Hey guys, it's Nate, aka the Foot Accountant. Welcome back to the channel. The anticipation and excitement of today's daily Foot Birthday SBC player is building because of the leaks and because of the precedent that EA said yesterday in FIFA 23 by dropping the Antonio Foot Birthday SBC. This SBC we see today might be the biggest one in a long time, especially if it's upgraded well and if the price is right. So we're gonna take a look at that potential of that SBC affecting the market in terms of fodder, in terms of what could be moving as people buy and sell cards to get this SBC player into their club. We also have the return of the year review player pick today and it's a Wednesday. So a brand new team of the week that could feature some really big names as international break has been going on and some big name stars have been performing including Ronaldo and Bapé all have a shot. Yemen Sun all have a shot at getting in team of the week this week. And we also, I wanna talk about a bit the first news and leaks about team of the season, something to keep in mind with some news that we saw yesterday. So if this video helps you all out today, hit the thumbs up on it and of course subscribe if you're new to the channel. Let's do a quick overview as we always do about the content that dropped yesterday in FIFA 23 because it's gonna give us some insight onto what could be dropping today. First of all, we had the showdown SBC, the first of two EA said there's gonna be another one next week but the first of two showdowns between wolves and forest. This game is happening on Saturday. You've got a couple days to get these SBCs done. Again, the big upgrade potential here is the possible five star week foot upgrade based on the result, right? These are normal showdown cards. So plus two for the win, plus one for the draw. And I believe in the case of a win or a draw, the winning player or both players would get a five star week foot upgrade. That's what EA on a little message in game that popped up said. So hopefully either one of these teams are gonna pull it out. We always love the plus two upgrades. Plus one just kind of feels like, I don't know, not as exciting and not as fun, especially if you do either one or both of these SBCs. Four star, four star on Mateus Cunha, some nice position changes. Not an amazing card, both of these guys, honestly. Gibbs White and Cunha both need an upgrade to really be meta, but they're not terrible cards. The price point is something that people are not super happy about.  So maybe set this one off to the side if you really wanna get it for your team or if it's one that seems really fun to you for the gamble or just for the potential, like Mateus Cunha could be really nice with a plus two, so could Gibbs White. So I'm not really decided yet on which one I'm gonna pick, but we'll be looking forward to that game this weekend and the potential upgrades there. Now this is where it gets interesting. Yesterday, we had the Mikhail Antonio foot birthday player SBC with a five star week foot upgrade. First special Cardi's had this year, not an insane player by any means. It's not an SBC that you must do, right? It's just kind of a decent daily player SBC from foot birthday. Another Premier League card, man. We've had so many Premier League cards in this promo and that continued yesterday. Now the interesting thing about this was we saw a leak about Antonio. We talked about it in yesterday's video and we thought that, hey, this might be happening because Antonio's birthday was yesterday on the 28th. Now today on the 29th, we have a big birthday and also a leak that matches up with that said birthday. Just like we talked about yesterday with Antonio, it is Angolo Conte and that is the big news and that is all of the hype for today's content. Is today is like the perfect scenario for Conte's SBC to be dropped. Now I have a lot of high hopes for this. I know this is probably the biggest player SBC we have had yet in this promo. I also think it might be the most expensive. Let's talk about this Conte. So of course Conte's Winter Wildcard is the best version that he has on this game. So we're looking for a Conte SBC today that let's face it is probably gonna be 92 rated. Hopefully it's 93, right? Hopefully it has stats a little bit better than this but just think about how the upgrades have been during this foot birthday promo. I mean, the perfect example to draw here would be look at the Nunez upgrade from the Winter or the Felix upgrade from the Winter Wildcourts or Darwin Nunez's upgrade from his Ones to Watch. Very, very small upgrade. They just gave kind of like the five star boost, right? On the Felix plus one shooting, one dribbling and one physical. That's it on his card. I hope I am wrong today but I really feel like Conte is not gonna have that big of a juice but even if he does have a nice plus one or plus two and especially if it's a plus two, right? If you're gonna kind of look at the Pejri SBC that we had, Pejri's SBC from his team of the honorable mentions was plus twos basically all around with a plus one. Now, of course, the four star downgrade on the skills on Pejri was not very desirable but I think Conte today, I think a lot of people would love it if he had a five star weak foot. I would almost expect EA to give him five star skills. I hope they upgrade the weak foot as well. So a five star, four star Conte would be perfect today and if they're not gonna upgrade it very much I hope the price isn't super crazy high as well. Just make sure EA that he has above 80 pace that we maybe get into the high 80s like 87 dribble, 87 physical, 92 defense. We would love a plus two around the whole card. I'm not expecting anything crazy but I hope the price is nothing crazy as well and that's why I'm gonna compare one of the SBCs that we have just had recently, the Rivaldo, right? We've had the Rivaldo at about 1.55 million coins. That's where I feel like if a Conte is getting a plus one overall upgrade with some plus ones and plus twos on his card today in this game I feel like it's gonna be around the price of a Rivaldo somewhere around 1.5 million coins. I hope they don't overpriced this Conte SBC guys because there's so much hype with this guy today. So many people would love to get a Conte into their team. He fits right now with a lot of the primary cards that are out and we haven't had a ton of Conte special cards this year. Of course, we've only had one and this is just the type of FIFA player that so many people would love to put in their team. Honestly, right? It's Conte, Conte has been injured, you know? And this is a player that it's a bigger name than Pedri, I would almost say in terms of the FIFA meta and sense I've used team of your Conte cards for the past couple of years and he's been a staple in my team and he just hasn't, I haven't had an opportunity to use this card and there hasn't been an easy Conte to get besides the gold. This is guys, this SBC today, if it does drop today, of course, there's not 100% availability that it will. We're really expecting that it will but it couldn't also be saved for later on in the week but it just makes sense for it to be today. But this SBC guys is gonna have so much hype. So if we're saying 1.5 million coins, how is that gonna impact the fodder? Well, it's probably gonna make some of the higher rated fodder go up. If the SBC value is good, people want to go out and do it right away today and they wanna start crafting it and grinding the SBC, I do believe you would see some higher rated squads just like Rivaldo. If we're going for a 1.5 million coin-ish SBC, maybe even a little bit more expensive, you're probably gonna see some higher rated squads in there. Like on Rivaldo, we've got an 89, 289 rated squads and 288 rated squads before you dip down in the 87s to get to the 84. So I think there's probably gonna be a couple 88 or 89 rated squads inside of this Conte and that could make some of the higher tier fodder go up further in price. If that is the case, today might be a really solid day to sell some of this fodder. At least get it listed up for Lazies if you have not been doing that. 91s at 72K a piece, 90s are at 57,000 coins. I'm almost all 89s or actually all of them are over 40,000 coins approaching 41K. So fodder prices are rising nicely and they could go higher today. If the Conte does not look that good, if he's got a very small upgrade and is very, very overpriced and expensive, then you're probably gonna see fodder stay the same or go down a little bit. But again, just like the Pedri SBC, I'm really drawing a lot of conclusions to Pedri because I really feel like this Conte is as in demand and as big of a name as Pedri, if not even bigger. So some people today are gonna do the Conte SBC regardless because they're gonna start crafting it, especially with the 85 times 10, the swaps packs, the upgrade packs, all the packs that are in objectives, everybody is gonna be looking at this Conte SBC with a lot of interest today. So that's kind of what I'm expecting there. Let's talk about the rest of the market, right?  I do believe some of your pretty high tier, not super high tier, but some of your midfielders that are in this game that are pretty expensive, this is one that I'm just thinking about off the top of my head right now, that would be a pretty expensive midfielder, not super crazy price, but like midfielders that are around a million coins, 500K to 1.5 million coins, some of your icons, some of your Premier League midfielders that are in that price range, maybe like Yaya Toure, for example, right? Some defensive midfielders could take a hit in price with this SBC dropping. Yaya I know is like 400,000 coins, you know, so he's not that expensive, but that is the exact type of player that could be taken a hit in price today if an SBC is really, really good value for a defensive midfielder on Conte. And then of course, the other flip side is Nate, what about other Chelsea cards? If people do this Conte today, how are they gonna link him into their teams? Well, a lot of Premier League card prices are already up and to be completely honest guys, could they go higher? Like this Fofana is approaching 420,000 coins. I still have the one on my transfer list that I bought at 375 last night. He is starting to go up, you know, Kula Bali, other players, Mudrik going up in price, some of the more popular and rare cards that link to the potential Conte, definitely going up in price. They could go further today, think about Arajo, think about Usman Dambelia that went up for the Pedri, but again, it does kind of depend on the price of course of this Conte and since it's gonna be a bit more expensive, I know there's a lot of people that have invested in some of those special cards as well, so just be careful. If you bought Premier League cards today to link to the Conte, yes, they could go up a bit, but also I would imagine that this Conte SBC would cause a little bit of panic on the market. I'm sure some people would be thinking about selling some cards today just so that they can get some coins to start crafting the Conte if they wanna get it done, especially for this weekend league or whatever it may be. So I do believe that this Conte will cause some market movement today, but I also feel like it could cause not a crazy amount of movement unless EA make it super cheap and this is the type of SBC that if EA drop it at a really low price that's very craftable at this stage of the game, this could be a big time SBC that really creates a lot of chaos on the market, but I just don't think they're gonna do that cause the upgrades for the birthday have not been that amazing and the SBC pricing hasn't been that great as well. So that's why I'm saying around 1.5 mil, probably plus ones and plus twos all around the card and yeah, I'm excited for this Conte cause he fits right into my team. I would do his SBC if it is priced right. So that's kind of all the news and info on the Conte card for today. I know we talked about it a lot, but he's such a sought after player in FIFA, such a meta guy for so long and hasn't had too many special cards this year and of course a very attainable SBC special card as well. Now for the rest of the market, like we mentioned, if Conte is insane today, definitely gonna take a bit of the hit. I see a lot of the full birthday cards are kind of just chilling in value. It doesn't look like a lot of these guys are really dropping in price that much. Bernardo Silva, Elegant Nunez, a lot of these guys are still kind of in the same range that they have been. Give or take 20 or 30K, right? There's always some fluctuation in there. I mean, Bernardo's actually up a little bit at the moment right now. Drew Alphelix, Zanchenko, I flipped one of him yesterday. A lot of the icons are still around their same price. You know, some down a little bit. Puskas right now is 3.3. That's one of the lower prices I've seen for him. He was around like 3.5 earlier in the day yesterday. And yeah, he's 3.29, 3.3. So a couple undercuts here, that 3.24 right there. So I do believe these full birthday cards I would not want to invest in. I know a lot of people are looking at Emerson, Marquinhos, Zanchenko as potential investments out of this team. I think I would wait until we get towards Thursday, guys. I really would. We're gonna pump the brakes until then. We don't have any more leaks at the moment still about what cards could be coming out in team two. And especially when you think about investing in a card from team one that's gonna be going out of packs, you really wanna know some info about who's gonna be coming in team two before you go and do something like that. So I think we're waiting still on these cards and for the market in general, one other thing we have to consider now is, and I wasn't gonna talk about this till the end of the video but I feel like it's a really good spot to fit this in. We had the first leaks about team of the season posted yesterday on an insidergaming.com website which I'm not super familiar with this website but a lot of you guys know this website maybe for other video games like Battlefield or Call of Duty and stuff like that.  And this was his post today leaking the dates for the voting of the beginning of team of the season. Now bear in mind, this is the vote. So usually voting is 10, sometimes 14 days before we actually get the actual team of the season cards in the game. Primary league team of the season voting, he says starts on April 18th which when you look at the calendar you might be surprised that is not that far away. It's only a few weeks away and with all these other kind of unknowns and some of these other tots that are listed in here it's very interesting to see this order, right? It looks different. Usually we see community tots as first, then primary league and then it doesn't list the league one it does not least list Syria. So maybe those are some of the unknown ones that are in here but the fact that we have some first leaks about team of the season does kind of reinforce the idea whether or not these leaks are absolutely 100% spot on or not, it reinforces the idea that hey guys, team of the season is not that far away. I'm not telling you to sell cards. I'm just saying put that in the back of your mind because yes, we did have some price drops with the whole foot birthday market crash scenario that we had last week, right? We saw prices really drop off and we've had some prices rebound back but I still believe on a lot of the most top tier and even some of the middle tier cards on this market we have, we got to see some prices drop even more. We really do. Like some of these guys that have new special cards that have dropped off. I mean, look at Captavia men. Captavia was 830, went back down in the panic all the way to 720 on that crazy day last week in March 21st on that crazy Tuesday of panic before foot birthday and then boom, he's back up now to 830K. So some of these guys are gonna fall back down before team of the season because if there is a promo that is gonna really give some insane cards it has to be team of the season, guys. We thought if a birthday was gonna boost the power curve team of the season is gonna do that to a whole other level as well but that's still a couple of weeks away. So I'll put the link to this article down in the description because again, you gotta take it with a pinch of salt and I know that it's still like three weeks away but just keep that in the back of your mind if you have tradable players in your team we're just being careful, right? We're being careful with some of these because team of the season of course is always gonna bring a big market crash even bigger than what we've seen with foot birthday this year. And we didn't see a huge crash with foot birthday this year just because EA is barely upgrading these cards once again. The power curve is really not going up that much with these just a little bit with some of the five star weak foot and skill move upgrades and with team of the season 100% of the time you see the power curve advance upwards because the cards do go to another level than 100% of the time. So that's just kind of something to keep in mind not really to panic yet but just in terms of the market that is looming if you will. Now let's take a little bit of a quick second here to talk about swaps because you maybe have seen some people you maybe even seen some of the videos on the clips channel or something like that that we're gonna post here pretty soon about this player pick. The 87 plus wrote to the final fantasy foot hero fantasy foot foot birthday team on player pick 15 tokens were finally available. There have been 17 released only 15 able to be claimed because the whole objective situation with the daily log game two objectives that we can't get done yet because there hasn't been enough days that have passed but this player pick guys I'm definitely glad that I've planned on doing this from the start because it kind of looks nice. We've saw some really good polls from this and the fact that this player pick includes basically every single live promo that we've had in the past couple of weeks besides foot birthday I know it's not a live promo but wrote to the finals fantasy foot heroes and fantasy foot cards we got saliva we got cool we got Esauq a couple of times Upamakana was popping from this player pick it's a one of five yes there were some L's but a lot of the time there was some really good cards being pulled out of this so if you're still kind of not sure on which rewards you're gonna be taking I still like the 85 times 10 but I still like this as well so I'm gonna take the 85 times 10 first especially if Kante is gonna be today that's kind of my preferred option to get the fodder and get that stuff going and rinsing and crafting and stuff like that but this player pick man I'm definitely gonna be taking this with my second big purchase of 15 tokens because it looks really, really good and kind of broken now speaking of tokens where's our next one gonna be today? I think today is gonna be in Silver Stars that's the usual Wednesday place for the tokens get dropped so get your Silver teams ready again and still GGs to EA I mean the wrong section here objectives right GGs to EA for making the Silver Swaps token available just after winning the three you don't have to try to get the rest of the stuff I know it's still kind of a grind to get three wins but it's not like you have to complete the whole objective to get yourself the swap token so if you haven't done this yet you got a little bit of time yet today to do that that's probably gonna be our 18th token we have 17 drops so far today will be 18 total that have been added into the game only 16 though will be able to be attained if that makes sense right use the tracker link that we have posted in the video descriptions before I'll post it again today if you wanna see where all those tokens are at and which ones are available still right now other content that we could see today a team of the week that could be really cracked because international break team of the weeks are almost always cracked and this is a prediction right here that omits a couple of players that could also be in but Mike Magdan, Savage, Hyunmin Sun, Sandro Tonali, Lukaku, Daka, Cancelo, Pulisic potentially getting in I like that, should give me a Pulisic card let's go, you know there's some really big names that could be in this as well McTominay, Sabitzer, McTominay scored like four goals over international break, McSauce was balling right we were talking about that yesterday in the stream he should be getting a card I would love it if they gave him a featured card I know he's got the storyline card right now in objectives or whatever but just give us a team of the week EA that's double boosted, that'd be great and Boppe, Cristiano Ronaldo, more players that could potentially be in this team of the week international team of the weeks guys are usually pretty boosted and I don't remember if they do dynamic images for international team of the weeks or not I always forget which team of the week it was earlier on this year I think they have been giving international team of the weeks the dynamic images which is something that was new this year I think it was like team of the week four that was maybe an international team of the week and if you look at this team of the week you know it's not bad I mean it wasn't team of the week four I don't think but just keep an eye out for the potential for a really cracked team of the week this week because they have really juiced international team of the weeks in the past and with all the players that have scored some or put up some pretty big stat lines in the past week that could be really hype now also for today that scammy but also fun player pick that year in review player pick is going to refresh today so if you did it the first time you get another shot at it today at least according to this it says it's going to refresh today in 13 hours which is content drop time so today on Wednesday if you have an 84 and an 86 rated squad worth of fodder ready to go we'll be able to do this again today as well so we'll be opening some of those on stream today I know it's a risk you could get in boppa you also could get like I don't know somebody that you really forgot about even had an objective or an SBC but that's kind of what's going on in this game at the moment and yeah the content SBC is the really really big thing today guys so I hope EA do the business with that still keep an eye out for some foot birthday leaks we haven't seen many but hey it's Wednesday now and team two is coming right team two of foot birthday icons and team two of foot birthday right you see foot birthday team one and then also the icons listed as team one so I would expect to see another team two of icons and of course another team of players in packs for the second week of foot birthday so a lot of stuff upcoming hopefully today is a W day if you want to watch it all and kind of be with the content drop with us drop into the Twitch stream link is down below in the description I'll see you guys there in the stream today but if you're new around here hit that subscribe button comment down below if you have any questions or comments and if you enjoyed the video today smash the thumbs up on it I'll see you in the Twitch stream today it's been Nathan Ford Accountant catch you guys there peace out


Welcome to the 31st lecture in the course engineering electromagnetics. We continue our discussion on rectangular wave kites. Today first we discuss the answer to a question that was raised in the last lecture and then we go on to discuss the wave impedance and attenuation constant for rectangular wave kites. You would recall that in the last lecture for the rectangular wave kite that we have been dealing with. We considered the following expressions for the Te10 mode which is the dominant mode or the lowest order mode for the rectangular wave kite and we considered the field expressions incorporating explicitly the time variation. Based on this we obtained the field expression, the field configuration for the wave kite and this was plotted in the following manner. I think that is more or less alright and by looking at the field expressions we were able to draw the magnetic field lines shown in the red and the electric field lines shown by blue dots and crosses. The electric field is y oriented plus y or minus y depending on the location and the time instant we choose and the magnetic field is entirely in the XZ plane. The question that was raised was that since we have some circulation of the magnetic field there should be a corresponding displacement current so that right say at the center of these magnetic field line loops there should be some value of the displacement current density. Why do we say this? We say this from the Maxwell's equation which reads as del cross H equal to del D by del t. In the phasor notation this would become del cross H equal to j omega and then epsilon times e and apparently the confusion was raised because at the center of these loops the electric field is 0. However if we consider the derivative of the displacement density which is the displacement current which is epsilon times e and then it is time derivative then we will find that consistent with the maximum value of the magnetic field the curl of the magnetic field here the displacement current density will be maximum at these locations and it will have the appropriate sign. If we consider the first form of the Maxwell's equation if we consider the phasor form del cross H equal to j omega epsilon e then since the factor j represents a phase shift by 90 degrees we will find that if we change the value of this argument say by changing the time by 90 degrees then the maximum value of the displacement current density will appear at these locations with 90 degree phase difference from the magnetic field and therefore as expected the field lines are quite consistent with respect to each other. Then we take up the first topic listed for the day and that is the wave impedance you would recall that we said that the characteristic impedance for the transmission lines plays a very important role and is related to the real power transfer along the transmission line. We would like to evolve a similar quantity for the wave guides for the transmission lines the characteristic impedance is simply the ratio of the voltage and current say for the forward wave but on the wave guides we can have a large number of field components and therefore in the context of the parallel plane guide we had evolved fairly general notion for the wave impedance and you would recall that we wrote expressions of the form z x y plus which indicates the wave impedance involving the x component of the electric field and the y component of the magnetic field looking in the positive z direction and that is given as the ratio of e x and h y. Similarly one could also write equally well z y x again looking in the positive direction of the remaining coordinate that is the z coordinate here which will be minus e y by h x all right and since we have considered waves propagating along the z direction in the rectangular wave guide it is these two quantities z x y plus or z y x plus which will be relevant for us knowing the field expressions for the various modes say for the transverse magnetic modes and similarly for the transverse electric modes it should now be possible for us to obtain these wave impedances okay. Keeping these expressions at the back of our mind and realizing that for the frequency range where omega is greater than the cut off radiant frequency omega c we have gamma bar going to j beta bar where beta bar for the rectangular wave guide is omega squared mu epsilon minus h squared in the general case where h is further available in terms of the dimensions of the wave guide and the indices of the various modes this is whole square root which can be further expressed as omega square root of mu epsilon and then recalling the relationship between h and omega c it can be written in a fairly simple and general form as follows it is 1 minus omega c by omega whole square okay. So for this frequency range where the propagation constant is equal to the is equal to j times the phase shift constant and there is no real part of the propagation constant in this idealized situation we can look at the fields for the transverse magnetic modes okay and concentrate on e x and h y on one hand and e y and h x on the other hand and we find that the ratio is the same for both of these and it is simply gamma bar upon omega epsilon and then upon j omega epsilon and then gamma bar is going to be equal to j beta bar. So making these considerations we obtain the following expression for the wave impedance we can write this as z t m to distinguish it from the wave impedance that we will obtain for the transverse electric modes and we can drop the other subscripts and the superscripts keeping in mind that this is the wave impedance calculated using the x or the y components and looking in the positive z direction then this is equal to beta by omega epsilon whether we use e x and h y or whether we use e y and h x okay if you look at the field components for the transverse magnetic modes it will be very clear that whether we calculate the wave impedance using this expression or this expression the value turns out to be the same. In fact we could combine this in a more general way and write this as equal to e transverse magnitude upon h transverse magnitude combining both x and y field components for both the electric field magnitude and the magnetic field magnitude okay now this turns out to be recalling that beta bar can be written like this it comes out to be equal to eta times square root of 1 minus omega c by omega whole square root where eta is the familiar expression for the intrinsic impedance of the medium filling the wave guide and it is equal to square root of mu upon epsilon okay you may be able to recall that this is the same expression that we got for the transverse magnetic modes in parallel plane guide okay and we said that these expressions are fairly general they hold good for various wave guides in general in a similar manner if we were to consider the TE MN modes and we have to calculate the wave impedance using the x and y electric and magnetic field components then you will see that in the same frequency range if you consider e x upon h y we are going to get omega mu upon beta bar or if we consider e y and h x with the negative sign in front once again we are going to get omega mu by beta bar okay this expression is different from that for the TE MN modes but otherwise it is the same whether we use one definition or the other noting down this here gives us the wave impedance for the TE modes as omega mu upon beta bar this is beta bar and so is this okay and this also can be rewritten in a simpler form as eta times 1 minus omega c upon omega whole squared and whole square root of the denominator. Now as far as the expression in terms of the frequency and the cutoff frequency is concerned these expressions as I have been saying are quite general and therefore the variation of the wave impedance as a function of frequency that we considered for the parallel plane guide is going to be maintained here also the only difference is that for the rectangular wave guide there is no TE M mode that can propagate that we have seen earlier and as far as the variation of the wave impedance as a function of frequency for TE M and TE modes is concerned that remains qualitatively the same and in fact in terms of the cutoff frequency the behavior of various TE M and TE modes is going to be given by these curves what is going to happen below the cutoff frequency below the cutoff frequency the wave impedance will not remain real it will become imaginary and it will not correspond to any average power transfer along the axis of the wave guide we should also notice that close to the cutoff frequency the impedance varies rather sharply and therefore from the point of view of systems application one would like to avoid a frequency which is too close to the cutoff frequency okay this point will come up later also again in the context of the attenuation taking up the calculation of the attenuation constant next we had listed a general procedure for calculating the attenuation constant we said that a good engineering approximation is to calculate the fields ignoring losses and then make an assumption that the fields remain unchanged even in the presence of a small amount of losses which is going to hold good when we use a low loss conducting or dielectric materials for the construction of the wave guide and then we calculate the power that is transmitted estimate the power loss in the lossy conductor and or the dielectric as the case may be and then calculate the attenuation constant using this definition which was evolved by using the transmission line analogy so that the attenuation constant alpha is given in terms of WL which is the power loss per unit length divided by twice the total power transmitted this method we have applied to the parallel plane guide now let us apply it to the rectangular wave kind continuing as general continuing to be as general as possible as far as the calculation of the power transmitted is concerned we will be interested in the pointing vector in the Z direction okay let us call it the axial pointing vector and we call it PZ okay and as was mentioned earlier as far as the quantities involved in the attenuation constant are concerned we could either use both numerator and denominator as average quantities or peak quantities but both should be of the same kind and usually it is safer to calculate average values so that one does not make a mistake so what we are trying to calculate here is the average value of the axial pointing vector which has the standard expression that is half real of E cross H star and we are interested in the Z component of this vector product which can be written as half real of now which components of these fields will be involved in the Z component it will be the transverse components of the electric and magnetic field and therefore we can write this equivalently as E transverse cross H transverse okay this can save some work because otherwise there may be Z components also existing in a certain problem but this clearly shows that those are of no interest in this context further as we have just seen in the calculation of the wave impedance the transverse field components are all in phase and therefore we can write this simply as half of magnitude E transverse times magnitude of H transverse okay. However their ratio E transverse upon H transverse is the wave impedance and therefore we can simplify it further to read as half and either Z Z times magnitude H transverse squared or equivalently 1 by 2 Z Z times magnitude squared of the transverse electric field okay one can use either definition. However what we are interested in is the total power transmitted what have we got right now is the power transmitted per unit area and therefore as far as the total power transmitted is concerned denoting this by WT this is equal to PZ integrated over the cross section of the waveguide okay which in terms of one of these expressions turns out to be half Z Z which is a constant for the given waveguide that will not be involved in the integration and then integral of magnitude H transverse squared times DA where as noted earlier the integration is over the cross section of the waveguide in a similar manner as far as the power loss is concerned and we could first consider the power loss in the conductor we can write this as half RS and then magnitude J squared this will be the power loss in the conductor per unit area and for the total power loss in the conductors we will need to integrate this over a surface over the conducting surface of unit length along the direction of propagation okay which could be noted down here a surface of unit length however we have identified earlier that the linear surface current density in magnitude is equal to the tangential component of the magnetic field therefore this also can be written in terms of the magnetic field again giving us half RS magnitude H tan squared DA integrated over such a surface okay and in the form in which WT the power transmitted and the power loss in the conductor are written we only require the magnetic field components okay so to that extent it is somewhat simpler and if one were to estimate the power loss in the dielectric WLD then one would write 1 by 2 sigma magnitude E squared which becomes the power loss in the dielectric per unit volume and therefore is to be integrated over a volume which is of unit length along the direction propagation okay usually the dielectric material if at all there is any involved in the wave guide is of a much lower loss than the conductor and even if the dielectric is not utilized conductor has to be present and therefore conductor loss is always present therefore usually in calculating the attenuation constant we concentrate on the loss due to the conductor now this calculation can be carried out therefore for any particular mode that one is interested in since it is the dominant mode T10 mode which is of greatest practical utility we will carry out this calculation for that mode only the starting point will be the fields for the T10 mode okay ignoring any losses assuming that the dielectric is perfect and the conductors are perfect and then for the T10 mode we have these three field components so starting with these we can now calculate the various quantities required for the attenuation constant for example if we consider the calculation of the power loss in the conductor let us call it WLC okay this is going to be given by half and then RS and magnitude H10 squared DA the tenetial component of the magnetic field is related to the linear surface current density and we have been able to relate JS and H10 and therefore if we consider the tenetial component of the magnetic field to the conductors depending on the particular wall that one is considering the tenetial field component of the magnetic field will be different for example it is the it is both these magnetic field components HZ and HX which are tenetial to the broad walls of the wave kite the wave kite you would recall is like this the broad walls are in the XZ plane and the narrow walls are in the YZ plane and the narrow walls are located at X equal to 0 and X equal to A as far as the broad walls are concerned both HX and HZ field components are tenetial to these walls and are going to cause corresponding current flow in these walls and which will result in some ohmic loss as far as the narrow walls are concerned it is only the Z component of the magnetic field which is tenetial to the narrow wall and also the value of the Z component that needs to be utilized in the calculation is the value at X equal to 0 and X equal to A okay so keeping these things in mind and looking at these field components we can write the expression for the conductor loss in the following manner we will have integral from 0 to A of beta C by pi by A and then sine of pi X by A whole square DX which corresponds to magnitude HX okay similarly we will write plus integral from 0 to A for C times cosine of pi X by A whole square DX which corresponds to the magnitude of HZ on the broad walls and as far as the narrow walls are concerned we have a constant value HZ of magnitude C so C squared and then multiplied by the height or the width of the wave guide at the narrow wall at X equal to 0 or A the field is constant so an integration is not required and along the length we are using a unit length so that completes the expression for the loss in the wave guides for the conductor loss in the wave guide there is something that we have forgotten we have to consider two walls of each type and therefore a factor of two can be incorporated here the integrals that are involved are fairly straight forward both sine squared pi X by A or cos squared pi X by A when integrated from 0 to A give us a value A by 2 so recognizing this we get a value for this quantity which is RS C squared and then beta by pi by A whole squared into A by 2 for the first integral plus A by 2 for the second integral and for the third one third term we get simply plus which takes into account the power loss in the conductor as ohmic loss similarly we have already written down the expression for the power transmitted WT as half ZZ and then integral of H transfers magnitude squared over the cross section of the wave kind alright and the transfers component of the magnetic field for this mode is only HX the component which is transfers to the direction of propagation that is a direction and therefore we need to consider only the X component of the magnetic field and using that and recalling that here ZZ is simply eta by 1 minus omega C by omega whole squared whole square root which for the sake of brevity is written as eta by K 1 0 it is just a new symbol that we have introduced for the denominator and we write K 1 0 because we intend to use this for the TE 1 0 mode so using this and the integral is fairly straight forward what we get is the value equal to half eta by K 1 0 and then beta C by pi by A whole square of the whole quantity times A and B by 2 while we are at this point it can be pointed out that this is the expression that one will utilize for calculating the total power transmitted in the waveguide and from this one can make out what will be the maximum power handling capability of the waveguide it of course depends upon these various other quantities the frequency of operation cut off frequency etc the waveguide cross sectional area and the value of the amplitude constant C which value is limited by the breakdown electric field value for the medium inside the waveguide. So many times to improve the power handling capability one will evacuate the waveguide make sure that it is free of moisture or fill it up with some dry inert gas to get the maximum power transferred through the waveguide anyway this is the general expression for the total power transmitted and now as far as the calculation of alpha is concerned which is W L by twice W T one can take the ratio of the expressions already evaluated and what we get is the following we also recognize that for the T 1 0 mode pi by A whole squared a quantity which is appearing in both the numerator and the denominator is equal to omega C squared mu epsilon in fact this is the expression utilized for calculating the cut off frequency and therefore pi by A squared can be replaced by this so that we can express the various quantities in as the ratio of omega C by omega or in terms of this ratio. So using that we get a relatively simple expression which reads as R S upon eta times A B and then k 1 0 the symbol that is been introduced earlier and then we have A plus 2 B and omega C squared by omega square which is the expression for the attenuation constant considering the conductor loss. So we could put a subscript C to make sure that we interpret it appropriately this is the expression for the attenuation constant due to conductor loss for the T 1 0 mode one can calculate the attenuation constant due to conductor loss for TM and TE modes in general also and the procedure is going to be along these lines only for the sake of completeness let me write down the expressions for the attenuation constant due to conductor loss for the rectangular wave kind the attenuation constant due to conductor loss for the TM MN modes turns out to have an expression which is twice RS upon eta AB KMN and then we have N squared AQ plus M squared BQ divided by N squared A squared plus M squared B squared where RS is the skin resistance of the surface resistance of the conducting material constituting the waveguide walls and has an expression omega mu M by 2 sigma M whole square root and the symbol KMN stands for 1 minus omega C by omega whole squared and then the square root of the whole expression in a similar manner the attenuation constant due to conductor loss for the TE MN modes in general has an expression which is twice RS upon eta AB times KMN that is as for the TM MN modes then we have a relatively long expression here which reads as A plus B multiplied by omega C squared by omega squared plus AB times KMN prime squared and then we have M squared B plus N squared A divided by M squared B squared plus N squared A squared here the new symbol that is been introduced KMN prime means delta N by 2 minus omega C by omega whole squared and the square root of this entire expression where delta N is the chronicle delta standing for 1 whenever the subscript N is 0 and otherwise it stands for 2 so that is delta N is equal to 2 for N greater than 0 with this arrangement the same expression can give us the attenuation constant due to conductor loss for the TE 1 0 modes also the variation of the attenuation constant turns out to be like this attenuation for various modes in a rectangular brass waveguide the waveguide dimensions have to be specified before we can talk of numerical values of the attenuation constant the waveguide is shown here it is a 2 inch by 1 inch brass waveguide so the conductivity of the metal walls constituting the waveguide is also specified and this is the variation of the attenuation in decibels per foot okay that is a slight conversion involved which is on the log scale and so is the frequency which is on the x axis on log scale we have the frequency of 10 GHz here and then 15, 20, 30, 40 etc this waveguide that is been selected for illustration is a C band waveguide it is meant for the frequency range 4 to 8 GHz if you notice the dimensions are more or less the double that of the dimensions for the x band waveguide the x band frequency range is 8 to 12 GHz therefore this is meant for C band which is 4 to 8 GHz if you calculate the cutoff frequency it will come out to be roughly 3 GHz and as we approach the cutoff frequency the attenuation is increasing steeply this is the variation of the attenuation for the TE 1 0 mode one can see clearly that after a certain frequency other higher order modes can start propagating but within this frequency range we can have single mode of operation the dominant mode the TE 1 0 mode has the lowest attenuation compared to the other possible modes and there is a certain range even in the single mode frequency range where the attenuation is the lowest and is relatively flat which is somewhat far away from the cutoff frequency for this particular mode when we have shifted so much from the cutoff frequency the variation in the wave impedance also will be fairly small and therefore this range becomes a range where one can utilize the waveguide quite efficiently and effectively without obtaining too much of distortion in the signal what we use more frequently for example in the laboratories are X band waveguides which have slightly different dimensions and they are utilized in the TE 1 0 mode and that attenuation is shown here it is a waveguide which is different from the previous one it is a copper waveguide with dimensions in centimeters as 2.286 and 1.016 centimeters which corresponds to 0.9 inches and 0.4 inches and the material that has been specified is copper for the dominant mode the loss attenuation in decibels per meter varies in this fashion as a function of frequency we did calculate the cutoff frequency for the various modes for this waveguide earlier and you would recall that the cutoff frequency for the TE 1 0 mode was around 6.55 gigahertz so as we would approach that frequency the attenuation would rise steeply but somewhat far away from that frequency the attenuation is not varying so sharp this is where we like to stop unless you have question. So in the lecture today we have considered the wave impedance for the rectangular waveguide both for the TE modes and the TM modes and then we have calculated the attenuation constant due to conductor loss once again for the various modes that the rectangular waveguide can support thank you.


He ain't been to the doctor, man. You don't care about nothing, no more. You don't lost faith in God. You left your wife that good lady that gave you that money to let you move into her house for a dancer. He left his wife for a dancer? For a dancer. You for sure, but he left his wife for that. He stopped going home for a minute of a period of time for his dancer, Strupple. He still with the Strupple now? Mm-mm. You left him too? Mm-mm, she want to be over here now. Oh, she rocking with you now? Nah, I don't want to, but just the day you know she, you know, she for everybody. Oh, she for the streets? Yeah, that's the dancing. You trying to wife him? Yeah, you're going to lose it in the damn mind, man. Come on, man. Come on, you leaving the Strupple up, out in the sleep at the light, go home, man. Go get back on the course. Yeah, we on boss talk, one-on-one, one-on-one. Yeah, we gon' talk. From you, the chief, well, Sean Codden, all of them, I'm seeing all these different things, man. It's a pattern. It's a pattern. What your agenda is in this world? Are you on Lost Focus? So you think you lost focus? You lost focus because it going live. Will you and him be back taking trips again, you know? Uh-uh, he said, uh-uh, he talked about Mode 3 and the figure. Once somebody talk about Mode 3, that's it for you. I'm taking them down.  And what you shouldn't, that's your guy, you know? I seen you. I only liked him because he was talking good about Mode 3. He said he was a fan, but then everything, how do everything switch that fast? And when it got something to do with money, you know, he's gonna bring it up to $10,000, and I told him $20,000. When he's got something to do with some money, everything come out. Mode 3 was the fake, he should have died. He wasn't about what he was talking about.  You know what I'm saying? That's what females do. Yes.   Group on, man. You know what I'm saying? It's crazy to me, because like I said, I really, I be trying to, you know, focus on my brand.  But then at the end of the day, I hear some crazy happening. I'll be like, damn, for real. Just people running up on him. You was with him ever when they ran up on him out there? Where? Like out of town, because I'd never seen the tape to say, they say soldier boy and him got into it. They say meet meals surrounding him. I'm trying to figure out where the footage at. I'll be like, where's the footage? I never lost focus over where I came here to do. So, you know, when I was in Miami roll out, I went out there to get this song with Tory Lanez. Y'all get it? Yeah, that's video too. Yeah, so I want you to keep on, I want him to keep on talking to him, where I can't do what I can do. And at the end of the day, yeah, I'm making a little crazy. Yeah, at the end of the day, you know, I'm making a little crazy. Yeah.  Him and Sean got it back together. So I'm thinking maybe y'all get it back together. I don't say it too much. You know, at the end of the day, I've already seen your true colors. Money, listen. Hey Ben Shaw was too.  He in a Jaguar truck? Yeah. The old one, 2019, 2018. Oh, look at them. You know what I'm saying? I've been driving them all. You, I got this big old pretty truck. Come on, man.  So all my cars in my house, skill of yours, I ain't gonna never pose nothing like that or rub it in your face because now I'm trying to get to a next level to help. See, my objective is not to stung what I got going on. It's to help the next person. I can tell you how many six-figure chicks I got rappers.  You know what I'm saying? My resume speaks. My resume speaks from 2011. You know what I'm saying? Straight up. So it ain't about no money with me. Like, straight up. It ain't about no money with me. It's crazy because you say it's not about money with you, but I see, you know, like I said, I see the fact of how money can determine people. How did you condition yourself to be able to deal with it? I don't fell out before. And I learned how to humble myself. I went to jail. You know what I'm saying? That'll do it. Yeah, so he got to humble himself. Your mission wasn't to go on YouTube and laugh and talk about people.  You know what I'm saying?  I thought you was a leader trying to get the word back together. And that showed his mission. If you go back to the old episodes, you'll look at it, he's saying it. Yeah. Now look at him now.  He ain't been to the doctor, man. You don't care about nothing, no more. You don't lost faith in God. You left your wife that good lady that gave you that money to let you move into her house. For a dancer. He left his wife for a dancer? For a dancer. He left his wife for that. He stopped going home for a minute of a period of time for his dancer, Striple. He's still with the Striple now? She left him too? She want to be over here now. Oh, she rocking with you now? Nah, I don't want to, but the day though, she, you know, she for everybody. Oh, she for the streets. Yeah, that's the dancer. You trying to wife him? Yeah, he's going to lose his damn mind, man, come on, man. Come on, you're leaving the Striple if I don't sleep at the light, go home, man. Go get back on, get back on the course. You don't see me in those Striple no more because I understand the agenda, the assignment, try to take money. You know what I'm saying? The assignment now is that when you got it, then you try to get to the next level. It helps somebody else get to the next level and keep on moving, get to the next level. Not stay still.


Shalom, praise the Lord. Welcome to class everyone. Thank you for joining the class on Romans Monday. We began looking at Romans chapter three. We'll continue our study on Romans chapter three. For that we'll just pause for a word of prayer. So again, one of you please lead us in prayer. Please. Anyone need us in prayer. Let's pray. Dear God in heaven, we thank you, we praise you, we bless you Lord for this session that we are going to have. Lord, we ask Holy Spirit, please guide us, lead us and anoint our dear pastor as she will be teaching us. Father God, we thank you for all the students that have gathered in this class. Lord, we just want to do your will. Father God, let your will be done in and through our lives. Thank you Lord, we bless, bless, give you all glory on your entrance and Jesus mighty name will play. Amen. Thank you Roslyn. You also like to welcome all the e-learning students. I hope you're enjoying the study on the book of Romans. So we began looking at chapter three. In chapter three, Paul presents two sets of rhetorical questions. The first set of rhetorical questions is regarding God's judgment. And the second set of rhetorical questions is about the Jews and the law. Now between these two sets of rhetorical questions, you know, Paul sandwiches the main conclusion and the key truth that he likes to present. So after he presents the first set of rhetorical questions on God's judgment, he presents the main conclusion that all have sinned. And then he presents the key truth that, you know, we are justified or we are made righteous through faith. So the four main questions under the topic God's judgment. The first question is what if some did not believe, which he asked in verses three and he answers that in verse four as well. And the second question, second main question is what he presents in verses five to seven, which he asked the question and answers. The second question is, is God unjust who inflicts wrath when he still, and will he still gets the glory out of our sin? So is God unjust who inflicts wrath when he still gets the glory out of our sin? The third question is in verse eight, where he says, let us do evil that good may come. Okay. And he answers that as well. And the fourth main question he presents in verses nine, where he says, are Jews better than Gentiles? Okay. And then he answers all of these four questions. And then he presents the main conclusion that all of us, whether you're Jews or Gentiles, all have sinned and fallen short of the glory of God, which he presents in the same chapter, Romans chapter three, verses 10 to 20. And then he, Paul presents the key truth that it's not the law, and it's not the sign of the covenant with the circumcision, you know, is going to make us justified or righteous before God. But then Paul, you know, presents this key truth that we are justified and we are made righteous to faith in Christ Jesus. And now he begins, you know, presenting, you know, he, he, he now begins a grand presentation of the gospel in verses 21 to 26. So we looked at verses 21 to 26 on Monday, where he talks about, you know, that we are made righteous to our faith in Christ Jesus, or we are justified by faith. Now the words, just justify, justification, justifier, justly, righteous, righteousness, righteously all come from the same Greek root word, which basically or simply means what is right. So when you look at righteousness, righteousness is being right, or it's the act of doing what is right and just, or righteousness can also mean, you know, being approved and acceptable before God. And righteousness is also doing what is approved, you know, is, is used elsewhere in scripture, which is not just a state of being approved and acceptable to God, but is also doing what is approved and acceptable to God. Okay. So that is what he's talking about in verses 21 to 26. And he also, we also looked at not just righteousness, but, you know, we saw in verse 25 that, you know, we, Paul talks about, about Jesus, where he says, who God set forth as a propitiation by his blood. Okay. So, you know, the word propitiation in the Greek is translated mercy seat, and we looked at, you know, the whole example of the mercy seat in the tabernacle, and, you know, how Jesus Christ became the atoning sacrifice for our sin. And it is his blood that makes us righteous. It is the blood that the, you know, the, the high priest, when he enters into the holy of holies, he sprinkles the blood of the mercy seat. And that makes man righteous before God. And that is how man is able to meet and speak with God. Similarly, Jesus is our mercy seat, which means he has made the atoning sacrifice for our sins. And it is his blood, you know, that makes us righteous before God. We have a right standing before God. It's not our works, but it's Christ's righteousness imputed upon us or his righteousness covering us. That gives us the opportunity to be right with God and also to be able to meet and speak with God.  In the past, God, you know, overlooked sin, which means not that he did not condone sin, but it's just that he did not pour out all of his judgment on sin right there in the past. But he reserved it to be poured out, you know, on the cross. When Jesus died on the cross, the sins of the entire mankind was poured out on Jesus Christ. And when Jesus died, he made that full sufficient, perfect sacrifice that appeased God that satisfied God. What God was looking for, you know, as a payment is a ransom for our sin.  And we also saw that God is both righteous or just in, you know, in condoning sin, in judging sin, and he's also in declaring us as righteous before God because of the sacrifice that Jesus made. So God is both righteous or just and the justifier, which means God is just in judging sin and acquitting the sinner. And God is able to do it because of what Jesus has done on the cross that he satisfied the payment for sin. Okay. So that's basically a short recap of what we looked at on Monday. Now we would go ahead and, you know, look at verses 27 to 31. So can somebody read verses 27 to 31 of Romans chapter three, which is basically the second set of rhetorical questions, where Paul is talking about the Jews and the law. The first set of rhetoricals is about God's judgment. Then the second set of rhetorical questions, which he presents in 27 to 31 is about the Jews and the law. So again, one of you please read Romans chapter three verses 27 to 31, please. Where is the boasting then? It is excluded by what law of works, no, but by the law of fate. Therefore, we conclude that a man is justified by fate apart from the deeds of the law. Or is he the God of the Jews only? Is he not also the God of the Gentiles? Yes, of the Gentiles also. Since there is one God who will justify the circumcised by fate and the uncircumcised through fate. Who will then make void the law through fate? Certainly not. On the contrary, we established the law. Thank you, Rosalind. So here Paul in these verses, he asked three questions. He says, what about the law? What about the works? Where is the boasting then? He says the first question is, where is the boasting? He says, no one can boast. No one can take credit for themselves. He says, we cannot boast of the law and the works. And he says that no one can boast because now everything is by fate. It's not by keeping the law. It's not by following certain rituals. It's not by keeping certain days or certain feasts. It's also not by keeping the sign of the covenant with the circumcision, but everything now is by fate. So he says, how is boasting excluded? It's excluded because the law of fate has come in. So Paul is slowly guiding the Jews or the people in the church at Rome to the next topic which is faith, which he discusses or he presents in chapter 4. So in verse 28, he's presenting the conclusion and he's saying that man is made righteous or man is justified by fate.  And he says it's not dependent on the deeds of the law. It's not by keeping the law. It's not by doing things of the law. It's not by following certain food rituals or circumcision rituals, but he says a person is justified or made righteous by his fate. So the first question he asks, the tautical question is where is the boasting? And he says, no, we can't boast. No, because now it's the law of fate and it's not just the law or it's not the written law or the works that we do, but it is the law of fate. The second question he asked, the second rhetorical question under this main heading of the Jews and the law is in verse 29. He asks, is he the God, the Jews only? Is he not also the God of the Gentiles? And then he answers this question by saying yes, he is not only the God of the Jews, but he's also the God of the Gentiles. So Paul says, though God gave the law and the covenants to the Jew first, yet he is God both of the Jews and the Gentiles. And he says in verse 30 that both Jews and Gentiles are going to be justified by faith.  So he's basically coming to the main point, he's getting to the main thing that he's trying to get them to or help them to understand, he's getting them to the main point. Then he says, if you're going to be justified, we're going to be made righteous not by keeping the law or the works of the law or the sign of the circumcision, then he says what is the use of the law then? And then Paul says, we're not making void of the law, we're not saying that the law is useless, but on the contrary Paul says we establish the law. So how do we establish the law? Because we have stated already that no one can keep the law. Paul has already mentioned that in our own physical strength we cannot keep the law. All of us are sinners and the law serves that purpose. How does the law serve the purpose? The law has exposed that we are all sinners. The law has shown us that we all stand guilty before God and the same sin that law has condemned, God has also condemned that in the person of Jesus Christ on the cross. And God has judged it in the person of Christ. So God has judged it in the person of Christ or God has judged that in the work of Christ on the cross so that through that God can justify people who have faith in Christ Jesus. So he's saying faith in effect has actually established the law because everyone has come to this place where you can have faith in Christ Jesus. So faith is not telling us that the law is not necessary but faith comes in because the law was there but we were unable to keep the law, we were not able to keep the law. We couldn't match up to the law and our works fell short of the requirements of the law so faith had to come in. And faith is not doing away with the law but faith is actually fulfilling the law. So faith is saying this is the whole purpose. The law showed us that we couldn't do it in our own strength. The law showed us that we couldn't keep the law. The law showed us that we are sinners. The law showed us that we are guilty. The law showed us that we cannot be righteous in God's eye in our own strength by keeping the law. So the only way we can be made righteous is going through faith. So the only way that we can be made righteous is keeping the law of faith or going through faith. So Paul is saying faith in effect has established the law. So everyone has now come to this place where we have faith in God and saying that hey we can't keep the law and hence we've come to faith in Christ Jesus. So we are basically establishing the law. We are affirming the law that yes we cannot keep it and hence we need God's grace. We need God's strength and we need his help and hence we come to him in faith. So faith is established for the law has always been telling us that we have fallen short of the glory of God and so this is what he concludes. So even in the Old Testament all of the sacraments or all of the rituals that God has given the Israelites, the law, everything, every sacrifice, every law, every commandment was actually pointing out to the Lord Jesus Christ. It was pointing out to the Savior, it was pointing out to the Messiah. So if you look at the sacrifices, we see that all of those sacrifices were fulfilled when Jesus was sacrificed on the cross and we see that the law was made complete in Christ Jesus. So Paul is saying, faith is established for the law has always been telling us that we have fallen short of the glory of God and hence we can only lead a righteous or justified before God through the law of faith or it's the faith that helps us to be made justified and righteous in God's sight. So it's very beautifully and very logically trying to reason out with the Jews bringing out a whole of a lot of Old Testament concepts and rituals and significance and things that they hold as high regard. And he's trying to bring that out and he's trying to discuss that in a very logical reasoning and understanding. So to help the Jews understand that it's not by rituals, it's not by laws, it's not by the circumcision that we are made righteous in God's eyes and we're not justified by keeping the law but it's true faith. And he goes on to discuss in detail in chapter four about righteousness by faith and he talks so beautifully bringing about the example of Abraham who is their patriarch and their forerunner. So we look at that in chapter four but before we look at chapter four, anyone has any questions? Chapter three, no questions? No questions, question. Okay, thank you, Jafina. Okay, if there are no questions, we'll move on to chapter four where Paul is talking about righteousness by faith. Now this chapter can be divided into two main sections. One where he establishes that, you know, that faith came before the law was given and before the covenant or the sign of the covenant that the circumcision was given. You know, Paul establishes the fact that faith was already there before the law and the cognates and he mentions the example of Abraham. Now Abraham for every Jew was, you know, he was a patriarch, he was a forerunner, he's a father. So he says that Abraham had faith and he received righteousness by faith and this happened even before the law was given or even before the sign of the covenant of circumcision was given to Abraham. Abraham was already made righteous or justified in God's eyes because of faith. And he says the sign of the covenant that the circumcision was given after Abraham received righteousness by faith. So both circumcision and the law came after faith. So what Paul is basically saying is, you know, faith did not show up, you know, after Jesus, you know, but faith was there way back. You know, the time of Abraham, even before the circumcision before the law. And so he's really now Paul is really catching their attention. So the Jews can say, hey, now where did this whole concept of being made righteous by faith come about? You know, we've never heard this. We only thought, we learned that, you know, by keeping the law, we are justified, made righteous before God. Now, what are you telling us, Paul, that we are made righteous, not by keeping the law or the sign of the covenant circumcision, but by faith? And so he says, you know, he brings in the example of Abraham, how, how beautiful it is, you know, so smart of Paul, just like the way that he presents this truth.  Okay. So it's just how just amazing how Paul, you know, is expressing the mind of God and helping these people to see that faith is both for the Jews and the Gentiles. Okay. So with this in small introduction, we would look at studying chapter four. So can someone please read Romans chapter four versus one to three, please. Romans chapter four verse one, two, four. Sorry, Salatoli. Sorry to interrupt. Please read Romans chapter four versus one, two and three. Thank you. Okay. Romans chapter four verse one, two, four. What shall we say that Abraham, our father has fun according to the place for if Abraham was justified by works he has something to boss about but not before God. For what does the scripture say Abraham believe God and it was a content to him for righteousness. Not to him who works the wages are not counted as grace but as death. Amen. Thank you, Salatoli. So he starts off by asking a question in verse one. What then shall we say that Abraham, our father has found according to the flesh. Okay. So, you know, Jews took much pride in Abraham and David. The two great Patriots, Abraham, their father, the entire Israelite race, and David, their king who established them in the land that God had appointed for them. Now, when Paul says Abraham, you know, they understood him as their forefather as their forerunner, and so he uses Abraham as a good example. And Paul asked this question, was Abraham justified by works? And Paul, you know, quotes from Old Testament. So we look at this in the introduction. We saw that, you know, Paul uses a lot of Old Testament scripture, you know, to prove his point or, you know, to reason out with the Jews. Because the Jews were well acquainted, familiar with the Old Testament scripture. So he quotes Genesis chapter 15 verse six, and he says Abraham believed God and it was accounted to him for righteousness. So Paul is saying that Abraham received righteousness based on one thing that is he believed God. Okay. And no one can argue that because that is what scripture says. So he's saying, hey, look, you know, you look at Abraham, what does the scripture say about him? He says he believed God and God, you know, counted it or granted him righteousness or made him righteous. Now the Greek word for accounted, you know, that Paul uses in Romans chapter four was three is an important word to consider. Rosalind, can I please ask you to mute your mic? Thank you. No, no, no problem. Thank you, Rosalind. So here in chapter four was three, he uses the word accounted and, you know, the Greek word for counted is something that we need to, you know, important to consider. Now Paul uses this word 11 times in the same chapter. Okay. In the NKJV, it's translated as accounted. We see this in verses three, five, nine, 10 and 22 of Romans chapter four. And we see the word counted in verse four and imputes or impute imputed in verses six, eight, verse 11, verse 23 and verse 24. Now the KJV, in the KJV, it's translated as counted and reckoned or imputed. Okay. Now, basically, all of these words have to do with financial accounting or calculation, and it simply means, you know, to put into someone's account. Or in our usage, which would basically mean, you know, to credit into one's account or deposit into one's account. So, you know, what Paul is basically saying here is when Abraham believed God, when Abraham trusted God, when he believed God, you know, God deposited to him. Or in other words, God credited to him or accounted to him righteousness. Okay. Or it was put into, God put into Abraham's account, so to say. So Abraham received righteousness by believing God. So Abraham was made righteous. Or God's righteousness was put into his account where he was cloded with God's righteousness because the fact that he believed in God, he trusted in God. Okay. We'll move on verses four to eight. Can somebody please lead Romans chapter four verses four to eight, please. Verse eight, verse four. Now to him who works, the wages are not counted as grace, but as debt. But to him who does not work but believes on him who justifies the ungodly, his faith is accounted for righteousness. Just as David also describes the blessedness of the man to whom God imputes righteousness apart from works. Blessed are those whose lawless deeds are forgiven and whose sins are covered. Blessed is the man to whom the Lord shall not impute sin. Amen. Amen. Thank you, Rosalind. So here in verse four, he says, if a man works, then, you know, he gets, what he gets is not something by grace, but he gets, or he's paid what he is owed, you know, his work for it. So it is when he gets paid, he's paid what he's owed, and it's not something that he's getting because of grace, but he's getting it because he has done some work. So what Paul is basically saying is that, you know, system of work when we, this is how the system of works happen. So if we say that, you know, it is by keeping the law or it's by doing some work or it is by keeping the sign of the covenant, then we're saying that, you know, God is, you know, debt it towards us. He owes us something. It makes God owe us something. You know, it's not his grace or his favor, you know, that he's giving us what he has to give us, but it is, you know, it's because of our works that God has a debt that he has to pay us so he owes us something. So he says we can't say that God does not owe us anything. God does not, you know, is not debt it towards us. So we can't say that it's through works that, you know, we are receiving, then we are totally nullifying the whole thing about grace. But, you know, when we, when we say works, we're actually, we're thinking that God owes us salvation or God owes us blessing because of our good works, which is not right. It's the wrong way of thinking. But if we say if a man does not work, he believes he's receiving it purely by grace through faith. Okay. So if you're saying that, hey, it's not our works. It's not by keeping the law. It's not by keeping the covenants. Then we're saying, you know, we are just trusting God. Then we're saying that we receive it purely by grace through faith. Okay. So he's saying Abraham received righteousness purely by believing, you know, God, and that is by faith and not by works. Okay. So the righteousness that God gave Abraham is by grace. It was something that God gave to him. And what is that which God gave to him? It was grace that God gave to him. And, you know, he's so Paul is bringing us to the next point about grace that he will talk about in chapter five. Now what is grace? What is grace? The Greek word for grace is terrace or terrace. Okay. And it has different usages in the New Testament in different places. The word grace can mean different things. It can mean the divine favor or the divine acceptance of God, which means God accepts us just the way we are. You know, we read this in Ephesians chapter two was eight says for grace, you have been saved through faith and it's not of yourself. It's a gift of God. Okay. Grace can also mean, you know, divine character. It's basically the character of God. We read this in John chapter one was 14 where it says the word became flesh and made his dwelling amongst us. And we have seen his glory, the glory of the one and only son who came from the father full of grace and truth. So the character of God full of grace and truth. And the Bible also tells believers in second Peter chapter three was 18 but growing the grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ to him be the glory both now and forever. So it says we are all to grow into Christ like character. So grow in the grace means grow in Christ like character. So the second thing that grace can signify in the New Testament is divine character, the character of God. The third thing that grace signifies in the New Testament. Sorry, is divine enablement or divine empowerment. Okay. Now Paul had a thorn in his flesh and it was repeated attacks from the enemy and he asked God to take it away.  Paul, I'm going to enable you. I'm going to empower you to go through this. So, you know, grace is divine enablement, which is given to every believer. Okay.  So in this context, when, you know, we're talking about grace, it basically refers to divine favor. Okay. So when Paul is talking about grace here in this chapter, he's basically talking in verse four. He's using it in the context, not a divine character of God or divine enablement, but he's talking about divine favor. So he's saying, you know, it's a divine favor. It's a generous deed done out of the heart of the bestower without expecting anything in return. So God is justified, has made us righteous by his grace. That is a divine favor that is upon us. Okay. And the grace in us is receiving what we don't deserve. We don't deserve to be made righteous in God's side. We don't deserve a right standing before God.  Okay. So, you know, grace begins when our ability ends. And it's often explained as this acronym, G-R-A-C-E, you know, God's riches at Christ's expense. Okay. So in this context, basically he's talking about grace in the context of divine favor where, you know, we don't deserve it. We cannot earn it. We cannot buy it by anything that we do, but it's just, you know, God's riches at Christ's expenses because of what Christ has done on the cross that we have been justified or we have been made righteous or we have received this by grace. Okay. Now look at this phrase in verse five where he says, him who justifies the ungodly. Okay. This is powerful, but it sounds very paradoxical where God is declaring the ungodly as a righteous. Okay. Yet God can do this because of what Christ has done on the cross for us because of the redemption that is in Christ Jesus, which we saw earlier in chapter three. So in chapter three, we saw that, you know, Christ redeemed us and we have been justified and we are also Christ has made the propitiation for our sins. So we see these, you know, in Romans chapter three verses 24 to 25 where Paul uses these three key words to describe what God does in response to our sin. Okay. The first one we saw was justification and we know justification has to do with us being set free from the penalty and the condemnation of our sin and being declared righteous before God, which means, you know, in picture it as us being in the court of law where, you know, we are condemned, we are proved guilty, but, you know, we are in spite of being condemned and proved guilty, we are set free because of the penalty that Christ has made or paid for our sin. And then the word redemption has to do with us being set free from the power of sin, Satan and all of sin's consequences because Jesus Christ purchased the freedom of us from being slaves to sin, Satan and the consequence of sin and he paid the ransom price when he died on the cross. And we also looked at propitiation, which has to do with reconciling us back to God, making us friends again with God, you know, where Christ makes the full sufficient, perfect sacrifice, thus appeasing the Father God and grooming his wrath and his, you know, his pleasure towards us because of our obedience to sin. So we looked at all of these three key words, three key words in two verses in Romans chapter three verses 24 to 25. Okay. So coming back to Romans chapter four, you know, was five. We saw that we see that you know, even though it's a very powerful verse and even though it sounds paradoxical, but God is that God is declaring the ungodly as righteous. Yet God could do this because of the redemption price that is in Christ Jesus or because of redemption that is in Christ Jesus, which we saw in chapter three. And then, you know, Paul goes to point out to David in verses six to eight and he again quotes from the Old Testament. So Paul quotes the first two verses from Psalm 32, but we will look at a few more additional verses to understand the context of Psalm 32. So can somebody please read Psalm chapter 32 verses one to five, please. Psalm chapter 32 verses one to five. Can somebody read that please. Psalm 32 verses one to five. Blessed is he whose transgression is forgiven. For sin is covered. Blessed is a man to whom the Lord does not impute iniquity and in whose spirit there is no deceit. When I kept silent, my bones grew old through my groaning all the day long. For day and night your hand was heavy upon me. My vitality was turned into the draught of summer. I acknowledged my sin to you and my iniquity I have not hidden. I said I will confess my transgressions to the Lord and you forgive the iniquity of my sin. Amen. Thank you, Rosalind. So Paul is pointing out to David, where he's saying David received this righteousness apart from works. How was David made righteous? In this context he confessed his sin and he received forgiveness. By faith he received the blessedness of having his sin forgiven. So he's not by works that he was forgiven. It was not by works that he was made righteous. But by faith he received the blessedness of having his sins forgiven. And verse six, Paul says, just as David also describes the blessedness of the man to whom God imputes righteousness apart from works. Now let's look at this phrase, the blessedness. So let's consider this phrase the blessedness of the man whom God declares righteous. Which means declares righteous means credits with righteousness. Or puts into his account righteousness or puts into his account sin. So being declared righteous brings us to a place of blessedness. Blessings that we cannot receive by any other means or being in any other place. But blessings that we receive because we believe by faith and God's righteousness is put into our account. And because of that we are blessed or we come to a place of blessing. So he says blessed is a man whose sins are forgiven. So even he's saying in the context of being forgiven of our sins it's not by keeping the law. It's not by following some covenant. So you know the rituals or you know some feasts. But he says you know a man is forgiven by his sins when you know he he asks for his sins to be forgiven. And he is you know made righteous before God and he comes to a place of being blessed. So he says blessed is a man whose sins are forgiven. So he's saying he's talking about sins being forgiven in the context of being made righteous by faith. Just you know David receiving his forgiveness by just believing that God has forgiven him his sins. And also he's saying that you know we come to a place of blessedness not because of some works that we have done. Not the things that we do or by things that we keep but it's because we are blessed because of God's righteousness. Because we come to a place where we believe by faith in what Christ has done in what God has done for us. Any questions so far on verses 1 to 6? I hope you are understanding there's basically no discussions, no questions. Nobody is asking for any clarity so I'm just assuming that all of you are understanding or you're still in doubt and you're not able to understand well. Good if you can you know speak up and ask some questions and bring out some discussions. Class can be even more meaningful and energetic and lively. Any questions anything that you need clarification on? No for now pastor we are just listening attentively and picking up points. Okay thank you Lubega. Okay there's no questions or no one needs any clarifications. We'll move on to verses 9 to 12 sorry verses 9 to 12. But Paul is talking about righteousness given by faith even before circumcision. So he's dealt with you know the law he's saying it's not by keeping the law or by the works of the law that we have justified or righteous. But it's by faith and he also says our sins are forgiven and we are blessed or come to a place of being blessed. Not because of keeping the law or doing the law or the works of the law but it's because of Christ's righteousness or it's by faith in Christ that makes us righteousness that brings us to a place of forgiveness and a state of blessedness or a place of receiving God's blessing. And then he goes on to talk about the another aspect which the Jews hold on to you know which has been a common issue and a problem is you know they're forcing the Gentiles to be circumcised or keeping the sign of circumcision which is a sign of the covenant. So he talks about that in verses 9 to 12 so can somebody read verses 9 to 12 please. Oh sorry it's time up. I just missed out on the time. Okay we look at verses 9 to 12 in the next class but before we end anyone has anything to say. I hope the explanation is sufficient you are able to understand at least give me some inputs on the class. Is there clarity in my explanation or are you able to understand or it's going way beyond your head is something that you're not able to. Okay thank you Jefina. Anyone else is explanation clear if you need more clarity? Okay no response. Okay okay thank you. Thank you Zalatoli. Thank you Jefina. Okay thank you everyone for joining class have a blessed weekend I'll see you on Monday.


Hello everybody, E here. Welcome back to another Stephen King review, and if you are confused, don't be. I have not actually reviewed these books. I have done Thursday theorist, and that may be what you are thinking about if you're confused whatsoever. But I'm going back through and reviewing all of Stephen King's books that I have not reviewed yet, and today we are talking about four past midnight. Stephen King's second novella collection. I'm going to go through each story, tell you why I liked or disliked each story. Overall, for those of you that just want the TLDW, get in here, get dirty, get out. I'm giving the entire collection nowadays. My review on Goodreads might be different, so don't come after me. My opinions change a lot, and I have read each of these books, you know, again after those reviews were posted. But this one, I'm going to give three stars as an average for all of the stories. I have one story in here that bothers me quite a bit, but we'll get to that as we discuss them. So the first story out of the gate is the Langoliers. The Langoliers is a story about a group of strangers on a flight, and they end up going through a rift in the sky. There's been spotted over the desert a rora borealis, which happens very, very rarely. They fly through this anomaly, and they end up pretty much where they're supposed to be, but there's no people. It's like the apocalypse has happened, and they're the only ones who have survived. The story, I love this story. I give it five stars, but I do prefer, for enchantment purposes, and I guess time consumption. I prefer the absolutely horrible miniseries, or maybe it was a two-episode event, something like that. The four-hour movie that was released on television all those years ago. Bronson Pinchot, I loved his performance in it, and everybody else is so either over the top, or it also has hilariously bad computer-generated graphics for the Langoliers, which reminded me so much of Critters. How many of you guys out there remember Critters? Anyways, but I do love the story. I love the idea a lot, and it's one of the ones, anytime I read this collection or reread it, I save the Langoliers for last because it is the height of the collection for me. On to the next story. We have Secret Window, Secret Garden. I like this one, but I'm only going to give it three stars. This one is a story of Mort, who is an author, who way back into way back. I'm trying to remember if this is a spoiler or not. Yeah, well, I think I can talk about this. So Mort, earlier in his career, before he was a famous author, stole a story off of one of his students.  And all of a sudden, this stranger named Shooter shows up at his doorstep while he's estranged from his wife living out in the woods and says, hey, mister, you stole my story. And the twist at the end is good. But I do find that I like the dark half better than this one. And the more I look back on it, the more the dark half is the better version of these two stories. And I say that only because they kind of hold the same themes, you know, an alternate, a second. That's spoilers. But if you want, if you want to read this, I definitely suggest that you do it. And I don't want to say anything else. I want to say it so badly, but I don't the reason why the dark half and Secret Window, Secret Garden are connected. And from what I understand, Stephen King wrote those two back to back. First the novel, then the novella, could have been the other way around. I'm not sure, but he does this quite often. He'll take an idea. He'll write a full blown novel about it, and then he'll have other ideas, maybe ideas that he didn't use. And he'll put those into the novella that comes afterward, or the short story. I believe he does this as kind of a routine. He'll write a novel, and then either a short story on novella, and that's how he works. At least that's what I have read, and what I've seen him talk about in interviews. So the next one is The Library Policeman. This one is very controversial. I'm not a huge fan of the story itself. I do like the way it connects to the Dark Tower universe and to the Stephen King universe. I do like that stuff. But Ordilia, the main baddie in this one, I think this story is creepy because of her. But it is a very, very difficult read, because there is child molestation in it. And it's one of King's more disturbing ones. So I'm going to give this one two stars. I don't suggest it often, which is funny, because the last time he wrote about a character like that, there was child sex. Well, it's molestation in this one. It's consenting in it.  And I find that interesting, a bit bothersome. But anyways, we're going to move along. I give this one two stars. I don't care too much for it, and I don't like reading it. But it's not worthy of a one star. It's not Billy Summers after all. Anyways, the next one we have is The Sun Dog. And The Sun Dog, I am also going to give three stars. It is the story of Pop Merrill, who is, I believe, Ace's uncle. Ace from Ace Merrill, from what's it called? Dang, The Body, or Stand By Me. He was played by Tifa Sutherland in Stand By Me. Pop is either his uncle or his grandfather or something like that. But his real name is Reginald, I believe. Pop Merrill has a camera called a Sun 660, I believe it is. Polaroid Sun 660. And every picture that this takes, whenever Pop takes it, there is a lingering presence of a dog that seems to be getting closer and closer. It's a black dog. It's menacing, that kind of thing. This story is okay. I'm giving it three stars. So not really Goodreads' staple for three stars, because three stars means you liked it. Two stars is just okay. So I guess 2.5 here, because I'm somewhere right in the middle. I don't like reading the story anymore. I don't know why. I do know that Merrill is, what's your name? Billy? There was a guy that was always in the live streams, always talking about the Merrills and how much he, I think he loved this story. I can't remember. Thugged Out White Boy is his name, who was the guy's handle. But anyways, that's beside the point. The last story, this whole collection, after Lingoliers, is kind of lackluster for me. Even though I've heard that it is some very few people's favorite collection of his. Now when we talk about collections, that he has the novella collections, and he has a short story collections, when you guys talk, this is my question for you today, when you guys talk about Stephen King's collections, do you differentiate between the novella collections and the short story collections? If you do, tell me why down in the doobly-doo, or do you just refer to them as his collections? So does he have, you know, a dozen, so odd 14 collections, something like that? I think it's seven and seven, or maybe it's six and six. I can't remember. But anyways, are they all lumped into his short work for you? Or do you designate between novellas and short stories? Let me know down there in the doobly-doo. Also, let me know whether or not you like this collection. Which story is your favorite? Which one did you hate the most? All that stuff, just the normal questions. But if you felt any kind of way about any of these stories, express that in detail down there in the doobly-doo, so that we can have a discussion. But until next time, I have an E, you have an U. This has been another Stephen King book review. I'll talk to you guys later. Bye-bye!