Happy Monday trade hackers today's Monday December 30th. Welcome to today's update and would you believe it? The market is actually Going down feels like the market's crashing doesn't it? I mean the S&P's down a half percent Nothing, I mean no big deal at all.  So good stuff though helping out with the implied volatility Expansion creating some opportunities for us as you can see on the S&P, you know Ivy percentile up to 50 now, which we haven't seen in a few weeks. So that's always good So what's driving this thing not necessarily driving it, but some of the big movers today Roku Roku's down six percent So big move there We have a we've got a position on there and may look to add one tomorrow looking at ducks and reverse iron ducks on Roku other big movers today Tesla Little move down a few percent there and and also our friend Shopify So these are some of the biggest movers today to the downside down a few percent in Shopify as well So we've got positions in all these and may look to add to them depending on what what presents So the other thing I wanted to mention to you today and one thing that I've really been looking at and kind of tracking I always look at the relationship, but I'm even tracking it a little bit closer and that is the relationship to the moves in the market relative to moves in the VIX VIX and so what you'll notice here is the S&P is only down a half percent Yet the VIX is up eleven percent What you'll see on average, okay This is an average a very wide average is that for every percent down that the S&P 500 moves on average the VIX will go up by about nine percent Okay, but today we're only down a half percent and the VIX is up over eleven percent. So what does that mean? Well, who knows right? You can't determine market direction just based on that But one of the things that I've been doing is testing a new strategy Utilizing the VIX and it's gonna be an unbelievable compliment to the other strategies that we use that's gonna be rolling out in the next month or two But what's interesting is when the VIX is as low as it is so right? It's been around in the eleven and a half 12 handle for for quite a while here And so what happens is any little movement down in the S&P 500 creates a big upside movement in the VIX And so when the S&P is lower that average ends up being closer to You know 20% on the upside of the VIX is so the VIX is low and the S&P moves down a percent You're looking at closer to like a 20% up move in the VIX Whereas if the VIX were already at 20 let's say and the S&P moved down one percent It would probably only move up six or seven percent in that day Okay So there's a relationship to the level of where the VIX is and what percentage it moves based on the movement of the S&P Remember the VIX is priced off of the options of the SPX so it's a very direct inverse correlation But the amount of movement isn't percent by percent So kind of start looking at those percentages as the S&P moves What does the VIX do and vice versa because that's gonna be important when we roll out this new strategy Everybody have a great evening and we'll talk to you tomorrow


And we are live. First of all, welcome everyone. Thank you for joining me. Let's see how many people will actually join the live stream and a quick disclaimer right away to get it out of the way. This is an official live stream of the CNCF and as such is subject to the CNCF code of conduct. So please do not add anything to the chat or questions that will be in violation of that code of conduct. Basically, just be respectful of each other, your fellow participants, presenters, and so on. So as I said, thank you for all of those who joined the live stream. I think this is gonna be a really interesting session. We have a lot of interesting topics to discuss around my favorite subject, which is Kubernetes. And I'm also very looking forward to your questions as well. So let's start the presentation right away. Awesome. So some of you already know me probably from my YouTube channel, Tech World with Nana, where I talk about Kubernetes and many other DevOps tools. And for others who don't know me yet, I am Nana. I'm a DevOps engineer and I actually dedicate a lot of my time creating free content as well as online courses, educational programs for those who want to get started in DevOps and basically learn different tools in a DevOps space because they're thinking about changing to the DevOps carrier or they have to learn these tools for their work. And I will also be very happy to connect with you on any social media platforms. And I think we have the link to all my social media platforms in the chat so you can find it there. And as I said, one of the most fascinating tools for me personally that I have focused on also as an online educator for the last few years and also as a practitioner is Kubernetes. And since KubeCon is around the corner, as many of you already know, I actually decided to make this live stream to talk about Kubernetes and all the tools that have been evolving around Kubernetes or are evolving around Kubernetes and basically just categorize them based on the concepts that they belong to. So you get some kind of a nice overview of all the Kubernetes, basically all the tools in the Kubernetes world, all the concepts and all the other things that are basically happening in this world. And also I hope this can better prepare you for KubeCon because most of the talks and technologies that you will see on the list will basically belong to one of those categories that we're gonna go through today. And also share in the chat whether you are actually going to KubeCon and what are your expectations or what are your experiences already with the previous KubeCon conferences. And with that overview, let's actually jump right in. And let's start with the common truths that everybody already knows. We know that Kubernetes is gaining the popularity at a crazy speed. I have seen this with the companies that I work with that I support the people that are following my channel and basically through the feedback that it is being adopted by more and more companies and projects. And also logically enough, we see this whole huge ecosystem evolving around it. And you have lots of startups and new projects that implement solutions for different problems or different things in the Kubernetes world. And as you know, Kubernetes is not the easiest tool to learn or maintain or to set up. And it is really complex to understand. It's, as I said, it's difficult to set up, but it's also difficult to maintain for the teams who actually have to run and manage Kubernetes. And the, but what I think is the most the most of the complexity of Kubernetes is not the Kubernetes itself, which is anyways complex and its own topic. But what adds complexity to that is the integrations with all the other tools and technologies, right? And we're gonna talk about that throughout the live stream, what things we need to integrate Kubernetes with and so on. And also because Kubernetes is a platform where applications will run in and there are lots of all sorts of applications from the databases to web applications, to monitoring and logging services and security services, et cetera, there are basically lots of things happening within Kubernetes. Plus we have the whole life cycle, life cycles around Kubernetes, like CI-CD pipeline that deploys applications to Kubernetes, CI-CD pipeline for configuring the Kubernetes itself and updating the platform, maybe infrastructure, even underneath. And as a result, you see all these technologies evolving around it and you see the least of technologies you never heard of before, probably. And I know that for a lot of people, this could be overwhelming to keep up to date because people usually ask me, like, do I have to learn all these tools? Where do I start? How much do I actually need to learn? Where do I stop? And so on. So I thought to make these a little bit easier and first try to understand what are all the issues related to Kubernetes and what are main concepts we have and only after that, see what technologies are out there that actually solve these issues and are related to those concepts. And after this, you can decide what you want to deepen your knowledge about, which concepts you want to learn, which technologies you want to focus on and basically improve your skills in one of these areas. Awesome, I'm just going through some of your questions and great. So let's actually start with the first topic around Kubernetes, which is container runtimes. So what is it that runs the actual workloads in Kubernetes? So when you schedule an application in Kubernetes, could be a database, a logging application or web application under the hood they will run as containers, right? So in Kubernetes, you need a container runtime technology underneath. The first one was Docker. So Kubernetes was actually created with Docker support integrated in the code itself. And Docker, it was logical because Docker was actually the technologies that made technology that made containers popular and mainstream in the first place. But with time parallel to Docker, more container technologies emerged that were more lightweight than Docker, like container D and cryo are some examples. And the reason was that because Docker itself is more than just a container runtime, it is used to build images, it has its own user interface, command line interface, and actually more features get added to it, right? To have it to make it a self-sufficient technology. But you don't need any of these extra stuff in Kubernetes. You only need the container runtime. So preference was actually given to these more lightweight runtimes like container D and cryo that are just container runtimes. And so this kind of change happened in many major cloud platforms like AWS, Google Cloud, Azure Cloud and so on that provide managed Kubernetes services. Actually use container D as a container runtime. And cryo is, for example, also used by OpenShift. But I have to note here that when you work with Kubernetes, you actually don't need much knowledge of the container runtimes itself because even in a self-managed Kubernetes cluster, once you install the cluster and once you install the container runtime and everything is set up, you don't need to do anything or you don't need to work with runtime anymore, right? They just run and do their job in the background quietly. You just work with Kubernetes. And another node on Docker itself, even though it is not the first option anymore for Kubernetes as a container runtime, it still remains super popular tool because as I said, it is used to build images that will then run in Kubernetes as containers, no matter which container runtime it uses. So again, if you see any talks during the KubeCon in the list that are about container runtimes, this is basically, I wouldn't say this is the core concept that you need to know about Kubernetes, but it is part of the Kubernetes ecosystem. And let me see again, if there are any questions. All right. So let's move on to another topic, which is very interesting for me personally. And that is, as I said, Kubernetes was actually created as a container orchestration tool for the use case of running hundreds or maybe thousands of containers, right? And the question is now, in which case or in which use cases do we have so many containers? And one of the perfect use cases for this is actually microservices architecture, right? Microservices applications. So basically, and this was itself a shift that happened in the application infrastructure application, sorry, architecture or world itself. So instead of one big monolith application, we have the same application, but divided into or cut into smaller, cleaner and more manageable pieces, right? And they can run in isolation and these are microservices and these microservices often have other services that they talk to. So we end up having loads of containers that needs to be managed. And we basically deploy all of this on Kubernetes. And since in the microservices architecture, these small apps get deployed as own isolated containers, the challenge becomes, how do these microservices talk to each other in this Kubernetes environment? But not only that, but how do they talk to each other efficiently with no single point of failure, also securely with high scalability. So even if you have thousands of services and you scale it to 10,000 microservices that all the traffic between them doesn't actually slow down the whole network and break everything. So all these challenges are what service mesh technologies actually address. And not surprisingly, there are many different service mesh implementations out there. Most popular ones currently are Istio, LinkerD and HashiCorps console, which you can all deploy and use in Kubernetes. And again, these are technologies that were developed in this ecosystem, in this area and they have all really good integrations in Kubernetes. So you can easily deploy them and use them there. Even though these are all tools that can be managed and deployed separately, independently of Kubernetes as well. And they solve the same challenges in different ways. And I also get this question very often when there are 50 technologies that solve that basically do the same thing, people that the usual question is, which one do you learn, right? Which one do you use for your project? And again, as I said, these tools will solve the same challenges, but in different ways. So depending on what approach you want to use, depending on which features are more important for you, you have to basically just decide per technology level which one you want to test and basically try out for your application. But personally, I think you just start with one of the tools, you learn all the concepts and then you can test another tool and just compare how they work with each other. Right, so again, if you are running microservices application in Kubernetes, then learning about service mesh technology, especially one of those that actually integrate with Kubernetes will really be interesting for you. And all right. And now let's continue from the microservices architecture and talk about persisting data because whenever you are deploying applications, whether it's a monolith or microservices application, you need some kind of data persistence, right? Usually mostly you will have a database connected to your application that or multiple databases that persist different types of data. And this could be an in-memory database, this could be a caching database to make your application faster using cache. This could be a persistent SQL database or no SQL database. Basically you can have multiple ones for your applications. And in any case, it's important to know how data persistence works in Kubernetes. And very important thing that may be a little bit confusing for people that start working with Kubernetes at the beginning is that Kubernetes does not offer or implement persistent storage for application data. Instead, so basically Kubernetes tells you, you know what, I don't care where you store your data physically, but I will just give you an interface so that you can connect your physical storage wherever it's configured, whatever that is, to the applications running inside Kubernetes using Kubernetes components like persistent volume, storage class, persistent volume claim and so on. So the question is if you need to persist data for your MySQL or Elasticsearch database, for example, how do you do that? Like what are the steps?  And that could again be dependent on what data are you persisting for which database. And this could be a storage from cloud platforms themselves like Elastic Block Storage from AWS, Google Cloud Storage, Azure Cloud Storage and so on, or it could be any cloud native storage tool like CepFS or GlusterFS, which are scalable storages, distributed storages when you want to scale the data persistence and you can also have on-premise storage, right? It could be an NFS server or it could be very simplistic file system storage. So physically you go and configure physical storage where the data will end up from the Kubernetes applications. And you actually have a pretty wide choice of where that storage could be physically and that gives you a flexibility to select whatever storage back and you want to persist your data with. And once the storage is configured by you or whoever's responsible for that in your company, you can make it available in Kubernetes simply by creating and using a Kubernetes component called persistent volume, right? So it's a YAML definition where the storage backend address and other data is configured. So you basically in the persistent volume and say, I want storage from Elastic Block Storage which is available at this address or from NFS storage available at this address and then how much storage you need. And once Kubernetes has the storage information through PV, persistent volume, you can then attach or link that physical storage to the workload in Kubernetes. Again, using Kubernetes native configuration. So as I mentioned here, the challenge and the main takeaway is learning about different types of storages that Kubernetes supports and then which storage type is appropriate for what type of application data. And I believe that Kubernetes official documentation in the persistent volume section actually has a list of all the supported storage backends where you can basically check which one you can use. And there is also another very important thing I want to mention here is that in practice, even though Kubernetes theoretically supports all this and everything is great, but in practice till now, and this could change later, many people decide to run and manage the databases outside Kubernetes, especially in the production environments too. And this is because they want to basically avoid the headaches of setting up the data persistence in Kubernetes and chaining the whole thing from the actual storage backend all the way to the application. So they just decide, you know what, let's leave our MySQL database outside the cluster and then applications inside the Kubernetes just connect to this outside database. But I believe that this will change in the near future and there are actually lots of trends towards that because it is going to become easier to use storage and people are going to get more confident basically running a stateful applications in Kubernetes and using the storage or data persistence in Kubernetes. So I think we're going to see that shift very soon as well, right? So moving on, now at this point, we have our modern microservice applications running in Kubernetes. We have the data persistence configured and so on. But what about deploying applications into a Kubernetes cluster? Because when you have 1,000 microservices, let's say for your project, and this is actually a very moderate number for lots of projects, getting in all these microservices could be updated by different teams or a handful of teams, it doesn't matter. Obviously you don't want to deploy these microservices individually, manually to the cluster, right? Or using some scripts. You want the whole process to be automated with a CI-CD pipeline for your applications that basically watches for your commits and then tests and builds the application, produces a new container image version, and then automatically deploys that to the Kubernetes. So the question now is how do you automate updating application versions in Kubernetes or deploying the new application versions in the cluster? And that's where integrating Kubernetes with different CI-CD tools comes into the picture, right? We of course have the traditional tools, like Jenkins, but also more recent ones like GitLab, CI-CD, Circle CI, et cetera. And as I mentioned, these tools will all have integrations with Kubernetes. Of course, some of them will have better ones than others. Like you probably, like if you already have tried this and set it up, you know that Jenkins does have an integration with Kubernetes, but since it has been developed way before Kubernetes, it tries to kind of fit in in this whole cloud native world, but it's really struggling. But some newer CI-CD tools are being developed that are actually purpose built for Kubernetes, right? So CI-CD tools that work directly with Kubernetes and they're super easy to integrate and so on. So we see a lot of changes and a lot of new tools evolving in that area as well. And as a continuation of the topic, we have CI-CD pipelines that automatically deploy coach application changes to the cluster, but we also have automatically pipelines that will automatically apply the platform changes or infrastructure changes on Kubernetes, right? So traditionally we know that when managing and configuring servers or platforms where applications ran and by platform, I mean Kubernetes in this case. So in this kind of cases, administrators would use scripts or do all these configuring and managing or maintaining tasks basically manually. But if you have infrastructure where you basically run and manage thousands of servers or tens of thousands of servers because with Kubernetes it's so simple to scale that, then obviously managing all these manually and using scripts is not feasible, right? And we saw that infrastructure became more complex. We are running applications or much more complex infrastructure. It became more virtual. Cloud platforms became very commonly used and popular. And therefore we now need a little bit more sophisticated and high level tools that will help us manage all these and not basically just do the stuff manually, right? Another very important change in parallel to that or maybe because of that is the culture of collaboration between engineers itself, right? So if you don't have just a couple of engineers that do their own things on their laptops and basically just remotely configure servers, you have this whole culture of team collaboration where the system engineers need to talk to the developers and security engineers and DevOps engineers and everyone has to work together and so on. And as a result, basically they don't only collaborate on the infrastructure changes but on the application changes as well. So the best way to address this was basically writing code for infrastructure provisioning and also configuration which emerged into a term called infrastructure as code which you probably all heard of that after that later extended to configuration as code, policy as code, X as code like whatever is code. And that was part of the team collaboration culture switch as well as just a solution to infrastructure becoming so complex. And you basically needing to have a tool to manage 10,000 servers and not just 10 of them. So now instead of isolated manual changes we have a team collaboration and more transparency in what changes are actually done to the infrastructure. Again for clarity infrastructure would be for example if you're using cloud platform this would be AWS infrastructure and then on top of the infrastructure also you have the platform like Kubernetes that runs on the infrastructure, right? So you will have more transparency into what changes you're making into infrastructure as well as platform. And you have that using version controlled code to express all these changes. And as a logical continuation of it because you now have code that represents your infrastructure or platform changes or configuration changes, we have the same CI CD pipeline for applying those changes. Just like we do application we do apply application changes using this kind of pipelines and that process got a term of GitOps. So GitOps is a concept of using a version control system like Git for making any changes to infrastructure, platforms and so on and automatically testing and applying the changes using a CI CD pipeline. Once the code is committed to the repository. And again, there are many tools that implement the GitOps concepts, especially in the Kubernetes world such as Argo CD, Flux CD and so on. And again, many of them purpose built for Kubernetes, right? So they actually evolved specifically for this use case. Now, GitOps is a process that cannot be implemented for any project within a day because it requires engineers getting familiar with the tools and the concepts because it is, I wouldn't say this is a difficult or complex concept, but it's just so different from what we have been working with that it needs to sometimes to basically adjust to this new way of working. So again, going back to this cultural shift and how teams collaborate. So this is probably one of the challenges of implementing GitOps in the projects. And that means if you and your team, for example, plan such a transformation that you want to basically move in the direction of GitOps, then familiarizing with one of the GitOps tools will be a really good way to get started. All right, let me check for any questions. Awesome, again, moving on. Now we have our old microservices applications running in the cluster plus any third-party applications that your microservices apps are using. Could be databases, authentication services, messaging, whatever. And finally, you have CI-CD tools that are connected to Kubernetes and do automatic configuration updates as well as application updates. So a lot of things going on inside Kubernetes and around it, right? And of course, the cluster itself is running on some kind of infrastructure like on a cloud platform or on-premise data center. So you have the infrastructure level, the platform, the Kubernetes on top of it, applications inside, and then integrations with external applications. And this actually means lots of potential security issues. Every new tool, new application, new integration with Kubernetes actually increases the tech surface, right? Now you have a new way of, or new place that could potentially become a security issue. And you need to manage the security issues on multiple levels. As I said, there is an infrastructure that is lying underneath, then you have the Kubernetes platform on top of it, and then you have the applications inside the cluster, and you have all the applications that Kubernetes is integrated with, right? That either push something to Kubernetes like deploying application from Jenkins to Kubernetes, or they pull the external changes inside Kubernetes like in case of Argo CD. So you have all these, basically have opened up some security vulnerabilities. So you can imagine that this creates quite a challenge for teams to secure the cluster and the applications inside. And again, not surprisingly, there are loads of tools that address different aspects of security in the Kubernetes world. And I actually went through the list as well, and I was surprised to see that a lot, really a lot of talks in the KubeCon are actually around security in Kubernetes on different levels, whether it's integration or the cluster or a cross cluster, and there are actually lots of tools listed there. So this will be an interesting topic for those who are actually running really critical applications in their clusters, and they want to be confident that everything is secure and they're actually running everything according to the security best practices. And in addition to all the security concepts, we have also a new term called DevSecOps, which basically adds the security solutions within the automated DevOps processes. And we saw that security basically became more foreground issue instead of just being in the background and the responsibility of the security engineers, suddenly it became okay, now we have to actually integrate the security concepts and security solutions throughout our automated processes because in the whole chain, because we need to really secure each and every step of the application lifecycle when it gets into the cluster and then the infrastructure underneath and so on. And just like with GitOps, DevSecOps is also some way, a cultural shift in how teams of engineers work together and share the responsibility for addressing the security issues instead of saying, this is just, this is for security engineers or the system administrators basically have to take care of all this. All right. Now Kubernetes clusters can get very complex. Again, thousands of applications inside. So the question is, how do I monitor and observe stuff to make it transparent for me or whoever is basically responsible for Kubernetes to make it more transparent what state my cluster is in, right? So we need some observability in our cluster, but not only to identify issues when they happen like application is not accessible, it's crushing or it's under heavy load. Kubernetes cluster is running out of resources. So we have to now identify what caused these issues and we can do that using very easily using monitoring tools but that's not the goal or purpose of the monitoring tools but it's rather to prevent that these issues actually happen. So by we monitor the values and we then alert the right people in the team to take action when there is a chance that some issue will arise. And there is a very effective way of managing and maintaining your cluster because especially in production environment because you can actually utilize all these tools to avoid any unexpected things happening in your cluster or avoid users being the first ones to find out that your cluster has issues instead of your team that is responsible for Kubernetes. And that's exactly where monitoring tools like Prometheus, Nagios, Datadog, et cetera come in. I personally have used Prometheus with Grafana in lots of my projects and it really takes a lot of maintenance work and effort of the Kubernetes administrators because it lets you automate all these issue detection stuff for you basically. And again, if you're running large clusters you may want to consider using monitoring and one of these monitoring tools to make your own life easier in managing Kubernetes. Now, in addition to observing the cluster and the infrastructure, when I am administering Kubernetes I want to observe my applications as well. So let's say with monitoring tools I find out that the cluster is running out of resources 70% of the CPU and RAM of my whole cluster is used up and there are more applications to deploy. So I know to take action to add more resources, right? But let's say everything is running fine cluster components are healthy but I want to know how are my applications themselves doing, right? So you want to see the logs of your applications and especially in case of application errors like you were getting some HTTP error messages you want to be able to see what actually happened inside the applications in the chain that resulted in that error. And this will be especially critical when you have microservices that are all tied to each other and connected to each other and you basically have to retrace the request to see where the error happened or what caused the error and how it kind of propagated throughout the application. Now, managing logs of one application is obviously simple because you just find the application, check the logs you see the issues in the logs and that's it, right? You know the reason. But if you have thousands of microservices you can't just manually check the logs of each application to find the issues, right? And basically see if any application has any problems you need some way to collect all these logs of all the applications and view them in a more organized way which in a way that you can basically search through, filter and kind of logically like make connections between the logs of different applications, right? An example would be I want to see all the logs that from all the applications that happened between these timeframe that have this request message or header inside, right? And then you can see basically the logs throughout the applications and how the trace basically looks like. And for solving this challenge of managing logs of thousands of applications in Kubernetes there are log collector tools some of the more popular ones being FluentD, FluentBeat, LogStash and so on. There are also tracing apps that basically are specifically for helping you analyze the trace of the requests within applications which could be an additional tool that you may want to use in your cluster especially with microservices applications, all right? Now that we've talked about what runs inside the cluster let's see where Kubernetes cluster itself will run. I quickly mentioned infrastructure underneath Kubernetes and AWS is one example but you actually have lots of options. So it's really, and again, as any other tools this is also evolving and lots of new technologies and lots of new cloud platforms are offering new services for this. So when you are basically thinking of moving to Kubernetes it's really important to know what options you have of where you can run Kubernetes. And basically what are advantages and disadvantages of each of these options, right? Now broadly speaking, you have two options. The first one is a self-managed Kubernetes cluster where you get several virtual machines and you basically install all the Kubernetes binaries on them. You make each virtual machine into a control plane node or a worker node and you just join it to the cluster. And this way you can add any number of nodes to the cluster, you can extend it, you can shrink it based on what your application requires so you can flexibly scale up or scale down the cluster size. According to how much resources your applications need. But the disadvantage of self-managed Kubernetes clusters and basically spinning up on virtual machines whether it's on your own data centers or on cloud and then installing and deploying everything on that. The main disadvantage is that you have to manage the cluster yourself and the main controlling parts of the cluster which are the master or control plane nodes. You have to install the binaries, you have to deploy the cluster network plugin, you have to manage the cluster certificates, you have to make sure the master processes are replicated because if one master process like API server for example dies or has issues and you don't have a replica for it your cluster will be inaccessible. If you lose another master process like EZD basically your cluster will not function because EZDs holds all the information about the cluster and without that nothing will work. So you will have to take care of replicating all the master processes and basically you will need someone in the team who knows how to administer Kubernetes cluster. And as I said at the beginning Kubernetes, the challenge in Kubernetes is not just setting up the cluster but you have to maintain it the whole time, right? You have to make sure to upgrade it, you have to make sure to renew the certificates, you have to, if things break and don't work you have to obviously fix them and so on. And in many cases it could be that you and your team just wants to get started with Kubernetes as fast as possible, right? You have an application, could be a startup and you just want to deploy it and make it accessible for users without any overhead and effort of going through the process of learning Kubernetes, setting up Kubernetes and all these headaches. So basically you don't want to handle the cluster administration process. And there are many projects like this, as I said. And in this case a great alternative and this is gonna be the option number two is to use a managed Kubernetes service. And lots of cloud providers, especially the major cloud providers actually offer managed Kubernetes services like you have EKS from the AWS and Elastic Kubernetes Service, you have Azure Kubernetes Service, Google Kubernetes Engine and so on but also many smaller cloud platforms and I'm also seeing more and more cloud platforms are adding managed Kubernetes service as one of their services they offer to the customers which I believe again speaks for the popularity of Kubernetes and especially the need for Kubernetes as a managed service. Now I should mention some additional benefits of using a managed Kubernetes service especially on these popular cloud environments like AWS, Google, et cetera. For example, if you use AWS EKS service your cluster will automatically have integration with many other AWS services. So when you create a load balancer service for example in Kubernetes, AWS will automatically provision in Elastic Load Balancer service which is an AWS native service with all the right configurations for you. So you don't have to do that manually which you would have to do if you have a self-managed cluster or another example would be if you want to encrypt for example your Kubernetes secrets you can use one of the AWS services to do that much more easily than basically trying to deploy something there and piece all these things together to automatically encrypt the secrets every time they get created. So basically you get all these extra benefits of using the cloud platform own services in addition to your Kubernetes as natural integrations. Of course a downside of that is if you want to migrate your Kubernetes cluster to another platform that will be difficult because you're kind of tied in to that platform. But again, you have to decide it probably on your project specific basis whether that's something that you will want to do in the future or you're basically fine saying you know what I want to automate as much as possible and make my life as easy as possible and basically let AWS manage all this or any other platform. And I think let's let me check the questions again and I think we're coming to one of the final topics which is also one of the big trends and I use I saw actually lots of topics lots of talks in the KubeCon around topic of multi-tenancy which is a very interesting a very hot topic today and let's actually see why. So what is a multi-tenancy first of all and why did it become so demanded? Suppose you your team of administrators set up a production grade cluster, right? With all the security best practices configured the control plan processes are replicated. Again, we're talking about self-managed cluster where you kind of do everything yourself or it could be in some cases this also could be the managed service where you also can have configured the monitoring the observability, you have logging set up. So basically you have the super well configured well tested Kubernetes cluster set up, right? Now, all of that is a lot of administration and maintenance effort, right? So in that case, it makes sense that you may want to use that same cluster for multiple projects in your company. So you don't want to be setting up and managing a separate cluster for each project because imagine what kind of effort that will be for Kubernetes administrator team or the project team to have to basically manage their own Kubernetes cluster for each project. And this actually sounds logical to many people. So you want to instead host multiple independent projects that have nothing to do with each other. So individual projects within the same company you want to host them in the same cluster. This production grade super set up cluster. So you have multiple tenants, multiple projects in the same cluster. And that's where the term multi-tenancy comes from. But of course the challenge here is how do you isolate the independent projects from each other in the same cluster? Because as I said, this could be projects that have nothing to do with each other and could also be very important to actually isolate them, right? For security reasons. So how do you make sure each project team only has access to their own project resources and applications? How do you make sure the cluster resources are distributed fairly among all the projects workloads? So one project doesn't basically use up all the resources of the cluster. And of course, how do you make sure that any security issues or application issues that happen in one project, right? If one project team basically introduced a security vulnerability and it basically just messed up the whole thing, it doesn't actually affect all the other applications of other projects. So how do you configure and guarantee this isolation between the projects in the same cluster? So these are all the challenges that comes with multi-tenancy in Kubernetes. So the question now is how does Kubernetes itself with its own resources, existing resources help you with these issues? First of all, Kubernetes has a namespace resource which helps you separate each tenant and their Kubernetes resources into their own groups. Where each namespace has its own isolated network. So pods from one namespace do not directly see pods or other components like services, config maps and so on from other namespaces. So namespaces, like you can think of it as a virtual cluster or multiple virtual clusters that share the same control plane processes. So they're managed by the same processes but they're isolated from each other. They're virtual clusters within the same physical cluster. And now you have this namespaces, you go a step further and on the namespace level you configure more isolation, right? Because as I said, namespace is a network isolation but you need some security isolations as well, right? You want to make sure that applications cannot access each other with the fully qualified domain names, right? Or you want to make sure that the resource quarters or resource limitations are set for each project. So on the namespace level, again, using Kubernetes on resources, no external applications or services needed, you can then use Kubernetes policies and there are different types of policies in Kubernetes. One of them is resource quotas. You also have security policies. You have network policies and so on. And you can use these policies to restrict access of what containers are allowed to do. You can restrict what traffic from and to the applications is allowed and using the resource quarters, you can constraint the resource usage of workloads within each namespace. So basically, again, with specific example, you create namespaces for each project teams and you say each team gets this amount of resources and you define that using resource quota component and then you say applications within this namespace cannot be accessed or cannot access themselves any other applications in other namespaces and then you also define the constraints or limitations of access of the applications or basically how much they can do within that namespace using the security policies. So you can say containers are not allowed to run as routes, they're not allowed to or pods are not allowed to basically escalate resource, escalate permissions and so on. So you can configure all of that on the network on the namespace level. So as a result, you'll have all these namespaces where the tenants, so each tenant will get its own namespace and they will share the control plan resources but they will have their isolated environments with their own resource usage, network and security isolation for the workloads. So that's basically how multi-tenancy will work. For many projects, what the Kubernetes itself offers is not enough isolation. So there are many new technologies that actually go a step further to really make sure the isolation is there between these tenants. So we have the concept of virtual clusters which are implemented by different technologies, one of them being loft, for example, or we also have concepts like multi-cluster, multi-tenancy within the multi-cluster and so on. We have multiple Kubernetes clusters basically connected to each other. And again, if you go through the list of the talks in KubeCon, you will see a bunch of topics about these concepts which again, shows how important and how popular this topic is. All right, so let me check the questions again. I see one that says what would be your favorite talks, which one you are looking forward to attending. I haven't decided, like, for me it's really difficult because I found most of the talks very interesting. I personally like talks that are more concept oriented. So they're not specific to the technology itself because I want to know, okay, what are the concepts and how are different technologies trying to solve it? Or if I have a knowledge in a concept already, then I would check out like if there's a new tool out there but I haven't decided actually exactly which talks I'm gonna attend. The multi-tenancy, multi-cluster topics are definitely interesting. So I'm gonna be checking some of them out. And security is something that I personally do not have much expertise in. And that could also be something to look into because as I said, I was really surprised to see how many security topics there on the talk. And I also recognize this is a very important thing because you have so many things happening there and you have to make sure that the security is, or you don't compromise security for all these super cool setups and configurations. Yes, that is absolutely true. I see a comment message. We can also restrict apps from one namespace to access service in another namespace using network policies. That is absolutely true. You can configure network policies in your... So by default in Kubernetes, the network will be allowed or will be allow all, but using network policies, you can actually limit which applications can talk to which other applications in other namespace or get traffic from which ones. And also an important note on that is the network policy support depends on the network plugin that you're using inside Kubernetes. So whichever network plugin, for example, in a self-managed Kubernetes cluster, which network plugin you install. Flannel, for example, doesn't support network policies, I believe, but most others should be supporting. So that was a good point. I love GVisor in terms of multi-tenancy. I don't know the tool, but is that actually on the talk? I think I saw that. I see, mm-hmm. Yes, another example, another question, control plane services are not tenant aware. Example, API DNS scheduler, what would be the best practices to prevent bed tenant abusing the shared resources? That is actually a very good question. I believe it's really difficult to achieve with the Kubernetes on resources because you may have, for example, you may even have another namespace where the monitoring is set up, right? For example, you have logging namespace or monitoring namespace where the monitoring or logging applications are running and basically other namespace resources can have access to that. So how do you make sure that they don't mess something up there? Again, one thing would be restricting access to any other namespaces. So basically, having own users, for example, giving each other each team, their own users that only give them access to the namespace and then restricting that access for the applications within the namespace. But as I said, it is actually difficult to 100% avoid that. And that's why, for example, the visual clusters concept that I mentioned, I believe Loft is one of them. So basically, their approach is to have a virtual cluster where you don't only have a namespace with workloads, but you have the master processes also in that virtual cluster, right? So you have the complete cluster with the control plane and the worker processes as a virtual cluster. So basically, you can't break out of that and you have much better isolation than the namespace because they don't use namespace to create them in the background. So I believe for that, you would actually have to look into some additional tools that are out there that try to exactly solve these problems. Flannel plus Palico channel is now very common too. Do you mean using them at the same time or like in combination or just Flannel is a very, very common one? I have used Weave Net's network plugin which has worked pretty well for me. But again, like if you're using a managed Kubernetes service, obviously you don't have a control over that because that's managed. So it is already installed and managed for you by the cloud platform. So it could be interesting to check out. You can, the network plugin application is also running as a pod. So if you basically print out the pods in the kubesystem namespace or basically in all the namespaces depending on the network plugin, you will actually see the pods of that running and you will see which network plugin they use. And usually they will be deployed as demon sets so each node will have its own network plugin pod. So you can check it like this. Any other questions? Which talks, I would actually be very interested to know which talks or which concepts do you actually find the most interesting or most relevant for your current projects? All right. Well then, let's actually wrap this up. This is actually end of our topics. I really hope I was able to give you some new interesting insights into the Kubernetes world and its whole ecosystem, which is again, very huge and evolving super fast. And even though this talk was a super high level overview, I can imagine that it's still a lot to consider and still a lot of concepts. Lots of things were probably missing out of it. So you may want to actually learn a bit more and dive into each of these areas, right? Like what is GitOps or DevSecOps or ServiceMesh, et cetera. And many of these topics that we went through today, I actually have already covered on my YouTube channel. So if you're interested in any of them, you can check the channel and find these videos there. And basically with that, this is the information of when KubeConnys, but you also have the links there. And with that, I want to say thank you to all of you for hanging out with me today and for all your questions and nice comments. And that's the end. Thank you very much.


Welcome to Free Thoughts. I'm Trevor Burris. And I'm Aaron Powell. Joining us today is PJ O'Rourke, writer and political satirist contributing editor at the Weekly Standard, H. L. Minkin Research Fellow at the Kato Institute, and author of 19 books. The newest being None of My Business. PJ explains money, banking, debt, equity, assets, liabilities, and why he's not rich and neither are you. Welcome to Free Thoughts, PJ. Well, thank you. I will get to the book, but I'd like to ask you about your first job, which in a book you have called Agent Gile, The Innocence of a Bad Haircut, do you say it was at a Baltimore newspaper called Harry? Harry, H-A, in fairness, H-A-R-R-Y, although H-A-I-R-Y probably would have described the era pretty well. Yes, we had an underground newspaper, not that there was anything illegal about it. I mean, there was a fair amount of illegal things that we were doing while we were there. Well, one smoking pot. Which was very illegal. It was very illegal, but certainly nobody had tried to suppress our free speech. And we, yeah, we were against the war and against capitalism and in favor of bell-bottom pants and walking into the wall because you were stoned out of your gourd. And I think the only thing that really set Harry apart from a lot of the noise that was being made was that we continually got the giggles. We couldn't stay too serious about being hippies because there was something innately hilarious about hippies that even we perceived. And so it was the rare element in the new left that had some measure of a sense of humor. Did you have called yourself a socialist or something at the time, do you think? Oh, I think a Maoist. Not that I had any idea what that would mean. Not that I'd ever read a single word of Chairman Mao. And to this day, I have it, I don't believe. Was the war the biggest political issue? Oh, the war was. To understand the 60s and 60s politics is really very simple. It was the 60s. We were having an absolutely great time. The birth control pill had been discovered. The economy was going great guns. Everybody was prosperous. The cars were very cool.  And then marijuana had been discovered. I mean, even back when I was in high school, not that we could find any, but we were trying hard. And we were just having an absolutely great time. It was a beautiful sunny period in American history. And all of a sudden, here comes the draft in this war. And we're having a party, man.  And they want to send us to some place with noxious flora and fauna and terrible weather to shoot people that we didn't even know.  Bummer.  But you know, that wasn't the idea. And so it just came as such a surprise. And if you listen to those, if you listen to mid 60s music, you hear a really sunny landscape.  It was really fun. It was really happy. We were having a great time.  And that's really all you need to understand about. You don't need to understand whether the war was right or whether the war was wrong or some sort of like deep political shift was going on in the United States. It wasn't. It was just the interruption of a party. And it goes to show you the aftermath of the 60s having been quite horrible. It goes to show you how much trouble you can get in if you interrupt a party. So how'd you end up in National Lampoon?  And I decided I really wanted to be, you know, some kind of writer, magazine writer of some kind. And in those days, all the magazine work was done in New York. So I moved up to New York, worked on one of those underground newspapers up in the East Village Other. But all the time keeping my feelers out for a real job and not that National Lampoon looks in retrospect like a real job, but it did at the time. They actually paid money. And so, you know, I knew somebody who knew somebody who knew somebody and managed to weedle my way in there. What was the mantra of National Lampoon? I mean, I have an idea. I don't think my dad has old issues and stuff. It hasn't been prominent for a while, but was it just humor or were you going for... Oh, no, it was just humor. The idea was to knock and mock everything. It was absolutely... it was humor at its most destructive. So was there a political element? Was it going after the right more than the left, would you think? Well, we ran one issue called Is Nothing Sacred with a picture of Shea Guevara on the front getting a pie in the face. No, I don't think it had any particular politics. I mean, I think taken one by one, a number of the National Lampoon writers were pretty lefty. And then there were some like myself and John Hughes who were much more libertarian or even borderline conservative. But no, the point was just to make fun of things. Were you there with... you were there with John Hughes at the time? Oh, John Hughes. I took over the magazine at the end of 77 and John and I had been working together on a variety of projects and he became my... yeah, John Hughes once worked for me. He wrote a... it isn't the movie Vacation based off of a piece he wrote for that... Exactly. ...called My Summer Vacation 1955 or something like that. There were a number of things that he worked on at the National Lampoon that would show up in one form or another in his movies later on. He and I did a Sunday newspaper parody back when Sunday local newspapers were still a big deal. And the Dacron... the Dacron, Ohio, the Dacron Republican Democrat, you know, there had been two papers in the town but they couldn't quite support it so they merged. And John and I wrote a lot of that and John did a terrific job.  Breakfast club. Breakfast club. Exactly. And pretty in pink and 16 candles. She described... among the people writing National Lampoon you would have been at least not only libertarian in your views. So I guess the question is how did you get from the Maoist days of Harry's to I guess now being the H. L. Menken fellow at Cato? Because that's quite a shift in perspective. Well, you know, it became clear as the 60s went along that the new left was an angry authoritarian destructive influence. And I think one of the things that really shook me was the beginning of the weather underground where they started bombing... You know, this didn't... peace, love and understanding did not seem to be, you know, part of the equation with, you know, the more radical left. Also partly getting a job, you know, it was very simple. When I got a job, I first got a job in New York. It was actually my actual first job in New York was... I was a messenger for a weekly newspaper. And I was paid... I think I was making $75 a week. We got paid every two weeks, so I'm really looking forward to $150. And I net out at, like, $86.50 after all the taxes. And I go, wait a minute, I'm a communist, you know. And somebody just, like, took all my money. I'm not Rockefeller, you know. So that was an eye opener. But yeah, it was a very gradual process for me. And it started... as the left got more violent, I began to drift away from that. And as I saw the lives of my hippie friends kind of coming to nothing or coming a cropper, I just saw the fallout from the... The 60s were great on two-thirds of the libertarian idea. Individual liberty for sure. Individual dignity, pretty good on. Individual responsibility. No. Didn't work out that well. Didn't work out. But it's interesting with the violence of the left, because in your new book, in the last chapter, I think you have this part about antifas. Yes. And then you say, then I realized I was one of them, or had been, or had tried to be. So that violence on the left, I mean, it was, as you pointed out, the weather underground and the stuff in the late 60s, early 70s. But it seems like it's back. Does it look familiar to you? Yes, it totally does. Although, you know, as usual with these things, they come around first as... History repeats itself first as tragedy and then as comedy. And so the antifas, you know, they don't seem to be having as much fun as we were. But they do fall into that same category of... The impulse to violence is like lots of fun at a distance and in theory.  But when it's actually put into practice, whether it's put into practice with the weather underground bombings or antifa demonstrations or school shootings, for that matter, all of a sudden, ooh, ooh, you know, this is real. People actually get hurt from this. You know, people I might care about. People like people, such as myself, you know. You know, once the reality takes shape, sensible people start to back away. I've always felt with the, you know, the school shootings is that no sensitive kid goes all the way through school without some thought of blowing up the building. You know, it's like, it's maybe a horrible thing to say, you know, but you don't put that thought into action. So coming out of, I mean, working as a humorist and coming out of this tradition of humorous publications, maybe you can shed light on one of the things that I always wondered about, which you look at the state of comedy today or even art in general. And it seems like with obvious exceptions, most of the good stuff is on the left or comes from the left, right? That right-wing, self-consciously right-wing comedians tend, are frequently fairly cringe-worthy or self-consciously right or right-of-center movies or books are equally cringe-worthy and the good works being done on the left. Is there something about the left that's doing that or is there some reason? No, there's something about show business that does this. The show business and left-wing politics are always going to have an affinity for each other because it's essentially a crowd-pleasing idea. The first mission of any entertainer is to please his or her audience. And one of the things that, one of the ways that you can please that audience is to reassure the audience that whatever's going on out there in the world that they don't like is not their fault, that they are special, and then you want that whole sort of lovey-dovey, there used to be a phrase in England, lovey's for labor. You want that sort of lovey-dovey thing where you say, oh, we're all in this together, everybody is equal, and we're all victims of some nastiness. And if you try and be a right-wing entertainer, you end up standing there saying to the audience, it's your fault. The line I've been using for years about education is show me the politician who's got the nerve to stand up and say, no, I can't fix public education. The problem isn't funding, the problem isn't overcrowding in the classrooms, the problem isn't teachers' unions, the problem isn't lack of school choice or lack of computer equipment in the classroom.  And so, you know, if you're going up to be an entertainer and you don't want to be telling the audience that it's the audience's problem, so there's always this collectivist side to an entertainment venue that leads it in a kind of naturally leftist, there are plenty of conservative comedians, but it's not evident in their stuff. I would say Jerry Seinfeld is very conservative. He doesn't talk about politics that way. It's just that, you know, Jerry belongs to an observational kind of comedy that says, you know, if it's new, it's probably wrong. Because it hasn't been tried, you know, or somebody's probably tried it before and decided it's stank. So after National Lampoon, you went to Rolling Stone, and was it the immediate shift there? No, there was a couple of years where I flopped around trying to figure out what to do, but somebody, Michael Kinsley, founder of Slate, was then editor of Harper's, and he sent me to the Soviet Union. And I thought, boy, this is great. This is what I want to do. I want to be a foreign correspondent. And then I got back and Michael had gotten fired from Harper's and so I spent a couple of years trying to flop around trying to figure out who I could get to send me to do this stuff. And it was finally, it was Rolling Stone. And I said, okay, we'll do it. You know, we'll send you to cover this. And you talk about in the new book a little bit. You had a book, All the Trouble in the World, before you talked about more of it where you went to some seriously dangerous places. Yeah, you know, it wasn't safe as houses. Yes, actually, I retell some stories in this, none of my business book. I retell some stories that are in earlier books, notably of covering Somalia, the Civil War in Lebanon, the kind of social collapse in Albania as a result of the pyramid schemes. But this time, I'm doing it to show economic points. Originally, I've been, you know, covering news or writing about politics, but all of this, there's a little economic education in all of this.  But telling some of these tales from an economic point of view. Yeah, the market in Mogadishu. Was that the craziest place you think you went to when you were... I think that Somalia was just about the pits. Yeah, I don't know if it was a flat-out the craziest place, but it certainly was the most chaotic. Yeah, and probably the most dangerous. It was more civil disturbance, especially when it's very violent civil disturbance the way it was in Somalia. It's much more dangerous than war. I mean, war has a direction. War has an internal logic to it. The murderous clan infighting in Somalia was... Doubtless there was some logic in it, but it was not discernible by the outsider. What do you think of the state of journalism today? Oh, it's pretty lousy. Journalists, you know, journalism used to be a trade. I mean, I'm old enough that when I started out on... I worked on a weekly newspaper and not an underground newspaper, a regular weekly newspaper in New York in 1970, 1971. And I was, you know, around the daily newspaper journalists and so on. It was a blue-collar trade. It used to be, say, you grew up in a poor Irish neighborhood and you like to read and you didn't want to get up early in the morning and lift heavy things. Well, you basically had two choices. You could go into the church or you could become a newspaper reporter. So, you know, you'd debate with yourself, would it be whiskey in women or just whiskey? And so it was a craft. And it was basically... H. L. Menken describes it very well in his newspaper days. You just got a front-row seat at everything happening in the world. And the reporter didn't feel that it was incumbent upon him as a... Of course, it mostly was him. Him as a reporter to judge everything. You know, that would be for the sob sisters. That's for the junk on the editorial page. He would just, hey, there's a terrible traffic accident. You can't go see the traffic accident because the police have yellow tapes around. But I can go on the other side of the yellow tapes and I'll come back and tell you, whoa, that was a bad traffic accident. I don't have to lecture you about you should wear your seatbelt and so on and so forth. I'm just telling you about the traffic accident. And then along came the world savers. I blame it on Woodward and Bernstein. I'm good friends with Carl, but I'm still going to blame it on him. It was all the president's men. All of a sudden journalism saved the world. Get out of here. Journalism doesn't save the world. It just tells you what happened. It's up to you to save the world. And all sorts of people who should have joined the Peace Corps decided to become journalists instead. And not only that, but they went to journalism school, whatever that may be. Well, they teach you in journalism school. Keep your eyes open. So, yeah, I think that's my sort of despair but it's become one of those pious do goody professions that we really don't need any more of. Do you think that that saved the worldness with the Trump administration has gotten worse? Oh, sure.   I mean, if H. L. Mencomore around today would be enormously amused, and I am enormously amused, but everybody else seems to be furiously angry. I think it's a pretty good show, but, you know, I would warn journalists against covering it too much, paying too much attention to Trump. Trump's a big toddler. He wants all the attention. He wants all the oxygen in the room. And by golly, he's been getting it. You know, there's just been no space for anybody else. He makes for good TV. He does. You know, it's hilarious. And, of course, what makes for good TV always makes for bad life. That's a good little... We should tweet that one out. A lot of your new book covers changes in the world, I think, is good things that have changed rapidly in different ways. And you touch on some points that you make it. You touch on a lot of your work, which one of them is, is that baby boomers are the worst. And now we have the millennials, which you have two millennial daughters that you use to write about. I do. Yeah. So, first of all, why did... How did baby boomers ruin the world? My dad has said this for years, too. He's your age. Yeah. And he has said these. I guess, we're the worst generation ever. I like my parents. Like, I like you, but what's wrong with your generation? Spoil rotten is what it came to. I mean, between luck and intent, a whole bunch of guys came back from a great big war, a great big, really horrible war, determined to have a better life and give a better life to their kids and also determined to work hard and be prosperous. They created an extremely prosperous and stable world after decades of instability because, really, the teens were unstable because of World War I, the 20s because of social change, the 30s because of Great Depression, the 40s because of World War II. They were determined to have a stable world, so they created a stable, closeted world in which a bunch of kids were brought up with much higher standard of living that had been, you know, higher median standard of living than it had ever been experienced by any other generation. We were spoiled. We felt entitled. We were protected on every front. And when we came up against our first major crisis, which was the war in Vietnam, all the intellectuals took our side. You know, I mean, it was a tough period, but all the grown-ups, all the serious grown-ups, were also saying, oh, how terrible this war is, too. So we just, like, grew up feeling that everything was all right and we were right about everything. And, yeah, does that make for a good society? No. So then what's wrong with the millennials? Yeah, what's wrong with the millennials? What's wrong with the millennials? I think that the millennials are just, their mind is fogged and not without reason by such incredibly rapid changes in the economy, the technology, and my sort of social interactions as determined by that economy. I think millennials are deeply confused, but I cannot blame them a bit. They've grown up in a deeply confusing situation. And actually, the fact that they're confused shows that they're not insane.  So I appreciate the attacks on both of the book-ending generations of my own, which is obviously Gen X is the greatest generation. But so looking forward, then, is these problems that you've identified, both the boomers and then with the millennials. Do you think that we can dig our way out of that culturally? Do you see things potentially getting better with whatever it's at Gen Z now and whoever comes after that? Oh, sure. I mean, we'll age out of the boomer problem. Actuarial statistics will take care of the boomer problem, you know. And it's gonna take a while because the boomers are very fussy about their health and they probably will stick around for a lot longer than the greatest generation did. And they stuck around for a while. But I'm assuming that if we manage to maintain our values as a free society, that we'll sort out the social and economic transitions. It's not to be forgotten. The last time we had a major economic transition, a transition as important as the transition to sort of the digital economy or whatever you want to call it, was the Industrial Revolution and that there were tremendous dislocations in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. I mean, not for nothing do we have all those Thomas Hardy novels and all the Blake's dark satanic mills and so on. It caused people to move in from rural areas all over the world, concentrate on cities. It destroyed families. It put religion in jeopardy. And, you know, we'd just begin to sort out. We were just beginning to sort out the after effects of the Industrial Revolution and get them so that they, harness them so that they benefited everyone when along comes the Digital Revolution. They start over again. But, you know, we'll be okay in the long run. Although, you know, as John Maynard Cain said, in the long run, we're all dead. I like you point out in the book that you ask your daughter, what do you think of the digital economy? And she's like, you just mean the economy, right? Exactly. It's like, there's something funny about even the Digital. And if you said, you know, in the Industrial Revolution, what do you think of the industrial economy? Yeah, if you were for good. If you mean just the economy, the regular economy.  Did that surprise you? No, no. I can see how that would be annoying. I mean, we fancied ourselves. Do you do social media? No. Okay. We fancied ourselves to be very politically alert and aware back in the 1960s. But as I recall, starting not just the hippie 1960s, but back in the civil rights era in the 1960s, too.  Well, you write that someday you think that we'll look back on the personal electronic communication fad with as much bafflement as we look back on the hula hoop. Sure. Do you think that we'll be doing this, looking at our phones less in 10 years or 20 years that we do now? I would assume the novelty factor alone will have more... People will start to realize just how exhausting it is to be constantly connected to everybody else, you know? How like being in a noisy room it is. I mean, kids didn't ever figure that out with like the telephone.  No, but then the telephone was self-limiting to a certain extent. You know, I mean, telephones when they were wired into the walls were so... Yeah, we used them a lot, but you could only use them so much.  That's true, yeah, because there's usually only one line in the house.  Right. We tried to explain the 2016 election. Is anything... Have you learned anything more since you wrote that book about... No. ...what about that year? Or has anything about Trump been different than what you expected? Is it better? Is it worse? I would say it's a little better in the sense that... Oh, not better, right? But in the sense that... America does have a lot of keel, and it is not easy to disrupt the general course of America, even though it may be headed the wrong way and sometimes it's not easy to turn it around. So I think that the... Trump presidency, for all of his scary volatility and infantile behavior and so on, touch wood, the outcomes have not been as frightening as I might have worried that they would be. But it could get worse. Now, since you... We started with the 60s and your... Roll your life at that time on the anti-war left, and that's often cited as the most divided time of this country until now. Does it seem that way? Does it now start to seem like the 60s in some way to you? Does it seem better or worse? I don't think it's quite as bad. I would say actually the 60s, that period was worse division in American society than we've got now. The causes of division, the fault lines were somewhat different. But there was an enormous amount of anger. I mean, our cities aren't on fire. The 60s... We have better building codes now. That could be it. They have sprinkler systems. Yeah, and the other thing is that a lot of our poverty has been dispersed to old suburbs, so they're a little harder to burn down. Only go one house at a time. But yeah, no, I would say the 60s was a really, really nasty period. You know, the latter half of the decade. I just said how sunny and wonderful it was. But what comes to divisiveness in America was much more violent. When people talk about the Civil War, which keeps coming up, that things are so divided now that we might have an American Civil War. Yeah, well consider the real Civil War. If you want to look at division in America, division, incidentally, we survived in 1861. I mean, I'm not seeing any incoming. Well, 500,000 people didn't. Well, there's that. Yeah, I know the price was high, but the nation, the union did survive. No, I don't think, I mean, it's an unpleasant period of divisiveness, but I don't think it's terminal failure.


Everybody forced here ripping quad case 2022 bowman chrome baseball HDA choice number two Random team style quad case here guys. Good luck Let's do it Brandon are you receiving the zack of EEN or are you giving away the zack of EEN? He just wants to know if it's fair zack of EEN purple PSA 9 Gold Bernabelle, I think that's pretty fair, right? They're about the same Like caliber of prospect Grated nine purple it'd be a color match But a gold golds a gold still For me, I'm super high on being but it sounds fair. Yeah, I think V might be the better one I say if both parties think that it's fair we've ever faced a Bernabelle His name sounds familiar warming Bernabelle. He's a Rockies prospect. Rockies don't have any Team in there Does anybody else in chat have any Anything else to say about that might maybe follows first woman sales more than we do Are the comps like similar are the comps like fair start off with a speckle Rangers Jojo Blackman 94 of 299 Veins probably a higher pedigree prospects. I know Bernabelle is pretty hype for Rockies Rockies first bowman Juan Guerrero base auto And an orange wave to start us off Rays Drew Baker first bowman on a 1 of 25 Nice start for Tampa. Yeah, man. It's it sounds fair.  Really? Yeah. Oh, Blake's boy Edson Paulino 96 and 150 blue choice auto Great hit Red Sox Magus one, too Base first bowman auto Cubs Liam Spence Yeah, not as high as Rafi. Yeah, but yeah, he's he's getting that popularity He's great at the top 10 prospect of the system by most people now. So Green atomic first bowman auto. Yes on more about 15 of 99 Rangers great start to this case, man We'll get the more about mags. I feel you Brennan. That's what I that's what I was kind of leaning. I'm like You can find another purple bean easier theoretically You wanted to pick one up later on Plus, I know you were bigger on Bernabelle than vene purple first bowman Yorba de vivas Dodgers 29 of 250 base first bowman Royals Michael Garcia I'm not gonna say auto every single time. They're all ours and a sugar stay first bowman base Giants So it's what it feels like right Dude, they're probably just like Their pitch is like we'll give you a lot of money and you're not gonna get booed in the playoffs That was their pitch, I bet A refractor ends in Paulino first bowman base auto now Paulino everywhere One of 499 the first one stamped White Sox, Turner McDougal base auto and a Brady house Nats congrats Brady house first bowman. Well, I mean his first one parallels already happened But that's his first auto and bowman so There you go. Nats good hit there. That's a lot of young prospects Potentially on the opening day roster, man. That's awesome. That's exciting Base auto twins Yasser Mercedes 201 of 499. I said base. I meant refractor Your twins nice Mercedes. That's a nice hit too Colin Burns Orioles first bowman auto and gold shimmer as Stanley Castillo raise 44 of 50 first bowman auto Tampa Bay strange auto on that one. Yes, me too Refractor first bowman auto Mariners Charlie Welch 422 of 499 base first bowman auto Cardinals Jonathan Mejia and Phillies base auto Simon Muzziati Hey Justin, how's it going man? You know what I'm saying? Yeah, I just don't want to ruin my arm so much I was doing the other day too. Wow, very nice a Jason choreo Refractor auto 147 of 499 guardians This has been a very good case so far great way to start this one Always nice to start hot in one of these Big breaks here blue ray wave Gavin Stone first for the Dodgers 63 of 150 and Base Michael Burroughs Pirates let you down These got to see Jordan Love though Do you want to see Jordan Love play Justin? Speckle auto Danny de Andrade 117 of 299 twins first bowman Base for the Rays Willie Vasquez first bowman Joshua, what was it and Royals Herod Gonzalez first bowman Royals base Bro Jason Tatum had 35 points and he didn't even play the fourth quarter because they were winning by 30 points Hey, I would have gone out back out there. I guess not today's NBA Dude the Celtics rest their players so much Good though as soon as they have a lead they're out there off the court like it's crazy Especially after last year though where they got just like they were tired out in the playoffs Speckle first bowman auto Marlin Z and Lewis to 70 of 299 First bowman auto Wilfred Verras, you know what it was sucks. I ran out of I ran out of Green atomic Mariners Andy Thomas 23 out of 99 Yeah, I don't know if Roger's gonna be gone though He's gonna have to retire because that's that's an untradable contract Rogers. Yeah. Yeah, that's an untradable Someone might But you're not gonna get like a high pick at all because they're gonna have to eat that contract no matter what Blue choice auto Braves brandle, Mesquita 17 of 150 Braves nice Mesquita base auto Cubs Liam Spence And a gold shimmer for the Rangers a yay son more about Rangers killing it Probably top 20 guy in this that's a gold shimmer and that's it congrats Rangers had the green atomic and a gold shimmer now Is he yeah, he's like a clown he's like Very animated and like talks a lot Refractor rookie auto Mike ballman Orioles Base auto Dodgers first woman rain Duncone and base first woman auto Astros Roylan Machandi. I think she's equal back super Dude, Kelsey is just like so good. We'll see the bill's pass rush could put them over the top this year finally Green first woman auto Yerlan confidant 99 of 99 reds Yeah First woman auto met Simon Juan Like it was almost too easy for them early early the year That's what yeah, like he it felt like he was playing like free and easy for like and that's Evan Lee first woman auto too much Now do it for the first case We've got three more you guys It's awesome gold. It's awesome big names. We gotta get a one of one. Yeah Oh Yeah, I did actually kind of crazy, right? I was kind of like wow Yeah, it's kind of a monster. Yeah, it is a monster. Yeah Should we build cheap safety championship game again probably like that a lot for the next few years Which is good, it's entertaining refractor first woman auto Ricardo Cabrera 317 of 499 Nice hit reds. Can you get a microfiber dust on that blue railway first woman auto Rangers Jojo Blackman 76 of 150 Games coming on in a bit got flipped over soon and first woman base auto Esteven Machado blue jays Really optimum I didn't make a bracket I should have made one, but I imagine not the only one Going into the World Cup. I thought that France and Denmark. I thought that was the most like black and white group was like France and Denmark Like those two winning one two and then honestly, Tunisia and Australia not really being in it Let me see it Put a top order. Let me see it All this in a box then speckle first woman auto Braves Dylan Dodd 194 of 299 So this piece of dust on the Cabrera was not coming off you'd have to like pick at it and we're not gonna do that I'm gonna send the box wrapper There's a chance that comes off clean, but just in case it doesn't red spot Get your box wrapper so you get a replace if there is some some surface damage there It's not actual damage on it But if it when you pick it off it in my it might actually we won't pick at it We'll try to wipe it off the microphone. We won't pick at it though We're a way of Barossa d backs to 150 for a Barossa and Base her Art Gonzalez Royals Gotcha, maybe we'll do that at the shop here. We'll do like a little uh all I know was it Patriots builds tomorrow night Is that what it is? Yeah for fracture auto twins Noah Miller 110 to 499 back to back Thursday nights Big Pats dub coming Big Pats dub coming first one base auto Orioles Isaac Deleon And then when they lose I won't speak about it I won't say a word. Josh Allen plays carelessly. I mean we're gonna make them pay with our defense So rumors first woman auto Antonio Panero Yeah, but our offenses had like one good game this year and it was last week so maybe they can build off of that One day one good game now, is it just gonna be like the one time they do it or is it Yeah, their defense is all right, but their past rush is just not existing right now the Neil Hunter still hurt right I think I ran a US drama. Uh, it was to be expected. I thought I'm not really surprised by it Blue choice auto Drew Baker raised 45 of 150 first bowman Totally not surprised that Nobody talked about the game. They only talked about Political things, you know first woman auto graves brand old mesquita But I mean it's it's here on us It kind of comes with the territory unfortunately for the players and the coaches it kind of comes with the territory And first woman auto Mets will be fun us To be one on fox sports to be one on fox. So we should probably watch Pull in Argentina. I would think because that's probably bigger I keep pointing at the TV though. Yeah, dude Sunday, you you disconnected everything Blake could Blake could only watch TV for 30 minutes on Sunday Speckle Mason our first woman auto for Tampa Bay to 60 at 299 Yeah, he handled that question with like a lot of like class because you can't Like they want you to like snap and get really defensive, but no he handled it well First woman auto Dodgers Alex de Jesus And first woman auto brave is Dylan Dodd that reporter wanted Tyler Adams to get Unsettled and unnerved and kind of like, you know say something With chess and he just like in a way That's why he's the captain, baby That's why he's the captain That's definitely my captain right there, dude. I would expect nothing Refractor auto Liam Spence 287 of 499 for the Cubs Really? I could I could totally believe you ask that kind of question I mean it happens even outside of like Iran USA stuff First woman auto Reds Leonardo Balcazar And first woman auto Mariners Victor La Brata What did McKinney say? There you go, Argentina Poland. I like those Argentina kids Those just warm-ups Like purple Yeah, a lot of people have been wearing the warm-up for a while Oh, no those look like kids I think they are they're walking out of the field Purple first woman auto Rangers Anthony Gutierrez 173 out of 250 first woman auto Christian Vakero nationals Great box here How he downplayed his drugs at anyone. I mean anyone on the team. I mean he's saying it to like I don't know. I guess the way he worded it could have been weird But I probably didn't mean it in any way green atomic auto Dante Williams 65 out of 99 I'll have to watch it though. Andrew and and really see I guess Yeah, like we're all committed and like we would you know, we all put our bodies in the line That's probably what he meant, but I'll have to check it out. Maybe he did throw some shade Hard to think that would happen Did he assist their first goal No, people stick to way First woman refractor auto Orioles Greg Cullen 69 to 499 Base auto Rockies Braxton Fulford first bowman and Yankees first bowman out of Benjamin Cowles Shopify logged me out of everything One sec guys. I just got logged out of 21 and 3 in this league forest And what? 21 and 3 That's pretty good, huh? Uh, I do not know Brennan That could be the case off of me. Yeah, I'm making it seem like if Pulisic can't make it for saturday Then uh, then they can still you know beat Netherlands and they can they honestly can 149 to 150 gram Ashcraft first bowman for the Reds It's a lot less likely Pulisic. It was huge. He created so much. He created like everything for them first bowman base autopadre is rosemond verdugo And anything can happen. That's right in a gold for the ace CJ Rodriguez 31 of 50 ice card a's Yeah, I don't I don't think it'll be this month Rafaella first bowman yellow auto 57 of 75 Red Sox hitting big two numbered polinos and a really low numbered Rafaella He's got Boston. You're doing really well Boston that's Baltimore Boston Roger there you go Roger Roger K Base auto rangers done your quaver That's how I feel optimum. I'm not really worried about like I think the USA can get a goal I just don't think that'll be enough. Maybe they can push it to pks or something Atomic first bowman on a Ryan Reckley 63 of 100 It's atomic giants I don't expect to get walked all over but I hope Pulisic can go he's the person like Like I said, he creates the most in the in the middle of everything for the u.s The wings are pretty well taken care of but He's the closest thing we really have to like a striker like a shadow striker, honestly First bowman speckle auto braves rained on cone 215 of 299 Yeah First bowman auto rangers jojo blackman I think they'll kind of stay I think they'll do what the u.s Is done and just stay on the outside and stay away from virginal van dyke and okay, honestly Blackman for the rangers and first bowman auto mariners kade marlowe All right, so three and two is down to five to go First off the line full case random divisions A choice first bowman auto cubs christian franklin 86 of 150 Base first bowman auto a cj rodriguez and base for the rays mason hour First bowman auto on the case three On top And vipta curtis meade rays auto 68 of 99 That's not cool Like the Invictus Base first bowman auto mariners andy thomas And base for the blue jays is sebastian espino first bowman Probably would have that probably should have been called a foul if it was that man just jumped on top of the back So i'm saying Purple first bowman auto royals harard gonzalez 217 of 250 don't know why he's signed some of these uh vertically Wait, yeah, some of them are regular some of them are vertical like that First bowman auto orioles calling burns.  No, I'm just wondering if you're gonna do that That's kind of bro. That's kind of funny. It is right. I think he has he has ones that are normal First bowman auto. Waila machandi astros. He definitely started doing it one way and they're like no Just sound like anthony edwards all the way far left Jamar does that sometimes too I'm gonna be playing Argentina gonna want to win this one to make sure Also, poland there's no guarantee if they lose refractor auto dylan lyles 73 or 499 nationals Nice color coming up in a second here First bowman auto dbex Jorge Barossa And orange wave rangers danier quave up first bowman auto 12 of 25 rangers doing super well also Does argentina have to win? If they tie The other game has to tie for them to get in gotcha Which I don't know if that'll happen. Although it could Rocky's color match first woman purple braxton fulford 197 of 250 First woman base auto one been show cardinals Oh, the red slugs have jersey patches on and michael burrow's first woman auto pirates Patches on their jerseys now for advertising Interesting But it's on the sleeve People are gonna hate that What it is though The front office that's stacking racks for mass mutuals money and that they're giving them Yep, that's actually more money. Well, you don't you know, did a break? We clearance there Blue choice first bowman auto leonardo balkazar There you go. Congrats on that 11 of 150 Reds Get that mags first bowman auto alex de jesus dodgers And green atomic first bowman auto padre's rosemond verdugo 76 of 99 purple christian vocaro Big card nationals 212 of 250 on the first bowman auto Geez man scott af congrats Big time vocaro that's going into mag Base first bowman auto white socks wilfred verus and base auto brady house What a box of the gnats second brady house of the break Like what is blake about to say I stood in the right direction though first bowman refractor auto christian franklin 187 of 499 cubs base auto genji rojas padre's first bowman And first bowman base auto reds gram ashcraft I agree off the moment up close they look a lot better Yeah, they're pretty dope actually For not being like their classic stripes. I like that But you can only wear the home dress when you're home better than the us To be fair the us like black and blue tie-dye doesn't look as bad if like the whole thing I just I still don't like it that much Doesn't look as bad as just a single jersey, but yeah, it's pretty bad Refractor first bowman auto pirates michael boros 191 of 499 base first bowman auto met simon won And base auto braves cal conley Oh messy got in the way. Oh messy get out of the way Come on levin golski Blue choice auto mets jt schwarz 103 of 150 Yeah, I'm pretty sad, huh rangers first bowman auto anthony guttierrez And first bowman base auto giants adrian sugestay It's the magnetic part of it where the pops like pops right in place almost And it just looks oh messy messy Oh I got a messy I got a messy. Oh, I have to shift Green first bowman auto dodgers rain duncone 19 out of 99 Yeah, the adidas does do the best Oh Blue rayway first bowman auto white socks wilford veros 16 of 150 and atomic first bowman auto mariners kade marlowe 7 of 100 All numbered in that box every single one of them yellow first bowman auto yendri rohas pydre's color match 14 of 75 Yeah, pollin. They're just classic Dodgers first bowman auto rain duncone And another base auto here for the pirates michael boros Sorry Refractor of pydre's first bowman auto yarland susanna 164 499 This dude might be as big as you Blake 6666 225 susanna First bowman base auto twins yasser mercedes He's one of yeah, he's one of the pieces Yeah, dude, he we face this guy Bro throws he throws heat bro First bowman gold auto christian va caro National scott f with the true gold He's already got a purple and two brady houses Congrats on that one Big big hit you see All right guys four to go on three and two First off the line full case random divisions Four to go break it next What's that guys? I'm also going to chop you a link for origins.  It was like effortless too Unbelievable his arm was whipping and the ball was flying Like a hundred green.  Yeah, that's cool.  They're so rare to get rookie autos in this Yeah I don't think I pulled any of the j-rods or wits or like big big names. I pulled a gold. Yep has But I haven't seen a j-rod or a wit About because our purple this time for Cincinnati 39 of 250 Awesome hit sincey. That's going into mag as well Add it to the mag stack Mariners first woman auto andy thomas and blue j's first one auto sebastian espino speckle first woman auto diego volasquez giants one hundred and two ninety nine First woman bass auto cardinals one bin show And bass auto yankees cooper bowman Bowman chrome bowman auto I would just top load it then Don't put it in one of those uh A lot of chrome card speckle redsox first woman auto nathan hickey 175 out of two ninety nine Blue ray wave auto noa miller twins 89 of 150 And green atomic first woman auto kade marlo 99 of 99 Little mariners Only six people predicted. I should let you go through. I mean I would not have been one of them if I was on the mls Oh, the other entire mls. That's kind of insane refractor first woman auto tyler collins 368 of 499 Braves bass first woman auto redsox daniel macklevenny and a gold shimmer First woman auto for the a cj rodriguez 750. So you got a gold and a gold shimmer of the rodriguez Nice card for you a's First woman refractor auto now a's cj rodriguez 241 of 499 bass first woman auto rockies wan guerrero Hopefully we hit one here scott first woman auto cubs parker chevres We get a nice placencia here in the last five boxes Those might not even be the sleeve ones either These these are the ones that were down there not the not the All you want to be right First woman refractor auto bray uh dodgers gavin stone 460 of 499 First woman bass auto white socks tana mcdougal And bass first woman auto rockies haraard gonzalez Lot of haraard gonzalez in this Blue choice auto yankees cooper bowman 66 of 150 bass auto rockies wan guerrero That happened today jb And first woman auto pirates michael burrows First woman refractor auto rangers jojo blackman 173 of 499 First woman bass auto royals michael garcia And a bass first woman auto nationals evan lee Last two guys six more autos Redemption first redemption of the four cases here White socks prime chrome signature orange refractor parallel colson montgomery and orange montgomery let me get 25 That's not a first bowman. Yeah, but that's awesome man. You can probably bag this redemption orange montgomery Oh, this redemption. We don't have to put that so you need to put that right First bowman auto Rays will be vasquez bass Green atomic first bowman auto for the padres rosamond verdugo 62 of 99 We're gonna finish with the red. It looks like I think that's what I saw. Got a speckled jackson maryl auto six of 299 awesome hit padres bass first bowman auto braves tyler collins red shimmer Yankees cooper bowman three of five Congrats yankees on the back of the break Red shimmer cooper bowman auto three out of five Once that guys will do a recap. Thanks everybody for joining. Probably tag these like Okay, let me see that hits Yeah, fitting last name for the product for sure All right guys, let's do a recap. I'm gonna show these first So Blake is gonna go find the mags. We didn't have any I wanted to get up in something So we have been top loaders right now Um, we have a red shimmer cooper bowman three of five yankees again. These three in my hand are gonna get mad We just ran out of the penny sleeve once for now jackson maryl six out of two 99 padres And a purple leon auto bellcazar 39 of 250 and I'm just gonna call out Names here guys. I want to make this kind of a quick recap here.


Do you have students who finish early? I think every teacher has this problem. One solution is to come up with some extension activities and somewhere in your room place a poster that says if your work is finished then and leave down here either a written message or what I tend to do is leave the page that I need them to do and if it's an online activity something on their iPads then of course I write it up here but today what they're doing is they're working on a spelling menu so I would just put a magnet put it up here and that's what the students would do if they would finish early. So you might want to try this in your classroom it gives students a common place to look when they finish their work they know that this is what they could do. You could even just write the word read and then they know that if they finish early then they can go ahead and start reading from their book box. Try this in your classroom today.