Hello friends, my name is Dr. Anand Kumar Sharma, I am ranked 62 CSE 2018, my optional is medical science and I have scored 316 in medical science which is the highest score of this year. Today we will be talking about the sources and the strategy of the medical science optional, how to go for it and how to prepare it so that you can secure good marks in it. So, we will first start with the sources, there are 13 topics in the medical sciences 7 in paper 1 and 6 in paper 2. So, first is anatomy, anatomy you will have to do from B. D. Chorasia, in the embryology you can do from I. B. Singh, same goes for the neuroanatomy also you can do it from I. B. Singh only. Second is biochemistry, biochemistry you have to do from Harper, physiology you have to do from mix of Gennong and A. K. Jain, focus on the flowchart part of the Gennong and A. K. Jain you can look for the diagrams. Then comes the pharmacology, either you can go for K. D. Tripati or you can go for Govindrayi Garksh's book. Pathology, there are 2 options is Robbins and Harsh Mohan, I had personally gone for Harsh Mohan but diagrams I have gone from the Robbins pathology. Then microbiology I have done from Bagheja, forensic I have done from the Reddy. Then come for the paper 2, this medicine there is a mix of both, medicine I have done from Matthews as well as the Harrison, specifically Harrison you have to go for the flowchart and the standard treatment for the medicine. Psychiatry you can do from any post graduation book which will help you out. Then is Dharma, Dharma you have to do from Neena Khanna only, third is surgery, surgery again mix of Baileys and Shanoi Manipal manual of surgery. Then come for the Gaini, Gaini is Sakshi Aroda, there is a book by Sakshi Aroda and for ops you have to do from Datta. Then comes the pediatrics, pediatrics you have to do from Gahi only and community medicine you have to do from Parkes and for the program part of the community medicine you have to do from D K Taneja. So these were the basic sources but other than that on these sources what you have to do is, jitni bhi post graduation ki books hai, un topics ko aap, jo topics amare syllabus me hai from the post graduation book you pick up the recent developments. So what I did is, jo amare topic ki syllabus hai, un topics ko maina books me se hata ke and bind karke individual maintain kar liya, rather than ki poora anatomy ki poori book hai but amara syllabus poora anatomy nahi hai syllabus mein, haan anatomy ka around one-third portion hai to maina un one-third portion ko hataaya usko bind karaya, aise hi maina sare subjects ke liye kar liya hai. And usme pages laga diye ki jobi mujhe additions karne honge un additions ko maina hape karonga. So aise hata topic ke jab maina pages laga diye aur wo book bind karali. And then I went ki jo post graduation ki books prepare karne ke liye un book me se jobi additions hai newer developments hai ya koi achha diagram hai usko waha pe likh liya. So basically what you have to do is ki apna ek limited sources ko bana hiye aur un sources se baar baar padhi hai, aisa nahi ki PG book se bhi padh rahe hai, waha se bhi padh rahe hai. So aise aise aise additions kar liye jobi karna hai usko compile karye aur usko achhe se waha pe maintain karke you have to go for the study of medical sciences. So aise anatomy biochemistry physiology medicine surgery sab jaga pe, yi ek jaga pe standard PG book se aapko utha ke syllabus ko maintain karke waha pe bana hake rakh le nahi. Aur better hai to do tarike hain ya to ab bind karali jaye hai ja rocks khalali jaye. Taaki aap ke pahas limited hi ho, vanna books ko baar baar revise karna muskul jaye kyun ki har book mothi hai, ache uske alawa ye to tha ki aapko na apne sources ko compile kiya, kahaan se kiya. Aapko strategy kyaise karne ki medical sciences padhna kyaise hai, to baile aap paper wise karne ek paper one aur ek paper two, to paper one se start karne, see ek to aapko optional ko kabhi bhi chhodna nahi hai and when one week before thak aap optional ek do kante padhiye.  So, saapse baile syllabus dekh liya aapne, aapna last 5 years ke paper liye jaye, 5 years aap, I will advise you to start from 2013 to 2018, on papers ko download kar liye jaye. You download the paper and you look for the topics, you look for the topics ki kahaan se questions zada aare hai, kahaan se questions kam aare hai, repeatedly aare hai. Then you will be able to identify and jot down kar liye je, ki harb se phar paper ka, konse topic ka question, konse year me aaye. Why I am saying this ki paper me questions repeat hote hain, repeat in the sense to last year aap ko ussail nahi aaye ka likely aur usse pehle saal jo aaye ko boh dobaara aasakta hai. To isli aapko idea reega ki iss saal ke liye sapsa important topics kya hain? What are the most important topics? I used to divide it into 3 parts ki jo last 2 years me aaye usko sapsa pehle karna hain. Fihar jo last to last year aaya tha usko baad me karna hain. Aur jo last year aaya hai wo sapsa laas me karna hain. To isli aapko prioritization oge aapka slivers ka, uske aawa lekin aafir uske aawa aapko identify karna hain ki jo scoring areas hain. Toh ko total 13 subjects hain, ligin 13 mehse 4-5 subjects aise hain, toh boh chote hain aur usse question zada marks ke aate hain. Jaisse biochemistry ho gya maara, microbiology ho gya, forensic ho gya, dermatology ho gya, pediatrics ho gya aur community medicine ho gya. Ye jo 5-6 topics hain, inka slivers baaki slivers se haaf hain. But inse question aalmos utne hi aate hain jitane usse aate hain. Toh pehle aapko kya karna hain ki in topics pehle apni mastery karna hain, inko aap pehle apni command develop karna hain ki ye topics pehle aate hain itne aate hain ki jitane usse koi bhi question aega, I am writing the best answer for this. Toh in topics ko ache se prepare karli jaye. Then you go for the bigger ones, kyunki bigger ones ye aap utne karne ke baat bhi questions utne hi aayenge, lakin isme saath topic hain, saath mehse 3 questions aayenge aur harsal repeat hotte hain, question in saath topics mehse. Toh in questions ko aap repeatedly you have to do it, and you have to develop a good command and hold over these topics, so that you can score good marks and this will help you in scoring good marks in both paper 1 and paper 2. So once you have identified what are the important topics and when you have identified what are the important subjects, and now I will discuss about ki how you go to study about the papers. So for like paper 1, you have to study anatomy more on the diagram approach, then how do you go for diagrams, you prepare more on the theory than explaining your answer on the diagrams, biochemistry focus on the values and the recent developments of the vitamins, physiology again go on the flowchart base, the flowchart given in the genomes, they are very important. Pharmacology go for mechanism of action and if there is any adverse reaction or interaction of any drug with any other drug or any other component, then you go for that. Pathology focus on the histopathology, specifically the diagrammatic approach for the pathology. Then in microbiology also, you have to focus on the diagrammatic approach. Forensic is very important, forensic is very much on the recent developments, what is happening in the current like the rape act they have asked for, then about the seminal stents or the blood stains they have been asking for, poisoning portion.  They have been asking this question for last two years to get that and follow that approach and that procedure only. So this was for paper one, how do you have to do? Then for medicine, you study from the basic book but from Harrison, what you have to do is the download or your basically write down the flow chart given for the investigation and the standard treatment for all the emergencies and for the all the diseases. Similarly, in the surgery, you have to write the flow charts and the standard treatment, also the diagram of all the surgeries, you have to do. And in Guiney, the Dattas flow charts are very important, they will help you out. For community medicine, what is important for you is that you write down, prepare the new schemes of the government. Whatever the health-related schemes or the policies government is coming out, they are asking every day. A new question has been asked on whatever the mission Indra Dhanush was asked last year. So you have to prepare the new schemes and newer developments in the health sector which is specifically sponsored by the government. So that will help you develop a good strength because every question have one question of community medicine and PSM. So that is very much essential for you to have a good strength of a good command over the community medicine topic. While you are studying the paper too, what generally one mistake we do is like the question is on pulmonary embolism. You see a patient comes with a sudden breathlessness having a trauma history and the patient develops a breathlessness and you directly jump to the conclusion that it is a case of pulmonary embolism. No. What you have to prepare is prepare symptomatic based. Like if a person of breathlessness comes, how will you approach that patient? So what you can do is talk to your PG friends or your seniors that if a breathless person with breathlessness comes to hospital, how do they approach? If a person with abdominal pain approach comes to your hospital, how do they approach? How do they rule out the differential diagnosis and what investigation do they do? So I did this exercise. I talked to my friends in surgery, medicine, gynecology or pediatricians. See that how do you approach such patients? That how do you start when a patient with breathlessness or chest pain comes? You don't jump directly to the diagnosis. What they are testing is your approach. How will you approach the patient? As a doctor it is not that any patient with breathlessness comes. How will you say this symbolism? You will rule out other causes of breathlessness. So you have to develop this approach. So whenever you study, then study with this approach. So when you are studying that topic, then the related questions that have come in the last 3-4 years, keep them open in front of you. And then see what kind of questions are coming. So that when you study, you study in that approach only. Okay, they have been asking what are the differential diagnosis. So you think about the differential diagnosis. Okay, now they have asked how will you investigate this patient? Then you think about the investigations of patient of breathlessness. And then finally the management. So in this manner you will have a better approach and this will help you scoring good marks. Also I would focus again on the diagram in paper 2. People generally draw diagrams only in paper 1. But paper 2 has a scope of developing drawing diagrams. Like in dermatology. Like in the surgical aspects. Like in the community medicine. You can develop a good answer writing skill by if you draw diagram. Because that will fetch you more marks. Bellies have a good diagram for the surgery. Pediatrics have a good diagram for the pediatricians. And also in dharma there are many good diagrams about the distribution about the treatment. So the diagrammatic approach and the flowchart based approach can be very much helpful to you in scoring good marks. Second thing again like like I said in the GS also that you have to have a single source and multiple revisions. Don't go for many sources for anatomy and doing not even a single revision. Try to have at least 6 to 7 time revision before your final exam. And one revision just before the exam. I used to do that that before prelims 2 revisions between prelims and main 2 to 3 revision and one revision just before the exam. Because if you are not going to revise paper 1 then you will not be able to score marks. So plan your studies in the manner that you are able to revise around 5 to 6 times and also have developed good practice or diagram so that you can score good marks. Don't go for a superficial approach because nowadays scoring marks in medical is little bit tough but if you can have a good holistic approach with good diagrams, good writing scales at approach then you can score good marks and it will help you in getting selection. But before that you have to work hard and medical science is optional which requires your time and there is no overlapping with the general studies. So that will take your time, don't take this option lightly. And in another video I think we will be discussing about the answer writing. How do you have to answer write? With this we will discuss about the last year paper and also discuss about how to write the answers. Thank you. Don't forget to subscribe with us and press the bell icon to never miss the video on Chanakya IES Academy.


What's going on everyone? Sam here with latent sports cards ripping two boxes for Druby. We've got one 22 Pinini mosaic Football choice and one box of 22 pinini playbook. So good luck here, Druby. See what we got in here for you, buddy Start with here at 22 mosaic choice Yeah, Yo-Kitches is the freaking champion. I hope he gets a championship. I really do. I'm kind of rooting for the nuggets to be honest I'm rooting for him. I like the underdog. I always like the underdogs. Fair.  I think that is a black gold Jelani Woods rookie silver Justin Jefferson on your mosaic We've got a Cameron Thomas rookie auto that is for the Cardinals Cam Thomas your Cameron Thomas Yes, we'll do the black gold last because that does look like one nice Tom Brady 34 of 80 Tom Brady Brady to 80 Grats on that drew solid one there Jerome Ford to 80 and then we've got commander Sam Howell Five of eight that is huge Congrats drew what a card man. What a time to get that to good Lord black gold Sam Howell Very nice. We'll get that into a mag for you drew. That's awesome, dude. Oh some and then we've got Your 22 playbook as well so you can get out of here Deandre Swift in 99 your book Jersey. We've got Phil Sim shotgun auto 34 35 For the Giants Phil Sims followed by James Cook that is base rookie auto For the bills the bills James Cook and seven of 25 George Kittle Playbook material auto. That's awesome Titan University George Kittle Jersey Jersey Jersey auto That's pretty sweet. I got to be honest with you. Very nice. Congrats on that drew. Let's go, dude I'll do it for your box boxes there drew. Thanks again for your sport buddy. We'll get them right out to you man


Up until now, our model of a system has been relatively static. In this module, we are going to start to deal with how systems change over time, what is called System Dynamics. System Dynamics is a branch of systems theory that tries to model and understand the dynamic behavior of complex systems. It deals with internal feedback loops and time delays that affect the behavior of the entire system. It was first developed by Professor Jay Forrester at MIT as a management method but has since gone on to be applied to all types of systems from modeling the dynamics of Earth's systems to those of the economy and political regimes. The key elements of System Dynamics are feedback loops, stocks, and flows. Firstly, feedback. With analytical thinking, we often see the world in terms of linear cause and effect, but systems thinking looks for the interplay between elements, that is the feedback loops through which elements are interconnected in affecting a joint outcome. System Dynamics uses what are called causal loop diagrams to do this. A causal loop diagram is a simple map of a system with all its constituent components and their interactions. By capturing interactions and consequently the feedback loops, a causal loop diagram reveals the structure of a system. By understanding not only the structure to these relations, but also the nature of those relations, it becomes possible to model and simulate a system's behavior over a certain time period. These feedback loops can then be of two different kinds, either positive or negative. A positive feedback loop means that values associated with the two nodes within the relation change in the same direction. So if the node in which the loop starts decreases, the value associated with the other node also decreases. Similarly, if the node in which the loop starts increases, the other node increases also. Economics of scale is an example of a positive feedback loop between a business and its customers. The more products a company sells, the more revenue it receives from its customers, giving it more to invest in scaling up production, thus allowing it to reduce costs, which in turn means more customers will purchase the product, and so on. This is also called a virtuous cycle, where one party gains, the other does so also. Of course, this can't go on forever, and that is why positive feedback loops are typically associated with unstable processes that are likely to crash at some time. A negative causal link means that two nodes change in opposite directions. If the node in which the link starts increases, then the other node decreases, and vice versa. The systems dynamics between predators and prey are an example of a negative feedback loop. If the number of predators increases, then the number of their prey will decrease, which will in turn feed back to affect the predators by reducing their population, which again will feed back to increase the prey population, and so on. Negative feedback loops are typically associated with an overall stable and sustainable pattern of development. There are, of course, many more examples of positive and negative feedback loops, but we will move on to talk about the other key feature to the area of systems dynamics, that is what we call stock and flow diagrams. To perform a more detailed quantitative analysis, a causal loop diagram is transformed to a stock and flow diagram, which helps in studying and analyzing the system in a quantitative way, typically through the use of computer simulations. A stock is the term for any entity that accumulates or depletes over time. Thus, it is a simple variable. A flow, in contrary, is the rate of change in a stock. So an example of a stock might be a water reservoir. It is a store of water, and we can ascribe a value to the volume it contains. Now, if we put a tap on the side of our reservoir and started pouring water out of it, this would be an example of a flow. Whereas a stock variable is a measure of some static quantity, a flow variable is measured over an interval of time. By using these tools of system dynamics, we may get a qualitative and or quantitative idea of how a system of interest is likely to develop over time. For example, if we create a simple two-dimensional graph with time on the horizontal axis, we will see how the different feedback loops create different types of graphs. Graphs for positive feedback loops typically reveal an initial exponential growth as they shoot upwards rapidly, then reach some environmental boundary condition where they crash back down again. A financial bubble and ensuing crash could be an example of this. Whereas the net result of a negative feedback loop will be a wave-like graph that will likely be bounded within an upper and lower limit over a prolonged period of time with relatively smooth fluctuations during the system's development that enable it to sustain an overall stable state in the long term.


This study found that exposure to dogs or cats during fetal development or early infancy may reduce the risk of developing certain types of food allergies. Dogs were associated with reduced risks of egg, milk, and nut allergies, while cats were associated with reduced risks of egg, wheat, and soybean allergies. Hamsters, however, were associated with increased risks of nut allergies. This article was authored by Hisao Okabe, Koichi Hashimoto, Mika Yamada, and others.


It's great to be here today and get this opportunity to share our experiences as we are trying to grapple with a specific issue which we've encountered as we are developing our application. But before I kind of dive into the subject, maybe I'll take a quick minute to sort of tell you about what we do at Neurobrics Solutions at a very, very high level. We're in a space that the audience here is very intimately acquainted with and guessing pretty much everyone here has more than 16 plus years of association with our education system. So, you know, all of us have been through the regular education system and we are very familiar with how it works, you know. It works a little bit differently, different parts of the country where you've been, but I guess that's a shared experience that all of us sort of have. Now, what we're basically trying to do is trying to work to develop solutions to a scenario that all of us would have faced at some point in the other. Can I have a show of hands for all the people who sometime in their association with education have heard this advice given to them, study harder. How many of you have had somebody or the other tell you, please study harder. You know, it could be your parents, it could be your friends, it could be your teachers, it could be anybody. How many? Come on, guys. Pretty much everybody, okay? Everybody's been told study harder at some point in the other, you know. And how many of you liked it when you were told that you need to study harder? Anybody here who kind of felt good about being told that you need to study harder? Guys, nobody. Okay. So that brings me to the sort of genesis of what we are trying to solve for, actually. You know, that's a high level articulation of what problem we are trying to solve for. In a nutshell, what we are trying to do is trying to develop solutions which enable people to achieve better learning outcomes than they would by simply just by only studying harder, only by relying on studying more, what kind of learning outcomes you would be able to achieve.  There are other levers that you can possibly use to achieve better learning outcomes. So that's in a nutshell about, you know, we won't talk more about that. We will sort of dive into the objectives of today's discussion, okay? Now, when we started this journey in terms of, you know, trying to solve this sort of problem, started developing, you know, our solution. We had certain thoughts in mind. And there was a lot of IP related to learning and pedagogy that we were actually using. And interestingly enough, the more we thought about what is a good way to sort of disseminate or use this IP, the mobile platform had a number of characteristics which were very appealing to the scenario that we were sort of planning to use this IP and okay. So after kind of getting pros and cons, looking at different options, the solution that we decided to go with is sort of an Android-enabled tablet sort of an environment that we are developing our solution for. Once we kind of got a fix on that, and we were trying to flesh out our business model and flesh out, you know, how our app would work, what people would look for, one thing which kept coming up again and again and again and again and a number of the, you know, discussions that we used to have internally was what kind of user experience does our, you know, customer actually expect. And what can we deliver in different sorts of scenarios. And very soon we found that this decision on what needs to be online versus what needs to be offline was pretty much a very important part of, you know, what we were trying to actually do, and it kept coming up again and again and again. So the idea behind today's talk really is to kind of share some of the thinking that we've done sort of internally to sort out some of these issues for ourselves to kind of chart out our path as we are going forward. This is descriptive, this is suggestive, it represents, you know, what we thought internally, what sort of seems to be working for us, but I'm sure a number of you might have different and more different perspectives on this. We sort of go forward. Anyone thinks that this is a non-issue. This is like era of 3G activities, like all over the place, anybody thinks this is a non-issue. This audience? Okay, good. I have a question for you. Does the connectivity work the way it's advertised in the ads, you know, all over the place, mountain tops, doesn't it? Okay. Good that you confirmed our hypothesis, because our hypothesis is that unless you look like this, okay, in which case your connectivity will pretty much work seamlessly in basements and elevators, tree tops, whenever you find yourself, most of us, ordinary human beings, have to deal with this. Time and time again, whatever we are doing, it's very irritating and, you know, interrupts our workflows, interrupts our conversations, and this is pretty much a fact of life. And this is something that sort of prompted us to think very hard about what we were doing. In fact, our high, Mr. Bachchan Jr. had to deal with these issues. He would look less like this picture on the left, more like this. Access is only just for the ads, you know. We face this issue all the time. In fact, I wasn't here yesterday with my colleague. He tells me one of the sessions got interrupted yesterday because there wasn't connectivity and they were trying to demo something. So, you know, even in the best of environments, these sorts of issues can crop up. Let's talk about cost, application and what you're developing and, you know, the kind of data that is involved and what needs to sit online, what needs to sit offline. It can have a pretty significant impact on the economics of use of whatever you're going to develop, you know. So, if you're in the education space and there's a whole lot of data involved and there's a lot of content that you want to share, it can have a significant impact on economics in terms of, you know, where that data is residing when it's accessible, et cetera. And thirdly, let's talk about the user expectations and what sort of user experience we sort of seek to give. Complicated sort of, you know, application. And when I say particularly complicated, I don't necessarily mean that in a technical sense, although that, what he will tell you is also true. But more from the sense of the kind of functionalities that we were seeking to provide people to use our solution. And what we found was that there were a number of different functionalities that were embedded in the kind of application that we're using. So, you just don't use it in one context. There are a number of different contexts that you might be using our application in and a number of different outcomes that you might be seeking to achieve when you're using our application. And when you're studying this entire portfolio of, you know, kind of benefits that we are trying to give to our customers, what we found was that what might work in one scenario for a user might not work in another, you know, scenario when he's trying to use our app. So, one benefit might actually work very well. But when he's trying to accomplish something else using our different functionality embedded within the same application, it might not work very well unless we think through issues related to online and offline connectivity. That was our realization. Let me actually demonstrate that with a simple sort of an example. Okay. The point I'm trying to make is that your expectations as a user as to what is fulfilling your needs are very much determined by the context of use. And where are you using the application? How are you using the application? This will actually pretty much decide how you feel about how the application is performing. A work type of scenario. Okay.  You might have seen some of those guys. So say there's this guy who's kind of sitting on the 29th on 30th of a month who's kind of been killing himself over the last week trying to meet his, you know, monthly target for sales, etc. And he's come back home and he's still kind of working and he's working on his tablet and he's trying to figure out, you know, how much he needs to do more before he can kind of meet his target. And he gets a call from his boss asking him the status of a particular order. So you know what happened to that man's order? And he doesn't have it on his fingertips and he says, okay, I've got my tablet here. Let me just quickly look up what is the situation on the order and he tries to look it up. And this is what happens. But his boss is waiting on the other end of the line. Okay. Do you think he'd be happy with this sort of experience given this usage context? Anybody? Two conversationalists, you kind of boss in something else while, you know, just downloads, but chances are probably doesn't work for him. Okay. Let's take another scenario. Same guy, some bonus given, etc. Feeling good. Now he's relaxing. You know, he's kind of feeling great about what he's done. Walk in the park. So he goes to a park and he's kind of addicted to his tab. So he has his tab with him. And he decides to kind of engage in his favorite leisure time activity which unsurprisingly is looking at pictures of Katrina Kaif. Okay. He kind of uses his tablet to kind of draw down his favorite image. And this is how it sort of appears. To me to load the picture of Katrina Kaif was identical to the time that it took to load the Excel sort of spreadsheet. But the point I'm really trying to make is how satisfied would the user be? I mean, let's put aside one aspect which is that if the page had loaded faster in either scenario, it would always be better. So you know, faster is always better. But say for a given level of performance if this is the best that you can achieve, where do you think that the dissatisfaction of the user might have been more? And I won't even ask you to guess because frankly, different people might be more upset depending on which page loaded more, you know, some really hardcore Katrina Kaif might say that, you know, I find the second scenario much more kind of disturbing than the first. I can manage my boss, but you know, I need my pictures now. So I won't get into that. The point I'm just trying to make is depending on the scenario of use, your performance expectations change. That's the limited point I'm sort of trying to make through this example. Okay. With that let's just consider a sample situation which is talked about very often these days in the education sector. Just for clarification, this is not what we do. We've kind of developed this example just for the purpose of this discussion because it sort of demonstrates the point that we have, the same points that we seek to make. This is not the kind of application that we are working on, but it makes the point pretty well. Okay. Now, all of you would have heard of the fact that you know, 2000 odd rupee tablet and you know, the government is kind of giving these away supposed to be the next big thing and pretty much every student will have one of these and it will revolutionize the way people are learning. Okay. So say you have one tablet, not necessarily the government tablet, you have any sort of tablet and using the tablet, you are enrolled in a distance learning program. Okay. Whereby you can actually access content and kind of so what are the different functionalities that you would use and kind of make some generic sort of functionalities here. You can use that distance education app for studying content, different materials looking at you know, textbooks, multimedia content, whatever you know. So you use it for studying. Ask questions and get answers, you know. So when you're studying it's not necessary that you know, everything sort of makes sense to you, you need to figure out some questions. Why is this working? Why is this not working? And you have to clarify any doubts or any questions that arise in your mind. So you use it for that. You use it to take tests. Okay. Once you think that okay, I kind of master this content and depending on you know, the kind of place the program sets. For you to gauge how well you are progressing on that journal, you take tests.  And not only do you have your performance evaluated in a well functioning learning loop, you would have your performance evaluated and you would get feedback as to how well you've done or how well you've not done in terms of you know, what is it that you study. Okay. So someone might tell you that okay, you did it. You can kind of, you're ready to move on to the next topic. Someone might tell you know, hey, guess what seems like you spent all your time looking at pictures of Katrina. Yes, you need to go back and kind of read the real stuff on the data. So go back and revise the content that you're working on. You may be asked to do something a little more specific that okay, you seem to have understood something but guess what, you need to practice more problems, you know, solving some of the problems. You could get that sort of feedback or you could even direct the person to some new sort of content. Okay. So you could do a variety of things using this distance education sort of app. Okay. So if this is the app and I just kind of, like I said, I made this up for the purpose of the discussion. If this is the context for which we are designing the app, what are some of the key choices? I mean, of course like I said, the backdrop for this entire discussion is first. Okay, which of these do you really think that you would need to provide offline and online? You need to kind of think that through if they were taught that's a good idea for you. Once you kind of got that picture in your mind then you need to think of, okay, so what does that mean in terms of what needs to sit in the device, both in terms of data, in terms of business logic, etc. What do you need to work for and how do you handle this?  Which is where a lot of the complexities actually start to come in and people talk to you a little more about some of those issues. But just let me set up the context for aspects that we found particularly useful when we were kind of making our decision about what should be offline and what should be online. When we were looking at the customer experience part of the equation, couple of things which kept coming up in terms of a really important to us is unsurprisingly responsibility. We just kind of, you know, talked a lot about that. How quickly does the user get what he's looking for and you know how quickly can he access what he's actually looking for. So that's really important. And the second parameter which kept coming up was interactivity, you know. So not necessarily need to be able to do it all on your own. You need to kind of interact with some sort of different people or you need some form of interaction to actually work. So these two are often from two competing sort of needs that we had when we were thinking about this entire online of client sort of issue. So what we did was that we just actually brought them on two different axes and come up with standard simple sort of makers. And all this represents the bottom left quadrant is low responsiveness, low interactivity and top right high responsiveness, high interactivity. And here's how we thought about some of these things. First low quadrant. Frankly not a lot comes up here firstly. I mean so it's like very few things will ever even pop up here because you know responsiveness is typically pretty important even if interactivity is not. So even if something does, when you're thinking about, you know, your application don't bother kind of using this matrix to sort of prioritize what you should be doing. Other considerations and there are many other technical considerations that we'll be talking about will be probably more relevant for this decision you know. If something is, you can work with low responsiveness and there isn't a hell of a lot of need for interactivity, not important. We spoke of study the content and you know take tests. Now when you're concentrating and you want, you know, to read something or kind of look at something, you don't want to have to kind of have to wait for it. You know it's like you know every time you had to turn a page or kind of wanted to watch a video or something you would have to wait. You know even those few seconds start appearing too long and they start interrupting with your workflow. So you might think of having this offline.  Which was you know performance evaluation and feedback just because the interactivity element of it you have to somehow because at the end of the day you know there needs to be somewhere at the other end we need to communicate with to actually start getting some meaningful feedback. You might also think that hey guess what, it can even simulate some interactivity on the device. So just to give you an example, say I'm testing him through multiple choice questions just by virtue of having the answers coded and you know present on the device. You can at least tell him whether he's got stuff right or wrong. You may not be able to give him you know more meaningful feedback like that but you can simulate some limited interactivity on the device itself. And lastly comes the really challenging bit of where you're really looking for high responsiveness and high sort of question that we kind of do it's the process of you know asking questions. So you need to let something, a question comes to you. You need to have an answer if you have someone you know who you put on task literally you know send that question across or speak to you would have that question answered immediately. But so that suggests the need for you know both high responsiveness and sort of high interactivity.  Any help function in any you know sort of software tries to simulate that interactivity of you know trying to have people have their question answered. Or you could actually think of something which is a bit of a hybrid solution where okay you can't have the best of both words but at least you can you know ask your question there and then you know guess what you have to wait a little bit and you know you can then have it answered at some point in time. So you can look at it in a variety of different ways and this is how we sort of thought of the gamut of functionalities that we were actually working for. Okay having thought of this really what comes next is the bunch of questions that we were talking about here. Which is what is the data you put on the device, how do we handle the data and frankly some of the issues involved in implementing online application. So you know I'll just hand it over to Pradeep who is going to kind of take you through some of our thinking and at least what our journey has been in terms of thinking through some of these things. I'm sure I will need my can the back here may? Yeah. Can I award this? Yes. Very good. I just want to take a technical profile of the team here or the people here. The reason particularly why I want to take a profile is because the going forward is not about regulating the forward in terms of data section logic. It is about what choices you make which determine what content has to be there. So just to take a quick full I just want to know in the developer how many are licensed for one and a half years. So how many developers with less than one years of experience and how many are there who are likely two to five years. Because I guess both in the application world they would have been involved in some kind of addition or architecture. So I do see around 20% of people raising hand for this idea. So what I expected is that those people who have been involved in certification as you go forward if they find to resonate their question with their own situation please feel free to add and if you think there is any question that you have then you can probably raise that right now instead of waiting for the session. But any part of time you feel that something resonate with you please raise the hand and talk. Now if you look at the previous slide but the first question was about the choosing of feature and just to bring that point here now while developing application we are never for that one approach with all the things. We always know that there is a bottom for the quality and even within one complete solution you might have different features which have got different requirement. Now the only thing is within a complete solution which features are going to choose. Now those addition to choose which features they are affected by many technical choices in terms of you know from the data to the device connected to many things. But at the end of the feature product in the feature for which to go online they have to make the technical choices and business choices to make it offline and all. Now the very first question that comes or as a very first question that came to me as part of developing the solution most of the time is what is the kind of data that I want to run on the user's device and their app? Can I give them all the data? Should I give them part of the data? What should be the quality of the data? Now the very first question that came to my mind almost all the time is the data is changing very frequently. For example if I have got an application running now and I know that I feel you know too many it is going to change or if it is kind of an application which is like a stop you know like to share what it is like to do the trading then it changes data changes very frequently certainly for those kind of applications you do not have to store the whole data on your device and try to play with it. So if the data changes very frequently then obviously we think that it is certainly not a candidate to be stored on your device. Similarly on the same line for how long do you want data to be stored on your device? The reason why I put it as separately is though I feel the data is not going to be changing as such but it might need on the device itself is for very small variation for just a minute or half or half an hour maybe or pushing like that and it is not going to be used very often also then what is the point in keeping that in mind? Why do I want to base the device pressing on that type? So if I want to be on the device I want it to be for the duration probably the user is supposed to be using it when they are offline. If they are online the reason I am saying is like for 15 minutes to half an hour I do not even see a user to change his location and then say ok now I am offline data should be there now I am offline data should be there. So if the user is offline he is going to be offline for sufficient duration and that data has to be there for the time when he is offline. And the next one that we are talking about is the size of data, the kind of data that we are interacting with, the kind of data that I need for my usage what is the size of data. So taking the case of an educational example that we took here if the data that I am having is kind of a media kind of video then what would I like? I would like to have it up online in which case I will have that experience or if it is online can I just play it and go about it. Particularly if I am reading some kind of a chapter I would like it to be any kind of media or PDF or whatever file I would like to be there on the device so that you know whenever I am offline even though it is a big content or even if it is an online and online but because of the sheer size of the data to give a better reform I would like it to be on the device. And Raj is about the business sensitivity of the data. Now this point is critical because at some point of time we realize that user needs the data but the enterprise or the people who are serving the application they feel the data in its raw form or the form that we give to the user that can somehow lead their business IP as part of it. Now I would like to take an example here or if I have to take the example in the case of the example application that we suggested. Now a different training institute can have their own ways of identifying what should be good for people in what way. Now if I have to put this chat on to the device I have to also put the logic part of it what is going to happen.  And if it is not that way probably I just get hold of somebody and say what is going to happen. It is very possible that you can give out the data. It is also possible that I can reconstruct what is going on. So if it is really a business incident data then probably we will not like to have on the user's way. So anyway because no answer is there. Now once you decide that data is yours more than the logic part for me the real consultation it affects the choice of technology on the device side more than on the server side. Now why I put on the device side it is like maybe the size of data at some part of time can affect you to move from SCMR to the native. And the reason I am saying from SCMR to native is because if the data is used you would like to have your IO operation to be done across the layer to do some kind of calculation. And that affects the very first storage and also the storage on the device. And the reason I am specifying the storage part is like but whether you need a simple database as I need a bio storage I need to do some kind of operation on the construct itself and also the recurrence of the device. Now what is the size of the card or external card and why we want extra things to be plugged on the device. So all those things start coming to the picture when you look at the data you start looking into the technology and how you want to put both of them together. Wait then most of the time I have no question. I hope I will not have questions on the question. I assume you are having different things from different given into the mobile of the device. That has a business sense to it. But it is big. Obviously you can't get from and download that and sort of keep that just you know it will need to keep that somewhere in the device. But once you put it on the device you can just close your app, connect that to your computer and get more. So there is a question there. How do you address that? How do you wipe out those data from the device? That is not a procedure. Why is the business sensitive it is large? There are other factors involved there. It is not just factor of responsiveness or you want the data to be there. Because it is sensitive you don't want to be stored on the device. So you still, but ideas I will prefer in such cases to be served online. It is really that sensitive. But if it is a big girl it is not a girl. That is an innovative strategy. Something like how do you are designing a process that by the time the user is coming to that application we will have the data there. You want to talk about the handshake. That I will tell you. Actually this is also a problem sometimes it comes like you know you can probably have if you have got an alternative way could be probably you can have the device but somehow you have prevent the user to use that at all unless you are online with the server by some mechanism. Include security introduction in a business sensitive meaning for example if you have the full test and the answers in the device protecting it. You know one of the continental requirements of the offline solution if your data is there. You really like to store security information. Now the question comes for what data, what you choose is a different question. But as a solution it requires that the answer is there. Even if you select not to put it on SD card or something and also make it volatile give it an age after you know or you could have data which would tell this device normally gets online this much time of the day maybe I would like it to be online only available only for one day or half day or you know age it. And Android has this storing the data in addresses allocated in address allocation of different pieces of data of different applications in different places so it's not easy to hack around. A combination could be made which will be really useful in the context. Very good. I'm new to Android so I'm going to store it on every level. Basically if you're going to an enterprise but you're not happy that they don't supply it doesn't matter which platform but you have to ask them. Two of the reason about this thing is because we're able to device offline or we have called it a limited connectivity the question comes then you have to do this kind of data transfer between the device and the server how long do you want that process to take place. The reason I'm putting this is like how wrong part of it is like because if you look at it in general and particularly when they're in offline there can be cases where users are going to synchronize in a batch kind of thing if I take my case of the school and all the future is going to be used I think then probably they're going to synchronize at the end of the period at the end of the day or if it is an enterprise user who is working on a company it's a typical time of synchronization early in the morning before the run just after the run at the end of the day Now during this fourth time period suddenly you'll see that there are a lot of people and your server has to do a lot of work and because the server is doing the first your device will potentially be able to do this kind of data transfer how do you address this kind of issue how do you address this kind of issue even before that part it comes like because at the end because there's data being transferred from the device to the server we need to know what kind of data is going to the device itself what kind of data we are distributing to the device or what kind of the data device is fetching from the server you have to take a typical example in the online world to do simple query based fetching of the data but if it is a case of offline on the server I can say it is a query based fetching of the data but to minimize that is my first problem that for now I bought my device to be connected to the server to synchronize this problem plays an important role because if I already know what will be needed for my device I can do some kind of a pre-calculation already instead of doing some kind of a runtime calculation and taking out the data now if I have to take that case of our example if there if I have to say that I have a kind of bag myself guys Bindu, Bhai all of them are in the question and there are some really smart guys up in the bag they get a different level of question all together so for me I want easy kind of solution question one A plus B equal to B then go to think and the question that I want to get is different for the question the other guy who is the smart guy for the level of question that that guy needs is all together different distribution needs of the user are different now instead of waiting for this thing to happen when they are connecting and they are synchronizing if someone in the server is an Italian should know that this is the user's answer how do we identify those kinds of data please don't look for it second part now because when the user is synchronizing in the offline part there is a huge challenge about how do we handle this company because most of us are developers here you would have worked with some kind of content marketing repository and anyone who has worked for more than a year you would have definitely faced a situation where in a code but get the magic there is some content if you have to look at that scenario it is similar scenario when you are porting back to the offline version I have the data but by the time I am checking if somebody has just changed it now I have to correct it what are the methods to collect those things they vary from the scenario to the scenario business to business but for the handling in the case of an offline version because most complicated but in the online world in a technical manner in the online world you can say apply a lock and wait till the other guy in the offline world you can't even apply that lock but in the offline also you could apply a lock you are not connected you are user run you are user 2 and the seller you got the data yesterday you got the data today morning we submitted the data you are now submitting the changes today night now the thing is should I activate this data should I activate it no that's a typical CMP that is the conflict of the data for your business problem in terms of telecommunication we need to take care of the technical problems to do the things exactly once in an order the reason why it becomes critical is if I take the case of attempting the test probably in the first attempt I have answered the wrong question wrongly but the second attempt I have the question right but while I synchronize by mistake if I use my second attempt first and first attempt later the seller will be saying that this one the question is wrong attempt answer 0 sorry mark 0 so synchronization operation becomes quite critical from the user as well as from the server again for example from the server because your backend application can change the data you can change the data but at the time of synchronization if you are getting the update one later and insert first you are getting update first and insert later probably your application is going to bomb saying the data does not exist at the time of synchronization I see a quite dang many issues last and something interesting that comes to me about the synchronization it is interesting to expect in the case of an offline case the reason I am putting it is interesting in the form of people and as an article choice we have to make choices about the resources not just in terms of software companies but in terms of the hardware companies also now some of we can address this part I can address to a certain extent the kind of hardware that I will need the reason I am putting it is if I take the original one of the early mentioned cases my user thinks that early in the morning when they come to office just before the launch, after the launch then at that point of time just to address the thousands of users I will need the server capacity of the 32nd and 40th degree but if I say now if I can tag as them so that one guy thinks that one guy thinks that data clock another guy thinks that 9 o clock then probably same for the 48th degree machine I can come down to 16th degree machine it makes an important choice and some of us we can flag this with the user behavior seamlessly it becomes an interesting challenge not an interesting challenge interesting aspect of the full solution for the possible distribution data it is like two possibilities that came to mind for example school policy or they have a schedule normally all the students expect also to go to a school they would already know this week or this day this will be taught that will be a small database from the school it can be reloaded in a scheduled way avoid all that anyone tablets could be plugged in internet it need not be all over the place as you come to school you plug in today and tomorrows you know 10, 10 you add on that right the scenarios you have taken is like very predictive as you told everything is scary it means that taking the context of the application away from phone and putting it into the server what I mean to say is that instead of phone making a run time decision what if server itself is cached for example it is a month it is a context there so if it is the data are cached and this connection issue I give a request which takes 30 seconds what if server is cached and it takes 30 seconds second thing is the content what if hardware tomorrows smart phone as a compression engine which is so good the video download can be compressed and uncompressed so the time we save there is the transmission time for example if it is taking 10 minutes if it is taking 1 minute to download then we are not compromising on power right yes there is we have taken the audience at the end and I think the framework should also be enhanced for data aging also yes also we will talk about like device to device like one device downloads and tracking right P2P so not every device needs to download in a classroom like one has downloaded and it can distribute all because we have measured this problem we can just show this problem to the people all together imagine if you look at your type of device in a computing resource and somehow if you can type out all the so called devices to your solution what kind of products would you like to show something that I can take back to the you expect then there was this experiment called TETI when the TETI information was like as an application one can post on to their desktop and all these data goes to the NASA and other organization and the calculation was happening on to the desktop but the increase of P2P in the application is one of the biggest factor and the protocols are keep on stopping so there is a grain on the back maybe one device the server takes all the feedback like everybody answering in the class one tablet takes it and uploads every tablet takes it we have to put the movie download that we have to do sorry instead of that even you can have a mobile device everyone is playing the movie all of this that you are talking about the web architecture is essentially graceful degradation learning when I look at all the words that you have here they all sound like framework words is this a problem that Google is trying to solve but why is it that application developers are thinking about it why is it that the framework developers offline is more that Android 2.0 see the thing is you can talk about the framework but my whole experience of last year is even the framework is very popular 100% utilization when it goes into the real application only 5-10% of that framework is there and even that how does there is some kind of customization you can build all those things as part of your full solution but by designing the solution itself we need to take care that as part of you have to do it as it comes from the framework I understand that you have to decide which features go offline the enablement of making something offline is online is that also something that you are building as application developers or are you just using libraries that Google provides because they said a phone is very likely going to be the place where there is no data connection therefore you might want to have local storage but you don't have same canyons see in application you need to consider the reason I am saying is like when you are putting a lot of logic out onto the device it becomes part of your application so as it says you can have you are operating with that on to the device so that you can do something it will also be operating on business logic so maybe you can take it offline now the question actually for Google the framework is gears they had gears but now they stopped gears so I guess you can't really rely on Google maybe it's just too much work for them but even gears are not the way to do it is there something like gears for Android it's equally what it is I will see what is next like otherwise I will get up okay I guess this part more or less people can easily recognize because it is offline and somebody is using it we need to see the data transfer from the right user from the right device in part 2 based on the category of the data we need to include it the last case is about the device as an application management bearing in case the device is stolen or we know the device is somehow getting misused we need to have the capability to pipe out the data as an application while detecting the scenario the last scenario till now in my experience people call up and then they say if anyone is able to find out a better way please tell me one of the things like aging of data ideally it doesn't log in or it doesn't actually log in on the device it could be sent to an actual server and then delete it simply because it's an offline application the update of the component becomes really critical and imagine this scenario if you are going for 100, 500, 1000 and that kind of feeling half of the time you can get to see the reason that I am on leave half of the group is on leave all the people now go to different regions they are not able to update so we need to take care of all these applications and this creates a scenario of the backend type because then you can have people working on two different versions of the same application and you have to pipe out the data from it can you tell me how it does this it's a logic on the backend you need to know what device is using what version of the data but the application the APK itself the update of the APK itself yeah, suppose you are in an environment where you cannot you are going to have a mechanism to install the APK to internet or anything and you want to sync it up if you are safe if not even connected you can work whenever you want whatever you want so we have to upgrade so they have to come on to either online or they have to come in touch with the people IT guys are over there if they are not in touch obviously they can't do it we have to somehow give them the APK we have entered it I have entered it in my app but the thing is you have to upgrade it for upgrade part it has to be online or it needs to be somehow get in touch with IT guys just to answer your question you need to design your backend so that it can handle across versions of your app right? that's how you would do it what if percentage of your user base hasn't upgraded to the current version we will have to have your backend to support those old functions or that old functionality and you would need to monitor how your users have moved across what percentage is still not upgraded and then maybe you could use C2D or something like that to post an update so that's how we have done it in a similar way I have been doing it here at this point I see that all the products are in solution right? Blackberry solved all these problems so why is a Blackberry app for e-mail offline and online the context there is very forced it comes up to fire and your e-mails are all pushed well timingly and you go through the e-mails and get deleted on time I see all the problems we are trying to replicate the same mechanism what Blackberry has already solved and only thing I have seen in case of Android and all this there is not such a what Blackberry people have maintained in terms of context Blackberry is very important if you have a single ownership of the data in the case of the e-mail you can see what if your telecom company is the aggregator that's the thing it's easy if you have a single ownership of the data but the moment you have a multiple ownership of the data it will probably be going to be the difficult even part of Blackberry but in the case of education and verticals all the apps are aggregated I mean it's very real it's very real I already mentioned a couple of these in the offline you know arranging the optimization part we can reduce the peak load on the server and that can help us to do the right thing and on the revive side we can reverse through many business logic and work on the data we expect because the processor is anyway good for the function that we are doing but they need to have a good eye-opener thank you everyone thank you if anyone has any questions suggestions thoughts you know anything that could even be helpful to us please feel free to connect online, offline whatever suits you best thank you


This lecture is part of Berkeley Math 115, an introductory undergraduate course on number theory, and this one's going to be a little bit unusual because I'm going to be discussing some number theoretical features of pocket calculators. So the first pocket calculator I want to look at is this Casio FX300ES+. I bought this fairly recently, not as a number theoretical calculator, but as a sort of burner calculator, so it was cheap less than $10 one, and it's got a solar panel, so just in case a zombie apocalypse arrives. And the reason I picked out this one is it has this rather interesting button. This button here says GCD and this one says LCM, and you probably can't see it because whoever designed this calculator thought it'd be a clever idea to use bluish purple lettering on a purplish blue background, so maybe if I magnify it you can barely see it says GCD there. It stands for greatest common divisor and least common multiple. For example, if I want to take the least common multiple of say 12 comma commas there, 12 and 8, it gives that as 24. So that's a nice number theoretical feature. Another one I noticed is this button says FACT, and I originally assumed this meant factorial, but the factorial is actually up here, and FACT turns out to mean factorize. For example, if I enter 999999 and factorize it, it tells me the prime factorization of this number. For instance, in lectures earlier we mentioned Fermat's conjecture about whether Fermat numbers were all prime, so these were numbers of the form 1 plus 2 to the 2 to the n, and the one Fermat got stuck on was 1 plus 2 to the power of 2 to 5, which as we can see is equal to that number there, and if we factorize it it tells us that one of the factors is 641, which is the factor found by Euler. So if Fermat and Euler had had this calculator they would have saved themselves a good deal of time and trouble. I should say I found by experimenting that their factorization routine isn't actually all that perfect. For instance, if I take 1099999 and square it and try and factor this, so it ought to be detecting the factor of 1099999, but instead it just gives up. What it appears to be doing is just checking all numbers up to 1000 to see if there are factors and then giving up after that. So it's not perfect, but if I haven't saved this thing only cost $10 it's, you know, 10th of the price of a more advanced calculator, so we shouldn't complain. The next calculator I have is this Swiss Micros DM42.  So this is a clone of the HP42 and people stopped making HP42s about 30 years ago and you may wonder why on earth would anybody make a clone of a 30 year old calculator. If you're wondering that, go to eBay and try and buy a second hand HP42 calculator and you will find they're going for two to three hundred dollars, which is two or three times as much as a top-end modern graphing calculator. That's how good the HP42 was. It's a really, really well designed calculator. I found I can just use most of the keys on it without, you know, looking up on a manual, very intuitive and easy to use. Anyway, the DM42 actually has one rather interesting enhancement of the HP42. It doesn't actually have any particular functions devoted to number theory. However, if you do complex multiplication number theory, you may have come across the fact that e to the pi root 163 is very nearly an integer. So let's try and check this on this calculator. So we take 163. We take its square root. We multiply it by pi. Let me multiply them together. Now we exponentiate it to e to the x and you get this number. You see I was checking before making this video that this worked. And now we want to check that this is very close to an integer. Well, this is obviously useless because calculators tend to work to about 12 significant figures. And since this number is about 10 to the 17, a calculator is not going to be able to tell you whether it's an integer or not. The precision has broken down too much. However, that's an ordinary calculator. This calculator, we can ask it to show all the digits it's working with. And you see here we have<PHONE_NUMBER>40768743 point followed by this wonderful string of 12 nines and followed by a few more digits. So that's right. This calculator is working to about 34 significant figures of precision when it does really arithmetic. It's pretty impressive. We can also do things. For ordinary calculators, if you try and work out a hundred factorial, it would give you an error message. This one, let's try a thousand factorial. So the factorial is under probability. So there it gives a thousand factorial is about four times 10 to the 2567. So it allows the exponent in numbers to go up to several thousand. The other really wonderful thing about this calculator is you can sort of get it for free. Well, you can't get the calculator itself for free, but you can get an app for it written by Thomas Bocken. If you search for free 42 on Google, it will give you places where you can download an app for mechantoshes or PCs or whatever. So Thomas Bocken has very kindly made this available for free. So the final calculator I want to talk about is this top end graphing calculator. Well, it was a top end graphing calculator about 20 years ago when I bought it. It's the HP 50G and I want to show you a few of the number theoretical functions it can do. It has actually, it has far too many to show. It does things like the Euler-Totient function. It can do modular arithmetic. So if you remember, we had a primality test where you could test whether A to the n minus 1 was congruent to 1 mod n to see if n is prime and it can do that very efficiently. But some of the features that I was a little bit surprised by, if you, first of all, it's got a next prime button. So if I want to know what is the next prime after a million, then I can just go to the integer and one of these is the next prime button. So I press that says next prime. It tells you the next prime after a million is a million and three, which is very useful if you're trying to think of a few large primes. It's also got a more powerful factorization routine. So let's try squaring this and then we'll try factoring it. So there's the factor button. So we factor this number, which you notice is more than 10 to the 12. So it's working to more than 12 significant figures precision. And there you see after a few seconds, it's actually found the factor a million and three. So how far up can this go? Well, if the factor is more than about 10 to the eight, it will still keep going, but it gets very, very slow. So it can factor numbers up to about 10 to the 15. But after that, you have to start being rather patient. There's another slightly remarkable thing it can do. Suppose I take the number 999999 and try and factor it. This doesn't give anything too surprising. So let's factor that. So as expected, it gives the same factors that the Casio found. But now let's try 999999 and now I'm going to multiply that by i and I'm going to factor that. And then we get this rather odd Easter egg. If I factor this, well, we have i times three cubed times seven times 11 is expected. Then it is plus two i times three minus two i. So what's going on there? Well, it's factored this number in the Gaussian integers. You know, 13 is equal to three plus two i times three minus two i. So some board engineer at Hewlett-Packard actually programmed a factorization algorithm for Gaussian integers in this calculate. And as far as I can tell, it's not actually documented anywhere. I just stumbled across this by accident. So it definitely gets extra number theory bonus points for this weird feature. It only seems to do Gaussian integers. I tried it on other quadratic fields and it doesn't seem to know about factoring an arbitrary quadratic fields unfortunately. It's also very high precision. For instance, how high precision? Well, suppose I try doing a thousand factorials. So let's go to the probability where they keep the factorial function. Let's do three factorial. Now we'll have to wait a bit for a reason I'll explain in a moment. Incidentally, you see one of the disadvantages of this calculator is there's too many functions. Whenever you want to find a function, you've got to go scrambling through several menus. And honestly, it's got so many functions. I can't actually remember what half the buttons on this calculator do. One of the big advantages of the DM42 is you can actually remember what all the buttons on it does. Whereas these ones, you have to sort of carry manual around. Okay, there it's come up with a thousand factorial. Now, how precise is this? Well, let's view it. And now we can go, if you see it's going on for quite a long time. And in fact, I'm going to give up because it's actually working a several thousand digits precision. And it would take, you know, minutes to get to the end of this number. If you don't believe me that it's working a several thousand digits precision, let's clear that. And let's go and work out 10 to the power of a thousand. Suppose the Y to the X key there it is. So there's 10 to the thousand. And I'm going to subtract one from it. And it gives me a string of nines. And you can see if it was working to anything less than a thousand digit precision, it wouldn't know that this would start with a lot of nines. It would just give me 10000 and so on. So this calculator really is doing integer arithmetic to thousands of digits precision, which I can't imagine anybody other than a number theorist actually needing this. So there's three calculators for number theory. I must admit that if you actually want to do serious number theory on a calculator, what you would probably do is download one of the packages like GP or SAGE that are specially designed for doing number theory calculations on a computer. If you want to download one of these, just search for these on Google and it will give you a place to download them. So both of these programs can do arbitrary precision arithmetic in a far more built-in functions than even the HP calculator.


Everybody forced here ripping dual-case MLB 2022 NT and triple threads number three random team style. Good luck everybody. Thanks for joining Let's get started Sony notes over here That's a new name. It's better than some of the other ones Jmart, what should we start with? I guess I'll start with NT higher box price, but We'll go unlicensed to licensed Higher box price than this, but yeah, there. Oh, there were lots of other nicknames suggestions Sam is not the biggest fan of some of them. He said so in the in the break chat Sean just gonna always call him trash. So that's Sean's nickname for him. The RBG would be pretty fire, honestly Are there celebrity cut-off as an NT baseball guys? The Sam Boney Sambuca, Sam Boney Sam and Yella, Sammy Yelliot Shane McClanahan to 49 jersey card raise Jumbo jersey Red Sox rookie Jaren Durant in 99 a Vladimir Guerrero junior jersey card to 99 blue jays No, not Sam Howell too easy too easy Card man, Sam Diego was a good one die cut Jersey Otto Breyland Marquez the 99 Cubs It's a 99 Rangers Otto Adolas Garcia on card. Oh, not that one in W. Oh, I Would I would I would uh, I would bet Sam probably doesn't want to be called that Jersey Otto Tristan Casa 61 of 99 Red Sox That one's I don't even not even funny. Honestly. Yeah, RPA Mariners Cal Raleigh 43 of 49 Big dumper Four-color patch big patch big dumper werewolf of a popka. What we talk about legal You got crazy Jersey Otto Alec Bohm for the Phillies to 99 Bash brother. He's a bash brother. Who's the other one? There were only two. They're only two Legendary signatures stat line eight to ten is Tom Siever Mets there you go Mets I got it Congrats Mets cut Otto Tom Siever That's sick Clean auto as well. Love the design of the books too. They're just really really good looking Dual patch auto White Sox Roman Gonzalez to 25 Sam poo. I think you're the only things that Doug Maybe because you came up with it Sam poo is kind of fun Sam Howell because it's a werewolf. Okay. All right. Well, everybody Calm down take it easy Nobody is reacting to these I'm like we're close to funny stuff in there. No one says anything sleeping Colossal Jersey Pasha to 99 a's I've really couldn't do it. He just had to pitch probably three seasons at least I would think Who's who's the next closest lamoup? That has like a reasonable chance. I'm not talking like 100 wins away up to 39 not talking about that Ricky Jersey Jackson co are royals to 99 Oh, that's pretty cool red Sox Relic five of five Joe Cronin coach worn Joe Cronin Sandburger Sandburgers a matmanning jersey auto tigers to 49 Sam wow like sham wow you do Sam wow no tigers the acetate jersey auto Straight up tx patch auto ajalexia to 49 Just who uses that hashtag? No one. No one uses that there you go. There you go rangers Shers wrote 201. So yeah, he won't get there Kershaw 197. How does Kershaw only have 197 that feels weird Uh legacy signatures heaven longoria giants to 22 RPA 1099 astros jake miers Dodgers jersey auto walker buller 1099 Sambulance Yeah, Kershaw wasn't quite a bit. That's true. I feel like he was so good early on. I mean he still is good Yeah, it's a 99 Luke Williams and the rookie jumbo jersey auto Phillies She feels like I feel Kershaw should have more than sure. I guess but sure as it was healthier Then again, it's not the old it's not the old days where uh You got wins all the time because you pitched every four days and you pitched In nine innings every time you went out there So I get I Burnlanders just a workhorse, dude David price. Well, is David price still considered active? It's still like was he a free agent? I guess Colossal jersey Corbin martin debacks to 99 Jersey card royals that cranky to 49 samsonite Was way off into a star of the nest. Yeah Century materials tony gwin the 49 padre nice win game worn Kyle Zimmer jersey auto reds to 99. I don't know if there's gonna be one lane Anything to take out you on the checklist jersey auto royals jake fraily to 64 Doug must have a lot of brady singers patch auto Orioles ryan mountcastle 14 to 25 three-color patch player worn nice one os Debacks rpa drew alice nine to 49 field pass reds ellie dala cruise two of 25 Sick hit for cincinati That is nam ql That's a beauty rookie jumbo signature material las nupa. Whoa part of the bird with the bat That's sick. There you go cardinals Edward p with the red birds. That's awesome, man Back-to-back heat right there And a uh, walter johnson Washington senators goes minnesota, uh twins To 99 twins on this one But johnson, that's pretty good all carcel. I feel well all cars look like field pass Then none of them would have the same appeal What is paul one a sam hat?  Yeah Yeah, dude, we're actually having a don't tell him but we're having a uh, what's it called uh intervention. Yeah Sam and lane both lanes here though.  Yeah, the lid ceo We love the business. We appreciate it. But please brandon loud jersey to 99 rays Pat intervention. Oh my god.  I own like eight hats. I wear like three One of them is an lsc hat that I did not buy Red all vocash drove a 49 rookie silhouettes patch auto pirates you guys got a problem lane Bean town die cut jersey auto red sox connor sea bolt to 99 I don't think anybody in boston actually calls it bean town No, why is it even known as bean town? They make bot. There's like they have a big bean dish that's originated in boston knows man I don't think I've actually ever called that uh jersey auto to 74 nico horn or cubs Yeah, I guess that's it. Yes, that has to be His big beans are only from boss, huh? Yeah It never plays anybody eats baked beans thick sleeves Royals rpa john heasley with a nice three color patch nine of ten Yeah, courtesan lane are all about them shoes. Oh, yeah, heck even even Blake to an extent Sam's in them now sam's in it too. Oh, they're all Backed out on shawna the only people that have two pairs of shoes. They work here shoes all the time at least to work Yeah, I mean No Cubs field pass auto rookie seya sezuki to 99 sweet seya Him's boston bean party where they dump the beans into the water Yeah, illegal problem needs to go back to fourth grade history class fourth grade social studies Figure it out Is that virginia education right there? Patch auto royals ronal balanos to 10 Royals balanos to 10 Give me a pair of jordan's dude. I would I would feel weird. We're in a pair of nice sneakers like that I feel weird. I'll tell you what is that lane saying there? Yeah, dude the the dunks. He hadn't here the other day Oh, they're fine. Oh, dude. Those were fine. Trust me. They're fine. I just feel like I would be I feel weird wearing them I would wear a very special courtesan lane for sure to 49 Kaleevlin to bobble emin on the jersey card there Those are fire. I can't wear broken stocks to work. I gotta wear closed-toed shoes I used to wear flip-flops all the time. I was straight floor demanding up in here all all all all over the place, but Uh triple threads time.  Well, what do they look like? That just sounds weird to me I'm really gonna have to start wearing tie-dye shirts all the time and grow my hair out and Wear patchouli One one shower a week chom chom pa notch. Yeah burn incense in the break studio Could you imagine?  Someone's playing someone's playing the sitar. Yeah I'm I'm like a 10 and a half 11 Like if it's Nike, it's like 11 boots are different than sneakers, obviously Wander rookie to 50 for the raise and a 299 mani machado Padres Triple jet triple jersey braves. Austin Riley to 35 october clutch Really went through one case. It's not crazy. There's no bobby wits yet jersey autos that gallon debacks of 99 There's no guaranteed bobby wit autos in a in a break. Unfortunately To 150 Don Mattingly Yankees to 199 Ken Griffey jr. Mariners Redemption brave triple threads auto relic combo card Ozzie albies. Austin Riley dan's b swanson Nice redemption braves. That should be at a 27 on the base parallel of that That'd be sweet though And jumbo jersey mcgalker barrett tigers to 36 Let's start with my crocs to work Those are pretty comfy When I bartended I would wear the they have like a crocs bistro. Dude, they're they're the best Everyone else's like, oh because you're buying like whatever other ones And like all my cohorts would go through like shoes and shoes I'd be like I buy a one pair of bistro crocs a year and they get dirty. I just spray them off when you get home So 150 yachty malina cardinals and 25 george brett royals Triple relic padre's mani machado hard hit dyke at 27 Jersey auto max kepler twins to 75. We've pulled bobby wits out of this product Sandals with socks guy. I can be a sandals with socks guy Oh slippers dude, those are probably mad comfy To 99 each year old mariners to 259 vlad garero for the uh nationals there Uh, I I don't have a link to when it was pulled.  I thought we had maybe i'm wrong We pull like we rip so much. Maybe it just blends in. Maybe we haven't triple relic auto bernie williams yankees 2 of 18 In jersey card guardian tristan mckenzie to 48 I could for sure be wrong You guys probably would know more than me You guys actually get to watch the breaks I multitask a lot so Uh, got your frog. Yeah, I must be just blended in together then I feel sworn we had But again, it probably just blending for me The 259 corbin burns brewers to 299 illoy hymen as white socks triple jersey chipper freddy freeman in a cunha at a 36 braves game worn Rookie auto yankees louise healed to 199. We for sure pulled him out of Nt a lot recently actually the last couple days 299 vlad garero gnats go to the or xbox go to the gnats and a 75 said williams red socks Triple jersey rookie auto fill these matt veerling to 99 And jumbo jersey blue jays cavern bizio to 18 game used So 259 hank erin for the braves to 299 hank erin braves Brewers triple jersey rookie auto erin ashby number 250. It's our player worn Yankees jumbo jersey joey gallo game used at 36 What is that one vaughn to 125 notto for the cardinals to 199 make kutch and brewers Null and aronato triple rally to 18 cardinals and rookie jersey auto red sox jaren doran 24 of 99 Player worn doran jumbo jersey. Yeah, I saw that I'm I'm skeptical about that like I don't know what to think on that one vaughn I honestly don't know It's a 99 johnny bench reds ended to 59 derrick jeter yankees White Sox redemption now triple threads touch them all three player auto rally card tam Anderson hose braille and louise roberts go white socks And jersey auto to 36 joey vato reds to 299 ricky henderson a's and to 99 robin yelp brewers Triple rally greg maddox braves 14 of 36 legend die cut game used relics And brewers jumbo jersey auto brandon woodruff to 99 One more box is here refresh real quick here guys still space for personal tonight Uh, let's see what we got More prism choice spots came in we're oh that's sold out the last spot of the night is gonna be A select football divisional spot. It's the last spot of the night Still some room for personals though to 299 zander bogart's red sox and to 150 chris bryant rockies rangers triple relic auto evan rodriguez 23 of 27 backstop stardom Yep, pal molotov is in this Think it just has like this design Relic autos he's in like some brewers triples as well. I don't know if he has just like regular autos and single relic autos Philly's jersey Reese Hoskins to 48 game used The 259 mariana reverie yankees and the 299 bojaks and royals Triple rally for the brewers to 27 christian yellich leather and lumber it's like that, uh It's like that uh fleetwood max song by their lumber And rookie autograph card mariners george kirby redemption No molotov in here. I thought he was maybe he's a different. Is he a different team? He's not on the triples or anything What am I talking about tonight then? May as well not listen to anything I say I guess Am I thinking of yownt? Yeah, there's no molotov thinking of yownt aren't I? Those brewers guys. Yeah, I'm thinking of yownt. I think that's my issue Pulled a really nice molotov out of a nt yesterday though To 259 mike schmitt philly's and a 299 vlad grero junior blue jays Nationals triple relic auto to 27 stephen strassberg decade of dominance And jumbo jersey astros hose al-tube to 48 Game used It was a group break daytime yesterday. I don't know what case But it was a patch auto to five robin yownt 250 garret coal yankees and a 1 99 greg maddox braves triple relic hosay ramirez guardians to 36 out of the gate And rookie auto rays wander franco nine out of 75 awesome hit rays There he is wonder mania. There is some peeling on the bottom of this card Unfortunate, but I will send a box and wrapper with this for the rays Yeah, he definitely has a talent I think any picture coming up nowadays is gonna be 300 wins.  It's a lot It's got to be like what 60 or 70 lower than it used to be even more Jay ram to 259 guardians and bryant to 299 rockies And triple relic yankees game used reggie jackson derrick jeter erin judge. That's sick Oh, that's cool Jackson jeter judge Jersey auto angels brandon marsh to 50 Rain and marsh Yeah, that's what I mean.  That's really nice Yes, you got the end of the roll And jersey auto brave z and anderson 25 out of 75 All right Uh, so yeah, I'm gonna send a box driver for the fillies That rice was that was not dust. It was like a scuffed up surface. It was in a box bag And then we'll do a recap. No, right? I'm kind of crazy I'm sure there's an issue. We didn't have one single Maybe we both forgot we'll find in the For sandy.  It's got to be maybe not quite one soto But it's got to be close to that right like you're gonna want a teams like number one and two prospects and maybe more Okay, so we got uh triple giants here. We're gonna go out through all the relics and all the uh micashtremski will smith Triple yankees. That was a nice one jackson judge jeter Jose Ramirez, Jose Altuve Christian Yelich, Reese Hoskins, Greg Maddox, Joey Vado, Nolan Aronato Joey Gallo as a Yankee, Cabin Vigio, Triple Braves, Jones Freeman, Acunia Trista Mackenzie, Manny Machado, Miguel Cabrera, Austin Riley, the NT Relics, Charlie Blackman, Mike Bauman Brandon Lau, Tony Gwynn, Zach Grankey, that was Padres Gwynn Corbin Martin, Joe Cronin Coach Warren Cronin Jackson Kowar Christian Pasche, Jaron Durand, Shane McClannahan and Vladdy Jr No chance the the Mets can get soto ando Tony. There's no chance. They might even be able to get one of them It's been a ton of dough All right, uh autos now Ian Anderson Carlton Fisk, Brandon Marsh as an angel, Stephen Strausberg, George Kirby Redemption Mariners, Yvonne Rodriguez Brandon Woodruff, Triple Redemption, White Sox, Tim Anderson, Jose Abreu, Luis Robert Jaron Durand, Aaron Ashby, Matt Veerling, Luis Heel, a Bernie Williams Decade Stache, Triple Relic, Otto Yankees Max Kepler Albie's Riley Swanson, Triple Relic Redemption Braves Zach uh Zach Gallin Uh Ronald Bellanos for the Royals there San Suzuki Field Pass, John Heasley uh Nico Horner Connor Siebold That's true Taylor. That is true. You could get one of them theoretically Redulfo Castro, Drew Ellis, Ryan Mountcastle Jake Fraley Zimmer, Walker Bueller Jake Myers, Evan Longoria AJ Alexi, Matt Manning Romy Gonzalez, Alec Baum Cal Raleigh, Agalesc Garcia, Tristan Casas, and Braylon Marquez Bob Lemon Guardian's book here. I would tag this Guardians Luke Williams, RPA book Phillies White Sox, Triple Relic, Otto Frank Thomas, two of three Wanderfranco, Rookie, Otto Reyes, the 75 and Field Pass, Ellie Della Cruz, the 25 Reds. We got a couple really nice books here Lars Newpart of 10 on the RPA book for the Cardinals Partial logo, the bird with the bat Everybody's here, I'm out the bird And legendary signatures eight of ten, Tom Siever That's awesome. Congrats Mets And that's gonna do it. Thanks again everybody More baseball coming up