So the Zelda series has a sort of tepid history when it comes to their game releases, especially the home console variants. The handheld game slash top-down Zelda games have always been a bit more consistent. Like A Link Between Worlds came out when it said it was going to come out. Triforce Heroes did as well. So did Phantom Hourglass and Spirit Tracks and A Link to the Past and the original The Legend of Zelda on the Nintendo Entertainment System. Well, ever since the release of Ocarina of Time, we've become accustomed to these more third-person action-style Zelda games. Essentially, a year, a day, a month is announced, and then there's the delay. And sometimes there's another delay. In fact, Zelda games get delayed so often that it just becomes expected. And when Tears of the Kingdom was announced for May 12th of next year, in the back of my mind I kept thinking, okay, this is the first actual announced released year and day for this game. The first. We can say the game's been already delayed, but technically Nintendo never announced anything on when this game was going to come. The first actual date listed is next year, May 12th, and in the back of your mind you might go, damn, that's the first date it's being delayed. It'll be holiday next year. Oh no, what if there's new hardware coming? Man, it could get delayed out of next year and become a launch game for the new hardware. So these are the sort of thoughts that have to run through your mind because Zelda's been doing this forever. Twilight Princess was delayed over a year just so it could launch on the Wii. This video is sponsored by Ewin Racing, this bad boy chair right here. They still have some sales going on despite Black Friday being over, and you can use our code Nintendo Prime for an extra 20% off your order. Look, I really love Ewin's products. They're a huge partner of the channel. And honestly guys, you getting a chair not only gives you something comfortable, it also helps support what we do. So thank you guys so much and let's get back to the video. And it had an actual release date, month, and year. It was insane. We knew the game was coming. It's going to be a big holiday game and then it's not. And they were very confident about that release date. It kind of felt like the delay of that game was a last-minute decision almost. But that's the thing. There's a huge history of this. Skyward Sword was delayed, right? So we've seen this delay stuff happen. Breath of the Wild. Again, another one delayed almost two years. So in the back of your mind, it's hard not to imagine tears of the kingdom being delayed. On the other hand, we are currently in the midst of the largest gap in, well, brand new Zelda releases. Yes, we got Link's Awakening on Switch, but that was just more like a remaster remake of an old game. That wasn't a new Zelda game. And you could argue the Hyrule Warriors game. If you would like to in there, that's fine. I think it's a really good game, but it's obviously not a mainline Zelda game. Even if the story might be canon or not, people debate on that. But either way, it's not a mainline game, right? It's not made by the Zelda team. And this wasn't even commissioned to be a Zelda style game, right? It's a hack and slash spin-off game. But what I find really interesting is, now that we are approaching a six plus year gap between releases, it makes me go, you know what, would they really delay this game with that kind of gap? I don't know. But what I do know is that we have an update on the release date. And this update gives me the confidence that this game will not be delayed and will be the first 3D Zelda game, at least in modern history, that won't suffer a delay after its initial announced year or initial announced release year and day and month and all that. Getting this off Nintendo Life and the headline reads, The Legend of Zelda Tears of the Kingdom has been rated for Nintendo Switch. With the subheading, it's happening everyone, of course, it's kind of a big deal. And this normally we won't care about these ratings, but it kind of matters in the case for Zelda because it's delayed so often. Twilight Princess wasn't rated back in the day before it was delayed. So it's a big deal to have this rating come through to confirm that this game will be released on May 12th. So this originally came off Gometsu, that says The Legend of Zelda Tears of the Kingdom has been rated in Korea. And they have a whole page for it. The rough translation says that the game is suitable for 12 years and up and contains some mild violence. And the description of the game says it's a role playing game for the Nintendo Switch in which the stage of the adventure to find Zelda expands into the sky. So no additional details. Sometimes in these ESRB ratings or other rating boards, we can find like small morsels of details that we didn't know, but there's nothing here, other than it being a 12 plus rated game that could get rated T by the ESRB. It's going to be, you know, really up to the ESRB, what they have here. But to have it rated basically means the game has to be playable from start to finish. It's a fully playable experience. And at that point, what we're looking at here is just polish, right? From here until release, it's just polish, polish, polish, getting the game running as best as again, getting to look as best as it can and fixing any bugs and stuff the QA team might find, you know, those kind of bugs we're seeing in Scarlet and Violet, you know, that kind of stuff. So the game doesn't launch like that. That's what's being worked on now. But for all intents and purposes, the game is probably complete, especially since we're getting a rating now. I mean, it really feels like if Nintendo wanted, they could have pushed this to be a holiday release. But with Scarlet and Violet, they probably figured, Hey, let's space this out a little bit.  And who knows, I know some people think there might be a hardware revision launching with it. I don't know that I would go that far. But it's at least in the back of some people's minds. But for me, I'm just happy to see that Tears of the Kingdom is not being delayed.  It really is. It's to a point that the number one thing I worry about with this Zelda game right now is just the content. Because we've seen so little, the marketing campaign should be starting, I don't know, within three months, you would hope because it comes out in six. So look, I just need to see more of this game. But for right now, this at least gives me the confidence that it's coming out on May 12. It's being rated, we're going to start seeing these rating boards stuff probably crop up a lot in the next month as all of the other ratings boards out there, the ESRB as an example puts their rating. And if there's any notable information in these ratings, we'll let you know, or somehow it gets rated T for teens, hey, we'll let you know that as well. Even though in Korea, it was rated as 12 plus, which is, you know, just below being rated T for team. That being said, I want to ask for being here. Let me know your thoughts on this down in the comments below. Are you excited for Tears of the Kingdom? Are you still tepid? Are you just waiting for more information on this game? Hopefully this video at least give you the confidence that it's not going to be delayed because I think that is a reasonable expectation. And I think that this just took that reasonable expectation and just shot a giant arrow through and said, nope, we're going to be just fine. All right guys, catch you in the next video.


Good morning, Mr. Wally. Only way to work at the wonderful spice garden, yeah? Bad time of year, Gordo. But we've got to keep our whiskers high and tails dry. The rains are coming. It will break the riverbank and wash away all our wonderful spices. We've got nutmeg, cloves, cinnamon, ginger, corn, corn, bean, cumin, turmeric, all washed away when the rain comes. Gribble? Hum, turmeric tumbleweed? What's that wonderful smell? Oh, that is the smell of Keebo's Sugar Apple Muffins, the finest pastry in Gribble. Smells wonderful. Oh, what I would do to taste one of those. Wouldn't be all, sir. Wouldn't be all. Oh no, that's the thunder beyond yonder. Coming to wash my spices away. Mr. Wally, I have an idea. I'm sure everyone needs some spice in their lives when the rains come. Why don't you store your spices up in my tray cabin? They'll be safe and dry, and I'm sure we can find a way to put them to good use. What an interesting idea, Gordo. Maybe they will want nutmeg spice umbrellas. Oh, ginger, spice rain coats, perhaps. What a genius idea. Well, that's not quite what I meant. Warren got, Mr. Wally. Well, here you go, Gordo. Some nutmeg just for you, my friend, for such a great idea. Nutmeg umbrellas. He he he, spice-rific. We'll start moving the spices first thing tomorrow. And remember, whiskers high, tails dry. Rin like juju beer out there. Oh yes, Miss Keebo. This is weathered a cuddle with a couple of your warm coconut cupcakes, I imagine. Of course not. Cupcakes are for the evening, Gordo. It's still morning. Mmm, what's that smell? Oh, oh that. That's nutmeg spice, Miss Keebo. Nutmeg? Mmm, such a unique scent. Well, perhaps you can have it for some of your sugar apple muffins, maybe? Hmm, maybe that's exactly what my sugar apple muffins need. Another nutmeg in the sugar apple muffin. That's genius, Gordo. Well, that's not quite what I meant. Hmm, oh boy. Gordo, that nutmeg was amazing. Everyone in Chieville loved the sugar apple muffins. Here, I brought some just for you. I've got to get more. Wait, what's that smell? Oh my, it's a spice emporium. What are all these used for? Well, they're not for making umbrellas and raincoats. It really belongs to... I know, it belongs in the pastures of Chieville.  I'll take some of these, and some of these, and some of these, and some of these, and some of these. Hmm. War and Gap. Gordo, my mouse, how are our spice umbrellas coming along? Well, not quite as we imagined, sir, but I've also brought you some of those sugar apple muffins you wanted. They're made with what? How did you get these? Oh, Gordo, you are like a golden clove. Almost as if it has a hint of... Oh, duty calls, Mr. Wally. I have to go. I'll be back soon, though, with more of those muffins. Okay, but keep working on our spicy reindeer. I brought you muffins and sweet bread. Guess who I ran into? He told me that you're working on a citrus peel canopy to keep the rains out. Powered by Warren Spices. This is Kiba from Chieville Patisserie, where those wonderful muffins come from. Of course I know who she is. These muffins are for us. Good. Let's negotiate some of our spicy raincoats for more of those wonderful pastries. Anywho, I need more nutmeg, Gordo, along with cinnamon, ginger, and cocoa bean. What? Why is she asking for my spices, Mouse? Listen, Kiba, that was the last of it. We're all out. What? So where is this spicy reindeer then? Look, Mr. Wally, we can't use spices to make rain care. The spices are in these muffins and these other pastries you've been enjoying. They're exactly where you like them most. My spices? In the muffins? I don't understand. To keep them dry when the rains come, you mean? Dry? Rain? What is he talking about? No, to keep them tasting great. That's why everyone in Pepperpot loves them. Silky sassafras here, a genius, Mouse. Treatable pastries, powered by Warren spices. There's more? Spices down in Warren Gap, as long as we harvest and store them before the rains. Great. Let's go then.  We've got work to do. Whiskers high and tails dry. Hi, kids. It's me, Preston. In this episode, down in Warren Gap, Wally and the rabbits' only value are his wonderful spices which waste away when the rains come. With the help of Godo, however, Wally's spices are put to good use in a way that he never imagined. By investing in spices and keepers' delicious pastries, he got the tasty returns that he always wanted. In the same way, many people and businesses in the Caribbean community spend their time and money on new and exciting ideas in different parts of the Caribbean. It is often the best way to share new ideas, create exciting things and make new friends. Much like Pepper Pot Valley, the Caribbean community is a region filled with different types of scenery, people, cultures, foods and businesses. Even though Caricom is made up of many different nations, sharing and experiencing all these wonderful opportunities are what makes Caricom special.


Okay, yes so I'm Bruce and today I want to talk about how to write better unit tests with aspect and especially why you should stop using before and let. So this idea might be strange to some of you, all you need to know now is that you can certainly write good test case without using before and let. And the first question you might want to ask is that how do you write your test call without using before and let? Write is important, right? So first of all, yes, write is important, but in test case, you should favor a damp over dry in most of the case. And the reason is that sometimes too dry, you remove the duplication and f-trade and over up-trade, then it's harder to read because it's not straight forward anymore. And which is particularly bad for test case because test case itself should be a document for your application as well. That being said, you can certainly extract out some common code snippet and reuse it. By one of the techniques that you're already familiar with, which is, okay, so for example, we have this example and all the preparation, all the setup is within the example, which is the heat block. And how do you extract out without using before and let? So first you move these two code snippets down to a method. And then you're calling it from your heat block. And by this you can extract out some common code you want to reuse. That's all. It's so simple, right? So simple, okay. So actually, by at least point, you already know how to simplify your call and reuse your test call without using before and let. So now you get an idea, we're happy, and everyone is happy, right? No. And because the reason is that the hardest part is actually not learning the technique. The hardest part is actually how do you convince other people? Because if you don't have a good reason, why would people use something that they are not familiar with? Which is easy for them because they are familiar with it. So that brings to the next question, which is, what's wrong with before and let? So let me give you an example. So let's say that you're assigned to a new project, I mean you're assigned to a project which you've never been part before. And you are helping them to overcome the problem of how to maintain code. And your first ticket is to find an investigative bug, which is somehow a teenager is able to watch a R21 movie. So you look into it and you realize, okay, there's actually one test case to capture this scenario. So you look into it and you say, okay, what's wrong with this test case and this code?  So you scroll all the way up to the file and you find, okay, so with that user is uncle Lin, he's all enough to watch R21 movie, right? So the user is uncle Lin, right? No, because somehow he overwritten by an inner context and now it becomes drunk. So all right, so it's drunk, right? And he's 20, no. So again, the age, the name can be overwritten or can be modified within that or before. And of course, you might say this is not the proper way to use aspect. But that's because as I just mentioned just now that you are joining a project that you've never been in before, you're helping them. And that's how it is. And this actually happened quite frequently. Okay, yeah, and then this goes on and on and on.  So this can be bad. And then this is another part, so as I showed just now, we know that sometimes it can be hard to read. It can also be hard to change. So for example, we have this, for this case case, we need to set up a lot of things. And why if I want to add something, add a new small behavior that you also apply for the cache bag, for the membership reading, the other coupon, the other type of coupon. So add a test case as well. But now the old test case fail. And this can be, imagine that you have this kind of structure all over the place, over 10, 1,000 lines in one file and it's all been like this. And yeah, so it can be also very hard to change. And this is a simple scenario only. Yeah, so and yep. And then, yes, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Okay, who am I? Yeah, so now you might thinking that, okay, I know there are some potential pitfalls, so I can avoid it. Or that as long as it works, it's okay, right? You can handle it. But why it matters? Because yes, there are proper ways to use aspect before and later. But if you have tight deadlines and you don't have a lot of like top engineers or like aspect book writers or aspect commuters, you eventually encounter all these problems. Trust me. Because when you want to rearrange all the context that make it reasonable, but you don't have time, your boss is short at you and ask this feature to come out by end of today, what are you going to do? You just insert one more context or just copy over and change a few words to make it work, to make it pass the test case, but it makes the structure even worse. Which is why we have hard to recall at first place. And secondly, because test case test is the safety net for refactoring. And if your test case is bad and it's technical dead by itself, then you are working a tightrope without the safety net, which is very bad. And most importantly, that you're working on this kind of project is a death march. Which is you are not happy. Your teammates are not happy. And your management are not happy because asking for one line of change cost you one afternoon to fix all the test case. And you know everything will come to an end when you reach certain point, you cannot take it anymore. And there were very serious things happen. So it's not a very good situation to work with. And especially because technical depth is not a technical problem. It's about people. It's not about tech. It's about people. Because people are not happy with it. For machines, as long as it works, it works. So it's about people. And speaking of this, there's a very good article. It's about how to control your technical depth by TDD. So it's a very good read. I highly recommend to check out when you get home. But it doesn't end here. There are still a lot of techniques, a lot of knowledge you need to know to write a good test. So here are some tips that I think is very helpful. Personally, so first one is one test, one topic, which is you should only test one thing for one example. In this case, we are testing, he should only allow to watch a tantrum movie if he sees a doll. But in this case, we are conveniently also testing about the name, behavior about the name, which doesn't belong to the concern of this test case. So what we should do is to remove this and make it a test case, an example by itself. And the other problem is the other principle is that you should only give the exact important detail to test. In this example, we are testing the behavior of first name. It should return the first part of the full name, which should be the drum. But in this test case, in this setup, you can realize that the agent active, it doesn't really matter to this behavior. So we don't need that. And another thing is that if you notice, there's a let. So this let, although we don't need the movie at all, but it was actually still wrong. And because it's a let ban, so it was still wrong. And which is bad? Because not only did this confuse you, why my test case care about movie? It doesn't really care, right? But it involved in your test case. So not only did it confuse you, it also slowed your test case down, because it runs every time, even if you don't need that. So that's the other problem with that. And then it goes the other way. Just now it was too much information. Now it can be too few information. For example, you build a user and the first name is drunk. Why? So I think most of us use either Factory Girl or Fabrication. They are cinema in mouth to allow you to set up some default value. And if your default value happens to be John Lin, for example, this case case will pass, which is strange because why? Where the name come from? So we should add the important information to a test. So this is final result. No more and no less. Just exact important detail to test. And then also I would recommend to flatten the context. Sometimes people are very tempting to group your logical branch within the context, which is good. But in some case, you are making it harder to read. As I mentioned, the example just now that in every context, you try to override something in the upper context so that you can test the behavior you want. And it makes the test case very hard to read because you spend 10 minutes to figure out who the user is. So you want to flatten it. And for the branch, the different logical branch, you can add a when or if right in the description to differentiate what is this test case testing at. And then for first test, so this one, the principle here is that most of the time that your test case will contain four different things.  And you verify the return or the change. And lastly, sometimes you will need to clean up something so that it won't affect the following test case. And you will want to separate this four face with new lines so that it's easy to see which price is what. And then also, I would recommend you to enable the documentation format so that when you run the aspect, it will generate a nicely formatted result. And also notice that let's go back to the previous one. So you see the context and the it, they are actually template for it. So your first level of context should be the one, the method you are testing at. Or if it's controller, then it's the end point which is post something or get something. And every it block, the description should start with a verb. And it should be third person presents tense. So it does something or it does not. It returns something like that. So that you can have this sort of document or report. This can be easily understand even for non-technical background people. So you call first name and it returns this. You call watch is either race in session if certain scenario or something does not race in session if certain scenario. So that is easy to understand. But this all this technique will help you change the way you write a test case and immediately help you to write better, easier to maintenance code. But how do you know this is working? How do you know this works? There is no silver bullet. But we do have a reliable matrix which is for the five minutes because it's very straightforward metrics. And so it's like, OK, there's some jokes from network from internet. Does anyone ever do this? Yes, I did. So this was me one and a half year ago. And I was joining a project that I never take part before. So yeah, that's how it was. And in case you didn't notice, 35 was within one hour. So you can imagine how bad it was. So yeah, that's how you know if this technique works. Conclusion. So before we go into conclusion, I have very important things to mention. I have to mention it, which is yes. So we are hiring. NSV is a delivery central company. And we deliver a lot of things. For example, we can deliver grocery and food to your house, to your home. And we can do laundry for you as well. So there are a lot of new services coming out as well. There are a lot of development going on. So we need people. So do talk to me if you are interested in joining us. And the benefit that I'm joining right now is that you can work with the coal base that it's qualified for many lower than 10 per day, which is nice. OK. And then next I want to share that my gen.  And also nice format. And you can even have a table so that you can easily share within stack. And you can get all this within just two steps. So remember, go check it out.  So you can get this script. You can install it within just one command. And it will automatically clean your download folder for you every day. And the best part is that it works even if your computer is asleep during the time.  Yes. So check it out. It's also open source. And lastly, I'm writing a new book about best practice of Ruby and Rails. So if you are looking for a book that tells you not I mean, if you are looking for a book that is not teaching you how to use the basic syntax. Raider tells you what are the best practice and why it matters, how it works. I explained to you what's the problem with before and that. So please give it a try. And you can register your email. Please leave your email. And I promise there will be coupons once it's released. So please leave your email if you're interested. OK, so back to the conclusion. So this technique is simple. And with this technique, it's easy to read. You can write easy to read test call. And it's easy to change. And also it works everywhere. And by works everywhere, I mean you can copy this over to another project without worrying about if we will break because missing of one gen. And you will also work with debugger. You can step into the method. And also it will also work with your existing go-to definition tools of your editor. Because after all, it's just a Ruby method. It's nothing special. Also writing test case without using before and that, good test case without using before and that is possible. And most importantly, reducing the hodlify counter from dozens to a few is also possible. So let's write better test and be happier. Thank you. So in case you miss it, there are some links here. Any questions? We have a few minutes for questions. There I will be first. But then you can follow, don't be shy. So you mentioned that on the first level of unit test, you test by method nine. In controller test, the first level is the name of the end point. What about the integration test or the feature test? Yeah, so unfortunately, I didn't spend much time on that. Yes. But in the integration test, I think that, OK, so if you have a Q18 in your company, what usually will happen is that they will set up their own integration test for you in maybe in Selenium or Corn Helles. So to us, to me, I focus more on the unit test. That's also why my topic was actually how to write better unit tests with aspect. Yes. So, yeah. OK, right now. Yes? What's real benefit? OK, I understand the point of wanting to get rid of. I understand your argument for getting rid of Latin before. You want to reduce abstraction that isn't immediately obvious to the maintainer. But the one thing they let, in particular, gives you is memoization. If I have a variable that's defined using ordinary let, not let bang, ordinary let, then that's defined when I need it and it uses the same definition each time I need it. Yeah? OK. Isn't it more productive to say let bang is a smell that we're going to work hard to eliminate at the earliest possible opportunity? Because what you're really saying there is there is some state. Let bang says there is some state that has to be set for all tests, even the tests that aren't obviously using it. And if it's not obviously using the state, then what's the point? OK, so. So let bang do has its own scenario. And sometimes we have to use it. And the second thing is that in some scenario, this actually happens that using let, which is lazy loaded. So you won't run unless you are coding it. And your test case don't really code in it. Yes. But your before in two contexts away is actually using it. And you are not care about this one in your test case. So it's still eventually be loaded. And actually this loaded is not very bad. The worst part is that it confuses you because you need to go and find all the users and you select let user and you find all the users from this same test case. And you found 30 of them. Which one is real? Right. That's the bad part. Yes. And yeah. It's real real big. OK. Yeah, no questions. Thank you once again. Thank you.


I knew I had to drop a song called Epic, because I had this in mind that I was going to come out with this. I was going to come out with the evolving, prolific, in spite of the circumstances. I knew I had to motivate the people. I knew I had to motivate. You know what I'm saying? I knew it was more than just my people and my city's people all around the world that's living just like Longview. Right here on Need No Introduction, man, this home team, man, East Texas stand up, man. Big up bag, Tim is in the building. That's serious. That's serious. What's good? Man, what's going on, man? Thank you for coming on the show. Man, I'm grateful to be here, baby. Man. I've seen on that Epic video, and I commend you when I seen you praying. That's one of the main drivers that got you in that seat. You wanted to do God. In Jesus' name, amen. Amen. That's what's going on. That's my favorite. Now, that's what's epic. This was epic. Yeah. Because I said, that's real, man. I wish I had my granny, my grandma, my family, man, and for y'all to pray like she did and for you to go. I love that song, too, man. I was born on that race, man, and just give me an understanding of where you was at when you wrote that. That was a few years back, though, right? Yeah. But that is a sin, that is fate. My only one, they come for you, but I got it. So when you peed in that, what inspired that? I knew I had to drop a song called Epic, because I had this in mind that I was going to come out with this. I was going to come out with the evolving, politically inspired circumstances. I knew I had to motivate the people. I knew I had to motivate. You know what I'm saying? I knew it was more than just my people in my cities, people all around the world living just like Longview, that need to be motivated and inspired that we can go up and we can evolve to, you know what I'm saying? So I knew I had to drop a song that had to be epic, and it was just time to do something epic.  I look at stuff like that and I respect it on a whole other level. Like my baby, my baby left us, man. So she's not even around anymore? She just passed away, just like last year, late last year. So you see where I was? How old was she? 91. You see, you see where, and he got that word and I looked at that, man. I was heavy for it. We can always look back on that and see it. And that's the glue, you know, that's the glue to my family.  Showing us.  Praying woman. You see that on it? Yeah. Loved it, man. Yeah.  That's hard, man.   That's why I got to take, that's why I try to keep on it, you know what I'm saying? Yeah.


Well, I think that the key points I want to make are that I didn't wait till K to 12 I was very fortunate to have really good early childhood development for two main reasons One is that I went to a really good YMCA daycare at Mount Pleasant and we did We were thought we were just playing but we were doing early childhood development And so when I arrived at kindergarten, I was already ready to you know ready to go with some basic competencies and so So I think that's something we need to look at is how can we make sure kids are better prepared for Even for kindergarten and so you know with my kids were focused a lot on early childhood development because that brain development between two And six is critical and I in retrospect I was fortunate to get this and one of the reasons why is because Some of you may have had Margot Iverson as a teacher. She's been a professor at the U of A and education for Almost 30 years now. She's retiring. She was a high school English teacher before she got her PhD and so So this was important for her and she's been studying me my whole life So if you've had her as a teacher, you've heard her talk about me at great length. She's very proud of me Which is very sweet, but you know, she knew how important this kind of interaction was They nurtured Creativity around the dinner table. I knew what pedagogy was when I was going into kindergarten I didn't couldn't really explain it, but it was a word. I'd heard and it was something we talked about So so I was primed well and then Something really interesting happened in 1984. Remember what Canada was like in 1984. This was when I entered kindergarten and Think about the strife in the country Pietro dough was was the prime minister still on the way out This was right after the national energy policy multicultural policy was very controversial and Somehow my parents were the kind of people who said we should put dawn in French immersion So think about how strange a decision that would be in Alberta in 1984 to put your kids in French immersion. So They valued and thought that the second language learning would be good for me And I think it was but something else happened that was really interesting By implication which is that I was in a class full of kids whose parents were also the kind of people who thought it would be kind of fun to put their kids in French immersion in 1984 and so this was actually a pretty interesting group of kids and And they've gone on actually to do some pretty extraordinary work in health in the arts In academics and I'm still in touch with a lot of these kids It was really a tightly knit group of kids that came through McKernan With me which is where my son is going to start kindergarten next Tuesday taken French just like his old man and So I was very fortunate once I once I got there to have some some wonderful teachers and they you know nurtured my curiosity of course and All the way through to to high school where again I was I don't know if I was just lucky to have phenomenal teachers or I think that teachers are phenomenal people because of what they choose to do and the way they they try to shape a generation and and You know you have to be a kind of a patient person and a curious person and a very caring person I think to be a teacher and I'm biased because I have this idea of my mom as like the prototypical the you know the platonic ideal of the teacher right and and so she's tried to Replicate herself and her values out there as a professor for 30 years And so I like to imagine there's all these people out there who care about Children's development and their success and nurturing their curiosity and she was instrumental in a lot of the curriculum development for for English language arts that's about discovery and about creativity and about multimodal learning and all of these different things and so I grew up around this stuff and And so it's been interesting for me and it's made me very conscientious as a parent but but to know that there are all these people out there who she's helped to shape is is You know inspires me and then just one other thought here before I expire the time is One of the reasons why my my wife and I chose to stay in Edmonton when most of our friends Especially some of these successful friends of mine who I grew up with Didn't feel like Edmonton was the place where they could be successful was because when we started thinking about having a family one of the most important decisions for us is Being able to send our kids to the best public schools in the world Which are right here and it's because of you folks and a lot of great decisions that have built that system And yes, it could be better. Yes, it could be better Capitalized it should be because it's our best competitive advantage for the long term to attract people here and to build an economy And a citizenry of tomorrow that can compete


Look out, here comes the Spiderman, here comes the Spiderman, here comes the Spiderman. Across this article on Yahoo News, here's what it says, Peter Parker is to take a step back as Spiderman's alter ego according to the latest rumor about the character for a 2017 movie, well established Hollywood news writer Jeff Snyder appeared in a February 20th episode of Meet the Movie Press and aired the rumor that the next Spiderman will most likely be black. But in the same hill, the racist is going crazy right now. This is not sitting stone guys, but I'm telling you right now Spiderman's not going to be white, he revealed. Really? This is interesting. While sources were not disclosed, Snyder claimed a high degree of certainty, Spiderman's going to be most likely black. If it's a chance he could also be Latino, he said, I'm 95% sure not white. As it turns out, Marvel already has a black, Hispanic Spiderman ready to go in the form of Miles Morales, a teenage Brooklyn Knight who also gained arachnid powers from a spider bite and who was not long ago introduced through 2011's comic book miniseries Ultimate Fallout. 2016's film Captain America Silver War had been speculated upon as a possible entry point for the rebooted web head, but the Morales character has reason, if not studio sources to appear even earlier than that, really. He was involved in the final issue of a 10-part comic book storyline, Age of Ultron from which may, oh shit, which may 2015 blockbuster and awaiting, yeah, yeah, yeah, well that's interesting, that's very interesting. I'm excited, I'm excited, I'm interested, I'm interested, it's nice to see a nice little change up. With them rebooting it, I could definitely see him being the Spider-Man, definitely with the reboot, you know, there's that video I did about the reboot, about them wanting to reboot Spider-Man, you know, the reaction to that and I'll post a link below that so you can laugh your asses off to that, but if they're going to reboot them because they've already rebooted them once, they might as well go with my house, as far as I'm concerned, I think that would be a great idea. As far as Civil War goes, it depends on who played more of a part in the Civil War.  So post your comments down below, let me know if you agree, you don't agree, let me know what your ideas are, okay? Hit the like button, if you didn't like the video, hit the like button. One million subscribers, woo!


V druge prezentacije, bomo vsečniti vse, kaj je zelo vsečniti inžene, nekaj je zelo vsečniti. Vseč, v svojih kazih nekaj je zelo vsečniti, nekaj je zelo vsečniti. In zelo vsečniti. Safety standards. An in this important concept is not, does not hurt. So it can be fixed in your mind a little better. I will talk about the engineering aspect in the IAA safety standard. So I will try to limit my discussion to what is in the agency safety standard. So what is the agency position. technological fields. You can really have different approaches, different solutions. So I try to follow as much as possible what is in the standard of the agency, the requirement and safety guides. So I will try to explain what is in our view the difference between safety assessment and safety analysis, what we call safety analysis and what we call safety assessment. Then some very short consideration on how the engineering aspects or where the engineering aspects are addressed in the safety analysis report and then something on the evaluation. So the term engineering aspects or engineering aspects important to safety was used in the first time at least in the agency standard because it's a general term so you don't really need a standard of the agency to address this. It was in NSG 1.2, safety assessment and verification on NPP. This was the first standard where there was a distinction between at least an attempt to put some order in the safety assessment and in the safety analysis. Now these things are codified in the requirement so there is no confusion anymore. The term, this term is never used in SSR 2 slash 1, you never find this term but you find a lot of requirement that address these aspects. The term engineering aspects, they don't use the word engineering aspect of important to safety but since it's in a safety requirement is something related to safety so it's obvious, is used explicitly in the safety assessment for facilities and activities is one of the requirements that Tony showed this morning. Don't get upset with me if I keep showing this but in this figure there are a lot of messages. Going back to the requirement number eight that is evident, violet here is prevention of accident, you see. So the strong effort for achieving the main objective is prevention of accident. How do you prevent the accident? Can you tell me someone just how you prevent an accident? How is the microphone? I think this maybe let's collect few positions then I can articulate a little more. Do you need accident analysis to prevent the accident? I want to have a problem to start to study the problem and improve the engineer problem or solution to try to avoid the problem you could imagine in the past. What are the problems first? What kind of problems you want to avoid? Release of material to the environment. We have a name of these problems. One is called failure. You don't want your equipment to fail and the other one is malfunctioning. So you don't want the parameters that you have in normal operation that go outside of the range. These are. If you keep the parameters in the range, nothing breaks in your plant you don't have any accident. So we have to do, most of your effort should be to prevent failure and prevent malfunctioning. That means you want to produce what we call robust design. Robust, strong design. The problem is how you do this. You do this through a strong implementation of all this engineering aspect that are affecting the quality, the strength of material, the margin, the proper implementation of the defense in depth. So this is what you have to do. So dealing nuclear safety, most of people think that there is one strong message, that is a very simple message. I think it's the only message in this presentation. That the people are focusing very often, they confuse the term, safety assessment and safety analysis with transient, accident analysis, thermo-hydraulic calculation. This, of course, is a relevant part, is recognizing the defense in depth. If something goes wrong, you have to know what you are doing. But first of all, you have to avoid that things are going wrong. So that is what we are talking in this presentation this afternoon. And that is how the principle 8 is spelled out. All practical effort must be made to prevent, and also to mitigate the accident. But first the effort should be in prevention. So we should not forget this. And then how do you prevent, you see a strong implementation of the defense in depth, effective management system. These are concepts quite general, and that you are very familiar with, I'm sure. But you see adequate site selection, incorporation of good design and engineering features, providing safety, margin, diversity, redundancy, all engineering rules that are aimed at preventing, mostly preventing accidents, design technology and materials of high quality and reliability, control, limiting and protection system, surveillance feature, and so on. So there are a lot of engineering rules that you have to apply, engineering approach that you have to apply, no design, really mainly to prevent. Of course the engineering aspect, they are cross cutting, because you design with good engineering rules, also protection system, also the containment, everything. So they affect also the mitigation of accidents, but mostly they are important for the prevention, because this is where the big effort should be done. This is the slide. I just want to show how this term engineering aspect enters in our standard, because very often our standards are not fully consistent, so in some cases the family of engineering aspect is quite small in other, is quite larger, but I don't think it's very important. You see here, this is the flow for the safety assessment, and you see the safety assessment includes the safety analysis, the safety assessment, the safety analysis is a part, and then there are other aspects that we have to take care of. And one of these is the engineering aspects. And then in this, so for example, human factor is not considered as an engineering aspect in this standard, but it's something that is important to safety. So really this distinction for our purpose is not very important. But what this slide shows, we have engineering aspects, another aspect, and we have safety analysis, that is another point. I will come back to this, because this is, I think, is important. And you can see here, this distinction between safety analysis and safety assessment was also introduced many years ago in this safety guide 1.2. So the safety assessment is a general. You have to have this in mind, at least in the language of the agency, because in other places they can have different definitions. But when we talk about safety assessment, is a general assessment. It's an assessment of the safety of the plant, of everything. When we talk about safety analysis, we talk about deterministic and probabilistic analysis, and this analysis normally is limited to transient and accident. So we have a fault, we have an evolution of this fault, consequences and improbability, and we are able to calculate deterministic method, the consequences of this fault to determine what is the status of the plant at the end or some point of this sequence. And with the probabilistic we can associate a number of the probability to reach that situation. So with safety analysis we are talking about accident analysis and we talk about the transient analysis. We talk about the other part, the assessment of engineering aspect, we talk about many other aspects that are some have been mentioned this morning, the proven engineering practices, how the defense in depth is implemented, radiation protection, the safety classification, the protection against internal and external hazards, the loads and load combination that we use for the design of the system, how we select the material, single failure criteria, redundancy, equipment qualification, aging and human machine interfaces. So all these aspects should be considered to rate the safety of a plant, to make a complete safety assessment. The analysis of the accident, the analysis of the transient is very important but is a part. It's not the full picture. Because if I have a very good system but I have an accident every day, every day I have a failure, this is not a safe plant, of course. So first of all, all effort on prevention, good design, then the assumption that something can be wrong anyway. So this we have seen this morning that is a standard that is for the design and for the assessment and this can be used also to assess the engineering aspect because all the engineering, there are requirements for each of the engineering aspect that I mentioned to you. Designing structural system and components according to the requirement that is established for engineering aspects provides a robust design that means a strong prevention of failures and effective protection of people. The assessment of engineering aspect ensures together with the safety analysis that all the acceptance criteria are met and the plant performs as intended from a safety point of view. So there are two aspects, very important in the assessment, and the assessment on the engineering aspect. Keep this in mind. So this is how the problem is addressed in the requirement attend of the GSA R Part 4. It shall be determined in the safety assessment whether a facility or activity uses to the extent practical, structural system and components of robust and proven design. And then you see there is a list of all these aspects that we have already seen so we don't have to go through this again. And in this standard, in addition to the engineering aspect, there are other aspects, but we can treat these two families together because really the subdivision is artificial. So this again is the equipment that we have to design with this observing and following all the rules for the engineering aspect. But don't forget that when we are talking about safety we are dealing only with items important to safety. So items, if they fail, they have radiological consequences direct or indirect. There is one consideration to do. You see in this figure, this figure here reflected the situation in SSR2 the old requirement for the design in SSR1. This was the equipment. Now in SSR2 slash 1 we introduce the design extension condition. So also this figure needs to be amended. But it still has not been done in the glossary of the agency because also the safety also the safety feature for design extension condition are items important to safety. Also in general they can have INC part, actuation system and support systems. Why we have to consider separately and not together because the design rules that we are going to follow are different. We don't design with the same approach and the same rules. We mentioned this morning that we have a conservative approach in design this. We have a best estimate approach design in this. We require the single failure criteria here. We don't require the single failure criteria. And then also when we classify then we will discuss this a little more tomorrow when we classify these systems they follow in a different safety class. So it is important to keep these two things separated but unfortunately in the in the glossary of the agency you find this old figure yet has not been changed. But this should be done. Then where we have to provide the demonstration that all these engineering aspects are addressed correctly. They have to be done in the safety analysis report. I think most of you have experience with the safety analysis report and according what I said before should be called safety assessment report rather than safety analysis report at least in the language of the agency because this is a general document that covers everything not only the accident analysis. This is tradition to call safety analysis report so we refer to safety analysis report. So here we have this is a standard of the agency is GSG 4.1 and is the format and content of the safety analysis report of nuclear power plant. So is a safety guide standard level of safety guide that gives you the information what has to be included in the safety analysis report. And then I will ask you in this list of content where do you see the engineering aspect important to safety that we mentioned before in which chapter? Can we start? Chapter one is introduction that we can skip. General plant description. Yes or no? There are three possibilities. Of course they are not addressed in all. The you see there is one chapter so let's say that we have here in the structure of the agency then I will show other structures but in the structure of the agency we have 15 chapters and we have chapter six for example is a single chapter but addresses all the major systems of the nuclear power plant. They are all together containment, emergency corkuling emergency systems all the reactor core primary cooling system are all addressed in the same chapter but so that is the reason there are only 15 chapters but you see the safety analysis is one chapter that is chapter seven safety guide and I would say that the engineering aspect are addressed in the general design aspects because there are the general aspects that are applicable to all systems here the description and conformance of the design of the plant systems where there are typical aspects for each then there are radiation protection if we include radiation protection we consider also radiation protection or as an engineering aspect so we have to do this and probably radioactive waste management so these are the main chapters so are distributed in the safety analysis report but they occupy a large fraction of the safety analysis report here on the left side is the old regulatory guide structure of the old NRC regulatory guide 117 now this regulatory guide is not updated anymore by the NRC but I think really deeply affected the structure of the majority of safety analysis report in the world all of them took inspiration from this safety guide and the reason is the safety guide is very detailed and it's chapter sub chapter sub sub chapter is described in a very detail and so people were much and they had the reference also of the safety analysis report prepared in the United States to prepare their own so this was one of the most followed and here in this you see from 3 to 10 these are in blue these are all the chapters that address engineering aspect to important to safety and if you compare this with the structure of the agency we have only the mostly in 5 5 and 6 fortunately it's not I don't know why it's not appear at the bottom and then in the safety guide of NRC the we have the accident analysis where all the accident are analyzed is chapter 15 and the equivalent the equivalent in the agency is chapter 7 so I say these things because most of the safety analysis report that you can experience are very much much closer to the RG170 than to the structure of the agency so it's important to know this then NRC stop the updating of the safety guide the safety guide R170 was published in 1978 so it's a very old document but I've been used as a reference by many countries now NRC of course in the years NRC changed the approach to the licensing and now there is the combined licensing application and another regulatory guide has been prepared and that is a sort of replacement of R170 is 1, 2 or 6 and in this safety guide two additional chapters were included one on human factor nothing was R170 at the time and probabilistic risk assessment and severe accident also this was not addressed in R170 accident analysis is deterministic safety analysis only in the agency the accident analysis is a safety analysis is probabilistic and deterministic in one chapter we have both another very important document I think can be useful and it's also universally recognized in what is known as Nurek 8 under, so it's a standard review plan these are practically the rules how to review a safety analysis report this is really if you follow this you make a complete review of all chapter of safety analysis report of course you do this following the rules of the United States because this is American product if you have different regulation you have to be a little flexible but this is very complete document and another would say positive aspect this document is constantly updated so it's available on the web if you go there you find the latest version if something is produced in a week will be updated so it's a good reference so I think whatever your regulations are if you are involved in review of any chapter of the safety analysis report to have this on your desk can be useful that is the reason I mentioned the documents of the agency now I am going through the main some important of these engineering aspects and recall basically the requirement there will be a little boring presentation so be ready and what are the major aspects and then in the following days we will consider this again not all of them the relevant and in dedicated lectures we go much deeper for example in safety classification in the equipment qualification internal, external human factors so we have a lot of lectures on the different aspects so we have the possibility to go a little deeper and ask very detailed question to the lecturers for regarding the proven engineering practices all items important to safety shall be designed in accordance with the relevant national international codes and the standard because the national international codes they reflect the good practice they reflect the experience and they contain very detailed design rules so it is the easiest we don't have to reinvent the wheel every time if you have to design a pipe the primary pipe or you have to design a vessel you don't have to invent a rule these things are already codified you find a very recognized standard very high level and you can follow this you are confident that your design is correct and also the safety authority can check if you follow some recognized standard doesn't make the criticized standard so it's a good way unfortunately this is general and for the majority of the of the equipment you have in the plant you have available codes but when you start modifying, producing new concept, new design and you really introduce new technologies then maybe you don't find the codes because the codes is prepared after follow the evolution of technology that's not anticipate and so maybe you are you are forced to introduce to make a new assumption to design new equipment so in this case of course you need research you need testing you need a specific qualification procedure in order to prove that also this new design equipment meet the requirement you want, you set at the beginning of course following the using all the existing experience using the existing codes is the easiest way but it's not always possible and there is also this application of the codes should be done with intelligence because should be understood what the code is for and really if the code that you are using is actually the code that you need for your design for your piece of equipment so you have to know what is in the code and you should know the applicability of the code it's not just take a code and follow maybe then you use the wrong one so, but that is of course this is a responsibility of the designer and the responsibility also of the safety authority that makes the review of your safety analysis report to see that if you make reference to some codes these are the right codes for that structure and system and components for defense in depth we already said several things but this morning we presented defense in depth as a concept to origin the the safety requirement but in SSR 2 slash 1 there is a requirement that said your design shall follow the defense in depth for something not this you are not free to do or not you have to do and you have to follow the defense in depth in the concept that is illustrated in the document so you have to design very well for normal operation you have to design for anticipated operational occurrences and you have to have systems to deal with this situation you have to design for design basis action you have system to deal with this situation you have to design for design extension condition and you have to have system for this so that means what the meaning of application of the defense in depth but I don't want to bother you too much there is we already mentioned this morning the independence of level but I would like just very quickly to mention again here the independence of level of defense in depth because this has a very strong impact of the design that implies the addition of other systems implied a new design to make completely independent the auxiliary system the supporting system like the power supply compressor supply some cooling is a big impact this requirement is not in the current sorry SSR SSR 2 slash 1 but is in the revised version this is in addition to the the current requirement that is in the revised version that will be printed very soon so the level of the defense in depth shall be independent as far as expectable to avoid a failure of one level reducing the effectiveness of other levels because you know the failure of one level cause the failure of also other levels the defense in depth that is organized in different levels is completely ineffective you have more more level because the subsequent level have to deal with the failure of the previous one if they fell together goodbye and that is what in Fukushima happened practically so in particular a safety feature for the design extension condition this is required especially feature for mitigating the consequence of accident involving the melt so a severe accident shall be as far expectable independence of safety systems so the factor that affect the independence we already mention the sharing of systems we will never have a complete independence because there are always some common parts at least there are common structures different safety system they are supported by the same concrete structure in many cases also they are not completely independent so as far as expectable this should be achieved and one is typical example the common power supply the common cooling system the working structure and the exposure to common cause failure to be really independent they should be also independent with respect to external and internal as much as much as possible so this is something that is radiation protection of course all the measures should be implemented in the plant to protect the workers and the people but there are there are two aspects of the radiation protection because when we talk about accident analysis accident analysis for each accident we calculate the release practically you start from a fault and you end to the release to the environment following this accident so radiation aspects for the public people outside of the plant are in the safety analysis part in the accident analysis so the radiation protection of the people is addressed in the safety in the accident analysis part of the safety assessment report and of course there are different situations that also they are considered one is the normal operation plant release working normally during the year and the releases and dosage should comply with the prescribed limits and should be as low as a reasonable achievable that Alara so there are prescribed limits value that the safety authority tells you is the maximum release that you have 12 per day per year, per month it depends so during the normal operation because also in normal operation the plant produce some radioactivity and this radioactivity should be in a way or another eliminated but the quantity that we can release to the environment is established the maximum value of safety authority and this also should be proved and demonstrate in the safety analysis and should be in the safety analysis report because this is is the dosage that the members of the public experiment more frequently because the plant operates every day the accident may be never happen in the life of the plant hopefully so these are the dosage that the members of the public reject to then for the accident conditions here the approaches are not always the same the releases and the dosage evaluated in the accident analysis should comply with the acceptable limits you see we switch the terms from prescribed limits to the acceptable because for the for the accident conditions of course the public should be always protected so the public should never have those that exceeded the limit established by the international body like ICRP, like the agency so these are but during accident conditions this is quite difficult to demonstrate so the safety authority can in some cases accept some values but they cannot import they don't normally import this value but they gave this indication target you should not exceed this value so this case while the prescribed limits are normally the same almost everywhere in the world one or two million years the release in the accident is not so the approach is not so uniform so but what I want to say that we are dealing with the protection of public and environment in the accident analysis regarding the protection of the workers the situation is a little different because normally in the safety analysis report there is a dedicated chapter to this aspect so all the aspect related to the protection of the works in the plant are in this chapter and I will go through very quickly what is the content of this chapter all actual and potential sources have to be identified the materials have to be selected to minimize deactivation the generation transport of corrosion product and deviation product shall be controlled provision shall be made for preventing the release of dispersion of radioactive substances inside the plant the plant layout should ensure that areas with radiation hazard in possible contamination are adequately controlled so all of you that have the experience to enter a nuclear power plant there are some areas that are blocked by a door you need a specific base to go in you need some instrumentation for the measurement of radiation when you enter this area but this is for people in the plant the plant shall be divided in zones related to the aspect of frequency and radiation level so there are normally in the plant different zone with different colors and they are separate from each other so I think if you have the experience to enter a nuclear power plant this is quite general rule I'm sure that you have seen this shielding shall be provided to prevent radiation level equipment subject to frequent maintenance or manual operation shall be located in areas below those rate of course we cannot roast the operator that has to go to maintain a very radioactive radioactive component and the facility shall be provided for the decontamination of personnel and equipment shall be provided for radiation monitoring in operational states and accident these are all these aspects that you will find in the chapter in the chapter dedicated to radiation protection as I said before this chapter deals with the protection of the work the plant then another important aspect is the safety classification I just mentioned the basic concept here tomorrow we are going in little more detail of this so all items important to safety shall be identified shall be classified on the basis of their function and the safety significance that means you have to imagine that each piece of equipment in the nuclear power plant as a label touched tells you if this is important to safety or not if it is important to safety as a number letter whatever that indicates the importance of safety to safety of this component so that should be done thoroughly through the plant so we have to measure we have to rank the importance to safety how to do this this is not an easy task in the requirement we give some criteria at least in general terms then in the safety guide we try to be a little more specific but you see what are the considerations to rank the importance to safety first what is the safety function to be performed by that item second is the consequences of the failure to performance function for this component structure fails what is the radiological impact because we have to realize that not all the failures are the same for the consequence some can cause limited consequences large consequences some can happen very rarely some can happen more frequently and this is another another criteria and then we have also something related to the tie some components some system have to react very quickly in case of an accident other and so they should be automatically initiated should be very reliable and they should provide their performance in a very short time so they should be designed for this other system maybe they are equally important but maybe are needed much later so there is more time the system can be operated manually by the operator because the operator has time to understand the situation and has to have the procedure to start this equipment so these are the four the four criteria that we are giving in our safety standards so the safety classification why is important because affect the design rules an item in safety class one is designed normally with more stringent rules than an item in a safety class too probably the equipment SSIC in I don't know there is a telephone interacting and so there is the equipment in different safety classes have different safety margins or different safety margins they are subjected to different testing and maintenance rules so there is a big impact on this so classified one component one class rather than into another has impact very strong impact on the cost immediate cost in the design and manufacturing but also cost during the life of the plant it could require more intervention so you realize how this is something very important and also because of this we had a lot of problem in the agency to prepare the safety guide on safety classification because there are different approaches in different in different member states and they are not really keen to change their approaches just because we write a rule on standard of the agency a very sensitive subject then we have the protection against internal and external hazard of course the requirements said we have to all foreseeable internal hazard and external hazard including the potential for human induced events the safety of the plant shall be identified and their effect shall be evaluated so hazard shall be considered for the determination of postulated in shedding event and generating loadings for use in the design of relevant items important to safety for the plant but you realize that the hazards are not the same for all plants because the internal hazard so those that are generating inside the plant like a fire like internal explosion like forces due to pipe breaks pipe weeps falling of objects all these that are in the family of the internal hazard they depend on a specific nuclear power plant specific design but the external hazard are extremely related to where the plant is located to the site so for each site we need a careful evaluation to determine what is really the hazard what are the different hazards for that specific site and from this hazard analysis then the designer according to the rules established by the safety authority will determine what is the specific value of the external events that he has to consider to design structures for example if you have the seismic the seismic hazard analysis you have a curve that is the result of the analysis where you have for example a magnitude of the earthquake against the frequency so you have very low frequency very high magnitude then the frequency increases and the hazard curve you are familiar with this and the hazard curve now which value are you going to use for your design of course there are different approaches but normally you use a value that is in the range for example return period tennis minus four that is the rule that people are following now at least for some equipment the magnitude of this earthquake and then of course you make the conservative consideration at the margin and whatever at the end say this is my design basis earthquake I have to design my system or this family of system with this earthquake that means I have to consider the loads of this earthquake and design for this but the plant is not subjected only to the loads of the earthquake but at the same time there are other loads think about pressurized components as loads generated by the pressure loads generated by the temperature or gradients of temperature and we have to combine these loads with the seismic load because the component has to continue to function or should not break with all these loads combined so these aspects are very important but there is very wide literature on this and there are codes so these are addressed in detail you can find a lot of information so for our purpose in this introductory lecture we just mentioned what are the internal hazards or interest normally first is the fire explosions flooding, we are talking here about internal flooding so floods that are caused by faults we have a tank full of water the tank breaks somewhere and you flood something so these are the internal hazards then we have missile generation we have rotating equipment so you can have missiles or can break pressurized components can break and then generate missiles and so on then you have collapse structures so things that are falling down if there is this risk you have to avoid that items important to safety are below things that can fall particular case is the spent fuel the pool of where you store the spent fuel you always avoid to move on top of these fuel heavy objects there are many many regulations they really oblige you to follow this requirement heavy should be moved on top of these equipment during when there is fuel in the pool then the pipe whip when a pipe breaks can hit some other components and cause the failure of other components especially if there are cabinets instrumentation that can be really be destroyed being hit by the broken pipe or put jet impact when you have release of high pressure fluid so all these things should be considered so for each area of this you have to make an analysis what are the potential hazard that you have and then put measure for each one that are rather well codified measure to implement this should be described in the safety analysis report if you revise if you review the safety analysis report you have to check if the identification of the hazard is complete and you have to check if the measure implemented for each hazard are effective so the external hazard we have a category of natural and human induced also this I think you know very well the meteorological events in the natural so heavy rain snow ice heavy wind hydrological events geological events seismic events and human induced and we have I would say that all these external hazard there is one chapter normally in the safety analysis report for example chapter 2 in 170 is dedicated to the site evaluation so all these consideration on external event you will find in detail and should be in detail described in that chapter for human induced we have the aircraft crashes also this depends where the plant is located and what you consider depends on the specific regulation of the country fire, explosion missiles outside of the plant of course and the releases of toxic maybe you can have railroad passing by your plant and on this railroad maybe it can be some dangerous fluid or material can be transported and so can cause can have an impact on the nuclear power plant I think we have a dedicated lecture also on the external events and one on the internal hazard so you will go to this in much more detail so here how what we do to protect against internal hazard just is very simplified list of topics so we say items important to safety shall be designed and located to withstand the effect so this is very easy to say this is a requirement because we know that these hazard exist so our equipment should be protected hazard for example fire, flooding or earthquakes this is something very specific of the eyes very important could potentially impair several level of the defense and what is serious that another think about an earthquake is shaking it breaks a pipe so it's causing an accident but at the same time if the earthquake is strong enough can cause also the failure of your safety system to deal with that break so you know you lose different level of the defense at the same time so the analysis of these hazards and implementation on the design are very very important and the hazard normally are really origin of the common cause failure so effective protection against fire requires for example prevention of fire so it should not accumulate material combustible material to have detection system and the limitation of the consequences creating separation and protected area so these are also rules implemented in the conventional industry I mean it's not something civil buildings that is specific for nuclear power plant but the attention nuclear power plant because of the potential consequences of course should be much more the design shall provide for adequate margin against level of external hazard derived from the site evaluation why this? because the determination of the hazard in the site especially when we are talking about event that are frequency of tennis minus four or minus five are very rare so the uncertainties in determining these values even with most advanced technology and knowledge is as always large uncertainties so we should be aware when even the best institute for whether the best seismologist of the world give you a value take it a little more just in case so this is the approach that is recommended here the determination of rare event is by nature affected by very large uncertainties always this is in the nature of the human world the reliability of items important to safety and also the reliability shall be commensurate with the safety significance so that means if you assign a structural system or component to a safety class implicitly you are imposing a reliability on the system and reliability on components because they go together so so that means that the structure important SSSC is important to safety shall be designed qualified, procured commissioned, operated and maintained to withstand with sufficient reliability the conditions specified in the design the potential for commo this is always the most tricky part the potential for common cause failure shall be considered in the application of redundancy diversity and independence so these three factors redundancy, diversity and independence are the means to achieve reliability for your desk to improve the reliability of your system in different conditions then the single failure criteria shall be applied for safety group this is the way written in our requirement and the principle of failed, safe design shall be considered and incorporated into the design of system and component do you know what the failed, safe design is what is the concept of this is I think nuclear engineer should know this at least can you someone explain to everybody can you try what we mean if we say fail safe fail safe is when system failure it fails in a condition that is favorable to the safety I mean the situation that you reach after the failure is a safe situation there are many examples one example is if you have an isolation system so you want to isolate if in case you have an accident or an event you have to isolate a line or a containment or whatever you make this isolation devices in such a way that something goes wrong they lose the power or they lose the compressed air they shut the line so you go in the isolation status that is what you wanted to achieve but also this can be very tricky because what can be you want in some situation could be avoided in the other so it's not so straight the application of this criteria in general we can say that but you know can also counter effect so should be consider very carefully because there are some lines you don't want to isolate in some situation so it's better that in this case it doesn't work but of course there are considerations to do but this is as a general approach is something to consider so something goes wrong for any reason and you achieve a status that is safe so also this in general should be for this is all these are topics that are related to the reliability then we have another requirement on calibration testing maintenance and repair probably also this will be addressed maybe tomorrow after the coming days so the calibration testing maintenance repair replacement inspection and monitoring items important to safety items important to safety shall be designed to be calibrated tested, maintained, repaired replaced, inspected and monitored as required to ensure their capability and performing the function along the life of the plant so it should be something important for safety you have to ensure the functionality of this equipment so this equipment should be periodically tested maintained and checked that is that are providing even after many years of life of the plant still providing the function if required provide the function as intended the design shall be such that these activities can be performed according to relevant codes and over the lifetime of the plant and without undue radiation exposure to the workers these are some general things to have in mind for calibration, testing and maintenance during power operation the plant design shall be such that these activities are facilitated and performed with no significant reduction of the system reliability also this requirement has a strong impact on the design I think something was mentioned by Tony this morning if you want to test for example a redundant system that means simple redundancy 2 2 trains that can perform each 100% of the performance that is necessary and you want to test one of this during the operation you are forced to disconnect this system during the maintenance so that means that is in the period of time you have only one so in this period of time your single failure criteria is not valid you are operating the plant without adding a safety system responding to the safety to the single failure criteria so what do you do in these cases there are different solutions you can prove that the maintenance time is very short and it doesn't affect globally the risk of the plant or another solution more practical and now adopted at least for many systems do put another one so you put three systems so even if you have one in maintenance you have the single failure so there are different ways to deal with this problem but you see when you I'm telling you these things but if you have in your profession you have to write a safety analysis report or to review according to your role safety analysis report these are all the aspects that you have to consider you cannot forget any of these equipment qualification all these are very very important I think also on this if I'm not wrong we have you are going to give a lecture on equipment qualification so you will have all the details tomorrow so qualification program and if you are familiar what is the qualification qualification is really the demonstration the practical proof just to say in in a few words that the equipment is going to perform under all the possible condition that you can postulate is going to perform as wanted if you want a pump make an example to work even under an earthquake or after an earthquake you have to prove that this you have to really to have confidence that this pump can can really work as wanted under the earthquake how can you do this of course now there is a lot of experience you can refer to similar equipment similar design rules but there is a very practical way is just to test it in a real situation for some structure for some situation is possible to do this I am sure that you have seen several times these big components that are on shaking table that is reproducing earthquake and then you can check if really keep the component whatever keep working and functional as desired under this condition of course you can do the same with radiation temperature humidity for all the conditions that can occur during the life of the plant during an accident and when the component or whatever the system is expected to work so this is very so the qualification is a science because there are different methods so I think you will hear tomorrow more than this but the qualification precise qualification is one of the most common other things you can qualify for high temperature for fire and so on this is also very important aspect that should be addressed in the safety and hazard report first of all you should know what are the most severe conditions and combination of conditions to which your equipment is subjected and then prove that it works as intended aging and wear out of course during the life of the plant the characteristic of the plant many of the characteristic of the plant are degrading are changing because the material is getting older some material that are very much subjected to the variation of the properties and there are the material of course is exposed to cycle mechanical cycle thermal cycle neutron irradiation this is maybe tomorrow talking about the coolant system the vessel we will say something more on this so really the mechanical properties the electrical properties the insulation properties of the materials are changing with time so you have to predict this and include also in this case and also to have the possibility to replace and to maintain this during the life of the plant but this is something that you have to consider this is becoming more and more important because now there is the trend to extend the life of the plant before talking about 30 years when I was a student was 30 years now it's 60 years so it's growing expect the life of the plant in 60 years what can happen some components some materials is a very long time so you have to have the possibility to deal with all these aspects then human factor so this is another very important aspects then the systematic consideration of human factors including human machine interface shall be included at the early stage in the design process and shall be continued through the entire process also this there are a lot of experience the modern plants of course are much better than the old plants and so there are a lot of rules and there is really wide literature dealing with aspects but some as a general rules the need of intervention and the operator on a short time shall be kept to a minimum may ask you why why you think the operator should act as less as possible yes of course to but why is not reliable the operator very well trained he studied a lot he was trained in the the simulator yeah he had a fight with the wife maybe then he came to the nuclear power plant because the human is the less reliable in the scale of reliability the first are inherent features in the plant because these are intrinsic to the physics these are very reliable gravity cannot be cancelled and heat transport is the same or some neutronic phenomenon so these are intrinsic but you can rely most on this and your design should rely first on these intrinsic characteristics on physics second are the passive systems in the scale of reliability then there are the active systems the last one is the operator so is the weak point of the chain the operator so you should really of course the operator is very important but should be used and should have the time to think time to to recall what the procedures are for that specific situation should have the possibility to understand exactly what is going on because this in some cases is not so simple and and so this is and normally the trend is now the approach is to delegate to the operator most of the action in the long term in the long term the very quick action normally they can special during accident condition by automatic system this is valid at least for the reactor that we are considering what the reactor like pressurized water reactor boiling reactor there are other type of reactors maybe this not applies 100% what they said but for this reactor this is the trend so the operator is requested to act for long term when the situation is already clear and less critical and the intervention can be correct so the design shall be operator friendly the working environment shall be designed according to ergonomic principles so should not put something that cannot be reached the human machine interface shall be designed to provide the operator with comprehensive but easily manageable information compatible with the necessary decision so these are very general requirement that I just recalled in this introduction then there are still other other engineering aspects that I did not include because this is every presentation with all these rules I don't have any figure here any nice picture so let's try to limit but I think in the coming days you will reconsider most of this in much more detail if I'm not wrong this is the last one yes before concluding I think that you register the message I want to give you as I said at the opening is that there are several factors that affect the safety of your plant and you should not forget any of this analyzing very well accident making this beautiful transient and put the frequencies is something very important but it's not the only thing first you have to do very good engineering in your plant to avoid accident to prevent accident so this is the point prevention first ok, thank you


What's up everyone, Takedown here. Welcome back to another video. Today we're going to be talking about the PlayStation 3 servers shutting down. Let's get right into this. First, I just want to mention that as of right now, Sony has not announced anything about the PlayStation 3 servers shutting down. So, until they do, in my opinion, there is absolutely nothing to worry about. In the past few years, we have seen the servers for some specific PlayStation 3 video games shutting down. But in my opinion, that was not anything to do with Sony. That was the game's developers just finally pulling the plug on the servers at some of those games, because they're focusing on some of the new games on the PlayStation 4 and the PlayStation 5. So, there's no point in keeping all of the servers open for all of their games, especially some of their older ones on the PlayStation 3. In 2021, Rockstar closed the servers for Granthothotto 5 online for the PlayStation 3 only, and that was something that shocked a lot of people, but you must remember that we're already on the PlayStation 5. A lot of the game's servers for the PlayStation 3 are eventually going to be closing down, and likely very, very soon. There are more and more games shutting down their servers for the PlayStation 3, so expect in a few more years that PlayStation as a whole is going to close down all of the servers for the PlayStation 3. In my opinion, I'm expecting within the next five years for PlayStation just to pull the plug in total for the PlayStation 3 servers, but hopefully they will announce it well enough in advance to give people a fair warning. Now, before they go and just pull the plug completely, the first thing that they're going to do is likely close the PlayStation 3 store, so you can't go and purchase any new games digitally from the store. Now, any games that you previously purchased will still be able to be redownloaded, updated, and you'll still be able to play online if that game has active online servers, but you won't be able to go and purchase any new games from the PlayStation store on the PlayStation 3. Now, once they decide to shut down the service completely on the PlayStation 3 for PSN, then that's when you won't be able to update, redownload, or play any games online. All games completely, the online servers will be completely closed. You will still have access to all of the games that you downloaded digitally, and you'll still have access to any of the offline game modes for those games, but you won't be able to play any online modes because all of the servers will be shut completely down. Even if you have the fiscal copy for a game, you'll only have access to the offline modes for that game. Now, considering the PlayStation 3 ended its production in 2017, the PlayStation 4 has been out since 2014, and the PlayStation 5 has been out for a few years. In my opinion, it's safe to assume the servers will close completely for the PlayStation 3 in a few short years. Now, I know a lot of people and a lot of gamers are going to be upset with this news, but in my opinion, the PlayStation 5 is out. It's time to at least upgrade from the PS3 to the PS4, even if you don't want to upgrade from the PS3 straight to the PS5, at least go and get a PlayStation 4. In my opinion, it's definitely time to upgrade, especially whenever it's a very good possibility within the next five years, PlayStation 3 servers completely shutting down, and you won't be able to play everything that you currently play. Again, as of right now, Sony has not announced anything, but if you look at all of the facts and everything that has happened over the past few years and all of the games that have their servers either shut down or have announced that in the next couple of years, their servers are going to be shutting down, there's going to be a lot less online servers for PlayStation 3 games. So in my opinion, it's time for PlayStation and Sony as a whole to close the servers for the PlayStation 3.  Let me know down in the comments below and I'll see you guys in the next video. Please take care. Peace.