall you that's a problem you don't want to do that okay then that's what's wrong here we can now put on two inches of water in nine minutes with our irrigators and we have nothing run off and if you come in the summertime and many of you've been there we walk in behind those irrigators and it totally changes your way of looking at things and it's because we have this armor we don't have the armor there because we think that's cute it's there because it protects the soil keeps the weeds from going keeps the soil cool does all these sinks people so I really like to use that big hole opener makes that week grow better well now you have no more armor okay you've got to have that armor and that that that whole process starts it there's where earthworms live they're protected for anybody that's been around irrigation this is 20 years of wheel track if you've been around irrigation those things always had big rots in them and when we first started doing this we had our board of directors from Dakota lakes the guys that were irrigating were irrigating with tillage come to redfield one day and we had a lateral move there running on some no-till ground and we went out to look at crops and I'm walking along I'm talking to the other yeah then turn around I have no farmers behind me they're all lined up on one of my wheel tracks going why isn't that deeper and I hadn't really ever thought about that you know they didn't set out to make shallow wheel tracks and they noticed it because theirs weren't that way take the e out of ET evapotranspiration ET evaporation makes you no money when you make the water go through a plant it makes you money when you make it let it just float off the surface it doesn't make you any money so one of the ideas behind this forage cover croppy thing is to try to take something that would have to evaporate to make it dry enough for you to plant or whatever make it go through a go through a plant and yesterday at in Nebraska we had two young farmers that were on a panel and they're both talking about well you know one of the things I really like now that I know till and got cover crops and whatever I can drive in that field anytime I want to and I don't sink in I don't make ruts and all that kind of stuff doesn't happen year one but they've noticed now that that is starting to happen make water in or the soil and then maximize water holding capacity by building the organic matter we've talked about those things today this is a good idea for irrigation is a great idea for those without irrigation like you guys so most of our impact has actually been on the non irrigation part of of the country most of the guys that were irrigating in in 1976 have quit because their lifts are too high and they they grow they make more money per dollar invested by far on their dry land they would on irrigation irrigation is expensive and it costs you a lot of money every day and it and it's it's high management and it gets obsolete and it has issues there's places where irrigation makes sense but you shouldn't be competing with you know until you tell you've used every drop of water the mother nature gives you as efficiently as you can you shouldn't even think about irrigation ecosystems harvest sunlight that drive all other processes sunlight energy that's stored in the residue removing these products from the ecosystem reduces the energy available so if you're taking off all your residue which they are in a lot of places there's nothing to drive that soil biology everybody keeps talking about the soil biology well the soil biology you got to feed them and they eat residue had a guy from Iowa called me the other day and they they going to harvest his corn they're going to take always a dairy you got a grimo the dairy he's going to harvest these corn and then they're going to take cut off and rake up and bail all these corn stocks and he said I want to continue to no tell my soybeans how do I do that I'm going we've got a lot more things to discuss and just how you're going to no tell your soybean that's one of the reasons we're doing the thing with livestock it has to do with the residue and cycling the residue so there's one of our cover crops that mixture of barley oats and peas and whatever and we swath that you've seen these photos there's winter week going back in there's we got the living route it was in winter week during the summer but we also have winter week going back there and it'll be there next spring and then we'll kill it before we plant the corn in this case and this thing stays nice and green in there one of the things that I don't know Cody mentioned it but the stuff we bailed this year those swaths we bailed to make the comparison so we have the residue remute move stuff that swath was pretty wet when we bailed it but it was a wet fall and and so we've had to feed those bales because they were going bad whereas the swath is fine finding really bad stuff in that swath here today no okay went in really wet because the wet fall swath that one is pretty wet it's fine so there's there's our our mamas and their babies eating their swaths but the question always comes up does the swath get spread out if you move that thing a little bit every day they clean it right up but you can see the arm are still in there that swath reach stubble still and they leave that alone it lays down and everybody's happy okay more cows more goats more sheep number one meat eating in the world is goat okay so and they're good at getting rid of canada thistle so we might want to get excited about this but there's no way to feed the people in the world in the future if we're going to take meat away the only way to take marginal land and turn it into human edible protein produce human edible protein on it upgrade the protein is to use rumen and animals and anybody that tries to tell you that we're going to have fake meat and all this stuff they can't make fake meat on marginal land okay so if you're going to feed people we're going to have to use animals which is fine that's what we should be doing anyway 100 grass-fed ground beef certified USDA where was this produced well we get some cows from Montana that have never seen grain doesn't know what grain looks like some coal cows you haul them to them placed in central or eastern south dakota and you put them on cover crops and you fatten them on cover crops you take them in Omaha and you make them in hamburger okay so this is actually being done okay i don't know why i'm having trouble with that i'm probably doing something goofy all tillage tools destroy soil structure all tillage tools decrease water infiltration all tillage tools reduce organic matter and all tillage tools increase weeds 27 000 gallons of water with one percent organic matter and six inches of soil that's a fourth of an inch of water we can increase the organic matter by four percent we've put in an extra inch in the top six inches and extra two inches in the top foot grandpa had more organic matter than you do he came here because it had high organic matter he mined it that's fine now you have to quit doing that uh what about pests well let's talk about aphids given the high rate of reproduction by aphids shouldn't levels continue increase all summer aphids are pregnant females that give birth to pay pregnant females seeing all the guys in the in the audience should be afraid because you could be out of business if you're in the aphid world if you're next reincarnation you're born as an aphid you're really in trouble so pregnant females that give birth to pregnant females you should grow high populations but we don't because aphid population dynamics depend on levels of natural enemies temperature and that kind of thing seven spotted lady beetle females eight on average 115 soybean aphids in 24 hours a male eats 78 the instarts the little things that look like dragons eight 105 the other kind eats 95 males 54 not quite as hungry right so when you go to check how many aphids you got in your weed or how many aphids you got in your soybeans you also count to ladybugs we had a wheat walk at the farm a few years ago and the entomologists are saying oh well he's way above thresholds and i smiled and whatever and we went home that night and Ruth says you're not going to spray are you and i said well i'm going to look at a monday because i have lots of ladybirds in there and the temperature was going to get hot monday or tuesday they're all gone okay so no one knows the number one thing that kills aphids is fungi 84% soybean aphids got whacked by this one fungi so if we know the number one thing that kills aphids is fungi number two are these predators and somebody tells you we're going to come out and spray some herbicide now why don't we just throw a little fungicide a little insecticide in that and it just doesn't cost very much and it can't do any harm okay you're going to kill all your predators seven species of aphid found found seven species of aphid pathogenic fungi were found in them 2003 and 2004 over use of fungicide can cause insect outbreaks if we used too many fungicide you kill you kill the predatory fungi so we had this cover crop few years ago my neighbor come over and we were you know it was one pollinator type thing it was a mustard and it's all flower and just full of bugs he's aren't you going to spray this i said why would i spray this he said well there's bugs in here most bugs are good bugs some of these weren't good bugs but i didn't want to harvest this crop anyway i said i'm feeding my predators so i'm going to have predators around next year when the when the bad bugs show up i got to feed them something to keep them around and let them have babies and stuff so they're ready right over reliance on herbicides leads to resistant weeds and maybe disease problems everybody talks about these resistant weeds one of the problems we have is we have too many bacterial diseases now because we use surfactants too frequently the things like bacterial leaf spot and whatever what what bacteria do is they penetrate them to leave if you put a surfaction on and weaken the wax you're going to get more disease fungicides herbicides and insecticides have collateral damage their disturbance to the system ray mentioned chloride when we get a chloride we always put a little chloride on with our wheat because chloride helps the wheat protect itself from disease so we don't have to put the fungicide on so we just put a little bit on there so it has high high chloride concentration high disturbance techniques hoe drills and such and and vertical tillage increase weed pressure and cause soil erosion and this this is tillage erosion where you pull the top of the hills down as they came north from clumbus just up through Norfolk and indiankton uh came home that way have all these big rolling less hills down there blew up by the Missouri river bottom and they're still doing tillage on them and the tops of the hills are going down to the bottom i couldn't believe they were still doing that okay the way we control pests is we use sanitation rotation and competition pests decides are only part of sanitation to keep weeds from going to seed for instance they're only part of rotation what i want to do in terms of competition is to keep a weed small enough that my crop can compete with it fertilizer placement ray doesn't care about fertilizer placement i do because i don't want my weeds to have it so i'm going to place my fertilizer either in a place or a time when it's not going to benefit the weeds something like palmer amaranth is a huge end feeder and if you if you broadcast nitrogen on you're just feeding the weed so we're going to place a fertilizer three inches from the cornrow at the same depth or the sorghum row i don't care where it's roots are i just don't want the weeds to get to it so i'm going to put it where the plant my plant my beneficial plant can compete with the weeds ecosystem the lake nutrients for extended periods of time become deserts saline seeps and you have some of them out here is because we aren't using and cycling the water in the nutrient uh like it should be and nutrient placement is part of cycling i'm a farmer i take sunlight water and carbon dioxide to make products that i can sell and ray said to me earlier today in a private conversation is what we need to do is be getting to the point where we're selling stuff instead of selling commodities selling stuff that we're we can sell on the internet you guys all know how to do that those old guys don't know how to do that but young guys know how to do that so we're going to produce something and sell it and there's people that want to buy stuff that's produced sustainably or regeneratively or whatever at a half an hour conversation the other day on a telephone on the way down to nebraska stopped on top of hill had a half an hour conversation to the person in charge of sustainability for cargill okay and we've got to be able to give them a product that we can defend and say this is done the right way the best environmental way the best food safety way and and this is the way we do it focus on having the soil wet during the dry part of the year instead of just focusing on having it dry during wet part of the year so you can be the first guy to get done planting right and you know every year people come and i got a neighbor that works the heck out of his ground and sometimes his corn is bigger than mine last weekend in june last thursday in june most of the time it isn't but sometimes it is and guys will look at things and say well his corn is bigger than yours and i used to go through a long explanation now i just say oh i didn't know you harvested corn in june and i turn around and walk away and then kind of end the end of that conversation focus on having the soil cool during the hot part of the year roots don't like it hot and they don't do a good job of taking up nutrients if they're hot that cover that armor it keeps the soil cool so we can have it cool during that hot part of the year that's important to irrigation people it's imperative to rain fed farming mother nature's an opportunist if you have a problem weed disease insect i don't care you provide the opportunity somewhere in your system here's resistant kosher that we developed on purpose in the early 1990s to prove we could it's resistant to pursuit because i said i predicted that was going to happen the company threatened the lawsuit if i didn't retract so i just developed my own and then that negated that whole lawsuit thing uh that's that's kosher right there that's chickpeas hiding in there just for mike earnley that's chickpea mike but we didn't have much at that period of time to control anything in chickpeas we surely couldn't use it now the cross compliant the cross resistance came because those kosher i went and got from somebody that had been overusing glean so it's not just a pursuit thing it's all herbicide said if we don't use them properly now what happens there over here let's look at how this happens if in the old days you guys used to have a little bit of downy brome here you don't have it anymore right it's gone scott you don't have any cheat grass anymore do you he's just grinning uh but that used to be a huge problem because it did a rotation that provided huge opportunities and randy anderson made this statement two years of warm season crops or a fallow one using warm season crop in a fallow reduced number of seeds by 95 percent so if we did weak corn fallow the old equal fallow thing we could take care of cheat grass same thing happens with warm season weeds like the palmer amaranth or waterhemp or something like that and the reason that works is let's take foxtail it emerges palmer amaranth at the same time after the corn's planted and goes to flower before the corn is harvested so it has its whole life cycle here and it can compete in the early phases if i put winter weed in that thing has an emerge winter weed has full canopy and it it's harvested before that thing goes to flower and you can control it just very simple thing we had long-term rotation study maybe some of you remember that we had warm and cool season crops everything was done no-till was in lineman county on some promise oils we did that for 12 years and in the 13th year randy anderson came out we had a what we had to do was was uh planted all uniformly to a wheat crop which we did and he came out and accounted the number of weeds in the different rotations where we did wheat chickpea for 12 years he found 94 weeds where we did wheat corn chickpea found 40 where we did a more diverse rotation that he found seven claire simas who a lot of you still remember had a similar type study where he used an anhydrous knife for once every four years other than that he was no-tilling and he had a loaded he had a high diversity sunflower wheat corn spring wheat and he had a low diversity wheat millet rotation and randy did the same thing with his and what we found was the same trend highest with the low diversity lowest with the high diversity rotation but since i didn't do any disturbance i did better the real comparison there is tillage and poor rotation 225 weeds per square yard or square meter no-till and good rotation seven weeds 97 percent weed control just with cultural practices dad has to do with disturbance so if you're thinking well dad just going to go out and disk a little bit right i mean one of the one of the things i used to tell guys because they they'd want to start no-tilling but dad didn't want or the uncle didn't want to get rid of the machinery just in case we might need it i said fine okay just tell him you'll do that but you know to protect the tires and hydraulic cylinders take the tires off and hydraulic cylinders off before you park it over in the edges and then they really won't be tempted to start up and go out and screw with it when you go on vacation right so because that used to happen at times kid goes on vacation dad goes disk a bunch of ground just just to make it better he took green foxtail place at three depths in the soil zero two and four inches and he looked at the number of live seeds yearly okay after two years if he left it on the surface only 11 percent were still alive buried two inches 28 percent buried four inches 55 percent if you're doing disturbance you're constantly digging up and burying and making seeds go dormant you can't control the weed seed bank so to prove that even further we took four places at dakota lakes i let little areas go to all the weeds grow and go to seed once and then he tilled a small area and left a small area not not tilled and then when we put herbicide on these areas we put a tarp over top of them so they never got herbicides on them and he counted the seedlings yearly for three years okay first year not much difference between tilled and no tilled second year not much difference it's when you have that two-year break that you get the big difference corn pea winter wheat corn if you got a weed that goes to seed in the corn that you really can't control in corn you can get rid of 96 percent of it if you're just doing every other year you can't so there's a typical thing if we drive a little wide with our winter wheat we don't really get a runaway in terms of weeds so real quickly rotation types simple rotations this is the one most people think about wheat corn canola spring wheat winter wheat corn sunflower corn soybean wheat fallow whatever they're simple they're predictable limited number of crops to manage the market this is what a lot of people are doing but they're very predictable to the insects and such rotations with perennial sequences which i think we're going to have to use we're going to have to put those deep roots in that kody was talking about and we can if we we can do a stupid rotation for about six years and then put in a perennial for three or four or the only thing i don't like about this is i'd rather see grasses in there but there's lots of examples of those limited number of annual crops to manage the market excellent place to spread manure if you're going to spread manure you can probably produce more soil structure with annual than annual crop because of the grass especially the grass mixtures disadvantage you've got a kody pointed out today he said we got that new rotation we started we're only putting in a perennial five years out of 20 i'm not sure that's enough okay compound rotations where we take two rotations and make them into simple rotations make them more complex we were talking about one of these at noon spring week winter wheat corn soybean corn soybean half the corn is behind soybeans and half the corn's behind wheat if you're over in the jimmer of a valley that's probably a good good rotation for you because you can grow pretty good corn behind soybeans as you get further west you can't do that you got to have more moisture i call this the mother-in-law of banker rotation because the mother-in-law banker comes to visit you in june you show them this corn planted in the soybean looks great if if they come in august or september most likely you'll take them out and show them the stuff that was in the in the wheat stuff okay still have limited number of crops to manage creates more than one sequence for some crop types if you grow corn behind beans every year you're going to get corn rootworm beetle at five from the cornfield the soybean fields lay their eggs that's happened in eastern uh corn belt if we grow if everybody here grew corn behind wheat we would get corn rootworm that fly to the wheat double to lay their eggs so we got to try to be not predictable complex rotations were cropped for the same crop type varies so we start putting in billet barley instead of two weeks we've got barley or oats we got both sunflower and pea that kind of thing has some advantages very capable of creating a wide array of crop type by sequence combinations sorghum and corn have advantages and disadvantages but they complement each other it takes a lot more crop management skills but this is why we pay you guys the big bucks right it's not you got to have the management skills it's not because you can drive a tractor straight anymore because i got auto steer so now while the tractor is going across the field you can work on your management uh stacked rotations is the one that surprised us and that we developed and we didn't really realize the power until later it's where we put the same crop or crop type twice in a row and the idea is to do that to get the long break the secret here is the long break to let that weed population go down right and so once it's down it takes a couple years for it to come back up again so we do two and then get out of there and we got a four-year break before we come back to that crop again okay we keep the past population diverse or confused uh diversity in sequence in intervals it's a mix of long and short residual herbicide programs for you guys out here if you're afraid of atrazine because the low rainfall if you stack two warm season grasses corn or sorghum or millet one after the other you can use a high rate of atrazine in the first one that's one of the most powerful things you can do it's cheap atrazine is cheap and you can do that kind of stuff and especially if you're doing grazing things okay two-year break between corn and wheat so you don't have to worry about the head scabs thing but the goal is to allow sufficient time for press pressure to decline to very low levels before sequencing the crop or crop type two times we can reduce the risk of developing biotype resistance and we grew the cost of herbicide programs some crop sequences may not be ideal we really don't stack broadleaves very often but the goal is to be inconsistent in both sequence and interval so look at your rotation say how predictable am i right to you it might look predictable to insects i mean if you're just doing something that allows them to develop some habit in the in the core in the western corn belt for instance corn soybean guys now have corn rootworm beetles where the eggs don't hatch for two years instead of hatching first year because it's always one year so they figured that one out that's why they've got to use bt and all that stuff where we don't have to here's some rotations utilizing both stacked in and normal sequences canola winter wheat corn the two corns and then the rest of it's not stacked we got one we use on the farm on the north unit where we do two wheats of pea and then we do sorghum corn actually up there and then and then pea i guess that's when here right here winter wheat winter wheat sunflower sorghum corn pea and this one really is a some kind of an oil seed might be flax whatever dryland rotations again those that's where those at you'll be able to get these slides too but there's no set recipe or best best rotation of everybody needs to pick their own it's going to vary with fields it's going to vary with if your neighbor has resistant kosher and he lets it blow across you it's going to vary with a lot of things and including you know your personal lifestyle when when do you want to have a little vacation time in the summer or whatever show you a few slides there's a rotation in 2006 that wheat meant looked very good 2006 very dry year and right across the road that's what the winter wheat looked like what was the difference there and you can see it from an aerial photo the good-looking wheat was in this corn pea winter wheat and been in that rotation since 1990 this was 2006 and this one was soybean corn pea winter wheat half broadleafs half low residue we didn't have the armor and look at that wheat okay what's it mean in yields 2006 60 versus 29 bushel 7.9 inches of rain from the time we harvested the peas until we harvested the wheat in 2005 when we got 23 inches 92 versus 57 in 2002 which is the first time this happened 6.4 inches in a year 56 versus 28 I can't afford to do I hear this all time I can't afford to grow this I can't afford to do this I've got to do the high value of things I've got to do the low residue things they make me more money they don't make you more money if you look at this type of response this rotation just doesn't have enough high residue so we've taken the soybeans out Cody mentioned this and now we put we have these three-way just looks like this three-way same thing other than we have a five-year perennial sequence in there and in 17 or 18 years we're going to have good information and when I explained that to Cody one day said you better keep riding your bicycle if you're going to be around here to watch that what happens where there is lots of water surely they don't need to worry about this right so corn corn soybean wheat soybean first year soybeans 76 bushels second year soybeans 81 this is under irrigation if I just do corn soybeans I get 62.9 bushel so if I average those two from the other one 78.8 versus 62.9 so the guy doing corn soybeans is getting less soybean yields how about corn yields well continuous corn we've had corn in one field since 1990 it's about 203 bushel the acre average type thing corn soybeans 217 corn corn soybean wheat soybean the two corns average the first one's like 250 or so the second one's 217 or 220 235 okay so what if I grew 5 000 acres of that I got a million bushels if I got 5 000 acres of corn I got a million bushels of corn and a big-ass dryer lots of trucks I mean wow but there's guys that do that and think they make money okay corn soybean I got 2,500 acres of corn I got 2,500 acres of soybean corn corn soybean wheat soybean I got 2,000 acres of corn 2,000 acres of soybeans and 1,000 acres of wheat and there's the bushels okay would you trade 7,200 bushels of corn for 120,000 bushels of wheat today see that's what the numbers show you that can't afford to do anything but corn soybean I produce more bushels of soybeans on 2,000 acres of soybeans in this rotation than you do on 2,500 acres of soybeans in that rotation interesting can't afford to do that small grain over here can't afford not to first time I went to Argentina there was doing seven years of pastures and seven years of cropping and then their cropping was no till with cover crops and diversity corn, wheat, beans and I had a friend of mine we dug out a little bit of soil and he held it up and if you want to talk about what is a healthy soil that's a healthy soil and then they outlawed the export of beef get rid of the beef thing can't export beef keep all the beef for the poor people well the guys the poor people can't eat enough beef they can't pay enough for it so the guys started got rid of the beef and started growing soybeans on soybeans I went back in 2006 and it looked like this exactly the same field and went back a year ago this last fall they haven't changed that yet and now they have lakes showing up where they never had lakes they have rivers showing up where there are never rivers because they've got the water cycle broken so badly we can't expect our governments and our companies and whatever to understand the importance of maintaining our soil resource we have to do this ourselves organic matter makes a difference there's our daughters who are much older than that now one of them might come boffin in here pretty soon but this is a prairie plant and and and cody shows you one of those right compare that to what you get with wheat and whatever and that cycles these nutrients back to the surface of your ph's are dropping your lot you got lime down here but you keep pushing it down to go sideways becomes a saline seat bring it back up get it on the surface but if you haul that off and take it to a feedlot cody showed you that too today that nutrient doesn't get back to the fields all tillage tools destroy soil so structure all tillage tools decrease water infiltration right people i got the vertical tillage thing i got this tillage thing got that thing that works right no it doesn't mother nature doesn't do tillage tillage is the agriculture what fraction is the petroleum they both increase the speed and extent of nutrient removal from the resource leaving the resource degraded that's not where we're about we're not miners i did ask the north dakota and the alberta people when i was there earlier this year what's the hurry why don't you leave some of that some of that oil there for your grandkids i mean do you not like your descendants why are you mad at them why do you got to get rid of it all right away i mean you don't think we're going to use some of that down the road a hundred or two hundred years okay some expert proposed using tillage as a means to address weed resistance if tillage was so good at getting rid of weeds they should all be gone by now and i'd go through the science of that but i'm not going to okay thank you very much it's been a pleasure


Hey folks, we've been doing a pretty deep dive on different approaches to visualizing climate change data. A while back I found this website at the Earth Observatory from NASA. I was really intrigued, as you know I love animations, but I was really intrigued by this plot looking at monthly temperature anomalies between 1880 and 2016. Our data previously in all the other episodes we've been looking at is normalized between 1951 and 1980. This has been normalized between 1980 and 2015, a more recent normalization. What I want to do in this episode is recreate this figure. What I'd like to do is initially get this static version but also see if we can push ourselves and get the gif as well. Something that I have noticed is that if we plot our data that we've been working with over the course of a year, it's basically a flat line with the average again from 1951 to 1980 right at zero. What we need though is additional information to tell us how NASA normalized the data by month. Basically what happened when they normalized the data between 1951 and 1980 is that over those years they look at the average for January, February, March, April, all the way to December and then use that to calculate the average temperature difference for each month for every other year. So it's been done monthly. So we need to know what the adjustment factor is for each of the months. When I look down through this page and looking at the variety of responses and comments, this really got a lot of enthusiasm from the community, from people that I suspect want to be able to recreate the figures. One of the questions that came up from Robert, who every Robert is, is the specific data tailor used available. So they've been working with the GIS temp data that we've also been working with. But Joshua Stevens, one of the authors chimed in to say that the seasonal adjustments come from Mara 2 and can be found here. Mick Watson also chimed in and said, you know, the temperatures seem to be peaking at three degrees Celsius, not at two degrees Celsius. So again, what Joshua responded with was that there's a baseline change of about 0.7 degrees, 0.69 or so degrees over the course of the year that accounts for that difference between three degrees and two degrees. So there's two additional bits of information that we need to bring on to our GIS data that we've been working with in previous episodes. Let's start by bringing in this Mara 2 sees an om.txt file.  And so we get this text file, which I can save into our climate vis data directory like this. And I'll go ahead and save that without touching anything. Now over here in our studio, let's go ahead and open up that file in data Mara 2 sees an om.txt. Now, I don't like to manually edit the text files, I like to leave them as raw. And so I'm going to leave this as raw. And so we see that there's three header lines here that we don't, we don't want, right? So we'll need to account for that. So let's go ahead and it looks like it's perhaps a tab separated values file. So we'll do read TSV on data. And then again, that Mara 2, we can then do skip equals three. And it looks like it reads it in, but this is reading in as 12 rows in one column. And what this tells me is that these separators aren't tabs, but they're spaces. And so an alternative to read TSV that we could use is read table. We read that in. And sure enough, now we get our month, our season anomaly plus two standard deviations minus standard two deviations, and the seasonal anomaly itself. So we see that we're getting a whole bunch of warning messages that it's expecting for but there's actually five. I think that's because if we look at our text file, there is a space at the end of the data. And so that's basically telling read table there should be another column. But read table only found four column names. I'm not going to worry about that. You could probably get rid of that by specifying the actual column names and giving it five column names. But I don't care. Right. So again, we have this read table. One problem is that our month is being read in as a character. And that's because we have the zero to make it a two character or two digit month. So I'm going to go ahead and modify that. I'll start by doing a select on lowercase month equals uppercase month that'll reach me that'll change the name of the month. And then we'll also get sees an arm. Very good. And now again, again, we want to modify that month by doing mutate month. And we can change that actually by using as dot numeric, as dot numeric will convert month into a number if it can, right? So if I put dog, and then did as numeric on dog, it wouldn't like that. But if I do as numeric on 01, it'll do its best to turn it into a number. And if it can, then it will represent it as a number. So sure enough, we now have month as a number. But I don't really want the number for the month. I want the month abbreviation. So again, I could do month equals month dot ABB, square brace month. And again, as we've seen month ABB are the three character monthly abbreviations, it's a vector, I can then get the month abbreviation for each number by indexing the number of the month that I had previously into that slot. And so now we see that we have our month in our seasonal anomalies, along with all those warning messages, I'm just going to ignore, right? So this I'm going to call my month, a nom. And this is information that will store as we now read in our GIS as data, which again is the normalized data between 1951 and 1980. So to get that, we've seen this before, we'll read TSV data forward slash GLB, blah, blah, blah. For that, we need to do skip equals one and a is the three stars as we've seen, right? And it's not a TSV, it's a CSV, right? And so again, we see that we get 143 rows in one column, and that our column has all the things we want, but separated by commas. That's a sign that we use the wrong delimiter. We saw that, of course, when we were trying to use read TSV instead of read table. So read CSV. And that's all good. And again, we want to select the year and I'll do lowercase year equals year, and then we want all of month dot ABB. And so conveniently, these column headings match the values of month dot ABB. This, of course, then gives us our year and our 12 months. And now we can do a pivot longer. On everything but the year, our names will go to the month. And our values go to sometimes it's hard to talk and typed, you know, values to T diff. Great. And then at the end of this, you can do a slice tail and equals 10. And we see a bunch of NA values for the months that haven't happened yet, right? So I pulled these data down in April. It's now June as I'm recording this, I just haven't updated the file.  So I can go ahead and get rid of those NA values by doing drop underscore NA. And again, if I do slice tail and equals 10, we now see that we've gotten rid of all those NA values, and we're off to the races. Now what I want to do is convert my month into a factor. Because for this plot, we're going to plot the months on the x axis. And I want them in chronological order, not alphabetical order. By default, ggplot will convert that into alphabetical order, unless we tell it otherwise. So I can do mutate month equals factor on month. And I'll set my levels to be month dot ABB. And so now when we look at our data frame, we see that instead of it being a CHR character, it is now a factor. Now what I want to do is join in the monthly anomaly. So again, we'll do an inner join with the data coming through the pipeline and month, a nom. Again, I don't need this period in my inner join statement, our nose to take automatically what's coming through the pipeline and put it on the left side. I like to put it there just to be explicit for myself. I also like to say by equals month to be explicit with myself what is coming through the pipe, right? And so now I have the monthly temperature difference and the seasonal anomaly, the monthly anomaly for that. And I can then go ahead and join that together so I can do a mutate. And I will then do month annum. And I'll then say T diff plus C's annum, giving me that column, which is the month annum column, which I can then use to generate those line plot. I'll go ahead and save this as a variable that I'll call T data. And now we're ready to use T data to generate plot. So we'll do ggplot, AES. On the x axis, I'm going to put the month on the y axis. I'm going to put the month annum. And then I'm going to group by the year. And then I'll do a geom line. And my plot is alphabetical, which is strange, because I thought I changed the order with this factor. And I think the problem is that I'm joining after I do all that, right? So if I look at T data, I bet this column went back to being a character. So to solve that, I can go ahead and bring that mutate back down. And you know what? I can actually join these two mutate statements together. And so the key thing is to put the factor creation after joining in the other month data. So this should work now. And if I look again at T data, I'll see that sure enough month is back to being a factor. I generate the figure. And voila, we basically have what they had over on the NASA website. The next thing I want to do is go ahead and color my lines to match the average temperature of that year. So to get the temperature that we're going to map a color to, I need to create another variable. I could have done this using the column, like the J through D column from the original data frame. But you know what, I think it'll be just as easy to calculate it on my own. And so what I'll do here is a group by a year. And then I'll pipe that actually to a mutate rather than a summarize summarize would take each year and give me one row for each year, mutate will create a new column, and it'll repeat the same value for all months in there, right? So I can call this a V even and I can then do mean month and nom. And then again, if we look at T data, we'll see that we've got this average column, I then need to ungroup it. Great. And so again, we have our T data. And that again has the average column built in. In my ggplot, I can then do color equals A V E. And now I see that I've got a color gradient for the average annual temperature, again, going from about negative a half up to one. I of course don't like that color scheme. And I'm going to scale it from blue to red with white in the middle. We've seen this a number of times already, but we can do scale color gradient two. And then we'll do low equals dark blue mid equals white, which of course is the default. High equals dark red. I'll do midpoint equals zero. And I'm going to go ahead and get rid of that legend. So I'll do guide equals none. Very good. So one small thing that I'm noticing is what was raised by Mick Watson in the comments was that instead of kind of maxing out at two, it's maxing out at about 2.7. If we come back to the discussion, we'll see that again, for those 12 months, we have values ranging from one to 12. We could do the same thing that we did with this Meritus sees an om.txt file. I'm perfectly happy to just kind of guesstimate this to be 0.7 on average. I'm not really concerned about differences in the hundreds place. So let's subtract 0.7 that will then allow us to bring things down. So that we're basically scaling between 1980 and 2015. Again, we can come back here to this month anon and do minus 0.7. Now we see that our plot is more within that range that we saw from the website. One thing I see more clearly here is that the line for 2022 is a dark purple and that's because it's average is based on three months, right?  Let's start with modifying that 2022. So after this ungroup, I'll go ahead and do another mutate. We'll take AVE and I'll do an if else. So if else the year is 2022, so that's the current year, then I want the average value to be the maximum of the absolute value of the AVE column, right? And so because I want the darkest red to again to indicate the year 2022 and I want that to be as dark as the darkest blue or the darkest red. But in this case, the darkest blue is going to be the darkest color. Hopefully that makes sense. And then out here, alternatively, if it's not 2022, then we can use the regular AVE value without correcting for the most current year. And so now we can see that we do have that darker red line in there. And so that looks pretty good. And that will be a pretty good indicator that that's for the year 2022. Now what I want to do is turn our attention to getting our theming to look more like the web version. And of course, we can do that with the theme function. And I want to start by looking at the grid lines. So we'll do panel dot grid dot minor. And we'll do element blank. And again, these grid lines between like zero and two are the minor grid lines. So that will get those to go away. And then panel dot grid dot major dot x will be the grid lines across the x axis. And I want those to go away, because the only grid lines that are here are in the original version, rather, are those horizontal grid lines, we've gotten rid of all those extra grid lines. I'm going to go ahead and copy this and modify it to do element y or major y rather and then element line. I'll go ahead and do color equals gray. And then line type to be dotted. And let's go ahead and do size equals 0.25. The default I'm pretty sure is 0.5. So let's look at to be a bit thinner. So this is going to be a gray grid line. The background is gray, of course. So I want to kind of clear out the background. And so we'll do panel dot background equals element blank. That'll make it a nice white. So it'll be easier to see everything else. And so now we've got those grid lines. Of course, the original version had a grid line for negative three, negative two, negative one, zero, one and two. So we want to go ahead and add that back in, I'm going to put that up here with my scale color gradient two. And so I'll do scale y continuous. And I will then do breaks equals. And we'll do let's do seek from negative three to two by one and add that in. So now we have those grid lines for every unit. The original version didn't have x or y axis labels. So again, we could do labs, x equals null, y equals null. But it did have a title and a subtitle. So we can add that in. So we'll do title. And again, the original was temperature anomaly degree C. So we'll do temperature anomaly. And then it's the unit code is you 00 B zero C. I've been typing that in so many times. I think I haven't memorized closed parentheses. And then we have subtitle equals something and that is difference from 1980 to 2015 annual mean 1980 to 2015 annual mean. And that was all in parentheses. So I need a closing parentheses. Also, we've seen this before in previous episodes, but the title and the subtitle are aligned on the y axis. I'd rather it be aligned on the plot. It's so basically it's by default aligned on the panel, not the plot. So we can fix that very easily. plot dot title, dot position equals plot. Very good. That brings it over to the left. We can also change the formatting. Let's make the title bold. And so we'll do element text font, our face equals bold. And then we'll make our plot dot subtitle element text. And we'll do color equals gray. So we'll shrink the size a little bit and do size equals 10. So I think we've got it pretty close. So I'm going to go ahead and save it now to a PNG in the right dimensions to make sure everything is positioned right and kind of looks the right size. We can do that with GG save. And we'll do figures forward slash monthly anomaly dot PNG. And then my width, I'll make six, my height, I'll make four, my units will be inches. Good, I think those sizes actually work really well. One thing I have noticed is that we have expansion on for the x axis, we need to remove that because in the original version, there was no space between the y axis in January or December, and and the right side. So again, we can come back to scale x continuous and add it in actually. So we're going to scale x continuous, and we'll do expand 00. And it's complaining because I used scale x continuous, rather than discrete, because x is being represented, it's representing a factor, which is discrete, right? So we can do discrete. And now we see that we we've removed that space. But at the same time, we've kind of chopped off part of the December. And so what I'd like to do then is add in a margin for our figure. And so we can do that by coming in here. And we can do plot dot margin. And we'll give it the margin function. And I've the the arguments are trbl trouble, right? And so the top, I'm going to give it 10 points, the right, let's give 10, the bottom 10, and left 10. And if those aren't right, as always, we can adjust. And that actually works pretty well. I'm pretty happy with that spacing. Maybe the December, we could give a little bit more space. And so on the right, we could open that up to like 15. Yeah, and I think that looks pretty good. I'd also like to put an annotation on here for our 2022 line. The original went to 2016 in August. And so I think it's that point there. I'd like to put a circle on this, as well as a label. So again, we've got our T data data frame. And so I'm going to make another data frame that just has the last date, the last month, right? And so for this, what we could then do would be to say, a slice tail, and equals one, again, that gives us that final row, I'm going to call this annotation. We've got that data frame. And then what we could do is to add to our GM line, geom point data equals annotation. So our x will be month, our y will be month, let's go ahead and add that in. So that gives us a red circle. Let's make it bigger. I like to have the big juicy point there. So it's easy to see where it is. Let's do size equals five. Let's now put a text next to it. So it's clear what that actually represents. Again, we can come back up to our geom point. And after that, we could do geom text. And we could do again, do data equals annotation, AES, x equals month, y equals a month, a nom. And then we could then do what we could do label equals, let's do March 2022. Add that on. And so that's centered right on the point. And so that's centered justified vertically or horizontally, we could, I find it's easier to not be centered justified, but to rather be left or right justified. So I'm going to go ahead in this case and make it right justified. So we can do H just equals one. And so we lose the final two and 22. So maybe we'll go ahead and forego algorithmically setting it. But perhaps we could go ahead and set it to the left and right a little bit using actual numbers. And so the x is currently three, maybe we could do like 2.8. And our y is at negative like point eight, maybe we could make it like negative 0.5. And I think that looks like pretty good placement, right? Again, it's analogous to what we saw in the original where they had a label up here for August of 2016. I'll let you see if you can't figure out the filter statement and the repositioning of the points and all the other stuff to make that original plot. I'm here in March of 2022. And again, if you're watching this in the future, by all means, I'd love for you to do this with the data for whenever you're watching this, right? 2023, 2025, who knows, right? So I think this does a really nice job of creating the static screen of that GIF. Hopefully you agree. What I'd like to do now is very quickly show you how we can actually create that GIF. I am going to break up my plot, because there's a lot that's in common between the final screen as well as the rest of the GIF, right? And so I'm going to call this whole plot P, right? And so then, I can then say P, and then go to GGSave, and it'll save it as that final version. But what I need to pull out is this geom point in the geom text, right? That's the unique thing that's different from what we had in the GIF. So then I can add that to P to get that. And I forgot to remove the plus sign at the end of the geom text. So it's trying to add GGSave on. So I get that error message. Let's go ahead and run this again. And of course, everything looks like it did before. Of course, if I just ran P now at the prompt, what I see is the plot without the labels, right? Okay. So now what we want to do is build the animation. And so for the animation, what we can do is P plus transition reveal. And we'll reveal over the year. And I forgot to load gg animate. So come back up here and do library gg animate. And now we can do the transition reveal without any error messages. So we're getting the GIF. But of course, we don't have the label for the year. So to this, we need to go ahead and add geom label. And at the x axis, it's right over July. So that'll be seven. And on the y axis, let's go ahead and put that at zero. And our label will be the year. And we've seen this before, but we want a white background. But we don't want the border, right? And so we'll do label, um, label dot size equals zero. And you know what, I think this part needs to be an AES. So the x, y, and label. So let's see what this looks like without adding the transition reveal. And again, I think that looks pretty good. One thing I might do is to make that bold. And so what we could then do is font face equals bold. Great. And now we can add on the transition reveal. And so what we see is the animated lines. But unfortunately, we see what we saw earlier when we were making the climate spirals is that the year is not increasing smoothly, right? It got from 1880 to 1888. But then it sits here for a while before jumping up to the 1970s. And so what we saw before we could do to deal with that problem is instead of transition reveal to do transition manual, and we'll again do year, but on transition manual, we'll show a new line and then hide the other lines. So if we want to keep all the other lines, then we need to do cumulative equals true. So that seems to have done the trick. Now if we want to output this, I'm going to go ahead and save this as another plot a soul to animate a and then our width, I'll set to be six, our height to be four, a unit equals inches, and then res equals 300. Also then save this as a gift to annum save. And I'll save that then as figures monthly anomaly dot gif not PNG. Yeah. And so this will take a little bit of time to go ahead and render and generate will make you sit around and wait for that. It'll basically be the same thing that we had here. Of course, if you want to see all of the output all of the code that I generated today, you can download it at the link down below in the description, you'll find a blog post that'll give you all the instructions you need to get going. So I really hope that you do follow along in running this. Again, I pursued this visualization because as I was looking around for data visualizations of climate change, I thought this one looked really interesting. If you find others out there in the wild that you would love for me to take a crack at and show you how to do, please let me know, I can't possibly see all the things that are out there. I've got a few more things in the queue, but I'd love to get your thoughts on visualizations that you think would be really fun to recreate. Even though these skills are being applied to think about climate change, I know they can be applied to the work that you are doing to visualize your own data. We'll keep practicing and we'll see you next time for another episode of Code Club.


Hey you guys, how are you guys doing?  We're already doing stuff with him. But anyway, y'all my hair is dry Tie it to the side. It's still cute. How she's been in this messy side bun For a couple of days and so what I'm going to do it be doing is layering products That's the best way to ensure that your hair is moisturized So we're going to be using the curls cream brulee whipped curl cream Along with cream of nature pure honey twisting butter I don't know if y'all can see that and then we have Echo Styler gel hair oil and I have some spray here. So let's take this bush down girl So this chit chat video you guys y'all know how we do it I talk about what's going on in my personal life I talk about what I'm watching on YouTube or what I'm watching on TV I've been watching a lot on you on TV you guys and YouTube Look at that bun that messy bun. Let me take this watch off. I think I have a bunch of bobby pins stuck up in here girl Hot mess. Oh my goodness I've had my hair in this style since we were in For my birthday These are some big bobby pins and my hair All right. Okay. I Know I have more bobby pins than this. So I'm not gonna be able to talk until I get my hair in the state that she needs to be in Because I got to focus on this mane right now It actually doesn't look too bad And look to help me get through it. I'm I have my supper girl Look, this is just they don't sell hard liquor and for me. This is though. Oh, what do you call it? It's not dry. It's wet So this is just a margarita mix that already has a little bit of liquor in it Anyway, y'all, that's cute. I think this is almost done. I Don't know what I was doing with this hair Whoo, honestly, thankfully I'm very careful with About adding a lot of products to my hair so that my scalp isn't you know itching scratchy So we're gonna do some type of part Not even gonna use a comb or anything because first of all, you you shouldn't be all up on my hair anyway So I don't care about it being not being straight because you need to back up Actually cute. Yes, so We're gonna go ahead and Put this in sections So I write y'all we're gonna talk about what's going on in my personal life first Give y'all a bit of a update. It was my husband's and in my birthday last week praise God a man Celebrating another year. It's truly a blessing to be alive We stayed at the Anatole here in Dallas I will say that my my work my week was very It was a very even though it was my birthday the work week was very stressful because I had to Interrupt my vacation plans to go back to work And when I tell you that Not only did that upset me but a couple of my co-workers are very upset that whenever something gets crazy busy like that I have to cancel my vacation plans to go like we literally had to leave the hotel early to return back to work I was very emotional but I was very upset. I got over it I went to Longview and celebrated with my family. My mama had a cake of Stravaganza, baby When I tell you my mama had so many pound cakes first of all, she was naming up all the pound cakes She had made almost like Bubba did and what is that movie? What is that movie y'all? Well, we were talking about all the different type of shrimp on the boat I was like Lord have mercy my mama seriously made about I'm gonna guess 30 different pound cakes the my favorite was She had a peach cobbler pound cake and then she also had the carrot cake was really good Now I wanted to try the banana pudding pound cake, but I couldn't but she had some ridiculous amount of different type of cakes um It did fairly well so you guys I'm just gonna go ahead and Add some her oil. I'm just gonna do like medium-sized twists just to get this up my my way So anyway, so yeah, we did that had a good time at the hotel regardless had a good time with my family JB started school this week aim Cuz show when I tell you look as an only child We're JB's friends Well, he doesn't have a lot of friends here yet because we're new here in town and so yeah My husband and I were talking about let me back up JB goes to a private school out in Heath, Texas And so my husband was you know basically telling me how we need to look into other schools because But tired of paying you know for private school Miss Jackson Did what she does best I put in a couple of twerks that Vivian you gotta be professional shit. Um, I Convinced him to let JB stay until fifth grade until he's ready to go to our charter school locally So my baby will be staying there till up until the fifth grade and so that's I am very blessed to have someone Who can just save he my husband's really good at saving money. He just paid them up front What else what else what else? Child just visiting the family in general now visiting the family is slowing down since school started So we probably we can definitely go on the weekend something girl.  We can definitely go on the weekend sometime, but But the business would definitely be reserved for when we have a little bit more time off I'm trying to get them to come up here again like literally My parents are just grinning. I drive fast, but regardless. They're only an hour away It's not like they're you know over three hours away. They're close. So, yeah One thing y'all that People don't know about me I'm a very sweet person. I'm very nice. I'm very sweet now my sister tried to warn My extended family about me Meaning cuz she says every now and then the family meaning my extended family like oh Nikki my sister named Nikki you you you mean You're mean and my sister's like oh y'all think I mean wait to Vib comes up in here I'm Vib wait to Vib come back. So while I was back home My family is very nice Very nice very given. They'll do anything for people in the neighborhood. So We pop up cuz I had to go. Um, I don't know what I had to just drop by my my father's my parents house And the boys was just there meaning the grand the the grandchildren that were boys were just over there We're pow pow hanging out, right? I can see through the screen door Two women just hanging out in the front and I'm like, who are these two women? I'm a coolie. So I'll I'll walk in on how how are you and they're like, hey nothing else I go to the back room where my daddy is at and You guys my father has had back surgery twice this year. He walks with a cane He is retired early at the rifle age of 64 He's okay, but sometimes he could be in a lot of pain So I roll up on my daddy in the background like hey daddy. What's going on? Who these women? He's like, oh They're looking for something. They're in the middle of painting. They're looking for a paint brush And I got to go out into the storage unit and see if I could find something for them Long story short. He was saying that these are people in the neighborhood that are always asking him for something or even you know ask me for money even if it's like a few dollars and They feel bad. So they do it. I said, uh, so what do they want now? They want paint brushes, but I you know, this is my father.  I'm like, hey, how are you doing? What do you need exactly? What are you here for? These are the two women and one of them has to be pushing at least 60 The other one's probably in her late 20s early 30s They're like, oh, we're here mr. Webster to see if he can find us some paint brushes We're in the middle of painting and we need some paint brushes. I said, okay. Well, um, hi I'm Vivian. I'm their oldest daughter. So my father's not feeling too well right now So whatever you're looking for, unfortunately, he won't be able to get it for get it to you right now They look at me a little bit like, okay, and they just looking around Oh, let me back up what teach me off is one of them what all the way back to the back room or my parents house The door was cracked closed. It was halfway closed. She's like she this is the woman talking Through the crack door. I'm mr. Webster.  Did she just walk her way in through the house like this is her house I saw so when I went out to the front room and I introduced myself and I let the note My father won't be able to get that paintbrush for you. He's not feeling well And look the grandkids I see JB at the corner of my eye, you know, mama I see JB and my nephew on the side like this Looking at them looking at me. They quiet child. They know they know to be in their place. They quiet, right the grandkids So I let her know my father's not feeling well The grandchildren are here. He's here. He's hanging. He's spending quality time with his family I'm here from out of town and one of them says, oh, yeah, we never seen you before. I said, oh, I know you haven't Hi, my name is Vivian. I'm the oldest daughter. I'd let you know that in the oldest child So this is a problem. My father is not a hundred percent. Well, he's walking around for Kane He's a nice man. He's gonna do what he can for you But I'm like, you know right now it's not a good time Like I said, he's spending time with his family. Well, he just doesn't have time right now They're still looking like waiting to hear my daddy say something if he would chime in my dad is in the back room But I know he can hear us right and so the older one says, okay Well, we're just gonna leave it and go get my phone charger and come back.  So thank you. So look, I'm pushing I'm like walking towards him to push him up. That's so thank you for stopping by if you need anything else You know, maybe in a couple more days a couple more weeks and my father'll be able to help you But right now it's just not a good time Okay girl, they were quiet so At this point my daddy has shimmered his way he used a back door or something he's in the back and his man cave And so he's like he's still looking for the paintbrush y'all and I'm like he's like so what's going on? I saw I took care of it. He's like they're gone. I see they're gone They're gone and they're not gonna be coming back here in a couple more days to let you know He's a whole thank you so much Child when my sister got a word of this she's looking at me like you said that I said what's the problem? Let me tell y'all something there is nothing passive aggressive about me I think people get caught up in the southern accent.  Do you don't know I would check somebody and there's a reason why sometimes my my friends now That I know this my really good friends will have to give when I'm meeting a mutual friend or someone they know I Just realized that they will give them a warning of me because I'm someone I don't hold back. I'm very open I'm very honest. I'm very cordial. I've gotten a lot better. I will say this. I think I have but You you really don't want to if I know that you're really taking advantage of someone I'm also someone that will fight for people. You know what I mean? I'm a Leo I like to fight for people. I'm gonna make sure people okay, it's what's when it comes to my family If you don't get you and to make it worse I Could tell that they were on some type of substance and my father confirmed it. I was like, yeah, no, yeah, I need to leave One youtuber who is so refreshing I have mentioned her before that I think you guys should check out is Oh Steph Oh Stephanie and one of her most popular videos is Disgusting I'm discussing pretty frivolous, which is absolutely love her what else what else what else? Um, I Am seeing still again an increase It's been increasing over Since COVID hit Domestic violence. This is just just a trigger domestic violence and murders within the black community young black women Moms girlfriends, and it seems to be jilted. Is that how you pronounce it jilted lovers? The last one I heard about was a mother of six and the father of the kids Ended up stabbing this woman like over 15 times it is There is something about this era of man this almost toxic masculinity Um, a lot of these men especially black men I'm not even gonna say black men a lot of men in general are not in tuned with their emotions They don't know how to They don't they don't know how to regulate their emotions. They don't know how to Accept rejection, which is why you won't remember that that case and I think I'm gonna start crying just thinking about it of the of the Ex who who killed the girlfriend and then he threw the baby in the in the lake or the river Was that in louisie and y'all like Nobody in their right mind would do that, but it's happening a lot It is it's happened. It's increasing so It is so sad. It's absolutely just heart breaking what's going on in our community when it comes to young black women Um, it's just it's an absolute mess Noticing a lot of that. I saw a very very interesting video of a um Young I think he's british who loses his memory Every 30 seconds. So he's the real life first 50 dates with um, what is it adam sandler and drew barry moore That is the sweetest little love story, but it's also depressing to me. So I I've only watched it once So anyway, this man who is almost 70 if not, he's he's close to 70 He had herpes, which is normally a colt sword But it spread to his brain his brain swelled up and when that happened it triggered a A neuro neurological issue to where his memory depleted And every 30 seconds He he loses his memory so he can literally be talking to you about something and in the middle of the conversation He has no idea who you are what we're talking about, but this is a romantic story. I'm gonna cry y'all. I love love I'm somebody who loves love. I love genuine love The only thing that he does not forget Is his wife That is the most he doesn't remember the wedding He doesn't remember the first kiss But he remembers her six years within their marriage. He developed this and she's way younger than him I think there's almost a 20 year gap if not. Yeah, she was way younger. So when this happened It was almost a death of her future self because there's no kids. There's no, you know, because he doesn't even It's like having somebody who has dementia In my opinion, this is worse than dementia or Alzheimer's, you know what I mean? So anyway She left the marriage for a while because she's like, I can't do this. I absolutely can't Can't do it. He's lives in a group home and all this, you know A couple of I don't know how long it was and two of them Separate and a divorce and She decided to come back and she said I couldn't do it um, yes, I'm gonna be able to have children Yes, he's not the same but in ways our Marriage is even better because out of everything that he forgets. This is such a beautiful thing y'all I'm gonna I'm tearing up out of everything that he could forget His brain remembers her Isn't that beautiful?  So that was a huge group of I think they were called. I'm almost like sipping shade There was a whole group of them and they all together even ronda Mr. Lightful It was a whole group of them. So about five or six years. I think it's been almost six years ago now They decided to go on to go to vegas together Girl everything was fine until they came home Baby when I tell you the drama was ridiculously drama and these youtubers are They're smaller youtubers. Excuse me meaning Nobody has over a hundred thousand views I think alexander has right now. He has the most he has over 60,000 But he's not even doing that type of content anymore What I find interesting is a lot of them they still going back and forth with stuff Pam is coloring her book which I don't blame her girl. That's just not toxic But let me back up. So six years ago a couple of them decided to get together and meet up in vegas, right? So like I stated everything was fine But when they got back apparently it wasn't so the big big issue that came about was that Lady nika who's an older black youtuber. She's not the oldest. I think oh girl. Look at that. I think I think what is his name? He dresses he dresses in drag sometimes I think james caught. Well, it's the oldest one But lady nika. I honestly thought she was the oldest until he said that so anyway, y'all basically Lady nika was kind of scammy Everything from her they got I guess they got an airbnb a room in vegas everything from her trip to there pitching in for food Um, even when she was wearing I guess shun bradley. They went to the mall and bought her a whole outfit She was basically moping and crying around that, you know, just feeling sorry for herself with me That doesn't that doesn't do anything for me.  Yeah, this video even though these folks again They're not a hundred thousand subscribers. These videos are getting those type of numbers They're getting a lot of hits and I will say they get more hits than I do And I have more subscribers than most of them, but their videos get a lot of hits So then they're making bank. They're making money looking at all that What I'm watching on tv girl a lot So the first thing I've been watching is the old man With old-ass Jeff Bridges and I wasn't sure about it. Something Jeff Bridges is staying on there 70 years. Oh, how can he play He's playing an assassin. I'm like, what are you doing? Jeff Bridges?  Excuse me The old man and it has a couple of other no-name people as the other man That played in there right from the sun. What is named John? lethgrove John lethgo, so retired assassin Having to come out retirement to kick some butt basically is what this is all about But you know who plays in this movie that took me down a whole another rabbit hole Those of you who watched the wire chris That dangled sociopath chris who was killing everybody left and right chris plays an assassin in This movie the old man now.  So y'all check it out. It's very very interesting I binge watched it in one weekend American horror stories Let me tell you something It's a little different y'all so It's a bunch of different short stories that really don't have I mean it's called dollhouse But to me they're all a different type of story The first one really did do with dolls that first one. I'm a spoiler alert The first episode When she made that Train move or whatever it was that car moved. I was like she's a witch I already peeped it. I'm like she's a witch. I absolutely love the first story I tried to watch bits and pieces of the other ones and I just couldn't get into it. So I'm like, yeah, I I really can't get into it. I there's nothing else to say about it Under the banner of heaven Is so dark It is really good It talks about it goes into um, I wonder how the people and this the domination feel about This show and I believe they are Later later day. Let me let me make look them up. I don't want to really hold on y'all Under Under the banner of heaven is a mini series that's on hulu and it really does depict The lds which is later day saints um, but within the lds within any type of denomination any type of religion you have extremists and so there is a A group within the lds community that is very extreme And I'm not going to go for anybody. I'm not going to talk about anybody's religion because I wouldn't want anyone talking about mine Just look at the show. Yeah the book of Mormon But one of the characters basically tried to say that the book of Mormon came about It was basically a a love story between the author and a woman. He was interested. So anyway It's very dark and it is based on a true story when I heard that I was like, oh I need to grow up Harry even finishes. It's based on a true story. You guys is very disturbing And so I'm on episode six. I like it so far baby. We won't get to it. We won't get to we won't get to p-valley Only murders in the building when I tell you that dang on martin chart is such a dang on Only murders in building has such a cat cast a crazy cast I just love just The overall feel of the seat of the of the episodes of this in general and Martin chart and steve martin make a dynamic duo. I absolutely love it Selena Gomez Selena Gomez is in it, but you have other different people that show up naked and lain is in it Um, who else there was somebody really big that showed up in it. What is the um, the um white actor the white comedian Michael Michael rapper poor. He gets to my damn there sometimes though. He's in it too. He plays a detective So only murders in the building. It is very different very dynamic I love the episode where it's from the perspective sometimes the episodes are from the perspective of the Suspect quote-unquote. So I really did enjoy the episode that was from the perspective Of a character that's deaf and you no one talks hardly. There's no talking. It's very quiet. It's nothing That was honestly one of my favorite episodes and I really did like that they that they did that so Girl p-valley When I tell you that p-valley is dark. I thought it would get darker But it's dark enough so far So I'm gonna go back. I'm a spoiler.  He screamed boat legs came up in the air and he fell back on that catch When I tell you I rewinding that scene back so many times. I started laughing I'm like this character is so damn extravagant.  I know that's bad to say but when I tell you this man It is ridiculous.   That's a wrap.  You ain't gonna So of course she ends up going to jail Now she makes a phone call.  So baby girl goes to jail Washington jail though.   I think he he's there's a part of him that's dark The manager with the deep voice woody Let me tell you something again, spoiler alert when he gave old boy that that dosage of fentanyl And then the part of him that's dark is first of all He works for the damn funeral home Some of this death doesn't face him But when he got up on him and started talking to him and watching him die I'm like, oh, yeah, you crazy.  I I kind of like it.   So anyway, y'all I know I'm all over the place. So back to the last episode.  Old girl's mama, uh, maya wood vine Patrice or ratchet, but she won But it looks like y'all she may have a change of heart because terraca step mama is getting help And so, uh, the mama showed up to, um, the dance studio It was basically like She needs her mama terraca needs her biological mama And I think that made Mercedes feel a certain type of way I love the fact that what is his name coaches or whoever's The the wife paid Mercedes all that money because of the pictures she took of her And I it just made me feel a certain type of way when Mercedes walked into that gallery and saw all the beautiful photos of her And she gave her royalties and she actually told her that hey You get basically you could get royalties for life. So you basically said Look at that. Good So anyway, y'all Um, we're gonna get to we're gonna get to I know we're gonna get to it The characters that is still making me feel a certain type of way is roll it Roll it and big bone.   I shouldn't say that she's she is a medium She also does some of that hoodoo stuff, but she's more of a medium. Okay. She probably reads cards, too So why hailey is is bubblegut on the toilet? She's like, so how do you think about twins? I'm like girl hailey. I know you are not about to have barack obama's babies Uh-uh, but it is what it is. So y'all the last scene Diamond is going to go ahead.   I'm like, is there that smart to figure out? He's fighting this two of them gets one I'm like, this fight is not fair.  I'm like Who who is like a cliff or who was this fight?  So by the way, there's also this this war With the gangs and Mercedes had it with you know, they got it lives across the street And he's like you need to pick a side and she's like, I don't pick no sides, you know I work at the I work at the I only choose, you know the color paint So I'm like, yeah, they really do be like that in the hood Child, I don't know. We didn't have we didn't have games that serious. I mean, we had them in the in the country, but y'all please diamond and got himself kidnapped by big bone shady ass But you know what for someone who is so in touch With what's going on in the spiritual realm for him not to figure out that there was something going on with big Bond that means that he was thinking with The meat between his legs and not his head Because he should have been able to to figure out there are some shady characters on the show big bone is one lips Rollette is another one. Even the white guy that she's messing with the one that slain the pills And the club with the with the security. He's another one too.  So I'm very interested to see what the next episode. Yeah, I know this is going on I look some series and I am looking forward to baby Handmaid's tail part five. I don't know it's coming out in a couple more weeks when I tell you I am ready I'ma say this. What do you call him the governor the gov. We spoiler You well, I don't know what happened to the governor But the governor's wife in my opinion y'all she's more of a threat than the governor Look with the governor all all you have to do is slang a little bit of hips a little bit of boob Some cat whatever the governor's wife. I think that she's gonna be held.  I'm curious to see how it's gonna play out Well, I'm nervous. I am so nervous. So y'all that is it. Um, thank you so much for watching I'm gonna go ahead and finish the rest of my hair finish the rest of my drink I don't know what order that's gonna be but we're gonna make it happen. All right y'all take care. Bye