Stories and content in Weird Darkness can be disturbing for some listeners and is intended for mature audiences only. Parental discretion is strongly advised. On October 12, 1773, the first insane asylum in the United States opened its doors. Located in Williamsburg, Virginia, the public hospital, by its own admission, was established for the support and maintenance of idiots, lunatics and other persons of unsound minds who threatened society. Realistically, there was little support for these unfortunates.  They were regarded as collateral damage in the quest for colonial normalcy. Almost two and a half centuries later, their anguish can still be felt in the walls of the later-named Eastern State Hospital. I'm Darren Marlar and this is Weird Darkness. Welcome, Weirdos. This is Weird Darkness. Here you'll find stories of the paranormal, supernatural, legends, lore, crime, conspiracy, mysterious, macabre, unsolved and unexplained. Coming up in this episode of Weird Darkness, Weirdo family member Christa Lee shares a personal encounter with a spirit in her bathroom. Belief in witches, hexes and powerful spirits was prevalent in the 19th century and into the 20th century. In fact, in rural areas of Pennsylvania it might still be practiced today, so it's the perfect setting for a murder involving curses and a local witch. Parking tickets, floppy disks and escaped victims. These helped catch a handful of serial murderers who would likely have never been caught otherwise. It's been called a freak of nature, as weird as it is beautiful.  We'll look at the mysterious, strange and dangerous Okofunoki Swamp in Georgia. But first, Eastern State Hospital was originally known as the public hospital for persons of insane and disordered minds built in 1773. It was America's first mental asylum and the horrors in the minds of its patients couldn't compare to the horrors of the asylum itself. While you're listening, you might want to check out the Weird Darkness website at WeirdDarkness.com. You can find paranormal and horror audiobooks I've narrated, 24-7 streaming video of horror hosts and classic horror movies. Shop the Weird Darkness store for Weirdo merchandise. Plus, you can visit the Hope in the Darkness page if you're struggling with depression, anxiety or thoughts of suicide. You can find all of that and more at WeirdDarkness.com.  Abandoned asylums, haunted hospitals and ghost-infested sanatoriums are some of the spookiest places to get your urban exploring fix. A plethora of haunted places are open for visitation all over the world, including the very first insane asylum in the United States, Eastern State Hospital, located in Williamsburg, Virginia. First built in 1773, the hospital was originally known as the Public Hospital for Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds. It only featured 24 rooms total, many of which remained unfilled for a number of years. The facility also suffered numerous fires and was even occupied for a time during the Civil War. Unfortunately, as is the case with many centuries-old institutions, this hospital wasn't entirely concerned with healing its patients. Instead, it focused on keeping them jailed and sequestering them from normal members of society. The history of Eastern State Hospital, while conducive to spooky tales and ghost stories, is also a blot on the nation's record of mental health treatment, rife with human rights violations and tragic testimonials of mistreatment. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the hospital was created not necessarily to help the unstable, but rather to protect everyone else from those whom doctors considered mentally deranged. During the 18th and 19th centuries, sanity was determined through legal trials rather than professional medical observation. In the mid-1700s, Francis Fokir, the governor of Virginia, proposed a hospital meant to house a poor, unhappy set of people who are deprived of their senses and wander about the country, terrifying the rest of their fellow creatures. In 1773, the same year as the Boston Tea Party, the public hospital for persons of insane and disordered minds first opened its doors, admitting America's first mental patient. The hospital was hardly comparable to the clinical centers of today and was more akin to a prison. The facility contained 24 cells, each with barred windows and reinforced doors. Inside these cells were straw-filled mattresses, chamber pots, and iron shackles attached to the walls. Among the many morbid devices on display at the museum, which now stands in the hospital's former facility, none are quite as gruesome as the tranquilizer chair. Dr. Benjamin Rush, who incorrectly believed mental imbalances were caused by brain inflammation, created the chair under the notion that fear was the best means to induce sanity. According to Dr. Rush, terror acts powerfully upon the body through the medium of the mind and should be employed in the cure of madness. Rush designed the chair to not only retain the patient, but to deprive them of sight and slow the blood flow to their brains. A bucket was also placed beneath the seat. Subjects were injected with laxatives believed to release any bodily impurities. Hospital patients were forced to wear straight jackets, remain chained and confined in solitude, and even lay in coffin-like Utica cribs stacked on top of one another. In 1799, two dungeon-like cells were constructed beneath the first floor of the hospital for those prone to raving frenzy. Prevailing 18th century beliefs claimed that mental instability was a chosen state. Restraints, electric shocks, or bleeding were perceived cures for unsound minds. Not only were straight jackets and medicals employed to keep patients in order, but iron chains attached near their bedsides were frequently used as well. Substances were also administered to evacuate patients' digestive tracts, and devices such as lancers and scarificators were used to bleed out harmful fluids. Patients were plunged into ice-cold water in an attempt to jar them from their mental states. Many medical professionals believed fear was the key element in these cures, leading inhumane doctors to torment their own patients for decades. When the institution was first built, its grounds featured a large yard where patients could enjoy the sun and fresh air, but this yard was torn down shortly after for the staff's convenience. Not until 1790 were two new yards made, one on each side of the hospital. These new, significantly smaller areas featured enormous fences that were 10 feet high and 80 feet long. No furniture or other such perceived luxuries were provided for the patients. Restriction was still the primary method of care. These outdoor areas were dubbed the mad yards and are heavily reminiscent of modern-day prison yards. The hospital frequently used unmarked graves to dispose of patients when they passed, a common practice among many hospitals at the time. The Eastern State Hospital does, however, maintain a reminder of the patients and their struggles. Four granite slabs have patients' names etched into them, while a fifth simply holds a memorial reading, We erect this monument in memory of those persons whom we have known, loved and served through the years. While living, they knew the suffering of inner pain, infusion and despair. Now they are at peace in the hands of God, where no torment will ever touch them again. The hospital's conditions and treatments were undoubtedly atrocious, but they were not always so. In 1841, Dr. John Minson Galt was elected superintendent and he believed in far more humane treatments. Over the course of 21 years, Galt took steps to reduce the appalling treatments employed by the hospital and replaced them with a method he called Moral Management Therapy. This method was very successful, so much so that restraints were barely used and the patients were much happier and granted much more freedom. They were even able to visit the nearby town on field trips and outings. His methods were unpopular with the hospital's directors however and they fought him at every turn. In 1862, the Civil War swept through Williamsburg and Union soldiers took control of the hospital. With Galt unable to help any of his patients, he fell into a deep depression and eventually took his own life. Some claim his ghost still walks the halls of the Reconstructed Hospital, seeking out the patients formerly under his care. In the institution's early days, a patient escaped the hospital and fled to the nearby palace of Virginia's governor. He apparently intended to slay the governor in the palace's hedge maze but was foiled before he could carry out the deed. Those who visit the palace grounds claim the patient still roams in search of targets. In 2003, a group of students from the College of William and Mary fulfilled an infamous school tradition when they climbed over the palace wall and ventured into the hedge maze. Inside the group witnessed a pair of ghostly white feet that crept closer when illuminated with their flashlight beam. The students soon fled in terror. The hospital's first fire occurred in 1876 and wiped out the chapel, kitchen and storage areas among other rooms. In 1885, two patients may have perished in the hospital's largest fire. Tragically, the closest volunteer fire department at the time was 50 miles away, so there was nothing to do but watch the building crumble.  The last fire occurred in 1902 and wiped out a single building that was originally erected in 1844. All of the buildings were eventually replaced, although with much more space between them, likely to prevent future fires from spreading. When the hospital first opened in 1773, it was called the Public Hospital for Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds. In the 1840s, under the guidance of Dr. Galt, it was renamed the Eastern Lunatic Asylum. Although a significant portion of the grounds burned in 1885, they were soon rebuilt and continued to operate for several more decades. Following his reconstruction, the facility was given its current title, the Eastern State Hospital, not to be confused with the dozen other hospitals of the same name across the U.S. In the 1930s, the hospital moved to a new location, though the original buildings were preserved for historical reasons. The old grounds were reopened as a museum, featuring numerous exhibits of the hospital's old devices and treatments. Even the cells were recreated in the most minute detail. Up next, Weirdo family member Krista Lee shares a personal encounter with a spirit in her bathroom, and will look at how five different serial killers were finally caught through unexpected means. These stories and more when Weird Darkness returns. If you or someone you know is struggling with depression, dark thoughts or addiction, please visit the Hope in the Darkness page at WeirdDarkness.com. There, I gather numerous resources to find hope and solutions. For those suffering from thoughts of suicide or self-harm, there is the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline, as well as the Crisis Text Line. Both have trained counselors at all hours to help those in need, and the page even includes text numbers for those in the U.S., Canada, United Kingdom, and Ireland. Those struggling with depression can get help through the Seven Cups website and app, and there is information for anyone to read more about what depression truly is and how to identify it through our friends at ifred.org. There are resources for those who battle addictions, be it drugs, alcohol, or self-destructive behavior, along with help for those related to addicts. The page has links to help you find a therapist or counselor, to find help for those who have a family member with Alzheimer's or dementia, help for those in a crisis pregnancy, and more. These resources are always there when you or someone you love needs them on the Hope in the Darkness page at WeirdDarkness.com. I was in my freshman year of high school when I had my first official encounter with a ghost. My dad called me into the kitchen to talk to me, and when he was done he flipped a spoon full of whipped cream in my face. He had been using the cream for a pie and thought it would be funny to throw some at one of us kids. I went to the bathroom to clean up. I was bent over the sink when I felt a cool hand on my shoulder. Thinking it was my mom, I glanced in the mirror only to see the face of my recently deceased great-grandmother. She smiled at me and said, I love you, baby girl. Then she vanished. I've always believed in the supernatural and paranormal, but this visit helped to confirm their existence for me. Serial killers often pride themselves on being untouchable. That confidence can sometimes help them charm their way into their victims' lives or allow them to lead double lives, tricking their families into believing they are someone else. But it also leads to their downfall. Here are five stories of serial killers who, along with a little luck, were the cause of their capture. Jeffrey Dahmer, known as the Milwaukee cannibal, got away with molesting, murdering, dismembering and eating 17 victims between 1978 and 1991. By 1988, he'd already spent 10 months in jail for fondling a 13-year-old boy and then offering him $50 to pose for pictures in the nude. He was let out early and put on probation, but his caseworker never made the required stops by his apartment. At one point during his 13-year murder spree, Dahmer was also approached by police over a young Asian teen who was found on a curb, naked and bloody. Dahmer told the police that the boy was his partner, and so three officers who were eventually investigated turned their heads and declined to investigate further, leading to the young boy's death. All of that makes how Dahmer got caught so darkly ironic. When Dahmer was arrested, it was thanks to someone he had caught. Dahmer drugged and attempted to murder 32-year-old Tracy Edwards in July of 1991. Edwards got out and, after running away, was found by two officers in Dahmer's neighborhood, almost completely naked with a pair of handcuffs dangling from one of his wrists. When officers questioned him, Edwards told them that a freak had drugged and handcuffed him. The police brought Edwards back to Dahmer's apartment to investigate. Upon their arrival, Dahmer offered police the keys to the handcuffs. When Edwards told them that Dahmer attempted to use a knife on him in his bedroom, an officer entered the room to corroborate his account. There, he found photographs of the bodies Dahmer had dismembered. Dahmer was arrested by the police and further searching of his apartment revealed body parts, skulls and jars of dismembered genitalia stored in a fridge, freezer, a filing cabinet and a kettle. A parking ticket helped put the son of Sam behind bars. This infamous killer was arrested in Manhattan right before he planned to go down in a blaze of glory. Known for shooting 14 people, six of whom were killed in New York City between 1976 and 1977, David Berkowitz was a member of the U.S. Army who served in South Korea as an excellent marksman. After returning to his hometown in 1974 following his service term, he took a position as a U.S. postal worker before turning his combat skills into a method of terror. After attacking and murdering his victims, he'd leave a note near the crime scene taunting authorities. Ironically, it would be a different kind of crime scene note that took down the man who called himself the son of Sam. The first step towards arresting Berkowitz was a result of him regularly harassing his neighbors. Several of the other residents in his Yonkers apartment building claimed that they were left anonymous, sometimes antagonistic notes. One reported that their dog had been shot with the same gun used by the son of Sam while another alleged a fire was started near his apartment. This put the police onto Berkowitz's behavior and kept him under their watchful eye. What ultimately nailed the son of Sam though was a tip from a 49-year-old woman who had a brief but unnerving encounter with Berkowitz right before he murdered two people. While walking her dog at 2.30 a.m., Cecilia Davis passed a man who looked her right in the face but held his right arm down, stiffly. Minutes later, she heard shots and a car horn. She also happened to see an officer ticketing a cream-colored van, a block from the site of Berkowitz's latest and final murder. After Davis came forward with her details, police checked their tickets for that night and were able to find a citation for Berkowitz's car, which he used for getaways from each murder but didn't bother to change his plates for. The authorities caught Berkowitz leaving his apartment. As they caught up to him, Berkowitz turned to an inspector and said, I guess this is the end of the trail. Ted Bundy, known for raping and murdering 36 women in three states, was captured twice while driving. The first instance was for a traffic violation in which he took a Utah Highway Patrol officer on a chase after he was caught driving his Volkswagen in a West Valley neighborhood without his headlights on. As Officer Bob Hayward questioned Bundy, he noticed weird things. The man was wearing all black, a collection of gas receipts, a missing passenger seat, and a pair of shiny shoes that escaped kidnapping victim Carol DeRanche had reported were worn by her captor. When the officer asked Bundy where he'd been, the killer told him at a local drive-in watching towering Inferno. Unfortunately for Bundy, Hayward knew that was a lie. He had been at the drive-in all night. Hayward called for backup and he and two other officers searched the car uncovering a collection of obscure items like rope, handcuffs, penny-hose, and a crowbar before bringing him in. Booked for avoiding arrest, Bundy was identified in a lineup by DeRanche, arrested for her kidnapping, and sentenced to 15 years of jail time. Hayward had also reached out to out-of-state police departments, aware of their own missing teen cases. Two years into his sentence, Bundy was linked to the murder of a Colorado woman. After requesting to act as his own representation, he escaped from a prison's library window while preparing for his case. He was captured eight days later but would escape again through a hole he dug in the ceiling of his cell. Due to the reduced staff during holiday time, correctional officers didn't notice he was gone for well over 12 hours, letting him get a significant lead. With the help of his eventual wife, Carol Ann Boone, Bundy was able to travel to Florida where he attacked the Kyle Mega Sorority House at Florida State University, killing two college women and beating two others. Days later, he would kidnap and murder a 12-year-old Florida girl in a stolen FSU van and only four days later, after that, stole a VW bug. Fearing that authorities were closing in, Bundy traveled all the way to the Alabama state line before getting pulled over for driving in a stolen vehicle. That would be the end of Bundy's run. He was arrested, charged, and sentenced to death for the murders of the FSU students. Then there's the case of Dennis Rader, and he can blame poor file security for his eventual takedown. After years of going uncaught following the murder of 10 Kansas locals, including four out of five members of the Otero family, the Kansas serial killer whose modus operandi was Bind Torture Kill entered into a game of cat and mouse with authorities. After seemingly killing his last victim in 1991, the murderer fell off the radar until 2004 when an article in the Wichita Eagle suggested that the infamous killer may either be dead or in prison. That spurred Dennis Rader, the BTK killer, to send a letter to the newspaper claiming he was responsible for a 1986 unsolved murder. Over the next 12 months, he would send more letters and puzzles to local media outlets. In 2005, Rader took the first steps to sealing his demise. As he had for the past year, Rader sent a local Wichita TV station a message in the form of a package placed in the back of a truck. An employee found it and ended up tossing it, but after no response, Rader reached out to the station to see if they had gotten it. The station notified the police who searched the area and found the serial box Rader left filled with documents, many of which revealed planned murders. There was also a piece of paper addressed directly to authorities. Can I communicate with floppy and not be traced to a computer? Rader asked, if the police were honest, they should tell him through a classified ad in the paper. So that's exactly what authorities, less than honestly, did. Two weeks later, a local Kansas broadcast station was sent a package containing a floppy disk. When they opened it, it merely included the message, this is a test. After checking the properties section of the file, authorities discovered that the last person to save the file was a man named Dennis. They also uncovered that it had been used at the Christ Lutheran Church and the Park City Library. Despite the effort Rader took to delete identifying information from the disk, his choice to use a library printer, his own was broken, did him in. The police googled the name and locations attached to the file, used DNA evidence from the Otero crime scene and one of Rader's relatives, and finally pinned Rader for some of the most infamous murders in America. And sometimes, serial killers are caught because they break their own rules. Like the son of Sam, Israel Keys was a former soldier raised in a Mormon family who reveled in his fascination and obsession with serial murder. With an extensive knowledge of his predecessors, Keys aimed to be unique and uncatchable, but eventually fell victim to what he thought separated him from the rest, a lack of control. Identified as a serial killer, rapist, arsonist, burglar and bank robber, Keys had a girlfriend and daughter despite having spent more than a decade raping, robbing and killing victims around the country. Three deaths were tied directly to him, but anywhere between eight and 12 are alleged. Keys' success was due in part to his extensive planning, which includes burying murder kits, weapons, cash and tools to clean up crime scenes, and an unwritten rule based on his research and knowledge of other captured serial killers. He would travel outside and go to great lengths to distance himself from any of his victims. Anchorage homicide detective Monique Dahl told ABC News. That was primarily derived from his obsession with not being like the other serial killers. He had researched and read other serial killers, Dahl told ABC. He knew a lot about Ted Bundy. He was very careful to say that he had not patterned himself after any other serial killers, that his ideas were his own. That necessity for distinction and control, all signatures of serial killers, got the best of him during his last murder, which was only supposed to be a robbery. With plans to take the register at the coffee shop, Keys confessed that he thought about not killing his victim, a young female employee working alone if she didn't have a car. But upon seeing his victim, he was overcome, wrestling her to his vehicle before raping and strangling her there. It broke both parts of his proximity rule as he murdered in his car and in his hometown. He then did something even more sloppy. He used his victim's credit card at several ATMs in another state to take out money, allowing police to track him down. When Weird Darkness returns, belief in witches, hexes and powerful spirits was prevalent in the 19th century and into the 20th century. In fact, in rural areas of Pennsylvania, it might still be practiced today, so it's the perfect setting for a murder involving curses and a local witch. Calendar by Timothy Wayne Williams Each month, you'll be captivated by an original Timothy Wayne Williams painting, beautiful and captivating. But within each painting hides a monster. Bigfoot is hiding somewhere in each painting. Search for Bigfoot and invite others to do so as well, with the new Find Bigfoot calendar available now at WeirdDarkness.com slash Bigfoot. That's WeirdDarkness.com slash Bigfoot. Anyone who believes that we live at an age dominated by science and skepticism needs to study the history of Pennsylvania. In the rural areas of the state, a belief in witches, hexes, powerful spirits and the like was common until well into the 20th century. For all I know, it still quietly exists today. Remote farm communities saw superstition and folklore not as quaint relics of a medieval past, but as all two real presences in their lives. Sometimes these beliefs took the benign forms of good luck charms, folk medicine and positive spirituality. At other times, however, believers found themselves haunted by sincerely held fears of curses and ghostly persecutions. On occasion, these fears led these tormented souls to defend themselves through acts of violence, even murder. Probably the most famous example is the case of Nelson Ramire. In 1928, a central Pennsylvania witch named Nellie Knoll convinced a young man named John Blimeyre that Ramire had put a curse on him. Blimeyre and two friends, John Curry and Wilbert Hess, broke into Ramire's home in order to steal a spellbook they believed he owned. They were unable to find this book, but when Ramire accosted them, the trio gruesomely killed him in the hope of lifting this curse. The three youths were eventually convicted of the murder. One of the many oddities of the case is that the killers had never before committed any criminal offense, and after their release from prison, went on to lead thoroughly normal, law-biting lives. Although the following Hexbirder is now largely forgotten, it was very similar to the Ramire case and in some respects even more bizarre. Our story opens in 1934 in the Pennsylvania Farming Village of Ringtown. Life there had only a speaking acquaintance with the 20th century. Scarcely any residents had electricity or modern plumbing, and telephones were non-existent. Among its residents was a 63-year-old widow named Susanna Susan Mummy. She lived in a primitive farmhouse in the hills just outside of town with her adopted daughter, Tauvelia. Back in 1910, Susan had had a premonition. A vision or dream told her that if on July 5th of that year, her husband Henry went to his job at a local powder mill, he would die. Although she begged him to stay home on that day, he laughingly dismissed her fears and went to work as usual. You guessed it.  The tragic event earned Susan Mummy not sympathy, but fear. The deadly accuracy of her premonition caused her neighbors to think of her as a witch, and considering what had happened to Henry, possibly a dangerous one. From that time on, Ringtown regarded her with a mixture of awe and deep suspicion. On the evening of Part 17, Susan and Tauvelia were living with a border named Jacob Rice, and Rice was staying there because he had a serious foot injury that Mummy was doctoring. Like many so-called witches, Mummy had some proficiency in the healing arts. Before going to bed, Mummy went to change Rice's bandage. As she bent over his foot, the cottage seemed to suddenly explode. The inhabitants heard a frightening roar, and the living room window shattered. The wind coming through the broken glass extinguished their lamps, leaving the stunned trio in darkness. They heard a second blast, which they now recognized as the sound of a gun, someone out in that black night was trying to kill them. They crouched on the floor, terrified by the thought of what might happen next, but there was only silence. After a few minutes had passed, Rice finally worked up the nerve to set up. He could see nothing, and all he heard was the sound of Tauvelia whimpering in fear. He called out Susan's name, but got no response. He managed to light a lamp, which illuminated Mrs. Mummy's motionless body on the floor. He saw it once that she was dead. The two shaken survivors sat huddled together in the darkness, waiting for the morning light to come. At dawn, Rice set out to find help. Tauvelia was too hysterical to make the effort. Despite his injured foot, Rice managed to limp to the home of their nearest neighbor, which was over a mile away. This neighbor drove him into town so they could summon police. Investigators found that Mummy had been shot once through the chest. In one of the walls they found embedded, a handmade bullet of the sort that was common in the area. Although the victim had led a quiet, reclusive life, it soon emerged that there was no shortage of people who might have wished her dead. Mummy was a quarrelsome sort who had feuded with most of her neighbors, something that only exacerbated her sinister occult reputation. She was believed to have turned an evil eye on one of her enemies and hexed several others. A great sigh of relief went out over Ringwood when it was learned she was dead. In short, the police were confronted with a plethora of possible suspects. Soon, however, their focus was centered on one man. Three days after the murder, some local boys told the detective in charge of the case that on the night Mummy was shot, they had seen a car parked on the road leading to the victim's home. No one was in the car but they immediately recognized it as belonging to a 23-year-old named Albert Shinsky. Shinsky was a polite, well-behaved, good-natured young man with an exemplary reputation. Everyone who knew him liked him. His family was equally well respected in the community and he was fortunate enough to be engaged to Selena Bernstel, a pretty, charming girl who adored him. It would be hard to think of anyone less likely to assassinate a defenseless old woman. Shinsky's life was happy and uneventful until he reached the age 17. Then he gradually changed. The once energetic boy became increasingly lethargic. He lost the energy to work or do much of anything else. He became thin and haggard looking. The young man became a shell of his former self and no one could explain why. Unable to hold down any job requiring physical or mental exertion, Shinsky earned a meager living as a taxi driver for the local mine workers. When questioned by the police, Shinsky acknowledged being near the Mummy House at the time of the murder. When asked why he was there, he calmly gave a startling reply.  Things only got weirder from there. Without the slightest hesitation, Shinsky treated the detectives to the strangest motive for murder any of them had ever heard. The young man explained that when he was 17, he had been working for a farmer who had gotten into a long, extremely bitter fight with Mrs. Mummy over property boundaries between their respective lands. One day, as Shinsky was walking through the disputed land, he saw Mrs. Mummy standing a short distance away, staring at him. Under her hostile gaze, the youth broke out in a cold sweat. He felt like there were hands gripping his throat. From that day on, he said, he felt a constant physical and mental torment that sapped him of all his strength. Susan Mummy had put a hex on him. Shinsky emotionally described how he constantly felt invisible hands on his shoulders. Pins were stuck into him. A black cat would come down from the sky and attack him while he slept. He tried going to doctors and priests, but they were of no help. What could they or anyone else do against the power of the devil? In desperation, he consulted some local witch doctors who gave him various amulets and spells, but they provided only temporary relief. The cat always came back. Finally, a spirit came to him, explaining that the only way he could be free of the hex was if he killed Susan Mummy. So, on the night of March 17th, he borrowed a shotgun, loaded it with a magic bullet guaranteed to kill witches, and made his way to the Mummy farm. Shinsky did not enjoy committing murder, but he cheerfully explained it worked. Since Mummy's death, he was a reborn man. He had no regrets whatsoever for what he had done. Indeed, he radiated a joy and relief that these hardened investigators found uniquely disturbing. Selena Bernstel confirmed much of Shinsky's story. She had no doubt that he had been bewitched, saying, my cousin used to be visited by the ghost of an old woman who cast a spell over her. Her affection for him had a strongly maternal quality. Selena both loved and pitied this haunted young man, who would tell her that she was the only friend he had.  The hex, she quietly told the police, had begun to affect her as well. She would periodically wake up in the morning to see a vision of Shinsky standing at the foot of her bed, his face grimacing in pain. Every time this happened, she'd find out that he'd been visited by the evil cat, or the spirit figure of Susan Mummy herself, leering and leering at him. Selena said that Shinsky had repeatedly begged Mummy to lift the hex from him, but she refused. Selena often asked Shinsky to marry her, but he refused, saying the witch wouldn't let him. Although Selena had not known he had committed murder, she admitted that she knew something had happened because Albert seemed different and more upbeat. He acted as if something had been taken off of him. She was too happy with his transformation to ask any questions. After his arrest, Shinsky became something of a local hero. Other men went to the police alleging that Susan Mummy had cast spells on them as well, hexes that were only broken with her death. Townsfolk raised a defense fund for him. The murderer himself remained happy and unconcerned. Even the thought of facing the electric chair didn't faze him. I don't care, he said. I'm at peace.  He told reporters he expected to be released soon, after which he looked forward to marrying my girl. The court hardly knew what to make of this young man. The story he told was deeply, utterly crazy, but aside from that, Shinsky appeared calm and rational. He indignantly rejected any suggestion of any insanity defense. Psychiatrists who interviewed him thought otherwise. They came up with a diagnosis of dementia precox, manifesting itself as paranoid delusions and recommended that he be sent to Fairview State Hospital for the criminally insane. The judge in the case agreed. Unfortunately for Shinsky, Fairview could give witches and demon cats a run for their money. It had an evil reputation that, sadly, was entirely justified. It was an unsupervised hellhole where even basic medical care was virtually non-existent. Guards and staff routinely abused the patients, sometimes to the point of killing them. There were sinister rumors of secret graveyards around the building. It was not a hospital, but an unregulated dumping ground, and would remain so well into the 1970s. If you were not insane when you entered Fairview, odds were good that you soon would be. Shinsky disappeared into this living nightmare. Never it seemed to be heard from again. The world forgot about him until 1968, when a lawyer named William J. Krenskowicz learned of the case, which inspired him to lead an effort to have Shinsky reexamined by psychiatrists. Shinsky himself was eager to have his case reopened, even if it meant standing trial for the murder if he was judged to be sane. I was a stupid, foolish, superstitious young man when I did the murder, but I do think I have been punished enough. The issue of what to do with Shinsky dragged through the courts until January 1976, when a judge ruled that he was competent to stand trial. However, the authorities apparently agreed that Shinsky was indeed punished enough, as I could not find any record that his trial ever took place. Shinsky may very well have been released without ever being tried for a murder, no one doubted he committed. He went back to Ringtown, where he lived quietly until his death in 1983. When Weird Darkness returns, it is called a freak of nature, as weird as it is beautiful.  We will look at the mysterious, strange and dangerous Othokinoki Swamp in Georgia. Central Massachusetts is a land of oddities and apparitions. Stories of the strange and paranormal have been passed down from generation to generation, and only the local populace has any idea of just how vast and deep their superstitions run. The world around you is much more than you can touch, taste, smell, see and hear. Some of the stories are funny, some are sad, but all of them give you a taste of what it is like to be from the oddest part of the United States. You can't have a region of the country that has been settled for centuries without getting a few odd tales out of it. Open up a whole new world of fact and fiction that will leave you with a deep appreciation for the strange and bizarre ghosts and heroes await, and the only thing they need to live on is you. Slightly Odd Fitchburg by Ed Sweeney. Now available on Kindle, Paperback and audiobook versions on the audiobook page at WeirdDarkness.com. Often called a freak of nature, Othokinoki is as strange as it is beautiful. Many years ago, one scientist interested in Othokinoki said there is nothing else like it in the world, and that is a correct assumption because it is a unique place. The Othokinoki Swamp covers nearly 700 square miles, almost all of which is in Georgia, and this wonderland is a significant part of North America's heritage. A visit to Othokinoki Swamp gives the impression you made a journey back in time to those days when dinosaurs ruled the world. If you decide to visit the Othokinoki Swamp, be careful because dangerous animals are lurking behind the bushes. You can encounter poisonous snakes and alligators. The Othokinoki Swamp is also home to magnificent and rare bird species as well as several unique species of carnivorous plants. Admirers of nature will find Othokinoki Swamp a great place to visit, but this place is also interesting to those who are fascinated with ancient history, myths, legends, and unexplained phenomena. Seminole Indians knew this place long before white men rediscovered it. The Othokinoki Swamp is a land of rich folklore, medicinal plants, magic, and some strange events. Many Native American legends tell Othokinoki was once inhabited by different mysterious beings we cannot identify. Who were the flying creatures Indians feared so much? Someone once wrote, The warlike Indians of the Crees and Seminoles have a religious veneration for this immense place. They say it is inhabited by aerial beings. They have a number of legends connected with its history, but the center is composed of high land on which are erected their wigwams. Many after that they have seen those aerial beings on the confines of their enchanted habitations. Not even one of their warriors would venture among the gloom of its shade after sunset for the best American scalp. When early geographers explored the place, they described the Othokinoki Swamp as a terrifying bog. Explorers reported hearing spooky noises and wondered what dangerous creatures could be hiding in the marsh. Later they realized the sounds were caused by dead trees scraping against each other when the wind blew. Not everything that happens in the vicinity of the Othokinoki Swamp can be explained by modern science. People have witnessed puzzling, unidentified lights that cannot be tracked to any known object, craft, or place. Native Americans tell the Othokinoki Swamp was and still is home to an immortal race. In ancient times the Spaniard and Indians encountered these mysterious beings in battles, but they could never defeat the immortals. In North American folklore, Bigfoot is described as a hairy, upright, walking, ape-like creature that dwells in the wilderness. According to the Millageville, Georgia newspaper in 1829, two men and a young boy decided to visit the Othokinoki Swamp because they had heard legends about a race of giants who lived in the swamp. They journeyed into the deep interior of the swamp where they discovered giant tracks. Later when they returned home, they told locals what they had found and a group of hunters went to the place to investigate. There they encountered a giant beast that decapitated five of the hunters. After a hard struggle it was killed by the surviving men of the hunting expedition. Another intriguing story emerged in more recent years. Jim Miles in his book Weird Georgia reports that in 1969 Tom Chesser told the Atlanta Journal Constitution Sunday magazine that in the 1920s he unearthed 13 skeletons for a university professor who had hired him to excavate the mounds. According to Chesser, some of the skeletons were crossed, one on top of the other, some were face down. All of them were perfect when they were first discovered. Teeth even still had some glaze on them, but when air struck, it crumbled them. They were giants, those jawbones would go over my whole face, Chesser said. Many captivating and unexplained modern sightings of elusive creatures and puzzling lights are still reported. These stories are of course fascinating, but without proper investigations it is difficult to determine why people had strange encounters and sightings while visiting Okefenokee Swamp. It is fair to say that the Okefenokee Swamp remains until this day shrouded in a veil of mystery, charm and fear. Growing our Weirdo family and also helps get the word out about resources available for those who suffer from depression, so please share the podcast with others. Do you have a dark tale to tell of your own? Fact or fiction, click on Tell Your Story at WeirdDarkness.com and I might use it in a future episode. All stories in Weird Darkness are purported to be true unless stated otherwise and you can find source links or links to the authors in the show notes. The hauntings of Eastern State Mental Asylum is by Enigo Gonzalez for Ranker. Cool Hand on My Shoulder is from Weirdo family member Crystal Lee. The Witch of Ringtown was posted at Strange Company. When killers capture themselves was written by Abby White for the lineup. And Bigfoot Giant Skeletons and Okefenokee Swamp is by Ellen Lloyd for Ancient Pages. Weird Darkness Theme by Alibi Music Weird Darkness is a registered trademark and now that we're coming out of the dark, I'll leave you with a little light. Luke 6, verse 35a. But love your enemies, do good to them and lend to them without expecting to get anything back. Then your reward will be great. And a final thought, God doesn't give you the people you want. He gives you the people you need. I'm Darren Marlar. Thanks for joining me in the Weird Darkness. The Kansas serial killer, whose modus operandi was Bind Strangle Kill or BSK, entered Bind Strangle Kill, no, it's Bind Torture Kill. After years of going uncaught following the murder of 10 Kansas locals, including four out of five members of the years, including four out of five members of the Yotaro family, the Kansas serial killer, whose modus operandi, the serial, for Christ's sake. These are not difficult words, Darren.


Hi guys, we are here for DecoArt on Monday. Now, this multi-video little series which is going to be a mini part of DecoArt, Mondays of DecoArt is inspired by a few different people. I want to make sure I mention them. So I am inspired to do this by Shannon Greene's Journaling by Fives, which is a timed exercise. And also by the suggestion and or request by a couple of different YouTube friends and fans, one of them being Donna Hanrahan and somebody else who I've forgotten. I can't think of it right now.  It's been a little bit of a stressful morning, and I'm having my third cup of coffee. Where is it? Oh Right here. Okay. So but we're gonna, if I think of that other person, I'll mention them but definitely inspired by Shannon Greene's Journaling by Fives, which is a timed exercise. If you don't know about Journaling by Fives, where have you been? Holy cow. Go over to Shannon Greene's channel, and she's got a Journaling by Fives playlist and take a look because it's fun. Okay, so for this Monday with DecoArt project, it's gonna be a timed painted canvas. So each one of these sessions is gonna be 15 minutes and 15 minutes only for the actual painting part, at least not my speaking part. When you're getting ready to do this, you only need a few things. Some brushes and mark making tools. I have my other little bucket here. You can see. These are with the exception of this. These are all from DecoArt. These are their Americana decor brushes, which I just love. I actually have one more, and I must have put it somewhere. I don't know, I couldn't find it. I've got their palette knives, stencil brushes, and little Americana pouncing tools. And then I've also got their Stucco texture tools, these little plastic plates that have these different kind of patterned edges. Okay, and I'm running out of room. Okay, let's see. Move my coffee. All right, that works. I've got an old canvas. It don't get a new one. I want you to use one of the old ones. Maybe you started painting something on it like I had on here, and it just was turning out to be, in this case, crap. I didn't really jesso over the whole thing, but it did have some 3D embellishments on it that when I popped them off kind of damaged the canvas a little bit. So I actually already put down with some gel medium and jesso, some old dryer sheets. That's what these things are here, which added some more texture to it, but also helped kind of strengthen the canvas a little bit. Some of the old paint and things are still showing through. I'm okay with that. I don't want you to start with a clean white canvas. Think about doing this on top of something that you're not super pleased with. I think that would be the best. You're going to need a few thin collage papers. I've got a jelly print, some painted deli paper, some tissue, and a photocopy of one of my drawings. This is my artwork, and so we're going to use that. I've got a palette plate. I've got some my Andy Skinner stencils. I've got DecoArt's Americana DecoPage Matte. I've got a few paints. Pick the colors that speak to you. These are the colors I used that I was attracted to this morning. I want you to pick the colors that speak to you and that make you happy and don't think about it too much. Just grab stuff. This is DecoArt Traditions Artist Acrylic in Indian Yellow, Titanium White, and Aqua Marine. You all know I love my neons, so of course I picked some neons. These are Americana neons in Sizzling Pink, Scorching Yellow, Tord Orange, and Electric Blue. All right, so we are going, and I've already got my timer. It's right here, set to 15 minutes. I don't want you to think about it too much. I want you to just make marks. Go with what feels right. Go with what feels good and just make marks. Keep making marks until the timer goes off. Don't look at the timer. Just keep painting and doing what feels right and makes you happy. I'm going to do two things. Put my apron on because I don't really want to get paint on my clothes again, which I do a lot. I'm not going to speed forward through the process. We're going to do this in real time. And something we're going to start doing in every video, not only to help me remember, but to remind you guys, not all paints are created equally. Some paints, like lots of your craft paints, are non-toxic and I believe the DecoArt Neons are included in that, although I can't read the writing because I don't know how my glass is. And I'm a little bit tired and stressed out this morning. Let's see. It says conforms to something, but I can't read what the something is on the little thing. I do think they're non-toxic, but let's check this one before I give you my butt. That sounded bad. I didn't mean that the way that sounded. This one says conforms to, but I don't know what this symbol means. So that may mean that they're non-toxic. But not all paints are created equally and some of your fine artist paints are half pigments in them that are definitely toxic. So it's a good habit to get into to just use a barrier cream every single time you paint, no matter what kind of paint you're using. So this is Art Guard. This is the kind of barrier cream I use. You can get it in any art supply store and it's just like a white hand cream. And it not only helps the pigment from being absorbed into your skin, but it helps get the paint off your hands easier. And I like the Art Guard because it's not greasy. So we're going to put that on and we're going to set our timer and we're going to get going. I do have a bucket of soapy water off that way to dump my stencils in after I use them. I'm not great about cleaning my stencils, but I do do clean them occasionally. So it's kind of past the time. I've done a few things with the Andy Skinner stencils that kind of need a little bit of a soap now. So we're going to do that today. All right, I'm going to set my timer. You ready? All right, let's go. All right, so I'm going to grab, I'm going to grab my collage stuff first because I really want to do the collage first. I'm going to tear off this white border because I don't necessarily want that on there. I am going to use a palette knife. And right now I am totally not worried about which way the canvas is going to end up being oriented. The original painting was portrait style or portrait direction. This one may end up being landscape. I don't know. Right now we're just concerned about putting marks on the canvas and turning something that was kind of ugly and itchy into something pretty and lovely because I've already got some texture over here. It would be easier, it'll be easier to stick the deli paper into onto the canvas because it'll go into the cracks a little easier. It's thinner paper. This is a catalyst tool. I actually picked up at Dick Blick when Claudia Rossi and Sarah Winnie and I were up in San Francisco. Just try to get all your edges down. I already broke my own rule. I just glanced at the clock. Oops. I love this black polka dot tissue paper. I picked it up at Target a while back. It was on clearance. I think it was like a dollar or $1.40, something like that. I wish I'd gotten more. Hindsight's always 2020. That's one of those things your grandparents tell you when you're growing up and you're like, what? They were right. Don't think about where you're placing things. Just do it. Do what feels right. I don't want you thinking about it too much. Stress yourself out. This should be a fun process. Just make sure you have all your bits and pieces that you think you want to use out and handy before you get started. Oh, see I've got a piece of my hair in there. I'm going to put the lid on this glue because I think that's all of the collage items that I want to put on here. Now we're going to start with some paint. We're going to make sure as we're going, not only right now with the catalyst tool, but as we're painting that we kind of have all the edges stuck down that we want stuck down. All right, where's my rag? I am going to wipe my catalyst tool off so the glue doesn't dry on there. Now we're going to put some paint out on our palette. I'm going to put a little bit of each color. Should have done this before I turned on the timer clock. I would recommend, that's a five minute timer, warning. I would recommend you do this before you turn your timer on. I'm not sure why I picked the white this morning. I just felt right. I don't know. I'm really not surprised by the aquamarine nor should you be. All right, so let's go. So this is, I love this stencil. This one is called Tornado. See it's got a piece of paint dried to it because you know, we use these at the arty party. There we go. All right. And I'm going to use the large stenciling brush. This is the number 12. And I'm going to go right in with the pink. It's the color that feels right. The neon pink. So if you really want to get good stenciling impressions, you want to have a brush that's really dry. I'm, I don't know that I'm necessarily too concerned. I just want to get some texture and pattern on there. If it doesn't come out perfect, I'm not all right with that. I do like to put things in at least three places in the water.  We're going to leave it dirty. And this is one of his alphabet stencils. This is called Have Your Say. And I'm going to go in with a turquoise. See, I'm totally all right with that. Kind of like that actually. You could wait for the glue to dry before you do this. Obviously, I'm not doing that. I'm going to go in with, let's see. You know what? I'm going to go in with this giant brush. I'm going to dip it in a couple of colors. Sort of like your toll painting where you have one color on one side and one color on the other side. Does anybody remember that? Or does that just make me really old? Don't forget your God given painting tools. My favorite ones. My fingers. They're the best ones. Now you do have 15 minutes.  Like really quick. It's already bright and lovely, right? I love that. All right, let's keep going. So I want to use this one now. This is called Code Breaker.  Now let's go in with the orange. I'm going to turn the canvas around. Gives me a new perspective. I like that. We're going to go in with our pouncing tools and I am going to go in with a blue. Young blue. Love that. And let's go in with our roller. I picked this up at Tuesday morning. It's like a little chevron thing. That's some blushes goodness. I like that yellow color. All right, I want to go in with. Okay, I'm just grabbing really quick. Hopefully I have enough time. I want to go in with some black. That wasn't a color I had planned, but it's a color that feels right. And I'm going to go in with one of my little mark making tools. This is a piece of a silicone plot holder. And I'm just dipping it in the paint. And I'm not really, I want the black mostly, but I'm not caring if some of the other colors get on there. Yeah, I like that. I'm really loving these deco art paints. We're going to go in with a white on my fingers. And it's going to mix and blend with the paint that's on there. But I'm all right with that. I like that. You want interesting marks and layers. Just have fun with it. Don't think about it too much. I think we need some more turquoise. I know you're thinking like really more turquoise, but yeah, if you don't have a canvas to do this on, you could definitely do it on a piece of paper, a journal page that you don't like, anything like that. If you're doing a journaling by fives journal, you could do this in one of your blank pages. Have two minutes left. It's kind of cool. I love starting off my canvases with neon colors. The bright, I love that bright undertone, that little bright pop of color that shows through the finished piece. I love that. I'm grabbing some more of the Indian yellow. Not exactly sure why I'm liking this color this morning. I do like it, but it doesn't really go with everything else I picked. I don't think. I like it. There we go. That's our, that's our, that's it. That's our timer. So I want you to, okay, that's got to stop. That's annoying. I want you to do your canvas that way. Get a nice, bright, happy, interesting, layered background with collage and paint and marks and just have fun with it. Definitely think about using the DecoArt products, Americana paints, their traditions, paints, and the Andy Skinner stencils, or any of the other DecoArt stencils and their tools. Have some fun with it. You notice I didn't use the texture tools. I'm going to keep them out because maybe in the next 15 minute session we will use them, but that surprised me. I thought I was going to use them. Oh, you can find some of my copyright notices and disclaimers in the description below along with my contact information, not just my email address. If you want to send me products to try your test or a happy mail or anything like that, my post office box is in the address below. As always, I'm available for questions, comments, and product reviews. If you have something you'd like me to review, let me know.  Do something nice for yourself because you deserve it and I'll see you later.


Members of the Congress, I have the high privilege and distinct honor of presenting to you the President of the United States. Mr. President, distinguished members of the Congress, honored guests, and my fellow Americans, a number of times in past years members of Congress and a President have come together in meetings like this to resolve a crisis. I have asked for this meeting in the hope that we can prevent one. It would be hard to find many Americans who aren't aware of our stake in the Middle East, the Persian Gulf, or the NATO line dividing the free world from the communist bloc. And the same could be said for Asia. But in spite of, or maybe because of, a flurry of stories about places like Nicaragua and El Salvador and, yes, some concerted propaganda, many of us find it hard to believe we have a stake in problems involving those countries. Too many have thought of Central America as just that place way down below Mexico that can't possibly constitute a threat to our well-being. And that's why I've asked for this session. Central America's problems do directly affect the security and the well-being of our own people. And Central America is much closer to the United States than many of the world-troubled spots that concern us. So we work to restore our own economy. We cannot afford to lose sight of our neighbors to the south. El Salvador is nearer to Texas than Texas is to Massachusetts. Nicaragua is just as close to Miami, San Antonio, San Diego, and Tucson as those cities are to Washington, where we're gathered tonight. But nearness on the map doesn't even begin to tell the strategic importance of Central America, bordering as it does in the Caribbean, our lifeline to the outside world. Two-thirds of all our foreign trade and petroleum pass through the Panama Canal and the Caribbean. In a European crisis, at least half of our supplies for NATO would go through these areas by sea. It's well to remember that in early 1942, a handful of Hitler's submarines sank more tonnage there than in all of the Atlantic Ocean. And they did this without a single naval base anywhere in the area. And today, the situation is different. Cuba is host to a Soviet combat brigade, a submarine base capable of servicing Soviet submarines and military air bases visited regularly by Soviet military aircraft. Because of its importance, the Caribbean basin is a magnet for adventurism. We're all aware of the Libyan cargo planes refueling in Brazil a few days ago on their way to deliver medical supplies to Nicaragua. Brazilian authorities discovered the so-called medical supplies were actually munitions and prevented their delivery. You may remember that last month, speaking on national television, I showed an aerial photo of an airfield being built in the island of Grenada. But if that airfield had been completed, those planes could have refueled there and completed their journey. If the Nazis, during World War II and the Soviets today, could recognize the Caribbean and Central America as vital to our interests, shouldn't we also? For several years now, under two administrations, the United States has been increasing its defense of freedom in the Caribbean basin. And I can tell you tonight, democracy is beginning to take root in El Salvador, which until a short time ago knew only dictatorship. The new government is now delivering on its promises of democracy, reforms, and free elections. It wasn't easy, and there was resistance to many of the attempted reforms with assassinations of some of the reformers. Gorilla bans and urban terrorists were portrayed in a worldwide propaganda campaign as freedom fighters, representative of the people. Ten days before I came into office, the gorillas launched what they called a final offensive to overthrow the government, and their radio boasted that our new administration would be too late to prevent their victory. Well, they learned that democracy cannot be so easily defeated. President Carter did not hesitate. He authorized arms and munition to El Salvador. The gorilla offensive failed, but not America's will. Every president, since this country assumed global responsibilities, has known that those responsibilities could only be met if we pursued a bipartisan foreign policy. As I said a moment ago, the government of El Salvador has been keeping its promises, like the land reform program, which is making thousands of farm tenants, farm owners, and a little over three years, 20 percent of the arable land in El Salvador has been redistributed to more than 450,000 people. That's one in ten Salvadorans who have benefited directly from this program. El Salvador has continued to strive toward an orderly and democratic society. The government promised free elections on March 28th, a little more than a year ago after months of campaigning by a variety of candidates. The suffering people of El Salvador were offered a chance to vote, to choose the kind of government they wanted, and suddenly the so-called freedom fighters in the hills were exposed for what they really are, a small minority who want power for themselves and their backers, not democracy for the people.  They destroyed hundreds of buses and trucks to keep the people from getting to the polling places.  But on election day, an unprecedented 80 percent of the electorate braved ambush and gunfire and trudged for miles many of them to vote for freedom, and that's truly fighting for freedom. We can never turn our backs on that. Members of this Congress who went there as observers told me of a woman who was wounded by rifle fire on the way to the polls, who refused to leave the line to have her wound treated until after she had voted.   The real freedom fighters of El Salvador turned out to be the people of that country, the young, the old, the in-between, more than a million of them out of a population of less than five million. The world should respect this courage and not allow it to be belittled or forgotten. And again I say, in good conscience, we can never turn our backs on that. The Democratic political parties and factions in El Salvador are coming together around the common goal of seeking a political solution to their country's problem. New national elections will be held this year and they will be open to all political parties. The government has invited the gorillas to participate in the election and is preparing an amnesty law. The people of El Salvador are earning their freedom and they deserve our moral and material support to protect it. Yes, there are still major problems regarding human rights, the criminal justice system and violence against noncombatants, and like the rest of Central America, El Salvador also faces severe economic problems. But in addition to recession-depressed prices for major agricultural exports, El Salvador's economy is being deliberately sabotaged. Tonight in El Salvador, because of ruthless guerrilla attacks, much of the fertile land cannot be cultivated. Less than half the rolling stock of the railways remains operational. Bridges, water facilities, telephone and electric systems have been destroyed and damaged. In one 22-month period, there were 5,000 interruptions of electrical power. One region was without electricity for a third of a year. I think Secretary of State Schultz put it very well the other day. Unable to win the free loyalty of El Salvador's people, the guerrillas, he said, are deliberately and systematically depriving them of food, water, transportation, light, sanitation and jobs. And these are the people who claim they want to help the common people. They don't want elections because they know they'd be defeated. But as the previous election showed, the Salvadoran people's desire for democracy will not be defeated. The guerrillas are not in battle peasants armed with muskets. They're professionals, sometimes with better training and weaponry than the government soldiers. The Salvadoran battalions that have received U.S. training have been conducting themselves well in the battlefield and with the civilian population. But so far, we've only provided enough money to train one Salvadoran soldier out of 10, fewer than the number of guerrillas that are trained by Nicaragua and Cuba. And let me set the record straight on Nicaragua. A country next to El Salvador, 1979, when the new government took over in Nicaragua after a revolution which overthrew the authoritarian role of Samoza, everyone hoped for the growth of democracy. We in the United States did too. By January of 1981, our emergency relief and recovery aid to Nicaragua totaled $118 million, more than provided by any other developed country. In fact, in the first two years of Sandinista rule, the United States directly or indirectly sent five times more aid to Nicaragua than it had in the two years prior to the revolution. Can anyone doubt the generosity and the good faith of the American people? These were hardly the actions of a nation implacably hostile to Nicaragua. Yet the government of Nicaragua has treated us as an enemy. It has rejected our repeated peace efforts. It has broken its promises to us, to the organization of American states and most important of all to the people of Nicaragua. No sooner was victory achieved than a small clique ousted others who had been part of the revolution from having any voice in the government. Humberto Ortega, the Minister of Defense, declared Marxism-Leninism would be their guide, and so it is. The government of Nicaragua has imposed a new dictatorship. It has refused to hold the elections it promised. It has seized control of most media and subjects all media to heavy prior censorship. It denied the bishops and priests of the Roman Catholic Church the right to say mass on radio during Holy Week. It insulted and mocked the Pope. It has driven the Mesquite Indians from their homelands, burning their villages, destroying their crops, and forcing them into involuntary internment camps far from home. It has moved against the private sector and free labor unions. It condoned mob action against Nicaragua's independent Human Rights Commission and drove the director of that commission into exile. In short, after all these acts of repression by the government, is it any wonder that opposition has formed? According to propaganda, the opponents of the Sandinistas are not die-hard supporters of the previous Samosa regime. In fact, many are anti-Samosa heroes and fought beside the Sandinistas to bring down the Samosa government. Now they have been denied any part of the new government because they truly wanted democracy for Nicaragua, and they still do. Others are Mesquite Indians fighting for their homes, their lands, and their lives. The Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua turned out to be just an exchange of one set of autocratic rulers for another, and the people still have no freedom, no democratic rights, and more poverty. Even worse than its predecessor, it is helping Cuba and the Soviets to destabilize our hemisphere. Meanwhile, the government of El Salvador, making every effort to guarantee democracy, free labor unions, freedom of religion, and a free press is under attack by guerrillas dedicated to the same philosophy that prevails in Nicaragua, Cuba and, yes, the Soviet Union. Violence has been Nicaragua's most important export to the world. It is the ultimate in hypocrisy for the unelected Nicaraguan government to charge that we seek their overthrow when they are doing everything they can to bring down the elected government of El Salvador. Attacks are directed from my headquarters in Managua, the capital of Nicaragua, but let us be clear as to the American attitude toward the government of Nicaragua. We do not seek its overthrow. Our interest is to ensure that it does not infect its neighbors through the export of subversion and violence. Our purpose in conformity with American and international law is to prevent the flow of arms to El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, and Costa Rica. We have attempted to have a dialogue with the government of Nicaragua, but it persists in its efforts to spread violence. We should not and we will not protect the Nicaraguan government from the anger of its own people. But we should, through diplomacy, offer an alternative. And as Nicaragua ponders its options, we can and will, with all the resources of diplomacy, protect each country of Central America from the danger of war. Even Costa Rica, Central America's oldest and strongest democracy, a government so peaceful it doesn't even have an army, is the object of bullying and threats from Nicaragua's dictators. Nicaragua's neighbors know that Sandinista promises of peace, non-alliance, and non-intervention have not been kept. On 36 new military bases have been built, there were only 13 during the Somoza years. Nicaragua's new army numbers 25,000 men supported by a militia of 50,000. It is the largest army in Central America, supplemented by 2,000 Cuban military and security advisers. It is equipped with the most modern weapons, dozens of Soviet-made tanks, 800 Soviet block trucks, Soviet 152-millimeter howitzers, 100 anti-aircraft guns, plus planes and helicopters. There are additional thousands of civilian advisers from Cuba, the Soviet Union, East Germany, Libya, and the PLO. And we're attacked because we have 55 military trainers in El Salvador. The goal of the professional guerrilla movements in Central America is as simple as it is sinister, to destabilize the entire region from the Panama Canal to Mexico. And if you doubt me on this point, just consider what Cayetano Carpio, the now-deceased Salvadoran guerrilla leader, said earlier this month. Carpio said that after El Salvador falls, El Salvador and Nicaragua would be arm in arm and struggling for the total liberation of Central America. Nicaragua's dictatorial hunter, who themselves made war and won power operating from bases in Honduras and Costa Rica, like to pretend that they are today being attacked by forces based in Honduras. The fact is, it is Nicaragua's government that threatens Honduras, not the reverse. It is Nicaragua who has moved heavy tanks close to the border, and Nicaragua who speaks of war. It was Nicaraguan radio that announced on April 8th the creation of a new unified revolutionary coordinating board to push forward the Marxist struggle in Honduras. Nicaragua, supported by weapons and military resources provided by the Communist bloc, represses its own people, refuses to make peace, and sponsors a guerrilla war against El Salvador. Great Truman's words are as apt today as they were in 1947, when he, too, spoke before a joint session of the Congress. At the present moment in world history, nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life the choices not too often of free one. One way of life is based upon the will of the majority and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression. The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms. I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid, which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes. Collapse of free institutions and loss of independence would be disastrous not only for them, but for the world. And possibly failure would quickly be the lot of neighboring peoples striving to maintain their freedom and independence. The countries of Central America are smaller than the nations that prompted President Truman's message. But the political and strategic stakes are the same. Will our response, economic, social, military, be as appropriate and successful as Mr. Truman's bold solutions to the problems of post-war Europe? Some people have forgotten the successes of those years and the details or decades of peace, prosperity, and freedom they secured. Some people talk as though the United States were incapable of acting effectively in international affairs without risking war or damaging those we seek to help. Our democracies required to remain passive while threats to their security and prosperity accumulate. Must we just accept the destabilization of an entire region from the Panama Canal to Mexico on our southern border? Must we sit by while independent nations of this hemisphere are integrated into the most aggressive empire the modern world has seen? Must we wait while Central Americans are driven from their homes like the more than a million who sought refuge out of Afghanistan, or the one-and-a-half million who fled into China, or the more than a million Cubans who have fled Castro's Caribbean utopia? Must we by default leave the people of El Salvador no choice but to flee their homes creating another tragic human exodus? I don't believe there's a majority in the Congress or the country that counsels passivity, resignation, defeatism in the face of this challenge to freedom and security in our own hemisphere. I do not believe that a majority of the Congress or the country is prepared to stand by passively while the people of Central America are delivered to totalitarianism and we ourselves are left vulnerable to new dangers. Only last week, an official of the Soviet Union reiterated Brezhnev's threat to station nuclear missiles in this hemisphere, five minutes from the United States, like an echo Nicaragua's commandant Daniel Ortega confirmed that, if asked, his country would consider accepting those missiles. I understand that today they may be having second thoughts. Now, before I go any further, let me say to those who invoke the memory of Vietnam, there is no thought of sending American combat troops to Central America. They are not needed, and indeed, they have not been requested there. All our neighbors ask of us, is assistance in training and arms to protect themselves while they build a better, freer life? We must continue to encourage peace among the nations of Central America. We must support the regional efforts, now underway to promote solutions to regional problems. We cannot be certain that the Marxist-Leninist bands who believe war is an instrument of politics will be readily discouraged. It's crucial that we not become discouraged before they do. Otherwise, the region's freedom will be lost and our security damaged in ways that can hardly be calculated. If Central America were to fall, what would the consequences be for our position in Asia, Europe, and for alliances such as NATO? If the United States cannot respond to a threat near our own borders, why should Europeans or Asians believe that we're seriously concerned about threats to them? If the Soviets can assume that nothing short of an actual attack on the United States will provoke an American response, which ally, which friend, will trust us then? The Congress shares both the power and the responsibility for our foreign policy. Tonight, I ask you, the Congress, to join me in a bold, generous approach to the problems of peace and poverty, democracy, and dictatorship in the region. Join me in a program that prevents communist victory in the short run, but goes beyond to produce for the deprived people of the area the reality of present progress and the promise of more to come. Let us lay the foundation for a bipartisan approach to sustain the independence and freedom of the countries of Central America. We and the administration reach out to you in this spirit. We will pursue four basic goals in Central America. First, in response to decades of inequity and indifference, we will support democracy, reform, and human freedom. This means using our assistance, our powers of persuasion, and our legitimate leverage to bolster humane democratic systems where they already exist and to help countries on their way to that goal complete the process as quickly as human institutions can be changed. Elections in El Salvador and also in Nicaragua must be open to all, fair and safe. The international community must help. We will work at human rights problems, not walk away from them. Second, in response to the challenge of world recession and in the case of El Salvador to the unrelenting campaign of economic sabotage by the guerrillas, we will support economic development by a margin of two to one. Our aid is economic now, not military, 77 cents out of every dollar we will spend in the area this year goes for food, fertilizers, and other essentials for economic growth and development. And our economic program goes beyond traditional aid. The Caribbean Initiative, introduced in the House earlier today, will provide powerful trade and investment incentives to help these countries achieve self-sustaining economic growth without exporting U.S. jobs. Our goal must be to focus our immense and growing technology to enhance healthcare, agriculture, industry, and to ensure that we who inhabit this interdependent region come to know and understand each other better, retaining our diverse identities, respecting our diverse traditions and institutions. And third, in response to the military challenge from Cuba and Nicaragua, to their deliberate use of force to spread tyranny, we will support the security of the region's threatened nations. We do not view security assistance as an end in itself but as a shield for democratization, economic development, and diplomacy. No amount of reform will bring peace so long as guerrillas believe they will win by force. No amount of economic help will suffice if guerrilla units can destroy roads and bridges and power stations and crops again and again with impunity. But with better training and material help, our neighbors can hold off the guerrillas and give democratic reform time to take root. And fourth, we will support dialogue and negotiations both among the countries of the region and within each country. The terms and conditions of participation in elections are negotiable. Costa Rica is a shining example of democracy. Honduras has made the move from military rule to democratic government. Guatemala is pledged to the same course. The United States will work toward a political solution in Central America which will serve the interests of the democratic process. To support these diplomatic goals, I offer these assurances. The United States will support any agreement among Central American countries for the withdrawal under fully verifiable and reciprocal conditions of all foreign military and security advisors and troops. We want to help opposition groups join the political process in all countries and compete by ballots instead of bullets. We will support any verifiable reciprocal agreement among Central American countries on the renunciation of support for insurgencies on neighbors' territory. And finally, we desire to help Central America end its costly arms race and will support any verifiable reciprocal agreements on the non-importation of offensive weapons. To move us toward these goals more rapidly, I am to not announcing my intention to name an ambassador-at-large as my special envoy to Central America. He or she will report to me through the Secretary of State. The ambassador's responsibilities will be to lend U.S. support to the efforts of regional governments to bring peace to this troubled area and to work closely with the Congress to assure the fullest possible bipartisan coordination of our policies toward the region. What I am asking for is prompt congressional approval for the full reprogramming of funds for key current economic and security programs so that the people of Central America can hold the line against externally supported aggression. In addition, I am asking for prompt action on the supplemental request in these same areas to carry us through the current fiscal year and for early and favorable congressional action on my request for fiscal year 1984. And finally, I am asking that the bipartisan consensus which last year acted on the trade and tax provisions of the Caribbean Basin initiatives in the House again take the lead to move this vital proposal to the floor of both chambers. And as I said before, the greatest share of these requests is targeted toward economic and humanitarian aid, not military. What the administration is asking for on behalf of freedom in Central America is so small, so minimal, considering what is at stake. The total amount requested for aid to all of Central America in 1984 is about $600 million. That's less than one-tenth of what Americans will spend this year on coin-operated video games. In summation, I say to you that tonight there can be no question the national security of all the Americas is at stake in Central America. If we cannot defend ourselves there, we cannot expect to prevail elsewhere. Our credibility would collapse, our alliances would crumble, and the safety of our homeland would be put in jeopardy. We have a vital interest, a moral duty, and a solemn responsibility. This is not a partisan issue. It is a question of our meeting, our moral responsibility to ourselves, our friends, and our posterity. It is a duty that falls on all of us, the President, the Congress, and the people. We must perform it together. Who among us would wish to bear responsibility for failing to meet our shared obligation? Thank you. God bless you and good health.


The Defense Forces of Ukraine killed 830 Russians and destroyed 23 armored combat vehicles, 21 artillery systems and 11 tanks in the past day. General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine reported this. Throughout the day, 59 combat engagements took place. Russian invaders carried out 4 missile attacks and 69 airstrikes, as well as 50 MLRS attacks on the positions of the Defense Forces of Ukraine in populated areas. As a result of Russian terrorist attacks, unfortunately, there are dead and wounded among the civilian population. Private residential buildings and other civilian infrastructure were destroyed and damaged, the report says.I am the Sivershchina and Slobosanshkina sectors, the enemy keeps military presence in the border area, conducting active subversive activities in order to prevent the transfer of Ukrainian troops to threatening directions, and increases the density of mine and explosive barriers along the state border of Ukraine. In the past day, the Russians launched airstrikes on the areas of Kravsk, Vovchansk, Mikhailovka of the Kharkiv region. About 25 settlements were hit by enemy artillery and mortar attacks, among them were Klyasi of the Chernihiv region, Markakina-Buda, Photoviz, Matinsk, Pavlivka, Kostyentynivka, Sadkiy of the Sumy region, Yudi, Kozacha-Lopan, Vovchansk, Vovchansk, Budarki, Kolodyist of the Kharkiv region. The General Staff emphasizes that the Russians have not abandoned attempts to dislodge Ukrainian units from their footholds on the left bank of the Dnieperl River. Thus, the enemy made six unsuccessful assaults on the positions of Ukrainian troops.


Recent studies like this suggest that dietary patterns characterized by high intakes of vegetables, fruit, mushrooms, and soy products are associated with fewer depressive symptoms. The year before it was this study of the association between dietary patterns in mental health and early adolescence, showing improved behavioral scores significantly associated with higher intakes of leafy green vegetables and fresh fruit. Would any of this be because of the psychoactive substances found in plant foods? The neurotransmitter serotonin, often referred to as the happiness hormone, is found in plant foods. But serotonin doesn't cross the blood-brain barrier, so it shouldn't affect our mood no matter how much we eat. The precursor to serotonin, however, what your body makes serotonin out of, is an amino acid called tryptophan, and there's a transport protein in the brain that plucks tryptophan out of the bloodstream, and so what you eat can end up affecting our mood. Back in the 1970s they did tryptophan depletion experiments, where you give people specially concocted tryptophan deficient diets, and indeed, their mood suffers. They get irritable, annoyed, angry, depressed. Their body just can't make enough serotonin. Likewise, you can give people tryptophan pills to improve their mood, and indeed, it became a popular dietary supplement until people started dying from something called eosinophilium myelgia syndrome, an incurable, debilitating, and sometimes fatal flu-like neurological condition caused by the ingestion of tryptophan supplements. It may have been due to some unknown impurity, but better safe than sorry. Instead of supplements, there are dietary strategies one can use to improve mood, which we'll talk about next.


Hi, and welcome to the session. Let us discuss the following question. The question says, find the sum to indicate the number of terms in each of the geometric progressions in exercises 7 to 10. Given geometric progression is 1 minus a a squared minus a cubed, so on up to n terms, if a is not equal to minus 1. Before solving this question, we should know that sum of n terms of gp, that is, s n is given by a into 1 minus r to the power n upon 1 minus r, if r is less than 1. a is the first term, r is the common ratio, n is the number of terms. The knowledge of this formula is the key idea in this question. Given gp is 1 minus a a squared minus a cubed, and so on up to n terms. We have to find the sum of n terms of this gp. We have learned in the key idea that sum of n terms of gp, that is, s n, is given by a into 1 minus r to the power n. upon 1 minus r, if r is less than 1. Now here, a, that is, first term is equal to 1, and r is equal to minus a, which is less than 1. So s n is equal to 1 into 1 minus minus a to the power n upon 1 minus minus a. This is equal to 1 minus minus a to the power n upon 1 plus a. Hence, the required sum is 1 minus minus a to the power n upon 1 plus a. This is our required answer. So this completes the session. Bye and take care.


Aaron, what did you see from Hap today? Came out really crisp. That first inning was really efficient. And gave up the home run to Garver, kind of that Yankee Stadium one, which got them going a little bit. And then just a couple things didn't quite go his way. Maven with a huge catch to kind of preserve it a little bit. But overall, I thought he threw the ball OK. But a couple things that didn't really go his way, couldn't quite get him through the sixth there. Do you think that one, the crone, was mislocation? I'd have to go back and look at it. It looked like a two-seamer that stayed up enough for him. But I haven't watched it back yet. It looked like it was elevated enough when he went with that two-seam. What's your overall assessment of Miguel Andujar in his first game back? Yeah, first game back. Good to have him back, obviously. Obviously, a couple misplays in the field. Bounced back and made a couple good plays out there. But that's just somewhere I have to continue to grind through. Was able to get a hit. And I thought I had some decent at bats today. Worked to walk the first time up. So good to have him back and hopefully just keep moving forward with it. And do you have an update on Paxton? Yeah, so Paxton, obviously, on the IL. He's just got some inflammation in there. Got a cortisone shot, I think, before the game or during the game, whenever the doctor got here after I saw you guys. So he'll be shut down for five days. And then from that point, we'll see. We start throwing, hopefully, at something that's fairly short. But we'll see how we respond. Just to clarify, five to seven days. Five to seven days, sorry. Dan. What's your plan for his spot in the rotation for now? Right, so it'll obviously probably be Loisiga. We'll just figure out if we want to insert him in his slot in that Wednesday slot. He's scheduled to actually throw tomorrow in AAA. We'll probably change that, whether we want to have him throw short, whether we want to have him throw aside, whether we want to insert him at some point. But that's something we'll talk through. But right now, I would expect him to just slot in where James was. And with Andy Hart, did you see him look like he was tentative on some of the throws, even the accurate ones? Did you see anything different from him? No, no. I didn't see that. I thought on the throw to second, where he threw it away, his footwork got away from him a little bit there, kind of off the wrong foot and the angle. But no, I didn't feel like he was tentative. No. Who else? Joel. Aaron, do you get the feeling that this is the 2019 Yankees? You'll get one back. You'll lose one. This is just the way it's going to go for your team. No, I'd say that's how it's been so far. But hopefully, it turns into getting more back. And that's what we believe will happen over time. But as it is right now, the guys continue to grind away at it and find a way. And that's what we need to continue to do, knowing that over time, we're going to continue to get guys back. Haps numbers are pretty starkly different home in a way. Do you see anything to that? Or is that just the way that it's gone? I think it's a little the way it's gone. Garver hits the two-run homer. That's probably not a homer a lot of other places. Even the one camera took back, that's a fly ball. So especially when we're talking just a month into the season, those are things that kind of can catch you a little bit and skew some things a little bit. But no, nothing that I'm seeing other than he got going a little bit where he started to lock it in and had two good ones on the road in a row. But no, I don't think there's any correlation to home away. In the back here, if you can. Aaron, you know, Miguel's first game of the two hours, will you try to get him back out there on the third the next few days? Or will you get Gio back out there and have Miguel T.H. next few? Yeah, I mean, he'll mix in and that kind of fold the way that we are right now. There's probably more D.H. games, you know, with the day game after the night game and wanting to get Gary back in there. You know, that's the D.H. slot there. Now these next couple of days, probably a chance to get Gio back in there at third and Maggie can slot in at the D.H. But that'll be something that's daily that we'll just kind of look at, you know, what lines up the best. No, you mean as far as shoulder stuff? No, I mean, I thought it was a footwork stuff. You know, obviously missed the first ground ball to him. And then on the throw to second, I don't think it was shoulder related. I think he got his footwork out away from him and then, you know, you're off the wrong foot from down under, it makes it a tough play. Chris, just curious, when did Barrett get here today? Barrett was, when did? I don't know. I met him actually right before the game. So it was probably around 12 o'clock when I first saw him, maybe even later.


what is going on guys welcome back to the channel and I appreciate you being here today having some more live PvP gameplay of me using my new favorite weapon in the game for PvP and that is nothing other than the iron banana auto rifle the forward puff and mine actually looks like a banana to actually cordless banana weapon because from the iron banner with its shadow and it won't be it looks like a banana the banana weapon people and it's an absolute animal now it is by far the best in its archetype of 600 ram per minute auto rifles every one I use just does not work this one works wonders close to mid-range it is unstoppable people and you will see that in today's video now before we get into people a few guys would like to be with a chance of winning my monthly controller giveaway Xbox PlayStation sense anywhere in the world simply drop a like on this video and leave a comment down below and enter the giveaway via the green link linked at the top of the video description fast simple and legit bullets get into it you get your t-bag in mobile now come at me now come at me don't send an open sword fight use a mouse don't see lost what are you it's a bit like it people so greedy close enough again take that oh so dead and it's so good this game as well people are gonna win so enough of this I've been using this weapon all day for this video oh you people none that know I am use this weapon if you got it try it out in your boat you will wait if you don't video