We are live, let me give it just a second always to finish finalizing these settings, redirecting. And we are good, okay, wonderful. Hello again, everyone, welcome back in. I do have at the start of this block and the next block, I just wanna make a quick reminder. Tonight is our virtual exhibit tour of the Places and Spaces exhibit mapping science project that is, as I mentioned, at the beginning of the meeting, the one part of the conference that won't be happening in Crowdcast, that's gonna happen on Zoom so that we can do a nice relaxed exhibit tour and then hopefully a little social hour, some time for us to, some time for us all to chat. That Zoom link will be posted in about two hours. I'll put that, I'll put that Zoom link online right before, around an hour before that room opens. So you look for that in the chat for Crowdcast as well as on the website. So without any further ado, let me introduce our next speakers. We have with us Maximilian Neuchel and Andrea Lotkes, who are gonna talk about computational analysis of interdisciplinary model template transfer. And I have to brag on them for a second.  So I'm really excited just to look at the talk which follows. So without further ado, please take it away. Thanks. Thank you very much. And we are very happy to be at this conference and have a chance to talk about our work. So what I'm going to do is that in the next 30 minutes or Maximilian, I will present you some of our computational analysis of interdisciplinary modeling practices or model transfer, as I said in the title. And I should mention that this is part of a larger product on scientific modeling practices in philosophy of science on which I'm working together with Taya Knutela at the University of Vienna. So what we would like to do, argue with this project or with our paper here, is that these kind of computational methods can be very fruitfully applied to philosophy of science. So this is at least what I learned over the last months. So you should go back. So here's the outline of the talk. So the talk will be mostly consists out of three parts. You know, it would start to say a little bit about our general interest in interdisciplinary modeling practices and especially about the transfer of models between different scientific domains. Before then in the second part, Maximilian will take over and talk about our computational analysis. And I should say that this will be the main focus in this, in our paper because of the topic of the conference. And last, we will finish with presenting some of our results. So let me start with some general observations and remarks concerning interdisciplinary modeling practice. So it is maybe it's a very general observation to make that some models such as for example, the Ising model or the Lotka-Volterra model can be found outside of the original disciplines also in other scientific domains. But you know, if you think about it a little bit, then there are some interesting questions popping up from this observation. Especially, you know, when you ask, so how do these models actually get transferred into those different domains and how would they become applied in other domains than for example, the Ising model in physics? So a second observation which is more related to model transfer is that in the case of mathematical models such as for example, the Ising model, these models are not just transferred by themselves, but that the models get these model transfer includes the transfer of concepts and mathematical and computational tools which are attached to them. So as examples, you know, when you look at the case of the Ising model, we find that, you know, concepts which get, you know, this is a case study which I should mention I did earlier on with Katya Knutela on the Ising model. So the kind of concept which it can transferred when the Ising model got transferred into, for example, neural networks where no concepts such as phase transitions by procuration and critical exponents which by themselves in this new domain don't immediately have a meaning. So computation when it comes to computational to mathematical tools, we find that, you know, scientists are working in neural network with partition functions and master equations and, you know, computational tools they're making use of mean field approximations and, you know, really complicated stuff which we call these replica methods. So this all let us, you know, based on these kind of case studies let Taya and me to introduce these notion of model templates which is somehow, you know, we took it from Paul Humphrey's concept of computational concepts and theoretical templates, but I don't have time to and I don't want to discuss this here. Just our notion of model templates that we tried to capture with this notion is the intertwinement of a mathematical structure which is instantiated by the mathematical model with mathematical and computational tools as well as concepts which, you know, when you take this whole package together may depict some kind of general mechanism that is potentially applicable to any subject or field displaying particular patterns of interactions. I know this is a lot to swallow and to digest but this just, you know, is our result from thinking about these kind of transfer of models between scientific disciplines, what's going on. So as a next step we wanted to take or we want to take now is, you know, to broaden our view and this means that we decided together with Maximilian to make use or try to make use of large-scale computational analysis which aim to go beyond individual case studies and to explore the dispersion and application of model templates. And a similar print has already made yesterday by Henrik Karlsson, I hope I pronounced it the right way. So, and as Maximilian in the second part of the talk will show this kind of, you know, going broader includes that we try to contrast the thematic contents of papers of scientific articles with mathematical tools which are used in them but he will talk more about that at this point. Now only one final thing I would like to mention here is that, you know, when we came to this point that we decided, okay, we want to have this large-scale computational analysis, we had to decide on some kind of new model template. So what would he like to look on? And our choice was then to go for synchronized oscillations and partly because they are so beautiful as you can see this on this little fireflies, this little bug here. And they are the forest in Malaysia where you have the, you know, thousands of these fireflies and they are blinking. And in the first few looks there, this blinking is somehow randomly but over the time it becomes synchronized. And this is one of the favorite examples of these applied mathematicians, Stephen Strogatz. And he thinks that this is a kind of a universal, you know, universal phenomena, this kind of these synchronized oscillation which you not only can find with fireflies, but, you know, orbiting planets and lasers and all kinds of other systems. And he writes that at a deeper level, all these different systems are connected by the same mathematical theme. Self-organizations are spontaneous emergence of order out of chaos. So in a little bit less poetic way, would could also say that these, that these are, well, in our understanding, these are more like, you know, along the lines of mathematical models which are instantiating this kind of self-organization leading to synchronized oscillation. So this means, first of all, to understand these mathematical models and second of all, to see what kind of concepts are related to them and so on and see how they get transferred. So, and the last point is here, one of the models, you know, there are many models for synchronized oscillations. One of the models we are focusing at the moment on is this Kuramoto model.  And the coupling is via the faces which are in the argument of the sine function.  And you see that you not only can study the synchronizing behavior, but also people use it to study chaos because you see that here now that comes this noisy and random patterns are showing. So now it's time for Maximilian to go on. Okay, thank you, Andrea. So, as at the outset, we were interested in looking at patterns of synchronization and oscillation so to construct our sample of articles which we wanted to investigate, we started by you searching these keywords in the bio archive and the archive, so to pre-print servers and which are as the decided author show quite nicely integrated into scientific practice and we downloaded the respective articles to further work with them and we process this data in the way which is depicted in this flow chart here. So you can see we have the articles from the bio archive and the archive and what we are interested in is contrasting the thematic content of the articles with the mathematical content to see how mathematical structures which we associate to a certain degree at least with model templates tie together or divide certain thematic structures. And so what we did is we extracted from each article the first four formulas and pass them into a processable format which in our case means converting pictures of formulas from the bio archive into latex and from the archive, of course we can luckily use the latex directly and then we convert this latex into MathML which is structured in mathematics format which I will show why this is useful in a minute. Okay so then we, on the one hand we process the texts of the articles in a way which tries to bring out the thematic structure and what we did there was I think relatively uncontroversial usual machine learning routine for text processing. So what we do is we split the articles into text vectors where we basically count the words that appears in each article and we build a big table out of that and then we apply TF IDF scoring to it. Then we use a singular value decomposition on it to around 300 dimensions and then we apply UMAP on that, the mapping algorithm by Mechanis and Healy and then we cluster on the internal K and N graph of the UMAP using Louvain clustering in this case in the implementation battle Holoku. And what this gives us in the end is a, I think quite useful mapping of the which hopefully appears here in the second or two. It does not, that's unhappy. Okay, that's not what I wanted to have happen. I will try whether I can open it externally. I cannot, I can do it here. Okay, great. So I'm sorry for the technical hiccup. Here's the mapping that you should have seen right in the browser before. I don't know why it didn't work anyway. So in this map, each point represents one of them. Hang on, we're still not seeing it yet. I think you need to switch back which window you're sharing in Zoom. Oh dear, yes, of course. Yeah, I see. So sorry for that. No worries, no worries. Then I will just switch shortly for the second into Firefox. Can you see it now? Yes, got it. Lovely. Okay, so again, sorry for the hiccup. Here we are. So this is the schematic map that is given to us by UMAP. And what this should basically represent is each little dot represents one of the articles in our sample and each dot is close to the articles which are similar in terms of cosine similarity in that case to it. And this gives us like a broad overview of the themes which are present in our sample. So we can see for example here towards the right we have three clusters which are basically drawn from astrophysics and which are nearly totally composed of papers from the archive. And you can see also if you look at these little bar charts on the side which shows us the temporal distribution of these clusters, you can see that these clusters have been present from the very beginning in the 1990s because the archive is of course quite an old preprint server. Then up here, the same story here for general physics clusters I would say here in this more of pinkish color we have a cluster that after investigating we have identified with applied mathematics where people seem to explore topics of synchronization and oscillation like the Kuramoto model which Andrea mentioned earlier in a rather theoretic fashion. And then down here we have a cluster more interested to see in the keywords, algorithms, synchronization, more interested in informatics. And as we go down here I would say we have this little bridge which one might associate to a certain degree of bioinformatics there's also still a lot of archive papers in there. And then down here towards the lower right we see the clusters which are mostly drawn from the bioarchive and where we see keywords such as a neuron brain, neuron stimulus, cortical, our gene, protein, species, genome. So these are actual life science clusters. And I think this is quite nicely shows us the thematic distribution of a sample. So now I will have to switch back to a presentation. Give me a second, I hope we, let's see whether the next one works. Okay, so, one moment please, there you go. Okay, you can see this again. Yeah, great. So now how to get at the mathematical structure of our sample. We have all these formulas, we have passed them in like a unified format. And what we then do is we apply a tangent CFT to them. That's a technique that was developed by a Mansoorian colleagues where they tried, and I think they're still working on this where they are trying to build a search engine for mathematics, which should be useful basically also as an interface, for example, to the archive, but I don't know if they're in talks. So how does that work in detail? What we do is we pass each of the formulas into its passing tree, so into its order of operations. And then we extract from this passing tree each tuple of two linked entities. So for example, here we have this formula X plus Y squared equals zero, and we can pass it and we can split it, of course, at the equal sign, and then we can split it at the plus, and then to the Y is of course this square applied, and so on, and we get all these tuples out of there, and we encode them in a form of encoding which on the one hand keeps both entities in there and their relation, so which one is basically above the other in the passing tree. And that gives us a representation of the formulas which not only takes care of what's in the formula like in terms of symbols, but also how are these symbols related and which symbols apply to which other symbols. So that's I think a rather clever way of representing formulas which Missouri and colleagues came up with. And what we can then can do is when now we have just lists of little tuple strings and we can just pass them to a language model. So we can pass them to fast text and we can try to figure out through the closeness relation. So how which tuple appears in the context of which other tuples, which tuple is commonly near with other tuples and fast text has the nice extra that it also takes care of like subword components. So also the internal structure of the tuple is used for this analysis. And we can arrive at a vector representation of each tuple. And what we then can do is of course we can average these tuple vectors into vectors which represent whole formulas. With the hope that these final formula vectors should incorporate similarity relations between formulas. And then of course we can reduce these vectors with UMAP again into a two dimensional mapping and we have a map of formulas. So let's see if it works this time, great. It works at least reasonably well. Here's the mapping we get. So each data point here is a formula. We have applied in this case a HDB scan clustering to it. So it's a little bit different clustering algorithm which has a notion of noise which is quite nice because as you can see this UMAP is much noisier, much less clean than the one we had earlier. And now we can just investigate this mapping. So what we can do, for example, is we want to look for the Kuramoto model which as Andrea has mentioned has the sinus term in there. So we can look for formulas that contain a sinus and then I'm cheating here a little bit because of course I already know where to look. We can zoom in on this region up here and we can have a look. What are the formulas that are here in this corner of the map? And now we will have to wait a little second. Oh, there it is already. I hope you can see this pop up. So here you can see that there are in this region a lot of similar formulas which indeed we have seen a little bit earlier or which are versions of the formulas that we have seen just a moment ago in the presentation. So these are all formulas that can be used to introduce Kuramoto models. And if you look at the titles of the papers from which these formulas are drawn, we can also see that indeed the Kuramoto model appears quite often even in the title of these papers. So now the next step would be, well, let's zoom in a little bit closer on this map up here where the Kuramoto model lives. And now let's project the colors of the thematic clusters which we had identified earlier on these formulas. So each of these formulas now gets colored in the color of the cluster of the paper from which it was drawn. And what we see now is in a sense a picture of how coherent the application of the Kuramoto model is thematic-wise in the sample that we've looked at. And what we can see, I think, is we can say a two-point analysis of this, namely on the one hand, there's clearly one cluster that is heavily dominating. And this is the more of pinkish cluster which we earlier had identified with applied mathematics. So that is something where a lot of the applications, a lot of the usages of this Kuramoto formula come from. But on the other hand, we can see also that there is a range of colors present in this region here. So we can see these little yellow and this bluish cluster. So there are also a broad array of system-specific applications of the Kuramoto model which we now then of course can go into detail and explore. And the whole thing gives us a general idea of the coherence of this model template. So to sum up our, I would say, current results. So this is very much work in progress. We are still in the course of analyzing this maps and there are quite a few other things we want to do with them. But just to get a view here, so in this talk we have presented a method for operationalizing model templates. And of course, if we go back to the more philosophical outlook on all of this, the degree to which these attempts of operationalization and application to large samples of articles are successful, provides arguments that the model templates are indeed a good mode of analyzing at least this type of knowledge transfer between scientists. And as a more specific conclusion or example from our talk, now we can also say, okay, the KuroMoto model functions as a model template, which is both applied subject dependent as well as subject independent context. So there are both people working out, or if you will, playing in a serious sense with the KuroMoto model in a very abstract way, as well as working, people applying the KuroMoto model to very specific contexts. Okay, so that is the end of the talk. I want to also throw out for the discussion now some ideas we have for further work, and also I want to invite the ideas of our listeners, of our viewers, because I suppose they have opinions on what you can get out of these methods. So the first thing we are still thinking about and struggling with is the contrast of qualitative analysis with these mapping algorithms where you basically, you run the map and then you work through it, and quantitative analysis. How do you deal with the results of UMAP or TSNE or some other algorithm which gives you a nicely interpretable visualization, how do you move from that to a quantitative analysis and a quantitative result? So what we've been thinking about, especially is the question of how to compare different embeddings. For example, one thought I was having was cluster on it and then compare the clustering solutions. And the other question is, of course, maybe somebody has an idea for a smarter way of getting from these tuples, from the tuple vectors to formulas, and then to papers than just taking averages, because that is usually and quite commonly done also with word vectors, but I'm not sure if that's the best way to do that. Maybe somebody has an idea and wants to tell me about it. So thank you for your attention and I think we can move to the discussion of the questions. Fantastic, this is really impressive stuff. I'm really floored that the moment when you zoom in and find the cluster of similar formulas, that's a heck of a shot. That's just amazing, really great stuff. Waiting on more ideas to come in, I'm sure they will in the chat. Mostly the chat is filled with people whose minds are blown by how cool this was. But I do have one question already from Eugenio Petrovich who asks, so do all the papers, it's kind of a disciplinary norms question. Do all the papers that use the model tend to explicitly cite the mathematical formulas that are associated to it? Or are you thinking about trying to find informal citations to them of the model, sort of ways to capture less structured uses of these model templates? So, should I take this? Yeah, you can take it. Okay, so actually in the case of the Kura motor model, I think it is really, really common that people in just the first equation or a second equation in the paper, slap the formula into there. So that's, and actually that's just a funny side note. We have actually found people who obviously copy-paste the formulas between different papers. So you see just like the same formula very close to each other and you check the authors and you think, ah, okay. So somebody didn't make the work to like change the variables or something like that. But so I think especially for the analysis of model templates, we can be quite optimistic that often very similar formulas will be used because people introduce it that way. But in the long run, of course, we want to have an analysis which takes care not of one specific formula, but of like a larger grouping of formulas which have like a lot of co-mentions, if you will, and which should bring us to like more of a family resemblance notion of coherently used formulas. So then hopefully it shouldn't matter that much whether one specific formula shows up if the grand scheme of things remains similar. But we will see about that. Thank you. Great, thanks. I'll jump in with a question of my own. I wanted to ask kind of picking up actually on something in Henrik's talk last night. So I wonder in your larger visualization, have you had a chance to click around and if you will be surprised? Have you found places where similarity metrics have lumped together traditions of modeling or drawn connections between domains that you really didn't expect? In cases other than the Kuramoto model, is that if you have you seen some things like that yet? Yeah, we are really at the beginning of it. And I started to go through this map and sometimes yes, I'm surprised what I see, but especially at the moment we look at the Kuramoto model but then I find it in modeling earthquakes and all these kind of things. So then I wasn't expecting this so that there was these kind of connections. So I think it's really, really helpful to see how these models are really get used by scientists and also the question of why is this particular scientist recognizing some kind of similarities between synchronized oscillators and how earthquakes are forming? So it's not obvious to me. So and these kind of questions you can really start to really dig on and go deeper and get also a richer notion of these model template concept as we try to develop on the long run with this method. Sure, that's great, thank you. Another question from John Muncie who asks, so it's absolutely interesting work. Thanks for the paper. I was wondering if you can deal with different notational variants of the same PDE when we use the same mathematical idea but the notation formalisms are rather different. So that could happen, for example, when we have matrix formulation versus a scalar formulation of the same dynamics. Is that a problem that you're worried about? So to a certain degree, I mean, how should I say, I would say my answer to that that would come from two sides. On the one hand, of course, we try to or basically Missouri and colleagues in their system try to take care of that to a certain extent by using this relational way of looking at formulas. So if something between the notation stays the same, there should still be at least some sort of overlap. So one thing we found quite interesting when we played around with the algorithm in the early stages when we were testing, for example, was that it quite nicely captures that the plus sign and the sum sign like the sigma mean the same thing or like very similar things. So that's something that the algorithm actually can get at. On the other hand, I am not entirely decided on what my view is on whether I want it to. I mean, I obviously want to know to what extent it does that. But on the other hand, both different notation as well as the internal similarity are interesting facts for our like descriptive analysis of what scientists are doing. So yeah, I will stay vague in my answer here to a certain degree, yes. But if it does not, then that's also interesting for us. Sure, yeah, yeah, yeah, that's nice. That's nice, I like that. Let me see, let me let the, let me let the chat catch up just for a second here. So I wanted to ask a little bit and this is going to necessarily be kind of a vague, oh wait, let me, sorry, let me not take two because someone else did, someone else popped the question and I don't want to monopolize the time. A question from Catherine Herfeld who says such a great project. Could you reflect more generally about how exactly you see your descriptive analysis of those particular templates, helping answer conceptual questions about template transfers in philosophy of science more broadly. So what kinds of questions, what kinds of questions do you have in mind? Do you want to talk about it? Okay. So yeah, this is at the moment at the present stage, it's a descriptive analysis of where we can locate these different kind of model and when we talk about model templates, we talk also about these concepts which are coming within computational mathematical tools. So at least at the moment, we are able to locate them and to get more, to do, to point which are interesting for the philosophy of science. You know, we, I think we discussed it before, Catherine. We have to, we have really to do more analysis. So they're really looking to where are they appearing? How do they get there? And you really have to follow those papers. This is not an analysis which just opens up and then you see how these models are, why these model are transferred. This means really further research and this is the part we just started to do because it's, we have to orientate ourselves in these huge amount of data we have now and it will take a while. But, you know, the first results we are seeing, it's very promising that it will help us to become more concrete about our, you know, the model template concept tie and I suggest which may be a useful concept for understanding this transfer. Great, thank you. Another question, another question coming in. Oh, Catherine says, as a comment on the question, she says, she says a fully agreed. I'm just very curious because this is just great. So let me, let me pick up a next, a next question now from, from Christoph Malatter with an amendment from Eugenio Petrovich as well. So let me combine these here. Christoph says, wonderful to see how, how you tackle formulas from a textual point of view. Did you investigate how the word Kuramoto is spread throughout your corpus? So is that, is that in particular, whether the word itself is strongly correlated with the existence of the formula. So that's an interesting question about kind of cross referencing our different analysis or different analysis methods or perhaps a specific, Eugenio adds perhaps a specific cited reference is associated with invocation of the formula. What did, what did you guys see along those lines? So on the one hand, yeah, clearly, clearly the word Kuramoto figures more commonly in some clusters than the others. It appears in the cluster keyword for one specific cluster, but not, not in the others. So there is some, some cluster difference here. I think like what, what we are trying to do in this analysis and also in, so just maybe, maybe as a background, the first thing that we tried when we tried to get these formula representations was actually to ignore the formulas and just use the context like the two sentences before and after the formula to, to give like a, like a representation and contrast that with the broad thematic structure of the whole, whole paper. And that worked so, so I would say. So like just, just using the, the world works to a certain degree, but it's, it's not, I think not as satisfactory as, as contrasting the formulas more specific to the question. Like does the, does the word Kuramoto correlate with the usage of this specific formula? I haven't tried that yet. So I haven't, I haven't like, I suppose you would, you would, you would ask whether how, how largely the overlap between mentioning the word Kuramoto and this specific cluster of formulas like in the formula clustering is, I haven't, I haven't tried it out. Also, and this ties into like the, the second point which you maybe still can see on the slides here. It's not entirely, entirely clear to me. And I think, I don't think it's like super clear to anyone how you actually compare these structures in a rigorous way because of course you can do a clustering and you can do another clustering and then you can just like count co-occurrences. But of course the clustering is more of a, like it's, it's one among many clustering, of course. You could, you could look at different granularities, you could look at different strategies of clustering and you would get very different results here. And so I think, I don't know, maybe, maybe I'm wrong about this, but I think there's not like a super, super rigorous way of correlating or like associating the substructures of these embeddings with each other. And like, I hope, I hope that in the very, very near future we will see work on that. And then I hope to incorporate that. But it's not obvious to me how you would actually do that in a way that is, that is rigorous and not too like endangered by the vagaries of clustering algorithms and different layouts. Yeah, that's a really, that's a really nice point that in some sense it's a theme that's been running through all the talks so far today. In some sense that we have these different ways of breaking apart these networks and it's not ever fully clear how to manipulate more than one of them at the same time. Yeah, that's a really nice, that's a really nice point. I wanted to, okay, I can still get in my second question without being problematic, so I will. This is a vague question, but I think it's important because I think it speaks to one of the real strengths of some of the work that you guys have been doing. So I was wondering your thoughts on the interplay between the formal analysis work that you've been doing and the visualization work that you've been doing. So I can tell that that's a really important part of the way that you approach, the way that you think about these projects is really tightly tied. You guys have clearly put a lot of effort into visualizing this information. And I wonder what your thoughts are about, about how you view that relationship and what that's like when you're doing your work. What do you, this is really like inviting you to kind of ramble because I know this is not a very clear question, but your visualizations are gorgeous and I want to be let in on the process a little bit for you. Okay, so if I may ramble on that. So my thought on this is, I think we've heard it yesterday and Andrea mentioned it also again today that case studies in philosophy of science are not entirely unproblematic if they're like very focused on limited areas, especially if you think not about like science 200 years ago or 100 years ago, but science as it is currently developing in incredibly unoverseeable, horrible pace. And if philosophy of science wants to say something to that, I think to a certain degree, I mean, I think there's a lot to be gained from these, from more rigid quantitative analyses, but on the other hand, and that's where the visualization comes from, I think a lot of important insight is indirectly to be drawn from having like the right intuitions about like how coherent, incoherent different modes of science actually are, how tied together how certain areas of science, how broad, how disjunct are they? And I think these are intuitions about that, which you can only, only arrive at through the contact with large data sets, because everything else will be too disjoint and to everything you can directly capture by reading papers will be just way too small to actually have a good chance of being indicative of the whole thing that is going on. And I think that is really where these visualization methods shine because of course you could do a quantitative analysis where you never see a map and never interact with anything and you could in the end get like a score or a p-value or whatever out of that and that could like be useful for doing hypothesis tests, but on the one hand, it would miss, I think a lot of the value for philosophy of science and on the other hand, this is something that Mel of course mentioned yesterday. It's really important when you're working with machine learning algorithms that you have like a clear view always of what's going on and that's something that a lot of these visualization methods, I mean, they can trick you in important respects and you should, you must be aware of that, but they can help I think often to like figure out problematic or degenerative cases, for example. So if you have in your data set, I don't know where something in your scraping went wrong and like 20 papers are just the same word repeated a hundred times or something like that you sometimes meet that if you are using JSTOR data or something like that, you will see it at once if you do a visualization. There will be a weird cluster and you won't know what's going on there and then you can check it. And I think this interplay of like on the one hand, providing correct intuitions about like these big data sets and on the other hand, figuring out problematic going on in your analysis, that's where these mapping algorithm really shine and help. Fantastic. No, that's a great answer. Thanks. That's really helpful. I really appreciate it. With that, we are out of time. So let me thank you again, extremely cool stuff. In five minutes, we will be back with our next talk. So thank you all very much and we will be back soon.


Let's get started we Of course I say that and before we actually dive into course. We have a guest speaker is going to tell you about a super cool Security event this weekend Hi everybody, my name is Anthony Coon. I'm running the double event program. Have you guys heard about it? Anybody raise your hand? We ran a last year. We have four different events Now I've been hired on full-time just to direct some hackathons for NCU engineering students We've got a pretty cool one coming up this weekend that you all should be interested in the theme is cyber security And so we can event that starts on a Friday you come in the evening and we'll deliver several challenge statements We'll spend the weekend using all the cool tech we have Ruinos raspberry pies We've got some key fob development devices all sorts of really techy stuff to Create a solution to these cyber security problems and then present them to a panel of judges on that Sunday You can come individually and find a team or you could bring a bunch of your friends and come as a team recruit members while you're there, but there are a lot of options and Don't be scared off by the fact that it is could be a competitive cyber security environment because we have several need statements ranging from as simple as like Creating a better education program for cyber security, you know teaching the masses why it's important to keep your password change Right, it is a hard problem, but at least it's low-level like you don't need a ton of cybersecurity knowledge You need a ton of education knowledge and you don't have people work, but then we even have needs to it's gonna be about tearing down some of the elements that created the near-eye botnet Disaster last year where they attacked GitHub and a bunch of the major sites So we've got all range and any group can win in there It's also all about promoting like start-up environment So the winning team gives a thousand dollars to seed funding and entry into one of our the funding competitions So it's a great event. And if you don't have time, I know this weekend is coming up real quick We still have two other events this year We got augmented virtual reality in October and then fancy and fiction in November Although that one is freshman only But next year or a next semester only have three new events with three new themes. So keep an eye out for it websites up there I've got flyers here. I'll walk around for anyone who's interested You don't feel obligated to take a flyer not gonna make me feel bad. Take a flyer Otherwise, are there any questions right now? Okay, beautiful. Thanks for having me Cool, let's thank our speaker Let's thank me due to a bunch of like hackathons regularly in here some people Yeah, we don't want to raise our hands Yeah, they can be super cool ways. I know one of our PhD students Can't know where the hackathon was but they end up developing this product and I think using some visa APIs And so they really liked it So they actually flew the team out to the visa headquarters to like demo their app But they built like in 48 hours. I believe he came with like no team in mind either. So definitely this is a good really good opportunity so you can go out and Raise your hand if you want a flyer Those watching on YouTube at the entire class raise their hands at unison It's actually like massive pandemonium. You don't have enough flyers. So everyone else will have to go to this website to get a flyer Don't know, don't know This is the trick. If you're not video recording what happens they don't actually know what's actually going to happen Great Cool. Okay, other classroom Stuff, so I did get up in the ongoing adventures of Adam versus in moon 2604 Did create part four so our Assessment service is running. I mean you guys probably don't care about the details, but basically well, maybe we'll get into that later that could be fun, but Basically, I have the central web server and that puts jobs in a queue of what things to grade and then I have a series of assessment servers that are pulling jobs from that queue to Evaluate and actually run on the test cases this way I can crank up when as always happens when you close the deadline and you All submit all at once. I can actually just spin up new instances just for that to help reduce the load and improve Breaking time So those are all 1604 they actually seem to be working Right now But so yes question User name it could be tied to you. It could be not be tied to you. It could be something clearly random. It could be Yes, I think you can do 10 or something. I will take the last one Okay, so for part four Since it needs to compile right so the whole goal is before run all the test cases rather than burning some mission And saying that your code isn't actually compiled and create and executable correctly I do kind of this two-faced thing called a smoke test for basically you upload your source files Do we want to do it now? A read me Source files Smoke test it'll say successful submission. So for the smoke test you have a hundred submission the smoke test Don't really matter. They're just compiling it. Then we go to assignment one status. You'll see so here You'll see it's still submitted. So it's still being processed by the assessment engine, but you will get that a Pass whether actually compile the project. There's only one test case that passes doesn't count for any points It's just a way for you to verify that. Yes, your code actually compiles Then when you're ready to submit this for grading you wouldn't hit this link I haven't actually made the test cases yet, but the infrastructure is all here. So I ended today So you will be able to click this link to submit it. I want to see Amount of time that long it takes It's not very fancy. There's not like a Your estimated wait time or anything. So please be patient questions Stop talking about Mac and mandatory access control and we've been talking about How we can try to Create the rules for a system that will enforce access control policy and a mandatory access control policy That restricts essentially the flow of information So from our levels Where do we want reads and writes to be able to happen easy? So you read down Makes sense because top-secret needs to be able to read everything below it But you can't read it up. So an unclassified person cannot read top-secret documents That is the simple security property that we've derived in class Similarly We talked about you can only write up so you can only create documents that are your security level or higher There any questions on this basic idea concept Yeah, if you're writing if your security level is confidential and you're writing a secret or top secret How are you going to read that? You cannot okay Which is fine. I mean you can think of it like an append only file right where you can just append to it But you can never read it and so you You would probably the way you would actually do this is you would write a classified document And then you would copy that to a top-secret document where you now no longer have any access rights But then if you're writing top-secret information Yeah, that's kind of it's into generating I guess who generates Makes that designation, right? Yeah, but it's tricky I guess the other way is you wouldn't want so I started writing to a top-secret file as a confidential person if I could read that Then if somebody else edits and adds top-secret information, I don't know that file Now leaked information from there, right? So that's why you don't I'm just wondering if now you become like I need to know on that file You could probably extend I mean yeah, we get into these are kind of more basic models and we'll get in kind of towards the end of What's the current kind of state of the art and what are actual systems? But yeah, this is kind of an early 80s when they were first thinking about how do you formally define these types of access control policies? And how can you prove that that would be correct? So yeah, the problem is that you have a classified person who is generating top-secret information So yes, they could write that to a classified file, which I agree would probably be bad So maybe they would just they would just have to write everything to a top-secret file and never be able to read it Which could be fine, right? Actually doesn't matter, right? I mean in some sense it all depends on what the mistake is, right, but So one of the important things is we don't really care about the trustworthiness of data, right? We just care about the label so you could be making this stuff up, right? That would be for other people and other channels to verify this system only cares about Never being able to release anything that is tagged as top-secret data Okay, so then we get into we talked about on Tuesday. We talked that this is not very This model is a little bit too simplistic, right? So we think about it in terms of threats and attack surface now if anybody with top-secret clearance is Is compromised or otherwise Either physically compromised or let's say starts executing some militia software on their system that starts acting as them That piece of software could access every single top-secret document that ever existed So we talked about categories So we discussed that and this it is kind of more of the real world how things are done is you don't just get broad access to everything in a security level you get on a need to know basis access to very specific things so Like a nuclear category a NATO category an ace category So how do we define this security policy now? Okay, so So what do we want from our security policy? So it's the same Rule so we came up with these security conditions the simple security condition in the star property Right do these now apply our new world with categories? So how would categories change other categories? change the situation so we have new NATO It's too hard for you to write in all caps every time so You say it was a nice So this would be the set of essentially categories, right? Yeah Thank you First one query So then how does that change so we had concepts before I have as a subject I have some security label Right and an object has a security label, which was just integers basically, but now what do we actually want? How does this change so as a person as a? subject in this system So we want to throw away security labels all together and say let's give her to this top secret secret confidential and classified Because that doesn't make sense and just a category focus So Right which makes sense right and the reverse right so whatever is access this ace project Doesn't have access to the nuclear information and within one project you may have different levels of classification, right? So one project if you think about whatever the ace project is there could be some classified things some Secret things and some top secret things so we want both of them. So in essence our security labels are essentially going to be Cheap figure out So everyone will have a label and a set of categories so you can think of it as a top Right the two topples so every so subjects and objects instead of just having a security label will have so the clearance I Don't get notation for this. Let's say it's like this and s objects It's going to be a label and So this will be see will be some subset of the categories, right doesn't make sense So then now how do we so then Now going back to our security policies So does the simple security condition still hold so that you can read an object if your security clearance is Greater than the objects No, so how do we want to change this to incorporate our new notion of? Categories so let's say I have people of the subject the category of the subject and then I have the label of the object and the category So for my security condition for reading what would I want to be the case? So when can a subject read the object when the security clearance the subject is greater than Unless it is greater than or equal to L zero. So what is this? The simplified model, right? So we have exactly so this needs to be true What would you say that the intersection of CS and CO Can't be no, right. They have to see us and CO have to have the same Objects I've done that so it's really good Right like basically whatever Objects you're reading or the set Since we said CS is the set, you know, they both have that NATO in it So if you were to intersect those it wouldn't be no because it would be NATO cool What's a simpler way to do this? It's true. I think it actually works There's a subset of CEO. Yeah, so the subject Yes, the subject right so the way I'm trying to trick you too much trick myself right, so the so yeah the right, this makes sense so the Subject security conditions must be the same as or greater than the objects So another actually let's see is not the same as this So this actually is a good. This was a good example. So for instance, if this was let's say a nuclear and ace and This was nuclear and NATO Right, everybody see that this first condition this first condition we tried Doesn't apply in this case because Even though they have one thing in common nuclear now You're essentially leaking to somebody who does not have access to NATO information NATO information This probably capture what we want Access in the example that you put up there. You would have to have both Yes, because that document contains both or more because that document contains both nuclear information and NATO information So if you are not cleared for both You cannot access that that if you're only there for one it doesn't matter you can't access that that You do not need to know that because it contains stuff that you don't need to know well, so what the star property How do we control reeds rights in this system? What was the star property so the star property controlled rights so this so the security property said we can read essentially to read If and only if this security case is true the star property is we can write if and only if The security level of the subject is less than or equal to the security level of the object So this in force to be Right up previous conditions Well, obviously your LS would have to be less than or equal to L. Oh Yeah, so we want to make sure that's Less they're equal to L. Oh, so this ensures that we can't write any secured we can't write any information to a Unclassified or classified level about this other access well wouldn't it just be the other way that? CO would have to be a subset of CS you'd have access to part of the At least part of it But don't have to have access to everything because you're only writing to it You don't have to see everything but you need to be able to write to it So let's think through this. Okay. Let's go through back to our example. So here, okay, we flipped Yeah, it will still be CS Sorry, I'm gonna put it back the other way so you can tell me because this is confusing. Okay CS CO what subset relationship do you want? CS would be a subset of CO I know I know the other way CO would be a subset of CS like this Okay Let's think about this. So Let's think through the cases. So let's you know, we should go through the base case We have some nuclear documents. So That the levels are both top secrets the same levels one's nuclear the other one's nuclear This says we can go ahead and write to that file that intuitively makes sense Let's say now this is not so we have a top secret nuclear and top secret Entity set and so no categorization. So can we have that? Yeah, does every does every piece of data have to be assigned to a category one or more categories? No, they just be labeled top secret doesn't have to be necessarily part of a program so I want to be able to if I have top secret nuclear clearance write to a file that is top secret and has no clearance Or has no sorry clearance No Okay, it doesn't have it does not have any categories. So do we want this? Yeah Right similar to the same argument of writing top secret information to a classified file Right, we don't want that because we don't want there to even be the possibility of data leaking from top secret to confidential Similarly here this subject has access to nuclear information And so by writing to a file even though it's at the top secret level that does not contain nuclear That is not classified for that which means that anyone else can read that file if they don't have nuclear access the category so We would want to what allow or deny this We want to deny one deny deny deny so does this properly specify this so it is The second tending nuclear a subset of the empty set So that probably checks and then let's see another situation where I have a nuclear And i'm trying to write to a object that has a nuclear and What do you think should we allow this or deny this? A lot of why let's rush now If you're in object So anyone to read that file has to already have nuclear access therefore the file the Our subject only has access to nuclear information Therefore any information that they can put in there has to be nuclear related. And so it's fine. Can they read that file? No, it's not a subset the other way exactly Big question and race So this is our star property Now prove it so the way Introduce a concept here, so we're using the subset relation to order To order the categories right so we're saying that okay You can read this and one thing is a subset of the other or you can write to it if the other one's a subset of the other one so so our previous Security levels look down as a total ordering right we can put them in a well-defined order from Least amount of access to most amount of access. Can we do that with categories? As we as we've been using them here What would you say if an object so they both have top secret access one object has nuclear category And the other one has a NATO Can you say that one is more secure than the other or more sensitive? It's subjective, right? We can't we have no way to compare them, but On the top secret found an unclassified YouTube. We can say that one is definitely more so that's an absolute order But can we say that Say yes Is one of these more sensitive than the other? Yeah Right the one with more categories is more sensitive, right? It's more important to more categories, right? So definitely so We can't create a total ordering of all of them. So it's not like so Mathematically like the less than operator on numbers can total order every number, right? Any two numbers I can tell you which one is less than the other one Right, but we're using here the subset operator And subset does not have a total ordering because there are sets where you can't say which one is the subset of any of the other ones But you can still create a graph of the relation. So you can create all possible sets. So what's the set that is the Let's say in this with these capabilities these categories that we define here What's the set that is the most sensitive? The what? But in our specific example So here we were comparing, um, let's say Here we're comparing Yes, nuclear NATO nuclear nuclear NATO So what would this actual set be if we were to drop? It's like the most sensitive Exactly, yeah the set that contains nuclear NATO An ace right this and obviously so we're thinking only kind of in top secret here, right? So that is the most sensitive element What's the least the empty set right so we can have things that don't necessarily have a categorization And then what about in the middle? Where do all the other sets fall? Is it just a straight progression from here all the way up to here? So Where would so let's take it one by one. Where are the second containing nuclear? We'll just put it here What's the subset of the second containing nuclear is this one? Exactly so you have a nuclear so nuclear we could say that there's so the term that we use mathematically is dominates Let's get there in a second So the second containing nuclear now I have the second containing NATO So which of the sets that I have here is a subset of NATO? Still just the empty set right not the second name nuclear There's no way to compare those two sets. We cannot tell which one is more sensitive But we know that it's more sensitive than the empty set and we have ace This is second name ace and the same logic there So I have all those now. I only have three more sets remaining to Finish this out. So let's say I have nuclear and NATO NATO So what sets is this What sets of the subset of this set? Yeah, nuclear and NATO Right and also the empty set right, but this is actually a transitive relationship, right? So we Nuclear the subset of us and empty says the subset of nuclear which means the empty says the subset of the second containing nuclear and NATO So a similar logic. Well, we can do nukes and NATO I'm running out of room here because I don't know how to draw I have a better example of this in a second, but this is Us constructing like that. I did Actually look really like the pattern that this makes and then so how do we connect our Our set containing every element to this graph What's a subset of that? So even if we can't have and You just learned about the lattice anybody seen this before another classes I'm not gonna quiz you on it. I'm just curious It actually comes up in static analysis. It comes up here in Access control it comes up in a lot of places. So this is basically just the recreation of the lattice that we have And so the idea here is conceptually the lattice helps you think about Comparing the objects, right? So you can say hey if I have a subject with nuclear NATO And I have an object containing ace Can the subject read that document? Right? No, because there's no path to there the The way you'd say that it says the second page between NATO does not dominate ace So we can't prove that that file Right, there's no way even though so this actually is a good point if I'm not cardinally so even though cardinality has an Essentially how we order these elements we fundamentally can't compare the second tank nuclear NATO with the second tank ace Because even though one has two elements and the other has one they don't have any element in common So we can't say which one is more sensitive than the other cool and you just derived and We created the bella padula model for mandatory access control. So this is Without a doubt like the most famous model in security so There are lots of other access control models you can learn about there's a lot in the book I'm actually not going to cover a lot of them because I think you can learn about them at your Your own gratification. We're trying to cover a lot of different areas, but this is without a doubt the most important model And the idea is here. So we just use this idea of dominates. So we say a security level dominates another security level if The levels are comparable. So if l1 is less than or equal to l and c prime is great is a subset of c And with our simple security condition now we can just write The simple security condition in terms of what we have here, which is you'll notice if you just sub change those dominates is exactly what we came up with with our rule for I believe it's a simple security condition So the simple security condition we had was the level of the subject is sorry the level of the object We haven't flipped so of course this is confusing, but we had it backwards. So the level of the subject must be created they're equal to the level of the object and the categories of the subjects must be a superset of the objects categories Right, and then if you put that into a dominates function like we've done here Then you can say well the simple security condition is this s dominates o and the star property is also o dominates s The other super cool things about a lattice. So lattice is really easy to think about when you only have three elements You can actually have an infinite lattice with an infinite number of elements But still know where the top is where the bottom is and know how to compare dominates between the elements It's pretty cool. It's one of these examples. Just make sure we got this So a has top secret with category ace and b has secret with made of an ace can a Read an object that has top secret and no capabilities I keep saying capabilities So suppose there's nothing in there. There's no categories tagged to that To that object. So maybe it's just a general top secret and it doesn't necessarily Every object doesn't necessarily have to have a category. So it's not like the set of all objects is split into categories Yes, because they have to set a subset of ace and one the security level Exactly All right, somebody else right to a file called s ace Let me say why because top secret is greater than secret Star property forbids us to write them So I always like to think of it as kind of leak information. So thinking about it like that So I have top secret knowledge and And I have access to the ace category. Can I write out to a secret file? No, I should not be allowed to do that because you have to think what's the most potentially damaging action I can do is writing out top secret information to that file So the categories match, but we got to remember always the star property. We cannot write down on the security levels If I'm reading a file as top secret nato ace You say no, why? So even though the security level is the same ace For nato ace is not a subset of ace Which means we would be getting access to blood type of information that we should Yes, top secret nato information Right, what about writing out to a file as top secret ace nato? Ace nato is the category Of the file Then yes, you talk yourself out of it into the right answer So that is the logic correct. So We said it's a top secret. Yes, we can write to a top secret file. We have a top secret clearance and The logic is so we know about ace for writing out to a file that knows about ace So everyone who could read this file only knows knows about ace maybe in addition to other things We cannot read that file So can be Write to a file that's secret and that has nato. Yes I just have a question A can't write to a top secret empty set Correct A cannot write to a file that's top secret empty set Because why? And they couldn't exactly they couldn't be leaking that information out exactly Well, all right, you're off the hook. That's a good question Yeah So you want the scenario would be Because s s dot o is always empty and s s something in it has to always dominate over Everybody get that So let's let's just be clear. So s let's say is We're talking about reading or writing We're talking about reading so if The question I asked was if objects categories are empty, it's an empty set. Can it be read from at all? Because I see so this would be the subject the object is What a top secret empty set right, so Yeah, so the empty set is a subset of the second k k. So, you know, but of course Now even if I have nato clearance and I have let's say confidential Or I just see is confusing who they have between these if I have secret access Can I read this file? Oh No, because it's got top secret clearance, right? We got people, okay So b so b has secret nato and ace Can be right out to Seek a secret file in nato Because they also have ace clearance so they could be leaving ace information to that file Category yes, I'm doing this on purpose What about top uh reading to a top secret nato ace file Don't have top secret clearance. So the first part of our condition is this law is that What about reading from a secret file That has ace and nuclear categories Somebody hasn't answered yet. We would be leaking nuclear information to somebody who does not have the clearance for that category but are writing to An unclassified un-categorized un-categorized file Cool question on this Yeah, yep Yes Yes, so for you to write to a file just like unclassified the only people who can write an unclassified file like people have to get unclassified So how would this work in reality This would be information never gets declassified So how would you do this then? So the model doesn't allow it right so the model just says hey, it's a top secret never nobody ever learns about it ever I think the thing that could happen one is that the information no longer becomes damaging Such as something or technology that's written in that was damaging going to try this no longer damaging Okay, so try but who determines that The system does the MAC system determine it? No, no, who would mean to decide that Some users that have Yeah, people actually so they would need to know about it But they need to have the authority in some type of thing outside of this system essentially that says yes They have the ability to declassify documents like somebody brought up the point on Tuesday that Sometimes documents can't be declassified if they go through a special procedure where people with clearance will redact any information That could be potentially Sensitive so in that way Maybe see the movie hidden figures Yeah So there's a scene where this the lady's working with redacted data information and she can't Actually do her job. So she takes and holds it up in the light and you can tell the difference there to like actually write down some fantastic movie And I've seen everybody like dear about redacting information So yeah, so there's all you know, this is kind of a you can pick up a mathematical highly specialized model To just think about what are the rules you need in this system to actually instantiate something like this you need This thing of declassification. So the u.s. For instance, there's I don't know the exact laws I don't think but I was looking it up. There are laws where after a certain amount of time Documents are automatically go through the declassification process Unless they need search and exemptions and then however long they're declassified So you can actually go look at documents that were classified Um and hire from like 50 plus years ago. So those are available to us I still think they check those files before they actually do that. Yes. Yes. No, I it's not not I mean automatically goes through a Manual declassification process and then it has another yeah, they started doing it rather than on the man thing It's more like a okay You have to justify please my understanding if you have to justify why you want to keep this top secret for another X amount of time Otherwise it needs to go through the declassification process without no review it to make sure it's not Cool, there's some other issues there So how do you so here's an interesting thing that when I was poking around in this So Let's say you're a classified person with not very many categories How would you know that an object if you should be reading it or not? Think about like physical documents It's marked so so there needs to be some kind of cover letter some cover a that says like The security level of the document right so something that explicitly states that it's classified information and so there's rules about how to handle that He's only I guess I shouldn't ask this but I can't remember the document I was reading but there also that needs to be the categorization right, so how do you know that you have the category to access that information and so I believe I was reading that the code words themselves are usually classified at that security level So the top secret code word will be classified top secret but not without a cat without a category or something I may embarrass myself so I don't actually know all this stuff but the idea is You see a document you see it's classified. So if you have clearance, you know you can read it But if it has categories on it, if you don't recognize any of those code words It means that you do not have access to that document and you should not read it so there's actually Interesting examples on wikipedia a whole document from like the 60s and 70s that were like have stamped code Code words on them so you can kind of see them. It's pretty cool All right Awesome. So we're closing out access control. I think we'll be able to get into a little crypto today, which will be fun So And part of the goal of this course is to expose you to things so you can see where other areas in security are so Other more modern types of access control is maybe what we've been actually thinking about and one that actually works really well with With companies is this idea of role-based access of control Where it's not you the user that kind of privileges It's your role in the organization. So you are a Teller in a bank or you're a cashier or you're a manager and your role gives you permissions not your identity And so you need ways to kind of prove that you are this role So rather than being kind of discretionary access control where it's based on you the user Or based on clearance With a mac type system now it's based on your role So this would simplify things for instance for me If we all had a share of your own work server Rather than give each every one of you permissions Individually I could just say great you 132 people are all students And we are instructor roles and maybe there's a TA role, right? So It can be kind of a more natural way to express business logic and to create an access control policy Rather than thinking about individual employees because there's a lot You kind of abstract them into groups, which I believe we touched on a little bit at the start of this Another new type of area that people are exploring Is a attribute based access control So the idea is the subjects in the system have attributes. So how you get attributes is a whole thing But rather than capabilities, which says you have the right to read a certain file or something You have attributes about yourself. So you would have maybe an age or an IT number or a group membership Or Any kind of attributes I mean anything you can think of An idea The policy to access an object is essentially a complex boolean expression over the attributes of the person trying to access it Rather than specifying the rights up front where you can read, write, execute, append to an object I can say things like only people who are over 21 can actually read this file Or which actually is mapped really well to the real world because that actually is how a lot of things work, right? You can only buy certain things if you're over 21 and the way you prove that is by showing someone an ID Which is licensed by a government entity, which has your birth date on it So forging attributes obviously is an important problem here, but the idea is now the policy Can be more complex and can express very complex things And test it It's a very and these are very active areas of research. So And basically the way I see it so there's all types of so if you want to go into this area There's tons and tons of of new interesting work being done We talked about this a little bit usability, right? It seems very clear that a max system is Does not prioritize usability at all Right, we just talked about like writing out a file and you cannot read it, right? That seems crazy to deal with But if that's the price pay for security, maybe that's okay. So are there other usability You know, what are the usability constraints here? How do because we know it as we talked about in the Interaction section is humans are often the most important problem Humans are often not the most important problem the weak point in our system So we need to if we're not thinking about the human when we're designing our system They're going to bypass our sophisticated access control systems We also need things that are flexible and easy to change, right? It's very Hard to get you know, it's easy to make a policy, but it's hard to evolve that policy over time as the organization changes Expressiveness of a policy. What can you actually express? so for instance on unix If you wanted to give access to Two or three other students in the class You have to create a new group in the system. Just those Those people so it's really hard to do things like we'll share it with The engineering department, but not these people who are on this specific project who maybe shouldn't have access Right, we have to keep in unix acl here to keep creating groups for all these things So it's crazy to manage these groups. So thinking about how expressive is the policy? Can you say things like these people are loud and these people aren't Some of the areas that we've been doing research in our lab is on federations So when you have Two organizations that want to collaborate with each other, but they each have their own individual access control policy And they may have agreed on a group access control policy But now when somebody tries to make access which one actually comes into play a local access control policy or the federated access control policy And how can you some of the cool things like how can you do this automatically? So how can you try to actually discover and learn about the policies at the local level of the federated level? To try to resolve And I guess there's other things in here conflicts if your access control policy Maybe doesn't allow anybody any access or there's conflicting policies at different levels And there's all kinds of there's a whole can of worms that you can dive into And it's a really important area. So any questions on this? All right access control


In today's video, we're opening a never before seen third party blister pack, including Magician's Force. What's up guys, we are back with another third party blister. It's a very odd angle, so we're gonna have to hold it sideways, because if we do it like this, you can only see two of the packs. You can see we have Magician's Force, Ferris Servant, and Legacy of Darkness in this ultra cool blister pack. As you can see, it was repackaged by Vintage Sports Cards, I think is what they're called. They are the company that repackaged the counterfeit UDE cards in the big scandal with Konami and Upper Deck actually. So if you haven't seen my video about that, you guys can go check that out. Here it is. But this is the same company, so it's very interesting to see that. Okay, but this isn't the only thing we're opening today. Today, we have some extra packs and we're not just talking fluff, you know, not just some random packs. We have some insane sets like Magic Rule. These are all old school, by the way. None of these are like reprints or anything like that. We're talking Original Magical, you can tell by the logo. Lavender Nightmare, Legacy Darkness, Fronic Guardia, Invasion of Chaos, and Ancient Sanctuary to open as well. So we have an old school Fiesta going on. I don't know why I said Fiesta. And to continue this Fiesta, we have a giveaway. I'll be giving away this first edition, You're Free the Iron Knight, Ferris Servant, we have a Dark Ruler Hades from Legacy of Darkness. All you have to do is like the video, be subscribed, turn on notifications, let me know down below. What do you want to see pulled today? We're going old school. Let's get to it. All right, to kick things off, let's start with an Ancient Sanctuary for $4.49. Unfortunately, not what they cost nowadays. So I'm going to try and pull an enemy controller, Burst Stream of Destruction, Arch Lord Zerato. How about that Dark Magic Attack? Any of those would be pretty epic. How about as a board? Super rare. That'd be good as well. We have a Wall of Reeling Light, which was like a at one or band or something. So recently, I think it's come back to three. Rocket Jumper, maybe it's two. Light of Judgement, it's not two. It's not two. Monster Gate. This could be a money card. This is a pretty fun card in, I guess, where I do a link. Solar Ray, we have Goblin King, Mystic Walk, Emissary of the Oasis, and a Soul Resurrection for those normal type monsters. Very cool. So starting off with the rare, I saw off Hope for the other pack. Next, let's do an Invasion of Chaos. This is, I believe, an original or 2007. No, Ian. So this could be either 2007. I think it's probably 2007 in the Force of the Breaker special editions. There's two different versions. One in Blister Pack. One's like a regular standard special edition, you would expect. Four from the back should work. We have Inferno, we have a Boganian, DNA Transplant, Sea Serpent, Warrior of Darkness, Sacred Crane, Curse Seal of the Forbidden Spell, Gigantes, Multiplication of Ants, and a Compulsory Evacuation Device. That came up a lot quicker than I thought. These are Ian packs. So I do believe this is in the Force of the Breaker Blister Pack slash special edition, because they were kind of the same thing, but just different packages. All right, next pack. If you guys are looking to buy some cards from me, I've been posting cards on my website, ruxorn34.com. So go give that a little check out some of those potentially rarity collection cards on there. I don't know when I will be posting those or when you're seeing this video specifically at the moment. One, two, three, four. But there's a chance there's some stuff on there. There's some great stuff as well. Royal Keeper, come on. Pyramid Energy, Bottomless Shifting. Stand, you can't be standing in the sand. We shot, we have the Time Eater. Needlewall, a lot of great comments so far in here. We have not gotten any in this pack. Caterville Omen, that's an interesting card. Reasoning just got seven prints in rarity collection. Pretty funny, Goat Format card. And a Coffin Cellar. Okay, Coffin Cellar, we are 0 for 3 so far. Slow start. We have 18 more packs in this video, I believe. So a lot of potential still. Legacy of Darkness also 449. Let's see if we can open this thing up and get an ejection fairy lily or Yatta. That's what we're really hoping for. One, two, three, four. Those are the ones that I won. We have Ready for Intercepting, Nutrient Z, Warrior, Digreffer. He has a lot of cards in this set. Dragon Dwelling in the Cave, Dragon's Rage, Rayu Kishin Clown, Heart of Clear Water. And is it next? I'm just fortune telling, it is not. It is next. Fusion Sword, Merasame Blade. Probably the most common rare in Legacy of Darkness. I gotta say, I pull down one almost every time. Now let's try Labyrinth of Nightmare. I think this one is one of the weird packs from Tactical Evolution. So it should be a little slimy on the cards. Let's see. Okay, this pack is ripping up real bad. Yeah, it feels like the, yeah, this is definitely Tactical Evolution prints. See if we can get any train tracks on our hollows. Headless Knight, we have Lady Panther. These feel so bad. They feel so bad. Grand Tiki Elder, Cure Mermaid, Saint Joan, Fusion Gate, Empress Mantis, Spirit of Flames, and we have a tornado bird, a slimy, slimy tornado bird. So we are still searching for our first foil. I think that the perfect time to do it is in this magic ruler pack. Let's see if we can get a blue ice tune. I hope it's a blue ice tune pack because that is a nice card. All right, we have a little, whoa, look at the back of this. That thing is destroyed. Not in good shape. One, two, three, four. Here we go. Hopefully, this right here is a hollow. We have a spear creed, very annoying card. Obstar Goblin, great card. Used to be worth over a dollar. Not usually kind of close. Maybe the original is. Ceremonial Bell, we have Koto Dama. The Queen Bird, the Bird of Queens. Okay, maybe not. Whiptail Crow. Performance of Swad, Giant Turtle who feeds on flames, and finally we have Heel Zanru, a dragon created from a massive diamond that sparkles with blinding light. But there's no hollow in this card to blind us, unfortunately. Okay, we are over so far. We went over like six right there. It's a bad start, but that's okay. All it takes, there we go, hit him on Lee's in this pack. All it takes is a one pack to get us going. We have Dust Barrier, Sonic Jammer, Desert Sunlight, Spirit Caller, Roxxon Special. There's Hitmon Lee, Sword of the Soul Leader, Nubian Gar, Kozaki. His studies are not here yet. And a Soul Absorbing Bone Tower. Used to be a $7 card. I say that every time. I don't think it is anymore. Invasion of Chaos. Come on, turn this thing around, because this has been a really bad start, like really bad. This is about as bad as it gets. I mean, going over, you cannot beat that in terms of badness. We have Soul Absorption. Come on, but go on. Naven is giant hand. Enthimious Bugroth, MK3. Raiyukoki, pretty awesome card. Don Turtle. Chaos Inn. The Big Koala. Blazing Impachi. The Wicked Wooden Spirit. Now, Wooden Spirit blesses us with something amazing. Or a Curse of Darkness. I feel like we've been cursed by the darkness right now, because we are now 0 for 8 on the opening. Veronica Guardian. At least give us Trap Dust Shoot. Metamorphosis. Maiden of the Aqua. All that good stuff. Come on, give us some of that. That can help us be saved from this opening. Disturbance Strategy. It's pretty rough so far. Grave Keeper's Guard. Hyroglyph Lethagraph. Grave Keeper's Cannon Holder. Different Dimension Capsule. Swarm of Locusts. Secret Pass to the Treasures. Trap Dust Shoot. There we go. Okay, we got a great card. That's going to be a few dollars. And finally, will we get a foil as well? We will not. Wing Sage Falcos. Okay, so we got a Trap Dust Shoot. That's great. Best card yet is a common card. So Legacy of Darkness. You're gonna have to turn this around. We don't want to go 0 for 10. That's just not a good start. Not a good start at all. We got a damage card in the back. Not looking too good. One, two, three, four. We have a Spirit's Invitation. Twin-headed Wolf. Bubble Crash. That's us. Robotic Knight. Mysterious Guard. Stamping Destruction. Spray of Rebirth. We've got a Throw Stone unit. Come on. Throw a stone and it doesn't give us a hollow. I don't know what that means. Opticlops. Okay, they threw a stone at us for sure. We didn't get a hollow. 0 for 10. Great start. Fortunately, no matter what happens here, if we go 0 for 18 or whatever, then hopefully we will get something out of the three-pack blister pack back there. Plack. That's not a plaque. Kind of looks like a plaque back there. Look at these lines on the back. Not surprising out of this weird print. A Kibbio Dragmourn. We got the Earl of Demise. Soul of Purity and Light. Supply. Humanoid Worm Drake. Super Short Print. The original print. I don't know if it's in the reprint because it's kind of a reprint in 2007. If it's a short print, Dark Door. Dreams Bright. Grave Robbers Retribution. Another tornado bird. How do we get the same rare? Two slimy tornado birds. Okay. I'm not feeling incredible right now about this opening. 0 for 11. If we get a Blue-Eyes tune, it'll be worth it. It will be worth it. Let's go, Muscle Man. We have Guardian of the Throne Room. Labyrinth Wall. Liquid Beast. House of the Dees of Tame. Rising Air Currant. We need something to light because I'm just like monotone right now because we're just like 0 for 0. We haven't pulled anything exciting. I mean, Trap Dust, it was pretty nice, but we'll have it on Nuzbur. We have Ancient One of the Deep Forest. Come on. Give us something. It's the same cards. Not the Shiding Diamond Dragon. Oh, the same cards. It's literally just giving us the same rares. Not only is it not hollows, it's the same rares. 0 for 12. I mean, that's pretty hard to do except in old school packs. It can happen. They've been around. There could be some shenanigans going on. They're loose packs. That's just how it goes. Beckoning Light. We are stinkin' up right now. Vampire Lady in Channel Fitting Room. Come on. San Gambler. We are gambling and it is not going well. Judgement of the Desert. We have Absorbing Kid from the Sky. Desert Tapir. Desert Patir. Tapir. It's hard to say. Goblin Thief and Draining Shield. Okay. Just rub it in our face. Draining the life out of us. I do not have faith that we're going to pull anything here. We have Invasion of Chaos. It's not feeling promising. That's all I got to say. It's not at all. That's an interesting crimp there. IOC FOTB. Let's go. Soul Tiger. Inferno. We got DNA Transplant. I have no faith right now. I need to have... I need to believe, guys. Sea Serpent Warrior of Darkness and his Battle Prowess. Purple Fairy. Coach Goblin. There he is. Rocky. Rocky. Lord Poison. Soul Absorption. And our final card out of IOC. Please, IOC. Make it happen. Come on, Chaos Emperor Dragon. Oh boy! Hello, Dedication through Light and Darkness. It might not be one of the big three, but it has one of the big three on the artwork. We'll take it. Finally, Dedication through Light and Darkness. We got a super. Maybe that's the kickstart we needed to start pulling foils in this video. That is a pretty-looking superhero. I'm not going to lie. This has been rough. That's still worth less than Trapped Ushin, I'm sure, but... Yeah, we can pull another one right here. Ferontic Guardian. Give us some more good commons, at least. Anadonsaloo, please. That'd be a nice ultra. One, two, three, four. We have... Oh, there we go. Metamorphosis right off the bat. That's a good one. I'm moving it around like it's a hollow. I'm like looking at it. It's not. Discernment Strategy. Gravekeeper's Guard. Give us more. More! Kylo Ren, Onlooklyph, Lithograph. We have Swarm of Locusts. Secret Pass of the Treasure. Nightmare Horse in his interesting artwork. Trapped Ushin and Metamorphosis. That's a pack! Donzaloo Gray here to make it perfect. Okay, Gravekeeper's Watcher. Okay, I'll take that, though. Those two commons are probably at least 10 bucks combined, so that's pretty solid. Okay, Legacy of Darkness. We are not doing well. We have one foil out of 15 packs, I think? So not good. We do have three great Ferontic Guardian commons, though, so I'll throw that in there. Legacy of Darkness. A big secret rear could turn this around. We have Hunter with Seven Weapons. Lizard Soldier. Disappear. That's me. After I open 21 packs, I get one foil. I'm just going to disappear. Probably Magic of Dark Ruler. Troop Dragon. Fanching Mirror. Patrician of Darkness. A Faint Plan. Oh, oh, a Faint Plan. Let's see what we got. Dark Ruler! Hades! We give it away and then we pull it. Didn't that happen recently as well? It was also LODU's Air Knight Parshad. This is crazy. What in the world? Oh, that is so weird. Look at that dot on the back. That is weird. I pulled this guy all the time. We pulled this one with Charlie. First edition, I pulled this guy. Damage one time. He was like dinged in the corner. I pulled it again. I feel like I pulled it another time, too. Hades, aka Hades. What a card. That's a beautiful Ultra. So we are up to two foils. One Super One Ultra. Much better than Zero. I feel a lot better now. All right, Labyrinth of Nightmare. Two packs left until we get to the Booster Packs and the Blister Packs. One, two, three. Oh, look at that card. Four. That card's destroyed. It is Soul of Pyrenean Light. It has dings. Who would have thought this weird printing and tactical evolution. It has messed up cards. Supply, Deal of Phantom. Flying Fish. We had a Ruxen Special. Fairy Guardian. Offerance to the Doom. Oh, Ruxen Special again. Melk it looks like a normal. Oh, wait, no, okay. That was just common card. Gross Ghost. And finally we have Nuvia the Wicked. Nothing to be excited about. Not gonna lie. Except that we have a magic ruler pack left. I am excited about this. Blue Eyes Tune Dragon potential here. Last pack before we get to the three pack magic. Two, three, four. Let's go. I believe that this can be Blue Eyes Tune. We have Hungry Burger. Wait, that's a way to start right there. MRL. This is original MRL printing. Commencement Dance. Metal Fish in his Codlefin. Turtle Oath. Final Destiny. The Penguin Knight. Eat Caboon. The Queen Bird. And finally, Blue Eyes Tune Dragon. Make yourself known. No, not the rat. The giant rat. Oh, the ratty boy is back. It's time for the main event of the video. We've got these three. Uh, I think I might just be able to open it like this actually. Let's see. They might make it nice and easy for me. Let's see if that works. Oh, it does. Pretty, oh wait, they're kind of, they might be glued on there. That's gonna make this, oh, that's gonna make this hard. I don't know how I'm gonna do this. I'm gonna have to cut this thing open. All right, that was a little, little painful to watch. Let's see if we can get this damaged Dark Magician Girl out of here. What if it was damaged? Oh, that'd be so bad again. How could, there's no way that happens to us again. There's no way. I love when they glue the packs on there. It's like, they're not a better way to do this. Uh-oh. I think I just opened the pack. This does bring back some memories though of everything just being horribly packaged back in the day. All right, let's start with Legacy of Darkness. Blister packs should, you know, shouldn't be tampered with because they've been glued to this pack the whole time. All right, let's see if the cards are actually in good condition. Throwing them all over the place. They look pretty good actually. Centering looks horrible though. One, two, three, four. Can we go back to back with Legacy of Darkness? Get another Ultra or a Secret, please. Pop a Magic of Dark Ruler. We have Greywing ready for intercepting. Come on. Nutrient Z, Spring of Rebirth, Throwstone Unit, Super Robo Yaru, Bargadar Ruler, and oh, a Vibra Jar, Ultra Rare, out of the three-pack blister. Look at that. Centering. Legacy of Darkness, Centered? Challenge impossible, but not. That's the most centered LOD card I've ever seen. Unfortunately, it's unlimited. This is first set. This would be crazy, but I'm so probably going to grade that because that thing looks incredible. I mean, even the unlimited LOD is usually way off-centered, so that's pretty amazing. That's a great start. All right, Pharaoh's Servant. You've got a lot to live up to. Let's see if you can do it. Let's see if you can do it this time. One, two, three, four. Here we go. Gust, Insect Barrier, Spike Bot, Eye of Truth. Can you get something crazy?  Let's get that Buster Blader. All Seeing White Tiger. Ground Collapse. And here we go. Come on, Pharaoh's Servant. One more card, Light of Intercepting, and oh, it's Prohibition. That's a good card. It's actually probably worth a couple bucks, so not a bad card to get as the rare, but unfortunately, not a hollow. And our final pack, Magician's Force. Let's go. We've had three foils in this video. We built the 20 packs. Not a great ratio, but we have gotten two Ultras out of LOD, so that's pretty amazing. All right, come on. I hope I didn't bend these cards because I felt like I did when I was trying to open this thing. No, they're resilient. They can handle this. One, two, three, four. We have Death's Dindle. Jar Robber. Let's go. Union Rider. Metal Silver Armor. Oh, Rook's the Special. Thunder of Ruler. Can we get something crazy? Demotion. Magical Marionette. Please give us a breaker. Come on. Immobile Dragon Destroyer. Final card of the opening. If you guys enjoyed it, don't forget to subscribe to the channel for more epic content. Here we go. It's the great Phantom Thief. Oh, that's like, that's them stealing my hollows. Three out of 21. One out of seven. Not great, but still a lot of fun to open those old school packs. Shout out to Tomahawk Show, Dax, or Tomato Juice, Puffins of Doom, or Nestor, Deanna, America Deuster, Supreme Sage 21, CJ, Leo Gwine, 62, Yu-Gi-Oh, Unboxed, and Anatai Show, Ian Mooster Jr. Bartyke, Robert F, Thomas Belklane, and Changa Lange. Thank you guys for supporting the channel. And I'll see you guys in the next one. Peace.


In this training video we're going to look at the use of Slide Master within Microsoft PowerPoint. So to show you the power of Slide Master I'm going to set an image into Slide 1. So I'm going to go on the Insert tab.  And I'm going to position it in the top right hand corner of Slide 1. Well, what a lot of companies would like to do would be to insert a picture logo for their logo, their particular organisation logo into every single slide. Now what I've done here, I've got Slide 1 selected, but the logo has only gone on the Slide 1.  So this is not ideal in a presentation. So what we need here is to standardise the way we work with logos and appearance and just make the presentation suit our corporate needs or our standardised needs. So I'm going to do exactly the same within a view called Slide Master. So I'm going to delete this logo on Slide 1. I'm going to go to the View tab and Slide Master. So on the Master Views part of the ribbon. Really powerful way of using Microsoft PowerPoint. So Slide Master. And then I'm going to go to the one that says Number 1 at the top. So it's the global Slide Master. The one that controls all of PowerPoint. You might say, what are the other slides doing? Well, each slide in PowerPoint has its own master. So let me quickly show you what I mean by each slide in PowerPoint has its own master. So if I click on one of the slides and hover over it, it has a name. You can see that's called a Title Slide Layout. If I click on another one, hover over it, that's Title and Content. I'm quickly going to close the Slide Master. Go to the Layout tab in the Home tab and I can see that every slide in PowerPoint has a name. So these names are coming from Slide Masters. The design of these slides is all coming from the Slide Master. So that's where you get more than one choice of Slide Master. You can control any slide you want, but we're going to use the big one at the top which controls all of PowerPoint. So we're going to go back into the View tab, Slide Master, the big number on the top, and I'm now going to apply the logo. So I'm going to insert the logo. So I'm going to go to the Insert tab, Picture, Same logo, Insert. I'm going to reposition it. Maybe make it a little bit bigger. Now we can see that the logo has gone on to every single slide. So that means that the logo is now going to appear throughout the presentation. Now, besides a logo, I might want to, for example, go back onto my Slide Master because whenever you're in Slide Master View, the Slide Master tab is available. So within the Slide Master, I might want to change the design of the presentation. So there's themes. So I could go Theme and now I can choose colour themes that I happen to like for my presentation. In this example, I'm going to click the Retrospect and it applies a theme to the entire presentation within the Slide Master View. If I now go look at how the presentation is now looking in presentation view, which is the normal view, and I close Slide Master down. And what we've now got, we've now got a logo on all slides of the presentation, but not one. So when you're using Slide Master, you might say, why is that? We can investigate why this is now. So the logo now has appeared throughout all slides in the presentation except the one. So we're now going to Slide Master and find out what that slide's called. So we can actually look at it here. Layout tab is called a title slide. So that's the name I was given to it. That's the name I was highlighted. So we're going to find out in the title Slide Master why there's not a logo on that particular slide. So I'm going to go back to the Slide Master and use the title slide here. Now it says by default, hide the background graphic. So one of two slides in the master is that by themselves, by default, they say hide background graphics. Well, in this example, we don't want to. So we can take a tick out of hide background graphic. Now it displays itself. Close master view down. Now we've got a logo for every single slide within the presentation. Now this is a good way of standardising your presentation within Microsoft PowerPoint. So Slide Master should be used for things like design. For example, we might want the headings to look different on the slide. You might say for whatever reason, you want all the headings on every slide to be a dark blue font colour, which is bold. Well, if I were to go through each of the slides in normal view, that would mean I've got 10 slides in this presentation. I'd have to go into each slide and change it individually. Not with Slide Master view. Whatever you do to the one, you do to the lot. So I'm going now to the big global slide at the top. So back to my view, Slide Master. The big number one at the top. And I'm going to click on the outside of the box. So the outside of the box is selected. And there's a solid line between white dots. So that means everything in the box is selected. I can now change the font using this method instead of having to highlight the text. You can highlight the text. Or if you click between and into the dots and you get a solid line, that also highlights the text ready for change. So I'm going to go to the Home tab. I'm going to put it at the headings against bold. I'm going to put a shadow against it. And I'm going to change the colour to a dark blue. So dark blue, bold plus a shadow. Slide Master, I'm going to close it down now. And we can now see the presentation changed for us. So dark blue presented throughout the presentation. The one looks a little bit different against the title slide. We'll investigate this one. So we'll see what we need to do with this one back to the View Master. OK, we can quickly check the font on this one, Home tab. It's bold, it's shadow. But it hasn't changed the blue. So we'll just change the blue. Slide Master, close. And now we've got standardisation throughout the presentation. So Slide Master can be a very, very useful view for standardising your presentation with logos, background colours, changing font, putting company information in that you want to pee on every single slide. But this is the idea behind the Slide Master. Now you can control some of the elements of the Slide Master individually, like you saw there was some slides within Slide Master here, which had their own master. Well, they can overwrite certain parts of the Slide Master. You can do things independently if you wanted to. But this concludes in this training video, the use of Slide Master and using logos and design within Slide Master. If you enjoyed this video, make sure you like and subscribe to our channel. Hope to see you for the next tutorial and thanks for watching.