Hello everybody and welcome back to my channel. No, I'm not gonna do too much with this today but I'm just gonna tell you how I set these to up like this so they're pretty much identical. I'm using the original chips of course and the Nichicon and Rubicon capacitors. The rest of them stayed the same using these ceramics and we're gonna see how we get on. I've put both of these onto a single heat sink. I hope it's gonna be good enough. I don't intend on driving this particularly hard if I want louder volumes. I'll use the discrete amplifier built that's under my desk over there. Now putting these on here I'll just let you know you need to use insulators because you don't need these tabs which will be electrically conductive to each other. Connecting, so insulate them from this and also use screw insulators.  And you don't want to do that especially if you're using the original chips because they cost a few pennies. Now what I do want for this is a sort of preamp. Some of that we can use as a volume control mainly. Now I know there's like a set-up, just a part and do it like that but I wanted a little preamp and I also wanted a little bit of history as well. Now what I got here, so I'm just gonna pull that back a bit. What I got here is a box that's come to me and it has some parts in here for an amplifier build and this is a little bit of history for me. This is because where I've gotten this from or what this is supposed to replicate for me is a little bit of history. When I was younger my sister who's now passed away had a boyfriend, his name is Gary and he was a DJ. He was the old-style DJ which meant that when he made his music he's remixed music and such because they hadn't really started here in this country particularly that much then. He was one of the, I'd say one of the the vanguard of the DJs doing that sort of thing and he had a Hi-Fi system at home. I used to go around and spend a lot of time with him reading what Hi-Fi magazines and actual facts. I loved it all that much. I had a CB radio and my handle was Hi-Fi and I'd sit there with him while he was doing his stuff and that's all that's in there. That's good. So I did all right. That's the job on that. And I remember he set up, I remember he set up here the Aki reel-to-reel system, an A&R record deck, a monitor audio floor-standing speakers and a NAD 3020 amplifier. Now NAD, NAD was a company that came along in 1972 and it had people in there from across Europe and what they wanted to be able to do was because Hi-Fi was so expensive. Hi-Fi was so expensive for good stuff they wanted to do a no bells and whistles and do good quality Hi-Fi for a price that you know the more meeker of us could afford and that's exactly what they did and the NAD 3020 amplifier was one of their successes, one of their success here, plenty of successes and that was one of them. And this is a pre-amplifier board which is supposed to replicate the preamp side of the NAD amplifier. So I'm hoping that I can use this with this and just see what it's like. Of course I want to build it in such a way I can interchange it. I've got a valve or tube preamplifier as well that's already made up and I want to be able to just not play around one and just see what's what. So they may not be going into the casing straight away but it certainly will be something I can just interchange with and play with. I will be doing the music with the sound out of it as well. I'll set it up so we can actually listen to some sound. Yeah so NAD you know they come onto the market they wanted to take on the Giants because all you had was the cheapest stuff coming from China, places like that. And it wasn't very good but the other stuff the other expensive stuff was just out of the reach for the common man like myself and like any of others out there. And so that's what they did and they're a successful company. They're a UK company and I feel quite good about building this. I was just going to take a peek at these and see if they're any good. So no I do. Doesn't feel particularly too crusty. What we got going on here we got some I'm not sure what these are. All Z. Yeah I'm not quite sure they're any good. Oh these are polymer capacitors. They're electrolytics but they're polymers. What we got here we've got Nichicon. Nice Nichicon. At least we're starting off in the right sort of area. We've got the standard connector blocks. Some more polymers.  I don't know whether I might because it's going to be a two-part. This is just taking a peek at this for now. It's going to be a very short video. I was talking to somebody the other day about film capacitors and the frequency range. I don't think that this is going to be a genuine. This is based around this op-amp and it's NE 5532. I don't know if you can see that. Let's see if we can zoom into it. Oops I've just knocked out my... Oh there we go. Oh okay well that's supposed to be in NE 5532. Alright well that's a bit curious. Let's just get out of there. That's what it's supposed to be based around anyway. Let me just have a little look here. I've actually got that there on the op-amp part. So I'm not sure what's going on there but it doesn't matter. It doesn't matter because there is a socket and I have got a couple of genuine store-bought RS components. NE 5532s and that's exactly what I'll be putting on here. And yeah so this has come from a place called Yi Xing. And they've got their shop details there if anyone's interested. Let's go and have a look. And I'm very intrigued by this. I can't wait to actually get going on it. I might wait for a little bit of feedback about these film caps though. Because even though... I think it's because they're trying to keep him with the date. Now that feels nice. These components feel nice. Good, thick, strong leads. Even though I just bent it there but I was putting some pressure on to do that. And that does feel nice. Of course these diodes are going to be the standards. They'll come out with a lot of things. And all that we've got here is for anybody looking at the film. Yeah so these little tiny caps as well. A little bit different. I haven't seen any of those before. You know in my hand type thing. Alright and there's another niche you cannot presume. So and there are 220 mF or 2.2 mF. Nice and stout. Looked like the mean business these two. I believe it's a positive negative 15 volts supply. So we've got AC ground AC. I don't have 15 volts to provide to it. I've got 12 volts and we're going to have to work off that for now. And see where we get with that. We've got a base and treble and volume. We've got 10 kilometres. That's what these four, these six pin job is. And the rest of it here is we've got R out ground left outs. R in ground left in. Nice and easy to set off from there. These where our little electrolytic polymers go. Don't even know that you've got those at the time. That'll be interesting. You can see where the negative sides on those. I don't think these are the cheapest. I don't think these parts are the cheapest. They seem to feel quite nice. What I've noticed with sometimes a lot of these parts is some of these can be quite thin. Even though you expect them to be easy to bend. The actual resistor doesn't look like it's just the cheapest made resistors. Pretty good. So I'll go ahead and I'll put these on. And just set it up the way that they've wanted me to.  We can be able to pop that in. And I'll be able to swap out this op amp. It's an equivalency to whatever, you know, what I've actually asked for was the NE-3532. And put a genuine one in there. Just see what sort of difference it may or may not make. All right, that's it. This is the first part of the video. I hope you've, you know, enjoyed it. And I'll catch you in the next one. Okay, see you in the next one, guys. Thanks for watching.


The Marines bring to the Embassy a defensive capability and experience that we would never be able to provide for ourselves. That's Charlie too over there on that side. Okay. You, show me where the other positions are. Marines join the institution to travel the world and to be Marines. Participate in quite a bit of international relations. There's also, again, that face of America that you see when you walk into a United States Embassy. Looking for a new change of pace as well as career advancement. It can range from five Marines to twenty-two Marines. And that's it. You're working with these guys for the next year. Maybe sometimes it's three months, six months, nine months, but that's it. You and the guy to your left and right are it. So you guys get each other's back when it comes to work. You guys get each other's back when it comes to drills and actuals, and you get each other's back when you go out in town. The Marine Security Guards that we find today, I believe, are better trained, better recruited, better resourced, and better equipped to confront the threat that they would possibly see at a U.S. mission overseas.


The Nigerian Army has confirmed that the raid of iPops hideout in Enugu. The operation at the Eastern Security Network Camp was carried out Monday night in Nimbowo under Agu Local Government Area. In a statement on Tuesday, Major Abubaka Abdul-Lahi, Acting Deputy Director of Army Public Relations, said two iPop ESN ringleaders were arrested. He noted that the trending videos and circulation claiming to represent the aftermath were not during the Agu operation.


Hello, developers! My name is Matt Raebel and today I'd like to show you how to convert a J-Hipster application to use Spring Native with GrawLVM and startup in milliseconds. Let's get it up! This screencast is based on a blog post that I published back in March and recently updated in April called Introducing Spring Native for J-Hipster. Serverless, full stack, made easy. And if you click on this GitHub icon, it'll take you to a repo on GitHub called AusZero Full Stack Java Example. So this is a previous example that I posted on an AusZero blog and I've taken it and converted it for this blog post. And if you click on the raw button here, it'll give you a nice ASCII doctor look and feel. I have an ASCII doctor plugin here that makes it easy to toggle on and off. And so again, we're going to convert a J-Hipster app that already exists to use Spring Native. And instead of starting in seconds on the JVM using native GrawLVM binary, you can start in milliseconds. So let's get it up! We're going to need Node 14, Java 17 with GrawLVM, and Docker Compose. And if you're on Windows, you may need to install the Windows subsystem for Linux.  And so this is all based on work that Josh Long and I did back in September 2021, as well as December 2021, where we basically took a bunch of J-Hipster apps, modified them so they would work with GrawLVM. And then we took those findings and turned it into the J-Hipster native blueprint. So you can find that on GitHub at J-Hipster, Generator J-Hipster native. And a lot of this work was done by Marcelo Shima. He's a very prolific developer that just does amazing things on J-Hipster. He made it. So all you need to do is, you know, install this blueprint, and then generate an app, and then you can build it. And I did want to point out that this is in the Spring Native branch demo-native.adoch, if you want to follow along with these instructions yourself. So let's do that by cloning this GitHub repo here.  So if you want to see how I created it, please go to the Osteo blog and read all about it. And we'll start by cloning the repo. I'm going to do this in my downloads directory into J-Hipster native. So I am on a Mac M1 Max and GrawLVM22.1 just came out. So it works on the M1. Before that, it didn't work. So things will be fast when I build it, which is quite nice. And then we'll install J-Hipster 781 and the J-Hipster native blueprint. Now back to our instructions here. We're going to remove all the existing project files and regenerate them. And that's because the J-Hipster native is more of a when you start your application rather than a module, which is something that J-Hipster uses to modify the existing behavior of an application. So we're in this J-Hipster native directory. We'll start with RM-RF star. So there's nothing in there now.  So there's this dot urc JSON, which has all the J-Hipster settings for this application. And there's also a dot J-Hipster directory, which contains all the entities for this application. So we can run J-Hipster native with entities. So that'll use those entities that we've already created. And there is no caching support currently in Spring Native. So that's why we disable the cache provider here. And no enable hibernate cache. You can see that only took, you know, a minute and 20 seconds. So pretty fast in this M1, of course, how long it takes will depend on your hardware, your internet speed, all that kind of stuff. In the previous tutorial on the OsZero blog, I basically created a photo gallery or Flickr2 clone as I like to call it. And what it does is it basically allows you to upload photos, but then it reads the data from the photos. So you don't have to enter in height, width, where it was taken, all that kind of stuff, and what data was taken on. So we're going to restore that behavior, because we just wiped out all the customized code that we did in this J-Hipster app. So these get checkout commands will restore the modifications that we made for the most part. And then we're going to need to make a few other modifications. So I'm going to open up Intel J for that. Once that's loaded, you can look in the commit window and see all the files that have changed while we only need to restore the behavior in a few of them, because those are the only ones I customized. The other files that changed are probably because it's a newer version of J-Hipster that's being used. We can actually, you know, compare here and see that the old version is 731. And now we're at 781. The first thing is to modify the application dev, just because I didn't want to have fake data when you first loaded up the app. So we're restoring faker there. All right, same as these instructions on the left. And then in pom.xml, we're going to want to restore the library for drew notes image parsing. So if we just scroll down here, it's way down at the bottom. There we are. We'll take that one. And you'll see it actually added a number of dependencies, right, for spring native. That's actually the only one. The other ones are just J-Hipster changes. So that spring native that got added. And then we'll need to modify the create photo and photo resource. So again, if we look at the commit window and go down to photo resource, or go up to photo resource. And we're going to want to restore this behavior of setting the photos metadata. And you'll see the signature changed there a bit. So we'll go ahead and leave that as well. And then we do need to change because the signature did change for exception in J-Hipster, we're going to have to add a few more here. And we'll also want those imports, right? So restore those imports. Then we have that, and then we can add this method here. And all the other changes in this file were made by the J-Hipster native plugin to add IDs to path variables or names to path variables. And then we'll need to install the react libraries that I added in the previous tutorial. So in the previous one, I did use react photo gallery. That one doesn't work with react 17. So I changed to use react photo album, and we do need to make some changes there. So if we open up this photo TSX, go back to the project view, instead of importing the gallery code, we'll want to import the photo album code. So that's this right here. And then instead of gallery, I get in photo album, so search for gallery, and then just replace it and everything else works without any code changes. So that's pretty slick, you know, good for react components. And then in photospect.ts, there's a Cypress test that will fail. So we want to look for height, and then remove these three, or these four. And then for the Flickr2 app, that made a bunch of modifications where the J-Hipster native one did to add all these native hints for various classes that are being used in this application. This is for micrometer. This is actually for JPA, surprisingly.  And then these are the ones we need for drew nokes library. And how I discovered these was basically by, you know, building the app, running it, seeing the air. So it's kind of painful to do, but happily or nicely, I did it for you. And then you'll need to reload your Maven changes here to get those drew nokes libraries to import properly.  Okay, and so now you can install Grawl VM. So grab this and you'll need SDK man. So if you go to SDK man.io, you can install it. And I have it installed here, I can do SDK version. And then I can do SDK list Java. And you'll see I already have Grawl VM installed, local only, and it says it's installed right here. So what I can do, let's see if it's the default version, Java version here, doesn't look like it. So SDK install Java. And it should, it's already installed so SDK default Java. And now we're using that version. All right, so all looks good there. And then we can use Maven to build the project. So MVNW package, P native, profile prod, and then skip the test. And this is because spring native doesn't support Machito yet. So it might in the future, but at this point in time, it does not. And while that's building, I can show you how Jay hipster by default, when you choose OOF for authentication uses key cloak. So if we were to look at source main Docker key cloak, you'll see how it uses Docker compose to pull in key cloak 610 at the time of this writing. And then, you know, it imports existing realms and users for Jay hipster. So credentials and apps are already set up. So you don't have to do any work. And that just makes it easier for everyone. Right. And if you want to, you know, run it and have access outside of local host, you might need to tweak these ports right here. So you can start key cloak up. But one thing I want to let you know on the M one is it doesn't work by default. So I actually have a script that I use called build key cloak Docker. And you set the version right here, I found this on Stack Overflow. So if you search for like, you know, M one max and, you know, key cloak and why doesn't it work, you'll find this instructions, it basically clones, you know, key cloak containers, goes into the server. And then what this does is it builds a local key cloak image on the M one that uses, you know, arm 64, MD 64, it gets on 64. And so then, you know, it'll actually work and start up. So even though if you don't do this, what happens is you'll start up key cloak, it just won't work. It looks like it should work, but it won't. So that's why I did it that way. And then I have an alias called run, that actually runs this command that starts all the Docker containers that will be needed by this application. So I'm going to run that and that'll start up key cloak and Postgres. Since we're running in production, we'll need Postgres. And if you weren't running with a production pro file, it would just use H two. And so that's what J hipster has configured. So you'll see that took about two minutes and 20 seconds to complete. If you were on an Intel MacBook or Linux, times may vary, right, could be up to four minutes. I'm not sure. But I have noticed that the M one is twice as fast as other Intel Macs. So that's pretty nice. We'll exit out of this one and clear up here and make sure that key cloak and Postgres are running. And now we can get off to the races with target native executable. That's the name of it. And you'll see, wow, that started in, you know, a second, right, or 1036 milliseconds. Let's let's try canceling it. Sometimes it takes control. See a couple times. And now we're down to 508 milliseconds. Try it one more time. See if we can get a little faster. 553. So it's about a half a second, which is pretty awesome. Then if we click on, you know, local host 8080 here, we can sign in, it'll take us to key cloak, when we're all signed in and Chrome doesn't like I'm using admin admin, which is smart. Thanks, Chrome. Appreciate it. And, you know, if you were to look at the whole app, you could see there's entities in here. And you could, you know, add a new photo, you'll see that the photos are hidden, right by default. So put up the old 66 bus. His name is Hefe. And save it. And boom, now it's in there, right? He sure is pretty. All right, so that's all working. And now I'd like to show you how to use octa. So with octa, you can just use the octa CLI and install it from CLI to octa.com. And then you can run octa apps, create J hipster. As for the name, I'll just say J hipster native, accept the default callbacks, or redirect your eyes, creates a new application and creates the role admin and role user group, which J hipster expects, and then adds those two groups claim. So when you log in, it actually has those role admin and role users assigned to your user through OIDC. And now we can just source that file. And again, target native executable takes a little longer because it does have to make a network hop right out to connect to octa just to get the issuer. But then if we sign in, boom, we're going to octa for login now, which is pretty slick and all of our data should be there. Right. And then the last one is, well, what if we want to use OS zero. So these are the instructions for, you know, octa apps, create J hipster, and then you source the octa.env. If you're on Windows and you're just using the regular command line, you'll want to change the values in this file to use or the lines in this file to set instead of export. So let me just clear that. And then we'll cat the file. So you can see it says export spring security, all that. So just change those to set, and then rename it to octa.bat, and run it. And it'll set all those environment variables for you. And then make sure to add, you know, star dot env to your get ignore so you don't check in your client secrets. And you can do something very similar with house zero. It does take a bit more work. And so you'll see here there's a there's nine steps. Right. So you log in, you create an application, you add those callback URLs, you set up roles, set up users, set up this system to actually add your roles to the ID token and access token. And then you have to, you know, this just explains that that's using a custom prefix that j hips to recognize. So what I would encourage you to do is go to this issue for the also CLI. And let's make it as easy as it is for octa. And down here at the bottom, there's some votes. So we're up to 19. Appreciate it if you vote for that. And we'll get that fixed. So I already have that set up. And so I can do copying from a different or the original project, us zero dot env right here, source it, and then run it. Now, if we were to try to log in, goes to zero. And as long as I remember my credentials, I should be the log in. Or I could even use Google since I've already set that up. And that logs man. And of course, I can see my data. So it works with key cloak, octa, and us zero. And so, you know, this is just showing those instructions that I used. And then these are some numbers that I had before I actually, you know, use the M one. So in JVM mode, if you start this app, takes about four seconds. As far as build time goes, this is on my intel, took three minutes, 15 seconds. So here it was two minutes, 20 seconds. And then if I use docker, it took quite a bit longer. So I don't know if I'd recommend that the amount of memory after starting is 178 megs. And then the amount of memory used after running MPM E to E, which does Cypress test is 211 megs. And then here's the command I use to find that out. And then the M one, this was without Camtasia running right recording my screen, one minute, 49 seconds to actually build the binary. It starts in 433. So a bit faster. And as you saw today, you know, Camtasia did slow that down a good 100 milliseconds or so. And then the memory is a little more on the M one, should you use growl VM instead of the JVM? I think it makes sense if your Java apps are super fast, and you just want to operate them in a serverless environment and, you know, do it that way. But if you actually want to run, you know, for days and weeks and stuff like that, you know, the JVM is built for that and it optimizes over time. So, you know, running on the JVM is probably good enough. So this is a tweet. If you want to go, you know, respond to it, there it is, in response to people, you know, asking me about it, you can find the code on GitHub in the spring native branch. That's a github.com octadev, Oz zero full stack Java example, and that spring native branch. And then the blog post itself is introducing spring native for J hipster. Thanks for watching today. I really appreciate you taking the time and learning about J hipster native. If you want to find me, I'm on Twitter at mrable. My team is at octadev on Twitter. And you can also go to Twitter.com slash also zero if you want to follow them, our YouTube channel is at YouTube.com slash octadev. So subscribe and come back for more awesome Java content. Cheers.


Thousands of gallons of crude oil are oozing into the Militian economy. We will do whatever is necessary. This is a price you need. Have we brought in the best and the brightest of all the minds that could deal with this? We're the oil shaver team from western Norway. There are four people that work full-time on this and that's enough. Really it's more than enough. Because even four people can never fight. An old guy who's on pension, an old lady that didn't know nothing about this before she just jumped into it and two guys that are now trolling. Then maybe that's our advantage that we sort of didn't know anything about collecting oil before we started. A governmental organisation called Innovation Norway has been giving us grants. So far we've been fairly okay funded. Our technology is based on the standard oil boom technology. But we apply it in a different way. It's a shaving device that shaves the oil off the surface. We use higher speed and that way we will slip the oil underneath the leading boom and take it in through slits and then lead it between two booms back to an oil well where we suck it out with a fish pump. It's self-spreading. The boom is held in place by a system of ropes that are stretched towards the bow or the towing vessel. So it's a rugged, stable, consistent technology, simple. We make the pontoons ourselves, glue them from fabric that we buy from the company in France. I'm the maker of the unit of all the rubber stuff and web stuff, more or less by myself I think. Neither of us had any training in doing the rubber stuff. We looked at the movie on the internet and following instructions on the boxes. It's always the task to push air on it if it's not leaking. We did a good job. I started out as a fisherman and I went into marine science and I've been spending most of my adult life in marine science. I have a PhD in marine science. The good thing about retirement is that I can do whatever I like and I certainly don't want to sit down in my rocking chair and rock. I mean that will keep you occupied, it won't move you an inch. After Ingvar gives a thumbs up, Camila is going to confirm that the pump is going by going like this. Ingvar is going to say to Peter start the bridges. He's going to tell you when he's at two knots and then you're going to tell Peter when we want to start collecting. Okay, so we're good? Yeah. We're in numbers now. The good part is that there is hardly any water in what we get. The bad part is that we're still below the limit of 2,500 gallons per minute. Probably we have to increase pump speed and go with the higher speed. We'll go with three knots and no waves. No waves, three knots, okay. Three knots and maximum rev is going to be the only way. So you need to adjust your rev on your HPU? Ingvar is a very, very knowledgeable guy. His head should be maybe ten times bigger because he's got so much knowledge. I used to think I was very bright, but I'm not very bright. I'm average. But I have a capacity to concentrate over long periods of time on a specific problem until I find a solution. Normally a good one. 200 revs help a lot, they say. Okay, good. I think we're in contention. I'm really pleased. I'm way about what I expected. It's just for fun really. When you're 66, you've chased all the girls that you could ever chase. You bought the stuff that you want to buy. You don't know all these things. You don't need it. And now it's just fun. It's an incentive. So, beer? Beer? Yeah. Is that on the agenda? Yeah, absolutely. If we can repeat what we did today more or less, I think we will not be on the bottom sheet. We'll be on the list proper. Which is all we strive for really. I mean, winning, well, that would be nice. But it's not about the money. Million dollars. I mean, I live in Norway and this money will go to the tax people anyway, so it doesn't matter. Apart from that, when you started out something, you want to finish it. Being here has, in many ways, reignited the original passion of all of this. I'm probably more motivated now than I ever was during the two and a half years we've been working on this thing. This is going to revolutionize all of oil collection. The older I get, the more and more I see that individuals can make a big difference.


I understand what you're saying, but he's not built like you You can't make a nigga be built like you But what I'm saying is I can't I can't I just don't understand when you say built like me because I'm not saying that I'm built a certain way. I understand. I don't sell. I'm saying I'm built just normal like but niggas normally listen You shouldn't tell but I understand you I understand you but that dude that created itself in The mirror ain't normal in his room in the suburbs But somehow slid and ran into a and nor to sell we gonna put some juice on this and Manufactured a street nigga because a lot of these rappers is manufactured street niggas


It's an ATP-3 sponsored workshop designed to engage industry leaders who are interested in knowing how to find, grow, harvest, and process algae for a variety of biomass-based products. By bringing people together from across the country and internationally, we've provided both formal and informal opportunities for the individuals to network. One has the underlying goal of advancing the algae industry. ATP-3 is a project sponsored by the Department of Energy to provide high-quality test bed facilities in multiple locations around the United States for research and algae technology, research that can be done by universities, by industrial partners, by national labs. The Arizona Center for Agile Technology and Innovation offers all activities across the algae value chain from collection and isolation of microalgae, biomass production on a large scale, downstream processing, which includes dewatering and harvesting, as well as drying and producing products of interest. ATP-3 has the resources from the standpoint of laboratory facilities and outdoor facilities to grow algae at different scales and for different products. I'm here for, I guess, the inaugural ATP-3 workshop and I'm here to understand how algae is really produced from beginning to end. For the microalgae work to be applied in a biofuel industry, you really need mass-scaled production and we really did not have that much of experience on the scaling up processes. A very unique feature of the ATP-3 training program is that we have the ability to draw together a faculty who can provide outstanding materials in a classroom setting, but equally if not more important, can then take people into the laboratory and go through step-by-step procedures that are needed for isolating an algae species or for cultivating it under optimum conditions. When you actually start doing it for yourself, you get a better appreciation of what the complexities are like. People cannot really get easy access to large-scale operation because there's a lot of IP involved which I understand totally and ATP-3 being that public-private cooperation is actually great for us to see some of the facilities. Their hands are getting green because they're working with these organisms from laboratory to field scale.  What drives us really excited about this business, you can, you know, chat with people in this informal setting. I think that was the best thing that I loved. It's great to help fledgling companies get off of the ground, improve programs at other universities across the country and in fact internationally, so it's always exciting. ATP-3 education and training workshops are going to expand in a variety of ways. We're going to take some of the specific areas and provide more detail training. We will be hosting programs here at Arizona State University, at the University of Texas, Solana in Hawaii, among other of our locations and I encourage you to visit our website at ATP-3.org where you can find out all the information about our training programs and many of the other services that we offer. The vision is for us to be a real contributor to the future of algae in the United States and more importantly globally.


Good evening. I am your airplane announcer, Nicole Sharp, creator of the world's most popular fluid dynamics site, FYFD. And I am your other airplane announcer, Melissa Franklin, a professor of something at Harvard. Physics. I think physics, yes. We are almost ready to begin. Are your paper airplanes ready? Don't throw them yet. People and others around the world are watching this ceremony live on the internet, but the ceremony has not officially started yet. It starts when we say, and we're not saying it yet. Even though you may be hearing it, it starts when we say five, four, three, two. There will be two paper airplane throws during tonight's ceremony. Will the minor domos, dominoes, the minor domos, please unveil the human aerodrome for safety first and put your heart into it. We remind you, safety first, throw at the target only, please. Safety first. Please prepare your airplanes for launch. We will count down from five to zero, get set. T minus five, four, three, two. Oh, wait, wait, wait. We almost forgot. Welcome to the 29th First Annual Ig Nobel Prize Ceremony. One, go. Welcome to the 29th First Annual Ig Nobel Prize Ceremony. And now, Professor Jean Perko Gleason will deliver the traditional and habitual Ig Nobel Welcome, Welcome speech. We're at Sanders Theater at Harvard University. I am Karen Hopkins, creator of the Studmuffins of Science calendar. Exactly. And now, please welcome our most special guests, the new Ig Nobel Prize winners. This year's winners represent four continents. And here they come. They are looking mighty fly. Ladies and gentlemen, boys and girls, literati, glitterati, pseudo-intellectuals, quasi-seudo-intellectuals, very stable geniuses, and the rest of you. May I introduce our master of ceremonies, the editor of the Annals of Improbable Research, Chief Airhead Mark Abrams. We're gathered here tonight to honor some remarkable individuals and groups. Every winner has done something that first makes people laugh, then think. The Ig Nobel Prize Ceremony is produced by the Science Humor Magazine, the Annals of Improbable Research, and proudly cosponsored by the Harvard Radcliffe Society of Physics students and the Harvard Radcliffe Science Fiction Association. The editors of the Annals of Improbable Research have chosen a theme for this year's ceremony. That theme is habits. Tonight, ten prizes will be given. The achievements speak for themselves, all too eloquently. The prizes will be physically presented to the winners by Nobel Laureates. Ladies and gentlemen, please welcome the Nobel Laureates. A 1993 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine, Rich Roberts. A 2007 Nobel Laureate in Economics, Eric Maskin. A 1990 Nobel Laureate in Physics, Jerome Friedman. As usual for the 29th straight year was prevented from joining us. He appears now via the magic of video. Thank you, Professor Friedman. You can't keep me away any longer. It's Jerome Friedman. But I'm sorry to tell you, in the video there, it's an imposter. Does he really look like me? Okay, if you want to pull that game, I'd like to see some identification, please, sir. It serves the purpose. Okay. He may be the only human being you will ever see who spent 29 years setting up a joke. Now, let's meet some of the hundreds of authority figures who are here on the stage. The human spotlights, Jim Brett and Katrina Rosenberg. The human curtain rods, Anne Madden and Maria Elisiva. The onstage tweeters, Richard Bagguley and John Overholt. The referee who will enforce certain time limits, Mr. John Barrett. Is he here? We're not sure if he's here. We're not. For anyone habitually worried about sex and violence, the not-safe-for-work indicator will attempt to block anything offensive from reaching your eyes, ears, or imagination. Here's our NSF indicator. Scottish bagpiper Jeremy Bell. Mr. Bell, would you please indicate your displeasure? You may know we used to have a problem here at this ceremony. Many of the speakers would exceed their allotted time. Here's how we now solve that problem. Please welcome the charming, delightful, ever-so-cute Miss Sweetie Poo. Miss Sweetie Poo is eight years old. Miss Sweetie Poo, would you please demonstrate what you'll do when a speaker exceeds his or her allotted time? Thank you, Miss Sweetie Poo. Now, Miss Sweetie Poo. Thank you, Miss Sweetie Poo. Miss Sweetie Poo. Thank you, Miss Sweetie Poo. Thank you, Miss Sweetie Poo. Thank you, Miss Sweetie Poo. Thank you. There are other important people up here. You'll meet them later. We want to give our special thanks to the Harvard Extension School and to Harvard Course CS50 and Professor Henry Leitner. A big thanks to our iglorious ticket holders. All of you, would you please sit and take a bow? A big hello to the Harvard Clubs who are watching on the Internet and on chairs, some of them, and to everyone else watching the ceremony online around the world and elsewhere. Especially edited audio recording of the ceremony be broadcast on Public Radio's Science Friday with Ira Flado Program on the day after Thanksgiving. Now, let's get it over with, ladies and gentlemen, the awarding of the 2019 Ig Nobel Prizes. We're giving out 10 prizes. The winners come from many nations. They've truly earned their prizes. Karen, tell them what they've won. This year's winners will each receive an Ig Nobel Prize. You don't say. That's not all. Oh, what? They also get a piece of paper. It says they've won an Ig Nobel Prize. This piece of paper, it's signed by several Nobel laureates. Do they get any money? Ten trillion dollars. Ten trillion dollars? Ten trillion dollars! Ten trillion American dollars? Zimbabwean dollars. A Zimbabwean ten trillion dollar bill. What else do they get? They get a handshake from a Nobel laureate. What else? Nothing. How nice. Thank you, Karen. This year's prize is a cup full of habits. It's a coffee cup with a wad of chewed gum, a cigarette butt, a mobile phone, and evidence of several other habits. Ladies and gentlemen, the Ig Nobel Prize. The medicine prize. The winner is from Italy and the Netherlands. The prize goes to Silvano Gallus for collecting evidence that pizza might protect against illness and death if the pizza is made and eaten in Italy. Please welcome Silvano Gallus. Thank you. So what did we find in our research? We found that analyzing data from a combination of large Italian epidemiological studies, we found that people who regularly consumed pizza had decreased the risk of digestive tract cancer and acute myocardial infarction. Our interpretation is that in Italy pizza may represent a general indicator, a marker, of the Italian diet that has other Mediterranean diets has been shown to have major health benefits. In conclusion, we recommend eating Italian pizza, but it should be Italian and therefore, but please, please hold the pepperoni for health reasons and also pineapple as a matter of taste. Collect your $10 trillion bill from the Nobel laureates over there. Medical education prize. The winners are from the USA. The prize goes to Karen Pryor and Teresa McKeon for using a simple animal training technique called clicker training to train surgeons to perform orthopedic surgery. Please welcome Karen Pryor and Teresa McKeon. Karen and I would like to thank everybody at Ig Nobel for this honor, but we'd also like to thank the people who worked on the research and really put to the test a teaching methodology that highlights and builds on success and focuses on positive and timely reinforcement. And with so much of our world focused on that which is not successful, it may be worth having a way to focus on things that are successful. Thank you very much. Now here is a musical treats the world premiere of a new mini opera called Creatures of Habits. There are four acts, one now, two later, and one after that. It stars Maria Ferrante and the behavioral quirk chorus, accompanied by the habitual enthusiasm orchestra. Here's our narrator, Karen Hopkins. Thank you, you manly little Malamar. Tonight's opera brings us to a museum, the Museum of Bad Habits. You will love the Museum of Bad Habits. You know the museum's famous slogan, only other people have bad habits. Here in act one of the opera, the director of the Museum of Bad Habits will welcome us and give us a tour. The director will show us five of the exhibits in the museum, five living exhibits. Each of the exhibits is a person who has a bad habit. There is no way to stop these people, these people with bad habits, from telling us all about themselves.  And a procrastinator. Whoa, those are some bad habits. I should talk. I'd better stop talking. Here's the museum's director. The museum director has many bad habits, including the bad habit of pointing out other people's bad habits. I'm gonna scream, I mean, scram. Never go away. Try some new bad habits. Try some new bad habits. Try some new bad habits you do today. It's wonderful to see you. You're looking mighty slick. But I notice every one of you has got some strange behavior trick that's really lone at it. Come for sure. We will show you. We will show you. I will stop. Five seconds. Is that enough? Each has a nasty ritual that clearly is habitual. Five. He snatched your level. Bad bad bad habits, habits. Eating something to somebody is the most... Snatched your level. Excavator. Slowly slowly so unholy. Tristan Bull and South End zero private fidgets make it quick. The winners are from Singapore, China, Australia, Poland, the USA and Bulgaria. The prize goes to Ling Jun Kong, Herbert Kropaz, Anjeshka Gorekha, Alexandra Urbanek, Rainer Dumke and Thomas Poterek for discovering that dead magnetized cockroaches behave differently than living magnetized cockroaches. Please welcome Thomas Poterek, Herbert Kropaz and Rainer Dumke. Thank you very much. First of all, many thanks to the organizers for this wonderful ceremony and for awarding us. Indeed, one of our findings is that dead magnetized cockroaches...  We have a video that over dramatizes this a bit. Dear Bob, please play and to add the drama that I'll be reading. Safety first. Now, this is a fridge. This is a dead cockroach. Click. This is a live cockroach. No click. Consistently. Thank you very much. You can collect your $10 trillion bill from the Nobel laureates over there. In public events, it's now a habit to have a keynote speech. There's no avoiding it. Here it is. No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no. Oh, okay. The theme of this year's Nobel Prize is habits. Now, let's not be overly polite about it. Some people have the habit of not paying attention when other people are talking. You see, some people have the habit of not paying attention when someone else is talking. That's a bad habit. Yes, that is a bad habit. And some people have the habit of not really saying anything when they're giving a speech.  That too is a bad habit. Bad. Bad. Want to wrap up this keynote speech? Good. By reminding you of something said here, here on this stage many years ago by an Ig Nobel Prize winner all the way from Japan, Dr. Nakamatsu. Well, go ahead. Oh, I'll just go ahead and say it. Dr. Nakamatsu said life should be long, speeches should be short. Let's get out of here. Please, yeah, please. Thank you. The Anatomy Prize. The winners are from France. The prize goes to Roger Musee and Boros Ben-Gouffida for measuring scrotal temperature asymmetry in naked and clothed postmen in France. The winners were not able to travel to the ceremony tonight.  Please welcome Eric Eimold. Speak into the microphone. I guess you're wondering about my package. We postmen take good care of every package. On behalf of my fellow American postmen, I say thank you to the two scientists in France. They care about packages just as much as we do. This scientific research is very exciting. We knew that French postmen are cool. Now we know exactly how cool they are. We American postmen, we send our warmest regards to the two French scientists especially to all the French postmen, brothers in good standing. Now we have a demonstration. Not safe for work indicator has called off the demonstration. Some of our Ig Nobel Prize winners from previous years like to come back to our stage to take a bow and to help honor the new Ig Nobel Prize winners. We have several with us this year. Welcome them. The 2015 Ig Nobel Physics Prize was awarded to Patricia Yang, David Hu, Jonathan Pham, and Jerome Chu for testing the biological principle that nearly all mammals empty their bladders in about 21 seconds, plus or minus 13 seconds. Please welcome David Hu and Patricia Yang. The 2009 Ig Nobel Chemistry Prize was awarded to Javier Morales Castillo, Miguel Apatica and Victor Castaño of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México for creating diamonds from liquid, specifically from tequila. Please welcome Javier Morales Castillo. The 2008 Ig Nobel Chemistry Prize was awarded to two teams of scientists, one of whom discovered that Coca-Cola is an effective spermicide and the other team discovered that it's not. Please welcome Dr. Deborah Anderson. 2012 Ig Nobel Acoustics Prize was awarded to Kazutaka Kurehara and Koji Tsukada of Japan for creating the speech jammer. Speech jammer is a machine that disrupts a person's speech by making them hear their own spoken words in a very slight delay. Please welcome Kazutaka Kurehara and Koji Tsukada. They have brought with them a new, improved and much bigger version of the speech jammer. They will not demonstrate it here. They will demonstrate this Saturday at the Ig Informal Lectures at MIT. We hope you'll join us then. There's a charismatic fellow named Roy Glauber who died this past winter at age 93. We want to give him a sweeping tribute. In the mid-1990s, Roy Glauber began sweeping paper airplanes every year at this ceremony. In 2005, Roy was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics for his work offstage. After that and nearly every year, Roy returned to the stage here to humbly sweep paper airplanes and to gleefully present Ig Nobel Prizes. Several years ago, Bruce Petschek, our videographer, created a video about some of Roy's Ig Nobel appearances over the years. We would like to show that video again. Here's Roy. We have the show of keepers of the Hock with the sweet detritus off the stage. Roy Glauber, the official keeper of the Hock who will sweep detritus from the stage. Roy Glauber. There are still paper airplanes to be swept, and in keeping with Roy's wishes, his broom will keep on sweeping on. May we have the broom, please? Thank you. This particular broom began its life as a gift to Roy from many of his graduate students who signed their names to it. This year, Roy's broom and Roy's mission will be in the good hands of his colleague and friend Misha Lukin. Please welcome Professor Lukin. Get to work. And now, get set for something special. The 24-7 Lectures. We've invited several of the world's top thinkers to tell us very briefly what they're thinking about. Each 24-7 lecturer will explain her or his topic twice. First, a complete technical description in 24 seconds. And then, after a brief pause, a clear summary that anyone can understand in seven words. The 24-second time limit will be enforced by our not-safe-for-work indicator, and by misconduct, writer of the misconduct column in the Boston Globe, who also happens to be my wife, Robin Abrams, and who will put up, I assure you, with no nonsense, somebody's missing, so I'm pretending he's not. Okay, are you here? No, he's not. Okay, pretence is over. The first 24-7 lecture will be delivered by a scientist who won the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Rich Roberts. His topic, serendipity. First, a complete technical description of the subject in 24 seconds. On your mark, get set, go. Serendipity is exemplified when your clever experiment fails because nature is trying to tell you something important, and it leads to a Nobel Prize-winning discovery. It's also exemplified when you're booked on a plane, flying from Boston to Los Angeles on September 11th, and the meeting you're attending is moved one day earlier, and at the last minute, you have to fly on September 10th instead. This happened to me in 2001. That's it. Well, I don't know what to say after that. Well, yes, I do. Now, a clear summary that anyone can understand in seven words. On your mark, get set, go. Serendipity means good luck has struck again. The next 24-7 lecture will be delivered by a professor of cognitive science at Hampshire College, Joanna Morris. Her topic, theory of mind. First, a complete technical description of the subject in 24 seconds. On your mark, get set, go. Theory of mind is the ability to impute mental states, beliefs, intentions, desires, emotions to oneself and to others, and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions that are different from one's own. Theory of mind is probably viewed as a theory because mental states are not directly observable. Each human can only intuit the existence of his or her own mind through introspection, and no one has direct access to the mind of another. The presumption that others have a mind enables one to understand that mental states, you know, know well. And now a clear summary that anyone can understand in seven words. On your mark, get set, go. Surprise!  The next 24-7 lecture will be delivered by the president of the B.F. Skinner Foundation, Julie Skinner Vargas. Her topic, habit. First, a complete technical description of the subject in 24 seconds. On your mark, get set, go. Words. A habit is an operant under discriminative control of S.D.s correlated with facilitating post-sedance which are delivered when emitted in their presence. Clear summary that anyone can understand in seven words. On your mark, get set, go. A habit is acting as usual again. Before we begin the second act of tonight's opera, we have a special treat connected to the second act of tonight's opera. A really quick lecture by Karen Pryor. Karen Pryor is one of the founders of Clicker Training. And the Ig Nobel Prize-winning study that she wrote is the basis for the song that we're about to hear. But first, just before we hear that song, there may be some people who are not familiar with Clicker Training. Karen Pryor will tell us ever so briefly about Clicker Training. Here's Karen Pryor. Oh, goody. This device may not all have one in your pocket, but you will someday. It's a clear, sharp sound. And what it tells you when someone has made a move that you like and you click during the move, you have learned that they did exactly the right thing and they have learned that and they feel successful. And you're right. They are successful. It adds up quickly to a clear form of communication between different people, all positive information, and what we communicate this way will be true, will work for you, and furthermore, it works for all animals down two guppies. That's it. Act two of the mini opera, Creatures of Habit. Here's our narrator, Karen Hopkins. Thank you, you marvelous molten lava cake. Oh, what a lucky day you chose to visit the Museum of Bad Habits. Today, there's a special demonstration. We are going to get to see how people can be trained to learn a new habit. And when I said that this is a lucky day, I wasn't kidding. These are not just ordinary people who are going to be trained to learn a new habit. These are extraordinarily special, genius class people. These are medical students. They are going to become orthopedic surgeons and we are going to see them acquire a vital skill. They are going to learn how to drill a hole. Oh, here comes their trainer, I mean teacher. Chemistry prize. The winners are from Japan. The prize goes to Shigeru Watanabe, Mineku Onishi Kaori Imae, Aiji Kawano and Seiji Igarashi for estimating the total saliva volume produced per day by a typical five-year-old child. He's welcome, Shigeru Watanabe and his adult sons who were some of the research subjects 35 years ago. Thank you, Chairman. And thank you so much for this honorable award. We found out an important fact that the total saliva volume per day in five-year-old children to be 500 milliliters. How do we measure saliva? Do you want to know? I'll show you here. This is balance. And I measured food weight and cup. They are my sons who are my subjects for 35 years ago from Japan. Are you ready? Okay, eat. Chewing, chewing, chewing, and spit out. Spit out again. You can collect your $10 trillion bill from the Nobel laureates over there. Please collect your belongings. For a special tribute to this research, please give your attention to Nobel laureate Eric Maskin. As we recognize this research tonight, I would like to lead a toast to all the graduate students who helped collect interesting data. Excuse me, Professor Maskin, would you mind coming over and collecting your own interesting data into your health? The second and final round of 24-7 lectures is about to begin. And now it is beginning. The next 24-7 lecture will be delivered by a graduate student at Harvard's Center for the Fundamental Laws of Nature, Carrie Cesarotti. Her topic, LHC, the Large Hadron Collider. First, a complete technical description of the subject in 24 seconds. On your mark, get set, go. The LHC is a 27-kilometer ring that pumps protons with energy as they cycle around. Any driver knows that fast objects don't make sharp turns, and the large radius is needed to keep the protons on track. When the protons finally collide, we can probe their particle substructure to a billionth of a billionth of a meter, and their energy is converted to sprays of new, heavy or exotic particles too unstable for our world. And now a clear summary that anyone can understand is that, go. Measure small by building big. Size matters. The next 24-7 lecture will be delivered by an economist who won the 2007 Nobel Prize in Economics, Eric Maskin. His topic, voting. First, a complete technical description of the subject in 24 seconds. On your mark, get set, go. In most American elections, two citizen votes for one candidate and the one with the most votes wins. This is a flawed system. It led to Donald Trump. Trump won Republican primaries by less than a majority because the anti-Trump vote was split over 15 other candidates. A better system lets voters rank candidates. If no one gets a majority of first-place votes, the least favorite is dropped. Second-ranked choices move into first place, and the process continues until there is a majority. And now, a clear summary that anyone can understand in seven words. On your mark, get set, go. Let a majority choose who's in authority. Final 24-7 lecture will be delivered by Associate Dean of the Harvard College Curriculum and a lecturer on computer science, Rebecca Nesson. Her topic, mathematical truth. First, a complete technical description of the subject in 24 seconds. On your mark, get set, go. Goodell proved that no consistent, formal system that's expressive enough for arithmetic could derive all mathematical truths. In his system, each proposition encodes both an arithmetical and a logical claim. His proposition P is an arithmetical proposition, which encodes also the logical claim that it's not provable. If P is provable, then it's false, but also true. And now, a clear summary that anyone can understand in seven words. On your mark, get set, go. We can know truths that we can't prove. The engineering prize. The winner is from Iran. The prize goes to Van Farabaaksh for inventing a diaper-changing machine for use on human infants. The winner could not travel to the ceremony. He planned to send us a video acceptance speech that video has not yet arrived. Damn. The economics prize. The winners are from Turkey, the Netherlands and Germany. The prize goes to Habib Gedek, Timothy Voss and Andreas Voss for testing which country's paper money is best at transmitting dangerous bacteria. Please welcome Andreas Voss and Timothy Voss who are father and son. When staying in a foreign country, had you ever had the feeling that the money that goes through your hands gets sticky on your fingers and is kind of dirty? The question is, is it contaminated with anything that causes a health risk? So we have a look into that and the fact is that banknotes that feel sticky or dirty do not have to be contaminated. Actually, the Romanian and the dollar were one of the worst things there is. So I have a proposition for you to get risk of the health risk in your wallet. We please ask you to take your crispy dollar notes, fold them into an airplane and throw them away during the next period. For all others, we just accept wash your hands even when you have contact with GAL. Please stop. Thank you very much. Please stop. Please be very sure to collect our bill. The second for airplane deluge is about to commence. It will be 30 seconds in duration. Please prepare your paper airplanes and please aim for the designated target only. Safety first. Safety first everyone. The countdown begins. T minus 7 seconds. T minus 7. T minus 6. T minus 5. 4, 3, 2, 1. Commence paper airplane drawing. Here tonight are many official delegations that have come from far and near and elsewhere. Karen Hopkin will direct our attention to some of these delegations. Thank you my magical little monkey bread. When I introduce each of these delegations, it will make its presence known by standing up and twirling in place. Three times, counter clockwise. Please greet these people with all the respect they deserve. We have the greater Worcester humanists whose habits include reason, compassion and free inquiry. Mensa, the organization for people with abnormal scores on certain standardized psychological tests. Harvard Radcliffe Science Fiction Society. The Museum of Bad Art. Celebrating art too bad to be ignored. This medical office in the habit of recovering hearts and saving lives with the impella heart pump. We have Access Atoms School from Portland, Oregon in the habit of making up everything. MIT's Night Science Journalism Fellows. Their habits include carrying tiny notebooks and asking questions to strangers. The Harvard Radcliffe Society of Physics Students. And finally, lab central in the habit of dressing in costume more than the average five-year-old. The Peace Prize. The winners are from the UK, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and the USA. The prize goes to Gada A Bin Saif, Alexandru Papayou, Liliana Benari, Frances Maglone, Sean Quatra, Yonghua Chan and Gil Yosipovich for trying to measure the pleasurability of scratching an itch. The winners could not travel to the ceremony, so instead they sent this video acceptance speech. I'm awfully sorry, Mark, that I'm not able to join you at our amazing ceremony, for all of us are so grateful for winning your amazing Ig Nobel Prize. You can work out for yourself where on this particular effigy on the side of my shoulder you would like to scratch and then send me an email. Anyway, have a great day everybody and thanks again very much for this honour and on behalf of all of my co-authors. Thank you. Thank you Dr. Maglone. Are those back scratchers? What do you do with those? We have three Nobel Prize winners who don't know what to do with a back scratcher. And a physics professor next to them who's giving no advice whatsoever. And B.F. Skinner's daughter next to them who's just looking on and laughing. Alright, it's time then for act three of the mini opera Creatures of Habit. Here's our narrator Karen Hopkins. Thank you my magnificent mochaccino muffin. The people who work at the museum of bad habits only have their own bad habits. It's a form of job security. Each of them, each and every staff member spends all day asking themselves the same question. Why? Why did those people those people with bad habits why did they keep doing those things? It drives me mad. These people talking about people who have bad habits. Just listen to them. The winner is from Germany. The prize goes to Fritz Strock for discovering that holding a pen in one's mouth makes one smile which makes one happier and for then discovering that it does not. Please welcome Fritz Strock. The replication ballot. Not an opera, just the ballot. A study once found that a pencil is a valuable research utensil. The procedure was used to make people amused and to show that a smile is extensive. Years after this shocking result no reason was left to exalt. Trying to replicate some failed to get it straight. But after some serious thinking the literature gave an inkling. A cam cost a sham producing much spam and the proof was pretty convincing. Codom, if this story has a moral it is to end a useless quarrel. To claim a finding is not real has a lot of sex appeal. But rather than insinuate return to science and debate. Thank you. Please select your $10 trillion bill. Was there something that you guys were going to hand out? Oh well. What do you do with your pens? You don't want a smile. Alright, so now the question is are you happy? Thank you. The Physics Prize. The winners are from the USA, Taiwan, Australia, New Zealand, Sweden and the UK. The prize goes to Patricia Yang, Alexander Lee, Miles Chan, Alynn Martin, Ashley Edwards, Scott Carver and David Hu for studying how and why wombats make cube shaped poo. Please note this is the second Ig Nobel Prize that was awarded to Patricia Yang and David Hu. In the year 2015 they and some other colleagues were awarded the Ig Nobel Physics Prize for testing the biological principle that nearly all mammals empty their bladders in about 21 seconds plus or minus 13 seconds. Today, please welcome Patricia Yang, David Hu, Alexander Lee, Scott Carver and Ashley Edwards. Thank you. Wombats, a solitary Hoverus marsupials. They produce cube shaped scats which they place on a rock, a log or a stump to communicate with one another. See, the cubing prevents them from rolling away. So naturally we asked how do they produce cubed poo in a soft intestine? A wombats feces is only two thirds as wet as your own feces. When feces dry, it contracts and forms cracks. The formation of cubes is similar to the cooling of lava into hexagons like those found in giant causeway Ireland. The process is assisted by the muscles that move food among the lower intestine. These muscles vary in thickness as much as three times that shape the corners of cubes. Wombats are scientific proof that you can squeeze a square pig into a round hole. There are feces in the future such as moss that generate bond shaped feces, bears that generate big cylindrical feces, bears that generate pellet shaped feces, cows that generate poops in and back. Finish up. Before we finish up with the triumphal handshaking of the winners and then the stirring grand finale of the opera we remind you to join us this Saturday afternoon at MIT. The new winners will give free public talks to explain what they can, what they did, and why they did it. Those free public lectures happen this Saturday, 1 o'clock, MIT building 10, room 250. We're also televising those or webcasting those live. We hope you'll come. No tickets necessary for that. Just show up. Get there early if you want a seat. Now it's time before we come to the conclusion of the opera. It's time for the traditional triumphal handshaking. All the new Ig Nobel Prize winners will now emerge one by one through the sacred curtain there to receive a token handshake from Nobel laureate Jerome Friedman. Let the emerging and the shaking begin. And now that you've acquired the habit of watching operas it is time for the thrilling conclusion to the mini opera Creatures of Habit. Here's our narrator, Karen Hopkin. Thank you. Mark. We have some distinguished visiting scholars who are visiting the Museum of Bad Habits today to personally study the exhibits. They've arrived just in time for the thrilling conclusion of the opera. And it will be thrilling because in case you haven't figured this out each and every one of you in the audience here today is specially treasured by the Museum of Bad Habits because you yes, you have your own special bad habit. You, yes you should be on exhibit in the Museum of Bad Habits and surprise from now on you will be on exhibit in the Museum of Bad Habits the museum director and the entire museum staff have a special welcoming message especially for you. Listen up. Museum Orchestra on piano Julia on accordion Dr. Thomas Michel on bass Dr. Bruce Copeland on cello Dr. Julie Ryman Lijo Shah behavioral quirk chorus the soloist Sonia Lijo Bobby and Thomas soloist and our opera director Maria Florente Professor Jean Berco Gleason will deliver the traditional Ig Nobel goodbye, goodbye speech Now ladies and gentlemen let's honor all of the many and there are many, many people who put this ceremony together they're all around us please then thank you all of you Ig Nobel Prize winners and the Nobel Laureates the teachers and the past winners and the opera performers all gather here at the front of the stage come up toward the lip of the stage please all gather for a pointless photo opportunity everybody please whack your hands together shower them with self-esteem on behalf of the Harvard Radcliffe Society of Physics students and the Harvard Radcliffe Science Fiction Association and especially from all of us at the annals of improbable research please remember this final thought if you didn't win an Ig Nobel Prize this year and especially if you did better luck next year thank you