So today we're going to talk about why make disciples. So when you think of the question, why make disciples, what kind of answers come up in your mind? Jen, to bring God glory. Yep, yep. Oh, we got mics. I forgot about those things. So Jen says to bring God glory. Anyone else? That's Michael. How about you? You said, I'll just repeat it. Amen. Yeah, men do not naturally follow God. They need to be exhorted, encouraged, and modest, right? Nikita. Amen. God has a, so Nikita said God has an ultimate plan of redemption, right? That he redeems us and he brings us into his fold, where so he has a long view purpose for discipleship. Any other, any other reasons of why we make disciples, Ms. Sharma? Oh, I got the mic for you this time. Obedience and obedience to the commission. Amen. Obedience. Because he says so, right? Like he tells us to do it. Anyone else? Anya? Like it's coming. Put your own workout program, Tyler. This is from the Vine project that the Lord, kind of like what you guys were saying, the Lord is moving the whole of history in a certain direction. Yeah. And that is to prepare people while they're here, the ones that you will save, to worship human in glory. And so we have to help one another, know how to do it, and do it here, because that's the ultimate plan of God to prepare us for that. Amen. Amen. So we're going to touch on each of those answers. We're going to touch on each of those answers. And first we're going to look at the fact that he commands it. Right? So let's look at Matthew chapter 28 verses 18 through 20. When we talk about discipleship, isn't this one of the first, first passages you think about when you think of discipleship? Well, anyone like to read that for me? Matthew chapter 28 verses 18 through 20. Robinson, would you mind reading? Thank you, brother. Matthew 28, 18 through 20. And Jesus came and spoke to them, saying, all authority has been given to me in heaven and on earth. Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all things that I have commanded you, and though I am with you always, even to the end of the age. Amen. Amen. Thank you, brother. So first, Jesus here in verse 18, he appeals to his resurrection authority, right? He explains that all authority has been given to him. This is the risen Christ speaking. He's about to ascend into heaven. This is his last message. And he's saying, I'm the boss. Everything is mine. What I say goes, and I'm giving you this last command before I go. So he's establishing that he wants us to make disciples. Now, when you think of, like we talked earlier, the first question I asked you was why we make disciples, right? We mentioned redemption, we mentioned God's plan. He's moving history towards this grand future in heaven. But let's say God didn't tell us about all of those things, right? Let's say he didn't reveal as many details about his plan as he already did. Wouldn't it be enough if he just commanded us to do it and said, just go and do it, right? Yeah, yeah. Like anyone who has kids, you know this concept, right? In my house, for a while, like me and my wife, we would tell our kids to do things, and we noticed this trend forming in our home, where we'd tell them to do something. And before they went and did what we told them to do, they would stand there and ask us a few questions why we wanted them to do it. So for a while, we were suckered.  Well, why do you want the dishes done today, you know? Why do I have to do it now? Why can't I do it at one o'clock, you know? And after a while, you've given them a picture. No, I told you to do the dishes. How about you ask me why on the way to washing the dishes, right? So the same concept applies here. He commands us to do something. We ought to do it. So in this passage here, what details do we see about making disciples? What can we see in this passage of what it entails to make a decision? Claudia. To go. I'm sorry? To go. To go. Yeah. Amen. To go, right? We are to, we are to go outside of where we are. We're to find other people. You can't make disciples if no one's coming in, right? You can't teach anyone and admonish anyone who isn't here. You have to go, you have to preach the gospel. And preaching the gospel is the entry point to discipleship. No, well. They are to be baptized. That's part of making a disciple. Amen. They're to be baptized into the church, right? They're to join our fold. They're to commit fully on Nikita. Nikita. Oh, my bad. What's the hand over there? My bad. Disciples are of all the nations? Yeah. So, so we're to make disciples of all nations, all people groups, right? Rebecca. Oh, I was gonna. My thing with baptism to how it's a church ordinance. So, to baptize someone, you're bringing them into a covenant relationship with the church. So, there's the emphasis on the local church and the life of disciple making. Amen. Amen. So, this isn't like a parish church ministry. This isn't something where like this isn't like a rogue Bible study that you're doing on your own, right? This is under the authority of your local church. Amen. Pete. We are to teach them everything that God has commanded them to do and also all of the, you know, different things that we do in church and how to worship God in a holy and the way which would give him glory. Amen. So, we're to teach them, right? So, it's it's not um discipleship isn't um simply let's go let's go play basketball together, right? Nothing wrong with basketball, right? But um we're to teach them to obey all that Christ has commanded. So, we have all of these details about discipleship that come together in this passage. Um what promises does he give us here? Nikita. He says, I am with you always even to the end of the age. Amen. Amen. Isn't that encouraging? Right? You ever um you um you ever you ever felt afraid to go out and evangelize or to um talk to a brother or a sister about their sins or to teach someone um and this promise that the Lord is with you is very encouraging. I know some of you I including myself or I've been very encouraged by this this particular passage in regards to that. I saw was it wrong? Was it your hand that I saw? Is it Noel? All these hands. Oh, Troy. Troy. Um it's clear that um God is commanding and he's giving us all the ability to do it. So, everybody who's regenerate has this ability. So, it's not something that is limited in the scripture makes it very clear if I say that either I don't have that ability or I don't that's not who I am then that's going contrary to God's word because he's telling us that he gives everybody the ability um to do this. Amen. Yeah, and that's going to be my next question. I want to touch on that. So, is this command just for the eleven disciples or is this for everyone? Noel? It is for everyone. Yes. And how do we know? It says some here in verse 17 the very the very tail end but some doubted. Yeah. Also, if you look at Acts chapter one when they are selecting apostles, he says that from the men who were among them um until the time of Jesus Christ ascension which included more than the eleven, the Acts chapter one teaches us that it was more than the eleven here. There were others and from those from those men an apostle was to be selected. So, there were more than just the eleven here. Amen. Amen. So, yeah, there's two points. There's two points that that we know that this is for everyone. One, we there's there's evidence in the text that there's more people here than just the eleven. It's not that um Christ was just speaking to eleven people at this particular time. He was speaking to a larger gathering of disciples. The other thing is when you think about this command, right, he tells them to teach others everything that he has commanded them. And what is his last commandment? To make disciples, right? So, he's telling his disciples to teach them everything I've commanded you including this last one to make disciples. So, it's going to trickle down. It's going to trickle down. So, every disciple is called to make disciples. Also, you said even to the end of the age uh which means that's us. Amen. Amen. The age didn't end a few years after that, did it? Brother Keith. I was going to say even just the thought of making a disciple implies that the disciple is going to do something that and just keep on going and making more disciples. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Absolutely. Absolutely. Um Pete. And in uh verse twenty, the uh word you okay is carried on down through the generations to apply to everybody who has been saved by Christ. This is I commanded you and that's all disciples forever. Yeah, that is all people. Yeah. So, it is a command, right? It's a command that we're all to follow. This is for all of us. We are to um we're to go. Um that involves evangelism. We're to um we're to baptize people into the local church. All those who would willingly repent and believe the gospel and we're to teach them. Well, hand up there. Um also in verse twenty where it says and Lord I am with you always even to the age um you know this this shows a couple of things that the one you can't do it you know just in your own strength it's uh you know you have you have to rely on God to enable you to do this and then furthermore on the last point I am with you always it's not like these are just for the twelve disciples and then okay well always means always not like when they're done then Christ knows no longer with yes like where they go so yeah and Tyler also I think it's important um when Christ says I am with you that um promise isn't only limited to the apostles and the disciple in the um in the context of um God sending messengers because he said the same thing to Moses in Exodus chapter three when he was going to send him back to Egypt yeah uh to speak to Pharaoh and he said the same thing to Jeremiah in Jeremiah chapter one when Jeremiah said I'm too young God said I'm with you um and he says it to his other um he he says it to um believers all throughout the Bible in the context of um speaking on God's behalf amen amen the great Emmanuel right got with us amen so like um so let's let's um let's let's also consider a few things about discipleship okay um I know in our church we we belabor this point a lot um but I want to be very clear um when we look throughout the gospels and we look throughout what we look throughout the entire New Testament is a disciple a special stage of Christian is that like a someone who's reached a certain level all right no that's every Christian right what's it uh acts eleven twenty five what the disciples were first called Christians at Antioch right so every Christian is a disciple every disciple is a Christian um if you're a Christian you're a disciple if you claim to be a Christian but you're not a disciple um then then you're not a Christian right um a disciple is someone who is a learning follower of Jesus Christ we look at the pattern throughout the gospels and what do we see the disciples doing we see them following Christ everywhere we see that they've left their old lives they've given up all all that they had to follow him they're willing to die to follow him um the call to discipleship is a call to whatever Christ would have happened to your life so you can't you can't hold on to your old life and say I'm a disciple a genuine disciple has given all to follow Christ he lives life with an open hand let's god put anything into his hand that god wants to and let's god take anything away right so so why is it important before we get to the whole grand purpose why is it important that we consider that god just the fact that god commands this for us why is it important that's not your question well first of all uh he's confident that we're capable of doing it otherwise you wouldn't command us to do it we look at the Holy Spirit and he can help us along the way when we're talking to people yeah amen amen no why is it important that we consider that this um that this is commanded to us before we get to the grand purpose all of the why why is it important that we consider that this is a command to solidify or establish uh his his authority over us and our submission to him I believe that would be why amen it puts us in our place doesn't it it um uh this isn't just um god gives us motivations to obey him he does very wonderful kind gracious loving things for us right but at the same time he commands these things so um we don't just do them because of the the why in the end we also do it because he's he's our he's our lord he's our master he's our authority it's a both hand so it's very important that we when we think of when we think of discipleship it's in our minds it's not like it's not a decision I make um because of what makes me happy about our blessed hope um but it's also something that he commands me to do okay so um but he also has this great purpose that we talked about in the beginning right so let's go to Titus chapter two that would help if I can find Titus in my own bible page 994 thank you so page 1380 so Titus chapter two and I would like someone to read all of chapter two for me and someone do that daunting task no well like ESP yeah I like that but as for you teach what accords with sound doctrine older men are to be sober minded dignified self controlled sound in faith in love and in steadfastness older women likewise are to be reverent in behavior not slanderers or slaves to much wine there to teach what is good and so train the young women to love their husbands and children to be self controlled pure working at home kind and submissive to their own husbands that the word of god may not be reviled likewise urge the younger men to be self controlled show yourself in all respects to be a model of good works and in your teaching show integrity dignity and sound speech that cannot be condemned so that an opponent may be put to shame having nothing evil to say about us bondservants are to be submissive to their own masters and everything there to be well pleasing not argumentative not pilfering but showing all good faith so that in everything they may adorn the doctrine of god our savior for the grace of god has appeared bringing salvation for all people turning us to renounce ungodliness and worldly passions and to live self-controlled upright and godly lives in the present age waiting for our blessed hope the appearing of the glory of our great god and savior Jesus Christ who gave himself for us to redeem us from all lawlessness and to purify for himself with people for his own possession who are zealous for good works declare these things exhort and rebuke with all authority let no one disregard you amen thank you so um so do you see discipleship in this passage yeah where do you see discipleship in this passage claudia that to um teach the older men are to teach the younger yep yep yep and the older women to teach their other women to um be self-control take care of their home and be committed to their own husbands yeah amen amen yeah so you have the older teaching the younger right the more mature teaching the less mature any others um and in verse one of chapter two um we see that doctrine was um intended to be taught so you have obviously like you know older wise people are to communicate through the medium of like speaking by teaching doctrine so it wasn't the idea of um doctrine wasn't meant to be like we're we're supposed to just kind of be in a cave by ourselves but there's a way in which that god said we're gonna communicate this information verbally to other people it's one of the one of the ways that god communicate doctrine to us amen amen so we have sound doctrine being taught for the month i don't know if you're gonna go go here but um discipleship is not just teaching to right discipleship is also modeling and um not male modeling or anything like that but yeah but like being in a lot of experience with that but like being an example right and so um you know in making disciples do we teach um others what christ has commanded right teach him to obey but we also model that we also obey and live live lives of godliness and so in um in titus chapter two um older men are to be amen yeah they are to be sober minded dignified self-control sound and faith and love and instead fastness and older women right likewise are to be right there to be reverent in behavior not slanderers or slaves to much wine right so you see discipleship and the fact that they're also commanded to obey what christ has commanded and to be examples and exemplary to those they are teaching the good doctrine too amen yeah thank you and actually i'm glad you mentioned that i meant to mention that earlier when we talk about what a disciple is a disciple isn't someone who just ingests a bunch of knowledge for their own benefit right a disciple is expected to live out the knowledge that they've ingested um and when you look at the way that jesus modeled his discipleship he didn't just tell the disciples what to do what do you do he modeled it in front of them didn't so when the disciples themselves you're reading the book of acts the disciples the apostles were little christs weren't they going out all the way around preaching the gospel teaching um and um and there was that trickle down effect you were talking about amen so anya and then also on verse 15 all of this is reiterated to titus himself so um discipleship is not only what uh people and abuse do it all starts with what we hear in from the pulpit it says speak these things all of these things exhort and rebuke with all authority let no one despise you so in a life of a healthy church all of this is kind of like all yeah connected with one another preaching isn't just this one thing and a discipleship is this some other thing it's all coming down from the pulpit to ask here and we'll do the same thing amen amen yeah it should be it's um and he said he said he exhort everyone with that with all authority right um there's no plan around right um so um so let's look at um in verse 11 through 14 um he says for the grace of god has appeared i'm sorry so i'm sorry in verses 1 through 10 we see this picture of discipleship right and just like anya mentioned we see in verse 15 how um this this this comes from the top down says from this is this is something everyone is expected to do but he gives us a why in verse 11 so you say do all of these things paul why why do i do them for the grace of god has appeared bringing salvation for all people training us to renounce ungodliness and worldly passions and to live self-controlled upright and godly lives in the present age waiting for our blessed hope the appearing of the glory of our great god and savior jesus christ who gave himself for us to redeem us from all lawlessness and to purify for himself a people for his own possession who are zealous for good works so why in verse 14 he redeemed us and he he did that so that we would be so that we would be made pure and that um we would we would be christ possession for eternity that's the reason why that's the motivation that he gives um tide is here to disciple and to command the folks in his church to disciple because we're looking forward to a day where we're going to be with christ his own special possession redeemed people worshiping him in spirit and in truth so we're commanded these things but there's an ultimate umbrella of a purpose on top of it and it's very glorious isn't it right i mean um i um we'll get to a few other passages but it is is very glorious to think of that and i should when you think about discipleship doesn't that change some of your view about discipleship if you haven't considered that before about um being christ possession and this reason that um you're to be a part of a group of redeemed people um for him worshiping him it gives you a reason um to to look around the church and to find who you can help who you can teach it gives you a reason to go out and preach the gospel it's more than just about you at that point isn't it right pete and i like the last sentence in verse 15 that says letting no one disregard you he's not teaching us to disrespect him but to be bold and perseverant with the gospel not to shy away you know just because somebody's getting upset or you know just do it in love but do it with uh knowledge and then foresight about what you're doing yeah amen amen that glorious picture is worth being staunch about the gospel isn't it andy i was just thinking as we're to your point where you just mentioned prior um like why discipleship and i was thinking um in light of us studying end times and just considering what that's going to be like um in verse um the end of verse 12 when he says you know that we should live righteously in godliness present age because christ is coming you know why disciple now because christ is coming he's gonna return because um because of eternity and being with the lord and so you know we all want to be there we all want to um encourage and bolster up one another because that time is coming amen amen and speaking of speaking of the second coming let's go to first desolone in shepherd five and would someone read for me verses one through 22 another long passage story yeah yep now as to the times and epochs brethren you have no need of anything to be written to you for you yourselves know full well that the day of the lord will come just like a thief in the night while they're saying peace and safety then destruction will come upon them suddenly like labor pains upon a woman with child and they will not escape but you brethren are not in darkness that the day would overtake you like a thief for you are all sons of light and sons of day we are not of night nor of darkness so then let us not sleep as others do but let us be alert and sober for those who sleep excuse me for those who sleep do their sleeping at night and those who get drunk get drunk at night but since we are of the day let us be sober having put on the breastplate of faith and love and as a helmet the hope of salvation for god is not deskin us for rad but for obtaining salvation through lord through our lord jesus christ who died for us so that whether we are awake or asleep we will live together with him therefore encourage one another and build up one another just as you also are doing but we request of you brethren that you appreciate those who diligently labor among you and have charge over you and the lord and give you instruction and that you esteem and that you esteem them very highly in love because of their work live in peace with one another we urge you brethren admonish the unruly encourage the faint hearted help the weak be patient with everyone see that no one repays another with evil for evil but always seek after that which is good for one another and for all people rejoice always pray without ceasing and everything gives thanks for this is god's will for you in christ jesus do not quench the spirit and do not despise prophetic utterances but examine everything carefully hold fast to that which is good abstain from every form of evil amen thank you brother so he flips it here right he flips it so this time he gives us the purpose the motivation before he gives us the the the discipleship command so where in this passage do we see this this great why we're talking about this motivation this plan for redemption andy he says it in the very beginning of the chapter um looking at verse two he he says for you yourselves know perfectly that the day of the lord um so comes as a thief in the night and so he kind of gives the reason so um so why why disciple why outweigh to be ready because um again crisis is going to return you know and he kind of makes the contrast like those um those two are sleeping um they're ignorant of these things that it's going to come upon them and they're going to be completely shocked off guard you know but we're you know they commanded to us is to kind of know the times we're talked about scripture to um to understand when we see these things to know what they are um and so in light of that be ready prepare disciple grow yeah amen and no well you had something to oh rebecca let's go rebecca first she's right there trying to save your legs man uh starting in verse nine it says for god has not destined us for wrath but for obtaining salvation through our lord jesus christ who died for us so that whether we are awake or asleep we will live together with him amen so it talks about like what nakita was saying that end purpose that we're going to be um with god in christ um in glory worshiping him for all eternity and then verse 11 you know in light of these things therefore you know we were given the command um to encourage one another and build one another build up one another just as you also are doing so we see the command for discipleship for encouraging for persevering one another you know it's a collective um work um and the reason is from the verses before that we're going to be with christ we're going to live together with him being redeemed from our sins amen amen so we're looking we have obtained the salvation by the blood of jesus christ and we're looking forward to his coming not the way the the rest of the world they ought to fear his coming hold the walls next by the way um but um but uh we look forward to it we have obtained the salvation and we're going to live with him we're going to be with him and we're going to be his redeemed people worshiping him for eternity brother i was just going to see what he said gotcha and nikita you had something to see a hand just broken a hair so so um so um so yet so we have this great motivation right in the beginning of the chapter and then he moves on um just like uh rebecca um she she pointed out the shifts he gave he gives us the therefore in verse 11 so this is why we want to build one another up this is why we want to encourage one another what do we see in the the remaining verses through verse 22 about discipleship don't everyone raise their hands at once i'm reluctant to call on you on you yes you gotta check your privilege man no privilege i'm joking so among other things i see that there are different kinds of discipleship depending on the person you're discipling amen in verse 14 all there are the unruly and they need the warning there are the faint hearted and they need the comfort and there are the weak they need to be upheld but all of these groups need patience on the part of the disciple amen amen so he gives us different categories of people right different categories of people who um who need help right the weak need to be strengthened the um the the idol they need to be admonished those are deliberately disobedient right um the faint hearted need to be encouraged uh noah in verse 14 and we urge you brothers plural so it's not just an elite group that do this it's a command to all of the people of god to do this yeah yeah amen amen like you know like um i would suspect right like for um uh someone who just became a brother someone who just got converted they might be thinking why i can't i can't do all of this you know like i don't know anything like i don't i don't even know like how to find you know Titus in my bible you know i have to look in the table of contents you know um i i can't understand the book of job you know right um um but even a new brother can do these things can't be right i remember that there's a specific brother in my mind um i remember when he got converted didn't didn't know much of anything but i mean this brother he always had his bible with him and he he would he would give me a call every once in a while to encourage me he didn't know what to encourage me about you know except to obey the lord you know he would um uh every time he learned something and you know when you convert you first convert you're always learning something right um he would learn something he go and try to teach it to someone he'd ask all these questions about evangelism um and this brother was extremely encouraging and he'd just gotten converted he didn't know anything right and and what he was doing was discipleship as best he could with the gifting that he had with the abilities that he had handy i was just thinking about my own experience whenever i got converted and like feeling that inadequacy of like going to people and one brother had um kind of to share with me a way that you can also in addition to what you're saying um kind of disciple is like when someone comes to you as a new believer and they're you know teaching you exhorting you whatever the case is to be receptive right to be humble and like absorb that information um trusting god and so like that way you know one you're encouraging the brother in your um receptiveness to the word of god and you know it just it's going to be for your benefit you know and so over time that information that you are you know storing up in you you'll be able to pour on to others you know so instead of being kind of hard-hearted and um or maybe not i'll say hard-hearted but just you know being a little bit um difficult you know that that can be a temptation you know amen in pride but instead just intentionally as your someone's coming and rebuking you like intentionally humble yourself thinking about it you know and that's a way to encourage the person that's speaking to you. Amen. Amen. Schoolwork Rebecca. Yeah just to bring out um scripture to Andy's point like starting in verse 12 it says um they give us the command of how we're to respond you know we're to have the heart of appreciate you know appreciate those who are digitally diligently labor among you and have charge over you so we're to appreciate them we're gonna we have to have a certain like heart disposition towards them and it's to be appreciative um that you steam them highly in love because of their work you know um we're to love them into esteem them highly for um the charge that they have over us and the instruction that they're giving us so we see the commands of how we're to um disciple people and how we're to respond when we're being discipled to Andy's point. Amen. Amen. We're not only to disciple but we're to be good disciples right amen. So let's real quickly let's run to revelation seven this is one of my favorite passages in the entire bible because i really like this picture verse nine just to give you guys a last glimpse of what we're looking forward to in heaven so verse nine after this i looked and behold a great multitude that no one could number from every nation from all tribes and peoples and languages standing before the throne and before the lamb clothed in white robes with palm branches in their hands and crying out with a loud voice salvation belongs to our god who sits on the throne into the lamb and all the angels were standing around the throne and around the elders and the four living creatures and they fell on their faces before the throne and worshiped god saying amen. Blessing and glory and wisdom and thanksgiving and honor and power and might be to our god forever and ever amen. Then one of the elders addressed me saying who are these clothed in white robes and from where have they come i said to him sir you know and he said to me these are the ones coming out of the great tribulation they have washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the lamb therefore they are before the throne of god and serve him day and night in his temple and he who sits on the throne will shelter them with his presence they shall hunger no more neither thirst anymore the sun shall not strike them nor any scorching heat for the lamb in the midst of the throne will be their shepherd and he will guide them to springs of living water and god will wipe away every tear from their eyes so don't you look forward to that great day you will stand with the great multitude you'll be able to look out and you will see scores of people worshiping christ right it'll make our worship services look like you know duck duck goose you know just like a some cheesy kids game right um we will we will worship the glorified christ um the lamb who is slain for us and he will be glorified and mr redeemed people um and by god's grace you will see people who you have discipled people whom you have spent time with people who you've prayed for people who have discipled you and you will all be looking to that one person and worshiping him um that's a motivation isn't it yeah so think about it think about it right now i want to get some answers so considering that right considering that motivation what are you going to be willing what should we be willing to give up to make disciples we should be willing to give up earthly pursuits because we're going to be leading for eternity right not for the here and now only amen amen our hopes and dreams will will gladly bring um as an offering but we're in that line to the p we need to set aside pride and uh be humble because uh we're to set an example for those to whom we are uh teaching what they're supposed to do so if you're not humble then you're going to be uh misrepresenting what the bible said amen amen we need to be humble we need to we need to put aside our own um our our egos right um someone over there nicky a roland time time definitely time time the sacrifice time yeah amen but i uh wanted to ask a question what are what would be some um wrong views of discipleship you know i've heard those that have been here for a while and come the group and that you hear i haven't been deciphered nobody deciphered me nobody's yeah so what would be some wrong views of discipleship i know we just haven't i'm glad you asked that question yeah for like a minute left like um like so um we have to be very careful when we think of discipleship not to reduce it down um to a select few things um for instance um if i said discipleship is spending one on one time with one person in the church um for a particular length of time that's discipleship or discipleship is just taking someone out for evangelism that's discipleship can the discipleship involve those things yeah absolutely yeah and in many cases it should write but we see models of that in scripture but is that all discipleship is no you see examples in this you see um one on many discipleship right um we we get this this this time right now is the time of discipleship when we're here listening to the sermon is a time of discipleship um there's one on few right small group is discipleship time um so yeah thank you for that question like we um and we could unpack that even more we could have a whole lesson on that right um wrong views on discipleship we also have to be very careful not to expand discipleship past the bounds of scripture right so we have to be careful not to say well yeah you know we went and played basketball and i was teaching this guy you know my mean is crossover you know and um we're going to show him all that Christians are real cool you know that's not discipleship right so um but yeah so we need to be willing to give up time we need to be willing to give up money we need to be willing to give up whatever it takes to see our brothers and our sisters sanctified um to help them because we want to see Christ glorified amidst our redeemed people do not right so um let's oh yes let's please yes please sorry i didn't realize you were trying to wrap it up but um we need like using scripture you know Hebrews chapter 12 says we ought to lay aside every sin you know and and the weight and weight yeah which so easily ensnares us so things that could be very lawful for us to give our time our money you know yeah uh too um we ought to be ready to to lay those things aside when they hinder us and run in the race amen we need to give up we definitely need to give up simple we need to be willing to give up even good things good helpful things sometimes um for a better purpose a better cause which is our the sanctification of our brothers is a better cause than many of these nice things we experience right um whether it be a trip to disney or you know um a few extra hours on our facebook right i'm going to be willing to give things up so um so be prayerful i want to exhort you to to think through making disciples we've only gotten through so much today but think through the why of making disciples think through the purpose of why we're here i hope that this informs how you walk into the church how you live out the rest of the day today how you think about small group how you think about corporate evangelism it should cause you to think differently about um how you go through the various functions in the church and how you relate to your brother okay let's pray father in heaven lord i pray that your people are edified lord i'm very thankful that in your words you give us so many um scriptures about discipleship you've put in place lord of means for us all to be sanctified together and you've given us this great wonderful reason to see um our brothers um sanctified and to go and to reach out to the lost and we thank you so much for this lord what i pray that my brothers and sisters and myself lord would be very faithful um in making disciples and in being good disciples and what i also pray that you would bless the rest of our day too um as we beat that as we are being discipled even today um so in jesus name we pray amen


Good morning YouTube here.  All right, so we are on our way to Colorado Springs to visit my grandmother today and The boys great grandmother, and then we're gonna party tonight. I Guess I can say it because this isn't gonna publish until tomorrow. So happy birthday Mackenzie. Love you And I hope you enjoy.  So just a little bit more a little bit more I'm tired. I hope I can sleep in tomorrow. Josie you excited to go to Grammys. Yeah, what are we gonna do at Grammys? You don't know Is it something with a? Park one hour later. We were here in the fall and if you remember in that vlog I watered this tree and this tree was planted in honor of my grandfather James which is where the J when you see SJD. That's where the J comes from is James from my grandfather So here's the tree. It's looking good looking good With Pike's Peak in the background. You can't beat it and it was planted in his honor and memory After he passed away three years ago three years ago amazing where the time where the time goes many many great memories With Grampy and now this is a tree to always remember. It's it's perfect special All right time for lunch Do you want amazing you see him? Here we go. Yeah, you get the chocolate one. Got it Special treats at Grammys Gotta love that Grammys are taking care of us a few moments later. Do you want the big part? Yeah, that's what you can get in New York to me Stuart's is the is pulling out all the stops. That's cool Cheers right Thank You Grammy it's real life folks. It's not all peaches in cream We've had to remove Seth from the restaurant we were eating at with my grandmother on paper or video But we're okay. He's tired. He's over tired and it's actually kind of Well, it's my fault and true loves fault It's our fault because we have been going to him at 3 a.m. When he starts screaming out And that is a not a good idea when you're a parent you want to You create a habit and so he wakes up every night every night now at 3 a.m. Anyway, he's overtired We're heading home Oh Poor guy. He's just overtired Such a beautiful night in Denver. I had it's it's a busy weekend like I said in yesterday's blog So we just dropped Grammy off. Thank you Grammy for spending the day with us and for buying delicious dinner Sorry about the meltdown with Seth Sebastian, but he's gonna be just fine. He's gonna be just fine So I am with Joseph James now. He's in the back there and we've dropped Grammy off at Sarah Troy's We are on our way to a surprise birthday party For the one and only Mackenzie. So we are on our way. We're gonna make it But it's been just a little bit of a whirlwind of a day. So thanks for coming along for the ride, everybody Well, enjoy this sunset. So I am doing the sunset time-lapse back of the house. Just so you know, I'll show it to you here in a little bit Wow, just waiting for Mackenzie and Joseph to arrive. Oh boy Hopefully that's not them Hi, Ann Mackenzie. We love you. What do you want to tell Ann Mackenzie? What do you want to tell Ann Mackenzie? We're calling the calling the vlog here. What a great day with family and friends and Old CU buffaloes. Love you guys everyone. We saw in the party there Joseph Mackenzie you guys rock and uh great job Uh, Joseph and Cody pulling off the uh surprise birthday party that was epic. So You crushed it. You had crushed it. All right as Joseph. I'll let Joseph close out the vlog. Here you go, buddy Seek beauty work hard. See you tomorrow


Throughout her career, Rihanna has reinvented herself more than once and she doesn't seem to be afraid of change. Since the star's humble beginnings as a Barbados native, her image has really evolved. Recently, there also has been talk about Rihanna's weight gain. Considering she's 31 at the time of this recording and started out in Hollywood as a teen, it's not really surprising that her body would change. But we'll talk more about this later. Rihanna is definitely a woman of many talents. With her brand Fenty offering makeup, apparel, and even lingerie now, the star certainly isn't lacking in the success department. She's also had her share of ups and downs though, including her seemingly toxic relationship with Chris Brown in the past. These days it seems Rihanna has put all of that behind her and although we could probably go on and on, this video is going to focus just on her look and image and how she's transformed. What's going on guys and girls? My name is Kara and this series we've titled Before and After. We're going to talk about Rihanna's look, her body, and how she's changed over the years. I've done other celebrity transformation videos on the likes of Ariana Grande and Kendall Jenner and we'll have links to those at the end of this video. If there's anyone else you want me to document, let me know in the comments down below. Now let's get into this video. Starting with Rihanna's face, aside from the usual maturing, her face doesn't seem to have changed all that much. But like most celebs, there have been rumors that she has gotten work done, such as a nose job, breast implants, and more. I never really thought about Rihanna getting plastic surgery until I had a closer look. Even though her nose really looks natural to her face, it does look a bit different than when she was a teen. Or, Rihanna's nose looked wider and flatter than it does today. Although changes are subtle, looking at recent photos, Rihanna's nose looks like it's shifted slightly more upwards and it's not as wide. These changes seem to be visible after 2013, so it's likely she got a nose job around that time. Rihanna's nose is apparently loved by many as well, considering it started a plastic surgery trend. Dr. Melissa Doft, a plastic surgeon from New York, has said that there are a bunch of celebrity noses that patients request for themselves and Rihanna's is one of them. Rihanna's nose definitely gets commented on. They like the symmetry, the little upturn, and the fact that it's straight. It doesn't project too far from their face. Comparing photos of Rihanna over the years, I wouldn't assume she's had anything else done. Her face looks smooth and wrinkle-free, so there's always the possibility of Botox or fillers, considering she's in her 30s now. But she could also just simply have good skin. Either way, Rihanna still manages to look natural and flawless. Moving on to Rihanna's body. For the past little while, the star has been getting quite a bit of attention for her recent weight gain. It's not like the curves don't suit her, but it isn't the same Rihanna we were all used to. Over the past couple of years, Rihanna has been getting thicker, but she doesn't seem to care. Although there were plenty of haters and body shammers calling her fat, she always remained confident in her own skin. Rihanna has even said that she considers it a pleasure to have a fluctuating body type. I wish we could all think like that. The Rihanna we were familiar with for many years was known for having a flat tummy and always looking toned. When she was just a teen, she looked tiny and fit. Although you could tell she always had natural curves, her size did change a little bit from time to time, but nothing drastic. There were definitely times when Rihanna looked a lot smaller too. But she still looked healthy in my opinion. Rihanna slowly developed her curves more, but she still looked great in the bikini. It was in 2017 where she started noticeably gaining weight. In 2018, after a Grammy performance, a lot of people started accusing Rihanna of being pregnant and basically bashing her.  It really doesn't matter what internet trolls think and at the end of the day, Rihanna hasn't let it affect her. Sure, these days she might not be as tiny as before and she may have more curves, but she still seems to be rocking it. The stars even said that if you want a butt, then you have a gut. With Rihanna's lingerie line Fenty and Savage that recently came onto the market, one of her goals was simply to make women feel sexy and confident as they are. The lingerie is made for women of every body type. For the release of her line, Rihanna spoke to Vogue and said, You've just got to laugh at yourself, honestly.  I accept all of the bodies. I'm not built like a victorious secret girl and I still feel very beautiful and confident in my lingerie. As I've mentioned, there have also been rumors that Rihanna may have gotten breast implants. However, looking at pictures, I don't understand why people would even speculate that. It's fairly easy to see that her boobs are natural. Since they seem to change size with her weight, they definitely are looking fuller these days, but it's likely just from her gaining some weight. Looking at all of Rihanna's looks through the years, it's clear that she isn't afraid of change. The star has certainly embraced a ton of different hair colors and styles, some short and some long. In the early days, Rihanna's hair was pretty simple. Long brunette style with some highlights and bangs. And a year later, she made it a solid color, which I preferred. She then rocked a short bob, cutting it even shorter the next year. Seems to me, she made all of these look good and the short styles made her look more mature. The next significant Rihanna look, which I personally loved, was the red hair. This came around 2011. It definitely stood out, but it suited her and it looked super hot. Since then, Rihanna tried out plenty of hairstyles, including blonde, back to a light brown, partly shaven styles, and more. She's had the black or dark hair pretty often, which I think suits her at any length. These days, Rihanna's hair seems to be a natural-looking black, but she still seems to be doing some interesting styles with it. With Rihanna's makeup, I mean she has her own makeup line, so it's no surprise she knows what looks good on her. I think she can pull off a ton of different styles and she even looks amazing natural. One of my favorite Rihanna looks, though, definitely has to be red lips. Rihanna has been popular for over a decade, so it's no surprise people always have something to say in terms of her appearance. Unfortunately, some have been extra critical about her recent weight gain. The way that Rihanna has dealt with negativity surrounding her weight up to this point definitely sets good messages for body confidence, though. The star has clearly displayed that she's happy with the way that she looks and could care less what fat shammers say. With an impressive music career so far in her own successful brand, Rihanna is definitely an icon. I think in the years to come, we'll only see more of her transformation and whatever bold changes to her look she decides to embrace. All right, guys and girls, that wraps up this video here on Before and After. If you wanna talk more about Rihanna's transformation, you can hit me up on Instagram. Let me know who else you would like me to make a Before and After video on, and I'll see you guys in the next video. Bye.


This project is very important and it's important for FAO as well as for Tanzania. The project has been chosen for a reason and it's to rehabilitate the mangroves which are degraded and we all know how important are the mangroves in terms of combating climate change, in terms of preserving the fishing site and the breeding site for the fish. Kiyangaria mi koko ni mi mea ambayo marazote inabakina majani ay pokutisha majani kama miti mi yine. Kwanamunaio inaw� aquesu mu kubwasana waku punguza e wawuka kunjamazingira nanamunaio kupunguza ile ongeze kola joto ambayo or i nasubabisha waba di kua tarbi anche. Nisa khwa mwa kazi wa yuu.lor kuta asali kufoas standa mi Admanda hivase k Electiwa ga kumerti wa hika. Ifke atwat na kosam Fua, watu na kosa Bazi, Ani samako na shintu Dawn naing. Hollow Martwa 小�ms who Live in hosi andirika Na su chaina wu k 우kti nите hericoja meatballstim wa wu karibu zairi na namdi Kirby nam 36RAI Iya kusua kies�号 qakansi pluckema saki na wanACa So the progress needs commitment from technical support which we are doing, financial support to make sure that we scale it up to other locations which have not been taken care of yet, and also commitment from the community to make sure that whatever we have planted for it to be sustained, it needs to be protected. So it needs commitment from all of us. I see a lot of progress. I am very hopeful that it will succeed in the coming years. In 10 years to come, I'm sure this place will be forested if we all commit ourselves to address the challenges.


So in this video guys, I will guide you into earning the complete Rockerboy Legendary Cloving set. How's it going guys? My name is DPJ and if you enjoyed this video, leaving a like really helps out and if you like what you see and want to see more Cyberpunk on a daily basis, be sure to subscribe. Also guys, I am giving you the chance to win any game of your choice. To enter my weekly giveaway, simply drop a like on this video, leave a comment down below and make sure you are subbed, good luck. So the Rockerboy Cloving set is spread out hidden across Night City, within places you can just travel to and grab said items. They include the Scratch Resistance Polarized Rocker Aviators, the Dual Layer Polymide Rocker Vest, the Reforced Seam Cutter and Rocker Tank, the Elastic Flame-Resistant Rocker Pants and the Puncture-Resistant Rocker and Corboots. With these items and locations you will see to each in a second, you obviously want the best versions or roles on said items, with the most Mud Salads possible to each. To do this it's simple, before picking up said item, create a manual save and keep reloading that save until the item is perfect for you. Max Mud Salads for each item and what it can offer, Uncloving can be seen on screen now. Also guys, although there may not be needed to get these, I would suggest getting an equipping yourself, the Reinforced Tendons which are Leg Cyberwears, these can be obtained from Victor, the very first Ripperdock you go to. They just give you that double jump and make obtaining certain Legendaries much easier. So yeah guys, I will leave you now with timestamps to each Legendary pinned at the top of that comment section in that video description and I hope this video helps you out. If it did leave you a like really helps me out, if you're new around here want to see more Cyberpunk, be sure to subscribe and if you never want to miss a video I upload, you can turn notifications on by hitting that bell button because thanks as always for stopping by. Hopefully you enjoyed the video and hopefully I will see you on that next one.


Six people have been chosen for an eight month mission to Mars without actually leaving Earth. So who are these six people? Why were they chosen and what will they be doing during their eight month mission? This is your space pod for January 18th 2017. High seas or the Hawaiian Space Exploration Analog and Simulation is a simulated mission to Mars. Other space analogs exist like MDRS, the Mars Desert Research Station, HERA, the Human Exploration Research Analog, and PMAS, the Poland Mars Analog Simulation. Analog missions keep as many of the mission details as realistic as possible to help plan activities, test equipment and operations, and observe crew relationship dynamics without actually having to go to space. High seas is primarily funded by NASA and operated by the University of Hawaii. The six crew members will live in a dome on the side of Mauna Loa, a volcano on the big island of Hawaii. The geodesic dome is 11 meters in diameter and has a volume of 384 cubic meters. The ground floor has an area of 92 square meters of which 81 and a half square meters are usable and includes common areas such as a kitchen, dining, bathroom with a shower, a gym and a laboratory. The second floor loft spans an area of 39.4 square meters and includes six individual bedrooms and a toilet. In addition, a workshop converted from an old shipping container is attached to the side of the habitat giving an extra 15 square meters of space. This mission will specifically focus on psychological and psychosocial factors that could be used to compose a highly efficient crew for autonomous long duration and long distance exploration missions. This crew will have little freedom in their daily routine towards the beginning and the end of their mission, but will have a lot more autonomy in the middle. Each crew member will also have a personal project that they will work on during the mission, but the details of these projects are yet to be released. Crew members can also go on EVA or extravehicular activities or space walks and have to wear modified hazmat suits when they go outside. The crew will be quite busy but they'll also have to deal with a 20 minute communication delay with mission control and the isolation that comes with living on the side of a mountain. So who are the six crew members of high seas mission five? Ainsley Bernard is an engineer who has worked with both NASA and Boeing on advanced composite structures. She is interested in sustainable lifestyles and waste reduction. Samuel Paylor is a doctoral candidate in astrobiology. He has studied life in super salty environments deep underground and has been involved with other Mars analog missions like basalt, the biologic analog science associated with lava terrains mission. James Bevington is a freelance researcher who holds a masters from international space university. He is currently developing biomanufacturing capabilities for crewed Mars missions and investigating microorganisms as the source of methane on Mars. Joshua Ehrlich is a systems engineer working for Lockheed Martin on the Orion European service module. He previously worked on Falcon 9 integration and testing and on the veggie plant growth system for the ISS. Laura Lark is a software engineer with experience at Google and flies planes in her spare time. Brian Ramos is a biomedical and electrical engineer with a master's degree from international space university. He has repaired medical equipment in Rwanda in Nicaragua and enjoys scuba diving and martial arts. So what do you think about the crew and who would you choose for a simulated mission to Mars? Let me know in the comments below or via social media. Thank you for watching and thank you so much to our generous crowdfunding supporters, our patreon patrons for giving so generously to make these space pods happen. In fact, I'm so truly humbled that each week the number of supporters keeps on increasing, so much in fact that we've had to split your names over multiple name slates. Thank you so much and if you'd like to contribute to the crowdfunding of this show, head over to patreon.com slash space pod. My name is Lisa Stodzianowski and until next time, keep on discovering.


So, now, how do we define these low and high margins? Well, we will go back to that transfer characteristic and in fact, compute the noise margin. So, let us look at this transfer margin, this margin. We draw tangents to this curve and pick those tangents which have a slope of minus 1. So, wherever the tangent is 45 degrees with respect to 45 degrees in this negative direction that means, the slope is equal to minus 1 and there are two such points on this curve where the slope is this much as you can see. Now, everything to the left of this is considered 0, everything to the right of this is considered high or 1. So, these are our definitions of low and high. If I read the coordinates of this point on the x axis, then it gives me v input low and v input high. If I read the coordinates of the same thing on the y axis, then it gives me the v output high and low and we have to based on the consideration that we have talked of, we have to make sure that the v output high is sufficiently higher than v input high. So, that there is no confusion even in the presence of noise. Similarly, v output low is sufficiently lower than v input low. So, that this difference between this value and this value is sufficient. So, that even in the presence of noise, the output low is never considered to be high. Similarly, the output high is so high that even though the noise is pulling down pulling it down a little bit, it is still considered high at the input of the next stage. So, that is the system which has non-zero noise margin and the amount by which this is true is called the noise margin of that technology. Now, actual geometries of these transistors are actually determined by using dynamic considerations and detailed derivation of the charge and discharge time of the capacitors are provided in these nodes and you can look that up later. There is not that much to explain and I would much rather discuss now in the class on how to design circuits which are not just an inverter. We have been able to design an inverter, calculate it is the value of W by L from dynamic consideration noise margin etcetera, etcetera. The point is that inverter is not very interesting, we need to have all kinds of logic defined and how do we design other kinds of logic using this. So, let us look at that and let us develop it on the white board here. Now, let us first look at a NAND gate which is one of the more common inputs. By the way a single stage of MOS logic indeed most of the logic, a single state logic is always inverting. So, let us look at NAND, let us write down the truth table of a NAND gate. Suppose there are two inputs A and B, they can acquire these four combinations of inputs and the NAND of A and B means that the output is true only when both are one in all other cases it is 0 and NAND which is just the inverse of that is then 1 in all these cases and is 0 when both inputs are one. So, we want to now implement not an inverter but a circuit using NMOS and P bus transistors such that when both inputs are one the output is 0 in all other cases the output should be 1 and let us look at the following. When is the output of the NAND 1? The output of the NAND is 1 when either A is 0 or B is 0 or both are 0. What does that mean? That means we want to connect the output to VDD if either A is 0 or B is 0 or both are 0 and this can be done by putting P channel transistors in parallel. If A is 0 then this has sufficient negative bias on it gate to turn on and this will connect the output to VDD. If B is 0 then this transistor will turn on and connect the output to VDD. If both are 0 then of course both will be on and it will be a parallel connection through to VDD. As a result the output will is guaranteed to be connected to VDD when either A or B or both are 0. We must also ensure that under the same condition when it is connected to VDD it is not connected to ground and to ensure that we put the N channel transistors in series. If A is 0 then this transistor is off, if B is 0 then this transistor is off and if both are 0 both of them are off. As a result in all these cases the output is connected to VDD and not connected to ground and therefore the output is 1. This takes care of these three cases that means if A is 0 or B is 0 or both are 0 then the output is now connected to VDD through the P channel transistors and isolated from the ground because either one or the other or both the N channel transistors are off. However what happens if both are 1. Now in this case A is 1 therefore this transistor is on, B is 1 therefore this transistor is on, this transistor A being 1 is off, this transistor B being 1 is off as a result both these are off and both of these are on and in that case there is a connection from output to ground and there is no connection from output to VDD. As a result the output is 0. So this circuit indeed implements the NAND function. So now we can take the inverter and replace one transistor by two putting N channel transistors in series and the P channel transistors in parallel and that will give us NAND gate. What about a NOR gate? We do exactly the opposite and we work out the logic as we had done before. Let us write down the truth table. The four combinations of A and B remain the same. The OR of A and B says that if either A or B or both are 1 then the output must be 1. So these three cases when either one of them or both of them are 1 the output must be 1. If both are 0 then the output must be 0. The corresponding negative logic NOR is the opposite of this that means for both inputs being 0 it is 1 and for either of them being 1 the output is 0. This time we put the P channel transistors in series and the N channel transistors in parallel.   Let us now look at all these four conditions. There are only four conditions to look at. If both are 0 then both N channel transistors are off therefore the output has no connection to ground as we want it. Similarly, both P channel transistors are on connecting this output the output terminal to VDD through both these transistors which are on. On the other hand if either or both transistors are 1 then at least one of these two or may be both are on. As a result the output is then connected to ground. Since at least one of them perhaps both of them are off under these conditions therefore there is no connection from VDD to ground. So we have met the requirement. There is no connection to VDD and there is a connection to ground and therefore in all these three cases the output is in fact 0 and we end up implementing this logic and therefore this is the implementation of norm. In fact we can generalize this logic. The generalization of this logic says the following. You have this rule that you write down a logic expression which must be inverting that means it must have a bar on top. For inverting logic you can implement a single gate implementation. If you do not want inverting then of course you can put an inverter after that. So for example if you wanted or logic then you will make a nor logic and put an inverter after that. If you wanted and logic then you would take a NAND gate and put an inverter after that. So you take a logic expression it must have a bar on top and then you implement it by the same rule that we have followed in the simple logic. Namely for every plus in the expression every or in the expression put n channel transistors in parallel and p channel transistors in series. For every dot that means and function every dot in the expression. So our requirement was that the logic expression must have a bar on top and now we look at the expression itself. For every in the expression put the n channel transistors in parallel and put the p channel transistors in series. For every dot or end function every dot in the expression put n in series and put p in parallel. So this rule is actually quite simple. Just take an expression if it did not have a bar on top then force a bar on top and put an inverter after that. Therefore the implementation is always of a logic expression which has a bar on top. For every plus in the expression put n in parallel p in series for every dot in the expression put n in series p in parallel. Let us verify this rule first for the simple logic that we had already developed. What was the logic? We had NAND which is a dot b bar it does have a bar on top and you have a dot. What did we say for a dot? That put n in series p in parallel. So therefore the corresponding circuit is n in series and p in parallel and this is indeed the NAND gate that we had discussed earlier. What about NOR? NOR is a plus b whole bar it does have a bar on top it meets our requirement and therefore what we do? It has a plus for a plus what did we say n in parallel and p in series. So now n channel transistors are put in parallel and p should be put in series and this indeed is the circuit that we had discussed for NOR. In this case should either of a or b be 1 or both be 1 then the output gets this is the output. The output gets connected to ground only when both are 0 then both p channel transistors are on and both n channel transistors are off and therefore the output is connected through this path to VDD as a result the output is 1. So this logic works fine for the two simple cases that we had seen. Let us look at it in a slightly more complicated logic and for that we will go to the document. Let us consider this particular case where we are implementing a very complicated expression look at this it is a dot b plus c dot in bracket d plus e and whole bar. Notice that we need a bar. Now if you recall the rule what did we say for every dot n in series p in parallel for every plus n in parallel and p in series. So let us just scan this expression what do we have under the bar? Initially we have a dot b therefore we tell this expression we take two n channel transistors a and b and put them in series n channel in series for dot. Similarly we take two p channel transistors a and b and put them in parallel. So the a and b inputs the n channel transistors are in series and the p channel transistors are in parallel. What follows in the expression after a dot b a plus and what did we say for plus n in parallel p in series. Therefore in parallel for this n channel combination we must put some circuit and in series with this p channel transistors combination we must put some circuit and what is that circuit? That circuit is c dot something because it is c dot therefore c must be in series which is what is happening here c is in series and in case of p it is in parallel. So this c is in parallel with this rest of the circuit and c dot what? c dot d plus e. Now for a plus n channel transistors are in parallel and p is in series therefore d and e are in parallel and here d and e are in series.  So this makes the n channel proper according to this in according to this expression. Similarly let us read it for p channel a dot b means a parallel b a dot b plus means this parallel combination in series with in series with what? a dot b plus c dot d plus e that means c in parallel with a series combination of d and e. So it just follows exactly the rule that we had simply seen in case of n and a very complicated expression like this can be implemented in a single gate here. So this is how we can implement the most logic. We are nearly through with our time for this lecture and what we will do is to take a pause here for this and just use the two three minutes that we have to describe how it is done in TTL logic because in many of the lab you might be using TTL logic. TTL logic is quite similar and it actually uses bipolar transistors. TTL stands for transistor transistor logic and it is implemented with a special kind of bipolar transistor which is multiple emitter that means this is an NPN transistor in which you have essentially an n-tub inside which there is a p-type tub and now you have multiple n plus tubs to form the multiple emitters. This is the multi emitter transistor. The substrate is p in that you make an n-type tub that becomes the collector which is common. Inside the n-type tub you put a p-type tub that becomes the base and that is also common and now you put individual n plus pockets in that and each one of them is one of these emitter. This base is connected high and this output then goes to an NPN transistor which acts as a phase splitter and each one of them drives an NPN transistor and this output is brought down by a diode and this is the output. This is a basic TTL gate. Let us see how it works. If either of A or B or both of them are low then this emitter is grounded. The base is taken to VDD through this resistor therefore, a large amount of base current flows and therefore, this transistor turns on. When it turns on it grounds this node. So, this node becomes 0. This turns this transistor off. If this transistor is off, this base is connected to VDD and this base is connected to ground. Therefore, this transistor is on and this transistor is off and the output is then 1. So, again write down the same logic table and in these three cases at least one of the emitters is connected to ground which leads to forward biasing of the emitter base junction which causes base current to flow and therefore, a multiplied amount of collector current to flow. This turns this transistor on connected since the emitter is grounded for one of them. This grounds this terminal. If this terminal is then grounded then this transistor is off and because this transistor is off, this base is connected to VDD and this base is connected to ground. As a result, this being connected to VDD this transistor turns on, this transistor turns off and that makes the output high. So, therefore, for this for either input being 0 or both inputs being 0, our output is high. Only when both inputs are 1, then this emitter base junction is as if not there because there is no current flow here. In fact, this transistor is then said to be in the reverse active mode because now emitter is high, collector is low because of this path. So, therefore, after all it is an NPN structure. Therefore, this thing which was meant to be the collector starts acting as the emitter. These two which were supposed to be the emitters because they are taken to VDD start acting like a collector and this is like a transistor with a very low beta. Therefore, this transistor turns off. If this transistor is. So, if both of these essentially the transistor action does not matter and due to this diode which is forward bias, notice this is N, this is P, this is N. Since the emitter base junction is turned off through this junction, this junction is now forward bias. This is P type, this is P and connected to VDD. This is N connected towards ground. As a result, base current flows through this path. Because base current is flowing, this transistor is now on large amount of current flows that pulls this voltage low because of the R I drop here and that pulls this output to 1. If that is 0 and this is 1, then this transistor is off and now this transistor is on making the output high, making the output low. Sorry, this is on it pulls it to ground, this is off. So, that makes the output 0 and you can confirm that this is indeed the implementation of NAND. If you had only one inverter, this would be an inverter. If you have multiple emitters, it could be a 2 input, 3 input, 4 input NAND, but the structure remains the same. This output by the way is called a totem pole output and this TTL family is somewhat older type of logic. But it was used very widely and indeed was the model for the subsequent CMOS kind of logic that we just now discussed. The logic level for this on the input and the output are like this. Any voltage which is less than 2.4 volts is considered low. Any voltage, the corresponding low output is in fact 2.0. If the output is supposed to be 2.0, even if there is 0.4 volts of noise, the output will remain below 2.4 and therefore, it will be considered as low at the input. Similarly, the output input is considered high if it is above, sorry this is the definition of the definition that I gave you was for high. The low is 0.8 and 0.4. If the input is below 0.8 volts, it is considered low. The output is guaranteed to be below 0.4 volts. Therefore, even if there is 0.4 volts of noise, an output low will not rise above 0.8 volts and will still be considered low. Therefore, it has 0.4 volts of noise margin. The 2.4 and 2.0 that I was talking about is the high level. So, V input high is 2.0 volts and the V output high is 2.0 is guaranteed to be higher than 2.4 volts. So, if this is 2.4 volts, even in the presence of negative noise of up to 0.4 volts, this voltage will never drop below 2.0 volts and as a result will be considered high by the next stage. Therefore, TTL has a noise margin of 0.4 volts and by the way there are various kinds of TTL families, those using short key and without short key and so on. These values might change a little bit with that, but for the traditional TTL, these are the values. The output when it is supposed to be 0.4 is guaranteed to be, output when it is supposed to be low is guaranteed to be below 0.4 volts. On the other hand, a voltage as high as 0.8 volts would still be considered a low. Similarly, when it is supposed to be high, then at least 2.4 volts will appear at the output and a voltage as low as 2.0 volts will still be considered high and this constitutes that 0.4 volts of noise margin. So, these are the TTL versions of the same gates. We have seen a more detailed discussion of the MOS logic. Eventually, for logic design beyond this, we will not worry what is the implementation of the actual gate and see how logic can be implemented in our later lectures. In I D Warangal, could you ask your question please? Sir, how to reduce the threshold voltage in MOS? You have various choices in this. Recall that the threshold voltage is the voltage at which inversion will occur. So, you have the control, you can reduce the threshold voltage by using a thinner oxide, which will couple the gate voltage to the semiconductor better. You could also use slightly lower doping. You could use a different metal with a different work function and finally, you could have a small amount of implant right at the surface, which helps the turn on. So, there are multiple ways of generating, of reducing the output voltage. The question was how to reduce the voltage? So, let us take the n channel example that we had talked about. Now, if you want to reduce the threshold voltage, I can use a thinner oxide. Remember, I want to put a lot of negative charge here for a given voltage. So, therefore, the charge here is C ox times V and I can increase C ox by making this thinner. So, that is one way of using a thinner oxide. The other way is to use a metal with a work function difference, which makes it more positive, appear more positive than what it actually is. I could use lower doping here, so that it is easier to invert. I have to convert P to n type and it is easier to invert if it is not very strongly P type. So, I could use lower doping here and finally, I could already put a certain amount of n type impurity here, which helps in inversion. So, any or all of these options can be used for reducing the turn on voltage of an n channel transistor. There are corresponding versions for the P channel transistor. Again, use lower doping. Again, use thin oxide. Use a metal, which takes it to the negative side now and finally, put some implant here with some boron in it now for the P channel transistor. Over. Next question, NID Sura, can you go ahead with your question please. Hello, good morning sir. My question is related to one of the quiz question, where it was said that Fermi potential is equal to kT by Q L and P by Ni. Ni was given 1.5 into 10 to the power 10 per centimeter Q and it was said that phosphorus has been added with concentration 10 to the power 16. So, when we calculated I got it around with minus 0.3, but the answer means after submitting the answer was said to be plus 0.3. It was not that phosphorus is added, but a P type impurity is added. Just look it is possible that there was an error in the question. I will check back, but what was expected was that you are given a P type impurity using N P equal to Ni squared. You find out the N type impurity, find out the whole concentration and then calculate the Fermi potential. If you add P type, the Fermi potential will be negative and the energy will be above EFI. So, if you got that, that is correct. If necessary, we will make a correction in the answer. Sir, the question means I think it was written phosphorus in that. So, it is ok. We will make a correction in the answer. If it is phosphorus, it should be N type. The Fermi potential should be negative and the Fermi energy should be positive. Another question related to the CE amplifier, the question in the quiz, the why CE amplifier is generally used. So, there were four options out of this, two options low voltage gain is discarded, but two options were having high voltage gain, medium output resistance and one of them was having low input resistance and another one high input resistance. So, we most of us have selected that high voltage gain, low input resistance and medium resistance, but it was also shown to be wrong. The answer they have given right is high voltage gain, high input resistance and medium resistance for CE configuration. Yeah, I will check the answers once again as we studied for a CE amplifier. The two, there should not be any ambiguity in the options there. Let me check it again. For a CE amplifier, the input resistance is not high. Typically, say medium is the word used. I will check it again and if there is an error, we will correct it over to you. Thank you sir, it is over. Okay, see Jai Chandra Rajendra College, Karnataka, you can ask your question now. Good afternoon sir. Suppose a transistor amplifier circuit is given, how to determine in which type of feedback it is, whether it is a current feedback or an voltage feedback. Can you explain with a simple example sir? There is a lecture on feedback, which is the next lecture. So, let me postpone this question till then. Over to you. Hello sir. In case of diodes, we are going to assume 0.3 volts cut-in voltage for germanium and 0.7 volt cut-in voltage for silicon. Why it is so, sir? And what is the effect of reverse saturation current on the cut-in voltage of the diode? The diode equation says that the current through the diode is equal to the saturation, the saturation, reverse saturation current times exponential of applied voltage in units of KT by Q minus 1. From this, we can find out that I by I s minus 1, I by I s and plus 1. Anyway, this 1 is negligible. That is e to the power Q V a by KT and therefore, normally the current through a forward bias diode is so much larger than the leakage current that this factor would be of the order of a million or even more. Therefore, we can neglect this 1. If we do that, then V a is given by KT by Q ln I by I s. Now, there are two things which are apparent from this. First of all, the voltage across the forward bias diode. We are assuming that the diode is forward bias. Otherwise, we do not talk of the cut-in voltage. The voltage across the forward bias diode then is a logarithmic function of the current. First thing, second you can see that it is I s which equally determines the cut-in voltage. Now, typical values of I s for silicon might be of the order of 10 minus 14 ampere. If you take a current of the order of a milliamp and this of the order of 10 minus 14, this is of the order of a milliamp, then this is of the order of 10 to the power 11. Then, KT by Q is about 26 millivolts times log of this quantity which is of the order of 10 to the power 11. So, ln, so it will be 11 divided by 2.303 or whatever. Log of 10 to the power 11 will be 11. It is this quantity which gives you the built-in voltage. Now, the main point is that if I double the amount of current, how much will this change? Suppose it is some voltage V. If I double the amount of voltage, how much will it change? It will change by a factor which is KT by Q ln 2 and that is just 26 millivolts multiplied by some small number ln of 2 is less than e. So, it will be of the order of 1. So, it is of the order of millivolts. Therefore, even if you double or make the current 10 times, the amount of change in the voltage across this is not too much and that gives rise to the concept of the cut-in voltage. That means, for a large variety of useful currents, the voltage across the diode is roughly the same. It is not exactly the same and it is a very great error to suggest that there is some holy figure like 0.55 or 0.6 volts which is associated with the cut-in voltage. In fact, the cut-in voltage is associated with I s and larger the leakage current, lower is the cut-in voltage and because germanium is a direct band semiconductor, the value of I s is orders of magnitude higher and for currents of the order of milliamp, this expression then comes out of the order of 0.25, 0.28 or 0.3 volts. Therefore, the cut-in voltage is indirectly controlled by I s and it remains more or less constant for a very large variety of actual values of forward current. Therefore, we say that there is a cut-in voltage. In fact, the cut-in voltage is not constant. If you look at the forward characteristics of a diode, what we are saying is that when it is truly in forward bias here, then you may go over a large variety, large change in current but this voltage will hardly change. That is the point we are making. This may be orders of magnitude whereas, this will be of the order of milli volts and this might be say 0.6 or 0.65 volts for silicon and then you may change the current from 1 milliamp to 100 milliamp and still this will remain in the same range. That is why we say that there is a cut-in voltage of about 0.65 volts for silicon. I hope that answers your question. Sir, what is the advantage of using totem pole in teal logic families? The totem pole, the upper transistor is used for pulling the voltage up and the lower transistor is used for pulling the voltage down. The only thing which is mysterious is that diode and the answer to that is that in the TTL family, if you notice that the output high is actually not very high. It is only 2.8 volts whereas, the output low must be brought down to a very low value. Therefore, you use a diode to drop about 0.6 volts from the natural output of that. This results in lower power consumption. So, the totem pole output which is like this with a phase splitter giving either 1 or 0 here or the other way round. The point is that the output high need not be very high but the low is required to be as low as 0.4 volts. In order to do that, if you had taken the voltage here and not kept this diode, then this if this diode was not there, then the output low will not be low enough and the output high will be unnecessarily high because the levels guaranteed for TTL are such that output high is not all that high. It is nowhere close to VDD. It is only 2.4 volts. Therefore, you need a voltage shifter which will bring it down to this level and that voltage shifting is done by this diode and that forms the totem pole also. Over. Good afternoon sir. My question is related to clampers. What do you mean by peak clamper? How exactly we can differentiate general clampers from peak clamper? Clamping is a phenomenon. What you use it for makes it what kind of clamper it is. So, if you use a clamper to reduce the peak value of some input, then it is a peak clamper. I will give you an example. Consider a diode like this and you have a voltage actually should put a resistor there, but let us say it is some voltage. Now, if this voltage exceeds this voltage, then this diode will become forward bias and that will cause drops in this formation and the output will not be able to go. Actually, this is not the configuration. I will just redraw the configuration. Consider this output. This is V in and this is V out. As long as V in is less than V plus a diode drop, this is like an open circuit and V in is reproduced at V output. Should V in exceed V plus a diode drop, then this diode becomes forward bias and therefore, this output voltage becomes constant at V plus the diode drop. Now, this is the phenomenon of clamping. This can be used for lots of purposes. One particular purpose is that if your input is of this kind and this voltage could be dangerous to your circuit, then you can use a clamper and that clamper will make sure that this output looks like this, because this output will be limited to this voltage plus a diode drop. That means, everywhere else the voltage is the same, but the peak of this waveform has been cut off. So, this particular application is called a peak clamper. If you apply the same idea to some other circuit, then it will not be called a peak clamper, because you are not only removing that you could apply this for example, to maximize the DC voltage of a supply. So, if that is the case, indeed this configuration is that of a battery charger. So, if you put a battery charger here and this is the battery being charged, in that case this output voltage cannot exceed the battery voltage plus this diode. So, it will charge this battery, but this voltage will not exceed a particular value. Of course, you will have a path around it when you are using the battery. So, in this case, you are not clamping a peak. There is no peak. You are just adjusting the DC value to a particularly preset value. So, then that is not a peak clamper. So, what kind of clamper is it? That depends on the circuit application. The phenomenon is because of this diode limiting the maximum voltage to some value. The phenomenon of clamping is not related to where it is used. Over to you. Gachi Puram, could you please ask your question. Sir, actually in quantitative analysis of mass modeling, we are learning about static characteristics, dynamic characteristics. You also explain in that. There we are coming across one technical word, fused characteristics. Actually, if you are using an array of mass, we will be come across this word fused. The fused characteristic has to do with a programmable logic. So, essentially if you have a transistor and you can in arrays, if you have a transistor which implements programmable logic, then you use it like a fuse in the sense that it is permanently connected or permanently not connected and you program it by actually, I will just draw the diagram for you. If you have a transistor like this and now if briefly I put a high, very high gate voltage here, then it injects some charges into this oxide and this oxide becomes charged. Now, it is not necessary to apply a gate voltage to turn it on. It already has enough positive charge which is trapped in this oxide to turn this transistor on and therefore, it clamps this output voltage down to 0. So, then it acts as the fused logic and that it forces this output to be 0 and now this can then be connected in a logic passion to other transistors to program the logic to perform in some way. So, that is called fused logic. Now, we will come to the programming logic a little later and then the details of this can be taken up. Two questions sir. In signal conditioning, if you are applying any signal, maybe a detail or analog, while you are making that signal is a negative resistant or positive resistant. We are facing that problem down nice, ground nice or phase nice. That how will you quantitatively determine? Over. I am afraid your question is not very clear to me, but in any case it is not related to the things that we have done in the lectures up to now. So, I think in the interest of time we would be able to take these questions which are related to the lectures that we have taken and other questions are welcome, but let us take them offline through Boodle because then we will able to you will be able to explain the context and we will be able to understand your questions better. M K S S Pune, could you please ask your question now? My question is why we are preparing a capacitive load as compared to the resistive load for the CMOS logic especially in case of inverter. In digital design a gate drives other gates of the same kind. So, consider let us say that you have an inverter and it is going to some some logic like this. So, what is connected to the output of this? If you recall if I expand it in terms of transistors, this is our inverter and this is driving a NAND gate which is series connected N channel transistor and parallel connected P channel transistor. So, what is the output load of this? The output load is in fact this capacitor represented by this transistor gate. So, therefore, the common usage of in logic is that no current is provided by the output other than charging of this capacitor. No steady state current is drawn from the output. Therefore, in case of MOS logic we consider the load to be capacitive. In case of P T L base current for the transistor has to be provided and therefore, we cannot consider the output to be purely capacitive. However, in case of MOS only the gates of the subsequent logic are to be charged up and therefore, we consider the load to be capacitive over. So, my question is unlike Avalash the diode in case of the Zener diode with increase in temperature the breakdown voltage increases. So, why it is so over? Yeah, the temperature coefficient actually is determined by the avlanching process and the avlanching depends on how much field develops. At high voltage because there is conduction the field does not develop very easily. So, as a result the voltage at which the avlanched process which represents a Zener action occurs at a different field because part of the field is reduced due to the flow of current which is temperature dependent. So, that gives rise to the temperature dependence of the Zener voltage. It is relatively small, but it is in that direction and can then be compensated by a forward bias diode whose forward drop actually reduces as the temperature is increased. That is related by the way to the previous answer that had given because the forward drop across a diode is dependent on the leakage current which increases with temperature. As a result the forward drop across a diode will reduce as the temperature increases, but in this case the field required to breakdown a diode increases because that much avlanching field must be there even in the presence of additional current. So, larger field is required to breakdown the voltage. So, in case of Zener you have a slight positive tempo, in case of diode you have a slightly negative tempo. Questions from VNIT in Agpur please. Good afternoon sir. This is regarding MOSFET logic. I wish to know whether we need enhancement, a combination of enhancement and depletion mode transistors or only enhancement mode transistor would do for the proper implementation of the gate. The second question is regarding the TTL NAND circuit. Here in the first input the collector of first transistor is not has not given any supply voltage. So, how does it work as a transistor over you sir. I will take the two questions one by one. First of all in case of MOS the depletion mode transistor is not required for CMOS because if you recall a depletion mode transistor is like a resistor and we needed only switches not resistors in this case. So, the modern digital logic does not require depletion mode only enhancement mode transistors are good enough as explained in the functioning of the transistor. There was an older variety of logic using MOS transistors called depletion enhancement mode technology and there the equivalent switch was like this. It used a switch and a resistor. Now, if the switch was open the resistor brought up the output voltage to high. If the switch was closed then the switch shorted that to ground. The disadvantage of this technology was that whenever the output was reduced to 0 a constant amount of current will flow from VDD to ground which resulted in static power consumption. This is avoided in CMOS because both switches are never simultaneously on. Therefore, most modern almost all modern logic design uses CMOS which uses only enhancement mode transistor. This resistor was effectively the depletion mode transistor. So, you had a depletion mode transistor which even at 0 volts would draw some current and that was essentially this. So, in short in modern CMOS technology the depletion mode transistor is not required. On the other hand you require both polarities the NMOS and PMOS and they are both enhancement type. In answer to your second question if you look at this transistor with multiple emits this was our TTL gate I am not drawing the output stage. So, the interesting point is that what voltage is this node. Obviously, if this is pulling some current I and this is R then this point is at R times I and therefore, this voltage is R times I plus a diode voltage. So, the circuit configuration says that this collector voltage if this guy is pulling current is high. Therefore, you do not need to separately connected to VDD. Now, if I pull it low then the effective configuration is that I have shorted it to ground and now this transistor is then connected between this point and ground and because it draws a lot of current it pulls this voltage down and turns this transistor off. Now, this voltage is quite low no current is flowing through this, but because this transistor is on a lot of base current is flowing through this it keeps this voltage low yet it is positive compared to this. Only in the case that all inputs are high in that case this voltage is at some low voltage and all the emitters are high this transistor is acting in the reverse active mode and then the current flows like this and through this. So, it is not acting like a regular transistor at all it is acting more like a diode and this is connected through another diode and resistor to ground as it should be. So, in short if any of the inputs is 0 it acts as a transistor this is an emitter the collector is at a positive voltage and it acts as a switch which acts to pull essentially it shunts all the base current of this it does not allow any base current to flow in this. Whatever base current would have gone through this is is eaten up by this transistor rather than becoming the base current of this transistor as a result this guy turns off. In the other mode when all inputs are high this act does not act like a collector at all and therefore it does not require a positive voltage. In fact, the current flows in this direction in the reverse direction from the base to the collector and through that becomes the base current of the next transistor over. Related to saturation current please may I know the factors affecting this saturation current over to you sir. The factors are exactly like the J effect essentially what happens is consider a case let us take a easy case where the turn on voltage is 1 volt. Now, consider the source to be at 0 volts let us say this is at 2 volts. So, the transistor is on the voltage is greater than 1 volt. Now, if this is at 1 volt then at this point there is sufficient vertical voltage to turn this transistor on, but at this point it is marginal only 1 volt is available at this end. Should the drain voltage increase any further there will be no channel here and this is exactly equivalent to the pinch off case in case of the J effect. Therefore, the saturation current is the current that would have occurred at V d equal to V g minus V t which in our simple model is mu C ox W by L V g minus V t whole squared divided by 2. So, the saturation current is affected by all these parameters it is affected by mobility by C ox by the W by L ratio and how much above V t is the value of the gate voltage at that time. And of course, for saturation it is required that the drain voltage be higher than V g minus V t. So, that this voltage is less than V t over we will take the last question from Perrier Weller. At Perrier Weller could you please go ahead and ask your question please. Hello good afternoon sir. So, my I have two questions sir my first question is how to find the output resistance of an amplifier practically. My second question is how to give current source practically, how to give a current source practically, what what to use sir. The output resistance is actually a measure of how much current can the can the source can the amplifier provide for a particular voltage. So, essentially we model the amplifier as a Thevenin equivalent with this R. So, the output resistance can be measured by measuring the short circuit current of this. So, suppose you have a common emitter amplifier in practical terms if you want to measure the output current you have to measure the AC current through this path when this is nearly a short circuit. And the corresponding voltage by current the ratio of this voltage by current it is a Thevenin equivalent. So, the ratio of the open circuit voltage and the short circuit current will then give you the output impedance of this. Practical current sources in fact make use of saturation of current that we just now talked about. So, for example, you had seen that this kind of characteristic is quite common whether it is a JFET a MOSFET or a bipolar transistor. So, in this regime this device whether it is a bipolar transistor JFET or MOSFET will act as a current source. So, it could be as simple as this. This terminal will now act as a current source whatever current is flowing because of this resistor through this path. Because of the current mirror action because the VGS is the same for the two the current will come here and this current over this voltage range will remain constant. Therefore, this point will appear as if you have a current source here. So, in short you make use of the saturation characteristic of a device to make a practical current source. It will not act as a current source for all possible voltages. It will act as a current source over this voltage and will not act as a current source over this range. So, you have to make sure that the output voltage is such that at least this much drop is there across the tunnel. If you can assure that you can make it correct.