I'd like to welcome you to the Wednesday weekly webinar. This is the eighth of ten webinars and just so you know, we archive all of the webinars so if you miss one, you will be able to watch it later. And usually these are posted within a few days of the event. So all the preceding ones have been posted. The speaker will be Caitlin Krueger and I'll give you a little bit more information about her shortly. Next week's speaker will be Clifford Hall. He's a professor in plant sciences and he's going to talk about how to can low and high acid foods. And our last speaker of the season will be Todd Wyman, who's a horticulture agent for the NDSU Extension Service in Cass County. And he will be talking about introducing youth to gardening. So everyone will be in listening mode, but you can certainly type your questions in the chat pod. And I think I'll give us some practice by asking all of you what county are you in right now? County and state. Well, let's see where you are. All right. We're around the state here. So anyway, that is where we will be taking your questions. At the end of the webinar, our Caitlin has indicated to me that she's willing to take questions along the way as well. So use your third eye to keep an eye on the chat pod, Caitlin. At the end of the webinar, we'll have plenty of time for questions. And we also have a short survey at the end of the webinar that will be emailed out to you. And your responses are really important. I'm in the process of applying for more grand funding and it's always great to provide some feedback to the funder. So that is how we use that information to see what you want in the future and to find out how we did along the way. So watch for that. It'll only take you a couple minutes to finish that survey. So as I said, today's speaker is Caitlin Kruger. And it may have said Esther McGinnis, but this is Esther McGinnis' student. Caitlin is being advised by both Esther McGinnis, our horticulture specialist, and also Jan Knodl, who's an entomology specialist. Caitlin is a PhD student in the NDSU Entomology Department, and she is currently researching spotted wing drosophila. Caitlin earned her undergraduate degree in biology from South Dakota State University and her master's in entomology from the University of Minnesota. So we thank you for being here today, Caitlin, and telling us about spotted wing drosophila invasion and management. Thanks, Julie. Hey, I'm glad to be here. This is my very first webinar, so bear with me just in case I do things wrong. But I'm very excited to be here today to talk about an insect near and dear to my heart, the spotted wing drosophila, which all of you who happen to encounter or raise fruit are probably going to run across if you haven't already.  It's got these gorgeous kind of jewel red eyes, and it gets its name from these big black spots, one spot on each wing on the males. And as you can see in the upper right-hand corner, it's pretty well visible. The females don't have this spot that they have what I like to call a chainsaw on their back end. And it's their ovipositor, as you can see on the lower right-hand picture. It's very serrated, toothy blades help it cut into fruit and lay eggs. And this is where it becomes a major problem for you and me. The females are also usually a little bit lighter than the males, but not always. And it depends on the morph, so I'll talk about that a little bit later on. As far as fruit crop damage goes, this is something that you see quite a bit as you're growing fruit anywhere in the United States these days.  They typically lay one to three eggs per fruit, but they're not territorial, so multiple females can lay in the same piece of fruit, and you can get population jumps very quickly. Unfortunately, what happens is these eggs are going to hatch out into larva, they're going to tunnel into the fruit, and you'll often see an exterior collapse of the fruit structure. As you can see in the bottom images on the left-hand side is Juneberry, the right-hand side is sour cherry. And on top of that, if it wasn't bad enough that they were eating your fruit out, the damage that the egg laying process and the tunneling process due to the fruit often leads to sour rot and other diseases. These flies also live in symbiosis with a mutualistic yeast, so as they're laying these eggs as they're piercing this fruit, you may also see various yeast-related diseases coming through. So just to give you a little background, this is a very new insect pest. It's originally from Southeast Asia. They think Japan, but we really don't have records going far enough back to confirm that. In the last couple of decades, it spread basically to production regions worldwide. It was first found in the United States and Hawaii in the 1980s. It really hasn't become an issue over there. We don't know why. However, it made a landfall in the continental U.S. in 2008 in California. And by 2012, it had made its way all the way over to Florida. So this has been spreading very quickly. It's made it as far north as southern Canada. It's found in various portions of South America, and it's in Europe too. So it really has gotten around very, very quickly and very rapidly become a problem. Just to give you an idea, it was first detected in North America in Strawberry and Caneberry, which is the Raspberry Blackberry. But as I'll talk about later on, it's not very picky. We don't know for sure how big of an issue this is going to be, but a publication from this year has actually been taking data and plugging it into a mapping system to try and guess how widespread this is going to be. So just to give you an idea, every colored region is a region where SWD may eventually make its home. The reason that the Midwest on this map is largely blank, and my opinion inaccurately blank, is that the original data that they input into this mapping system didn't include any of the recent data from captures in the Midwest. So I think you can just kind of comfortably fill in a lot of that with green, and that may be true for other portions of the planet here, but if it's fruit and it's not frozen, I would say there's a good chance you're going to see SWD there at one point or another. As far as the invasion in North Dakota, this has been very recent. It was first detected in 2013 in Foster County, and it was found on a sample of sour cherry. To date, it's been confirmed in 15 different counties. However, I suspect it's in most, if not all, portions of the state. We've got no formal trapping or detection system. All of our data is coming in from homeowners and fruit growers who are sending us in samples of infested fruit, and as there's no way to actually positively identify SWD in its juvenile forms, that egg larval pupil stage, you actually have to rear it out to adult, which is what our diagnostic lab has been doing, and then making the final call from there. So no widespread trapping, no widespread confirmation. We don't have any grant in place or person in place to do that, but I suspect it's probably everywhere. Just to give you a map of which counties for sure we know where they're at. Stard County, looks like my star got bumped over a little bit. Stard County should be Foster where our original landfall was recorded, and of course all of the dark blue counties are where it has been officially confirmed. Light blue counties are suspected, but we don't actually have the final say from rearing out samples to be sure. So we're dealing with a pest that's very hard to control, and it's very hard to control for several reasons. One of the primary reasons is that it's got an exceptionally wide host range. There's actually some researchers right now who are dedicated to nothing more than walking the woods and walking through various communities and recording what plants are finding these insects using. I think at last count from a meeting I was at last December, there were over 64 known hosts in the US. The ones you're most likely to run across, I've kind of thrown up on the board, especially fruit crops that are typically grown in North Dakota, often in association with either hobbyists or our growing winemaking industry. So definitely sour cherry, grape, raspberry, strawberry, and the Saskatoon berry. I've also heard reports for sure on plum. I've seen them on Aronia and Elderberry. I've seen a lot of reports that they're using buckthorn and dogwood. Basically, the list is much shorter to list what they won't use, which is usually very thick skin fruits like citrus. However, the exception is if those fruits are broken open and easily accessible, they'll still make use of it. So they're very not picky as far as insects go. However, there is kind of a preference list as to what they like to use first. If they have no choices and it's use something or die, they'll use it. But preference list on the right-hand side, they really, really, really love cane berries, raspberries at the top of their list. So I haven't helped you. If you have raspberries, I almost guarantee you're going to have SWD at some portion in your season. Strawberry, blackberry, and cherry are all up there. They will use blueberry even though we don't happen to grow it in any quantity in the state. And kind of lowest on their totem pole is grape, and wine grape is really on the lowest pole of the grape totem pole. Fortunately, they'll still use it. And we've got recorded evidence of them using wine grapes as far north as southern Canada. So there's really no escape, but there are some preference exceptions. So we think these flies are going through a specific yearly cycle here in North Dakota. And part of my research is to try and get an idea for sure if this is what they're doing or not. As far as we know, they're not typically overwintering, but they may overwinter if the conditions are right. As conditions get very cold, these flies get or develop into what's called the cold morph. So if you chill pupa, what comes out of it is a bigger, heftier fly that will typically shelter under snow, under leaf litter. It's looking for an above-freezing layer to hug her down over the winter. And if it does have that cover throughout the season and doesn't encounter below-freezing temperatures while it's under this cover, it will survive into the spring. However, that's probably not something we're typically seeing up here, especially this year where all of our snow melted and we're still getting very deep frosts, very cold conditions. There's no shelter, so we're probably not seeing overwintering this year. Instead, what's probably happening are these flies are overwintering or continuing an unbroken yearly cycle in the southern states. They get population build-ups and they're doing what ACE is another insect typically do, which is what they get onto these low-level jet streams, typically 5 to 1,500 feet above the ground. And they're active flyers, but they're going to ride these jet streams and save their energy, and they're typically deposited by storm events in farther northern latitudes. We typically don't get reports from our extension agents that these have arrived before the first week in July. However, once they get here, they're not shy about doing what they do, which is finding your fruit and reproducing on it. So these females will immediately go to work, and they typically lay between 3 and 600 eggs each. And as I said before, they're laying multiple eggs per fruit, and multiple females might be using the same piece of fruit. So your fruit quality is going to go down very rapidly. I've seen an instance last year of a gentleman who was raising sour cherry in his backyard, who I checked on his fruit on one day and one week. And a week later, he calls me back and says, I think I've got SWD. And I said, you know, I didn't see anything last week, but let's have a look. And when I went over to his place, he had SWD on every single piece of his fruit. And he had 100% crop loss at that point. Everything he hadn't picked up into that point was basically rotting on the vine, and it just looked terrible, and there were flies everywhere, boy, howdy. The other issue is not only do these have rapid reproduction and a wide host range, they reproduce very rapidly. You can get an egg to adult turnaround in these flies in as quickly as seven or eight days in the laboratory. In the wild, or rather field conditions, you're probably seeing turnarounds in a little under two weeks. These eggs are hatching as quickly as one to three days. And of course, you get these cycles going so quickly that you have overlapping generations, which is why we see these growing population booms that are so quick to rise is because you've got four or five generations of flies all hanging out in a field. These flies can live a month or more. So you've got prolonged activity, high reproductive activity in these organisms. And unfortunately, as soon as one food source runs out, they're not shy about switching on to whatever fruit is ripening next. So you're finished with your raspberries and something else comes along later season. Let's say you've got some sour cherries up after that, they'll immediately move on from that raspberry to that sour cherry. What can you do when you're faced with such an overwhelming challenge that these are rapidly becoming? Well, the first thing I recommend is that you start building traps for detection. So it's very easy to build homemade traps, although commercial traps are available. Your homemade trap, everything you can get either at your local garden center and grocery store or online at Amazon and they'll deliver right to your door. All you need are some belly cups, a whole punch. And as you can see in your right hand side, this is the trap I'm talking about. There's a mini yellow sticky trap and then some apple cider vinegar. So if you hang that up in your garden, preferably at the bush level next to the plants that are getting ready to ripen or the fruit that's getting ready to ripen, you will see these traps are bringing in these flies. They really like the volatiles that are coming off the apple cider vinegar. They'll go through the holes and they'll either drown in the apple cider vinegar or get stuck in that sticky trap. And at that point it's really convenient sticky trap-wise that you can just pull it out, look closely at the card, look at that magnifying glass and look for either those wing spots, which are your automatic tell if you've got males, or you have to start looking at fly butts with your magnifying glass and see if they've got that buzz saw. Because if they've got that buzz saw, then of course you have female flies. If you really don't want to build your own or if you've got a lot of area to cover and it's more convenient to buy pre-made traps, there are plenty of companies on the market that are selling either liquid bait traps or solid bait traps. And they are often found in the, as you can see the lower left hand corner, I'm sorry, they've got a red coating to them or red paint because the fly finds that particularly attractive. Usually you put water in the base with a little bit of detergent to break up the surface tensions so the flies will drown in there. Or you can buy a bait attached to a yellow sticky card as you'll kind of see on the right. So you don't even need the apple cider vinegar, you can just hang up scented sticky cards. My caution to people is you want to change out liquid baits fairly frequently. If you're using these solid bait traps, what you'll need to be aware of is that they're very, very, very smelly.  So you want to wear gloves when you handle these. They're not toxic but they smell the high heaven. So there are also some other measures you could take for cultural control. One of the most highly recommended things you can do is if you've got a garden next to a windbreak full of buckthorn or another fruiting plant, remove those potential wild hosts. Boy, howdy, I know nobody likes to hear that they've got to go in and burn out all that buckthorn or cut down all that buckthorn. But that's something to consider is if you remove those potential wild hosts, you'll remove these places where these flies shelter. And what happens is they're finding out more and more that these flies are only on fruit from typically the early morning hours and the early evening hours. And then the rest of the day during the heated day and the night, they're hanging in these sheltered windbreaks, these areas of scrubland and canopy, and they don't like the heat. So they're just hanging out in these areas. And if you have hosts on there that they can use when your fruit's not ready, they're going to be reproducing and building populations on these hosts. And then they're going to move right on to your fruit as soon as it's ready and you're going to wonder where all these flies came from. So cultural control as far as removing these potential wild hosts, that's something you can do. When your fruit is ripening, daily picking is also going to help. You want to remove as much fresh ripe berry as you can so that you're leaving nothing for them to use. You also want to remove any fallen and damaged fruit because they're going to use that to reproduce. It doesn't matter if it's on the vine. It doesn't matter if it's ugly or bruised. If it's there, they're going to use it. So you need to remove that from your garden. The best thing you can do with the fruit that you're removing that you're not planning on consuming is you need to bag it or burn it. Or my favorite is a lot of good feedback. People are seeing that if they're feeding infested fruit to their chickens, not only are their chickens happy because suddenly they're getting all these high protein berries, but you're not going to have anything emerging from those berries and going back onto your garden. If you've got a compost pile that you're throwing the fruit into and you're worried about emergence out of the fruit that you've thrown in this compost pile, I have gotten feedback from Kathy Wederholt, who's an extension agent in Carrington on our research site there, that she's been spraying those piles down with safer soap, which is a non insecticidal insect control agent. And she's been seeing population control out of that, that she's not getting SWD coming out of that. If you're picking fruit that appears to be good, but you're still worried that you might have infestation on there, you can basically halt any maturation of the flies out of that fruit by immediately refrigerating it. These flies don't really perform well in lower temperatures, 50 or below. And so if you just throw it in the fridge, you might have some eggs in there, but don't worry about them hatching out.  If you really want to do some testing to see if this fruit has any fly in it or any larva or eggs, what you can do is a salt float test where you take one gallon of water to one cup salt, you dissolve the salt in there, and then what you'll do is take your fruit sample, throw it in the salt water, leave it for about five minutes, and if you have anything in there, it's going to float to the top and you can have a good look at it. And believe me, if you've got fresh ripe fruit and you've got a little larva floating up out of it, chances are really good it's SWD, so we might not be able to confirm that from just looking at a larva, but just their very presence makes it very likely that's what they are. Overall, if you do have infested fruit, it's completely safe to consume, it's not going to hurt you.  And it's also high protein berries, so just remember that when you're eating it. Another thing you can do is switch crop varieties, because of course here in North Dakota, we're really seeing that they're not really showing up most years until that first week in July, so if you have anything maturing before that point, you don't need to worry about any treatments, cultural controls, because you're going to have all those berries out of there before they even show up, so you're getting to those berries before they can. Late maturing fruit varieties, and we're especially seeing that in grape up here, seem to also avoid damage. These flies are pretty much done in late August, early September, especially as those colder evenings set in, they just don't seem to do well. Most of their reproduction seems to halt, and just from working with grapes last year, we really weren't seeing any use of grapes at all from anything that we had harvested. We're also looking into berries with tougher skins, so thicker skin varieties, which have higher penetration force needed to basically get that ovipositor through, get those eggs in. They appear to be less preferable hosts. We're starting to see more research on that, and we're doing that ourselves, and so it seems to be less susceptible to infestation. So we'll hopefully produce more data on that in the coming years. We're just trying to get a feel for that, but if you know something has a thicker skin, you're probably better off doing that. So then we get into the tricky part. Most of our control measures for this fly happen to be chemical, and what most growers are doing, especially if their larger operations is a once a week spray, because to control these insects, you have to get to them before they're actually inserting eggs in your fruit because, of course, once those eggs and larvae are in the fruit, any topical spray is not going to hurt them, not going to damage them, so you have to get them right away. So as soon as you see something appearing on the traps and your fruit is ripening so you know they're going to target it, that's when your spraying needs to start. You've got a fair number of sprays that are registered for use on SWD, in North Dakota, as far as the unrestricted, you don't need a sex side application license. This is your starting point right here. One of these sprays, the Pyganic, is registered for organic use, so if that happens to be something that you're doing, we got you covered. However, keep in mind that this is a very rapidly reproducing fly. If you're spraying throughout the season and you're spraying multiple weeks in a row, be sure to change your mode of action in your insecticide to avoid the development of resistance, especially because you've got those overlapping generations.  So remember to switch it up, change everything from your spray once a week, do those different IRAC classes. Also keep in mind that all these sprays have a different pre-harvest interval. If you're planning on harvesting something in the next one or two days, there's only a couple sprays that are going to meet those requirements. A lot of these sprays, you need to wait a few more than, or typically like four or five days before you want to pick that and eat it. So keep that in mind. Plan ahead because you want to make sure that you're not a consuming fruit that's sprayed before that pre-harvest interval is passed. If you're working with larger areas and you've got your restricted use pesticide applicators license, I've thrown together just a basic list of what you have available. We'll probably be creating a formal, basically a list of this that we're going to be publishing in an extension paper so that everybody has access to it later on this year. Nothing formal yet. So this is just the basic list I threw together through North Dakota's Insecticide Registration System. And once again, you actually have a couple more organic options so that Intrust, the Intrust SC, and the Grand Devo are all organic and safe to use in organic systems. Another technique that's just coming down the line, you won't see it available commercially yet, is attractocidal baiting for control. What this is is they're basically taking wax spears impregnated with a bait, which is often sugar. Sometimes it's a sugar yeast mix.  They're hanging these up throughout the fields. The flies are coming to them because they like that that bait attractant. And they also like that red color. As you can see, kind of in the lower right hand corner, the flies feeding on that. And that's the point where an ingestion insecticide, contact insecticide, and it's going to die right there. However, we're seeing a lot of mixed results in the field as an individual control. They're seeing very little impact on anything other than the low populations of SWD. So if you already have a large population buildup, this isn't going to be an option. However, other systems are looking at this in association with either widespread insecticide spraying. So this is just an add-on. Or other systems are looking at putting this into high tunnels or into greenhouses and nets. We don't have any solid data on that yet, but that is appearing to be more viable control. So you've already walled off most of your insects, and this is just a system for attracting these couple stragglers that sneak in. Hopefully more on that in the next couple of years as more research gets in. So as far as netting, netting is the new big thing that's just coming down the line that is commercially available for both large and small-scale crops. You can net entire berry operations. We've actually got an extension service in New York that's developed a very nice netting system in conjunction with a UPIC operation called the berry patch. And the person who runs the berry patch worked with them for several years and was using high-tunnel frames with a very fine mesh netting. It's an 80-gram tech net. She was basically attaching that to her frames after fruit had set but before ripening and built a double-door entry system to keep the majority of insects out as people were entering and leaving the UPIC. And what they found was that this was really effective. They were able to get the population of flies down quite a bit and eventually as they refined the system and made sure that they had gotten rid of all the gaps in the netting and had built that double-door entry system, they were getting a 1% or less infestation rate on the fruit and were able to go to a no spray. So they were not spraying for SWD or any other insect as soon as they had gotten that netting up. It can be installed over the high-tunnel hoops or you can build your own custom frame. It is recommended you do that double-door entry system so as you walk in you can check make sure you're not bringing in any insects with yourself and going through again. The cost is about 11.7 cents per square foot when you start buying in bulk. And the nice thing about this netting is it lasts about 7 to 12 years. So you put it up, you take it down in between seasons. But the nice thing is it also protects against wind, storms, hail, other insects. So it really cuts your losses as far as the fruit goes. And the netting itself lasts 7 to 12 years. So it's a larger upfront investment but if you've got a large operation that you're trying to protect, it may help keep you safe in the long run and reduce your overall costs. What you can buy large-scale right now is really limited. Unfortunately, the Berry Protection Solutions, the company that was started by the Berry Patch Person is the only company that imports this netting large-scale. So she has agreed to be the importer. However, she runs this Berry Protection Solutions site. You can buy quite a bit of netting in bulk. So a few in your neighbor are running operations. This is an option that you could save yourself some money, get this netting, and they actually have instructions on the site as to how to build these frames, how to secure the netting, and they'll walk you through it so that you don't have to figure this out yourself. They've got a system in place to help you. And just to give you an idea of what this looks like, so you can see kind of on the right-hand side the high-tunnel frames that they were using, and then on the left the securing mechanisms so they were using basically plastic snaps to hook it onto the frame and reduce abrasion. And then on the lower right-hand corner, you can see the double door frame they had built. And it was really slick. They built in basically a zipper door system onto both of those doors so you could zip your way in and zip your way out and make sure everything was nice and contained. And before I talk about Researcher 2017, I don't have a slide for it, but if you're just trying to protect a couple of bushes in your backyard, you also have some options. There's a company called the Bug Dorm. All one word, and it's out of Taiwan. They'll sell you pre-made netting sleeves that you can either fit over just a couple branches or they've got larger sizes that'll fit over smaller bushes. And these are really slick. You can just put them over your plant, cinch it shut.  And that'll protect your plant for the whole season. So if you put it on after fruit set, when you're ready to harvest, you just lift it off. If you don't want to harvest everything at once, they do sell models that actually zip open and close down the side. So you can just zip in, grab your snack, zip it shut, and remain protected against insects. If you've got larger bushes that you want to protect but you don't want to buy, you know, 26 feet of netting at a time, you can actually go to a company that's called Bioquip. They're a big insect research supplier.  So they've got various different types, but you'll want to go with a very fine mesh weave because these insects are only two or three millimeters long. They're very, very tiny.   It's going to protect your plants from that storm damage. And it's probably what we're looking at switching to in a lot of production as the years go by and you can't get this insect under control by other means, you're going to see a lot more netting systems popping up. So just to talk a little bit about my research, how I'm going to serve you as the customer here, the extension service agent or the grower, we're trying to work on actually pinging down what varieties of fruit are the most resistant, as in which varieties have the thickest skin. So we're funded by a North Dakota Specialty Crop Block Grant. And we're taking this machine that you can see on the right, we're taking fresh fruit samples and running it through this giant kind of crank. And at the bottom of the crank is a pressure sensor that has a sewing needle attached to it. So you crank it down on the fruit until it pierces through and it tells you in how many newtons of force it takes to actually get through that fruit. And we're seeing differences in various cultivars. Last year we did it on grape and I'll talk about that in a minute. This year we're doing grape, currant, Aronia, house cap, Juneberry, and cherry varieties. So we're actually trying to peg down which of these varieties might be more resistant just because we're seeing more of this grown in North Dakota, especially just as far as hobbyists in the wine industry are going, they're looking into generating more and more of this fruit. So we want to know which varieties are going to be best for them. So on top of that we're also doing, we're taking fruit samples and running them through what's called a no-choice study. We're in, we're actually seeing how far these insects can go if they can actually use certain varieties of this fruit. So we'll artificially infest it, we'll put the adults in with the fruit samples, and then once those adults are removed after a couple days, we're letting the fruit sample sit and seeing if we get those eggs all the way to adult out of that fruit sample. And in addition, we're also going to try and get a, try and get a handle on when these insects are coming in when their populations are building up from year to year. So starting from last year and going on for the next couple of years, we're putting sticky traps at various sites including Carrington, Absaraka, and Fargo. I think we also had a couple of traps. Somebody else had put up for us in Williston last year. We may have that again this year. And we're going to associate this with weather data and see if there's a regular pattern of population arrival, build up, and what they're building up on throughout the season. So just to talk a little bit about that penetrometer data, that fruit-pusing data I got from last year, we were taking it from grapes in September last year during the period that they're normally harvested. We were selecting random berries from a bunch and we were basically running them through the poking test of doom and just checking to see what force was needed on average from those 10 berries for each variety to pierce them. And we were actually seeing a very, very wide range of piercing force between the different varied varieties anywhere from about a half a Newton to almost three Newtons worth of force. So we're thinking that this is going to change their susceptibility to SWD. And as you can see, La Crescent was really our synth in the berry. It really couldn't take it, couldn't deal it out, and it couldn't take it. So the flies would probably very easily use this variety. More common varieties, kind of like the St. Croix, the Marquette, the Petite Pro were a little bit higher on the Newton force. They'd probably be a less preferred host, but the SWD would probably still use them if they needed to. And then, of course, our highest variety was one that's still in testing. It's MN 1258. So I don't think that's commercially available, but don't quote me on that. And so we're seeing a big difference just in grape and we think we're going to see some similar results when we look at those other fruit varieties. And it may make or break somebody's season if they've got nothing but thin skin varieties of fruit in their yard versus thicker skins that the SWD are a little less I used to using. If you want more information and you don't want to listen to this lecture again, we do already have an extension publication out. It's Integrated Pest Management of Spotted Wing Drosophila in North Dakota. Not only does it have that non-restricted use pesticide list, it's got some tips and tricks for how to manage this pest and just more contact information. And if you've got samples, if you've got questions, we are, of course, here to serve you. So don't hesitate to ask if there's more information you want, but this is a good starting point. I suppose, just to give you an idea, there's plenty of research out there and more coming out all the time. I want to give a special thanks to Dr. Esther McGinnis, Dr. Jen Knodl, my other professors who are helping out, Harleen Haderman, Valenti, Kathy Reeder-Holdover and Carrington, one of my students who has helped me quite a bit, Taylor Sanger, Department of Ag and the USDA, and, of course, the Specialist Crop Block Grant crew who were happy enough to give us this money. Please give us more. And with that, I'll open it up to questions. Please don't hesitate. Hello? Hi. I have pheromones specific to each insect. The pheromones for the Spider Wing Drosophila specialty baits are. So you may still see other insects attracted to it. Once in a while, I do see other species of Drosophila, other species of fruit fly. And, of course, those picnic beetles, seed beetles, they love getting in there as well. So for the most part, when I've used these traps, I've seen Spotted Wing Drosophila. Are you able to buy the pheromones for the Spotted Wing Drosophila in the nursery stores? I don't think I've seen it in nursery stores before. You'll probably have to go with an online specialty store, a common one that I highly recommend is called Great Lakes IPM. And they carry several different brands of these baits. So you can either buy a jug of liquid bait, or you can buy basically little packets of liquid or solid bait that you can attach to a trap. Thank you so much. Yeah. Looks like you have a question, Caitlin, on the number of the NDSU publication. Oh, let me pull that up. It looks like it's E1715. If I'm reading that correctly. So the easy way to find our publications on our websites, you can just go in the search box, type that number in it. That will usually bring up our publications. Or you could type in Spotted Wing Drosophila. I would probably do it, too. Oh, I've got a good question. Does it attack any vegetables? I have not seen it use anything vegetative as it were. It does just prefer fruit. However, I know some people refer to tomatoes as a vegetable versus a fruit. And I have seen reports of them on tomato. I have not seen it here in North Dakota yet. But we may eventually, as populations become more and more common, see them utilizing that. Any other questions for Caitlin? Caitlin, it looks like you're off the hook. Well, that's great. If anybody happens to have questions they think of later, feel free to contact me. Or any of the researchers here at NDSU research is ongoing. We're still learning a lot about this insect worldwide. And hopefully next year we'll have some more information to present for you. Well, thank you very much. And thanks to all of you for attending. And please come back the next two weeks. And you'll hear more about other topics. Thank you so much.


YouTube forces you now to disable your ad blocker so you can watch videos. There is a solution. If you're watching an ad and you don't want to, simply go replace the .com with H.KI and voila, you now see the same video without an ad on heartbeat. And not only do you see the same video, you can now create your favorite moments by just pressing plus moment. That creates a moment that you feel is exciting and you want to share or come back to in the future. This is a value ad, no ads and moments that you can easily clip for your pleasure. Here, give you another example. Great ape plus moment. Now I have two moments. Look, click one, this was my first moment, second moment, great ape. Now I can tweak it, I can move it forward a second or backwards a second to get the exact start point or I can go point one seconds or even frame by frame. And I can also add end times. If I want my moment to have an end time, not just play to the end of the video, I can click plus end time and again, I can tweak it so I can get it exactly to the right end time or I can just cancel it there. I can give it a title, cool 3D survival game and I click save. Now, all of this is in my heartbeat. Right here, my heartbeat. I can see the cool 3D survival game I just created the moment of. By clicking this, I can come and play that cool 3D survival game, great ape, anytime I want to. And I can share it with friends and family just by going to share on Facebook, share on Twitter or just copy the link and paste it in any WhatsApp, instant message, discord chat. I like to get this exact moment. That's it. So again, guys, it's very simple. If you're tired of watching ads on YouTube, let me just play a few videos and try to come across an ad to show it to you again. Let's try this one. I got an ad. I go dot com replace with H.ki and I can watch the whole video ad free right now on heartbeat and create moments as I come across exciting things. Moment. Whoops. Moment. And there's my moment. Now, is this legit, guys? It is. YouTube chooses not to show ads on embedded videos on sites. It doesn't feel like showing ads that they call aren't brand safe. There's a YouTube article that talks all about this. Now, heartbeat is brand safe.   That's what YouTube wants to avoid. That's why they disable ads for embedded videos on third-party sites. Now, it's possible to get them enabled but we are choosing not to enable them because we want to have an ad-free video experience on heartbeat so you can just replace .com with h.ki and watch any video without ads on our site. But we don't just give you an ad-free experience like an ad blocker. We actually give you features that make the experience more enjoyable. These moments that you can create you can't do on YouTube. Now, let's say you don't want to come to our website. You want to stay on YouTube. I get it. Some people just want to stay on YouTube. Well, we have a solution. It's called the moments extension. Heartbeat moments with 205 users now. You can just add it to your Chrome. And once you do, when you're on any YouTube video, let me just pick one here at random, Minecraft server. Just press the H key. That's it. That will give you the exact same functionality. Look, I press H, done. You see this moment saved? We've now created a moment. Let's say I keep watching and I come across another exciting moment right here. I now have two moments saved. I just click this little heart. This is what the Chrome extension creates. And here are my two moments. One, two. Now, if you don't see the heart, click the puzzle piece and click the pin button right here that will make the heart appear for easy access. Now, I'm gonna delete these two moments because I don't really want them. But my point is anyone can press the H key at any time while watching any video on YouTube. If you simply install this Heartbeat Moments Chrome extension, where do you get it? Just type h.ki on its own and then click moments extension right here. And that'll take you to the Heartbeat Moments extension on the Chrome Web Store that you can install at any time or remove it if you don't like it at any time. I hope this helps guys. I actually wrote an entire Vicky article and you can just find it by clicking the link down there in the description below or just type vi.ki and click Heartbeat. And you can see there's an article here. Heartbeat has no video ads. This is where I talk about how YouTube is now blocking ad blockers, disabling ad blockers, forcing you to stop using your ad blocker. But the solution is very simple. Just replace com with hkey h.ki in your link while watching any YouTube video to skip the ads. And yeah, this is our other new product, Vicky's, our video wikis. This isn't a good example of a video wiki, but let me show you one. This is a famous video from the League of Legends 2017 World Championships held in Beijing, China where a big dragon came unexpectedly during this impressive live performance. Wanna see it? Click this button and you see it. There it is. This is the power of a Vicky. It combines text with video clips that doesn't exist in any website in the world. They may embed a video somewhere, they may provide a link that'll open a new tab in YouTube to watch a video, but it's not integrated. The goal of this product is to integrate moments with videos. Let me show you another example. I will take your blades from you once you are through with them. Like, who says that? Well, click. Let's see it. I'll take your blades from you once you're through with them. Right there. Boom. That's a pretty cool fight scene. Now, let me go to heartbeat so you can see this in action. In fact, I don't have to go to heartbeat. I can just click the link right here. Source, heartbeat. So here are all the moments. You are unarmed. I will take your blade from you once you're through with them and here he takes the blade. Boom. As promised, you see how quickly I showed you the key moments of this video without forcing you to scrub through the video looking for where he takes his swords or where he gives them back. That's the old way. The new way is you just click. Click. I'll take your blades from you once you're through with them. Click. And you've experienced the entire sequence in very little time. We save you time. This is the power of heartbeat, guys. For users, we will save you time. Help you avoid ads, save you even more time by not watching the things you're not interested in watching and creating moments that are your favorite moments so you can share them with friends and family. Whoop, and hit your microphone while doing it. Share them with friends and family or keep them for your own viewing pleasure. Now, where is my viewing pleasure? Just type George. Go to h.ki, type George, and look, here I am with 29 followers. Heartbeat is also a social network. You can follow people. Follow my heartbeat. It is now followed. It's as simple as that. Once you follow my heartbeat, you will see the moments I create in your heartbeats feed. See, here are all my moments now. And if you think, ah, this guy, George, his moments suck, I'm gonna unfollow him. Look, my heartbeats feed no longer includes my moments. They're gone. It's instant, real time, and it works today, right now. I'm so excited for this, guys, because heartbeat is the YouTube that once was. YouTube, if you remember, used to pay you when you uploaded your first video on a brand new channel. Doesn't anymore. It pays you when you reach 1,000 subscribers and 4,000 watch hours, and then you have to wait till you reach $100 in accrued earnings before they pay you a penny. Heartbeat will pay you a penny when you earn a penny. Heartbeat will pay you from the first piece of content you add to heartbeat. You will get paid right away, just like the YouTube that once was. We will also support multi-format. You will make money from your photos, from your writing, from your video clips, or even from just contributing to help others improve their work. You will get paid. How's all that possible? We pay you 55% of any revenue generated around the content you add to heartbeat, just like YouTube does. That's the same. What's different is if you upload a photo and someone uses that photo in their monetized work, you will get paid as the photographer a contributor fee. The guy who made the work, the video, or the article doesn't pay you. We pay you from our cut. Our 45% platform fee goes to contributors. That's what's different. Does YouTube ever share its 45% platform fee with you? No, they don't. If a YouTuber makes a video and makes 10 bucks and he's got an editor, a scriptwriter, a graphic artist, he has to pay all of those people from his $10. If the same thing happened on heartbeat, keeps all of his $10. And what happens to the contributors, the people who edit his content, we pay them from our cut. We make less money, so the creator, so you guys, the creators, make more. We made that decision when we were designing heartbeat as the YouTube that once was, but a better version of the YouTube that once was. We will share our platform fee with you. That's the power of heartbeat. Now there's many more things that heartbeat is going to do and I'll show you right now on our Vicki, if you click heartbeat, just read everything here. All of these articles talk about everything that's heartbeat does and that's coming. Heartbeat will get you more views to your videos. How? Click. Let's find out. I made a video about it and I have data, stats to prove it, showing how this video of mine got 120,000 views in one month just by posting it on heartbeat. By adding moments, so the video gave the YouTube algorithm a push, a push to suggest it in other locations on YouTube which generated over 100,000 views in the 30 days and this video only had like a few hundred views in this eight months that it was since I uploaded it to YouTube but when I put it on heartbeat, it got over 100K views in less than a month because of that push. Now if you wanna learn exactly how that happened, click the link down there in the description below to read this article so you can do it for your videos. This video is now my number one most viewed video on my personal YouTube channel because of heartbeat. So what else can heartbeat do? Well, it's all here, guys. Just read and watch. There are videos, there are photos and there is writing. Three of the core content types on heartbeat. How many content types does YouTube have? One, video. You can't upload photos. You can't do any meaningful writing on YouTube. Comments don't count. Wikipedia lets you do a lot of writing but there's no video. WordPress lets you do a lot of writing but it's hard to embed videos like we do here. This is just WordPress, guys. Everything you see here is all on WordPress but a customized WordPress. Here's another example. How do you make Minecraft look great? Well, let's take a look. Click. Latest shaders, so it looks great, guys. Look at the sky. Better than most Minecrafts, click. Now you get to see our Minecraft in dark. Our Minecraft. We launched a Minecraft server, the MGN Minecraft server 2023. If you didn't know that, click that I to see this video behind me and join our server. We have a Discord. We have instructions on how to make Minecraft look this good and here are the instructions. How do you find them? Just go to vi.ki, click games and there it is. Make Minecraft look great. And there's a lot of other articles here. The New World Soundtrack, Valheim First Impressions, The Tragic Tale of Notch, Marcus Person, yeah, this actually is a tragic tale. He's lonely and sad with $2.5 billion in his bank account. Why? Well, read the article to find out with the video and the clips explaining why he's unhappy with that much money in his bank account. I mean, the short version is there's no more challenge. He has no more problems to fix. His life lost meaning. Without challenges, what is the challenge of living? If it's gone, you kind of get bored even with $2.5 billion in your bank account. But that is, here's the key point. Challenges are what make a life worth living. Remove those challenges like sell your company, don't have anything more to do with it. You kind of feel bored and life is not that exciting anymore. So you need challenges guys and that's the lesson of this, vi.ki. Now there's a lot of cool articles here. If you want more life motivation, just click life and you get a lot of things here on the vi.ki. For example, I can do this, powerful motivation. This is one of my favorites because your why is gonna push you when you cannot push yourself. And here's my favorite, I'll just play it. Listen to this, go YouTube. This is an embedded video on YouTube. When you get to success, it's not about skill. When you get to a certain level of success, it's about stamina. It's about you won't break me, you can't take it. When you get to a certain level of success, read it with me guys. It's not about your skill. It's about stamina. It's about how long you can last, not how good you are. That's very true. Anyway, I found that very meaningful and very insightful. I hope you do too. If not, look at some of the other moments here about Buster Douglas getting knocked out by Mike Tyson. Oh, you wanna see that? Let's go search for Tyson. Oh, I don't have it here. Ah, bad George. Let's go to h.ki and search for Tyson. Here it is. Slow motion replay of Tyson getting knocked out by Buster Douglas. Click, go YouTube. Embedded video playback starts now. Oh, bang. Boom, boom, boom. Once more. And down goes Mike. Ah, that never gets old. This is the exact moment where Mike Tyson got knocked out by Buster Douglas for the first time in his career as captured on heartbeat. Now, we didn't upload this video guys. This is someone's YouTube video. Obviously, we don't claim ownership of the video, but we don't show any ads on it. And you get to jump right to that exciting moment so you don't have to scrub through the video like look where it is. You don't have to look for it if you're looking the traditional ways like is it here, is it here, is it here, is it here? No, no, it's not here, it's not here, not here. Where is it exactly? Well, it's right here. Click, boom. Very simple, very quick, very sudden. Now you can look at some of the other moments. Buster fights back strongly. Let's take a look. Ooh, ooh. Look at my YouTube, seriously. I'm trying to record a video here. Why are you giving me playback problems? Okay, let's try it again. Boom, boom, boom. Landing some big shots. And then you can see Buster fighting back. Oh, that was Mike getting knocked in the noodle. Slow motion, big uppercut. Buster Douglas got knocked out. Knocked down right here. Boom. That just shocked him and fouled him like a tree. And he almost didn't get up. So Buster could have lost the fight right there. Again, my point is guys, I am jumping to the exciting moments so quickly, saving you time all because of heartbeat moments. So give it a try. Save time from watching ads. Make money from your content. Install the Chrome extension.  Aegis, which is our rights management platform for protecting your original music and videos on YouTube. And of course, freedom. Look, I'm wearing my freedom shirt for a reason here, guys. See, same logo. Freedom, of course, is our 10-year-old company now where we help you grow faster, period. Seriously, we help you grow faster, period. I can show you in this video here. I want to rewind to the beginning. How to get more views to your videos. How to get more views. Like I got to my latest video right here. So I encourage you guys to just go to freedom.tm, www.freedom.tm and try us out. We've been here for 10 years. We'll be here for the next 50 years and we'll keep reinventing ourselves because we can't just stay the same freedom. We have to always improve. That's why we have a new MGN Minecraft server in 2023. That's why we're building Heartbeat in 2023. That's why we have a click-less gallery that no one else in the world has called Heartbeat Photos. Let me show you an example in 2023. These are all the things we're doing this year. So here are some cool photos from The Wheel of Time, season finale, season two episode eight, where Egwayne is fighting the big bad Isha male, the Forsaken, and these are really cool moments from that fight. Now look what I'm doing guys, I'm just hovering. There's no clicking. This is the power of Heartbeat Photos, click-less gallery, save you time. Normally you have to go click back, zoom in. You want to zoom in? Mouse wheel, hover, still no clicking, still no clicking. You want to change the thumbnails, press Q, move them around. Okay, you want a hamburger menu? You can press either GF or just click the little hamburger menu. You want some details, press GD, like go to details. Here they are, you can see the resolution. Oh, I'm still zoomed in. Let's go to another image and you can see that the details all change. As I hover, everything is click-less. Powerful new tool that we've built for you, free for you, Freedom Family, not just freedom, everybody. And if you go to the home and uncheck my galleries, you can see all the other galleries that represent over 500 people that have now created a Heartbeat account that are uploading photos. There's over 2,000 photos now on Heartbeat Photos. Why aren't your photos there? Share them, put them up there, enjoy them with no clicking. All right, I think I'm getting off topic here. But you get the idea. Everything here starts at h.ki, which redirects you to heartbeat.love, all the things you love by Heartbeat. Cool. Until the next episode, who am I? I am your Papa George, your George son pie, your Obi-Wan George Nobby, and all the other beautiful names, you, the Freedom Family, and now Heartbeat Family have given me. I am the proud father of four beautiful girls, Avi, Eve, Kira, and one of them is kind of yelling in the background, and Daenerys. We have our own Daenerys Stormborn, but this is of House of Venus and she gets no dragon eggs for her wedding gift. All right, enough of that. But yes, we do have Daenerys, same spelling motivated by the strength of that character until season eight. Daenerys was born well before season eight, so don't blame us for what she became. The Red Queen, right? The Mad Red Queen, I believe. Go with the Mad Red King or the Mad King from the Game of Thrones story. But I digress. All right, Freedom Family. Until the next episode, get your exercise. I went jogging for three kilometers and I feel great. I'm still sore, but I feel great. I pushed myself right at the end, sprinted the last half a kilometer. That's why I'm sore today, but I think you get the idea.  A 48 year old CEO of Freedom, father of four girls who still gets out there and does his 3K runs regularly in the Dubai heat. Although it's not so hot now in Dubai. It's November, so it's pretty cool actually. I will encourage you to come visit if you haven't. Until the next episode. I am George and you've been watching. Oh, you're dreaming but love here. Click that I to partner with Freedom and join the Freedom Family so we can all grow together. You get many perks, like position music. You also get epidemic sound, a lot of other access to royalty free videos, sponsorships and many things to help you grow. Just click the links down there in the description below to get involved in our community, our forums, our Discord chat servers, meet our graphics team, meet our community team, all of that on Discord and the forums. What are you waiting for? Get started. And we will grow together as a family because this is the Freedom Family. You are part of it, we are all part of it and we're all growing together. To get more George, click that big F that will subscribe you to Freedom Central, the home of the George show. And PewDiePie gave one of you Freedom Family a big shout out. Click that video to see the shout out and to see our new 3D sets for you and click that video to see what YouTube recommends you watch next.


From the CUBE studios in Palo Alto in Boston, connecting with thought leaders all around the world, this is a CUBE conversation. Hi, I'm Stu Miniman, talking to you out of our Boston area studio. And we've been doing a CXO leadership series, talking with leaders across the IT industry about how they're managing during this global pandemic. I'm really happy to welcome back to the program. He's a CUBE alumni. He was a Racker and he is now with Stacker. We'll get into the company in a bit, but Prashant Chandra Sankar, the CEO of Stack Overflows. Thanks so much for joining. Thank you for having me again, Stu. Really a pleasure and always a fan of the CUBE. So great to be here. All right. And we note that you're sporting the quarantine beard, grown since the last time we had you on the program. Prashant, you were named CEO of Stack Overflow at the end of 2019.  You've worked in the enterprise and in the cloud communities for a while. Take us back to what your team has been doing really to react and lead in this global pandemic. Yeah, I know, happy to Stu. And obviously this is a very trying time for just the world in general, right? So companies, small and large, I've been to kind of grapple with the reality, but I would say in general, I started October 1st, 2019 at this amazing company. And it's just been a real joy to see us really adapt very quickly based on just this kind of challenging environment that we're in. And primarily, if you think about Stack Overflow, we were blessed that our company as an ethos, from an ethos perspective, we've been highly remote in nature for years over a decade. So 80% of our team, product engineering team has been remote. 60% of our marketing team was remote. And then 40% of our company was remote all around the world. So moving from that 40% to 100%, which we did very proactively in early March of 2020, has been a huge boon for our company and just our stackers, as you pointed out. And they've just been very, I would say, grateful that we've done that very, very quickly. Secondly, I would say just the notion of being able to think about our business and our community and how do we help each other? We've done a lot. We meet, we've come together as a team three times a week and we've really had sort of this COVID standup as a leadership team, as a newly reformed leadership team, mind you, which I've helped form over the past six months. And we've all really gone really to the extreme to make sure that our stackers are the health and safety are taken care of. How do we serve our community in this environment? How do we make sure our customers are being, really getting the maximum value of our products, which are all focused on collaboration. So very relevant in this remote world. So it's really been, I would say, all around people have really rallied. Just, and we had sort of a, I would say somewhat of an advantage just having adopted remote work history. But Prashant, maybe it makes sense if we actually step back for a second. I'm sure most people are familiar with Stack Overflow, but give us the kind of the high level view of what the company is and what drew you into the leadership role there. Yeah, no, absolutely. I think Stack Overflow extremely well known, obviously with every developer and technologist in the world. So in a nutshell, we are the world's most trusted and largest community for developers and technologists. We have something like 120 million unique visitors that come from websites every month and something like 180,000 signups on a monthly basis. So just say, a dramatic amount of impact to help ultimately these folks solve their most complex problems on a kind of variety of topics, whether that is cloud related topics, security related topics, full stack engineering topics like Python or Rust or you name it. All those areas are covered in very much in a lot of detail for our community effectively share solutions to common questions and code and really be able to accelerate the development of software around the world. So ultimately comes out to our mission, which our mission, what we like to say is, we help write the script of the future by serving developers and technologists. And so that's our company in a nutshell, on top of that ecosystem of communities that we've built, we have a great set of products, SaaS products that we've also built to help with real time collaboration within companies in a very, very similar format to our public community format. So that's been very compelling. So the two reasons why I joined the company beyond obviously the mission, number one is just the global impact. There are only a few companies that have the level of impact that this company has around the world and helping everybody sort of accelerate their software development or whatever apps they're building. And obviously we know that we're sort of in this beautiful Goldilocks zone of digital transformation where everything is accelerating, even given the current environment. That's the first reason just given the vast reach of this company. And then secondly is the fact that we are really trying to transform the company and accelerate the transformation into a SaaS company. So our Stack Overflow for Teams product, which is again the knowledge sharing SaaS product that we have internally is really a really phenomenal way to share evergreen knowledge and non ephemeral type information within companies so that your most important questions are answered, answered once and you're not constantly having to tap people on the shoulder to answer common questions. So those are the two primary reasons. One is the impact of the community and secondly acceleration of our SaaS business. Excellent Prashant. So I wonder if you could help us drill in and understand the business a little bit. There's private repository, there's teams there. It's interesting if you look on the outside that you say, wait, is this kind of like a Reddit? Or when I hear you describe it, it sure reminds me a little bit of say GitHub who obviously got taken off the table for a rather large number. So I'll let you bring us inside a little bit of, how does the company make money and what are the plans that both support those broad communities and diverse things but also build that business? Yeah, absolutely. I think for us, we really believe it's a common, our mission statement, like I mentioned is really our kind of our four driver for us. And so the ecosystem of communities that we have built for developers as well as technologists. Again, just a very, very vast number and we create developers on a daily basis to our community. So it's very powerful in that people are learning about new technologies or frameworks or cloud technologies through our websites. And so that's kind of a huge accelerant to just creation of jobs and people's capabilities. And the foundation of that, which is obviously accessible to everybody and it's free in fact, we had this ecosystem of products and the first one in the primary SaaS product is Stack Overflow for Teams, which is this knowledge sharing and collaboration product that allows companies within, or teams within companies to use the same format that they absolutely love in the public community that they use to learn up on all the subjects that I mentioned, but to now share internal proprietary information to accelerate their development intonity and to break down walls between teams like product and engineering and developers and operations and also go-to-market teams like product marketing teams and sales teams. And so we have just a tremendous number of enterprises that have joined our program over the past several quarters, including Microsoft, who is a very happy customer that uses, they have something like 70,000 developers and technologists and go-to-market folks within Microsoft that are using our product platform to break down walls and to be able to move very quickly with launching their products and staying collaborative internally. In addition to that, we have what we call our Reach and Relevance business which is all around helping, just based on the fact that we have such massive reach and 120 million people from around the world showing up on our websites, being able to help companies showcase their capabilities and products on our platform and also engage with the community and for obviously the community to then learn about many of the latest and greatest of what's being launched by these phenomenal companies that are innovating very rapidly too. Yeah, so Prashanth, we started off the conversation. You talked a little bit about the impact of the global pandemic. I'm curious, are you seeing any changes in trends? Are there new things that are trending on your site? Are there things that either on the website or they're coming to your team to learn more about? Yeah, definitely. I think there are two places I can point to. One would be on the community side. We've definitely seen a spike in traffic in places like our Metaacademia website. As an example, online learning became a huge topic of interest when people went remote and obviously you have families around the world that are trying to figure out not only how to school their kids, but we have teachers all around in schools trying to figure out what are the best set of resources. So we have all sorts of, like I said, about 40 million questions and answers across all sorts of topics, including next generation e-learning sort of capabilities in our communities. And so we've seen a spike in traffic in places like that. We've seen a spike in our medical communities and our biology communities, obviously, because of people's curiosity. And these are fairly advanced academics and people that are in the scientific community that spend a lot of time thinking about what's really behind COVID-19, what are the details of, when we think about all sorts of topics around genetics and obviously the pharmaceutical implications. So we've seen a tremendous uptake in those sites. In addition, of course, overall to our overall websites because people are spending time just at home. In addition, we've seen a very material uptake in our Stack Overflow for Teams product where we just closed our companies largest deal in our company's history this past week for about 30,000 seats at a very large financial services institution, a global financial services institution. With more and more companies, I think about business continuity. They're thinking about how do they stay, how do they collaborate across their distributed teams and remote teams? And we have a very, obviously a very significant solution in that space. Excellent. Well, congratulations on that and that deal. It brings up, I guess, what are some of the key KPIs that you're tracking for to really assure the growth and the health of your business? Yeah, I think both in terms of, if you think about two sides of the point, from a community standpoint, obviously we care about our active users and our engaged users and the number of signups. And on that front, the first part of that, we've seen just a dramatic increase in all those stats, including this year just a result of COVID on average last year in 2019, the number of signups per month was something like 150,000 signups per month, unique signups from around the world, people signing up for Stackhold for accounts. This year on average, it's gone up and March was our highest signup month ever with 180,000 signups for the month. So we're seeing, so that's important. In addition to signups, of course, when they come onto our websites, we want them to get the answers to their most pressing questions, to be able to engage them with content that's useful to them. So engagement, in terms of monthly engaged users, very important monthly active users, very important for us and obviously our signup numbers. So those are the kind of the community oriented stats that we and KPIs that we really track and those look very promising. And then finally on the business side, which is the other side of the coin, in our teams business primarily and our reach and relevance business, teams business, it's all about our customers getting value from the collaboration SaaS platform that we have that they've signed up for, right? So are they using the various features? We've integrated that team's product with all the other popular tools that people use for things like real-time collaboration. So we integrate with Slack. We integrate with Microsoft Teams. We've integrated with Octa. We've integrated even with GitHub Enterprise. It is really the ideas to be part of that developer and technologist workflow so folks can really look to Stack Over for Teams as the place where they get common answers, get great answers to their common questions that are constantly being asked within companies, but it's not very effective to ask the same questions again and again. So the idea is to integrate with these tools to make sure that you're able to have a nevergreen place where you can keep that knowledge. And so that's, we track usage of those integrations. We talk about how many questions and answers are being exchanged within companies and how much ultimately the outcome of saving time and money for our clients so that they're being very effective in their product development cycles and people are not being tapped on the shoulder for every single item that might come across for an individual company. So that's really, there's an economic study that we performed with Forrester that captures a lot of this. So that's, and then region relevance is all around engagement on our websites. People are really looking and seeing finding value in the content that our companies are posting and those companies to be able to be effectively translating that knowledge to the audience. Awesome. Well Prashant, congratulations on the progress and definitely look forward to tracking how the Stackover flow team's doing going forward. Thanks so much to really appreciate the chat and great to see you again as usual. All right, be sure to check out the cube.net for all the coverage. I'm Stu Miniman. Thank you for watching.


It seemed like a wild adrenaline rush, but actually there's a lot more to skydiving than just jumping out of a plane and pulling a ripcord. Skydivers can control their falls.  When you're just falling a few feet, there's not much you can do on the way down. So how is falling thousands of feet through the sky any different? You learn in school that things accelerate towards the ground because of gravity. But when things like skydivers fall for thousands of feet, another force becomes important. Drag! Gravity pulls skydivers toward the earth. But as we fall, tiny air molecules bump into us. Each tiny bump causes a little bit of force against our bodies. The hit from one air molecule may not seem like a lot, but when you add all those tiny forces up, you get a big force called drag, which pushes up, opposite to gravity. You can feel drag when you stick your hand out of a moving car window. When the jumpers first leave the plane, there's not much drag acting against gravity, so they accelerate towards the earth. As skydivers fall and speed up, the drag force grows and the skydivers feel the force of more and more air molecules. But with this comes control, and by positioning our bodies, we can stop flipping by pushing against the air. So what if Banks and I want to jump together? Can we fall at the same speed? Swathi has a lot less surface area than me, so you'd think that she'd fall faster. But actually she's so much lighter than me that she has a tendency to fall slower. But by reducing how much surface area is exposed to the air molecules, I can reduce drag and keep up with Banks. Drag can be used for more than just speeding up or slowing down. Moving your arms to the side and legs out generates extra air flow at your feet, which pushes your body in the direction it's facing. This is called tracking. To really use drag, air needs to push you hard enough, which can only happen if you're going fast enough. And that's why you can't track when you jump off of the high dive at a swimming pool. Skydivers can also do things like turn in place to create formations with each other. Other positions, like sitting, standing, and head down, change the surface areas that jumpers expose to the wind. Since fewer air molecules hit their bodies in these positions, skydivers can reach speeds up to 200 miles an hour. Skydivers would prefer, though, to not hit the ground at 200 miles an hour. Because they can't change the pull of gravity, they need to have as much drag as possible so they open a parachute. A large surface area of the parachute helps us to slow down so we can land safely. Skydiving may seem like it defies laws of physics, but in the end it's just playing with the wind.


And I'm not a patriot, if patriotism just means opening my heart or loving America because it's this geography. I'm a patriot only to the extent that this country lives up to its founding principle. Only to the extent that this country protects individual rights, only to the extent that this country is a country that, you know, that is individualist, that protects the individual, that values the individual. But this collectivist garbage coming out of the President's of the United States mouth does not, does not encourage me to be patriotic. Really, I'm supposed to feel any time an American is feeling pain? No, I'm not. I love this country. I am a grader to this country because I love this country because this country represents freedom. It represents individualism. It represents individual rights and it was founded to protect those rights. That's the extent to which I love it. To the extent this country becomes socialist, to the extent this country becomes status, to the extent this country becomes collectivist, I will fight it.


Do you ever wonder what happens when the police leave? Crime scene cleaners are private companies that handle the cleanup after the police are gone. Spalling DeCon is one of the nation's largest cleanup companies handling the aftermath of homicides, suicides, decompositions, hoarding, and much more. These are our stories. We are at the scene of a decomp. Today is Friday and this person passed away, well was discovered on Tuesday. We don't know when he passed away. Based on the amount of medication, I think he was probably pretty sick. He lived alone. The scene is rather small. It's pretty contained. So we got a little bit of clothing. We got carpet. We do have quite a bit of maggots. The smell on a scale from one to ten is probably about a seven, seven and a half. So it's really not too bad. So we are going to get started working in this room here. It is a bit cluttered. There's a lot of big items. But we'll take care of the odor and get rid of all of the nastiness. We are going to be working in a pretty shitty environment. It's hot already and the AC appears to be broken. So I've got it on 67 and it's reading 86 degrees in here. I opened this up and it looks like this air conditioning system is duct taped together. And I think I can't even see the year on this thing. But it's like ancient, ancient, old. So it's going to really be a crappy environment for us to work in. It's pretty dirty too. So oh well, another day, another dollar. Hey guys, we are here in Tampa on the 31st of July. We are doing a animal fecal matter clean out. If you follow me. So the guy was known as a drug user, a known drug user. He has stolen out of another apartment a stove and a refrigerator. We're actually taking this refrigerator with us today. You can see it's leaking down here. Really gross. So we are all animal lovers here. The animal has been taken away. He had his dog locked in the bathroom. This is what we're here to clean today. These are the situations that are hard for me. It's not too bad. We're going to remove flooring. We're removing baseboards. We're going to sanitize, seal the floor. We're going to call it a day. Welcome to life at Spalding. Well, it's not as bad as a decal. But it'll be fun. It'll be easy. Poor dog. It's so bad. The AC is gross. It's so, so bad. It's so hot. Welcome. Actually, it's best by August 11th. Look at that. This is perfectly fine to drink. That's pretty much what happens. My God, maggots. Look at them. They're so cute. I know. I'm going to tell you something. Maggots are my best employees. They never call me sick. They never complain. They don't puss me out. They just do their jobs. Look at that. The floor is going to have to come out.  Or I will call her a scrapper. To come back to the fact.  I didn't open it.  So I'm not risking it. Do you want me to open it? All right.  Challenge accepted. There we go. Challenge accepted. Get all of it. You want to see the refrigerator?  Hey, we had a three-way maggot race and Kyle's maggot won. It's just because I was partying. Those guys are fast. They are fast. They're not fat yet. It's like the ones I did the other day. Run, Forrest, run. You know what? Let's set up a maggot race. Let's do it. That's insensitive, Laura. No, it's not. Here. I got the fattest one. No, I want this one. All right, I want this one. I want that one. Okay. Hold on. Go squish him. On the count of three. One, two. Mine's winning already.  No, mine's winning. He had a spot on his head. Okay, this one's mine? Yeah. This is one? Yep. Mine's winning. Go, go, go, go, go. Yours went off track. So did yours. One, what are you doing? Why? Oh, he's going back at you. Why? He smells the cloud. Go, go, go, go. No, it's not going. Yes, my maggot did not win.  My maggot was in second place, though. It's just because Kyle was part of a three-way. I guess not with you guys. It's about to clean up the mess. Well, we were cleaning it up. I mean, the maggots were running and we thought, what a better way to get them some exercise since they've done such a great job for us in the cleanup. Did you record this? Of course we did. And Juan's maggot was semi-disabled because he ran in the wrong direction. Okay? And upside down. And upside down. So... But in my defense, my maggot was the fattest. So that's why I came in second.  Yeah, there you go. It was able to run with nothing.  She just called me fat. And she called me flat.  We're leaving. Bye. Love you guys. Bye. Oh my God.  It's summer. No, I need to shave. You want to shave her for me? No. I'll wax it for you, though. I've always wanted to get waxed. Oh, I'll do it. Oh my God. See, so you could see I'm somewhat dry. He is soaking wet. But I'm dying. He even has butt sweat. No, I have ball sweat. My ball sweat has ball sweat.   You got thick sweat. It's probably... Oh wait, I can tell you. I think it's 95 degrees outside. Yeah. 86 inside. Yeah. So it's really hot. It's really hot. We're taking a break. We're having to remove the subfloor because it went through, which we weren't really surprised because when we pulled up the padding, there was maggots underneath. So Juan lost the maggot race. So he's got to cut the subfloor. Yeah, I didn't even think about that. So you can hear it in the background. He actually just died of it. And we're out here taking a break in the 95 degree heat. From the 86 degree organism. Yeah. They ducked it together. This was an elderly man that just honestly passed away from natural causes. Yeah, there was nothing crazy about this at all. There was a little bit of blood. Yeah. 15? Yeah. I said it was about 7 or 10. Yeah, it was 16 or 17. Yeah. Deer feels stunk worse. Yeah. Yeah, well it does. That was like episode 2. I think stunk worse than that. So we are just trying to have a little bit of light humor here. Because if you don't, it can be really bad. The days can really get to you if you don't take them lightly. You know, right? Yeah. Yeah, you start dwelling on it. Yeah, exactly. So we have to kind of have light humor about it. It's the circle of life. And it's really, when it's your time to go, it's your time to go. And it's saying a bunch about it. So we're not insensitive. We're just, you know, making light of our job, not of the situation. If we didn't, you wouldn't think something like that. Yeah. Yeah. So. I have my fogger with disinfectant in it. I actually labeled it on top shockwave. So that way nobody gets it confused. I try to keep one for the stuff that I have for mold. And then I try to keep one that has shockwave in it. One's mold killer. The other one is a disinfectant. I'm just going to go in everything before I start fogging. Everything is cleaned up. The mess on the floor from the refrigerator. So what we did here, we literally stripped the bathroom down. Had to remove the toilet to get the sticky laminate flooring up. I stopped at the threshold. Everything in here has been sanitized, wiped down inside cabinets. I could lick them if I wanted to. I'm just not in the mood. Inside the drawers here, we're good to go there. The tub, build it by hand. Tub looks phenomenal. I would actually take a bath in it. I would sit on the toilet seat. I probably would lick it since I'm the one that cleaned it. But I'm not in the mood for that either. That's essentially it today. So what I'm going to do now, I'm going to fog with my disinfectant. I'm going to fog with my disinfectant. I'm going to go ahead and get all the walls. I'm going to do a heavy fog in here. So that way it gets inside crevices and things like that. Again, this was a known drug user. A drug of choice was heroin. I have a box of needles that I actually have to pick up. It's already been sealed. So I'm not going to open it. You guys unfortunately aren't going to be able to see it. That's it. Hey guys, here we are at Bradenson, Florida. At the biohazard that we did. All the gentlemen died of natural causes. You can see here we actually removed all of the carpet. I'm getting ready to set my nose on the machine to get rid of the smell. So there was two layers on the floor here. One was particle board. The other was plywood. It actually feels like when you're walking, like you're going to fall through the floor. It's just that everything is on swole because of moisture and things like that. This is my hometown. It was kind of nice to be home but it was kind of a fairly easy cleanup. Had to rip up all the carpet. Had 196 gallon bioban. Maggot's galore. Had a maggot race which was really cool. I'm going to set my ozone machine. We're going to dip out of here. So I hope you guys enjoyed this episode with Laura, Juan, myself. Not very often with Laura and I work together but we always try to make it fun. Have a good one guys.