Hello again everyone, so our last video we implemented the beginning of a hash table data structure and what we encountered was the problem of a hash collision and What do we want to do about that because we you know, even if a hash collision occurs Which is when two values map to the same index or hash to the same value We still want to put both of those different values in the hash table and be able to search for them later So how do we deal with something like that? all right, so first formal definition a hash collision occurs when Different values hash to the same hash value So we apply the hash function to something say two integers say five and twenty five But they hash to the same value. That's a hash collision Now there are such things as perfect hash functions that map each value Remember from the big great big potentially infinite space to a unique hash value and many of the cryptographic Algorithms for hashing they're close to perfect. We're pretty sure and there's no perfect hash functions, but It's a conceptual thing that we should be aware of right, but hash collisions in general are going to occur right so One way to get around them is to have better hash functions So for example in the modulo hash function isn't so great You get a lot of hash collisions with it the mid-squares a little is quite a bit better in terms of that Just because of the mathematical properties of the way that numbers are distributed So you know the first step to dealing with hash collisions is to avoid them in the first place You can do that in two ways one use a good hash function to Make the table bigger if there's more slots for you to hash down into The less likely you'll have a hash collision as well All right, so there's kind of two two aspects to this problem But if you get a hash collision, what are you going to do? You still want to put those values in the hash table somewhere well There are two strategies for dealing with hash collisions one the first is called open Addressing an open addressing means find the next empty slot using some search strategy The second strategy is called chaining and that's basically where instead of having a hash table with slots And you put a value in each slot Instead each slot is actually a list of values. And so we'll take a look at both of these All right, so open addressing here Imagine, you know, you've got this nice hash table. It's pretty small. It's only got 20 slots And we've got some values in there Open addressing says find the next empty slot All right, and there are two strategies here and we'll look in an example of how these work, right? The first is called linear probing Okay, so you hash two things for the same value linear probing is just a fancy way of saying Go to the next slot and see if it's empty. If so Put the item there. If that next slot is an empty go to the next one Go to the next one. Just keep going up the array until you find an empty slot That's all linear probing is The problem is it's susceptible to what we call clustering where if you have a lot of things that hash to the same value say This table has 20 Imagine slots imagine if you insert 20 40 60 80 they're all going to hash to zero and you'll get them all kind of clustered together And then your hash table if you're looking for a value You're basically just searching a list and that's not good Slightly better approach for open addressing is what's called quadratic probing where instead of just going to the next slot We take bigger and bigger and bigger and bigger hops down the Array until we find an open slot, but let's have a look right. Let's see what these look like in practice Okay, so I've got my hash table here. It's got 20 empty slots. Let me move myself. Whoops. Excuse me Let me move myself down here to the bottom so you can see all the slots. All right, so Let's just illustrate what linear probing looks like. Let me put some simple values in here Let's hash in Let's hash. Whoops 22 and we'll just use the modulo method. Okay, that'll be our hash function because it's the simplest method So if we hash 22 that's going to go here right now let's hash Just the value 2 Right if we hash the value 2 using the modulo method It's going to hash well first 22 goes to slot 2 if we hash 2 that also goes to slot 2 Well the linear probing method says alright There's already somebody here in slot 2 when I go to insert 2 Just increment by 1 until you find an empty slot, right? So if I try to insert 2 here, no, it's full. So just go up to 3. Is 3 empty? Yes, it is. So let's put a 2 in there. That's where the 2 goes. Okay Not too sophisticated. Let's put Let's put say 7 in there or 7 Using the modulo hash function just goes here Let's put in a more interesting value like 55 Where's 55 going to go? Using the modulo method that should hash to slot 15. So that'll go here. Okay, so we're starting to fill up the table a little bit Let's hash something we know is going to collide. Let's hash 27 And where's 27 going to go? I'll compute the hash 27 mod 20 is 7 so it's going to go wants to go into slot 7 But it cannot because there's already something there. Whoops Sorry about that Tablet's a little bit sensitive to Where I lay my hand still getting the hang of it. I apologize for that And how to move things around If I find my mouse here, let's see I'm sure why it thinks I want to be here. There we go. Hopefully this is a little better. Sorry about that So it wants to hash 27 to this slot right, but it's occupied. So where does it go? Goes to the next slot, which is number eight. Okay, so 27 would go here right So 27 it hashes to 7, but it actually winds up in slot 8 just like when we hashed to 2 wanted to go into slot 2, but it actually wound up in slot 3. Okay, let's do one more here Let's hash 82 82 mod 20 is going to give us 4 with a remainder of 2 So 2 is the slot it wants to go to so once again, we're up here. We want to go into slot 2 There's no room at the end. So It goes up one linear probe. It goes up one. Is that slot 3? Nope frayed not so it goes up one more slot slot 4 slot 4 open. Why yes, it is Okay, so when I hash 82 it winds up in slot number 4 Okay, so that's linear probing but the problem with linear probing is you tend to get Groups or clusters right you tend to get clusters of things and these clusters aren't good Why is that well? Because if you try and insert say 62 where's 62 going to go It's going to start here at 2 and then go to 3 and then 4 and then 5 right So we were certain to walk down this array and that's not good, right? The benefit of the hash table is it's a big O of 1 search time If we have to walk down the array to find an open slot or if we're looking for the value 82 and we call our get method. Well, we come here to 2 and we say it's not there Well, maybe I should look in the next slot because maybe a collision occurred. Let me go to the next slot Is it in slot 3? No Well, maybe I should go to the next slot. Is it in slot 4? Oh, there it is Okay, so when you have a linear probing you start to have to walk this list and that's not so good All right, this is clustering a slightly better approach is what we call quadratic probing Okay, it's kind of the same premise except we're going to do bigger and bigger hops Every time to kind of spread the data out through the hash table, right? So let's put these same values back in Let's hash 22 and again, we'll use the modulo method. So once again 22 is going to resolve to 2 right off the bat Okay, so Quadratic probing hash gets hash plus I Squared until you find an open slot. Okay, so let's hash 2 Okay, where is it going to go? Well initially? It wants to go to 2 again Append does not like me nor does my tablet Initially it wants to go to 2 again All right, but 2 is occupied. So where does it go? It goes to hash plus I Squared okay, so what's the I I is going to be the number of times that you rehash the thing So initially I is going to be one Right initially I is one So hash plus I Hash plus one is going to be three So we only jump to here to begin with Okay, not a big improvement. They're still side by side, but now let's go back and let's insert number 82 Okay, where does 82 go? Well by using our mod function it initially wants to hash to slot 2 okay It's not full can't go there because 22 is there, so it's going to try the next spot I equals one I equals one is going to be slot three Is there somebody there? Yes, there is value 2 is there All right, so now I equals 2 we're going to look for the next thing hash plus I Squared right I squared 2 squared is 4 so we're going to go to slot number hash here is going to be the initial hash value Which is 2 so this is going to be 2 plus 2 squared which equals 6 just like slot 3 was 2 plus 1 squared equals 3 right So this is going to jump from here all the way up to here slot 6 ah Now there is space, so I'm going to put 82 in right here Okay, let's do one more. Let's do one more Let's do let's move my head again Let's do one more. Let's do H of Who's going to go to slot 2 um 42 would right? So when we hash 42 We get 2 Alright 2 is occupied. We know that So let's apply our quadratic probe So the first iteration I equals 1 So 2 plus I Squared 2 plus 1 squared is 3 3 open Nope the value 2 lives there go to the next iteration I equals 2 Hash value plus I squared equals 6 6 open Nope afraid not Alright we go again. I equals 3 Okay, hash value plus I squared 3 squared is 9 9 plus 2 is 11 11 All right is 11 open. Yes, it is So that's where we're going to put it Okay, so this is the concept of quadratic probing And as you can kind of see just with even these values It starts to spread things out and prevent them from clustering when they hash to the same value, and that's a good thing all right so linear probing quadratic probing and go back to the slides here One more strategy that we want to Look at or we'll just talk about briefly So both linear probing and quadratic programming our strategy is known as open Addressing find the next open slot in the hash table using some algorithm the other option is called chaining okay chaining says instead Instead of having just one value in every slot in the hash table put a list in every slot of the hash table and That way whenever there's a collision just add it on to the end of the list It's there at that slot This is not a bad idea. It's actually pretty simple from an implementation standpoint Downside is you can wind up wasting a lot of space Because you know as you remember from talking about array lists You have to Jump you know each array that you allocate takes a chunk of memory So if you have arrays at every slot you're potentially occupying a whole bunch of memory And then also searching these things is we kind of lose the power of searching a little bit if you do so as well So chaining we're going to stay away from we're going to stick to an open addressing scheme Now there's one more concept that you need to be aware of that has a huge bearing on how well your hash table Performs in terms of its search right because our goal is to keep everything big o of one And the last thing that matters here that we'll talk about is called the load factor So what's the load factor? The more hashes you have in your hash table the more likely that a collision will occur right? But less free space the less open spaces there are The more likely you're going to run into something already occupying space so when it's the ratio of how many slots are filled up in the hash table to The number total number of slots is what is called the load factor right so for example in this list There is excuse me in this test table. There's 20 slots and there are 16 items So the load factor which is denoted by the Greek letter lambda is 16 divided by 20 which is 0.8 or 80 percent right so this test table is 80 percent full So it's a good idea to keep this load factor below a certain threshold to avoid collisions So how do you keep it below a certain threshold that what that means is that? Once you when you insert stuff into the hash table what you want to do is you want to check this load factor and say Hey, have you gotten above a certain threshold like 66% or 75% and if so Then what I'm going to do is I'm going to grow my hash table I'm going to allocate some more space a bigger chunk of memory and I'm going to put everything back in the hash table Kind of start start fresh and spread everything out again Kind of like Python's array does once it gets full if you remember Python's array Once it gets full it goes and finds a bigger chunk of memory and copies the array over into it So you can keep adding on to the list. Well, we're going to do a similar thing with a hash table once it gets too full We're going to allocate bigger room for it and reinsert everything into the hash table Okay, so these are all the critical hash table concepts. You got to know hashing hash values slots collisions how collisions can be resolved through open addressing and And linear probing or quadratic probing and then the load factor, right? So to wrap up hash tables We're going to go back to the code and we're going to implement some collision resolution and then at least talk about a strategy for dealing with dynamically resizing the hash table in response to a Too high of a load factor. We'll do that next time


The last time I came, I think, was about two years ago, I spoke about the Euro-crisis and its impact on European foreign policy. And today it's the neighborhood policy, basically about another crisis at the moment. I remember in 2004 I was invited to a lunch with George Soros, the eminent finance speculator. He wanted to be informed about the European neighborhood policy, and that was just when it was fresh and new, and we talked with him for about two hours, and Soros was so enthusiastic and happy and excited about these things. He said, we, the Americans, we bomb countries into democracy. The Iraq war had just happened, but you do it differently, and he got really, really excited. What I remember from this lunch, more than anything else, is a sense of embarrassment on my behalf, because knowing the European Union quite well, I sort of knew, it's not going to be so wonderful, and probably we will not be able to fulfill George's or anybody else's expectations. But I think in some respect, George Soros was right, because it was a very innovative and very ambitious policy. It was sort of the Europe's answer to geopolitics. We would not deal with our neighbors on the basis of events and short-term interests. We would actually engage with them in a much more profound way. We would support structural transformations of these countries. We would support their democratization, their commitment to the rule of law. We would turn them into successful market economy by also letting them participate in European integration. And we would also provide stability in our neighborhood. And we would do this by offering them greater possibilities to mobility, to engaging them on trade, and by financial assistance. The basic model, the fundamental model, was of course the European Union itself, and the methodology was drawn from the enlargement process, which had a proven good track record in supporting economic transition. Of course, as you pointed out, it was enlargement light. It was the small detail of actually the promise of a future membership in the European Union was missing. But otherwise, lots of the elements of enlargement, the enlargement process, were there. There were action plans. There were annual reports on how well the countries were doing, the number of programs on assisting them on the path towards a closer association with the European Union. And of course, there were big claims for this new policy. Solana said we want a ring of well-governed states. Romano Brodi at the time, president of the commission, said we would be ready to share everything with them, except for institutions. So not membership, but in terms of participation in the internal market, et cetera, we would be quite open and generous. And of course, the treaty itself, Article 8, makes big claims too. It talks about an area of stability and cooperation based on the values of the European Union. And that's interesting, based on the values of the European Union. Not shared values, not common values, but values of the European Union. Quite ambitious, I would say. Now, 10 years later, if we look back, there is hardly any area of European foreign policy where you can speak of such a comprehensive failure, basically. Pretty much the opposite of what we aimed for actually happened. There is a great deal of political turmoil and instability in almost the entire neighborhood. Economic transition is stuck in most places. We had hoped with a spring of democracy, with a single exception of Tunisia, this dream has not come true. There is authoritarianism basically on the rise across the region. And of course, the influence of the European Union has gone down, not up. And many of these countries are further away from us than they used to be in the year 2004. Now, what has gone wrong? This is basically what my paper is about, and it goes into some detail, but I will not bore with you. I just point out some of the key, key elements that went wrong, basically. The first one is, I think our approach, our instruments were made for a stable environment, long-term engagement with instruments that take a number of years to bring things to fruition, and history just didn't wait for us. Geopolitics came back with the vengeance, as you pointed out. The countries in the neighborhood went through wars, civil wars, military dictatorships, coup d'etats, some of them became failed states, some were exposed to the bullying behavior of neighbors. There was quite a lot of terrorism all around, so basically what happened in the region didn't match up the kind of instruments that we had at our disposal. Of course, within the limited capacity of the EU, the EU tried to address this issue. One notable success was the mediation effort of the French presidency in the Georgian War in 2008. Also, Cathy Aschen tried valiantly after the coup of last summer in Egypt to bring about some kind of reconciliation. There were a number of efforts to restart the Middle East peace process, but all together I think the EU's capacity couldn't really make a difference to mitigate the political turmoil, and the neighborhood policy instruments became more and more irrelevant due to the level of instability. And I would say this doesn't mean that these aims for structural change were wrong. I think they are the correct aims, and we should not put them into question, but it means that maybe the EU should first try to have the capacity to contribute to stability, to create a situation, an environment in which this long-term engagement really pays off. The second point is a very important one, and I think this stays very key basically to the understanding. The whole neighborhood policy was based in a way on a Eurocentric illusion. The EU saw itself at the center of the universe, and these 16 countries were somehow planet circling around us, and we ignored the fact that there were some other players out there with their own gravity fields, and some of them had a very different agenda from the European Union. And of course, the most relevant case is Russia. It was interesting if you look back to 2004, Russia barely reacted to the launching of the neighborhood policy. They were not very interested, they communicated very politely, they were not interested in participating in it, because they were a strategic partner playing on a different level, but they didn't excite them very much. This changed in 2009 when the Eastern Partnership was launched. There, from the beginning, you had a fairly hostile attitude by Russia. And in particular, Vladimir Putin kept looking at this from the point of view of a sort of zero-sum game. Any step these countries would take towards the European Union would be a loss for Russia. And I think the EU did not give up and kept trying to persuade Russia to have stable and prosperous countries between itself and the European Union would help either side. Moscow was not convinced by this logic at all. And we were not really well placed to counter this Russian attitude because the EU was divided on the neighborhood itself. There were a number of countries who wanted to give these countries, like the Balkan countries, an accession perspective. There were a considerable number of other countries who opposed this vehemently because they didn't want to open another wave of enlargement. There are some countries in the EU who have long-standing, very positive relations with Russia based on trust and cooperation for a long time. There are others who have certain historical experiences and look at Russia with a lot of mistrust and hostility. So whereas Putin knew exactly what he wanted, we didn't really know what we wanted. And then the absence of a coherent strategy on the EU side, sort of the technocratic logic of the Commission came into play. The Commission sort of went ahead and negotiated this DCFTA with a number of countries of the Eastern partnership. And when these agreements were finally finalized, the last question came up, is that compatible with the membership in the Eurasian Customs Union, Putin's counterproject to European integration, the Commission said, no, you have to choose one or the other. And by the way, please choose before the 28th of November because we have the summit at this point. So I think in terms of trade law, this was the correct answer. This was right. You cannot be part of the Customs Union and have a DCFTA. In terms of geopolitics, it was very foolish because obviously it contradicted our constant argument that this was not something to the detriment of Russia, but it was meant also to be an inclusive process. So I say this very clearly in my paper, and I've been sort of criticized later on because I was put in the camp of the Putin for Steyer because there is this notion of that we ourselves brought this crisis upon us, and Putin was responding more or less to an aggressive attitude from the European Union. I think this is totally wrong. I wouldn't see this like this whatsoever. But I do believe that our policies were not very wise. And I think the lack of wisdom is related to the internal divisions. I think the responsibility for what happened later, this bullying behavior towards Ukraine, pushing them first to commit not to sign, then you had this massive response from the streets, and then the Crimea crisis that ensued from that, that's Mr. Putin's responsibility for the most part. But I do believe that EU policy left something to be desired, frankly. The third element of what went wrong with the European neighborhood policy were that the member states didn't really engage in it. It was, again, on this point similar to the enlargement process where the commission is in the lead. On the neighborhood policies, the commission together with the external action service. On enlargement, it doesn't affect the functioning of the enlargement process because the commission has a very strong political mandate, and the accession countries know the commission is its most important interlocutor and take the commission extremely seriously. And the neighborhood policy, it's a different game altogether. The incentives were not as important. And for the prime minister of Tunisia or Morocco, Mr. Fühler is not a very interesting interlocutor. They are confused by our messier institutional setup, and they are sort of conditioned to take member states a great deal more seriously. And the member states stayed in the background, only the institutions really engaged the states in negotiating the action plans, in writing the reports, et cetera. And the member states were not really involved in framing the policy and in the implementation of it. They basically carried on their own bilateral policies following their own interests, leaving the neighborhood policy sometimes became sort of a smoke screen behind which member states did their own stuff. And that was, of course, a huge, hugely negative aspect of the whole story. Further big deficit were the rather insufficient incentives. One frequently speaks about the three M's, markets, mobility, and money, basically. And all three elements of the EU seem to offer much more than it actually offered. In terms of money in the last seven-year program, there were 12 billion Euro. This is serious money devoted to this. But in a given year, Qatar, with its two million people, spends more than the EU on the neighborhood policy. So this shows somehow the disfunction there was. And after the Arab Spring, the EU added another billion and got the EBRD and the EIB to engage more. But nothing like the mobilization that happened after 1989 for Eastern Europe, simply the commitment to actually start something serious, was not there to the necessary extent. Now on market access, a similar situation, the DCFTA concept was relevant only for a very few countries that are fairly advanced. In the South, there's hardly any country that could really aim to have this trade agreement. And other trade concessions were very difficult to reach in the time of an economic crisis in the European Union. In terms of military, Iranian agricultural products, there was a lot of resistance by member states, particularly southern member states, to be really generous. And of course, with mobility, it's very similar. You have massive fear of illegal immigration. This is a hot political issue. So in terms of genuine liberalization, you did not go very far. The one single achievement is this visa liberalization with Moldova. Otherwise, the concept was based on mobility partnerships, which offer better access to the European Union for students and programs of a fairly limited scope in exchange for commitments on border security, et cetera, that should actually clamp down on illegal migration. I think about six of these mobility partnerships were concluded. But that went far, far below what these people of the region really, really expected. And so, whereas much of the money of the European Union over the last 10 years, I think, supported worthy causes, it failed on two counts. One is the engagement was not serious and important enough to really support structural transformation. This was just not strong enough. It's not important enough. And the second thing is it was all long-term investment. We lacked the capacity to intervene quickly and to have programs and projects that have a rapid impact. And therefore, since the situation evolved very rapidly, we did not really have the instruments that could make a difference in this context. The last sort of deficit that I would like to mention is the conditionality policy. This is supposed to be really at the heart of the whole game from the beginning of the founding documents. And that's another legacy of enlargement, because the basic notion is that we share the same values, the partner countries and the European Union. And by linking benefits, goodies, carrots with reform efforts and reform steps, we can turn the neighborhood policy into an important motor of reform in this country. I think this did not work out the way it was planned. For one, I think we were terribly inconsistent ourselves, because we preached conditionality, but frequently we didn't practice it. With respect to the Arab countries, after 9-11, the single priority was stability. And even we, let alone our partners, stopped paying even lip service to democratization and reforms and human rights. I think stability is the thing that really dominated all other considerations. And otherwise, I think if you take Belarus, a country with a nasty regime, with a very bad human rights record, got with very few real EU interests at stake, got the full dosage of conditionality, sanctions, exclusion from various positive programs, et cetera. Azerbaijan, which is not much better in terms of its record, but a very important energy partner, was treated much more mildly. And after the spring, of course, the EU revised its neighborhood policy and somehow now they really mean what we say, and conditionality will be at the heart of it, more for more, more goodies for more reform. This will be clearly leading our policy, but once again we did not implement it, because we had to realize that following the spring developments in most countries, the tendency in terms of human rights reforms, et cetera, went down, not up. So if we had taken it seriously, we probably would have frozen our cooperation with most of these countries, with the exception of Tunisia. And of course we couldn't, because many of them are very important partners. So it was, I think we would have needed a much more sophisticated strategy. Promotion of values is a very important ingredient of our foreign policy, but it cannot be sort of a very blunt mechanism that is sort of applied without much consideration. I think it didn't work out. Now these are just a few reasons why we find ourselves in the mess where we currently are. The question is now what needs to be done? And I think that the first, I feel three, three main elements. The first one is we will, first of all, deal with the crisis at hand. And that's the crisis in the East, it's the Ukraine, but it's also Moldova and Georgia, which will be under very, very severe pressure. In my mind, the Ukraine crisis can be a real game changer for European foreign policy. It's unlike any other crisis. You know, crises were always a big factor in the evolution of European foreign policy. The whole concept of foreign policy was somehow an outcome of the Balkan wars, of course. And in 2011, many of us had expected that their spring development could be another powerful impetus to revamp our policy and to become more serious as an international actor. But it turned out that in the midst of the Euro crisis, while we were in a sort of existential struggle with the financial markets, we simply did not have the kind of space and the capacity to really focus on these very important developments. And I think that's one of the reasons why the EU lost so much influence in the South. Now, the Ukraine crisis is different because different from Libya or Syria or Egypt, where you had domestic power struggles that then developed very important international implications, the EU in the Ukraine crisis was there from the very beginning. And the whole thing was triggered by the dispute with Russia about the signing of the DCFTA. The Maidan movement waived blue flags. The main objective of the new government is promoting the integration into the European Union. And of course Putin's action was a direct response to EU policy. So for the first time, crisis management is not about reducing risk and enhancing stability. It's a fight. We are for the first time in a geopolitical competition with a very savvy and very capable antagonist. It's a different type of thing and should, at least in theory, have a much stronger mobilizing function. And what needs to be done is fairly evident and I think on one count we are so far succeeding reasonably, I would think, on the other count where I think I have doubts whether we are succeeding. And one is the positive side is supporting the Ukraine. And I believe that all together over the last few weeks the kind of commitments from the EU and the level of engagement I think shows that we took it seriously and we responded quite in a credible fashion. The other side is of course the sanctions, how to respond to Russian behavior. And on that I think the jury is out. It is not clear. I think that you know about these three stages. We are now stuck in the second stage which implies putting people on the visa ban list and freezing their assets. But the question of the next stage of significant economic sanctions, again, is something on which EU member states are quite divided. They are very different outlooks. They are exposed in a different way. The kind of economic relationship to Russia is very diverse. And I think the decision making on this issue is quite difficult. There is, of course, I guess the red line is if Putin moves his troops into the Ukraine then there is no question that the serious economic sanctions will be decided. But there is a grey area and I think Putin knows about the red lines and the grey areas and so far he is maneuvering quite skillfully. And it's not evident to me that you will be capable to give a credible answer to what is going on in eastern Ukraine at the present time. I think we should not forget Moldova and Georgia. They are supposed to sign the DCFTA quite soon. It's likely that they will come under quite serious pressure too. And again, the EU really needs to invest to keep these countries on track. So this is the number one priority to respond to this immediate challenge. The second response would be to get the institutional decisions of the year 2014 right. I think now with this kind of wake up call that the Ukraine crisis constitute, I would hope that we will take these two decisions quite seriously. The one is, of course, the election appointment of the new leadership team of the European Union. And the second is the recomposition of the European Commission later on. You know, on the first point you remember that the centerpiece was always the commission president and then the next focus was on the president of the European Council and the appointment of the high representative. The last time round was a balancing operation. You had to tick boxes, male, female, right, left, north, south, new, old, et cetera. So I would fervently hope that this will be different the next time round. I think that history will be very kind to Kathy Aschen. I think she will be remembered for the two big successes that she had under her belt. That was the course of the Serbia agreement, which was her personal achievement. She did a fantastic job. I can trust that better than most other things because I was very much involved in this region. And the other big thing is the agreement, interim agreement on the nuclear program of Iran. And in this case I think this was a strategy, a policy devised in Washington, but she was a very able sort of spokesman, spokesperson and manager of the process. And I think she also deserves, it was an important achievement. Still, this doesn't change the fact that she was not the right person to be the high representative. In terms of her background, the experience, the profile, her network, she was not well positioned to play this role. It's very, very difficult role of a triple-headed representative, right? And I think next time we have to do better. I was reminded of what happened in 1999 when the job of the high representative was created by the Amsterdam Treaty. It was created with very, very limited competences, basically. You had to support the president, support the council. Couldn't do very much. And in the Amsterdam negotiations, we said, well, this shouldn't be a minister, shouldn't be a high-level person, maybe a senior official, senior ambassador. The primacy of the presidency in foreign policy needs to be preserved. But then came the course of a war, and the Europeans felt the American dominance of the crisis management process is quite humiliating. And suddenly, I think it was the European Council in Cologne. But they said, no, we have to be a bit more serious. And then they picked Javier Solana, who was, well, a heavyweight as the Secretary General of NATO in the long-term foreign minister of Spain. So I think we are in a similar kind of situation. I think we need the challenges have grown, and we have to respond to these challenges. And we cannot, again, look at male, female, big, small, right, left. We have to choose a heavyweight person with the right kind of experience. The second institutional decision that is not so much talked about, but is almost more important, is the recomposition of the commission. I do believe that one of the huge weaknesses of the implementation of the Lisbon Treaty so far is that the gap between foreign policy, traditional foreign policy, and the external relations that are led by the commission has not become significantly smaller. There is a huge, huge deficit in bringing the various instruments of the EU together. And these external relations are vastly important and powerful. Just keep in mind that the EU spends about 12 billion every year in the area of external relations, from enlargement, the neighborhood, trade development, most of all, humanitarian assistance, and about 400 million on classical foreign policy. So you see where the real instruments are. And the EU would be vastly strengthened as an international actor if it could manage to turn the higher-representative vice president into a real coordinator of a comprehensive European foreign policy. Kathy Aschens had, as a vice president, was ornamental because I think Barroso never allowed her to really take the lead among the external affairs commissioners and play this role fully. I think if we develop a real cluster of external relations with a strong higher-representative who's really in charge and actually can give instructions to the various other commissioners who could be his or her deputies, then also with a political role, they would have a vastly better outfit, particularly also on policies relating to the neighborhood. Now, this is the second thing, getting the institutional decisions right. And the third one is, of course, I believe we need to reinvent, as I said, reset, but reinvent the European neighborhood policy. We have to recognize that the kind of framework that we have at the moment is not working. We have to redo it, and this should be one of the top priorities of the new leadership team when they take over. So by 2015, I think a new policy needs to be in place. In my paper, I had a number of ideas on how to do it in a better and new way. I just point to very few elements here. One is, I personally feel that the present participation in the neighborhood policy is totally artificial and nonsensical. The 16 countries from Belarus to Morocco have nothing in common. It just doesn't make sense to try to have the policy for this group. I think I would extend the framework. I would try to include all neighboring regions where the EU has important interest at stake. That is Central Asia. This is the Horn of Africa. This is Sahel. This is all of the Middle East, basically. But I would then give up the notion of a single European neighborhood policy with criteria that can be applied throughout the region. I would try to put together a very well-equipped toolbox that supports numerous neighborhood policies. I would use this concept of regional strategies that the EU has developed quite well for the Sahel and for Horn of Africa to somehow put countries together that have actually something in common and then develop not just bilateral relationship but also regional policies that really can make a difference. I think that I would reserve the enlargement methodology to the few countries, and there are very few countries where it really makes sense. It really makes sense only in Georgia and in Moldova and in Tunisia, potentially. All the other countries, the main emphasis of our policy needs to be to promote stability, first of all, the kind of degree of association that the ENB ideally prescribed is out of reach for most of our partners. Then I think it's very important to enhance the political leadership. This is related to what I've said about the commission. The higher percentage should be put in charge of neighborhood policy directly. I think one or two commissioners should be his or her deputies in carrying out this policy. I would make very strong efforts to bring the member states systematically behind this policy. If we decide the program for a certain country, the EU delegation would normally be in the lead, but this should already be done in consultation with the embassies of the member states. I think at each stage of the game the member states need to be involved and engaged, not just in giving comments and advice, but also in terms of promoting the implementation of our policies. Then of course it will be very important to engage other international actors that are present and active in the region. I think in the East we have a big problem, but I think we on the one hand have to resist any notion of spheres of influence, but at the same time we have to keep out communication channels with Moscow Open and we have to keep sort of promoting inclusive arrangements and trade in many other areas that would allow Russia really to work together with us in this region. This is an uphill struggle, but even Vladimir Putin will not be in charge forever and it's clearly, ultimately for the countries of the region they should not decide between the EU and Russia they should have positive relations with either and equally necessary and important is the kind of an inclusive approach with regard to international partners in the South. The EU remains the biggest donor, the biggest trade partner, the biggest source of investment, but it's not the only show in town. Number of countries, Turkey, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the US is always almost the most influential partner, but also China is becoming more and more active and engaged in this region and we need to have a much more systematic approach in actually engaging with these other international partners in promoting common interests and designing common strategies. So I believe that the EU in some extent to some extent is a global actor that's undeniable, but I do believe that our main instruments and our main interests relate to the neighborhood and I do believe that this remains the top priority of EU foreign policy and I hope this is have a humiliating experience of the last few years and the shock of the Ukraine will finally galvanize us in raising our game and getting our act together. Thank you very much.


in the talent development program in several ways. I have taken individual career counseling with BB Kapol and I think it was very useful for me to get a more strategic approach to my career and career planning and to know what next steps I should take for my specific career path. I believe all together the initiative is very helpful for many reasons. On the one side it helps develop skills outside of one's academic expertise that help with leadership and project management and also imagine what we want to do in the future with our career. More planning and strategic ways and obtain information that we usually need to develop our career. As postdoc and assistant professor and during your first year of the junior track position you have to think about your career and the platform will give you information about three career tracks. One within research leadership, one within education and teaching and the third career track will describe competences which we think are needed when you will go into industry. I have also participated in a number of courses provided by the research leadership track and some examples of those courses are project management, a practitioner's approach and a number of workshops on fundraising. I think it's very useful because as a young scientist or a young researcher you need to develop not only your specific skills and become a better specialist in your field but you also need to be able to manage projects, supervise students, develop leadership skills and I think it's great that I have the possibility to take these courses and get some tools and get better at these things not only on my own but also with some guidance. At the same time there's the opportunity to meet other junior researchers and develop social cohesion in ways that are important to not feel alone during the postdoctoral years. The Hughes University Junior Research Association is part of this initiative in order to create a framework where communication can be facilitated and therefore we address the important issues regarding the working conditions of junior researchers at the university. So if you want to have more information about the platform or the program please find the information on the whole page.


A lot of times people ask me how is it that I'm able to balance work and home? I'm a mom of three, so it is very very tough. Come and check out a typical day for me. Girls, I'm home. Whenever I come in the door, the first thing I do is hear the screams and yells from the kids. So I have to greet them and then settle them down to get them into their next activity. Hey guys! Do you guys have to start any homework? Yes. Okay, when I'm there, I'm going to be right there. Okay, go. Take out what you guys are doing. Even babies are learning structure. Okay, let's take a look at it. Can you start to sound it out? On Sundays, the children usually don't have any homework, but I try to keep them in the routine of getting home and doing some school work every day. So even if it's not assigned to them, we give them a little extracurricular learning, so extra reading or extra comprehension with math. As we all know, that practice really adds up and it helps. So what are you reading about? I sound. Items. Items? What are items? I'm making a clutch and I'm just plucking. Okay, great. So what did you learn in that book? And then they slide out each other like this, and I think that they like this. Okay, awesome. Friend. Excellent. Write your summary for that story, okay? So can you read the first question to me and what answer you pick? Where does Felix fly? So when something catches your eye, what does it do? It focuses on the eye. Like wow, that really caught my eye. What does that mean? Get attention. Yes. So after I get the big hits going with your homework, my next step is to focus on the baby. Who is almost down the stairs. So toddlers, you have to be super quick about. You have to always keep an eye on them because they are fast and getting into trouble is the name of the game. Right, Sarai? Right? All right. So we're going to get her active and not only do I focus on the big girls for schoolwork and reading, I also focus on Sarai. Also notice I haven't taken off my work clothes yet. All right. So what we're going to do now is we're going to get you reading, okay? I know you want to color today. Do you want to color, Sarai? Circles and squares. Okay. Ready? Okay. Cow is blowing bubbles in the garden. Can cow blow a bubble? So sometimes I kind of get the baby excited about looking at books and playing with her blocks. And then I might kind of multitask between going back and checking the girl's homework and also watching her play. Like I said, the toddler has to be supervised because it's nothing but danger. Not. They're not watched. Yeah. They have to be super-duper agile as a mom. Cow is blowing bubbles in the garden. Can he blow in a circle? Yes, he can. And how many bubbles did he blow? One, two, three, four, five, six, seven. We've got to make our lunch. I want you to prepare the grilled cheeses. Okay. The sandwiches. Okay. Okay. It's going. Yeah. You have to put the cheese on this. On the bread. On the bread. You have to make a sandwich and then cook it. So one cheddar. One cheddar. One American. So get the bread with butter. Yeah. Okay. We'll do the cheese. The convention is very, very hard. Okay. So you put it like this. Okay. Yeah. You're going to have some grilled cheese and chicken noodle soups too. Mmm. Mmm. Thank you God for this lunch. Thank you God for blessing us all this morning. I ate our breakfast and went to church. Jesus name, amen. Amen. That was a blessed blessing. Of course. Don't you write the date every day? 2000. 20. 20, 18. So as a mom and a doctor, a lot of people, as I mentioned before, really have questions about how I'm able to balance both. And personally for me and my family, I found that I haven't really found a difference, you know, from before. As I mentioned in a prior video, a teacher before I became a doctor and I had my daughter in the fourth year of medical school.  The transition was really easy because I just used to it because I've been doing it for so long. But in my personal life, in my family, we don't have like any outsourced help and we are very much self-sufficient. My husband helps out greatly. Here's the hobby in his usual spot by the computer. Editing all the videos and knowledge guy. Mathematics and science in general is to be able to simplify. We'll put a box around 2A and 3A. And he brings the kids from home to school and back every day. And I go to work full-time and so does he. And then when we get home, we just split the duties. So we have to, like I said, keep to a structure, keep a routine. And that really, really, really helps us to maintain some type of structure and clarity and sanity in what we're doing. I have found that, you know, a lot of times people want to like suggest that I outsource things like for my kids at home. Like I should get a nanny or I should like hire someone to like help transport the kids to school or in the house. And I found that, you know, that's something that I personally don't see any utility for. I don't think that doing that will help me be a better parent. And when it all boils down to it, you can outsource parenting. Parenting is something that is a choice. And once you choose to do that, you have to be fully committed to it. So I take pride in, you know, being there for my kids and making sure that my schedule is such that I can be there for my kids. Anesthesia has really helped with that part. And, you know, it's a really great opportunity to balance your work and your home life. So that's me at home with my three. If you guys have any questions, please, please leave them in the comments below and I'll see you next time.


Hey guys, welcome back to AirmanVision and if you're new, consider subscribing. Today, we talked to Andre Acosta, who is a tech sergeant in the Air National Guard as a recruiter. We asked him a bunch of questions that are comparing the Air National Guard to the Air Force Reserves and active duty. Hi guys, today we're talking to tech sergeant Acosta and he's going to be talking to us about some of the differences between the Guard and the Reserves. This isn't going to be a super in-depth video, I think it'll be better if I get a Reserves recruiter to kind of talk about their aspect, but you can kind of shed some light because you know a little bit about the difference between the two and kind of give people an idea of what's going on. But first, I'm going to let you introduce yourself, who you are, what you do, and what your story of being in the Air Force is like, that way people can get to know you. Yeah, so I'm Andre Acosta, I'm a recruiter for the California Air Guard. A little bit about my story, so I've been in the Air Force 18 years now. The first 13 were active duty and I was in the, I was stationed at Beale Air Force Base. Then I went to Korea for two years at station at Osan Air Force Base. Then I got to live on the East Coast and stationed in Virginia at Langley Air Force Base. Then I got sent to Hawaii, which was which was a great assignment. I was there for for five years and that's where I made my transition into the Air National Guard starting with the Hawaii Air National Guard. Then I transferred into the Wyoming Air National Guard and last but not least, the California Air National Guard. So it's been a long journey, but it's gone by quick. I've loved it. Like I mentioned, I've been in the Air Guard specifically for five years overall and this is home for me. California is home. I was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. So it's nice to be able to end my Air Force career this close to home served locally. I literally grew up like 45 minutes from here. So I am able to go to all the family parties and Christmas parties that, you know, I wasn't able to in active duty, but now it's good to be home. And I'm now at this point, you know, I just want to give back. I know a lot of people are probably watching this video to get information. I want to help them make the best choice for them, whether that's serving locally or going active duty. And I appreciate airman vision and then putting out information like this, providing that form. If you guys got any questions about the California Air Guard, you can feel free to text me or call me<PHONE_NUMBER>. Again, that's<PHONE_NUMBER>. All right. So this video, you're going to be able to kind of put out there your own little bias, right? Because you obviously are in the Air National Guard. So why join the Air National Guard over the Air Force Reserves? Yeah. So, you know, I think the best way to look at that decision, sorry, I just got a call. We stay busy man. The demand is high. We're good. So the main thing to think about when you're, you know, considering whether to join, first of all, between active duty or reserve. So active duty is that there's three components of the Air Force. There's active duty Air Force, and there's two reserve components of the Air Force. The Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard. So a lot of people say, what is the Air National Guard? How is that different from the reserves, right? So when you look at the hierarchy of deployments or how things go, it's usually active duties number one, reserves is number two, and the Air National Guard is third on that hierarchy, right? Especially when it comes to deployment ops, right? I think as an individual making a decision between the Air Force Reserves or the Air National Guard, you really got to factor, what's the closest base to you? If it's an Air Force Reserve base or an Air National Guard base, a lot of times that'll be the first priority in making that decision. Second will be the job options. Each base has a different combination of jobs and of course different vacancies at different times. So if you dialed in, if you're dialed in, you're like, I specifically want medical or I specifically want IT, then you might think about which one of those bases has those vacancies. And a lot of times if you're clever, I'll drive a little bit further, even if a base is farther, if it has the exact job I want. So that's what I recommend when you make that decision. So definitely shop around between an Air National Guard and reserve recruiters. There's a lot of overlap and similarities, but it's really just up to you to find out what's the best fit for you. So something I want to kind of pick on that you were saying was different hierarchy of, it goes active duty, reserves, then guard. So that would be like if the federal government were to call on the military and need people to deploy, right? It was like they would act duty first, then the reserves, then the guard if they need it. But you guys can have different deployments too, because as the reserves, the reserve unit doesn't serve the state necessarily. Does it? It serves the federal government. So it's hard, it serves the actual state itself. So when there's a natural disaster or civil unrest, right, do they call the reserves in those instances too? Or is that strictly just the Air National Guard? That's your guys' So that's a good point. So that's where the hierarchy kind of switches. When it comes to state stuff, like what's going on now, right? Where the governor is kind of has that control and it has to implement their own National Guard forces. The Army National Guard and the Air National Guard would be called upon first. With the Air National Guard, you can volunteer to participate in some of those things. Now the reserve can supplement, but they're not going to be the primary resource. So when it comes to local missions like that, the humanitarian or supporting crisis response, emergency management, they're going to call on the guard first. And then there are times when the reserve can supplement us and support us, but they're not going to be the primary in that circumstance. So what you're saying is the reserves is always second best. Federally and statewide, they're always the second one to get called. They're not the primary function there. And it's really, I think it's just when you make that decision, it's just finding out what has the best options for that individual, right? Because we're talking about on a general level or like a branch level, but when you break it down to the individual level, it's really just like, which one is closest to me and which one has a job I want. So to be fair, I think that's one way to look at it. There are some differences on the educational side that I think we'll get to on as far as college benefits. What is the pay like between guard and reserves? Is it the same or are there differences? Because both of them are part-time initially. And then I'm assuming you can go active in both components. Or you can go full-time in both components. But what does the pay look like between the two of those? So it's the same. And yeah, it's going to be the same across the board, because we're both considered reserve components. So if you look at the military pay chart online, and there's a reserve military pay chart, usually underneath the active duty one, right? Those are going to be applicable to all the reserve components. Okay. So yeah, kind of kicking back to that first question, then how you were saying it comes down to what job you want and how close it is because pay is definitely not a factor. That's one of the big reasons why people join the military anyways is for that additional income. Or to have income period if you go active duty. But if you go guard or reserves, the pay isn't the deciding factor there.  It pretty much offers the same. Yeah, it's going to be the same. Like a good example would be like, obviously having a flying job, if you're interested in aviation or being air crew, right? Being a flyer, regardless of your reserve or guard or active duty does come with additional flight pay. So you might have to make that decision based on which one has a vacancy, right? So if the reserve has a vacancy and the guard doesn't, I would recommend go reserve, right, to be fair. Or vice versa. So you've got to really kind of dial it in there and see what the job options available are there. Who gets deployed more, guard or reserves? So unfortunately, it's usually the reserves. They're going to mirror more of the active duty lifestyle than the guard. But it just also depends on the job you choose. A flyer or security forces is going to have a different ops temple than admin or some other jobs. So first of all, it's going to be the job. But on a general scale, on a branch level, it's going to be reserves going to deploy more than guard. So all those overseas deployments that we always hear about in the news or people are always talking about that they know somebody that got deployed overseas. You're more likely to get one of those opportunities if you go reserve than the guard. Right. And yeah, so they're going to, well, they're going to get more billets, you know, as far as lots to deploy. But I think if somebody is wanting to deploy and they're persistent and motivated, right, there's always those opportunities on guard or reserve. Right. It's just a matter of putting yourself out there and volunteering and waiting for your turn. So I like that. I like that you said somebody wants the opportunities. There's opportunities on both sides. You know, whether you're guard or reserve or active duty, right, the uniform will still say Air Force. There won't be any differentiation there. So that's the whole point of having those reserve components so they can be interchangeable. What are other common comparisons that you get between the guard and reserves or questions that people want to know as you being a recruiter? What are things that people come to you and ask you? Right. Like, I want to be part-time, but the reserves is part-time too. So how are you going to, you know, kind of how you said, like, some people might want to deploy more. Well, reserves is going to get more of those overseas opportunities. Not saying guard doesn't get those, but the reserves is going to probably get more. And so what other comparisons do you know of that you can think of that come between the two?  So we're primarily state focused where they're going to, the reserves is going to be more federal focused and supplement active duty Air Force. So we kind of have a different purpose, you know, where your local hometown Air Force and then there's some benefit to that, of course, because all the other people in your wing are from your local area too. So it's a great networking.  That's one comparison I hear. Another popular comparison that we get is because Air Guard is part of the National Guard. A lot of times they think, are you the Army National Guard? Is it the Air National Guard? What's the difference? You know, I thought it's just National Guard. And to answer that, if we're going to go down and go down that rabbit hole, so to speak, is, you know, the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard work together, but they're also very different, much like the Army and the Air Force are very different. And that's exactly what they are. The Army National Guard is the Army and the Air National Guard is the Air Force. And they work together to support that state. So some people might be wondering, what are the college differences or tuition differences between Air Force Guard and reserves? Yeah, great question.  For us in California, because each state is going to be different, because like I mentioned, the Guard is state-driven, right? It's more advantageous to be a member of the California Air National Guard than to be in the Air Force Reserves as a college student in California. And the reason is just the buckets of money that we have access to. So as a California Guardsman, you do get different grants. So that's what kind of overlaps the benefits that you get in the Air Force Reserves, because in the Air Force Reserves, they get access to Air Force Tuition Assistance, which is about 3,700, right? And they get the Montgomery GI Bill. We get those same benefits in the Air Guard, but we also get an additional benefit, which is the California Air National Guard Education Assistance Awards Program, which is that long acronym and title that I was talking about. But that's restricted to California National Guardsmen, Army National Guardsmen and Air National Guardsmen. And that can pick up the full tab for your tuition, whether you're going to, you know, a California State School or even UCLA, for example. So that's a big additional benefit that here in California kind of puts us over the top of Air Force Reserves when it comes to college. All right.  What other things do you want to throw in here to just maybe convince people why is the Air National Guard better than the Reserves or what other things can you think about top of your head as to, you know, why people should consider going into the Guard? Yeah. Like I think, you know, to be fair, to be fair, you know, I think that decision, whether you're deciding between Air Force Reserve or Air Guard, you've got to do a little bit of homework to make that distinction, right? With us here in California, I think if you're making the decision based on college money, like I mentioned, we're going to be more advantageous. But that might be different in your home state. So I want to be fair. And what I recommend is talk to an Air Guard recruiter and talk to a Reserve recruiter. Also find out where those bases are, you know, which one's closer to you, and thereby going to be more sustainable, attending one weekend a month, two weeks a year. And then also find out about their vacancies. Because I think, you know, if one has a better job for you, you know, that might be the difference maker in making that decision, whether that's Guard or Reserve, it's really just finding the right one. There's a lot of different missions. So different missions entails different jobs. Absolutely. Some jobs may overlap between the two, but some, you might have two bases, one, two hours north of you, one, two hours south of you. One's Guard, one's Reserve. Make it have totally different missions with totally different jobs. Absolutely. Like, and I'll give you an example. Out here in Southern California, we have March Air Reserve Base. So the name of the base is March Air Reserve Base, but there's also a Guard component there. So the Guard has about 900 personnel, and the Reserve has about 3,000 personnel. So of course, the Reserve side is going to have more job options, right? And they have airplanes that do a whole bunch of different missions. So you got a lot more jobs. But then on the Guard side, we do have a drone mission, which is also popular and unique and attracts its own different type of audience that want to get into the drone world, right? So they're going to be different even though it's the same location. So you just got to dig deep and talk to both sides to figure out which decision is the right one for you. And then thinking long, you know, it's super easy to transfer from Reserve components to one to another. You don't have to complete your contract to do it. To like, if you're on a six-year enlistment with a Guard, you don't have to finish your six years to go to Reserve. You can transfer right in the middle and vice versa. That's something not a lot of people know about. I was just sad that I never heard of that. So that's super easy. If you wanted to, if you were moving, right, and you were moving, say like, you know, you live close to this base, but you're moving four hours north and it's close to a Reserve base. And you're like, oh, like you can transfer from the Guard to the Reserves to then be closer to that base. Exactly. So let's just say that job that you wanted on the Guard side wasn't available, but now it is. And you're three years into your Reserve contract, it's easy to transfer. So that's one of the huge advantages we have over active duty, like that flexibility to move around. It's so easy to do. It's nearly like two pieces of paperwork. So yeah, we get guys who go back and forth. That is awesome. That's a great opportunity to be able to have is kind of, I think we've gone back to this in multiple of the four videos that we've shot today, was, you know, the Guard makes a great backup plan or a safety net in life. And you are in a majority of the control. The military's not. And so yeah, even with that, like being able to be able to transfer between the two branches, depending on, you know, what fits your goals or where you live, right? You know, there's a lot of flexibility there versus active duty, right? If you were to compare that to active duty, it doesn't matter. Like where they say you're going, you're going. You know, it's like, how long they say you're going there? You're going there for that long. So, and we've discussed too, and I think our first interview we did about it's not as easy to cross train, like change jobs in active duty, but in the Guard reserves, as long as they have a position open, you know, it's a little bit easier versus active duty, even if there's a position open, they have all these other issues of, you know, like, well, this person's been in longer or this or that or the, one of the big things was in active duty, there's a lot, a bunch of career fields that can't cross train. So like my career field, it was for a long time was one of the career fields that was just locked. You weren't allowed to cross train out of it. So your options were reenlist as your current job or get out, right? Like it wasn't like, no, no, no, but I like the Air Force. I just don't care for my job. I want a different job. I want to stay in the Air Force. I was like, no, sorry, you either stay in this job or you get out, right? And so that was, that was kind of a tough thing for a lot of people to like a tough pill to swallow. And that's, that was the same boat for me. The job I was in active duty Air Force, which was analyst, it was locked. So you couldn't cross train out of it, or it was very hard. Like they let out one person a year out of, you know, thousands. It was like some super, super good rate. Winning lottery ticket type stuff. But that's part of the reason I went guard for that flexibility to be able to, to jump around jobs and things like that. Yeah. So we brought out a lot of good gems, man. Yeah. Heck yeah.  I think these will be good. And hopefully you guys that are watching these from home or wherever you are watching on the subway or whatever, you know, you enjoyed and appreciated this information that Tech Sergeant Acosta was throwing out there for us that we could, you know, help share with you guys. And hopefully help make your decision in life easier with what path you want to go down if you are considering the Air National Guard or any of the other components of the Air Force.  And that way if people are interested in joining the Air National Guard, you know, they know, they know where to go or if they want to join their local place or their, their local unit that isn't necessarily in California. Yeah. And I want to thank Airman Vision again for the opportunity to, to talk about these differences and give out information that, you know, Kyle and I didn't have when we were active duty we're probably considering decisions. So it's a huge advantage to anybody watching these videos today. And no matter which choice you make, active duty, Guard or Reserve, it's all one team. And there's a lot of options, you know, that you can, you can make thereafter. So it's all a great decision. If you do have an interest in the California Air Guard or you got some questions, feel free to reach out to me. My work cell is<PHONE_NUMBER>. Again,<PHONE_NUMBER>. And if you want more information online too, you can reference goang.com. That's G-O-A-N-G.com. All right, y'all.


What is going on guys? Today I am back with another Destiny 2 Beta Top 5 video and today we have Top 5 Epic Super Plays of the Week. Now if you guys do enjoy the video, leaving a like is much much appreciated on my behalf and it really does help me and my channel out. Okay so getting straight into this Top 5, in at number 5 we have a clip sent in by Dott talking about lining up. Damn! In at number 4 we have a clip sent in by 1 per 18. Novel bombs in my opinion are underrated within a beta. I saw many people complaining about how weak they were. When you watch clips like this, well you know, you change your mind. In at number 3 we have a clip sent in by Paladin reborn 27. Death from above taken literally. In at number 2 we have a clip sent in by Logan is not me 0-2 and I agree you ain't Logan you are Captain America. In at number 1 we have a clip sent in by Master Quail. Being a hunter this is the best clip I have ever seen. But guys, that is the end of this Top 5 Epic Super Plays of the Week. If you enjoyed the video, leaving a like is much appreciated on my behalf. If you're new around here and enjoy daily Destiny videos of all varieties, make sure you subscribe. Thanks as always for stopping by and I'll see you on that next one.


All right expired your face which has inspired lots of humor on the set here about expiring faces And you probably want ours to expire every once in a while if you've watched enough of our videos Well, you can stop watching our videos when you pass your BCBA exam. How's that? So? Let's see. You wanted some examples.  Well first off I must say that it's awful for a reason is because it's not direct So I'll be direct with you which isn't awful and I'll explain why indirect assessment actually I've already explained why it sucks So let's just give you some examples. How about any sorts of intelligence testing? That's indirect on lots of levels, okay for measuring a hypothetical construct So that just sucks, but let's apply it more behaviorally. Will you so anytime you're asking someone to report on someone else? That's indirect if you're not observing the behavior then it's indirect So if I asked my oh, it was a great story here My 13 year old gets her room inspected once a week because I can't handle to do it more than that because my ears will just explode So the other night I was reading to the kids in bed the younger kids in bed and the 13 year old she comes up She says it's ready for inspection and I said okay, and I grabbed the seven-year-old. I said go tell me if it's ready For inspection 13 year old lost the plot. Why because she didn't trust her brother to provide an accurate assessment Right it was indirect right so young kid came up young one he comes back upstairs I asked him a series of questions. How was the room? He goes it was nice I go did she deserve to go to bed? He goes yes, she does and I said what was there anything on the floor? He goes well, there was a few things on the floor and he lists the things okay How about the desk and so on so anyways the seven-year-old was with was giving me an indirect assessment of the bedroom Right, so do I trust the seven-year-old sure in this particular case? I do he's as pedantic as we are here at psych core which is great So I do trust him, but I might not trust other scenarios right if you ask a teacher how a kid does in the classroom They may not have the best information if you ask a parent about how their kid behaves at home They may not have the best information so any type of indirect assessment is when you're evaluating some behavior without directly observing it right any sort of Well checklists not so much, but any sort of survey All right, how do you feel about or in in the following scenario? I do the following thing Right, that's all indirect. That's that's not a direct assessment of the actual actions and they're notoriously inaccurate But that also doesn't mean we shouldn't use them It means that you need to be cautious with their use and you need to realize that direct assessment is your best tool But it might it's not your only tool and sometimes all you've got is indirect assessment. So So expired your face I hope that's helped a little bit to understand that really indirect assessment is just about not directly observing whatever behavior It is that you're interested in There's lots of different layers to it when you start to get into other areas of psychology But in reality, it's it's not that awful. I like to pick on it on camera But it's not that awful sometimes you just do what you can with what you have and Thanks for playing here at psych or and do come back with more questions and we'll get you more answers cheerio folks


Hi there, it's Sandy Olnach, artist and crafter here on YouTube and today I'm gonna do both watercolor and fake watercolor in Copic Marker. Colorado Craft Company just came out with some new stamps and they're big and bold, so they're giant stamps, there's pears, there's avocados, and there's pineapples. And then the one that we're gonna be working on today is the lemons. And I will have examples of each one of these done with the same technique at the end of this video. There's also these two tile stamps. I'm not using them on these cards, but there is a video on Ellen Hudson's channel where you can see a card made with those and I'll show you how to color the tiles so they look kind of realistic. But I'm gonna start with watercolor. My whole idea was to do something that felt very still life and I wanted a way to help people who are stampers to make that transition toward painting a still life type of painting. And what I've done is set my misty up and I'm just barely going to press so that I get just a haze of the image in my black, permanent ink. This is a waterproof ink and that means if everything else floats away because I'm putting so much paint in water, I'll still have that, I can still see it. And then on top of it, I'm using Distress Oxide Inks. I'm using a Wild Honey and a Peeled Paint. So I'm doing the lemon itself in the Wild Honey and the Peeled Paint is for the leaves. And underneath of that, remember, is the black. So if it goes crazy, if it goes AWOL, I still have that black under there.  Some of you are going to just look at this and think, you're out of your mind, I am not doing it. But I also want you to know, you can paint just this much of it. We just paint the lemon itself and not do the whole crazy background thing that I will be doing because that's for people who like that. If you don't like that, don't do it. So I have painted water in here, leaving that open space for a highlight and dropped in two yellows. My new Gamboge and then some Nickel Azo and just used a brush with just a little tiny bit of water on it to dance around that center section and create those highlights. I'm just doing random shapes in there for highlights. But now I'm going to do the scary part. I'm just painting water around the rest of the thing except where I want the white. And I'm strategically thinking about where I want the white. I want it on the tip of one leaf on the right and I want it on the edge of the leaf that's on the left. So I'm going to just paint around those areas and I'm letting all the paint go everywhere because I'm putting a background in. I know I'm going to cover all that up. And you might wonder why I want all of this bleeding to go around the outside. And that is so that the painting of the lemon doesn't feel like it's sandwiched on top of the background like a sticker because that's not a look that I particularly like for my own paintings. So I just kind of kept throwing color on here so I could get some color that would go from the image itself out into the background. And so if there are areas where my painting is going to transition from one area to another, I want to have those underlying colors. But I want them to be really soft. That's why all that water. For the shadows on the lemon, I wanted to have some wet paint. So I put a little bit more of the new Gamboge in the shadow area and then I'm taking purple. I know don't freak out, don't just hold your breath, it's going to be fine. And I'm going to drop this purple in my shadow areas. And I'm just going to let it do its thing. If it doesn't move, if you don't have enough paint underneath of it that's wet and you just get hard edges, add some more of the yellow to it to soften it. But mine is nice and wet. I made sure I put fresh wet paint right in that area so that all of that is going to continue to blend and just going to try not to touch that part any more than necessary. But you can see I can touch it with a little bit of that paint if I'm concerned that those edges are not going to feather. You need those little feathery edges. That's what's going to tell you it's going to dry beautifully. So now it's, I shouldn't say completely dry, it's not shiny anymore. And the shiny is what's going to make everything bleed like mad. I want some soft edges so I didn't wait until it was completely, completely dry just till it wasn't shiny. And now I'm taking really thick mixes of the paint, dark greens, just mixing a bunch of dark greens and then I mixed puddle of the purple and I have imperial purple in mine. You can see how dark you can make watercolor. You can get really contrasty with it. I know a lot of watercolors love that very soft ethereal look and that is great for some things and I like a really strong contrast so I really, really do. But what I can see as I'm doing this painting is that black under outline. Even though the distress oxide ink has disappeared, I can basically follow along that black outline. But since it's so light, it's so pale in there, I can change it.  I can adjust things a little bit if I need to in order to make it look right and not have to worry about, oh my goodness, my brushwork. I messed up my leaf. I didn't hold my brush straight, whatever it is and I can fix those things. The other thing that I want to do before all this dries is to take a brush that's clean and just damp for the most part and I'm touching some of the edges so that a little bit of that color from the background encroaches into the lemon and I want the lemon to encroach a little bit maybe into the background. I want both of them to push into each other so I get some really soft edges around each one. Now every time you do this, it's going to be different because every time it's going to depend on what dried first and when you try to move color and when you loosen things up. So it's always going to be different. I'm going to show you a couple examples in just a minute but here I'm going to try to see if I can knock that leaf back so it just becomes less important. It's a supporting character and I wanted it to kind of disappear into the darkness behind the lemon and then I added a little bit of color and tried to pull some of that purple color down onto that leaf on the right so that I could get some just kind of meshing into the background with this. Instead of everything looking like it was a sticker or a very sharply cut out on the edges and that sort of thing. So here are three different versions. You can see each one has little different things that I like in one versus another. Some of them have softer edges in one area than another but they all make great cards and a lot of these new Colorado Craft Company stamps have sentiments that fit onto the fruits whether they're horizontally or vertically stamped so I just stamped those on each of those cards. Now some of you are not watercolors. I get that some of you want the control of Copic markers so let's see what it's going to take to do something similar but in Copic. Over on Ellen Hudson's channel I do have a much more detailed and a little bit slower coloration of all of these four fruit stamps so if you want to go watch that one you can apply the same technique after you color each one of the fruits that I'm going to show you here for the background and all the colors are listed over there and everything. But I am basically taking some purple colors to make shadows that I go over top of with the yellow to bring them back into feeling more like a yellow color. Purple and yellow are complementary colors to each other. That's why the purple is what I added when I water colored it as well because that gives me that natural desaturated color when the two of them mix with each other and I can just keep going over all these colors over and over again all I want for right now for this first pass and I say first pass you might think okay you're done no I'm not going to be done there's going to be more added to it because what I'm going to do to the background is going to put all this coloring in the foreground into context and I wanted to at least get the main color done first. Some people would choose to do the whole background first so that then they don't have to keep guessing and going over the lemon and the leaves again. I don't really care one way or the other it doesn't matter a whole lot to me but some people will prefer to do that and that's perfectly fine. So just going to keep coloring away on my crazy leaves and I'm trying to create those same shapes that I did with the watercolor. The background now I'm just using a whole bunch of different dark greens you can use dark greens dark blues dark purples you can mix them together like put some purple in with your greens because it's color and color as we saw on the watercolor one I mixed purple and green in the background you can do that here. I'm going to use some blue greens in here and some reddish greens and some brighter greens and just combining different colors and if you don't like the color that it came out just go over it with something else this bottom section came out really bright green because of the green that I chose I can just color over it and dull that back down again so it pushes it all back into the background and now you can see that the lemon looks really pale doesn't it compared with the rest of the image so I want to add something to it. BV02 normally feels like a dark kind of blue violet but it wasn't dark enough for this background so I went to a BV13 I know hold your breath it's gonna be fine we're just going for a ride everybody's just hold on to your seats and then I'm going to take the next color down that BV11 and I'm gonna soften it and just knock it back a little bit for the next stage as I start moving from the darkest shadows over to the mid-ground type of colors because remember I can take my yellow and go right over this and pull it right back into feeling like a lemon again it's just the the joy of color that you could just keep doing that with Copic markers you can pull all those purples back into you know feeling like they belong there on that image but they give you a much darker and more neutral kind of shadow on them which is really nice these leaves I wanted to knock back entirely they're like way too bright way too cheerful they need to just melt into the background so I'm just gonna pull some of the same greens that I used in the background and add them to my leaves and just start to darken them and this is how I tend to work back and forth on images to move them from being too bright in one area to being darker in another and getting a good balance so that the image looks like it's a hole over on the blog I have still pictures of all of the cards that I made as I was working on this project and I did each one of them in both watercolor and in Copic marker so you can see how all of these different stamps can accomplish the same kind of a feeling of being a still life picture and I give you a couple notes about each one and some things to consider about it so that is all I have for you today except a special treat I told you there was a video over on Ellen Hudson's channel this is a sneak peek of what's over there I've made four different cards with each one of these and give you a lot more detail about the colors and everything to use for each one of these fruits so get busy click those links in the doobly-doo and I will see you again very soon with another video take care thanks for watching