So I'm Brian. I work here at the San Francisco main library as part of the bridge or literacy and learning department and Michael. Hello. Also longtime library employee and also here at the bridge at main. So this class I'll bring up a slide in a second, but we did this class because we previously did a class using Mac photos. And so many things came up that I went and did some more research and hopefully there's some new information to share. And a few things that this is just going to be relaxed and conversational. We're going to show some basic tips on using photos. We're going to do this in real time. So I think it's been an honest experience and some things will go right. Some things will go wrong, but you'll you'll see it in real time. It's not from slides. And if you're interested in such things, I'm using one of the newest MacBook Pros. And it's running the latest operating system OS 12.1. So sometimes features if you're using it older computer may not be exactly the same. At the very end of the presentation, I'll show some slides of additional resources, including LinkedIn learning, which is free from the library and which I did use for some of the research for this. So once again, I'm going to do this in real time. And I'll try to also slow down a bit. So as I said, photos is a free application and app that comes with your Macintosh computer. And I'll show you where you would find applications on your computer. So I have the dock hidden down here so I can have more desktop space.  And in case you're interested, I'll just show you how to do that. I'm going to go to system preferences. So you went to the Apple, can everybody see my like the cursor there and system preferences. And then let me see where it dock is. Here we go. Sorry, dock and menu bar. And I wonder if I can move this out of the way a bit. Can't. Okay. Dock and menu bar and automatically hide and show the dock. So if I uncheck that, the dock is always there, which is less confusing and handy. It's always there for you. But I do that so that I have more usable screen space.  And now I'm going to hopefully click that. Okay. So now I am going to go to... Oh, and then I was going to show you where applications live. So down here is the finder. I'm going to click on it once and brings up a bunch of things, but I'm going to click on applications, which I actually had moved to the top of the sidebar right over there, right over here. And then it has all the applications and also some of the utilities that are included on your Mac computer. So in this case, photos is right over here, but it's already in my dock. If you need to move something into the dock, all you would do is grab it. So here I'm going to grab photos and start bringing it down. And when I bring it to the dock, then I could find a spot where I'd like to place it in between two other icons and drop it and then it'll live there. I've already done that, so I'm not going to do it now. One of the things with photos is you can have multiple libraries, collections of photos. They call them libraries. So while I have the cursor on the icon, I'm going to hold down the option key, which is on the bottom left of the keyboard. And when I click, I'm going to get this menu, which gives me some choices. So there's already the standard library, which was automatically created, but you can create additional ones so that you can basically move them around or keep things organized. You might want to have one for work, one for home, family, or whatever. So in this case, I'm going to create a brand new one. So I'm going to go down to create new and I'm going to call it O snap to and I'm going to go V2 for version two. So I created one earlier. And it's automatically going to save it in the pictures folder. So I'm going to click OK. And now we have a brand new library. So now we have a brand new fresh library with no information in it. So I'm going to show a few ways of bringing images in for the first time. So I'm mostly going to make this window a little smaller so I can control it. Now notice it says connect a camera or memory card. Drag pictures directly into it. You can import using the file menu and you can also use iCloud. We're not going to use iCloud today, but I'll show the other three ways of bringing in photos. So here is a camera. In this case, it's a really nice Fuji camera. And it uses a memory card to store photos. So if I open this latch, normally there would be a memory card in there. I've already taken it out. I guess I'll put it back in to show you the experience. So here it is. I'm going to open it. And very often with the cameras, you'll click and that'll semi eject the cards that you can grab it. So I usually find that's the easiest way to get photos from a camera into the computer. And then if depending on what computer you have, some of them have a slot built into it already where you can insert the card and then bring the photos in. I'll show you an older MacBook over here. And this one has the slot right there on the side where you can insert right there where you can insert a memory card. There are also external devices such as this, which will read various memory cards right there. And I don't know if I can show you this. I have one a dongle attached to this computer, which lets me plug in the keyboard I have as well as memory cards. Another thing about memory cards. So this is a standard SD card, kind of a nice, fast one. Notice it's all one piece. These days there's a lot of, I guess, are they micro SD cards? I believe they're called. They're super small. So here I'm going to bring it up to the camera as best I can. And then you either have to put them in a slot in an adapter or you use this adapter, which is that standard size. And then you can bring it into the computer either through once again through a slot in the computer or through some adapter. I am going to place this card into an adapter right now and I'm going to minimize this again. And we'll see that it's looking to bring in all these photos. I'm going to close it. I'm just doing that so you can see how that works. And see on the desktop of the computer, it shows that this drive has been attached. I'm going to right click and eject it. But that's one way to make these visible onto your computer. I've already brought a few photos in and put them on the desktop. And I will now go back to photos. And I'm going to bring a few photos in. Okay. So once again, showed how you could connect a memory card. You can also, with some cameras, attach a cable and bring it in directly from the camera. I am going to bring in a sunrise from August 2020. And I'm just going to drag it in there. And it goes right up. I'm also going to bring in this folder, which says Christmas Tree Civic Center. I'm going to open the folder in this case. I double clicked. And I can see the photo. The same thing. I'm going to drag it and release it onto the actual program onto, and it's now in the library of the Photos app. Now I am going to go to File and Import. And now I'm going to click on the desktop where all these folders are.  I double clicked and then it brought in a photo of the fire boat. If I go back to my library, I should be able to see. In this case, it's given me a choice to think about it. Like I might have opened up a folder with a 10, 20 photos. I may not want them all. But I do want this. And if I had multiple photos, then these import selected would actually be highlighted. It would be active. And I could select different photos and bring them in. So right now I'm going to click on Import New Photo. And so now that is in the library. Now I'm going to show you something else, which can come very much in handy. I'm going to show another way to bring photos and other items into your computer. And here is my iPhone. And I am going to pick a photo. I'm going to pick one that I took this morning of sunrise in San Francisco. And there is a little icon on the bottom that looks like a square with an arrow. I am going to hit that. And that's the universal for the Mac share button. So I did that. And now I'm going to hit the AirDrop icon down there. And we're going to see that icon again. And now it's going to look for other Apple devices, which also have AirDrop activated. And the name of this computer is Bridges Mac Pro. So it popped up. Photo, share, AirDrop, MacBook Pro. There we go. So and when you have this, you can actually decline because maybe someone is reaching out to you with whom you don't want to connect. You can decline it or you can click on Accept and then you have options. You can save it to the Downloads folder or you can open it directly into photos. So in this case, I'm going to open it up directly in photos and click Open in Photos. And let's see. And then now we have a new sunrise photo right there that was taken this morning. Those are some ways of bringing photos into photos. Now I'm going to minimize this for a second. One of the things I picked up in doing this research, one of the instructors on LinkedIn Learning said that you should really have a, as minimally distracting a space as possible when you're doing photo editing. But he's pretty serious about stuff. He was talking about having gray walls and things like that. But he mentioned the desktop and that having lots of colors on the desktop could skew how you adjust your photos. So I'm going to show you how to change the desktop background, which is a handy thing to know how to do anyway. So I'm going to right click on the desktop. And then one of my options is Change Desktop Background. And here we are on desktop. And I'm going to go down to the one over here where it has colors. And I'm going to pick this kind of darkish gray, like a middle gray, I think. And now I'm just going to close that. So now instead of having that rather beautiful and colorful background, I have a non-distracting gray background. I often do that with my computer anyway, and maybe just have a fun picture kind of in the center. And go back to photos. Okay. So we have some photos in here. And I think I'm also going to drag another thing in. I'm going to drag pizza in. Okay. So I'm going back to the library. Okay. So, Brian, on your screen, you have a label that says JPEG and RAW. They're showing as a label. Can you kind of explain that? And does that kind of mean that there are two copies of this photo in your library, one in each format? Yes. And when we get to editing, we're going to do a little bit more with that. But a JPEG is the perhaps the most popular common format for images and for particularly photos. And one of the things that's nice about it, Cypher and being universal, is that it also is very compact. And it basically gets rid of a lot of information, basically the things that your eye can't see. So, for the most part, we wouldn't notice it. But a RAW file has a lot more information. It's much larger file, but it hasn't thrown that information away. It's captured a whole bunch. So when it comes time to editing a photo, having a RAW file is much handier. And when we get into the editing, I'm going to move back and forth between a JPEG and a RAW and see if we can see some differences in that. Okay. So we're in the library. And part of the way also that this program works is there are albums and there are folders. And basically folders are just where you can store albums. And I'll show that. Well here, I'm going to create an album. I'm going to go over here and notice I hit that little triangle. And I have my albums. I'm going to click and create a new one. Or rather, I'm going to click and it's going to meet some options. So the first one I'm going to do is album. And I'm going to call it sunrises. And I'm going to go back to library. And I'm going to drag this one in there and this one in there. So now they both are in there. So it's a way of me keeping track of things by creating an album. If I wanted to create a folder, I'm going to go up to file and do new folder. And I'm just going to click that. I'm going to call it one test. Now under, I'm going to go back to library. And just so you know, if I were to drag this photo into the test folder, it's going, it should have created an album out of that. So folders are designed to help you organize your albums. And so you're going to always have an album within the folder if you're working with a folder. Now, another thing about organization, this is creating a smart album. So I'm going to, I'm going to do a click over here. And I'm now going to create a smart album. And this is something where you can give it criteria and it can sort for you and be able to organize. So I'm going to call this one favorite sunsets. So first thing is there's all this search criteria. So I'm going to go photo is a favorite. Now I'm going to click the plus sign over here. And I'm going to give it a different criteria. Photo is raw, say, which is that special format. And I'm going to do another one and say camera model is, and it should know the cameras that I've been using through the metadata that came in there. So I'm going to say in this case from the Fuji, which is X100F. So now I'm going to click okay. And now let's see if there's anything in there. So nothing. So now I'm going to go back to sunrises folder and I'm going to make this one a favorite. So now if I go back to favorite sunsets, it has something in there because it hit that criteria. Now if I go back to favorite sunsets and do edit and change it from camera model is the iPhone and click okay. Then that goes away because I don't have one that meets all that criteria. So I'm going to go back to sunrises and I'm going to make this one a favorite. This one I took with my phone this morning. And now if we go back to favorite sunsets, okay sunrises. Oh and I said sunsets. I meant to say sunrises, right? Okay. Favorite sunrises. So what did I not do right with this one? So I'm going to go back to favorite sunrises. Now I'm going to edit and I'm going to check the criteria and see where I went wrong. So it's a favorite. Ah, it's not a raw file because I took it on my iPhone which is not set for that. So I'm going to say photo is a live photo because it probably is which is a photo generally has taken with your iPhone that has a few seconds of video in the front and the end of it. So let's see if it is that. And I'm going to click on favorite sunrises. Nope. So I'm going to go back to favorite sunrises edit smart album again and I'm going to pick a criteria that is going to meet. So I am going to make it. I'm going to, I'm going to take that criteria away. So now with photo is a favorite and the camera model is an iPhone 12 pro. Now I'm going to click okay and let's see if that worked. Okay. So now it hit the right criteria for it to be in the smart album. So I hope that makes sense. It's a way for you to be able to create specific albums based on criteria. I'm going to go back to library. Let's do a little editing. So I am going to pick this one. Okay. So I double clicked on it to get into an editing screen or to view it full size rather. If I want to do editing specifically, if I click on the edit button, all of a sudden we have tons of options. So I thought what we do is go through some of this and see how it affects a photo. Now we were talking about jpeg and raw earlier. Notice how it does say up here jpeg and raw. If I right click using the mouse, I can tell it to use either the raw file in this case as the original that we'll be working on or it can use the jpeg as the original. So it is the jpeg at the moment because it's giving me the option to choose raw. So I'm going to go to use raw as original. So this is the version that should have the most information in it and should be the most editable. Now I'm going to go through some of the options we have along the top here. First one is being able to zoom in and out. So that can be super handy, right?  So you zoom in so you're working in a closer space. Filters.  I'm going to go back to normal size and I'm going to hit each one and you can just see how it affects it. So this is the original one. So here and this by the way is a sunrise once again in San Francisco looking out towards the East Bay, not towards Oakland area. So I'm going to click on vivid now. Let's see what it does to it. Now here's a really handy thing I picked up in one of the online courses I was looking at is if you hold the M key down, it toggles back and forth between the master original copy and the version where you're making edits now. So if I hold the M key down, this is the way the original file looks and now it is showing it with the vivid filter applied. You can also go up here on the upper left and hold that down to do it. So you can either use the mouse to do it this way or the M key on your keyboard to toggle back and forth to see how you're doing. So now I'm going to go to vivid warm. You can also adjust. I think this is fairly new. I think the older filters didn't have this option but you can actually adjust, you can dial in each filter's effectiveness. So I'm going to go all the way back to 100 and now I'm going to go back to 50% and then maybe 25% just to see the effect. So it's just the M key on your keyboard. It's a simple thing. No, you don't have to hold down any kind of modifier key or anything. Just holding down the M key will toggle back and forth between the original, the master image, and the version you're working on currently. And it's the same thing over here on the upper left where you have these two screen images. And there I'm doing it again. And now I'm going to go to vivid cool. And basically we're just going to spin through this and you can on your own go through all these settings yourself and see what you like and get a sense for what your taste is in doing this. Another very important part of this is Apple Photos is what they call non-destructive. They keep an original copy effectively. They have all the original data of the file that you bring in. So you can always click to this one over here. See I says revert to original. So if I click on that, it goes back to the original one. And you can also always export from Apple Photos the original file if you like. So you can go to town and not really worry. You can always go back to the original. Sometimes you'll want to work from a copy because then you can see multiple versions next to each other and you don't have to revert to the original. You can keep working on the copy version. And since it's doing it all by software trickery, it doesn't take up a lot of space. If you create a copy, it's not making another huge file. It's basically referencing the original one and making those changes and viewing it to you. So I hope that's clear here. Okay, vivid cool. And now I'm just going to use the arrow key on my keyboard to go down. Well, okay, that was not a good idea. I'm going to go back to, I thought that would work, but that actually moved me to another photo. So I am now going to click on done and go back here and go back to this one again. Here we go. So I am now going to click on edit again to bring up all these choices. And I'm going to go back to filters. And I'm going to quickly click, not use the down arrow, which would bring me to another photo. Okay, dramatic warm. Actually, that looks kind of nice. And I'm going to dial it down a bit. Dramatic cool. Mono. So this now made it a black and white photo. Silver tone. And noir. As in film noir, I guess. Something that will come up often is cropping. So I'm going to click over here on crop. Sometimes you'll have a photo, say that you took it in, it's at an odd angle, say it's like that. So when you're in the crop, you can grab this little triangle over here, and you can start adjusting it and getting it to where it is to your liking. And I'm going to basically bring it back to where it was. You can grab from the top and change, you can change all sorts of proportions on it. Now, by default, it uses free form, which lets you create this custom image the way you feel it should be. But that can get you in trouble if, say, you are going to go and then make a print of it, like a five by seven or eight by 10. The proportions may not be right. Or you're going to use it in an online news article or something. And that might not be the proportions that they want. So I'm going to click over here and go back to original.  This might be the proportions that you need. Or you're going to print it, like I said, you're going to make a five by seven print. So this is the proportion you want. Now that means a lot of my photo is not in that. So if you were going to do that, you would want to make sure you have it laid out the way you would like it. Also, sometimes image comes in and it's upside down or not the right way. So you can also flip it. So I'm going to click here. Oh, this way it's flipping it kind of left to right, like mirror image. So I'm going to go and move that back. I don't know if you can see my cursor over here. This is the one for flipping it like horizontal to vertical and keep going around. So sometimes you'll need to do that with a photo. So that's basically cropping. And I'm going to do refer to original. And now I am going to go to... I'm going to click done. And I am going to click edit again. And I'm going to click adjust. And now when you have it on adjust, this is where there's like kind of the payload of lots and lots of controls. So one thing that they tend to get recommended is that you use the auto enhance button. So it makes the computer is best guess at how the image should look. So I'm going to click on it and see what it did. So I am going to hit the M key again and go back. And I actually prefer the original in this case myself. I think you made it too light. But there's a slider here. So I can adjust it. And I can also turn it off. And it still holds that setting so I could come back to it and say, oh yeah. And I could also click auto here for it to make its best guess. I'm going to go to revert to original again. Now I'm going to go through these controls here, brilliance exposure, etc. And we'll see what kind of effects it has on the image. So I'm going to start to the right, increasing the brilliance. And then I'm going to start going down to the other side and see how much darker it's getting. Exposure, sometimes something just needs a little bit, you know, more brightened up a little bit or darkened a bit. Highlights, this can come in handy. So it's going to affect like that area right there in the center, primarily. And in this case, bringing down the highlights, I think works pretty well because it was a little blown out over here. So I'm going to click revert to original again. And we'll see that. So I'm going to do highlights and bringing that down a bit. Shadows, I've used that a lot sometimes in photos taken kind of indoors. I just need a little brightening up. Here we go. I'm going to go quickly through the sliders. And once again, once you see these are here, you can play around yourself and see what effects and dial it in the way you like. Like I said, they recommend often that you use the auto enhanced tool first. And you can see it makes all these adjustments. And you can see them here. And then you can dial it in yourself. So it gets you on the ballpark. But I'm going to click back to a virtual original. I'm now going to go to the color. Let's see what we got on this. Slide it back and forth so I could remove all the color effectively making it black and white.  So I've done that a lot with photos. Some photos really look beautiful when they've transformed to black and white. These looks actually quite nice. So I'm going to turn that off. Retouch. I don't think we're going to have to retouch anything in this one. Maybe I'll see that on another photo. There's a red eye thing here. If you take photos and you use flash, very often you'll see there's, you know, in the center of the pupil of the eye, there's a red eye. If you just click on that, it'll automatically find it and change it. And if it doesn't do that, then you can click on the brush over here and go and just brush it in yourself. The curve is kind of tricky. You can adjust the overall character of the photo through this. I'm going to turn that off again. Same. And then with the, this one with the levels, you can change the kind of the ratio of like light to dark. That's the best way I understand it. But just a subtle thing like this can improve the photo. And this one, this is interesting, the selective color. You can actually use a dropper and sample something and then make the changes to that. So I tried to sample this part of the sunrise. And now I'm going to click on saturation. And it should increase it there. So let's see if that worked. And I'm going to hit the M and see if that made it out the difference. Yeah. So I'm going to go revert to original. And I'm going to try that again. I'm going to use the dropper, do that. And now I'm going to go to saturation. So I think I want to bring it down a little bit. Let's see. And I'm going to check back with the original. It looks actually very similar. The small difference. Very small difference, huh? Yeah. So click there. I'm going to go luminescence again. Yeah, in this case, well, yeah, it's subtle, but actually it gets blown out a bit. So I think bringing it down, let's see. Now I'm going to go hit the M key again. Yeah, it's subtle, but there's a little more detail. And then if I want to zoom in a bit, we can see. Let's say I'm going to... So I basically use the slider to zoom in and then I grabbed it to move it up. And now we're going to... It might be zoom in even a little bit more. And let's see what the difference is. Okay. It's small, but it makes a difference. Okay.  I'm going to click done for this. So this is general editing of the photo. Like I said, you can spend time on your own now that you know where the things are going around with that. I'm also going to give you information on some of the tutorials you can do online. I'm going to click done, which is going to take me back out. And I'm in the library. And now as I can use the arrow keys now to go back and forth between these photos. Now, another thing that can be really handy in organizing is making something a favor. So say you're someone you've got, you know, hundreds and hundreds of photos, but hopefully it is not... Well, you know, like it's hopefully they're all great photos that you want to make favorites. But you probably want to have narrow some downs saying, oh, these are the key photos that I might want to print or I want to work on. And an easy way to do that is as you're moving through them and kind of scanning them and doing kind of what they call like triage, you can... I'm using the arrow key to move to the pizza shot. If you hit the period, it'll make it a favorite. So do you see down here in the bottom left, there's a little heart. So you can either click on that and you can make it a favorite. You can de-favor it or make it a favorite. And you can also do that with the period. That's all this, the period key, just like the M key, the period key. And that could be really great if you're moving through lots of photos. So I'm going to make this a favorite. I'm going to make this a favorite. They're all favorites. I love them all. Well, there's another trick. I'm going to go back into a photo. I'm going to go into this one, the tugboat with a rainbow. I'm going to go to edit and let's see if this works. I'm on brilliance. So it goes to there to one point. If I hold the option key, yep, if I hold the option key down, it actually gives you more choices.  It's like a spinal tap and going to 11, but for real. So if you're using the sliders and you're just not getting enough of an effect, you can hold down once again the option key and then you'll have an increased range above and under. So now I'm going to click revert to original and done. That's one worth also making a note of. I'm going to go back to this photo again and I'm going to make some adjustments and click edit again. This is something, another thing that I came across that seems handy. Like say, I'm going to just make some changes to this and decide that this is the way I like it. That this is a great adjustment for this. And I have several other photos that are similar and I would like to have the same adjustments by one. I could do it painstakingly each time. You can right click. So once again, you know, using I'm using a mouse. So I'm using the right click button. And one of your options is copy adjustments. So now I'm going to click done. I'm going to go back to the library and I'm going to apply it to this one. So I'm going to go into edit and I'm going to paste adjustments. So it didn't make much of a change. I'm going to hit the M key, but it made some change. So it's something that can be handy, but you obviously wouldn't, you know, use it on lots of different types of photos that you wouldn't want the same adjustments for. So I'm going to now go back to revert to original, click done and go back. I think I want to make sure this one goes revert to original also. So you can also do it from here. I'm right clicking and I'm going to do revert to original right there. Question that came up in the previous class was, can you do selective editing like you can, like in Photoshop or something like that? And you can't really work on separate and have different areas within photos. There's a lot of adjustments in here, but not that you can make some adjustments to the tonal values in different sections using the, these ones like the curves and levels. I think you can have a little, you can be a little selective in some of the areas, but overall you can't just pick an area and work only on that. That's just one feature it doesn't have. But there are programs and this is worth noting that do have those features. You can actually get plugins, but you'd have to pay money for them that will increase the abilities of photos, but you'll still be working within photos and be able to use its organizational tools and still be able to do, say, use iCloud to do backups. So there is a lot of benefit to keeping things within photos if you like working in this world. Vert original and and let me find where we can get to that. Oh, there's nothing I didn't mention. There is an information area and you can have that and keep that on and keep it up over here and then you'll know all this detailed information about the photo, you know, the exposure, the f-stop, what camera was used, etc. The other thing which I neglected to mention is using the help menu. So here, so say I'm going to go to help search. I'm going to actually go to photos help and this guide is actually pretty impressive. They have a lot of information in here and you can open up in your browser and you can search for lots of detail. Now I was going to show something else in the preview app that might be interesting. So I'm going to close photos for a minute, quit photos and I am going to go to the pizza photo again and I'm going to open it up generally when you're on your Mac and you double click on an image it'll open up preview and so here's something I'm going to make this a little smaller so I can move it to me so I can move it over here. If you click on the icon over here for markup, I think it is right, and you get a new choice over here on the left, one of which is smart lasso. So I am now going to trace along the edges of this and I'm going to be able to copy it and make it an outline of it. So here I'm going to start over here and the idea is that you do your best to keep along the edges. Now one thing about this is it does an okay job, it's not perfect. Some of the other programs like if you're using Photoshop or the plugins from some of the other apps because I saw a demonstration of that where they get it perfect but notice I'm just basically going along trying to get all the edges of the pizza and I'm in smart lasso not regular lasso so I know I missed a little edge there. So here we go and this can come in handy and can be fun so here we go. So I completed it now you can see I didn't get it quite perfect but you know close I'm going to go to edit and copy. So now it's in the clipboard, the memory of the computer. I'm going to go file new from clipboard and now I have an image of it just isolated and I'm just going to go and I'm going to save that and go pizza. I'm going to save it on the desktop but once you have that like say I don't know so let's see I'm going to go and go to the Christmas tree. I should be able to edit and paste it in there and also be able to grab it. I'm grabbing it by the corner so that when I reduce the size it stays in proportion. So I don't know you might come up with some hijinks where you're going to copy someone's head or you know get a drink or something and and put it somewhere in a photo but that is one way that you could use the free preview app on your Mac to do such a thing. So the other example would be I'm going to open up the Bernie with Mittens folder. So everybody imagine remembers that when that was you know a meme and all over the place but basically that is you know they just did a better version of that so I'm going to go do that with Bernie now from this photo I got from the web. So I am going to I'm going to make him a little smaller so I can get it all on the screen well enough for myself. Here we go okay and I'm clicking on this icon over here which brought up this icon over here and I'm going to go to smart lasso and I tried it earlier and it missed the hair up here but we'll see I'm going to try it. It's basically I think looking for things that are sharp delineations and color and texture so but I'm going to go I'm going to go a little fast so don't bore you and get most of the chair we don't need to get all of it. I'm going to go sweep right around there okay so once again this isn't going to be perfect but this is just an example of how you could do your own Bernie one so I'm going to go edit copy and now I'm going to see this I'm going to get rid of that one watch I'm moving over here and see if Bernie is going to go and visit us here at Civic Center so anyway so a little little fun a little hijinks but you and also if you didn't know you can use the preview app to create your own signature that you can use for like when you're doing online PDF documents and the like. Another thing you can do easily in preview and you can also do it in photos is you can add text to something and that comes up handy sometimes so I'm going to go to tools, annotate and I'm going to go to text and it's hard to see but it put a text box right here and I'm going to go Bernie in Mittens and I'm going to put the cursor back over it and hope that can get it to where it turns into a hand and then I can move it around and in this case black text on white works if you double click you should be able to see um you can oh if I go over here I can also make different choices in font and color and size of the font so that also can come in handy sometimes you may need to annotate a photo or if you're a photographer you may want to put you know photo by in the bottom or if you want to once again create your own meme so you you have something funny to say to go along with an image this is how you could do it and then you'd go you know file and save and then it would be in part of that image okay and I'm going to go back to photos and also show how you can add text there since that might come up for you so edit and over here where the three dots are one of them is markup and then there's some new choices in here one of which is text I'm going to try it on a different image just to see if there's something about this one click done and go over here I guess we'll go to pizza and I'm going to go to edit the three dots so go to this box over here with the a that creates a text box and then you can go tasty pizza and then I think if I want to change it that's where I'll find the adjustments so now I can make it you know I don't know green and larger so okay so if for any reason you want to be able to put text boxes in your photos while in photos this is how you could do it okay I'm going to close that photos quit so here is a an example of a free class that you can take online through San Francisco Public Library on LinkedIn learning it used to be called Linda.com but now it's LinkedIn learning you can just go to our website you go in with your library card and pin and you can immediately start searching for and taking classes on a lot of different subjects so I found this one if I click on it it should open up the actual class here we go so here's just a little sample of someone who is a true expert in this subject with so much detail so if you're really interested in learning at the most out of photos I would suggest taking this class and also you can do a lot of other searching on YouTube but here I'm just gonna play a few seconds so you get a sense of what it's like. In order to make the most effective adjustments to your images it's a good idea to have a proper working environment now we're on a set today with a lot okay and notice there's lots of different subjects as you choose to work with images there's really a big highlights as well as contrast see you see that and one of the benefits of this is you can just um you take your time you move at your own pace you can pause you can rewind so I think this would be an excellent follow-up to our class today this one is from Udemy so Udemy is another free service from the library tons of great free video classes or classes taught virtually by video didn't find a lot for the Mac Photos app when you search for Mac photos you get all sorts of things including like Photoshop and other things but I noticed that in this one they had this subsection on what is Mac photos and in a whole editing section so it's a larger lecture 24 hours but they have a section on using Mac photos so that's Udemy also free San Francisco Public Library you do need to have a I think a Gmail or a Microsoft account that Udemy needs that for it to work you don't need that for LinkedIn and then also here is just a screenshot of having done a search in YouTube for different courses on that and there is a lot of great information there by different people this guy Joel Feld seemed to do quite a good job very understandable well thank you everybody I hope that was helpful it was interesting for me


BAT You are always on TV, on your bad days the days you can't watch there are days you can't watch the their dad is 2 days on arol no The meals are different You can imagine that you are not in the mood at times people are not in the mood while they are in between we are seeking peer phoas in real life k yardam. She is not a new face to you guys,調uwa, Lara Some Hai Godi, one minute Hai How are you? Thank you Thank you Inakafani It's okay to know who will shoot Yes, I will shoot You just for five minutes of your time ask you some question See personal though See personal Ukitembe akwa streets when people notice you What is the first thing they say? One say mawa pi rashid I rashid on Olysia Ya, one say malu na tembe peki akwa so amused to that Even me ask, what's the worst job you've done? Worst job Akuna I enjoy zote lulu Zote ni mi enjoy Akuna job bambayu Kuna job muntuna isafanya You didn't enjoy As much as you do media right now No, not really I've enjoyed everything From promotions Nileza na promotions Right now I'm doing productions I've enjoyed everything You're an iconic woman Yes, you are When you're not working Nininu na enjoy kufanya Kustey indoors With my babies We watch TV And then we move in on Saturdays So we spend more time Speaking on family What mill do you enjoy Preparing them the most? Pilau They love pilau Pilau Junk on a panda is a bargain of fries Did you make them for them? I make pilau mostly Yes Are you a morning person A morning person You don't function only in the evening No, in the evening I'd rather Ni jifungi kwa room To warn the movies Amma we do something indoors Misim toktok en jyosuku siyuku You're always on TV On your bad days The days unam kuna skia It's today's not the day How do you deal with that? Fun enough TV kwa is different As much as you're not in the mood We fall sick And we're stepping Somehow I don't know what happens But when you're on the screen You have energy And then immediately You're in a hurry When you're at home You have a fever You can ask anyone If you just put up a breath Yeah, calligraph on your shinski As takibif Like the music Which one do you listen to most? Nyash Cengraf labdao Rashid Yes If you were to repeat either of these series Which one will you watch over and over again Maria or Zora Both No, imagine both Zotezi kwa na audienswa ke imagine Actually, it's my preference Kwa zote niwa angu Niki se ma moja nginata skip by mingide But me I think Kwa kusawa wote Do you ever respond to trolls on social media? Nakumbukan me kwa trolled really Maybe one comment or two I do respond, but in a good way Like in the end, tuna elewana Uta na kupenda sana lulu Last question What wear Nini niwezi Amma what wear do you Do you own the most? Nini ni kwa wardrobeia kwa konayo The most Is it watches? Is it coloreds? Funny enough trousers Me nintu a jeans Me have never seen in jeans Kwa zi only see me kwa skri Yeah Thank you so much for your time It was that short I hope you enjoyed Yes, I did Hasan Limi a rashid for us I will So, I think Guys, that was Lulu Hasan And as per usual, like, share, subscribe to SPM Buzz Thank you


Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Panayan Grammar. We continue to study the Ach Sandhi or the Vaubel Sandhi. We said that the Ach Sandhi is classified under two broad categories, the first one being Ekasthanika Ekadesha, meaning thereby that one substitute Ekadesha coming in place of one sthani, one substituent, one substituent, one substitute and the other category would be Dvisthhanika Ekadesha, one substitute in place of two substituents. Currently we are studying the instances of Ekasthanika Ekadesha and the first instance namely the Yand Sandhi is what we are concentrated on and what we have been studying for a few lectures now in detail. This Ekasthanika Ekadesha can be diagrammatically represented like this. If you have A in close proximity with B which means that you have A plus B as an input, B is the right hand side environment and they are in the Samhita mode and so A gets substituted by C. A plus B is the input and C plus B is the output, A is the substituent, C is the substitute, A is the sthani, C is the aadesha. This type of Ach Sandhi is stated in the Sutras 6172 onwards up to 6183 and we are studying Yand Sandhi which is the first instance of this particular type of Sandhi. We have studied Yand Sandhi in detail now. First we studied the Sutra Ekoyanachi 6177 which states the Yand Sandhi. We then looked at its meaning. We then introduced the Udeshya Vidhayabhava and we also studied the Sutra Anudit Savaranasiya Chaapratya Yaha. Then we looked at the criterion which allows Panangian grammar to select a particular substitute in place of the substituents. After that we studied individual examples of all vowels included in the Pratyahara Ek in different, different environments. We have also studied how Yand Sandhi becomes an input to the Swara operations and we studied in the previous lecture two important Sutras in this regard. Udattayano Halpurvath 61174 and Udattasvaritayohiyanaha Swarithonudattasya 824. Now in this lecture we shall study some more important aspects related to Yand Sandhi. We will take a look at the discussion that goes on with reference to this Yand Sandhi. What we will deal with in this lecture primarily is Sthanivadbhava. What are the basics of Sthanivadbhava? Sandhi, as we have already studied, is an Aadesha or a substitute which comes in place of a substituent. So we have two steps. The first step consists of a substituent and an environment. The second step consists of the substitute plus the environment in the current scenario. Now this substitute can be like a substituent that is what will ensure the continuity of the derivation process as well. What we mean is that the substitute can inherit some properties of the substituent. In Samskrit it is said Aadesha, Sthanivadbhavati. Aadesha inherits some properties of the substituent. Aadesha, Sthanivadbhavati. This is what is Sthanivadbhava in basics. If we apply the technique of Sthanivadbhava in the local situation that is 261.77 we note that Yan is the Sandhi which means that Yan is the Aadesha and this Aadesha has taken place in place of Ik. So Ik is the Sthani. Yan is the Aadesha and Ik is the Sthani. So by applying the technique of Sthanivadbhava we can say that Yan can inherit some properties of Ik. Yan can inherit some properties of Ik. Let us in brief study the sutra in the text of Ashtadhyayi which teaches Sthanivadbhava and the sutra is Sthanivad Aadesha Analvidhav 1156. What this sutra says is that the substitute acts like the substituent except in operations which are based on the individual sound or al. That is a phoneme. What it means is that the substitute inherits the properties of the substituent except the ones which are phonological. I repeat the substitute inherits the properties of the substituent except the ones which are phonological. The idea of Sthanivadbhava is also explained in the Panayan grammatical tradition by a common example which says Guruvat, Guruputre, Vartitavyam which we have converted into a modern sentence kula guruvat upakula gurau vartitavyam. So, because the vice chancellor of a university has to go out of campus for some particular reason the pro-vice chancellor the second in command should be treated like the vice chancellor which means that the second in command will inherit the properties of the vice chancellor. Of course, the acting vice chancellor cannot sign like a vice chancellor. So, there are some properties which cannot be inherited but there are some which are inherited. Something similar is happening in case of Sthanivadbhava as well. The phonological properties cannot be inherited but the other properties can be inherited. The technique of Sthanivadbhava is so popular within the Panayan grammatical tradition that Kalidasa a very famous poet of Sanskrit used Sthanivadbhava as a standard of comparison in one of his Mahakabhiyas. So, when he described that Rama after having slayed Bali made Sugriva ascend the throne Kalidasa describes this particular situation in a peculiar manner by saying that just as a grammarian would substitute a verbal root by some other element in a given environment in the same manner Rama substituted Sugriva in place of Bali on the kingdom of Kishkindha on the throne of Kishkindha. This is the popularity of the technique of Sthanivadbhava. Now, let us see how the Sthanivadbhava is applied to the Yen Sandhi and the Sutra Ekoyanachi. So, we have already noted that ik is the Sthani and Yen is the Adesha and Yen can inherit some properties of ik. So, here we have a compound Sudhi plus Upasya and because this is a compound that the Samhita is obligatory. So, the Sandhi is obligatory. So, this long E and this U, Sudhi, E and U Upasya these two vowels come in Samhita mode in close proximity and so then 6177 applies and the output generated is Yen in place of E. So, we have Sudhi and Upasya which is Sudhi Upasya. Now, the properties that this Yen which is a substitute can inherit from E are like this, ik is part of the Purva Pada. So, this E is part of the Purva Pada. Similarly, the substitute Yen inherits this property and becomes a part of the Purva Pada. So, because of that this Yen comes at the end of the Pada because of which certain operations happen which we shall discuss later on in this particular lecture. So, this Yen is part of the Purva Pada. Why? Because it is substituent E is part of the Purva Pada. This property can be inherited by applying the technique of Sthanivadbhava. Now, what is Analwidhau? So, Analwidhau says that it is not possible to term Yen as ik. This is not possible. It is not possible to term Yen as E. E is a vowel and Yen is a consonant. So, the property of being a vowel cannot be inherited by Yen which is a consonant. This is a direct conflict and that is not allowed. Now, property of being a vowel is a property which is based on the individual property of the individual sound. It is an al-vidhi and hence Sthanivadbhava does not apply. That is the overall impact of Analwidhau. So, Sthanivadbhava does not apply in case of an al-vidhi. Except al-vidhi, Sthanivadbhava can apply. Just as E is part of the Purva Pada, Yen also is part of the Purva Pada. So, if Sthanivadbhava is accepted or not accepted, which function is going to get affected? Let us study that now. So, here we have Sudhi Upasya once again as an input and Sudhi Upasya as an output. Now, in this output, we have following sequence of sounds written over here. C stands for consonant, V stands for a vowel. So, C, V, C and C. Sir is a consonant, U is a vowel, Dha is a consonant and here is a consonant. In this sequence, U is the left-hand side environment and here is the right-hand side environment and in this environment, Dha can get optionally duplicated by 8447. So, this Dha becomes the scope of application of 8447, where U acting as the left-hand side environment and here acting as the right-hand side environment fulfill the conditions for the application of 8447 and then we have Dha being reduplicated optionally. This is the function which can be affected by the Sthanivadbhava. Let us therefore, in order to understand clearly, study the Sutra Anarchicha in brief. The meaning of Anarchicha is the following, Acha Parasya Yaro Dve Vastah Nattvachi. I repeat, Acha Parasya Yaro Dve Vastah Nattvachi. What it means is, the sound included in the Pratyahara Yara is optionally reduplicated when it comes immediately after a vowel and when it is not immediately followed by a vowel. So, for example, when you have Acha followed by Yara followed by non-Acha. What it means is that this is the condition for 8447 to apply and reduplicate Yara. What do we mean by non-Acha is made clear in these two bullets. So, if you have Acha followed by Yara and followed by Hal, Hal is a non-Acha. So, in this case, Yara will get reduplicated as a result of the application of 8447. Similarly, if you have a situation like Acha followed by Yara, that is all. Nothing follows. When nothing follows, it means that Acha does not follow. So, even in this case, this Yara can get reduplicated by 8447. Now, in both the cases, the output we get is the following. So, if you have Acha followed by Yara followed by Hal, if this is the input, the output would be Acha followed by Yara followed by Yara plus Hal. This is the reduplication of Yara in this environment. Or if you have Acha followed by Yara as the input, the output would be Acha followed by Yara followed by Yara. Once again, the reduplication of Yara. Now, in the case that we are studying right now, where Sudhya is the Purva Pada, we have Sir, then U which is an Acha, then we have Dha, which is a Yara, and then we have Yara which is a Hal, which means that this bracket is exactly replicating this particular sequence, Acha, Yara, Hal. This previous Sir does not matter in this case. So, U, Dha, Yara, they are this Acha, Yara, and Hal. And so, 8447 would apply here and generate the output optionally as Sir, U, Dha, Dha, Yara. Sir, U, Dha, Dha, Yara. So, Dha gets optionally re-duplicated. But if Sthanimad Bhava is applied and Yara is considered as Iq, so you have Sir, U, Dha, Yara, and now this Yara is a Hal. But if you apply Sthanimad Bhava and consider this Yara as Iq, which is a Vaval. So, Yara will be considered as I, that means Yara will be considered a Vaval. And so now, Acha followed by Yara followed by Hal, this will not get fulfilled. And so, the re-duplication of Yara in this case of Dha cannot be done, because this Yara now is considered as a Vaval. So, Acha plus Yara plus Hal, this situation, this condition, this environment remains unfulfilled. Now, you have Acha followed by Yara followed by Acha. How does Acha come here? Because of Sthanimad Bhava. So, if Sthanimad Bhava is applied, then the re-duplication is negatively affected. Now, comes the term Analvithau once again and plays a crucial role and plays a crucial role in this situation. Considering Yara as Iq and then basing the re-duplication operation on the phonological property of an individual sound is Analvithau. And the Sthanimad Bhava is negated with reference to the Alvithi by the Sutra Sthanimad Adesho Analvithau. So, Sthanimad Bhava is negated with reference to any Alvithi. And hence now, Yen cannot be considered as Iq. And the result is the fulfillment of the environment of Anachitra. So, we have Acha immediately followed by Yara, immediately followed by Hal. So, we have Sir Udha Yara. This is the Acha. This is the Yara. This is the Hal. There was a danger that this year be considered as I, like it is substituent. That means above all. But now Analvithau negates it. So, this year will not be considered above all. This will be considered what it is, namely a consonant. And so now, we will have Dha being re-duplicated. And the output would be Sir Udha Dha Yara. The re-duplicated form optionally. And so that is Dha Upasya or Dha Upasya. This will be the result because of the negation of the Sthanimad Bhava. And the final output would be So, Dha Dha Upasya. This would be the intermediary stage that is derived. Now Jhalaam Jajjhashi 8453 applies over here and substitutes Dha in place of the first Dha. So, now we have Soodha Dha Yara and Upasya. And so we get these two forms. Soodha Dha Yara Upasya, Soodh Dha Upasya or the optional non-re-duplication. So, you have Soodha U Upasya. So, Dha Upasya. These are the two forms that are finally generated. And in the derivation of these two forms, the Sthanimad Bhava plays a very crucial role. But the story does not end here. There are two more additional Sootras which we will not go into the details of right now. But we will just mention them over here. And they are Achak Parasmin Purva Vidhau 1157. So, this makes the matters complicated and this reinforces the Sthanimad Bhava. And says that Yen is considered as ick and the fulfillment of the environment of inner teacher does not happen and so the re-duplication does not happen. This is what is stated by Achak Parasmin Purva Vidhau, a very complicated Sootra which reinforces the Sthanimad Bhava in place of a vowel. But the next Sootra in line 1158 which reads This Sootra negates the Sthanimad Bhava that was reinforced by Achak Parasmin Purva Vidhau. And now Yen is not considered as ick and the fulfillment of the environment of inner teacher does not happen. And so the re-duplication does happen optionally. So, Sthanimad Adeshaha brings in the Sthanimad Bhava. Anal Vidhau negates the Sthanimad Bhava in the present case. Achak Parasmin Purva Vidhau reinforces the Sthanimad Bhava and Napa Danta finally negates it that is that. The Sthanimad Bhava stands cancelled as far as Soodhyopasya it is concerned and Yen is therefore not considered as ick. So inner teacher can apply and the re-duplication can have optional application. After a long discussion about Sthanimad Bhava and the Sootras therein, I would like to make a brief comment about this entire process, this entire discussion. And this comment is based in the tradition which says Kechit Brashtaha Soodhyopasya Prayogi. This statement describes the drop of students due to the complexity of the topic of Sthanimad Bhava. So in the text of Vaya Karuna Siddhantakamudi the most important chapter which begins as the third chapter namely Achsandhi consists of this example of Soodhyopasya and then there is a long discussion on the Sthanimad Bhava right at the beginning and some students who were very much eager to learn Vaya Karuna after having seen such complicated matters they dropped out. So the effect of this discussion was the dropping of the students and that is what is captured in this particular line Kechit Brashtaha Soodhyopasya Prayogi and the discussion on the Sthanimad Bhava. And of course this is one of the lines of the verse and then it also enumerates what are the other occasions in the Vaya Karuna Shastra where the students further get dropped due to the complexity of the matter. Now closing this discussion we would like to point out a gap in the discussion of the Yen Sandhi as found in the core text of Paninian grammar namely the Astadhyayi and this gap occurs because of the application of A223. A223 is Sanyo Gantasya Lopah. What it means is that the final consonant of a Kanjang consonant called Sanyoga in Paninian grammatical tradition at the end of a Pada is deleted. So in case of Soodhi and Upasya this is a compound therefore both these words they are the padhas. So this E comes at the end of a Pada and now we apply 6177 Eko Yarnachi and derive the output in the form of Soodhiya Upasya. Now this year comes at the end of a Purva Pada and this is also the second member of the Sanyoga Dha and year and so now A223 applies over here and this year will be deleted. So year comes at the end of a Pada and is also the final element of a Kanjang consonant and hence needs to be deleted. I mean just as this year is deleted similarly the other Yen's coming at the end of the Pada in this particular situation should also be deleted. What is the answer? There is no explicit answer given by Panini himself. The solution is provided by the Vartika Kara who says Yen The deletion of Yen at the end of a Pada coming at the end of a Kanjang consonant is prohibited. That is the statement that was made. This statement prohibits the deletion of year in Soodhiya and Upasya and so we get the forms Soodhiya Upasya or Soodhiya Upasya. So this year at the end of the Purva Pada is not deleted. So you have Soodhiya Upasya or Soodhiya Upasya. This is how the later Panini and grammatical tradition removes this particular gap by providing this particular solution in the form of a statement of a Vartika. To summarize this entire discussion on 6.177 we say that we studied the first instance of one substitute, one substitute end of Babel Sandhi in detail, quite a lot of detail. We studied 6.177 Eko Yarnachi and also its expanded meanings. We also studied its examples. We also studied how it becomes an input to the accent rules. Then we discussed the Sthanivatbhava and Eko Yarnachi. We also discussed the gap that is filled in by the later tradition of the Panimian grammar. This is in a nutshell the conclusion of the discussion on Eko Yarnachi the first instance. Now hereafter we would start discussing the second instance of this one substitute, one substitute end type of Babel Sandhi and that is a Yavayava Sandhi stated by the Sutra Eko Yavayavaha. This we shall begin from the next lecture. Thank you for your attention.


Money doesn't grow on trees. It's a tough economy. Money doesn't grow on trees. It grows on threes. Which is good. Because trees grow stuff that actually maintains its value. Luminous beings shall be not this crude matter. Yeah, at least for a few months or so.  The fear of loss is a path to the dark side. Maybe the government is picking the dollars of the proverbial dollar tree too early. Or maybe they're picking the leaves rather than the fruit.  Don't trust them. It'd be like the grocery store saying, hey, we've got some fresh pickings from the orange tree for everyone. Good news, everyone. Tomorrow you'll be making a delivery to Ebola 9, the virus planet. We're just gonna hand them out for free. Aren't these great orange tree leaves? Cookie. Not me, sir. Young lady. No, thank you. No, no, I was just offering him a young lady. And it's like, wait a second. Nobody wants the leaves from the orange tree?  Who's scruffy-looking? Where's the fruit? President Biden then turns into his angry Biden mode saying, am I going mad?  And you're like, but sir, this can't possibly work. Who's the more foolish, fool or the fool or fallazid? Biden responding, don't worry. All we have to do is keep outpacing reality indefinitely and we'll be fine. Look, he's right on top of us. Wonder fishes in the same wind we're using. Whoever he is, he's too late. Lefts of insanity! And it's like, but how are we gonna outpace reality forever? I mean, don't you need to sleep between lies?


This is the Hypothesis roadmap session and I'm Franny from the marketing team Hypothesis and my wonderful colleague Jeremy is here and Jeremy is going to be meeting this session. Just talk about hypothesis, where we've been, where we're going, that sort of thing.  Excited to be here, a big shout out to Franny and to Nate for the wonderful work they've done all week and pulling off this very engaging remote conference that we've all been party to. And thanks so much to all the speakers. I haven't been able to go to every section, a session, but there's been some really truly inspiring stuff. This is a session, short session on talking about the hypothesis roadmap, where we've been and where we're going. And I'll go ahead and get started. So it's been two years since we've done one of these, we did not have a conference last year, not even a remote one. So the last time that we had an eye annotate was in 2019. And a lot has happened since then. Obviously we've been hard at work, but there's also been a real I think shift or a deepening of focus at hypothesis in terms of really, the headline is that we really start to focus on annotation and education space over the past two years. It's true that since the beginning, educators have used hypothesis in the classroom. And since 2015, we've had a dedicated director of education building out that vertical, but it's really all in the past two years that the full force, the full focus of the company has been on education, including the engineering and product development resources. So this is our threefold vision for hypothesis and education. The first claim here should resonate with anybody who's used the tool inside or outside the classroom that social annotation is a way to more deeply engage with content that you are reading and with others who are reading the same content. But some of the other propositions for educators why this matters to teachers and why this matters institutions of education might be newer to folks who are using hypothesis outside of of that space. We've learned over the past couple years from educators that we've worked with that there's some radically new things about hypothesis social late social annotation. One of those is the visibility that social annotation provides to educators to learn more about where their students are at with their reading and understanding of course materials. But we also believe in we're learning from some of our bigger institutional partners. We have schools that are really using hypothesis at scale with enterprise agreements. We're learning that administrators outside of the classroom also gain a lot of insights around teaching and learning from the data that's produced by social annotation and namely they can see very early on if students are engaging in a course because of course one of the first things that students will do for a course is read. And this tool allows teachers and administrators to see that students have done the reading to see if they're engaged and possibly to intervene when they're not and use social annotation as a way to more deeply engage students and keep them enrolled. So the major gateway into the education space for those that are unfamiliar with it is the learning management system. And it was really just before our last in person meeting of I annotate in 2019 that we launched our integration with learning management systems through the learning technology interoperability standard stored by by IMS. For those that have been using hypothesis in the wild in our outside of a learning management system. Basically this integration allows for teachers and students to use the app without signing up for accounts without installing a browser extension. So it makes experience much more seamless for them and usable at a kind of scale where if you have 120 students in a semester you really can't chase them down and make sure they've signed up for something and installed a browser extension update of the browser extension etc. But the story of the last two years has really been about the extending and deepening of our integration with the LMS. We enable instructors to store documents for annotation in Google Drive. That was one of the first things we added to the app. We also integrate with Canvas SpeedGrader as well as the grade books in other LMSs. This allows teachers to grade annotation sets by students. We've integrated with the Canvas file system so that PDFs and other documents can be stored there. We introduced the Canvas sections integration allowing for smaller group annotation. You might have a course of 100 students but you're reading a short poem and you really just want 10 students on that poem annotating together. You can now divide that larger course roster into smaller sections as you would expect to see in a university structure of a course. Instructors can copy courses year to year or semester to semester so that the same content and the same sort of assignments with hypothesis are there from the previous semester for teaching the same course. One of the stuff is a little wonky. We work with scoped dev keys in Canvas which is basically just a way to limit the power that hypothesis has or that the data that hypothesis has access to within the LMS. Why that's important is that one of the things that hypothesis has stayed true to over its years starting in open source is that we're really limited in the data that we gather from our users, from students and from institutions. We really try to tread carefully there and the scope dev keys is just a way that schools can say or a hypothesis has access to this and not other stuff. Certainly one of the other big headlines that over the past couple years is our adherence to WCAG 2.0 AA compliance. Thanks to Nate and to Caitlin and now to Matt and others at hypothesis. The dedication to accessibility at hypothesis really goes well beyond the box ticking of compliance with WCAG standards. We have met that compliance but we also continue to work very closely with institutions and with individuals around where things aren't working as well as they could and just making the tool universally accessible to all regardless of whether that's a a criteria of standards or just a lived experience of the user. We have IMS LTI 1.1 certification which is about to expire. We'll talk about that in a second. Just in the past few months we released an activity views feature for the LMS. Those have that have moved in between the LMS and the wild app as I call it. We'll notice there's sometimes differences and capabilities that are outside of the LMS that aren't possible in LMS yet and so we're slowly bringing parity to the LMS app and now we have an activity views space called notebook in the LMS app. And then one neat thing that's happened sort of outside of the normal development cycle thanks to John Udell is some early experimentation in administrator and instructor dashboards. Anybody that's working within the LMS who hasn't seen this teacher or or administrator I highly recommend getting in touch. They are a prototype so they are behind some authentication that we need to work with you to gain access to but this is the early exploration of how annotation data can be surfaced to students instructors and administrators in a very powerful way and this is not a very powerful slide but this is what the dashboards look like at the top level and you can just see that John very much in partnership with users. John is talking to administrators and to instructors about well what do you want to see what's interesting about the basic activity that's being done by your students with annotation by UN your students with annotation and he started to surface some of those data points so you can see here you know there's going to be some raw top level numbers how many annotations is so and so made how many annotations per day how many annotations on a document but also some really you know deep interesting dives into things like conversationality right how healthy is the conversation in the course right how often are tags being used different annotation types private annotations replies top level annotations how often are images or video used in annotations you can see here he has a section on confusion surprise and lack of understanding a lot of data points around questions and how many questions are asked how many how often are those answered and by whom are they asked and who is answered given by we can see things like the teacher is really answering a lot of student questions so we can see teacher presence in the data we can also see peer to peer connection through ways that students are responding to each other this is very valuable in terms of our conversation with partners about well why is the tool valuable how are we seeing it being used so shout out to John for that shout out I think it is actually sorry I'm excited to be able to announce publicly I think for the first time two brand new releases two of the biggest requests certainly canvas groups is one of the biggest requests this idea that you want students to be annotating in smaller groups and one mechanism in canvas is their you know capital G groups functionality so our integration with canvas groups is something brand new many don't know about that I don't think it's been said publicly and the other one is blackboard files the ability to host content within blackboard rather than in google or other places or on the web so if you're from a blackboard institution or a canvas institution we will be reaching out next week but please do do reach out to us and let us know we can get you started you know soon as possible this is what the canvas groups feature looks like it just allows you as this would be an instructor's view of a document that was being read and annotated by different smaller cohorts within a larger course roster and the instructor would be able to go in and see group ones annotations and then switch to see group two's annotations and also be creating those individuals within those groups and of course if you're an individual student you would just see the groups to which you are assigned so that's very exciting I think it's going to make a big difference in terms of hypothesis working with larger courses 200 300 person courses that you know you cannot 200 you know physics students all reading a 10 page paper you're going to want to break that down and then the blackboard files feature we're also going to be as you'll see in a second bringing out the native he's working with the native files repositories for other LMSs like Sakai and D2L and Moodle but blackboard is what we've got there are some things we can do through LTI and bring it to all LMSs that's the standard that this used for these external tools like hypothesis and there are some things where we have to go in and work on the API and so kudos to the development team at hypothesis for all their work figuring out not only the ins and outs of the LTI standard but also the ins and outs of APIs for all the different LMSs I'm sure they're all experts by now so what is coming we like I said just release these features and now we're focusing on a one drive integration we see many schools that are Google schools and we have a Google files integration Google Drive integration but we have a lot of Microsoft schools and so we're going to be rolling out a one drive integration so that you can have store files of PDF specifically within you know the the institutional one drive we're also going to bring groups to blackboard so this is the canvas equivalent you know we have canvas groups which was done through API not through LTI and I know that sounds wonky for those that don't care about those you know acronyms but we're going to bring that small group capability to the other LMSs and we're going to be starting with blackboard and also as I said going to bring file storage and other LMSs besides canvas and blackboard we have course copy to bring to some of the other LMSs really one of the most exciting things for the next few months is an integration with VitalSource which I'll be talking about a little more in a second but VitalSource is a content delivery platform they work with Barnes and Noble to deliver a lot of content to you know bookstores so University of Texas bookstore if a teacher adopts a text and has students buy it at the UT bookstore and they buy it digitally it's going to be delivered through VitalSource and so we have a partnership we're launching with them this fall so if you're a VitalSource school or you're even just an individual instructor who likes the VitalSource delivery mechanism and wants to assign a text that will be bought through VitalSource you can you know get in touch about that integration we're going to be launching AWS hosting sorry AWS hosting outside the US starting with Canada so we hope to have you know Canadian data center up and up and running not I mean it's already up and running but we hope to be integrating with AWS Canada by the end of the summer so we can expand within the Canadian Canadian provinces many of whom are very concerned rightfully so about privacy and where data is stored and in what country it is stored there's southern neighbors haven't always had the most stable you know people in charge so I can understand them not wanting to host their student data. LTI 1.3 implementation is coming as well and we're going to continue with our accessibility improvements again we really do listen very closely to partners and we learn hey this isn't working with a specific screen reader and so we create a ticket and then really try to address those specific rubs that again are outside of the compliance regime of WCAG AA or compliance but are nonetheless difficult aspects of using our tool with certain readers in certain contexts and so we're going to address those as we go and I should have said earlier that the accessibility you know philosophy has really been written into that way that we develop now and so that everything that we develop every new feature is going through a protocol around making sure that it's accessible so we had a lot of retroactive work to do and now it's just a piece of what we do every time we release a feature and design a feature we also have video annotation coming a video transcript annotation coming in the next few months as well longer term we have enough notifications notifications is a big ask of our users for me this is really important because you want students to go back to the reading right that's a big part of of reading and understanding and beginning to think critically about material in a college or high school classroom you want them returning to the text and a great mechanism for doing that is oh my teacher responded to one of my annotations or my classmate responded to one of my annotations if you've ever gotten a push notification from your social media platform of choice you know it makes you go back right somebody liked my tweet I'm going to open up Twitter one to one annotations as something we want to deliver this is the idea that while hypothesis originated is a kind of collaborative tool or a broadly collaborative tool and a tool that was built around conversation there are times pedagogically speaking when instructors want to know you know did Jesse I'm going to pick on Jesse in the audience you know did Jesse read the Shakespeare poem correctly right or you know I want to see how she interpreted the Shakespeare poem without the influence of Chris or Franny or Morgan or others it's a valuable use case we see it especially in the secondary level of education and so we want to create a mechanism where we can do that it's possible we may be able to leverage some of the group's work that we're doing but in the case it's a use case we want to develop for it I've mentioned secondary education we want to expand within the secondary marketplace we are already working with a number of secondary institutions one of the most meme secondary institutions in the world probably Chote Rosemary Hall is represented by Morgan in the chat here shout out to Morgan and Chote and so we see it being used there we often see it being used in schools like Chote that use a sort of LMS that is more that is common to this tertiary market to the post-secondary market like like Canvas right that has a big presence in higher education I believe Chote is on canvas but we need to get Google Classroom integration going for all those secondary institutions that are using you know Google Classroom and so that's something that we're already starting to think about and research around student ownership of hypothesis accounts and content beyond the LMS you know anybody that knows history this company we're not just an ed tech tool and we don't believe annotation is just sort of an institutional tool for administrators and teachers ultimately it's something that is healthy for students and it's healthy for everyday people on the internet and they should have ownership of their content and they should be able to take that tool with them wherever they go not just within a particular platform that they're using in a particular educational context and so the hope is that students at Chote would be able to take their annotations with them when they graduate and then they go to the University of Massachusetts or where they make you know and the University of Massachusetts would be a place where they could then continue to use hypothesis and continue to have access to the annotations they've created with hypothesis beyond a particular institution's platform. Calibriation will be part of our you know building out of the data structures around annotation and according to you know more standard formats a lot of institutions are educational institutions are capturing data from various learning tools like hypothesis through standards like caliper and then doing neat things where they align them and then learn more about their students so we want to be able to contribute to that project through the calibriation of our data and a partnership with Unizen that we're hoping to launch and they're you know one of the leaders in thinking through data across platforms and tools and how it can be meaningful and actionable for for institutions and for teachers and for students. Single sign-on beyond just the LMS so in WordPress and press books and in the domain of one owns domains of one domain of one's own you know platforms and then unifying single sign-on across contexts so that my my you know I can log into Canvas and use hypothesis and then when I switch to a WordPress site that my teacher is using hypothesis recognizes me as the same person allows me to see my annotations in those both those places and use the same across seamlessly across those different platforms and then finally and I think most importantly the file picker functionality for publisher resources and this is really not a great articulation of of the problem I think the biggest problem not the biggest problem but the biggest opportunity ahead of us is that hypothesis is an awesome tool and every day our engineers and our our product folks are making it awesomer for students and for teachers and the big question is I want to use this on other types of content I want to use this in other places and it's expanding that landscape of content by working with folks like VitalSource and Barnes and Noble by working with folks like JSTOR through the Slack coalition which Dan has mentioned that's just going to you know increase the real estate of content that students and teachers can access and use annotation on top of by far the most important opportunity ahead of us is expanding the different types of texts in different places that students and teachers can access using the tool and you can see here some of the names of folks that we would like to partner with the abscos and pro quest and JSTORs of the world the vital sources and the red shelves to send gauges and the Wiley's we're going to we're going to need to be able to bring that content to students in the context of the LMS with annotation capabilities hypothesis annotation capabilities on on top of it that is the the major opportunity in front of us and we're already with the with the with the vital source partnership specifically and with the Slack coalition more broadly we're we're getting there to be able to bring more content to students and teachers with the power of annotation and this is what that is going to look like for vital source this fall for a teacher creating an assignment an annotation assignment within the context of the LMS they will be able to not only select from some of these other resources resources on the web resources in the native LMS file repository resources in google resources in one drive but it also plays you know vital source um delivered content and with that I think I've reached my last slide with five minutes left this may not be the most discursive of topics but I'm certainly happy to answer questions um if uh if folks have any feel free to drop them in the chat or better yet in the q&a maybe there was something you were hoping to see here well what better time to ask for it directly uh so Jeremy here's a question from Jeremy he's the other Jeremy who every time I see his name I think it's you but it's not it's another Jeremy um and he asked how healthy our conversations are e as in something like participant posting um so oh how sorry somebody kind of addressed it in the chat a little bit but I thought I'd surface it so I mean I guess the question might be and feel free to raise your hand and speak up or re-articulate if I'm on the wrong track here I mean I guess the question is like what is a healthy conversation how is that determined um we're not trying to define that for instructors but we are exploring you know what does it mean for for conversation to be healthy if that's a goal of yours I always like to say and it looks like Jeremy's on appearing here hey uh hey go ahead Jeremy you can go on camera now uh I was actually annotate so you actually uh you were looking at this the context here was and I commented I replied to myself a little further down you're looking at the dashboard and had to do with uh you know the measurements the easy to do measurements uh in there and you you use the word healthy so I was adding the context to that by which I assume you met something around the participant posting on a particular topic and so yeah so in fact I don't have a question okay so much as an answer to where I was left wondering what you meant because it wasn't immediately obvious to me that by healthy you meant the sort of metrics that could be just passively read by the algorithm true um they're definitely uh deeper you know non data-centric ideas of health that uh we're not going to try to that's why people have teachers yes absolutely because they're in relationship with them oh 100 um but I think you know it's uh you know we're all sort of uh machine human hybrids at this point I think it can be helpful to know oh all my all the annotations in my in my course are only top level nobody is replying so maybe I'll bring it up in class student asks teacher answers student asks teacher answers teacher asks student answers so do we have a student asks teachers hmm so who's asking who okay I've got more I've got more John is talking about uh helping you chat there um thank you for that Jeremy I think I'm we do have another question we did have a question go ahead you said you have another question Jeremy no no no I'm out of questions okay all right well we'll see you later thanks again and Jeremy I'm going to surface this on stage this question you can just read it this is from the Q&A see that yeah um well I think in terms of STEM classes things like the vital source integration are going to be helpful because a lot of STEM classes are going to be using in bigger textbooks that might be proprietary they might be bigger courses so I think some of those basic functionals will make it easier to use in some STEM classes I think uh we want to also expand and this isn't articulated in the in the slides I shared the different types of things somebody could be putting into an annotation so right now you can put in an image you can put in a video from youtube um and you can put in a hyperlink um and so I think um one of the things that might uh empower uh use within STEM courses is adding to that repertoire of embeddable content that can go into an annotation um and then I'd say the corolla and so that's something we are looking into we have h5p for example is something that we want to embed um and we're working with other platforms that allow you know for specific video embeds and things like that um and then as somebody else asks you know image annotation in STEM classes absolutely that's where I was going there's sort of this other aspect which is um what can I annotate you know right now hypothesis is very text heavy it has to be addressable text um and then being able to annotate the uh the uh the the chart or the graph that's inside of a STEM article and you know circle or capture some piece of that image um for annotation is definitely something that we're working towards image annotation broadly um that I think will be helpful in uh in STEM courses as well but Diego and uh the other person was Brad but also interested know from you you know what what do you if you're a STEM instructor or educator what you know what are the things you see besides textual annotation with text and the other things that would be um helpful uh from a you know science or math pedagogy or engineering pedagogy standpoint okay so I I magically popped another question down to stage doesn't look like a question but I'll try to turn it into one um student ownership of hypothesis that uh they can use parallel privately and have them bridge to note taking and tools for thought tools I don't know if those are capitalized because those are um specific projects that I am not necessarily familiar with um but uh certainly you know the private annotations are part of what would be portable by student uh hypothesis allows um students to take private notes on top of course text and also have those group conversations um and both of those are you know uh those that are offered by an individual are sort of owned by that individual and and uh we want to make portable um to other contexts will there be improved UI for more easily storing hosting and annotating personal epub or other non PDF uh files um so is the idea is a question here Chris that you want uh to be able to host your own um annotations or to to store annotations on your own personal servers um I think that's something that's possible and we want to rather than prove the UI improve the documentation around um so that it's easier for folks to do sorry sorry hello hello can you hear me hello yes yes uh no what I meant was that uh I say I use I use hypothesis very heavily and it's it's really the cornerstone of everything I do so I suppose students want to be able to may like to use it for their own work outside of and actually have their own personal private copy nothing to do with the institution a kind of web native you know something that that lives on their on their machines and in fact if you do that you could actually then then just take everything that that they want from their from their school work as already being part of that and that's that's what I'm saying and and also I'm involved in in people in this not taking space and that's what we do tools and we fish in another web native tools we really exploring the possibility of really creating interoperability across not taking tools so the future is yes that we would like to read is that it doesn't matter what you know bring your own no taking tool to your data instead of you know going somewhere where there is there's some no taking capability and I'm just saying that this is this is coming up and I'm interested whether he would be interested or hypothesis would be interested to join this sort of sort of web native movement which basically means that what if if the only thing you need is a browser so all your data is privately securely held on all your devices and I really my my vision is to really bring hypothesis into this world and back so it's a it's a new level of of integration and that really is the could be the stepping stone to to what Ben was talking about which is you any capability should be just one click away so so I first of all want to ask whether you understand what I'm talking about doesn't make sense you know any questions could I really really believe in hypothesis and inspired by and this is the way I see that it could be really moved forward that that's the way an answer to the question of future of no taking the right yes yeah I think that I do I think I understand what you're talking about and I think Dan and the conversations around future of no taking at the conference you know show that we're very interested in that space you know I focused really here on the sort of formal education context there's a lot of other work that we have done and that we want to do that falls outside of like how this works with an LMS and a partnership with the university and this is you know this is in the DNA this is the origin of hypothesis what you're talking about and at some point we want to bring them together right but I really like what you said that that oh ensure that you know you don't have to wait till the students graduate and leave right you could actually make this sort of private and and institutional interoperability really that's the key that that that anything that I do at school should be mine as well you know all by construction yes absolutely and just just as a kind of way to maybe end one of the neat things that you know under Dan's leadership and has has happened is that our contracts have actually pushed back against a lot of institutions that essentially demand that they are the owners of the work that the students do okay it's kind of standard contractual language of universities and colleges and high school sometimes to sort of say we own this stuff and it's it's a protection against it being owned by the company right which is understandable but we are sort of treading a kind of in between space where we want to say no institution this isn't yours a student wrote it it's their intellectual property they can do what they want with it we also don't own it and so we're really trying to privilege the individual user and it's been an interesting kind of legal question with many of our partners because we will always want to keep that line in the sand if you will so that we can achieve what you're talking about you know for students yes but but I mean the whole point of having a kind of web native sidecar that's size steps the issue because the other it would be the other way around the student creates its contributions or a contribution in his his or her space and makes it available to the institution okay right yeah I think yeah I think to some extent that's you know when we get to look we've had to we focus on education that's the use case that we're focused on that's an area where we're gaining some sustainability that's just a fact and we want to do these other things and when it comes down to you know the starting with a learning management system integration that may be seemingly opposed to this web native movement I think that's maybe misunderstanding the approach which is we're working in the marketplace of education we're building something institutions could get behind but we want to privilege the ownership and the rights of the individual users and the students and when it comes down there's going to be some complications and and questions about what that looks like how a student brings a hypothesis account and content into an institutional setting or how they take it out of an institutional setting and you know our philosophy is that in all cases that should privilege the ownership of the user and the student but there's a lot of work to be done around that yeah I yeah I'm just volunteering in that space so so yeah I appreciate it yeah let's stay in touch and thank you very much thank you very much thanks for your feedback yeah yeah bye bye Michael is asking about about a repository for hypothesis lesson plans and other resources that is coming Franny and Nate I don't think ever sleep and are working constantly on all the different things including this wonderful conference and one of the top priorities is the launching of a liquid margins collection that will include assignments activities all manner lesson plans things like that that will be a place where teachers can go and my understanding is that we're 95% of the way there and so I think that's coming very very soon I'm going to go ahead and just say that Nate and Franny are going to get that done in the next six weeks oh I I started working on it last night I'm halfway done already but yeah thanks but yeah it's coming well stay tuned Michael I'm really excited about that too yeah thank you Michael um let's go ahead and end that and this here thank you so much Jeremy and thanks everyone for your great questions Jeremy do you want any parting words yours just you know thanks for being here with us for this session and I look forward to seeing you in the other sessions we have some more coming up this afternoon and tomorrow