Okay, how are you guys doing? How'd the exam go? How many people thought the exam was too easy? How many people thought the exam was too hard? Hmm. So, we're going to post the scores later on today. You don't want me to post the scores? Steven, G, and Matt, Mark, Mac, graded all of these exams by themselves. So, I'm very grateful to them for doing that. And I don't honestly have any idea how you did right now. So, I'll find out later today just like you. But don't worry, we'll deal with the outcome no matter what it is. I don't think it'll be that bad. Okay. Unfortunately, I did make one major mistake which was, you know, I'm supposed to put one of those exam return forms on the front of the exam and I always forget to do that for some reason on the first exam of the quarter, quarter after quarter. So, we're going to have to return these exams to you in discussion this week. And so, in your discussion section, your TA is going to return your exam to you. Okay. You can look at it. I'll post the key later on today as well. So, you can look at the key, compare that with how your exam was graded, talk to me. Okay. We do have a quiz Friday. We have quiz four and it's going to be about chapter 15 which is all about the thermodynamic definition of entropy. We'll be talking about that today and Wednesday. Okay. And I'll tell you more about what's going to be on the quiz on Wednesday. Now, where are we? Well, we're right here, right? We've been going at this for four weeks now. We had your midterm on Friday. We're coming to the end of this topic of statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. We're starting chapter 15 today and we're going to just sort of zoom through 16 and 17. We're going to, at like 20,000 feet, we're going to look at these chapters. All right. We don't have time to devote all the time that we ought to to these two chapters because we have to talk about kinetics and reaction dynamics and so we're going to sort of skim these two chapters, 16 and 17. All right. So believe it or not, we are near the end of where we're going to be talking about this topic right here and I'm personally happy about that because I find this topic difficult myself. If you think it's difficult, I think it's difficult too. Okay. So we're going to transition to chemical kinetics probably next week. Okay. Probably maybe some place in the middle of next week. And we are pretty much on track, which is unusual for us. All right. By now, we've usually trashed the schedule and we're behind and we're starting to throw stuff out but we're pretty much hanging in there and pretty happy with where we are. Okay. So just so you have an idea. All right. You're going to need to read 16 and 17. You're going to have to have some knowledge of what's in those chapters but probably not everything and I'll tell you what's important. Okay. So in chapter 14, chapter 14 was all about the first law, conservation of energy. Energy is conserved for an isolated system. Change in the internal energy is equal to zero for any process. Okay. The central concept is internal energy. We're constantly talking about that in chapter 14 and in connection with the first law. All right. And what we learn from the first law is to understand whether a transformation is allowed, a transformation that doesn't conserve energy is not allowed. In other words. All right. And so we can tell immediately whether a particular process is even possible or not but that doesn't tell us whether it will actually happen. It only tells us it's an allowed process. In the second law, the second law is the entropy of an isolated system increases in the course of spontaneous change. We find out whether the process that's allowed will also happen. All right. Not all allowed processes will happen, all right. And we need to be able to sort allowed processes into processes that will not happen and ones that will. All right. The central concept here is entropy, not energy and the answer to the question is a transformation of spontaneous, will it happen? If it's allowed, will it happen? Pretty important question to be able to answer in chemistry, I think you'll agree. Remember this? We talked about entropy weeks ago, all right. We talked about statistical entropy. We put nickels in a Kenny shoe box, 100 of them, all right. And we shook the box and then we looked inside, made sure we had one layer of nickels, okay. And we saw this evolution in the distribution of heads and tails as we shook the box, shook the box, shook the box. And we concluded that what was changing here is not the energy because the energy of this state is just virtually identical to the energy of this state, right. The energy doesn't really depend on whether the coins are face up or face down. Those are energetically degenerate states for the coin. And yet we see the system evolve consistently in this direction and what we concluded is that this is the direction of increasing W, right. The system is optimizing on increasing W. It wants a configuration that maximizes W. So we concluded for any isolated assembly, we can always predict the direction of spontaneous change as that in which W increases and remember W is not energy. It's something else. So Boltzmann postulated that this parameter is the entropy. He defined it according to this equation here. This is really a postulate, right. And this is the statistical definition of entropy. This is the statistical definition. We're going to talk in a moment about the thermodynamic definition. Now we can already take the statistical definition and apply it to the expansion of a gas. We're going to try and tie together statistical entropy and thermodynamic entropy. What is the probability of finding gas molecule in the entire volume of a closed vessel? I've got one molecule in a vessel, right. The probability that it's in the vessel somewhere, this vessel is airtight, all right, that molecule can't get out, the probability is one, right. There's a 100% chance that the molecule is in the entire vessel. I put it in there, right, it can't be anywhere else. Now what's the probability that it's in half of the vessel? Well, we know intuitively the answers, one-half. How did we get that answer? Well, if we're talking about half the vessel, V over 2. Now, let's say there are two molecules. The probability that both are in V prime is the product of these two one molecule probabilities. In other words, we can take the probability for molecule one, multiply it by the probability for molecule two, that's the same as the probability for molecule one, we just multiply these together, that's the same as squaring that, okay. And so for N molecules, this isn't going to be squared anymore, it's going to be this ratio to the Nth power, big N, okay. So we're just using the statistical definition of entropy to arrive at this conclusion. This is going to tell us something about volumes. Let's see if we can apply it, right. Here's an experiment, I've got gas A in this half of this vessel and gas B in this half of this vessel. A and B are located in the two halves of a container. Now, I take away the barrier between the two halves. What's going to happen? We know with 100% probability these two gases are going to mix, we don't have to wonder whether that's going to happen or not, and we also understand that that's a manifestation of the entropy of the system increasing, right. That's a direct manifestation of the second law. Here they've noticed how I switched from blue to red to purple. Isn't that beautiful? Show this process of all this increase in entropy. We know it does, can we show that it does? Here's the Boltzmann law, S equals K log W. The change in the entropy is the final entropy of the system minus the initial entropy of the system because entropy is a state function. So that's the entropy associated with the final volume. That's the entropy associated with the initial volume and we can just use Boltzmann's law and plug in Boltzmann's law to this equation right here. So we've got the final state, final number of states and the initial number of states. And so this is a minus, this is a subtraction. I can just write this log as WF over WI, right. That's the change in entropy right there. And we have an equation that relates these number of states with this volume. We just showed that W sub N for V prime is given by this equation right here. So we can just substitute this guy for that and a term just like him for that, right. VF and VI play the role of V prime, okay. So I'm going to make V prime VF over V in the numerator and I'm going to make V prime VI over V in the denominator. All right, and these two V's are just going to cancel for us and so we're just going to end up with VF over VI and I can move that N out front in the logarithm. Okay, so the change in the entropy is going to be K and the number of molecules log VF over VI and I've got a term like that for delta S for gas A and delta S for gas B because there's two gases involved here, right, and there's a VF and a VI for both gases, right. There's, if I took only gas A, all right, and I allowed it to expand into a larger volume, I think you'd agree it would do that spontaneously, okay. So if there was no gas B, we could arrive at the same conclusion. There just would be no second term here. This would be 1, NK log 2, right. Both of those are going to be spontaneous processes. A expanding into a vacuum if we take the barrier away and A and B spontaneously mixing if we take the barrier away. This is a positive number. We just need to know N to calculate it, right. We can calculate this delta S is, but it's positive. That means this is a spontaneous process. Now, going all the way back to lecture 4, all right, what if instead of a change in entropy we wish to calculate the absolute entropy of a monotomic gas? We actually talked about this briefly in lecture 4. We derived an equation for this purpose. We started off with this equation right here, excuse me.  And we derived this thing called the Sacher-Tetrode equation. All right, and the thing is this is not a delta S now, it's an absolute entropy. Usually we're calculating a change in the entropy, but here for a monotomic gas we've got an equation that tells us the absolute entropy. So it's a pretty important equation, right. It can anchor our entropy calculation. And so this is just the residual end of this derivation. And so we can use the Sacher-Tetrode equation to calculate the standard molar entropy of something like neon gas. This is actually right out of lecture 4 as well. That's the thermal wavelength. What is this dismissive units of meters? Yes, yes, yes, yes, show that that was true. Then we can plug everything in. That mass has to be in units of kilograms, never forget, right. The mass of the neon molecule has to be in units of kilograms. And so that's, neon has a mass of 20.18 grams per mole, but that's 20.18 times 10 to the minus 3 kilograms per mole. Okay, Avogadro's number, blah, blah, blah. So that's the mass of a single neon atom in units of kilograms. Yes, yes, okay. And so we can calculate the thermal wavelength. It's always very, very short. We expect to get absurdly small number like this. So never be surprised by that when you're calculating the thermal wavelength. And then we can plug everything into the equation. And S is equal to 138 joules per Kelvin per mole, those of our units of molar entropy. Joules per Kelvin per mole, okay. So this is just straight out a lecture four. I'm only putting it in here to remind you that we can calculate the absolute molar entropy of a monowatomic, ideal monowatomic gas. Because that's something you might need to do hypothetically on a quiz. Okay, now, this is Sadie Carnot. He's the first French guy that we've talked about this quarter. And I could say something bad about the French, but I won't. All right, he was interested in steam engines. He was a mechanical engineer. And he wanted to understand how to make them more efficient. All right, you know, as we go through and we look at these people who contributed to the thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, they all had a practical motivation for what they were doing. All right, they weren't just interested in pure science. I mean, they were interested in pure science, but they needed to get an answer to make something happen better. Make better beer if you're a jewel. Make it more efficiently. Make a better steam engine if you're Carnot. All right, he wanted to know two things. Was the energy available from a heat engine and steam engine is a type of heat engine? Is that unbounded or are there some fundamental limits involved? How do I know when my steam engine is operating as efficiently as I could possibly expect it to? All right, or is there no limit to how efficient it could be? He was doing this stuff actually in the 1820s. And this is before Joule had figured out the first law. All right, so conservation of energy wasn't a defined concept at this point in time. He was thinking about entropy before conservation of energy was even worked out. All right, and the second thing is can a steam engine be made more efficient by changing the working fluid using something besides water as the working fluid in the steam engine? All right, he was thinking about that. So I told you, Carnot, he's French. How about Maxwell? Scotland. Yes, Maxwell's a Scott. Joule, you guys know that one. England. Gibbs. American. Yes. We're in there. We're going to be saying more about him. Boltzmann. Austrin, yes, there they are. This would be a good quiz question. Okay, so there's a statistical definition of entropy. That's the Boltzmann equation. And there's a thermodynamic definition, which is this. Maybe we'll derive this equation on Wednesday. I don't know. It takes about six slides to do that. All right, the change in the entropy is the change in the heat for a reversible process divided by the temperature. We're going to talk about what happens when the process is not reversible on Wednesday. All right, but today we're always going to be talking about a reversible process. All right, the change in the entropy is the change in the heat that flows at a defined temperature. That's what the entropy is. That's a thermodynamic definition. Okay, so what did Carnot do? He worked out how much work you can extract from a temperature gradient. All right, a steam engine is a temperature gradient. You've got steam at maybe 150 degrees C. You've got the ambient temperature, which is roughly 20 degrees C. All right, so you've got a huge temperature gradient and you're extracting work from that. You're pulling the train with that temperature gradient for all practical purposes. Okay, and so he devised this thing called the Carnot cycle. We talk about the Carnot cycle because it's extremely important. It places an upper limit on the amount of work that we can extract from a temperature gradient. Alternatively, it tells us how much temperature, how much heat we can pump with a given amount of work. All right, that's a very practical problem that we need to be able to solve. All right, Carnot cycle is the most efficient existing cycle capable of converting a given amount of thermal energy into work, or conversely, it's the largest temperature difference we can establish using a particular amount of work. All right, it's both things. So if you've heard of a heat pump, all right, a heat pump is, its efficiency is bounded by the efficiency of a Carnot cycle. We have to be able to understand this. Now, a heat engine extracts work from a temperature gradient. Here's a hot temperature. This would be like the steam in a steam engine. Here's a cold temperature. This would be like the ambient temperature outside the steam engine. All right, this delta T is the temperature gradient that we're talking about, th minus tc, okay, and some of that can be extracted as work, right? Some of that temperature gradient can be extracted as work, what the Carnot cycle tells us is how much? How much work is it possible to extract from this temperature gradient? So, here it is. All right, here's a pressure volume trace. This is an isotherm at T1, and here's an isotherm at T2. All right, and pressure volume space. All right, we're starting here at this point in the cycle. Okay, and so this is step one, step two, step three, and step four, I haven't labeled them that way. All right, but we're starting here, so this is step one. All right, step one is an isothermal compression. Step two is an adiabatic compression. Step three is an isothermal expansion. Step four is an adiabatic expansion. Isothermal, obviously it's on the isotherm. Adiabatic, obviously it's not on the isotherm. All right, so that helps you remember it's adiabatic. That's an isotherm also, okay, so that's an isothermal, sorry, did I say expansion? Well, expansion, expansion, compression, compression. Isothermal adiabatic, isothermal adiabatic, okay? So the first thing we have to know is what this is. Now, there's an infinite number of these, all right, but we're going to be able to derive some conclusions about them that's general and the same for all of them. All right, I think you can, in principle, I could stop this here and then do an adiabatic expansion here, then move here, and then do an adiabatic compression here. I could concoct any number of these Carnot cycles. What do we know for sure? Well, step one, Q's greater than zero. Because I'm doing an expansion, it's an isothermal expansion, work is less than zero, that means Q's got to be greater than zero. This is an isothermal compression, work is going to be greater than zero for that, that means Q's got to be less than zero, and I'll show you why that's true in just a second. Q, of course, is zero for these two steps because they're adiabatic. These are the things that we know for sure. Okay, so how efficient is a heat engine? Any heat engine, not just a Carnot cycle, right? The efficiency is defined as the work that's performed divided by the heat that's absorbed from the hot reservoir. All right, in a heat engine, there's a hot part and a cold part, okay? In your car, the hot part part is inside the cylinder. The cold part is outside the engine. That's the delta T that matters in an internal combustion engine. In a steam engine, there's this temperature of the steam and there's the temperature outside the steam engine. What we care about is the heat that's transferred from the hot reservoir, the inside of the cylinder, the steam, this guy. Okay, so there's some numbers here and the units don't matter. It could be kilojoules, okay? But if we wanted to calculate the efficiency of this particular heat engine right here, it's easy. All right, I'm transferring five units from the hot reservoir, I'm sorry, I'm extracting five units of work from the hot reservoir and dividing by 20, that's the total number of units that were transferred out of the hot reservoir, all right? So that's the work right there. That 20 is the number coming out of the hot reservoir. The efficiency is 25%, all right, you with me? Okay, now, how efficient is a Carnot cycle? Well, it turns out that a Carnot cycle has an efficiency that's given by this equation right here where that's the cold, temperature of the cold reservoir, that's the temperature of this guy and that's the temperature of the hot reservoir, that's the temperature of the hot reservoir, all right? The efficiency depends on what these two temperatures are and it can't be higher than this. So let's see if we can prove that this is true. Let's prove this because that's the central thing that Sadie Carnot was able to do. All right, we want to calculate the work for each of our four cycles, okay? This is step one, two, three, and four, all right? This is isothermal expansion. This is adiabatic expansion. This is isothermal compression. This is adiabatic compression. Everybody recognize those equations? Yes, and that's also, this is problem two on your exam. Now, that guy is the opposite of that guy. All right, because I look at the limits of the integration. That's Tc to Th, that's Th to Tc, so that's the negative of that, so those two terms are going to cancel. Exactly, all right? What we're left with are these two guys, okay? And to further simplify them, we have to notice that these two data points here lie on an adiabat. So that means that these temperatures and volumes are related to one another through this equation right here, where gamma is just the ratio of the constant pressure and the constant volume heat capacities. These two guys right here, these two data points are also related through an analogous equation because they're also located on an adiabat, all right? And so this equation holds true for any two temperature volume data points on any adiabat, okay? So using these two equations, I can, this is just a statement of the one on the left, this is a statement of the one on the right, and now I can make substitutions. In fact, I can divide this guy by this guy, and I get this very simple expression that I can use to substitute now into this equation right here. I'm substituting that into this to obtain that, all right? The total work is just minus NR, temperature difference, multiply by log V2 over V1. And the transfer of heat in the first compression is. So that's the total work for the whole cycle, okay? And the transfer of heat in the first compression is this, that was just the first term that we wrote. And since we already agreed that the efficiency of the heat engine is just that divided by that, why it turns out if you make that substitution and you cancel terms, you get this equation right here. Try it yourself. Okay, so heat pump is used to maintain the temperature of a building at 18 degrees C when the outside temperature is at minus 5. For a frictionless heat pump, how much work must be expended to obtain a joule of heat? Is a joule a lot of heat or a little heat? Pretty big unit of heat, pretty big heat unit. Answer, here's the efficiency, all right? How much work must be expended to obtain a joule of heat, all right? Here's our Carnot expression for the Carnot efficiency. And so solving for work, all right? Work is just equal to QH times this guy, right? And so a joule, all right? So Q is a joule of heat, all right? One minus these temperatures are, of course, converted to the Kelvin scale from those two guys, all right? And what I calculate is 0.079 joules, pretty small number of joules, all right? But we agreed joules are pretty big energy unit, okay? And so the work necessary to pump one joule of heat from minus 5C to 18 degrees C, I think you'll agree that's going to be thermodynamically uphill to do that because that's colder than that, all right? That's going to be 79 millijoules. One, two, three, 79 millijoules, very simple. Okay, what is the entropy change for each of the four steps of the reversible Carnot cycle? There's another question concerning the Carnot cycle. We need the thermodynamic expression for S, yes, all right? Obviously, if we can convert this differential into a delta, then we just can pay attention to these delta, the change in entropy during step one and step two and step three and step four. The sum of those is going to be equal to the change in the entropy for the whole cycle. And that's what we want to know, all right? Because S is a state function. So steps two and three are adiabatic, so Q is zero for those and that means S is zero because S is Q over T, all right? And so if Q is zero because that's an adiabatic step, step two is adiabatic and step four is adiabatic, those two change in entropies are also going to be zero. You can tell that right away, all right? But that's not true for steps one and three, all right? Steps one and three are going to be Q1 divided by TH. All right, we can make these total derivatives because this process is occurring entirely at TH. It's occurring in an isothermal way. And process three is going to be Q2 over TC because that process is occurring entirely on the cold adiabat, a cold isotherm. And so if we know what the pressure volume carno cycle looks like but if we rewrite the carno cycle in terms of temperature entropy, it's a box, right? There's no change in temperature but there's a change in entropy for process one. Process two occurs with no change in entropy but a change in temperature between the hot and the cold, right, you see what I'm saying? So the carno cycle represented as a temperature entropy process is a box. It tends to be a helpful thing, at least for me to remember, helps me remember that the entropy is not changing in process two or in process four, all right? It's constant because there's no heat flow. Okay, so steps two and three are adiabatics, so Q1 goes zero, that means this, so let me emphasize one thing. So these two guys cancel. Did I prove that? Did I leave a slide out? I don't think I proved that. All right, that guy and that guy are equal and opposite. What's that? Yes, but I don't think I adequately prove that that has to be the same distance as, I mean, in other words, that this, sorry, this has to be the same distance as this. I think I still need to prove that to you, I guess, on Wednesday. Now, everything that we've said has so far pertained to a reversible process, but real processes are not reversible, right? Reversible processes happen infinitely slow, real processes happen at some finite rate. So we have to address what that means for us in terms of the thermodynamics of real processes versus reversible processes. We're going to get to that on Wednesday. We're going to talk, first of all, about this equation right here, and then we're going to talk about what happens when the process is not reversible. Okay? And I think, actually, this is all I've got, even though I've got 20 minutes left, Sean, somehow I managed to go through these 75 slides faster than I thought I would. Does anybody have questions? Yes? So steps two and four are adiabatic. That should be Q3, sorry. Okay, so we'll see you on Wednesday. Thank you.


Fy gyddiwch i'n meddwl i ni i dydw i'ch meddwl. Felly mae'n gofyn i'ch meddwl i Alessandra, mae'n ddweud i'r first child. Mae'n meddwl i'ch meddwl i'r first child, ond dyna'r brifyn o'r neid oedd ymddangos iawn, felly mae'n ddweud i Alessandra. Mae'n ddweud i'ch meddwl i'n dechrau. Mae'n ddweud i'n meddwl i'r newid. Thank you. I think there will be opportunity for Q&A if you don't let me speak for too long, I tend to do that, so please tell me if I start rambling too much. Thank you everyone for my society for inviting me and especially Gemma for being so helpful in the last few months as I was having a baby. And then leaving a maternity leave wasn't exactly easy to get a hold of me so they were very patient. My daughter is sitting outside so you all have a chance to meet her, she's wonderful. I'm here to talk about very depressing things but hopefully leave you with some hope for the future. I will start by giving you the depressing news which isn't exactly news, I think everyone already knows this but we are in a bit of a rough situation as democracies. Speaking as a Brazilian is living through a especially hard moment but we're not alone so at least there's other folks thinking about solutions with us. I like this framework of platform strongman as a way of defining how these new leaders that are essentially winning elections in different countries have been tackling their campaigns and then the way they govern. So essentially when we talk about platform strongman what we mean is people who run campaigns in a very new way using sort of all the tools of new power distributed campaigns that run really viral, that rely on volunteers essentially running the show with a lot of freedom and many decisions that are made horizontally but then when they actually govern they are attached to the values of old power, very authoritarian, tend to be very conservative in the case of the leaders that we have here especially Trump and Bolsonaro on the far left. These values also include being known, misogynist races and all the things that we already know. These are the guys winning elections, not just at the presidential level but as we've seen in Brazil in the last electoral cycle also at the local level. My state of Rio just elected a governor who wasn't even in the polls, he wasn't showing in the polls two weeks prior to the election. No one knew who this guy was, he wasn't making into the polls and then he just rose like a rocket and he was quite crazy. He of course is also riding on the back of a very extensive network of evangelical Christian churches in the country and the evangelical Christian churches are also making use of sort of new power tools and they are themselves based on a very distributed model of essentially anyone becoming a pastor, opening a church and then influencing a local community really strongly. And we don't know exactly how we're going to cope with the situation. What I do know and I think is relevant to the group here is that we need to beat them at their own game to some extent. And I say that I don't mean being crazy authoritarian conservatives but I do mean being really good at using technology and the tools of new power and distributing power in a way that empowers us and makes us better at what we do. And I believe there is a path for doing that in an ethical way and while withholding values that are also coherent with new power models. In order to get there, my sense is that we need to focus on fostering democratic societies not just democratic governments. And what I mean by that is that at least from the experience of Brazil for the past 30 years since essentially it became a democracy, we've been as a civil society focusing a lot on ensuring that our institutions are truly democratic. And that means essentially making sure that elections are held in a free and transparent way, that institutions are creating entry points for people to participate in policy making. All of that is necessary and really important, but I think we've become accustomed as civil society to having direct access to power through these sort of avenues that were open to us 30 years ago and influencing power directly without necessarily worrying too much about building support for democratic policies at the society level, mass support. So at some point democracy has lost the elections, that's sort of the paradox and that's where we are now. I think we need to go back and look at how our societies are organized, how normal citizens are organized and whether or not they are living democratic processes every day in their lives, not just every four years, not just when we make room for an election to take place. And well then the million dollar question is how we do it and I don't have an answer to that, but I have a few examples of strategies that I think are working and that maybe we can build upon or expend upon and then I will share with you. And I have organized these strategies in essentially two paths. One is resistance, which everyone is talking about and I do think resistance is important and not here to advocate that we focus on being proactive and forget about resistance. I think it is time to resist a little bit. But the other path is what I'm calling regeneration. I'm not sure if that's the best translation in English so you'll let me know. It sounds a bit spiritual I guess, but I kind of like it. Maybe it's coherent with the times. And I love dictionaries, especially when I'm trying to translate in between different languages and the exact definition of resistance or to resist is to exert force in opposition. And I think that's a very important political stance to take right now. I think in certain democracies we need to be a little bit more open about being in opposition. This is not something that most civil society organizations are used to or comfortable with. Most NGOs were born at a time where even if we were operating outside of government, we would never necessarily call ourselves the opposition because we wanted to ensure that we will last and that we weren't necessarily seen as a political force that was contingent on whomever was sitting on the seats of power. I think that time at least in Brazil has definitely changed. Most of the civil society sector now will need to be in opposition to whatever this government is already doing and will do in the next four years because these attacks are going to the very core of what a democratic society should look like. When it comes to regeneration, then I think we have a bigger responsibility because I'm talking about our own regeneration and regeneration of democracy itself. The definition that I like the best is the second definition to the transitive verb to change radically and for the better. We do need radical transformation in the way democracies operate. It's not just about ensuring that these platform strongmen are not ruining everything for us. It's also recognizing that the reason they took power is because things were not necessarily going out that well for everyone. Unless we look at these issues and solve them, we're going to keep on facing these challenges in the near future. When I talk about resistance, the first thing that comes from my mind is activism. Being in a civic tech conference, I'm especially interested in discussing with you how technology can help activists do their jobs better. When I talk about regeneration, I think about solidarity or building the commons again, building the sort of democratic tissue and muscle that we need to be vibrant democracies. I think solidarity is at the very core of that and technology can also help us think about solidarity at scale. Again, I have a few examples for you about our work and how we have been doing it. Of course, I'm sure you can think of examples of your own work and I'll be very curious in the next few days to learn more about what all of you do. I will be in and out on baby duty, but I'll definitely be around and keen to discuss. Before I give you the examples, just to give you a bit of an intro from what we are, we are a laboratory for activism and a network of small civic engagement infrastructures in different cities in Brazil. Our job, this is our team, the other day in Rio, we was very, very hot, is to create technology solidarity networks and mobilization opportunities for people, for ordinary citizens. That want to have an impact in their community, so we very much look at local communities as sort of the locus of the work that we do. And we were born in 2011 as a local organization, as a local activist organization in the city of Rio, and we sort of spun out and become this umbrella organization that has other projects embedded in it. Just really quickly, in 2015, we launched a network of local organizations that follow the model of our first project in Rio. In 2017, we started working on different causes, so we launched Mapa de Aqualimento, which is a platform for victims and survivors of sexual violence to find therapists and lawyers that want to give them free services. And Beta, our feminist chatbot, she operates on Facebook and gives a large constituency of young women opportunities for campaigning for reproductive rights in Brazil. And last year, we did a few solidarity campaigns. I brought two here that have become larger projects. Somos Cria was a massive, they're both crowdfunding campaigns. Somos Cria was a massive crowdfunding campaign to support local schools that prep black women, young black women for university, so they can actually take the entrance exams and pass, which is very hard in Brazil for public universities. And we did that campaign after a local congresswoman, Marielle Franco, was assassinated in March last year, about a year ago now. And she had herself been through one of these schools and made it to university thanks to that, so we thought it was a good way of paying tribute to her and to her path. And we just heard last week that 102 black women that went to these prep schools essentially for the year after the campaign actually made it to university just last week, so that's really great. And we also did a huge crowdfunding campaign after Bolsonaro was elected and we re-granted all the money to 10 local organizations that work with victims of hate crime. So that's sort of the kind of work that we do. We became essentially known in Brazil after we did this one campaign. There was a video about it. I'm not sure if the video is going to play, so I will just tell you what it was. We essentially in 2012 launched a campaign to save a local public school in Rio. We had just started our work and we launched this campaign to save a local public school from demolition. It was going to become a parking lot near the Maracanon Stadium in the lead-up to the World Cup. And the kids and the teachers and the parents, yeah, I know. I say this now, but it's kind of ridiculous, isn't it? I just become used to the stories. I don't get surprised anymore. But yeah, it was one of the best public schools in the state of Rio and the local school community really organized and rallied around it. And I think our team then helped them organize on a massive scale, get other citizens involved and more notoriously, we planted a webcam in front of the school using the balcony of one of the buildings. There we talked to this really sweet elderly couple that landed their balcony for a few months and we had a webcam monitoring the school 24-7. People could watch it online and if they saw all those are coming they could press a button. And other people who had previously signed up received text messages and physically came to the school. So that happened three times during the time that we were campaigning and of course the press loved it. It just lent its health to great photo ops. Just a bunch of people sitting outside of this school and keeping the bulldozers out. And after a while it became kind of ugly for the governor and he decided to just let it be. So the school was still standing and that's how we essentially got started. That was our very first big campaign in the city of Rio. I've already told you a little bit about the projects, but just so you know how we think about them, would you think that some of our projects are more activist-oriented, so more resistance-oriented in a way and some other projects are more solidarity-oriented. And I guess the question then going back to what we were speaking about in the beginning is, is this work effective against platform strongmen? And in order to answer that question I'm going to introduce you to Brazil's first platform strongmen who is not Bolsonaro. A few years prior to Bolsonaro even being considered a viable candidate, this guy became mayor of Sao Paulo, meet João Doria, this not very handsome man actually. Anyway, João Doria was the host of the apprentice Brazil, he brings the bell right, I know. History just repeats itself very quickly now too, which is kind of weird. Anyway, so he was the host of the apprentice, he was a television personality, he got elected to be mayor of Sao Paulo, one of the biggest cities in the world, definitely the biggest city in Brazil. And he was a very social media driven mayor. He was on Facebook every day, all day long, essentially doing live streaming from 5am to 2am the following day. He made a point of making sure that people knew that he would wake up early, that was a thing. So he would always live stream something at like 5.30am showing how early he was working. I don't know what that was about, but anyway. So this is just a few examples of how he presented himself as a mayor and as a candidate. He would also do that, he would wear the uniforms of different categories of workers in the city of Sao Paulo and take pictures wearing the different uniforms. It was very Sesame Street-like, we don't know what was going on. Anyway, but that was him. Just a few more pictures, just because I love it. Look at that, the rodeo hatch, isn't it amazing? Oh, and this gesture means accelerate Sao Paulo. Because, and that's when it becomes interesting, João Daudia was elected after a previous mayor, Fiannão Duodagi from the Workers' Party, had implemented a bunch of policies to restrict cars and the velocity of cars in the city of Sao Paulo. So much of his platform was actually around sort of undoing the policies of his predecessor and saying that his predecessor had de-accelerated or slowed down the city of Sao Paulo, so he would accelerate it again. Fiannão Duodagi then went on to run for president and lost to Bolsonaro just a few months ago. But when Daudia took power, essentially his main campaign promise was to undo everything that his predecessor had done. I am by no means implying that his predecessor had only done good things. Daudia did some pretty bad things too, but the policies that he had implemented around car restrictions were actually quite successful from a scientific point of view. They had improved quality of light, they had improved actual traffic patterns, they had improved the quality of the air, and they had contributed to diminishing that in due to car crashes and other traffic-related issues. Now when Fiannão Duodagi was mayor, before Daudia was elected, we had run one campaign also around cars, as mean as Sampa through a local organization in Sao Paulo, for a policy that Daudia was not implementing on his own. It was around cars, it was around an issue that we knew that he cared about, but it was not something that he wanted to do on his own. The campaign that we had run was around opening streets for pedestrians on Sundays. It was called Paulista Bertha and it focused on Avenida Paulista, which is sort of the most important avenue in Sao Paulo, but it also included 38 other important avenues that we wanted to ensure that people had access to on Sundays, especially given that Sao Paulo has very few green spaces, very few sort of spaces for families to take their kids to during the weekends. So it was a very simple thing, but Adagio was not very keen on doing that, mostly because the commercial associations, so the neighborhoods and commercial associations around these streets were very, very powerful and all of them were opposed to precluding cars from using these streets on the weekend. The people who lived around the streets were overwhelmingly in favor of this policy, but the commercial associations were not and Adagio was already essentially fighting of a bunch of people who didn't want to pick up that fight. We ran this campaign, we won the campaign, it was a massive campaign that lasted for over a year, engaged thousands of citizens in Sao Paulo and we won it and Adagio finally opened a bunch of streets, 38 streets throughout the city for pedestrians. The first step of recognizing the cars don't necessarily need to own our cities. When Daria was elected with his whole Accelerate Sao Paulo business, we were very worried. We said, okay, he's going to throw this policy in the mix and undo that one too. So we ran a campaign on him right after he was elected during that period in between the election and him actually taking office. Saying, please, don't undo this. We like this. This has been a success. Just let it be. Don't go in your fur of undoing everything that Adagio has done and undo this too. This is the answer that we got from him, Joan Daria. That's his actual email address. My designer was very nice and essentially blurred the rest of it. I don't know why. I don't think you would all email him now, but he answered the way this campaign was built. It was an email pressure campaign, so essentially we had a web page where people could come in and they just left their basic name, last name email address, and we had a pre-populated message that was sent from the citizen's email address directly to Joan Daria's email address. So he got about 40,000 emails in the first eight hours, which I'm sure he noticed, and then he answered. I'm not sure if he answered all 40,000 of them, but he definitely answered a bunch, because we got a bunch of different members of Minas Sampa then emailing us and saying, hey, he answered. This is so exciting. His answer was very short, was Paulista will keep being open on Sundays. It's working well. It was adopted by the population. Then we asked for a meeting with him just to make sure that there wasn't any mixed messages that he actually mentioned what he said on the email. Sometimes politicians will do that to us. They will publicly say that they are agreeing to move a campaign, but then go back or there'll be caveats. What he told us in the meeting was quite interesting. He said, this was not an adagio policy. This was not done by my predecessor. This was done in spite of him. This was done because people pressured him, and therefore I don't need to undo it. I think this is an important insight for how we deal with platform strongmen. The insight is this. Even if we have people that we like in power, politicians that we love, politicians that are doing well or implementing good policies, if they're doing these things in a very autocratic way without any link to the population, it'll be very easy for these platform strongmen once they take power and they will in some of our countries. I don't think there's a lot we can do about that. But it will be very easy for them to undo whatever policies we like. Our best hope for a continuation of public policy is to ensure that these policies are actually backed by the population, democratic societies, not just democratic governments. We need that. Otherwise, as public sentiment swings, as governments change, we will lose the policies that we hold dear. I think technology has a very strong role to play in terms of fostering that kind of activism that leads to that popular support that will then give us hope for keeping our policies in place. That's the post that we did right after Doria said that he was going to keep the avenue open. Now, continuing on, because the story is not finished yet, Doria is now governor of Sao Paulo. He won the last elections, so he's no longer mayor of his governor. Yeah, there he is celebrating his victory with a Brazilian flag. And again, before Doria took power as governor, we had already launched the platform that I mentioned to you a few minutes ago, Mapa do Colimento, which links survivors of sexual violence with a network of volunteers that provide them with free services. We started with just mental health services because that was something that was lacking in the public health system in Brazil. Would you have some mental health services in the public health system, but not enough? It's not very well organized. And now we expanded it to legal services as well. Now it's almost 3,000 volunteers that have gone through our vetting process. We have a lot more that actually signed up, but we have a pretty strong vetting process for this. Over 2,000 women that get assistance through the platform every week because the therapy sessions are weekly. So now we're handling weekly sessions for over 2,000 women. That was something that we had already implemented about a year before Doria was elected. The week after he took office as governor, he said he actually vetoed an initiative by the local parliament to implement 24-hour police stations for women in the state of Sao Paulo. So one of the older demands of the movements that are comprised of sexual violence survivors in Brazil is that there are the be specialized police stations that are staffed by women and that are open 24 hours. So that women that are victims of violence can go to a safe place where they know they will not be dismissed as so often happens in sort of normal police stations. And this has been a demand that has been building up. Mia Sampa actually did a campaign, our organization in Sao Paulo did a campaign to open the very first police station of that kind in the city of Sao Paulo and we won. It's been open for a few years now. But then the local parliament in Sao Paulo on its own, we didn't have any campaign pressuring them. Passed a bill that would essentially ensure that there would be a number of these police stations in different zones in the state of Sao Paulo available to women 24 hours a day and Joanne Doria veto it. Those are the sort of headlines. Doria Veta project, Doria Veta means veto. Kind of easy. Right after that happened, we launched a campaign and that campaign was different about it. That we didn't launch it to our normal sort of base of activists. We actually launched it to the volunteers that were working with us in Mapa do Colimento. People that had been essentially flexing their civic muscle for a while through the solidarity network that we had built. And that solidarity network had kept them connected to this issue even as Brazil was sort of torn apart by what was a very heated election, a very polarizing election. So inside of that community, we had voted for different candidates and we certainly must have had people that voted for Doria himself but we have sort of built that community based on this idea that women need specialized assistance and we were actually providing that assistance to some extent ourselves but there are certain kinds of assistance that need to come from government and we launched this campaign to that member base and we said the governor just vetoed this. We need this to actually go through and we know that you care about this issue because we've been dedicating hours of your life every week to helping other women. We need you to get engaged in this and because these were people that were already engaged at a higher level we didn't necessarily need to ask them to send an email only. We could ask them to do more involved things, higher barrier to entry things, show up in person at his office, send physical letters to his office, all kinds of actions that are a little bit harder to take but they really show a policy show that there is popular support for something. It was a very successful campaign. It was very quick and then he went back and said, yes, I will open the 24 hour police stations. This just happened. This was just a few weeks ago because it just took off as its governor and of course he will then hug a bunch of women and take pretty pictures of them but that's fine. If that's the price we have to pay, it's okay. There you go. There he is with some of the police officers that are going to be staffing these stations and of course he made a video and he also uses that for his own platform and we know that but that's his logic and we have to play with what we have and this is how policy is being decided upon today which is not necessarily a good thing but it is what it is and if we don't do it well, if we don't play this game well enough we are going to lose. I think we already are losing but there you go. Through this work, we've been essentially growing quite rapidly we're now a bit over 1.3 million people in terms of membership. These are people that are members of our different civic engagement structures in different cities. We have trained over 150 activists in the past few years in 20 cities. More than three countries is kind of a weird phrase in four countries and raised a lot of money through crowdfunding and we have these permanent networks in 13 different cities in Brazil. We have created in 13 cities we have seven that are really active today and six that are a bit less active so we don't count them in necessarily when we do multi-city campaigns. What I want to leave you with and what I always tell my team and the volunteers and the members that work with us is that in spite of the very tough times that we're facing as activists as promoters of the resistance and the solidarity that we need to move forward we are playing the long game. I don't think we're going to see a lot of victories in the next couple of years maybe not in the next few years really with the exception of very specific policy victories that I think we can still have and I've just shown you a few examples of that of how that can happen but in spite of that I am certain I am convinced that a new generation is rising and that generation is better than us it's more connected, more open more queer, more tolerant, less cynical and more honest than what we've seen before I'm not talking about my daughter's generation that will be too far away in the future I am not that pessimistic but I'm talking about the 15 and 16 year olds of the world who are surprising as every day with their creativity and their ability to organise and our membership in the work that we do is mostly quite young 16 to 29 is our main age bracket so we deal with people like that every day and we know that they are the real deal they're doing really interesting work and they will save our democracies if we let them if we don't make our democracies so impermeable to public participation that they don't even have a chance as Nasa's and I think as a sector in general I hope that we can beat this generation's first school of democracy I hope we can beat this new authoritarian movement quickly and effectively and resist but also reinvent, rebuild, regenerate because if we don't challenge ourselves to create institutions that are truly radically different from what we've seen before platform strongmen will keep on dominating them and doing whatever they want with them and it will be a very hard world to live in in a few years from now but I don't think we're necessarily headed there because there is incredible energy in the sector that we can channel for good and I hope we do it together so thank you We've got 10 or 15 minutes for questions I guess, Alessandro, do you want to handle the questions yourself? Can we have other questions? No, no, no, over to you I've got a question whilst you're getting ready it strikes me the the role for technology is perhaps less important than the personal connections that are formed on the ground and so on so I'd be interested in the kind of the interaction between those two things and then open up to the floor So the way we see ourselves is that it's organised it's not digital activists, it's organised people and that may be through a campaign that may be for a solidarity effort it may be for different things and I think what technology does is it makes organising cheaper and more accessible at a scale that is relevant to a city like Sao Paolo a city of 12, 13 million people so I think technology is actually quite vital we wouldn't be able to do the work that we do without good technology simply because we wouldn't have the resources to operate at a scale without technology however, we don't see it as a lens in itself we do see it as a means for effective organising and effective organising is your right based on building personal connections that last, building identification to a cause and to a community people will work together in spite of their political differences if they trust each other on some level so what we've found is that making sure that people see the humanity in each other and they have a common cause a common ground is actually quite powerful if you do it over time in spite of other differences that may arise and I think technology if used badly can actually go in the opposite direction of that it can actually make people blind to what is common in them and to what unites them because it creates this veil very easily you could do that but it can also actually do the opposite thing help you find your peers help you find your civic soulmates in this sea of craziness and there's a question over there and another one there Hi, Luke from Grassroots a question particularly, I really like the thank you very much for the framing of beating platform Strongman on their own ground and a very tactical question on that one of the things that's been reported on quite a bit from the Brazilian election is something very innovative and very aggressive use of technology was the Bolsonaro campaign use of WhatsApp groups at scale it's been particularly reported in terms of sort of fake news but actually it looks like from the outside it was really important in terms of organising and getting people to act can you describe a bit more about learning from the enemy how they actually did that in terms of getting people to actually act and what we can learn from what they did there yeah, so a few things we did quite a lot of thinking around this and some research and some espionage as well so I can share what I know my first thought is we don't know enough we need more research on this and it's hard to have research on what happens on WhatsApp because it's encrypted because it's not sort of a public timeline like what we see on Facebook but what we do know is that most of the WhatsApp groups that were activated by the Bolsonaro campaign were actually not created as Bolsonaro campaign WhatsApp groups they were created as neighbourhood groups they were created during the truck driver strike that happened earlier in the year they were created for other uses and then Bolsonaro campaigners sort of took over in a way and then they became very active during the campaign I think that's an important insight and it goes back to what I was saying about personal connection it's once you've built a group that is already connecting about something that is of common interest to everyone and that group has been effective over time it is a lot easier for the organisers of that group or the more prominent, the facto leaders of the group to then introduce a new mission and the mission may be alex Bolsonaro and that be well received by the other members of the group so that's one thought the second thought is that the kind of messaging that Bolsonaro was using just travels well on WhatsApp and I think that's an unfortunate side effect of the architecture of our social networks is that they do favour sort of very superficial fake information, very sensationalist and I don't think we can necessarily beat them at this game because that would be unethical but we can work on language when we talk about issues so they don't seem so lofty and sort of far away from people so very basic insight but I think very important and then I think the third thing which requires a larger conversation with Facebook essentially is that the same things that make WhatsApp amazing for some types of activist work encryption, the fact that it can do so much in a private way is also allowing crimes to be committed in a way in electoral crimes included in a way that goes unchecked and we just don't have a good enough answer for that yet but we need one I don't think the answer is getting rid of these things we do work with WhatsApp in Rio as well around police violence we do collaborative reporting of police violence through WhatsApp and the reason we do it through WhatsApp it's because of encryption and the fact that everyone has WhatsApp so I don't think we should lose it I think WhatsApp is actually an amazing technology very valuable to activists in many ways but the impact on the elections was terrible and that's something that we need to look at but not necessarily just a civil society also as the larger sector and one over here I'll go there and I'll go back to you I won't forget you Hi, Miche Sifri from Civic Hall thank you for that wonderful presentation I have to say coming to this conference now for many years it's really striking to hear a keynote that is so activist or as opposed to neutral in the way that Civic Tech works so question, joke are you sure your last name is in Cortez because you sure remind me of AOC a very interesting new political actor in the United States and so that gets to my question which is number one do you think personally that you might enter politics do you think being in politics may be the best vehicle for the type of work that you're describing and then the second question is do you worry about your own safety oh boy, okay so first question I've already entered politics but not in an electoral way I know what you mean do I think about running for office yes, not now if I say no I think that would be a lie I love politics and I love policy and I think there is a scale to whatever the state does that is just amazing so I would love to be a part of that at some point in my life but the way that the political system is organized in Brazil right now would make it very hard for someone like me to have any impact and I think I've been working with this for long enough now to know that it is often an illusion just how much impact you can have from the within I'm not disagreeing that big change also needs to happen from within but I think we often times assign way too much power to whomever is holding the pen when in reality that person is subject to so many types of pressure from everywhere party pressure, constituency pressure funder pressure etc that I think for now at least for me a more effective way of having that kind of impact is actually organizing a new kind of pressure so that everyone who is already in politics is also subject to citizen pressure otherwise they are just responding to interests that are well better organized than we are and I think we have a potential for having more power than we exert as citizens it's just a matter of sort of organizing yourself better so that's for the first one on safety yes I do we faced some pretty serious threats about a year and a half ago we faced sort of trolls and hate all the time every day but I don't really count that in I think that's sort of like a dog that barks but doesn't necessarily bite but we did face some serious threats about a year and a half ago because of the work that we do on police violence and we realized that that piece of work was actually making to create security protocols around it that would then have to sort of be applied to the entire organization so we are actually trying to spin that piece of work out precisely because of that because it wasn't just me I was definitely more in the spotlight but my entire staff was very scared and we work with a pretty diverse staff so people that come from different walks of life some people that live in favelas in Rio that are subject to all kinds of different political rule and I think even though the threats that were made to me were more public I think that the threats that are made to them are much more serious so I do worry about my safety I worry about the safety of my team a lot more than I worry about my own because I'm not AOC I love her but I'm not her and I come from a at least on my mother's side a wealthy background which in a country in a very very unequal country like Brazil some level of protection I don't kid myself into thinking that that will make me invincible but it is different from being say a black woman in Islam in Rio and I do have black women who lives in two that live in slums in Rio or whose families do in my staff so that's what I'm mostly worried about now and that's why when both are not a one the crowdfunding campaign that we ran was to support very small organizations that work directly on victims of hate crime it wasn't necessarily to support us but then again yes it's a weird situation in Brazil so some level of scared I think it's prudent but I tell myself this will sound very strange in English but I'll say it anyways that we will not die until they kill us so I will not let fear keep me or anyone that I work with from speaking up and actually doing this work because I think that fear is both on out and other platforms they play very well with the resemblance of the democratic normalcy so they will say and claim because they were elected that all is well of our democracy there's nothing wrong they're not doing anything that should be considered reason for being alarmed so the flip side of that is that if we are so fearful that we shut up that won't necessarily be seen as a direct result of their work that would just be seen as us being cowards there's just nothing tangible enough that would necessarily make us shut up with that said I was friends close friends with Mariali so we've had our share of loss and violence in Brazil in the past year so we need to keep an eye out there was a question here that I don't want to forget and then I think we're going to run out of time but I'll be around I'm not going to be around immediately I'm going to be around for like the few minutes after this and then I'm going to have to leave view of my baby a little bit but I'll be back later and then tomorrow so we want to talk more I'm here, yes Thank you Alessandra this was a very inspiring and useful frame the resist and regenerate and a great flow from the presentation because just before you went into that historical perspective I wanted immediately to ask you how did all your work since 2011 play into this kind of politics rising why did that happen despite so many groups doing this work so it's fantastic like the way you put it there my question is if you can say a bit more about what notion you think we need to give to solidarity in that context and you spoke about solidarity at scale and you know I can see this in a platform about women that have been through violence but that solidarity between people that dehumanise other members in the community and the people who are dehumanised black women, migrants in Brazil or in other context how do when we don't have the personal connection as in like people working in the neighbourhood and I know that's a very hard question just your thinking on like how do we do solidarity at scale when we have this polarising situations and maybe just to put this into context like I co-lead the Global Strategy Programme for Amnesty International and I'd love to talk to everybody about this but we're at some point in the next month like launching this bigger consultation on like how does Amnesty need to transform the way we do solidarity being that it's a big organisation built on like the concept of international solidarity but now we're at another moment in time and we're going to use tech to do that etc etc and it's great if we can start collectively thinking about these questions Okay Hard questions to answer quickly but I'll give you just a few thoughts from a tactical perspective I think that again you cannot stand in solidarity with someone that you don't see as an equal as a human being that doesn't necessarily mean that you need to know them personally that doesn't necessarily mean that you need to agree with them on every issue but it does mean that you have to see the humanity in them and I think what makes us sensible to the humanity in others is different for everyone but it's definitely not necessarily the demographic data that most political organisers historically work with so it's not necessarily age it's not necessarily social class the traditional categories for targeting political messaging are already blurred and I think the platform strongmen were actually the first ones to notice that that's why they moved into working with psychological analysis targeting their messaging not necessarily through the traditional demographic categories but ways of thinking so some people are more easily convinced by numbers so I'm going to give them numbers some people are more easily convinced by emotional stories so I'm going to give them that they're doing that too better than we are but when it comes to solidarity the things that makes us sensible to the humanity in others are different but there are a few common traits and I think we can amnesty has a large community of members I'm sure you could get data on this if you applied some data science to it what we've done with our database is try to identify these traits and it's not we started our biggest solidarity platform with survivors of sexual violence not just because it is a huge issue in Brazil because it was a real need those are of course big factors into making that decision but also because we realized that after the very young people our biggest membership was actually amongst 35 to 55 year old women with children so it's essentially youngish I guess sorry mums that we see the most action and we realized that knowing that someone was also struggling to raise their children we're facing some of the same issues that he wore as a mother actually made you a lot more sensible to their struggle in spite of differences in class race etc etc so I think we can find bridges like that of course in an ideal world I'm a humanist I would love for people to see the humanity in everyone just because they're human beings but that's just not necessarily how people operate and again I think that part of our struggle with platform strongmen far right populist in general is that we often times don't want to work with the realities of how people get engaged politically because we like those realities to be different so we sort of already operate on the assumption that they are but they're not people want to be on whatsapp they want the gossipy aspect of politics to be served to them and they will stand in solidarity a lot easier if you give them something to identify with and if you do that over time I think that's also key especially for international organizations that often not say it's the case with MNC I don't know if they work well enough but that often sort of come in in moments of crisis and just run one campaign and then go out what we've learned is that in order to build trust in a community the community and the team and the team with the community and the community and amongst itself you need time Milhiyu for instance we took a poll after Bolsonaro was elected 20% of our members voted for him about 30% of them self-identified evangelical Christians and they're not leaving the community even though we took a very strong stance against most of what he was saying but we never said that he was equal to his followers I think that's one thing people vote for candidates in spite of disagreeing with them on some issues we all do that I know it's harder for us to accept that people would do that when the issues are to men you shouldn't vote for someone who thinks that or who says publicly I would rather have a dad son than a gay son but the reality is that some people voted for him for other reasons in spite of that and just equating his hideousness to meaning that everyone who voted for him is also hideous will not help us ask them to stand in solidarity with people that are being targeted by these policies so we realize that we have enough people in our community that like him to some extent enough to vote for him they still participate in our campaigns because we've been around for seven years now so we've done so many things in Rio that people know that they can trust us that we are on their side in spite of whomever is sitting in power we don't change our stances we're always working for policies that better the lives of people in cities even as governments change and the fact that we have survived these swings also makes it easier for people to be standing in solidarity with us and with each other within the communities that we have created I think this is it thank you so much for having me and I'll talk to you very soon


Were you ever told be a man? Doesn't that sound weird to you? Is it that means that you were... No! Is it that means that you're not a man by the fact alone that you were born a man, but that being a man is an But that being a man is an action and what's worse It's an incredibly stressful action to constantly perform without being yourself Hi, my name is Rokos Leo and today we'll speak about what it means to be a man So last week I was in Amsterdam, VidCon Europe for those who do not know it's the biggest YouTube event What happens in major regions every year and as YouTube is becoming an increasingly important part of my life I was lucky enough to be invited by my friend Philip Zeppelin a CO expert to be a participant there together with him During VidCon some major youtubers were there and also they gave some AMA and luckily enough two of my favorite Youtubers were there in VidCon Europe including MatPat of Game Theory and Anna Akana of Anna Akana, but this story is connected to Anna. For those who do not know Anna She's creating self-help videos on YouTube with brutal honesty and very great humor Well, I could talk more about her the game-changer that happened with this video was doing Anna Akana's AMA During it one of the guys asked her something along the lines of a question like whether guys should also do a self-help YouTube channel and she went on fire She started saying how self-help videos for men are extremely missing from YouTube That guys should talk more openly about the secret issues that all men actually have yet none talk about it And how beneficial that would be and while my main YouTube channel is about martial arts and guy stuff I still realized that this call needs to be answered and then in there. I told myself Anna It's a deal. So thank you Anna Akana for the inspiration and let's get on to the subject So as I told before Men are told to be men from early on get what does that really mean did anyone really explain to us in detail? What does it mean to be a man or did we have to figure out ourselves by observing other men? Including our fathers to pick it up Most of us went on learning what it means to be a man by observing others and hearing about such incredible feet as Men do not cry. Men are always strong Men do not have feelings and do not share them and while I'll talk about these one by one in the rest of the video Let's begin by looking at the issue of picking up things from other men or from our fathers First of all, what if a guy doesn't have a father? Is he doomed to not be a man for the rest of his life? should he change his sex in this passport to undeveloped and even those who have dads most of our dads are far away from what we would want to become When we grow up or when we develop as a man and they are far from perfect But we're still forced by society to live up to this image of a man based on our fathers image and of the man around us By the way, I love my dad. He's great. Well, no one's perfect. I'm talking in in general, right? Okay. Okay, let's move on Now to come back to the three mentioned qualities of a man. Let's start with the first one Men do not cry. Really? Are we physically incapable of crying? Do we not have some crying glands or something? And if we do cry, does that mean we're broken? Crying is actually a natural phenomenon.  Sure Most men vent in different ways beer sex Fighting not to say that anything is wrong with all three of those But is it really best to do all of them coming from built-up negative emotions? Do they really translate well to these actions if we realize that it is okay for men to cry? It doesn't mean you have to cry about everything, but should men refrain from crying at all. I would question that next one Men are always strong. Well, yes, physically most men are generally stronger than most women But even that is not always the case yet by nature our physiques have differences and normally men's physique is stronger But did you know that a man has to always be strong not only physically but also mentally and emotionally? Not to say that being strong mentally and emotionally is bad But he has to be that way all the time in the living world Everything has rhythms and cycles even nature has spring summer autumn winter and most have their cycles and well Women have their own cycles and it's normal yet men men know they cannot have their cycles They always have to be springtime and then always has to be confident always has to show success Always has to know what he's doing. Do you think it's possible if everything has rhythms and cycles? How can you expect a man to always be at his peak performance yet? What happens when both the man and his partners well expect him from that you're sitting up expectations Which are impossible to deliver and that means half of the time you will feel strong Yet all the time will be afraid to lose that feeling which causes a lot of extra stress and half of the other time You will feel totally miserable Just because you will think that you will always have to be strong and when you will not feel strong Then just it's a double damage and trying to cover that up and pretending that you are strong isn't a solution either Which brings me to my next point men do not have or share feelings. Let's start with the first bit Men do not have feelings which is already a ridiculous statement and expectation or that men are less easily hurt That are potentially better at not showing it that may be true But generally women are much more better at dealing with pain than men Did you ever see a video of a man going for the same artificially conducted pain of birth? They all bail out yet We still pretend that nothing has hurt us that we are unbeatable and Unbreakable while keeping all of our doubts and negative feelings to ourselves Choking with them as they gather and gather and keep on gathering and one of the best ways to actually free up those emotions So gathered emotions is to talk about it But yet again men do not talk about their feelings Which brings back again to the same problem of negative feelings accumulating in a man Not talking about your feelings brings us to even another issue when you are with a group of six guys and five out of six say that They're doing great that their sex life is great that everything is doing good being the sixth guy You think to yourself am I the only one who has issues and coming to that conclusion makes your situation even much Because again you feel like you're the young one having problems that nobody's gonna understand you and that you suck and that you fail Much more than others, but in reality Everyone has issues yet when you don't hear others telling you about it and everyone telling they're doing fine You start to think that something is wrong with you And then you go on and tell the next guy that you are doing fine Do you see the vicious cycle that I'm talking about here? It's not only the society pushing men to live up to Impossible standards. We are also doing this to each other and making it even worse Did you know that men are 1.8 times more prone to suicide than women and did you know that one of the main Explanations for this tragic phenomena is in relationship to social constructions of hegemonic masculinity You ask what that means it is male gender roles emphasizing greater levels of strength independence and status that often prevent men from seeking help for suicidal feelings and depression All of this vicious circle has to stop and the first way to stop it is first of all to start bringing awareness to it To talk more about it and to realize how ridiculous and toxic this behavior is Secondly, we should stop pushing this twisted idea to each other and stop expecting us both from ourselves and from others to live in an Artificial shell of unbreakableness is not real strength to turn yourself into a victim and to cry all the time about it It is important for both a man and a woman to maintain a sense of balance a sense of centeredness which helps us through difficult times Yet it takes guts to show actual emotions to admit that you're vulnerable that you are not perfect and to allow yourself to be that way That is what a true man is a person who lives and survives through hardship yet Does not pretend that it doesn't exist a person who understands his emotions and respects his both strong and weak sides at the same time Because in the end no one of us is perfect to be perfect is to actually be yourself Well, we could talk more about specific methods how to deal with all of these situations as they arise in our social surroundings Talking about it and identifying this problem is the very first and very important step to begin with and in terms of some life hacks How to deal with it? I will share in the next video But before I finish if you agree that men should not be expected to be unbeatable Machines and that they should allow themselves to admit and accept their feelings Make sure you share this video saying to your board friends brothers fathers and your guy friends They deserve to know how stupid it is to try to be a man This was Roku's Leo and I'll see you in the next video Hopefully in already a better world that we already created together


What's going on everyone? Sam here with late sports cards. We are ripping at 22-23 for any Prism Premier League EPL soccer choice 10 box break number 10 random team style. There's a look again at your random results. As always you can find those on the website under the results tab as well as the link that's in chat. So good luck here everybody. Plenty of time on this. Good. Here we go. Good luck here everybody. Let's see some fire come out of this. Allen St. Maximon. Got Otto is going to be Claude Machlele. Nice one there for Chelsea. Machlele. Grats on that there. Chelsea is Chunhee K. Oh we got a Tiger strike. Nice. Paul Nebula. Gabriel. Exclusive Esri Kansa. And Tiger strike is Ederson. Nice one there for Manchester City on the Tiger strike. Kind of a jersey match there being the goalkeeper Kitt. Silver Aaron Cresswell. Albert Sambi-Lokonga and Johnny. Watch this ready. Nebula this box because Forrest called it. Actually we did expose Forrest as being a fraud because he went in came in and touched the break and went like Nebula in there now and there wasn't Nebula in there. Right. That's what I'm saying. We sent Forrest back to the pregame lobby on that one. That is going to be Marcus Rashford. We've got a nice Tino Liebermento. That is going to be going to Southampton. 7 of 10 on the gold scope Otto. Gold scopes are clean dude. I wish they had those in basketball. Yeah. The gold scope autos. They look really nice. I like it. Very nice. That's going to be a Brandon Aronson. We've got Tri-Color Jordan Henderson. That is one of 15 going to Liverpool. Nice one there and a Holland on the exclusive. Nice one there congrats Man City. Silver John Stones and Golokante and Raul Hemez for Wolverhampton. The old wanderers. The old wanderers of Wolverhampton. I know I've finally bought another City Connectat. I bought the Marlin City Connectat. They were in that Tuesday most likely. Kyle Walker Peters. That is going to be Saul Campbell. Nice one there on the legends auto for Arsenal. Grads Arsenal. Picking up the next auto. Kevin B congrats my friend Kevin. Alexander with a iMac and Zenith spot Chad with a spot in prism draft choice. He's got we've got a Philip Billing Red Scope UN Wisa that is 18 of 30 for Brentford. That's going to be Alfonso Ariola. Silver Los Andro Martinez. Robert Firmino and Jordan Zamora on the Silver Rookie. Another Tiger Stripe. Nice. Auto is going to be Diego Delo.  Esri Conza. There's Takahiro Tomayasu. That is going to be numbered one of 30 on the Red Scope for Arsenal. Tiger Stripe is going to be Kyfer Moore. That is going to be going to Bournemouth. Nice one there congrats Bournemouth. Bournemouth is Charlie.  Silva Isajup. Mo Salah. Nice one there for Liverpool and Connor Cody.  This guy's putting a top quarter's up on.  I'm looking pretty fly huh. There's a oh boy that's going to be Cesar Aspelkweta. Actually that wasn't that bad. That wasn't as hard as I thought it was going to be. Aspelkweta.  Tamari Gray. Red Scope is UN Wisa again that is 19 of 30 this time. Second one of those we pulled Brentford and Tim Reem on the Exclusive. Silver Ederson Man City. Nick Pope as well as Damari Gray for Everton. I am like Tario. Start doing the dance. What is the Tario dance? I don't know something I'm sure. He was doing like the no I wasn't him. Yeah no that was him that was him.  I don't think so. It was. Danny Welbeck. That's going to be a Jimmy Floyd Hasselbank for Chelsea. Nice one there. No Horace. No I don't.   Oh Malcolm Evio. He was doing that. It's a 30. I might know what if I see this. Scott McKenna I'm sure he was. Yeah I'll stop my head. As well as another Erling Holland on the Exclusive. Silver David Gia. Tigo Alcantara and Ryan Norek. Oh yeah okay. Yeah you remember that. That was a big Vine thing for a while.  This is the one I remember. Yeah I've seen that one for sure. Which one? He's hitting the clean of the shoes. Aaron Ramsdale. Otto is going to be Jolinton for Leeds. Yes no Newcastle. Newcastle United. Jolinton. Bratz on that. Newcastle. Exclusive. Nice Gabriel Martinelli. That is going to be a Lewis Cook. And Tiger Stripe is James Tarkowski for Everton. Congrats that on that one Everton. God the Tiger Stripes are so cool. Yeah. Silver's Wout Faze. Danny Ward and Anthony Gordon. How about this? Someone needs to come into the shop. Give this guy something to do. We need somebody in the shop. If you're in the Apapka, Florida area please come to our shop. There's Sally Mark. Bobby Zamora. Nice one there. That is going to be Flashback Auto numbered four of ten. Going to Fulham. Nice auto. It's kind of clean. Bobby Zamora. Tigo Jota. Nice one there for Liverpool. Hit a little bit more. Lewis Cook movement on the Greed. And Pat's and Dhaka. That's going to be going to Leicester City. Silver Eerson. Andy Robertson and Tyler Adams. Yeah, easy. He's not trying to start anything like Sapphire. Yeah, we'll give you an un-top-loaded Sapphire break after this. Don't worry, Donny. Kyle got you. Sounds good to me. Got Jared Bowen going to West Ham. Nice one there. What's up, Kahoot? It's a great idea. Kahoot Projects. I like that. Ruben Navis. That is going to be 10 of 15 for Wolverhampton, the old wanderers. Got Matteo Kovicic. And Tiger Strive is going to be Ibarichi Eze for Crystal Palace. Silver Hair McGuire. Virgil van Dyke. And Philip Billy. All right, last box of the break, everybody. Good luck. I know, dude. David DeHale. That is going to be Yann Vertonghen. Yann Vertonghen for Tottenham. Nice one there. David F. That's David. David F. Vertonghen. There's Emiliano Buendia. Red Scope. Hair McGuire. Nice one there for Manchester United to 30. 8 of 30. And, oh boy, Ilkay Gunduen. Gunduan. Silver Hair McGuire. Silver Timothy Kastane and Douglas Louise. Do a quick recap of our autos here. Pretty solid little break we have. It's going to be a Yann Vertonghen. A Jared Bowen. Bobby Zamora. Gold to 10. Jolinton. There's Jimmy Floyd Hasselbink. Cesar Espoqueita. Diego D'Alo. Hey, Sol Campbell. Tino Levermento to 10. And Quad Makalede. That's going to do it for the break, everyone. Thanks again for the fill. Do appreciate it very much. Coming up is going to be our first baseball break.


Internal Revengers, IRS Tax News, Dirty Dozen, IRS Warns of Scammers offering quote help end quote to set up an online account, create identity theft risk for honest taxpayers.   I mean, at least the companies were exchanging goods and services for the money they received. I mean, it's not like some foreign power company was paying massive amounts of money to get advice on how to run an energy business from a crackhead. I mean, seriously, I mean, just as a casual observer, it seems like paying a crackhead for advice on running an energy company doesn't sound like an arms link, you know, fair market value transaction. I mean, I'm just saying, but whatever, I'm sure I don't I don't understand the situation. But in any case, all I'm saying is beware of those offering free quote help end quote because it's always the ones that are so insistent on quote helping end quote you need to watch out for likely it's like some department store clerk working on commission following you around the store. They're like, I'm an expert in fashion. Are you sure you don't want to try on this jacket? And it's like, for the 20th time, no, leave me alone for crying out loud. I'm telling you, like when I when I fought when I bought my first suit to try to land an accounting job, the dang clerk convinced me a standard black or blue suit was not bold enough. So I walked out of there with a green suit. You know, I'm I'm convinced I lost like 20 job offers just due to that suit. I'm telling you, thanks for the help man. It's like, it's like with President Biden helping people out with raising prices by passing like an inflation reduction act, which just spends a bunch more money on stuff he wants presumably increase in inflation.  It's like, Yeah, right. You're getting scammers. They're all the same. I tell you, I trust him about as far as Anthony Fauci can throw them. I are 2023 dash 54, March 22, 2023, Washington, the internal revenue service today warned taxpayers to watch out for scammers who try to sell or offer help setting up an online account on irs.gov the IRS website that puts their tax and financial information at risk of identity theft. So I think the scam here would be someone saying they're going to help someone else out to set up their online account with the IRS on the irs website irs.gov and in doing so, they're going to try to get access to the account themselves, possibly stealing information, identity information that can help them file fraudulent tax returns. Now note, there's a couple things to keep in mind with this whole scam. One is that the iris website has been a little bit slow and setting up their online account access in a similar fashion as other other private institutions that also deal with personal information. In other words, at this point in time, most people have banking information that they actually work through and they log in with an online account into their banking information, which is obviously kind of personal information. The IRS has been a little bit more hesitant to do that. So they now have the capacity to log into an IRS account for an individual, but it hasn't been something that many taxpayers have needed to really use. They only kind of log in or try to set that up when they need information, like a transcript or something. But as things get more complex going into the future, I would think that they would need to be setting up these these IRS accounts or the online accounts could be more and more of a system that can be helpful as they're changing things going forward. So for example, when they gave out the stimulus payments, or when they gave out prepayments for the child tax credit, those are things that it would be useful to see on an online account every time they give out a change or a letter or something like that, it would make more sense for people to look up their online account to see that kind of information. So I think the IRS is trying to set up these online accounts right now, while also kind of saying or explaining why they didn't do it earlier when obviously the private market, even for financial or sensitive information has been doing this for some time. Okay, so the IRS online account provides valuable tax information for people. But this information in the wrong hands can provide important information to help an identity thief try to submit a fraudulent tax return and the person's name in hopes of getting a big refund. So one of the big things these days is identity theft, if they steal your information and can file a fraudulent tax return, they're usually you would think looking for those refundable tax credits, those tax credits you can get even if your income goes below zero. So if they pull your information, they can get that and they can possibly try to try to get your refund or file for a fraudulent return. So people should watch out for these scams artists offering to help to set up these accounts because these are identity theft attempts to run off with the taxpayers personal or financial information. These third party online account scams are part of day three of the IRS annual dirty dozen campaign. There's a link to that here quote scammers are coming up with new ways all the time to try and steal information from taxpayers in quotes at IRS commissioner Danny Warfell quote an online account and IRS.gov IRS.gov can help taxpayers view important details about their tax situation. But scammers are trying to convince people they need to help setting up an account in reality no help is needed. It used to be actually somewhat of a complex system. The IRS I still always have to say this they tried to put in that facial recognition stuff for part of their ID system which was a mess and just seemed a little over intrusive. Do you really need my facial recognition information because no financial institution is doing that at this point in time. I could just imagine them putting cameras everywhere like out like in China or something and they're just scanning everybody's face as they walk like three feet up anyways but they stopped that that now. So it should be it shouldn't be too difficult of a process to set up your account because again, financial institutions are doing it and most people are not having a problem with it. So you would think they would be able to mirror something similar on the IRS side of thing. So this is just a scam to obtain valuable and sensitive info tax information that scammers will use to try stealing a refund. People should be wary and avoid sharing sensitive personal data over the phone, email or social media to avoid getting caught up in these scams in quote the dirty dozen is an annual IRS list of 12 scams and schemes that put together that put taxpayers in the tax professional community at risk of losing money, personal data and more some items on the list are new and some make a return visit while the list is not a legal document or a formal listing of agency inform enforcement priorities. It is intended to alert taxpayers, businesses and tax preparers about scams at large as a member of the security summit. The IRS with state tax agencies in the nation's tax industry have taken numerous steps over the last eight years to warn people to watch out for common scams and schemes, age tax season, including tax related identity theft, the Justice League over here, the Justice League. All right, any case. So along with the security summit initiative, the dirty dozen aims to protect taxpayers, businesses and the tax system from identity thieves and various hoaxes designed to steal money and information, including this new online account scheme, IRS online account, steer clear of help from third party scammers. Just do it yourself, man. This third party scammers trying to help you out aren't doing nothing for you. They do nothing good for you. Just steal your stuff. So in this scam targeting individuals, swindlers pose as swindlers. I like that pose as quote helpful in quote third party and offer to help create a taxpayers IRS online account at irs.gov. But we don't need no help. That's not he ain't helping us over here. We can see through that game. People should remember they can set these accounts up themselves, right? And do it yourself. Dang it. But third parties make these offers will try to steal a taxpayers personal information this way. Taxpayers can and should establish their own online account at irs.gov irs.gov, the iris dot website, go the iris go v the for victory over tax stuff. These scammers often ask for the taxpayers personal information, including address, social security number, or individual taxpayer identification number, the itin and photo identification. The criminal then sells this valuable information to other criminals. They can also use the sensitive information to file fraudulent tax returns, obtain loans and open credit cards accounts, those scoundrels. The iris urges people to watch out for these quote helpful in quote criminals. That means they're not really helpful. That's sarcasm.  So obviously, if you're not on the irs.gov website, that's clearly an indication that the scammer is super scamming right there. People should not use third party assistance other than approved IRS authentication process through irs.gov to create their own irs account.  The IRS encourages people to report individuals who promote improper and abusive tax schemes as well as tax return preparers who deliberately prepare improper returns to report an abusive tax scheme or a tax return preparer people should mail or fax a completed form 14242 report suspended abusive tax promotions or preparers. There's a link to that here and any supporting material to the irs lead development center and the office of promoter investigation. There's a link. There's an email address here or a mail a normal address if you want to use that if you're that that old fashioned alternatively taxpayers and tax practitioners may send this information to the IRS whistleblower office. There's a link to that there so you can blow a whistle at them for possible. Don't do it too loud though. Don't you don't want to hurt anyone's eardrums when you're blowing whistles. But any case that you can also for more information, you can see the abusive tax schemes and abusive tax return preparers. There's links to that stuff here. There'll be a link to this in the description.


A new partnership between the Initiative Foundation, First Children's Finance and the Minnesota Department of Health and Human Services is aiming to improve access to quality and affordable child care in central Minnesota. First Children's Finance estimates that nearly 14,000 central Minnesota children and their families lack child care opportunities. This inhibits the development of children and also causes many families to be disengaged from the workforce. Child care is a huge barrier to workforce engagement. If you can't find good, affordable child care, it's very hard to hold down a job. And our region in central Minnesota has a greater shortage of affordable child care than any other section of greater Minnesota. A $150,000 Department of Human Services grant will allow the Initiative Foundation to launch a pilot program for up to four central Minnesota communities that will focus on child care solutions. Community leaders will be able to create and enter a strategic plan detailing how their community would benefit from and implement the grant. The grant is going to be used as a challenge for up to four communities. We'll announce a competitive process here shortly. And the goal is to have four communities complete a strategic plan. What are the assets and what are the barriers? How can we help current providers encourage new providers and even retain those we have? Community leaders can learn more about the program by visiting the Initiative Foundation's website. They hope to have the communities chosen and awarded by the spring. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.