This is the VOA Special English Health Report. Malaria control efforts currently depend on things like chemically-treated bed nets and spraying against mosquitoes. But scientists keep trying to find other ways to prevent the disease. A number of vaccines remain under development. Most contain genetically engineered versions of a few proteins from the Plasmodium parasite. Plasmodium is the organism that causes malaria. These modified proteins are designed to get the body's defenses to launch an immune response against the Plasmodium. But the parasite contains thousands of proteins. Another experimental vaccine includes a deactivated version of the entire parasite. Robert Cedar is a researcher at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases near Washington. So instead of picking out one or two or three genes, you have the potential for what we call breath, generating an immune response that would be broad rather than narrower. Radiation is used to weaken the parasite so it cannot make people sick or get spread by a mosquito. To make the vaccine, scientists use the parasite at a time in its growth when the organism is called esporozoite. The idea has been known since the 1960s. But Mr. Cedar says a discovery by a researcher at a vaccine company cleared the way for progress. The major breakthrough here was that my collaborator, Stephen Hoffman, at Scenaria, developed a method where he could isolate the esporozoites and purify them so that they could administer it as a vaccine to humans. And no one thought that that was possible. But no one knew either if the weakened esporozoites would activate the immune system to protect against malaria. So researchers tested it on volunteers and found that it was safe. But it was not very effective. Only two out of 44 volunteers were protected when bitten by malaria-infected mosquitoes. To find out why, the researchers tested the vaccine on laboratory animals. They decided that the problem was the way the vaccine had been given to the volunteers. It was injected into the skin to simulate the bite of a mosquito. Mr. Cedar says it would have been more effective if it had been given directly into the blood. However, vaccines are generally given by mouth or injected into the skin or muscle. Having to inject it into the blood could make vaccination programs more difficult if the vaccine is approved for general use. For now, more testing is needed. A report on the testing appeared in the journal Science. For VOA Special English, I'm Carolyn Presuti.


From VOA Learning English, this is the Technology Report in Special English. Delegates from around the world recently agreed on a new treaty on telecommunications and the internet. The agreement came at the World Conference on International Telecommunications in Dubai. But the United States and more than 50 other countries have refused to sign the treaty. They are calling it a threat to internet freedom. This was the first time that the international telecommunication regulations have been amended in more than 20 years. Back then, the internet as we know it did not exist. Delegates at the conference in Dubai were divided over how the internet should be governed. Countries like Russia, Saudi Arabia, China and Iran are concerned that the internet's naming system is governed by a non-profit group which operates from the United States. That organization is called ICAN, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. The discussions at the conference took place during two weeks of tense and sometimes heated debate among the delegates. Officials reported receiving more than 1,200 proposals from members of the International Telecommunication Union. The group's secretary general, Hamidun Toure, called the signing of the treaty a momentous occasion. He also expressed regret that some governments chose not to sign the agreement. Hamidun Toure said he hoped the ITU would continue to work with those countries. Some observers say division over the treaty remains so strong that it is unlikely to go into effect in 2015 as planned. They say changes may be necessary to get wider agreement among delegates. For VOA Learning English, I'm Alex Villareal.


Hi, I am Dr. Ela Jalote. I am a consultant obstetrician and gynecologist in Manipal Hospital Gurgaon and today I want to talk to you about pre-conceptional counseling. What is pre-conceptional counseling? This is a consultation with your gynecologist that is used to plan a future pregnancy. Why is pre-conceptional counseling important or required? Basically, the journey to a happy, safe, healthy pregnancy begins much before a positive pregnancy test and caring for your health before you become pregnant helps you to deal with any risk factors that may impact the pregnancy. The next question which is asked is, when should this appointment be scheduled? This should happen at least three months prior to becoming pregnant. The main things which couple asks is, what is included in pre-conceptional counseling and what should we expect during this appointment? During this appointment, we discuss with the couple any pre-existing medical or surgical history that may impact the pregnancy. We go through the medicines that the mother is currently on and switch to a safer alternative if required. If any vaccinations that are pending are covered for the mother for a safe pregnancy. Any family or genetic history that may be there in either of the two partners are discussed in detail. Lifestyle advices are given which may include having a balanced and nutritious diet, regular exercise regimen and the couple are advised to stop smoking and alcohol consumption if that is there. Another thing which is discussed is that the partners may have any concern regarding reproductive health or any pelvic infection. So during this consultation, we listen to the couple talk to them, do an examination and certain blood tests are advised to rule out any pre-existing hormonal or medical conditions and that is taken care of before the mother actually becomes pregnant. Another very important part of this discussion is about advising the couple how to chart out their menstrual cycle and chart out their ovulation days when they are planning for a pregnancy and also prenatal vitamins for a safe and healthy pregnancy are also advised. So that is in short all about preconceptional counseling, why is it important and what all is included in it. Thank you.


Welcome to today's lecture. What we discussed last time was basically the end part of the oxaziridine based reactions where we checked the reactivity of chiral as well as a chiral oxaziridines with say a chiral enolates and chiral oxaziridines with chiral enolates that means enolates coming from chiral substrates and the reaction with a chiral oxaziridines. And we saw how the stereochemistry of the hydroxy group comes based on the steric factors and of course polar factors depending on what substrate we take it. We also saw how camphor based reactions can be carried out to go to the chiral substrates with high enantiomeric purity based on high diastereoselectivity when we use the auxiliaries. Then towards the end we discussed the Barton reaction which is the oxidation at the unfunctionalized carbon. So we will now proceed with the Barton reaction and related reactions where the oxidation at unfunctionalized carbons can be carried out. As I discussed last time that it is more easy to do the reaction at the functionalized molecules which say for example if you have a carbonyl group here then alpha position is very easy to deprotonate and introduce an electrophile. But when we have a substrate of the kind that is shown here then of course if one wants to introduce some oxidize or introduce some electrophile at this position it is somewhat difficult. So what Barton did was basically starting from a substrate of this type here basically what he did was to take the corresponding hydroxy group here and react it with a source of NO plus such as NOCl and that allows the formation of this molecule in which the oxygen nitrogen bond can be easily cleaved in a homolytic fashion if we photolyse it. So homolytic fission so this is exactly what was done here. So we start with this particular substrate which is derived from the corresponding hydroxy group and idea was to introduce a functional group at this position. So we can prepare this and then photolyse it during the photolysis the oxygen radical is formed and of course you have a nitroxy radical. This alkoxy radical then takes up the hydrogen from here via this 6 member transition state cyclic transition state and generate a radical at a very remote position which is the delta position. So if one starts in numbering then you have an alpha then you have a beta then you have a gamma and then this is the delta position. So abstraction of hydrogen from delta carbon occurs because of the 6 member transition state here. Once this radical is formed then you are released with a nitroxyl radical and this nitroxyl radical then combine here with the carbon radical to form this particular substrate where the NO group has come to an unfunctionalized delta carbon of this substrate. So generally a 6 member transition state of chair conformation is favored though both or semi chair forms are also invoked. It is generally expected that in the transition state the carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms are approximately linear. So if that happens then obviously what one expects is that the transfer of the radical occurs from oxygen to a remote delta carbon. Now so the coplanarity is an important part. For example if one starts to form the corresponding oxygen radical from the corresponding OH via the ONO type of molecule then you generate a radical here like this. Now this radical obviously cannot form the 6 member transition state with this because you have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. This is a 5 member transition state and not a 6 member transition state. The other possibility is that you have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. So you have a possibility of a 6 member transition state so that you can generate the radical disposition. But the distance and the approach of the oxygen to the hydrogen if one looks at the model of this molecule it is not easy to form this radical because the distance between the oxygen and the delta carbon is too large for hydrogen abstraction. And therefore what happens is this particular cleavage occurs in this fashion that you break it and generate a radical on this particular carbon atom. So if one does not have a possibility of hydrogen abstraction then there is a possibility of this kind of C-C bond cleavage. So you have a C-C bond cleavage. Now because you have provided energy to the molecule and you have generated a radical so there is a cleavage if there is no abstraction of the hydrogen. If we use iodine in the reaction medium as we discussed last in the last part that we nitroso radical attaches to the carbon and then O-C NO bond is formed. If we use iodine for example this particular radical then interacts with the iodine and what is formed is basically this iodocompound and this iodocompound can allow the ether formation to take place or we can also oxidize these two corresponding aldehyde. So if we take this particular iodocompound and react it with a base then you generate a negative charge here that can attack to this carbon and form the corresponding tetrahydrofuran based product. On the other hand if we oxidize this alcohol to the corresponding aldehyde then we use a base then you can generate an anion alpha to the aldehyde and that undergoes an intermolecular reaction to form the corresponding cyclopropane. So if we use iodine then we have a possibility of a cyclopropane ring formation or an ether tetrahydrofuran type of ether formation is also possible. Now what can also happen is we can use some other reagent systems such as iodine and phenyl iododiacetate and also have somewhat similar type of reactions as we discussed. As you can see from here you have the proximity. There is a proximity of the two particular centers here you have O1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. So you have a 6-member transition state that can form. The iodine PHI OAC twice that is phenyl iododiacetate gives I plus and this I plus allows the OH to form OI and that undergoes cleavage. We will discuss this particular path little bit later. Now what can also do is that if one gets the corresponding molecule of this type when the NO dot has reacted at this particular center here so we get this.  So this oxime and this is basically in equilibrium with each other and one can cleave it under different conditions of oxidizing or reducing way by which you can cleave the oxime to the corresponding ketone. So what we have done is we have started with the this kind of substrate coming from say here OH here and after the going through the nitrate ester what we have formed is the functionalization at the remote delta position. Now one can also do that if a oxime of this type if R is equal to hydrogen then we can also do the dehydration that means if this R is hydrogen here instead of any alkyl group or phenyl group we can do the dehydration here under acidic conditions and heat it and one can get the corresponding nitrile which can be hydrolyzed to the corresponding acid and then if we use acid here and heat it and remove water then one can get the corresponding lactone. So even lactone formation can take place. So you have several such possibilities depending on what is the structure of the starting molecule. So you can get delta functionalization as I mentioned alpha beta gamma and delta a functionalization at delta position. So we can the proximity is an important part and how are we going to generate this oxygen radical which can form a 6 member transition state that is also an important part of it. Now let us take another example here for example you can have a hydrogen here and there is a hydrogen here and if this substrate is photolyzed it is very clear that we can get the corresponding radical here that radical attracts the hydrogen radical form here and then eventually the oxime is formed at this stage. So what is happening is from here is very clear that you have the possibility of such a radical to form and this radical then leads to the corresponding next radical which is here and then this is attached by the NO radical to form the corresponding N double bond O which then is in equilibrium with the corresponding oxime and this is what the substrate that we have got it. This is the product that we have got it. Now if we carry out under the acidic conditions the Beckmann rearrangement then we can have rearrangement then we can get this particular lactum. So this is a very interesting method for functionalizing the carbon atom which is remotely placed and then due to the proximity of the oxygen radical coming from this particular part of the molecule and the corresponding hydrogen which is approachable one can functionalize at the unfunctionalized carbon atom. In a similar fashion like one of the previous examples I took is that we take this OH group here use nitrocyl chloride pyridine functionalize it to make this particular OH group into the ONO part of it and then from photolyze it and eventually this particular hydrogen can be converted to the corresponding oxime and this oxime can be hydrolyzed from here to the corresponding aldehyde that aldehyde is will exist as this lactol. Now this particular lactol has been converted to the corresponding such 4 member ring as you can see that there is a 1, 1, 2 then 1, 2, 3 and 4 member ring this is the 4 member ring that is formed here which is what is this 4 member ring here then there is a methyl group here this is the methyl group here and of course then the other part of the molecule is eventually transformed into this particular side chains and this is a molecule named as grandisol which is an insect pheromone that has been synthesized by using this Barton's photolytic reaction of functionalizing at the unfunctionalized carbon atom. So basically it was dependent on the functionalization of this particular molecule at this methyl group at an unfunctionalized carbon. This Barton reaction has also been utilized in many steroidal molecules as you can see that corticosterone acetate here is basically having a hydroxy group at this position and you can convert into the corresponding ONO group here, fertilize it and then either this particular methyl group can take the hydrogen or even this between the two of them this particular methyl group appears to be more easily approachable if one looks at the model then we can come very clear and then we can make the corresponding oxime and then again hydrolyze and make the corresponding lactol which is what is an aldosterone derivative. So basically what has been done is this particular methyl group which is remotely placed but accessible for the 6 member transition state to form and that allows the aldosterone derivative to form. So it is a very easy way of converting a corticosterone to an aldosterone derivative. On the other hand, if this particular oxygen radical which is formed from this cleavage of this particular oxygen nitrogen bond that gives the radical by abstraction of this particular methyl group here leads to the radical formation on this particular methyl carbon and that can undergo interestingly that can undergo attachment to this carbon and this can move to this carbon forming three membered cyclopropane ring and a radical on this carbon. So basically what is happening is you have a radical that is going to form on this particular path and then you have a three membered ring which is like this. And now this reacts with the NO radical to form this oxime via the nitrogen molecule to form the corresponding. I can show in this fashion that this is how it is going to form. So this appears to be a side product but it is an interesting side product because such a reaction is possible if the other radical is formed. Now there is another a very celebrated example of converting one of the steroid molecules called lanosterol to the corresponding molecule which is called a cycloartinol. If you look at the two molecules you can see the difference, the only difference that you can see is that there is a cyclopropane ring here whereas that is not the case here. So there is a double bond which is present here and there is a methyl group that is present there in the lanosterol whereas that is not the case otherwise rest of the path is exactly same. So this one was very easily converted the lanosterol was easily converted to cycloartinol. In a very specific fashion by Barton. Now how it is done is that you take the lanosterol as is here and this is the final molecule. Now what is done is this molecule is somehow converted to this particular carbonyl group. How can we do it? Obviously if we take this double bond here and this is the allylic position and this is the allylic position. So if we use a strong oxidizing agent we can introduce two carbonyl groups on both the sides one here and one here. This particular position is sterically hindered position because of the methyl group and is also known to be sterically hindered of a steroid molecule. But then we have to take care of this double bond we also have to take care of the hydroxy groups. So it was done in a very specific manner by protecting this hydroxy group also by protection of the double bond and finally reducing the corresponding double bond which is here as well as the carbonyl group that is going to come here. So basically it is a very specific way of introducing the carbonyl group at this particular position by a few steps but that was possible. Once that was done then without worrying about the protection and de-protection of the other groups. Once the carbonyl group was introduced here it was reduced and they got the corresponding hydroxy group like this which was through the ONO that is nitrosyl chloride and pyridine base and then fatalysis in the presence of iodine led to the formation of the corresponding CH2I. So this particular methyl group which was having similar orientation as the hydroxy group which is beta this is also beta oriented and therefore the abstraction 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 the hydrogen here and then when can prepare the corresponding radical in which in the presence of iodine leads to the corresponding CH2I. And now once this is happened then they used a strong base to de-protonate this particular hydrogen here and then this negative charge attacked on to this particular carbon and then iodine goes as a leaving group and eventually the cyclopropane ring is formed here. So this is a very interesting celebrated example of conversion of lanosterol to another molecule which is cyclo-artinol. Of course it is involved many steps and protection and de-protection but it was a very brilliant example of the power of the Barton reaction. Now the alkoxy radicals can also be generated from hypo halides. So if we can take the hypo halide here and we do the photolysis here then we can generate the corresponding radical. So if that radical is formed here a radical is formed here this radical can pick up the hydrogen from here to form the corresponding radical at this tender and of course you can get the attachment of the chlorine from the substrate or via chlorine radical and of course you can get this. And now we have a base which de-protonates and of course then that attacks on to this carbon and then one can get the tetrahedra furan. One can also start to use hypo iodides that can be generated from the alcohols upon reaction with iodine in presence of lead tetra acetate or mercury oxide or iodobenzene diacetate. This is an example of that under these conditions at 40 degrees. For example, you can have the generation of oxygen radical from this OH and this is beta oriented. This is also beta oriented and then one can through the iodine mediated reaction can also have a connection between this particular oxygen and this carbon to form this 5-membered ring. So this is a 1, 2, 3, 4 and this 5. So this very interesting such molecule having a tetrahedra furan unit embedded in the steroid molecule by this reaction. So this example is an extension or related reaction to the Barton reaction by using hypohellite hypoiodide. Now how do we make use of the hypohellite based chemistry in specific deprotection of a benzene ether? Now if we take a compound of this kind which has four different types of benzene ethers, a benzene ether is nothing but an OCH2 phenyl group. Now if we have these four types of benzene ether present in this particular molecule and if we want specifically this particular O benzene group to be deprotected to form this diol, then this particular chemistry of hypohellite based chemistry and the photolytic condition allows the formation of this ketol which can be hydrolyzed under acidic conditions to give this particular diol which is what is the result of a specific deprotection of this particular benzene group. Now what happens is that when this particular molecule is allowed to react with an iodo thalymide, then OH group here interacts with the iodonium and here to form the hypoiodite of this type and now when we do the photolysis then this particular iodine oxygen bond undergoes cleavage to form the oxygen radical here and of course iodine radical will go away and this oxygen radical intramolecularly picks up the hydrogen from here as a hydrogen radical and becomes an OH group here at this position here like this and generate a radical here at the benzylic position because this radical is then stabilized by the phenyl ring also it is stabilized by the oxygen. Now this particular radical then reacts with the same hypoiodite which is shown here and picks up the iodine radical from here and generate oxygen radical which is the same as this particular species and once this hypoiodite reacts with this radical leading to this iodo compound then there is a intramolecular closure of this particular part of the molecule leading to the ketal of this type. Now with this ketal of having three benzyl toxic groups can then be hydrolyzed under acidic conditions because these benzyl ether groups are stable under acidic conditions but this ketal is not stable and undergoes hydrolysis to form the corresponding diol. So it means that we have started with a monohydroxy compound having four types of benzyl oxyethers and eventually we get a diol and with three benzyl oxy groups intact. So this is how a specific deprotection of a benzyl ether is done under these conditions using hypoiodite based chemistry under photolytic conditions. This particular work has been reported in this journal Chemistry European Journal in 2000. So we will stop it at this stage today and take some aspects of the Barton reaction specifically the beta cleavage the cc bond cleavage in some synthetic transformations and then proceed further. We will stop and at this stage and we I expect that you will go through these things which I have taught today and I will see you the next time. Thank you.


Does it really say in the Bible that being gay is a sin? Biblical texts doesn't introduce the word homosexuality until the 1900s. And so then you have to go back and you have to look at the original manuscript which frames it from a different perspective. When he talks about the word homosexuality not being in the original Bible, he's right. Because the Bible wasn't written in English. We need to go back to the original word in Greek. Pardon my pronunciation, but it's arson a coitai. Arson meaning man and a coitai meaning bed. It means men who bed with men or something similar. Now the truth is it's not just six verses that condemn homosexuality. Throughout the whole narrative of scripture, it's always oriented around marriage being between a man and a woman. Problem is our sinful hearts draw us to distortions of God's design. We pursue these desires in hopes that they'll fill us with the love, acceptance and control that we so desperately crave. But ultimately they lead us to despair. Today God is calling you to lay that identity down that is counter to his ways and receive forgiveness in Christ and a new identity in him.


A very good evening aspirants, I welcome you all to the Hindu Daily News Analysis of Shankar Aceh Academy. Today, I am going to cover important news articles from the Hindu newspaper dated 24th of May 2023 and displayed here all the stuff news articles that we will be discussing today you can go through it and the kind request to you all those who haven't yet subscribed our YouTube channel do subscribe and hit the bell icon button so that you will get regular notifications about our future current affairs videos. Now let's get into our first news article discussion. Now look at this small article here it says that forest guard in the simli pal tiger serve was killed by poachers on Monday night so far forest department has identified 10 suspects this is the crux of the news article given here now we are not going to see about the issue in this discussion instead we will use this opportunity to learn about simli pal tiger serve see simli pal tiger serve is located within the mayur bunj district in the northernmost part of Odisha simli pal comes under the deccan peninsular biogeographic zone Chota Nagpur province and Mahanadhyan region the terrain is mostly undulating and hilly combined with open grasslands and wooded areas now let us see important details about simli pal tiger serve see simli pal was formally designated as a tiger serve under project tiger in may 1973 later the Odisha government declared simli pal as a wildlife sanctuary in 1979 and in 1980 Odisha government proposed 303 square kilometer of the sanctuary as national park subsequently in 1994 Indian government declared simli pal as a biosphere reserve and in may 2009 in us concluded simli pal in its list of biosphere reserves this is basic information about simli pal tiger serve now talking about the forest type firstly the simli pal is characterized by northern tropical moist residues forest this type of forest is found all over the simli pal except the moist valleys and the southern and eastern aspects of hills secondly dry dcds hill forests are also seen in simli pal tiger serve they are found mostly in eastern and southern simli pal with steep and exposed slopes thirdly high level sal forests are also seen in simli pal tiger serve these types of forests occurs in platus above an elevation of 850 meter and finally grassland and savanna are also seen in simli pal tiger serve and it is spread in small patches all over the area of the tiger serve okay this is all about the forest types seen in simli pal tiger serve now moving on to see about the biodiversity of simli pal tiger serve see simli pal harbours a unique blend of western gods eastern gods and sub-heomalian plant species the landscape supports 1076 plant species with 94 species of orchids when it comes to fauna the simli pal tiger serve is known for the tiger elephant and hill mayna it holds the highest tiger population in the state of orisha apart from this there are 55 species of mammals 361 species of birds 62 species of reptiles 21 species of amphibians 38 species of fishes 164 species of butterflies and many species of insects and micro fauna are also seen in simli pal tiger serve okay and that's all regarding this discussion is discussion we saw about simli pal tiger serve then we saw about the forest types that are seen in simli pal tiger serve and finally we saw some points regarding flora and fauna of simli pal tiger serve see this topic is very much important for your plumes exam so make note of each and every points that we discussed now with these key points in mind let us move on to the next news article discussion look at this image here it is given in the science page it says that chile's Patagonia is home to the largest continuous kelp forest in the world so using this opportunity we will learn about kelp forest in plumes perspective so what is a kelp forest after hearing the name forest don't think that kelp is a plant or tree rather it is a brown macro algae these algae grow in dense groupings much like a forest on land that's why they got the name kelp forest see kelp forests are underwater ecosystems formed in shallow water as you can see in this image they look like plants right they have similarities other than the physical appearance of plant see kelps are autotrops autotrops are the producers in the food chain this means that they create their own nutrients and energy like most autotrops kelp creates energy through a process called photosynthesis because of this only kelp forests are always found in coastal areas and they require shallow and relatively clean water know that kelps do not have roots instead they attach to the rocks in the sea floor in place of true stems kelps have stiff stripes which hold them up towards the sunlight here stripe means an organ resembling the stem or stalk of a plant now talking about the distribution of kelp forests see kelp thrives in cold nutrient rich waters kelps live further from the tropics they do not overlap with coral reefs mangrove forests and warm water sea grass bits now look at this map here this map here shows you the distribution of kelp forests in the world as you can see different species of kelp grow in the temperate and polar coastal waters and what one important point here kelps do not occur in the coastal waters of India now finally before concluding our discussion let us see the significance of kelp forests firstly kelp forests provide three-dimensional underwater habitat for thousands of species of invertebrates fishes and other algae the animals also use the forest as shelters from predators secondly kelp forests provide food for many fish species and animals such as seals sea lions whales sea waters and shorebirds thirdly kelp species are used as a binding agent in products like ice cream cereal yogurt toothpaste lotion etc and finally the kelp forests help in conserving the marine biodiversity of the region okay this is all about the significance of kelp forests but practices like destructive fishing over harvest for commercial use and other factors like coastal pollution as dental damage caused by boat are endangering the kelp forests so in order to protect this unique ecosystem area based management should be utilized apart from this kelp forests should be designated as marine protector areas okay now that's all regarding this discussion this discussion we saw about what is kelp forests then we saw about the distribution of kelp forests in the world then we moved on to see about the significance of kelp forests and finally we saw some points regarding the threats to kelp forests now with these key points in mind let us move on to the next news article discussion now look at this editorial here this article is speaking about the bricks forum now before we get into a detailed analysis let me explain you the crux of this editorial see many multilateral groupings like the bricks have faced many challenges due to COVID-19 conflicts and changes among member countries but many nations still want to join bricks the author says that this is surprising because the influence of bricks has decreased see bricks has done good things economically and politically but there are problems inside the group I will explain the problem in a while the article also says that now 19 countries want to join bricks and they also have a desire for a global south forum therefore in the next bricks meeting decisions on adding new members could be taken okay this is the central idea of this editorial now we will try to get a deeper understanding of this editorial from our exam perspective now before getting into discussion the syllabus relevant to this topic is given here you can go through it first we will learn about bricks so that you will get a clear picture see bricks is a group that includes five important emerging economies they are Brazil Russia India China and South Africa these countries have a significant impact on the world stage to understand their importance let's look at some numbers see bricks make up 41 percentage of world's population and together they contribute to 24 percentage of world's GDP they also have a share of over 16 percentage in the world trade also bricks countries have played a crucial role in driving global economic growth and they have come together to discuss important matters across three main areas they are political and security issues economic and financial matters and cultural and people-to-people exchanges know that the term bricks was coined in 2001 by economist Jim O'Neill who worked at Goldman Sachs in his report he highlighted the growing prospects of Brazil Russia India and China also he recognized the significant contributions of these countries to the world's production and population this is all about the basics of bricks now we will see the evolution of bricks to know about the evolution of bricks you should first understand about IBSA now what is IBSA see the IBSA stands for India Brazil and South Africa the IBSA group was formed in 2003 it was basically created to strengthen cooperation and collaboration among these three emerging economies initially India Brazil and South Africa saw many similarities and shared interests among themselves so they realized that by working together they could tackle global challenges and advance their mutual interests so they together formed IBSA group their main goals were to boost trade investment and cultural exchanges between their nations however things changed over the time within the IBSA group this happened because China expressed its desire to join this IBSA group but Brazil and India insisted that the group is limited to democracies only and they did not allow China into the IBSA group response to this China made a strategic move China decided to bring South Africa into the S-12 brick group eventually South Africa became a part of the group and the brick became bricks and this move by the China overshadowed the IBSA group so this led to the establishment of bricks now let's discuss the financial aspects of bricks specifically a new development bank and the bricks contingent reserve arrangement now first let's take new development bank see the new development bank that is the NDB was established by the leaders of bricks countries during the fourth bricks summit in 2012 the banks main purpose is to mobilize resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in bricks and other emerging economies so in 2014 during the sixth brick summit in Fortaleza the leaders signed an agreement to establish the new development bank they highlighted that a new development bank could strengthen cooperation among bricks countries and it would complement efforts of other multilateral and regional financial institutions I know that the new development bank became fully operational in 2016 and its headquarters is located in Shanghai and each member country holds an equal number of shares that is 20 percentage in the new development bank okay this is all about new development bank now moving on to bricks contingent reserve arrangement see bricks contingent reserve arrangement that is the CRA is a framework designed to protect against global liquidity pressures it was basically established to address economic volatility and uncertain macroeconomic environments faced by emerging economies know that this contingent reserve arrangement is often seen as a competitor to international monetary fund and it is also considered an example of increasing south-south cooperation okay this is all about bricks contingent reserve arrangement now moving on to see about the points given in the editorial article see the editorial article has highlighted some achievements of bricks basically it says why the bricks is significant now we will understand about the significance of bricks see bricks has focused its attention on both geopolitical and economic dimensions this means they discuss important global and regional issues together and they present a viewpoint that is different from the western countries by doing this bricks strengthens the trend towards multipolarity in the world which means the power is shared among multiple countries instead of being dominated by just a few so this helps to reduce the influence of the western countries if we see on the economic front bricks has launched some new initiatives one of them is the new development bank as we saw earlier currently new development bank has committed a substantial amount of money which is 32.8 billion us dollars for 96 different projects then another initiative is the contingent reserve arrangement we discussed this also we saw that CRA is a financial mechanism that provides protection against global liquidity pressures this means that if there are economic difficulties or uncertainties bricks countries can rely on this arrangement to help stabilize their currencies and financial situations additionally the article says that bricks has a comprehensive program in place this is to expand trade and investment cooperation among the five member countries this means they are actively working together to increase their economic interactions such as trading goods and investing in each other's countries besides this you should also know that bricks is facing many challenges the article highlights some negative trends within the BRICS group we will see that as well see the trio of India, Brazil and South Africa which is known as IBSA hoped that China and Russia would support their bid for membership in UN Security Council however they were disappointed as the support was not provided by China and Russia and this highlights the diplomatic ineffectiveness of the IBSA group they know that in recent years China experienced a remarkable economic rise and became asserting itself militarily and this has caused an imbalance within the BRICS group then the consolidation of Russia-China cooperation following the Ukraine crisis is also another cause then we also have South Africa's economic struggles which has led to its increased dependence on China apart from this Brazil's shifting political landscape is also causing problem to the BRICS group okay all these factors added new tensions to the BRICS group dynamics moreover China's push for a common currency for intra BRICS trade further amplified the internal troubles faced by the BRICS group despite these problems currently 19 countries are eager to join BRICS due to various reasons see these are the 19 countries we can go through it by why do these countries wish to join in BRICS firstly China is playing a significant role in driving the expansion of BRICS this is because China sees this as a strategic opportunity to increase its global influence secondly there is something called FOMO which stands for fear of missing out see it is a feeling we all experience when we see others joining a club or group that seems important or influential see many countries don't want to miss out on the visibility and perceived benefits that come with being part of BRICS so they want to be part of a club that is seen as significant group so many of the countries wish to join in BRICS thirdly some countries may be seeking BRICS membership because they are excluded from other groupings so they see that the doors to other alliances or organizations are closed to them so they turn to BRICS as an alternative platform lastly they decide to create a forum of the global south plays a role there is a prevailing sentiment among many countries particularly in the global south they feel that the current global order is dominated by western powers so joining BRICS allows them to be a part of a group that represents the interests of developing nations okay so these are the reasons why some countries wish to join in BRICS so the next BRICS summit may address this expansion the option arranging from mega expansion to limited admission however india prefers gradual expansion based on agreed criteria so if your consensus reached Argentina Egypt Indonesia UAE and Bangladesh are likely to be admitted in BRICS forum the author concludes the article by saying that the BRICS leaders should reflect on strengthening the group and addressing internal imbalances and that's all regarding this discussion this discussion we saw about BRICS then we saw about the evolution of BRICS then we moved on to see about the financial aspects of BRICS then we saw about the achievements of BRICS then we moved on to see about the issues faced by the BRICS group and finally we saw some points about the expansion of BRICS group now with these key points in mind let us move on to the next news article discussion now look at this text and context article here this article is about the dispute between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana over the sharing of water from the river Krishna so in this regard we will understand the points provided in this news article but before getting into discussion the syllabus relevant to this article is given here please note it down now first we will look at the origin of dispute between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana over the sharing of waters from the river Krishna see this issue is as old as the formation of Andhra Pradesh yes the Krishna river water issue has its origin right from the formation of Andhra Pradesh as a separate state in November 1956 before the formation of Andhra Pradesh on February 20, 1956 four senior leaders each from different regions of Andhra Pradesh including the Royal Sima region and the Telangana region signed a gentleman's agreement one of the major provisions of this agreement was to ensure the protection of Telangana's interests and needs with respect to the utilization of water resources from the river Krishna however the allotment of water from the irrigation facilities was vested with Andhra Pradesh and this left out the rights of Telangana so this is one of the main reasons for the disputes between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana over the sharing of water from the river Krishna further in 1969 the Bachawad tribunal that is the Krishna water dispute tribunal one was constituted to settle the dispute around water sharing from the rivers of Godavari and Krishna the primary objective of this tribunal was to settle the water dispute among Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh that is before bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh into Andhra Pradesh and Telangana the Bachawad tribunal has allocated 811 tmc ft that is 811 thousand million cubic feet water to Andhra Pradesh however the tribunal did not make any region-wise allocations within the Andhra Pradesh later the Andhra Pradesh government has apportioned the 811 tmc feet water into 512 is to 299 tmc feet ratio between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana so it is the Andhra Pradesh government that apportioned the water between Andhra and Telangana and not Bachawad tribunal apart from this the Bachawad tribunal had also recommended to divert the water from Tungabathradam which is a part of Krishna river basin to the Draupon Mahabubnagar area of Telangana however these recommendations were not followed through so Telangana had time and again reiterated that Nandhar Pradesh made injustice to Telangana when it came to the matter of distributing water resources so these are the reasons for the origin of disputes between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana over the sharing of water from the river Krishna now we will move on to see about the arrangements made for Krishna river water sharing after the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh into Andhra Pradesh and Telangana see Andhra Pradesh was bifurcated into two states that is Andhra Pradesh and Telangana in 2014 this was based on the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014 but if you look at water sharing there is no mention of water shares between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana in the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014 so the Bachawad tribunal award was still in force and we saw earlier this award had not made any region wise allocation within the Andhra Pradesh so to sort out the issue the ministry of water resources organized a meeting with both the states in 2015 in that meeting both the states have agreed to share the water in such a way that Telangana will receive 34% and Andhra Pradesh will receive 66% but this arrangement is temporary in nature and it is also decided that the ratio of water sharing must be reviewed every year and apart from this one of the key outcomes of this meeting was to set up Krishna river management board and the Godavari river management board these river management boards are established for the efficient management of water resources now coming to Krishna river management board see the Krishna river management board followed the same water sharing ratio without doing the annual review as per the agreement that is the Krishna river management board followed 34 is to 66 ratio the Telangana was not satisfied with this arrangement and it had asked for an equal share of water till water shares are finalized and earlier this month also the Krishna river management board conducted a meeting but it couldn't convince the member states so it referred the matter to minister of Jalsakthi now the ministry is trying to resolve the issue between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana now moving on to see a board that stands of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana over the water sharing from Krishna river see right from its formation Telangana is asking the central government to finalize the water shares Telangana is asking for 70% of water share in the allocation of 811 TMC feet it also highlighted that Andhra Pradesh is diverting about 300 TMC feet outside the basin from the draught pound areas within the basins of Telangana on the other hand Andhra Pradesh is demanding higher share of water to protect its own interest so this is all about the claims by both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana see when there is a dispute between two or more states it is the central government that would intervene to sort out the issue right now let us see about the stand of central government regarding the issue of Krishna water sharing see the central government have arranged for two meetings of apex council with union minister and chief ministers of both the states in 2016 and 2020 respectively however this meeting was not fruitful see earlier Telangana has filed a petition in supreme court regarding the Krishna water sharing issue and later the minister of Jalsakthi had given the assurance that it will refer this matter to a tribunal to sort out the issue in an amicable manner as a result of this Telangana withdrew its petition from the supreme court and two years went past but still there are no major developments in this regard so we have to wait and see what will happen in the future and this is all about this article discussion this discussion we saw about the origin of dispute between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana over the sharing of water from the river Krishna then we saw about the water sharing arrangements between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and finally we saw some points about the central governments stand on Krishna water sharing issue see this topic is very much important for your mains exam so make note of each and every points that we discussed now with these key points in mind let us move on to the next news article discussion now look at this text and context article here it says that co-legislators at the european commission signed the carbon border adjustment mechanism and this is the news so in this discussion we are going to understand carbon border adjustment mechanism in Pudlim's perspective now what is this carbon border adjustment mechanism see carbon border adjustment mechanism which is shortly called as cbam is a phenomenon introduced by the european union in the year 2021 it was adopted by the european parliament in 2022 the main objective of cbam is to avoid carbon leakage see carbon leakage happens when companies relocate the production or manufacturing of carbon intensive materials to countries with less stringent climate rules this is done to meet climate policy requirements or to avoid restrictions on carbon emissions in their home country this means that instead of getting sequestered carbon emissions are happening in another place so this is one definition of carbon leakage according to european union carbon leakage also happens when products manufactured in the european union that meets the emission standards will get replaced by carbon intensive products imported from other countries this is because according to european union products manufactured in the european union will meet the emission standards but the imported items will be produced without these conditions so european union is saying that this also results in carbon leakage therefore in order to prevent this and to reach climate change mitigation goals european union in 2021 came up with a proposal for carbon border adjustment mechanism so mainly cbam plans to impose a tariff on a set of carbon intensive imports and this tariff have to be paid by european union importers and companies who export such goods to european union countries this way it covers both the definitions of carbon leakage now what is the significance of this mechanism firstly cbam helps in achieving european union's target of cutting greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55 percentage by 2030 when compared to 1990 and further to net zero by 2050 secondly cbam helps the european union's domestic businesses to be on a fairer footing this is because currently european unions domestic businesses face the risk of being disadvantaged by cheaper carbon tax-free imported products so cbam helps the european union's domestic businesses so these are the two important significances of carbon border adjustment mechanism now before concluding our discussion let us see how this mechanism impacts india see the impacts of cbam are negative for most developing economies know that cbam will be initially applied to imports of certain goods whose production is carbon intensive the examples of such goods include cement iron steel aluminum fertilizers electricity and hydrogen sectors for india impacts are projected to be significant for the cement and steel sectors under a cbam scenario india cement exports to the european union are projected to fall by around 65 percentage and iron and steel by 58 percentage in 2030 so india has invoked climate justice on the global fora saying that carbon border adjustment mechanism plays a carbon charge on companies from countries that did not primarily or historically cause the climate change so this is what the concern of india and that's all regarding this discussion in this discussion is about what is carbon border adjustment mechanism then you saw about the significance of carbon border adjustment mechanism and finally we saw some points about impacts to india now with these key points in mind let us move on to the next news article discussion now look at this article here the article says that a space x capsule as part of the private mission has successfully docked with international space station this mission carried two saudi astronauts and they are the first individuals from saudi arabia to travel to the international space station so this is the crux of the article given here now in this discussion let us understand about the international space station from exam perspective see the international space station that is the iss is a habitable artificial satellite in the low-earth orbit the iss program is actually a joint project between five participating space agencies they are the nasa of the united states brass cosmos of the russia jacks of japan esa of europe and csa of canada know that the ownership and the use of space station is established by intercontinental treaties and agreements now coming back to iss iss orbits here at an average altitude of 400 kilometers and it completes one orbit around the globe every 90 minutes which means it travels at a speed of about 28 000 kilometers per har in fact the station travels a vast distance in just one day this is equivalent to going from air through the moon and back that's how fast iss moves through space also know that the space station is approximately the size of a football field a note one interesting fact here when you look up at the night sky you might spot the iss shining brightly if you know when and where to look you can witness the iss as a bright moving light across the sky even without using a telescope so how was is constructed see the parts of iss were taken into space piece by piece and assembled gradually in the orbit the modules and connecting nodes house living quarters laboratories and essential facilities then the station's structure is supported by exterior framework and the solar panels which provide power see by the year 2009 the iss reached its full capacity that accommodating a crew of six later new modules laboratories and facilities were added and this expanded the capabilities of iss for research and exploration you should also know that india is planning to launch its own space station by the year 2030 so india will then join the elite space club with the united states russia and china see the indian space station will be smaller unlike the iss and it will be weighing around 20 tons its primary purpose will be to conduct microgravity experiments according to the preliminary plan the indian space station will be able to house astronauts for up to 20 days in space know that this ambitious project will be an extension of the gaganian mission which is india's first mad emission to space then similar to the international space station the indian space station will also orbit earth at an altitude of approximately 400 kilometers see to make the space station fully functional iss are always actively working on a crucial technology called space docking space docking enables the transfer of humans from one spacecraft to another and this will allow various operations and missions to be conducted smoothly in space so as of now iss are was specific focus is on developing and testing the space docking experiment that is the spade x and this is to ensure the success of the indian space station okay and that's all regarding this discussion in this discussion we saw about international space station and we saw some points about india's proposed plan to launch its own space station now with these key points in mind let us move on to the next part of the news article discussion that is to discuss preliminary practice questions now look at this first question here the question asks that which of the following protected areas comes under mayur bench elephant reserve see there are three elephant reserves in odisha they are mayur bench elephant reserve mahanadi elephant reserve and sambalpur elephant reserve out of these three elephant reserves mayur bench elephant reserve is the formal name of simlipal kuldiha and hadgharg elephant reserve so mayur bench elephant reserve includes three protected areas such as simlipal tiger reserve hadgharg wildlife sanctuary and kuldiha wildlife sanctuary so the correct answer here is option c kuldiha wildlife sanctuary hadgharg wildlife sanctuary and simlipal tiger reserve moving on now look at this second question here this question is about kelp forests now look at the first statement kelp species grow well in tropical coastal waters because kelp require sunlight to do photosynthesis see this statement is incorrect as we saw in the discussion itself kelp thrives in cold and nutrient rich waters this means kelp live further from the tropics so here first part of statement is incorrect whereas the second part is correct as we saw kelp require sunlight to do photosynthesis overall the first statement is incorrect now commit to the second statement kelps live in a symbiotic relationship with urchins see this statement is also incorrect because sea urchins can destroy entire kelp forests at a rate of 30 feet per month by moving in herds know that sea waters play a key role in stabilizing sea urchin populations so that kelp forests may thrive so kelps do not live in a symbiotic relationship with sea urchins here symbiosis means benefit for both the species so second statement is incorrect here the question is asking for correct statements here both statements are incorrect so the correct answer is option d neither one nor two moving on let's take up the final question this question is about carbon border adjustment mechanism now look at the first statement it is a mechanism introduced for the first time in COP 27 see this statement is incorrect as we saw in the discussion itself CBAM is a phenomenon introduced by european union in the year 2021 and it was adopted by european union parliament in 2022 so before COP 21 itself CBAM was introduced and know that in COP 27 all developing countries opposed CBAM so statement one is incorrect now coming to the second statement it requires importers of certain carbon intensive goods to pay a levy on their imports see the statement is correct the CBAM regulation would require importers of certain carbon intensive goods like steel and cements to pay a levy on their imports corresponding to the charge imposed on comparable domestic industries under the european union emission trading system so second statement is correct here the question is asking for correct statements here the correct answer is option b two only and displayed here is the question for you today i will post this question in the community section try to answer it and don't worry the answer for the question is posted in the comment section of the question itself you can verify it and displayed here are the main questions for your practice go through the questions write your answers and post it in the comment section with this you have come to the end of the video if you like it or analysis please like comment and share and don't forget to subscribe to Shankar eyes academy youtube channel thank you for listening


Okay, we're back. This is Dave Vellante, and we're live from HP Discover. This is day two for theCUBE, day three for HP Discover. Yesterday we heard Meg Whitman give her great keynote today. Dave Donatelli was up on stage. We had Dave Donatelli yesterday on theCUBE. A lot of action on cloud. Meg Whitman gave a lot of love to cloud. I was happy to see that. It was really a good, strong enterprise message. And we're here with Pete Johnson, who works in the cloud organization. Developer experience is really your main focus. It's, you're the public cloud side of HP's cloud strategy. So it makes sense that you're trying to reach out to developers. I set off camera, that's where all the action is. Well, certainly that's where all the action was at the beginning of cloud, right? It was the developer audience that really was going after that. But so first of all, welcome to theCUBE. Thanks. Thanks for coming on. So yeah, so let's start with HP's cloud strategy. A lot of people don't really haven't, you know, heard about it, don't fully understand it. So why don't we start with that? What is HP's cloud strategy? So the idea and what we've, the tagline we've given into it is converge cloud. And fundamentally what it's about is choice. So the diagram that typically gets put up on the far left is like the dedicated, traditional, on-premise hosted experience. And you might be running some private cloud software on that to help increase your utility that you have there. In the middle you might have what we call the manage cloud, where it's not on your premise, it's in an HP Trade Data Center somewhere, and you might have some private cloud there to help with your deployments and utility there. And on the far right is typically we see us, the public cloud, where if you're a smaller house or an SMB or an individual developer, you might be exclusively on that HP cloud, but for bigger businesses that already have private cloud in either of those other two situations, you might need to burst in certain situations to public cloud to get some temporary capacity for your compute. Okay, so now you guys launched the converge cloud when? The converge cloud message has been about a month or two old. Yeah, okay. So talk about the go to market for that. How do you engage with customers and where do you guys fit? Well, the public cloud part of it, there's kind of two parts to that. We're talking off camera about this a little bit. The two pawns that public cloud tries to keep in, we want to try to impress the IT manager while also impressing the kid in the Stanford dorm who's inventing the next four square. So, we have a presence here at Discover to try to impress that traditional IT guy who is going to fit more in that converge cloud with the bursting kind of scenario. We have a presence at South by Southwest as well. We're trying to engage with those individual developers. So Amazon got it all started. I don't know what was it, 2004, 2006, somewhere in there, with EC2 and then S3 for their object store. So a lot of people say, okay, that's great. Developers, no problem, spin it up. It's easy for a developer, it's fast. But a lot of people aren't developers, number one, number two. A lot of enterprises that we talk to say, well, that's great, but the SLAs aren't what we want. Sure. They have other concerns like, can we go in and audit Amazon? Metrics, SLAs. What's a security incident? Can we get them to report based on our corporate edicts? How frequently they report? What about geographic placement of data? Can we control that? And you know the answer. The answer, if you're an Amazon customer is, well, here's the agreement. If you want it, use it. If you have a problem, email us and good luck. And that's cool. That worked, it's growing like crazy. But it's not appropriate for many enterprises. I presume that your strategy is to fill that void, is that right? You just did a great commercial for what we're about, basically, yeah. I mean, as a company, we've been building data centers as long as there's been such a thing as data centers. We've been working with Global 2000 accounts for many, many years. We understand what their needs are, their needs, and a lot of times are very similar to what our own internal needs are. And it's exactly the script that you just wrote up. We feel like there's plenty of space out there to play in the public cloud and that there's some things missing in that ecosystem today that we can fill based on our experience with those enterprise accounts. Okay, so obviously the other thing I want us to pay as we go, I want to pay by the drink. I don't want upfront capex. I don't want to pay maintenance, big licenses. I want to be locked in. You're obviously addressing that problem. So yeah, like the lock-in is actually a pretty big one for us. And one of the reasons why we chose OpenStack for our underlying software infrastructure. So if you're not familiar with OpenStack, it's an open-source software initiative initially founded by NASA and friends at Rackspace. But now includes many dozens of companies. HP is the Dell, obviously. We're the third largest contributor right now in terms of number of developers to OpenStack. Very involved in the roadmap process. In terms of HP's contribution to the open-source platform. In terms of number of heads, yes. So you're active contributors there. We are active contributors and committers, very active. The way that OpenStack releases work, as you may know, is those happen every six months to kick off a new development cycle. There's always a conference. The one recently last month in San Francisco for the full summer release that's in development now that we're actively contributing to. So one of the challenges that I think people have is squinting through the marketing, right? So Larry Ellison says the Oracle Public Cloud is open, right? And he does a very compelling narrative on why they're more open than Salesforce, you know?  So what is really open? So why is HP more open than the other guy? Well, the key part of the OpenStack play as it relates to us is something that Donatelli talked about in the keynote this morning. Nobody's out there saying, please lock me in. I want to start using you and I never want you to let me go. Jack up my maintenance and that. I mean, for Public Cloud, really, where your experience begins is at that REST API. Most people never see that. I've worked with that every day, given the job that I'm doing. But the OpenStack APIs are the same across all OpenStack vendors. So in that case, if you build your infrastructure and your software tools based on that API, you start off with us, you might choose to go somewhere else for a while and maybe come back, but because all the APIs are the same, you're not going to be locked into that. So to us, that's what that Open really means. Peter, is OpenStack ready for primetime? Well, we certainly, it's certainly getting there. There are parts of it that are more advanced than others, obviously. But yeah, we're placing major resources on that ourselves and we like where it's going. So when you're Open Cloud, your Public Cloud, what are you doing for an object store? Is it Swift? It is Swift, yes. So what if, I don't even know if I can do this, but let's say, for whatever reason, I don't want to use Swift. I want to use Nevonix or some other object store. Can I do that? Well, from a REST API perspective, that kind of veers away from what we see as being open. But what you would be able to do is go to any other vendor, like our friends at Rockspace, that are also using OpenStack. That REST API for Swift, the REST API for Swift is the REST API for Swift, regardless of who the vendor is. So that's what I mean by Open. Now there are, we don't happen to have compatibility API for Swift, but on the Nova, for the compute part of that, there is an EC2 compatibility API to help ease that burden of folks moving back and forth for that as well. Right, so, but OpenStack is the fundamental strategy. But OpenStack is the fundamental strategy of what we're doing, folks, yes. And I guess, Rackspace was sort of a controlling entity for a while, and now it's handed it to the community about six months ago, and that was a big move. Yeah, it was a very big move, and I think the benefit that they've received out of it is now they have a much bigger community of folks that are actively contributing to it. So you see a much bigger diversity in the number of projects that are being worked on, and a much larger number of areas, like things like network as a service, load balance as a service, other things that the initial OpenStack offering didn't have. And the developer community is gaga over OpenStack, you have to say.  So that's a key point of it. So what specifically is HP doing to reach out to developers? What's that, you know, what are you doing to foster that whole developer experience? So part of that, and what the team I'm on focuses on, is making that experience for developers what they would want. Big part of our team that sits basically on top of those REST APIs to create the customer experience. So for us, what my team works on is the web experience, the command line interfaces, the language bindings. The hiring we did for that, is we brought a ton of people from the outside that were working at smaller shops, doing their own thing on rails, with PHP and so forth, and brought them in and said, build this to impress your friends. Build this for what it is you would want it to be. If you go to hpcloud.com today, you're going to find an experience that's very different than what you see on other HP properties. That's very intentional, that we're trying to focus that in a way that's very easy to consume for that front end developer who might be running his own shop or hanging out a shingle. What's the URL? It's hpcloud.com. HPcloud.com, I don't have a key in it if you can go there, but I'm going to go there now and see. So you're saying it's a different experience from the standpoint of? It is, it looks very different from what you'd find on hp.com. It's complementary to what you would find on hp.com, but has a very different look and feel, and that's intentional. Yeah, it's got an HP logo, and that's about it, right? I mean, this is our product to most people. I mean, we don't ship something a box, put something a box and ship it to your home. When you use our product, this is your first entry into it. Using this and the command line interfaces, and like I said, the language bindings that you use to access the various services. Okay, so you've got a public beta, you can go sign up for that.  Okay, so, yeah, so there's an elastic block service analog within SWIFT, I mean, within OpenStack? Within OpenStack, yeah. What is that called? Right now, it's formally part of NOVA. They're talking about splitting it out as a separate project, at least that was a heated debate at the last OpenStack discussion. Yeah, and I know some of the SSD guys that was talking to SolidFire guys, I don't know if you know them, they're a startup in the SSD space. They were obviously one of the ones pushing for that, and wanting to contribute. Of course, they're startups, they don't have a lot of resources for that. Sure, but yeah, there's healthy debate about that at the first ones. Why wouldn't you break that out of NOVA? What was the essence of that debate? I mean, I don't want to get too academic about it, but I'm just trying to understand the merits. My job starts at that REST API, I'm not to... You don't care. I'm not super involved in some of those underlying things. We have people that can answer that question. But as a person providing an offering, I would think you'd want that. I mean, I guess you do have it, okay? Yeah, we do have it, it's a matter of, is you formally part of the NOVA project or does it spin off as a... So you package it as a separate offering, so you can price it out separately. That's really all you care about, right? Okay, and there may be some capabilities if it is separated out. And you've got relational database from MySQL and identity services, what's the security in the cloud? So identity services that's based on the OpenStack Keystone project, which is itself a separate thing. And that's the authentication and authorization that ties together all the other services. Early in the days of OpenStack, because the compute and the object storage came from different places, you had to authenticate separately with each service. Keystone makes it so that you log in to Keystone and then all the other services you can then begin to work with. So I would expect, so this is great, it is a much different website. It's nice, it's clean, it's also early. You can tell it's early and I would expect that the amount of function that you're going to deliver here is going to explode in the next 18 months. Talk about that a little bit, what can we expect? Well yeah, so you've probably seen the partner slides that we have that show the very rich set of partner ecosystem that we've developed. We feel like in this marketplace to let both enterprises and small businesses pick what it is they want out of a cloud system, you can't do it by yourself. You have to do it with your partners. So that plus the different infrastructures and service offerings we all have, the different platform as a service offerings we'll have, they'll all get incorporated into the website and in a marketplace offering that we're going to talk about later in the year. But yeah, so I mean we have some information architecture stuff to still work on as we go from having six services to 26 services. But what we strive for is a clean looking feel like what you're looking at there on your laptop, something that speaks to developers who care about that kind of stuff, right? Are you hearing a lot about DevOps from your developer community? The whole concept of bringing operations and development together? Yeah, we hear some of that. I would expect to hear more as this market continues to mature though. Yeah, I would think so. I mean that seems to be, you know, it's like the web giants lead the enterprise right by five or seven years, whatever it is. Absolutely, yeah. They're all sort of hopping on the DevOps bandwagon and showing hyper productivity results, you know? And so, good. So okay, you announced three months ago you said, so where are you in terms of delivery? Are you actually delivering today? So we started a private beta with the public cloud last summer. We just announced public beta earlier this month. And two of the services, the MySQL's a service, that's our first pass offering. That's in private beta as is the block storage. Okay, so at what point, so it's in private beta, what point will I be able to swipe a credit card and start buying these services? You can swipe a credit card and start buying services today. So okay, great. So it's a live product. It's a live product, I mean, like I said, which is really geared for developers. The label right now is public beta, but yeah, and we have discount pricing right now, given that we are in public beta, but you can swipe a credit card, start to use it and get tried for it right now. Early adopter pricing, great. Exactly. Good. All right Pete, well thanks very much for coming inside theCUBE. Thanks for having me. Sharing your perspectives with us. This is HP Discover, this is theCUBE. I'm Dave Vellante of Wikibon.org, we're live. Keep it right there, we'll be right back. We've got a number of guests coming up. We'll be here all day tomorrow. Keep it right there.


What's good y'all as well Ross back again with another video, so Things are starting to heat up with the bloodline versus Sammy and Kevin Owens and and Cody Rhodes being involved this whole storyline saga is Definitely heating up. We're only I believe two weeks away from WrestleMania And some things have definitely progressed on this episode of Smackdown Appreciate everyone. I was a part of the live stream reactions. You guys are always amazing So we got to talk about this so Cody starts off the show But when I am Cody like I've been saying for weeks and I think a lot of us are predicted he is trying to mediate the issues between Kevin Owens and Sammy Zane to get everybody on the same page and that's what happens here he calls out Kevin Owens and he calls out Sammy Zane and And Pretty much Sammy's trying to really figure out, you know, what's what's Kevin Owens issue? You know I'm saying I get it you you you don't want to be my friend I understand that we have our differences, but we got to work together to stop the bloodline, right?  I'm gonna list in some help. I'm just I'm not gonna let my pride be the best of me Okay, so of course, they're still teasing it. He's not he's not trying to hear He basically like yeah, you keep saying you're not trying to be my friend You want to work together? But you know I'm saying I kind of you know, basically kind of you know Kind of whining about it. What about having a good friend? I'm like Kevin come on bro. So Sammy is trying to pretty much get him to you know, you know, the berry to hatch it He ends up leaving the arena the arena after the segment as Sammy Zane is trying to get him to you know See the light doesn't really happen then. All right, cool so there's supposed to be a segment between Sammy Zane and Jey Uso they're supposed to have a little one-on-one segment Into the show comes Jimmy I'm not Jimmy Jays out there in the ring.  He's like bro.    He beat you down He threatened your other your brother and I love that they brought that up and I hope they Even after WrestleMania, I hope they continue that That issue that Jay has with Roman because I feel like that's that's a really good story to tell and to continue because Jay He's had to fall in line But he's been he's the one that gets has been mistreated out of everybody in the group So I would hope they do continue that and expound on that story I hope it just just doesn't end because we definitely need a resolution to that. So I Like this Sammy mentioned that you know got a lot of who's and all's and then they started going at it They start tussling, you know, and of course Jimmy was gonna come out there and help So Sammy's catching the ultimate beats at this point I'm thinking ah damn man We're gonna end the show with Sammy catching the beats and Kevin Kevin Owens music here I thought at first I thought it was gonna be Cody but Kevin Owens music hit Kevin Owens comes out there Gives them the beats Jimmy and Jay hit the stunner hit the pop-up power bomb beautiful pop great moment He turns to Sammy and Sammy getting up Walks over to him and gives him a gives him a hug the crowd was chanting give him a hug Give him a hug and they they finally embraced and hugged each other It was a great moment and you have Cody in the back looking like a proud dad like There we go my child there we go my children. I I I loved it man They finally pulled the trigger now. They are on the same page And I am so ready to see where things go. We only have a couple weeks left until WrestleMania. I am excited I thought they were gonna wait a whole another week for it But I think this is perfect to even hype up the match even more now Sammy and Kevin Owens and Cody all have one goal and one goal in mind To take down the bloodline and I am all for it. This was a fantastic segment great way to end the show I loved it. I love the teas is Kevin gonna finally do it and he finally helped out Sammy I can't wait to see what they do. This is going to be great And if I'm Sammy and if I'm Kevin Owens, I'm sending them a very clear message to the bloodline Very clear because the bloodline has been causing havoc for years now So it's time for them to cause their own bit of havoc and the best way to cause them havoc is to attack your Opponents when they're not expecting it because you know the bloodline has been doing that So I would love to see a backstage segment of them not worried quote-unquote not worried about Kevin Owens and Sammy Zane And they just started attacking them. They just they keep attacking them. They're letting it be known. We're taking those tag titles from you guys And we're ending the bloodline at WrestleMania. What do you like it or not? Oh, I Hope they I hope they do that these these next coming weeks man. So comment down below Let me know has this excited you even more finally that we got Kevin Owens Sammy Zane and And Cody Rhodes on the same page that I know I it's got me even more hyped to see what's gonna happen at WrestleMania Man, this was a great way to end off the show So let me know how y'all felt about this whole promo segment them coming together finally and what are you looking forward to? The most between this feud. How do you think it's gonna play out man? But I appreciate all the love and support you guys have shown on the channel road to a hundred fifty K And I'm still young to speed a YouTube wrestling champion the world and you're in the clutch world Champion appreciate y'all give me see our next one. Peace


This is FDA Patient Safety News. In this edition, a new drug to treat advanced prostate cancer, the first drug to treat botulism in infants, a recall of certain comfort gel nasal masks, a caution on administering IV push medications too quickly, and fatal errors with intrathecal contrast media. Many stories and more on this edition of FDA Patient Safety News. Welcome to the program. For the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, I'm Mark Barnett. And I'm Anita Reiner. Let's start with some medical products FDA recently approved. FDA recently approved a new drug to treat advanced prostate cancer for patients who have no alternative therapy. The drug called plenaxis is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist that lowers testosterone levels. Plenaxis, or aborellic for injectable suspension, is made by Pracist Pharmaceuticals Incorporated. Plenaxis is approved to treat the symptoms of advanced prostate cancer in men who can't take other hormone therapies and refuse surgical castration. A clinical trial of 81 such patients showed that these men could avoid surgical castration by undergoing at least 12 weeks of treatment. Some of these patients also showed other benefits, including decreased pain and relief from urinary problems. There's a decrease in effectiveness of the drug over time, so serum total testosterone concentration should be measured in patients about every eight weeks. Now there was a problem with allergies with this drug, wasn't there? Right, there was. Three patients in the clinical trial experienced systemic allergic reactions within minutes of receiving the drug. I'm assuming that that kind of reaction happens after the patient's gotten a few doses of the drug. Well actually no, it turns out that these kinds of reactions can occur even with the first dose, but as you might expect, the cumulative risk of getting this type of reaction increases the longer the patient is receiving the drug. So I guess patients have to be watched carefully after the injection to be sure of it. Right, that's really important. Patients have to be observed for at least 30 minutes after receiving each injection. That's so if allergic reactions occur, they can be managed appropriately. In fact, it's required that Plenaxis be administered in a doctor's office or medical facility. But there's more to it than that. Pracist Pharmaceuticals will administer a risk management plan for Plenaxis, which has several components. First, marketing of the drug will be restricted. Plenaxis will only be available from physicians with certain qualifications who enroll in the company's risk management program. The drug should only be used in patients with advanced symptomatic prostate cancer who do not have other treatment options. Pracist is establishing educational programs for physicians, patients, and hospital pharmacists about the risks and benefits of Plenaxis. And finally, patients will be asked to read and sign a patient leaflet before receiving the drug. FDA recently approved the first drug to treat botulism in infants under one year of age. The new product is botulism, immune, globulin, intravenous human, and it's going to be sold under the name baby big. It can be used for both type A and type B botulism. In clinical studies, when baby big was given within the first three days of hospitalization, it significantly reduced the length of hospital stay in infected infants. It also reduced the average length of stay in the ICU and the average length of time on a ventilator. Keep in mind, though, that baby big has only been studied in infants under one year of age, so it's not known if the drug would be safe and effective for other age groups. It's important to remember that IGIV products of this kind may be associated with renal dysfunction, acute renal failure, osmotic nephrosis, and death. IGIVs that contain sucrose as a stabilizer, such as baby big, have accounted for a disproportionate number of these events. Now, these events are rare and no cases of renal failure were seen during the trials. Still, patients predisposed to acute renal failure should receive baby big at the minimum concentration available and at the minimum rate of infusion that's feasible. These patients include those with any degree of preexisting renal insufficiency, diabetes, volume depletion, sepsis, or paraproteinemia, and also those on drugs that are known to be nephrotoxic. A Venice Pharmaceuticals has sent a letter to healthcare professionals alerting them to new warnings and precautions in the labeling for oreva or lafunamide, a drug used to treat active rheumatoid arthritis. The new labeling information is based on reports of rare but serious hepatic injuries, some of them fatal, as well as reports of severe infections, including sepsis. Most of the liver injuries were in patients who had preexisting liver disease or were exposed to other hepatotoxins. And most of the serious infections occurred in patients who had comorbid illnesses or who were receiving immunosuppressants. The new labeling provides further guidance about liver function tests and adjusting the dose or discontinuing the drug based on those tests. The labeling also provides a schedule of periodic blood tests that these patients should receive in order to monitor for possible bone marrow suppression. If you prescribe oreva or care for patients on this drug, you should read the letter from Aventus, which describes in detail the periodic lab tests that should be performed on these patients. Respironix Incorporated is recalling some of the company's comfort gel nasal masks. The masks are used with CPAP devices to treat patients with obstructive sleep apnea or respiratory failure. The recalled masks were distributed from September the 5th through September the 15th, 2003. Now, the affected devices are being recalled because a small number of those masks don't have a built-in port that allows exhaled air to exhaust properly. Well, Mark, what happens if these masks don't have this port? Well, without the port, it's possible that the patient would rebreathe CO2 and, of course, that could lead to an oxygen deficiency. In some cases, it's possible that the patient could suffocate. Also, the user instructions with these recalled masks can be confusing, because they tell the patient that the mask does have an exhalation port and doesn't need a separate one. And, of course, with some of these masks, that's not the case. Well, haven't most of these recalled devices already been retrieved by this point? They have. Most of the devices have already been returned to the company, and no patient injuries have been reported. But there could be some patients out there who are still using these masks. If you have a patient who might be using one, you should contact Resperonix, and that phone number is 1-800-345-6443. For more information, you can go to our website. Alon Pharmaceuticals, the manufacturer of Roxxanol morphine sulfate products, has sent a letter to health care professionals warning about accidental overdoses of morphine sulfate oral solutions. They know that Roxxanol concentrated oral solution contains 20 milligrams of morphine sulfate per milliliter. Serious overdoses have occurred when the medication was prescribed in milligrams, but then administered in milliliters. In one case, for example, five milligrams of morphine was ordered, but five milliliters of the Roxxanol solution was administered to the patient. And so the patient received 100 milligrams, and that's a 20 fold overdose. To prevent such errors, Alon Pharmaceuticals recommends that prescriptions for morphine sulfate oral solution show the concentration of the oral solution to be used, the intended dose of morphine in milligrams, and the volume of that dose in milliliters. For example, if the prescriber wants the patient to have a dose of 15 milligrams of morphine, here's the way the prescription should be written. Roxxanol 20 milligrams per milliliter, SIG 15 milligrams, 0.75 milliliters, or CC, every four hours PRN, dispense 30 milliliters. In a previous program, we told you that FDA had cleared a new rapid laboratory test for invasive aspergillus infection. The test called Platellia aspergillus EIA detects aspergillus galactomanin antigen in serum, which can be a good indicator of invasive infection. Results from this test are available in about three hours compared to about four weeks for the standard culture method of testing for aspergillus. Now the firm has notified us about reports of a possible interaction between this test and the drug Zocan. This interaction may cause false positive test results. Zocan is an injectable antibacterial combination of peppericillin and tasobactym that's distributed by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals. Certain patients treated with Zocan had positive aspergillus test results, but they did not have invasive aspergillus infection. So patients being treated with Zocan who have positive aspergillus results with the Patellia test should also be tested by another method. And laboratories that report a positive test result should inform clinicians about the potential interaction between Zocan and the Patellia aspergillus test so that the patient's drug therapy can be taken into account. BioRed has notified their customers and they're changing the product labeling. They want to alert users that positive test results in patients treated with Zocan should be interpreted cautiously and confirmed by other diagnostic methods. The Institute for Safe Medication Practices recently warned about potentially harmful errors that can occur when IV medications are administered too quickly. ISMP sites several examples of these kinds of errors and sometimes they've been minor like the rapid administration of IV ampicillin. But other cases have been more serious. For example, severe hypotension and red neck syndrome, which is a flushing of the upper body, can occur when IV vancomycin is given too rapidly. Serious adverse effects can also occur with too rapid administration of potassium chloride. The same holds true for verset or medazolam, which should be given slowly while the drug's effects on the patient are monitored. ISMP also reports on a case that led to a patient's death. An ED physician prescribed a labetolol 20 milligram IV push for a patient experiencing a hypertensive crisis. The nurse got the drug quickly, but the patient was already being transported to radiology. So on the way, the nurse administered the drug in a matter of seconds. The patient immediately arrested and could not be resuscitated. Here are some of ISMP's recommendations to reduce patient harm from rapid injections of IV medications. First, for medications that have a high risk of adverse events if they're given too fast, provide practitioners with ready access to information about the maximum rate of administration in milligrams per minute. Provide this information as an alert on pharmacy-applied product labels and as a special notation on computer-generated medication administration records. Also, post a list of these drugs in their administration guidelines in medication use areas or on a hospital intranet or in a small pocket guide. Second, consider using less concentrated solutions when you're giving a drug that could be dangerous if administered too quickly. For example, you could use the 1 milligram per milliliter strength, the verse said, rather than the 5 milligram per milliliter strength so staff can titrate the dose slowly during administration. Or you could dilute medications and administer them as a piggyback or with an infusion pump. And you could use a syringe pump to infuse small-volume IV medications. Finally, with drugs that should be administered for one minute or longer, avoid using terms such as IV push or IVP or bolus. Use more specific terms like IV over five minutes. Here's a story you may want to pass on to colleagues in the radiology department. The Institute for Safe Medication Practices recently reported on a patient who received an intrathecal injection of the wrong contrast medium prior to undergoing myelography and died as a result. ISMP points out that only certain products can safely be used intrathecally. In fact, FDA requires the manufacturers of contrast media that are not intended for this use to mark the packages not for intrathecal use or not for myelography. But these warnings can still be overlooked. And so ISMP has several suggestions to minimize the possibility of error. For example, the pharmacy might consider placing auxiliary warning labels on media that should not be used for myelography. Various types of contrast media could be stored separately based on their use. ISMP mentions one facility where media for myelograms are stored in a locked box in an exam room that's used exclusively for intrathecal procedures. No other contrast medium is stored there. Another hospital packages special myelogram kits that include the proper contrast medium. Of course, pharmacists should visit these areas periodically to be sure that the right media are in the right places. And when a contrast medium is to be administered intrathecally, clinical staff should perform an independent double check to be sure the product they're using is the right one for that purpose. It's also important for the clinical staff to be able to promptly recognize an error and begin treatment, because this may prevent a fatal outcome. You can see the entire ISMP article on our website. That's all for this edition of FDA Patient Safety News. Remember, you can get more information on all the stories you've seen here today by visiting our website. We also urge you to use the website to report problems you've encountered with medical products. That's how we learn about problems so we can alert others. We'll be back next month with another edition. So watch for us. Until then, for the US Food and Drug Administration, I'm Anita Rainer. And I'm Mark Barnett. See you next time.