once again welcome you all to MSP lecture series on interpretive spectroscopy. In my last lecture, I was telling you about relationship between the stretching force constant of a bond with respect to its stretching frequency. And as I mentioned, there are three simple equations to find out unknown entities such as stretching frequency or stretching force constant. The simplest one being nu bar equals 130.3 into square root of f by mu. Here f is in newtons per meter and then mu is in atomic mass unit. If you want to use the standard equation derived from Hooke's law that is nu bar equals 1 over 2 pi c into square root of f by mu. Here mu has to be multiplied by 1.67377 into 10 raise to minus 27 to convert a mu into k g and rest is alright you can calculate and find out. So, in another equation nu bar equals 4.12 into square root of f over mu. So, in this we have to convert stretching force constant from newtons per meter to dynes per centimeter. So, if it is 1 digit or 2 digit you multiply it by 10 raise to 5 and if it is 4 digit multiplied by 10 raise to 3 you are automatically converting that into dynes per centimeter and then if you calculate at the end there will be little bit difference will be there, but all the three equations are equally good. The simplest one being nu bar equals 130.3 into square root of f by mu very easy to remember and you can practice with the table I gave where I listed a reduced mass also there is no need to worry about that one and also I gave you force constant for all the bonds I showed you different bonds in newtons per meter and also corresponding stretching frequency in centimeter minus 1 in wave number was also given. So, you verify and make yourself comfortable in calculating those parameters. Let me continue discussing about now the important one as far as coordination compounds and argumentary compounds are concerned it is carbonyl complexes and in front of respect of carbonyl complex is very very important to know the donor and acceptor properties of other ligands present along with carbon monoxide in mixed ligand complexes though structure determination number of bands in the CV stretching region all those things are very important if the number is consistent with that provided by the selection rule of a particular point group may be assigned to the molecule again if you look into the point group and character table you can identify infrared infrared active bands and also how many bands are expected for a particular point group also you can know that I would be showing you later and then what is important is the stretching frequency in the region of 2000 centimeter minus 1 is very very important for compounds containing carbonyl groups. What are the limitations of predicting the structure from the number of CV stretching modes? For example, the number of stretching frequencies what we observed in the spectrum may not really tell the fact that how many CO groups are present. So that means we should try to see some relationship between the molecular structure of a compound and activity of the CV stretching modes for a given point group or for a given geometry for substituted carbonyl complexes when we consider substituted non-homolyptic carbonyl complexes in that case point group may be assigned considering the local symmetry of the metal and the carbonyl groups provided the ligands have the spherical symmetry is very important you can assign point group considering the local symmetry of the metal and the carbonyl groups provided the ligands have the spherical symmetry if not considering the symmetry of the molecule as a whole so either way we can correlate the geometry with respect to number of carbonyl groups present and also number of stretching frequencies are observed. For example, you consider here cyclopentatri carbonyl manganese and also another example is tetracharbonyl vanadium with CP group cyclopentadienyl vanadium tetracharbonyl or you have here tricharbonyl benzene compound of chromium or molybdenum and if you try to do the electron count also you can do it here manganese in plus one state if it is manganese in plus one state we have six electrons are there and six electrons are there and six electrons are there this innate electron complex this is another method to make yourself about electron counting and here again six are there and then here four and plus eight because vanadium is in plus one state so this also a electron complex and here it is six plus six plus six this also a electron complex so all are a electron complex so we also learned about counting the electrons this is by you can use ionic method or covalent method doesn't matter so all these compounds show two stretching frequencies when you look into the air spectra if you look into the first one it has C3V symmetry and the second one has C4V symmetry and third one has C3V symmetry again so that means both cyclopentadienyl group and also eta 6 are in are axially symmetrical with respect to these point groups symmetry is lowered if aniline or thiophene replaces are in benzene or cyclopentadienyl group then the symmetry of the whole molecule has to be considered for example if you see here you can see the symmetry is here in case of tricarbonyl cyclopentadienyl manganese and you have a C3V is there you can also have C3V and here you can have C4 axis of rotation so that means basically you can consider the symmetry of the molecule as a whole because the other ligand is also symmetrical with respect to the point group that is identified and then if you consider here if you put a hydro atom to make a thiophene or adding nitrogen to make it pyridine then what happens the symmetry of the molecule is lost and then the symmetry of whole molecule has to be considered here as a result what happens you will see 3 in case of this one as well as 3 in case of this one stretching frequencies so 3 COs will be observed in both the cases the trends in stretching frequency of compounds belonging to a series having related structures can be interpreted using simple bonding scheme for example how to make this compounds for example we take homolyptic carbonyl example iron pentacarmonyl or chromium molybdenum tungsten hexacarmonyl or manganese mn to co10 or co2 co8 in case of cobalt if we chain uv light or thermally also we can activate in presence of ligands to have a series of compounds of this formula then after making this compound just if you subject them to infrared spectroscopy that will give you some idea about the number of stretching frequencies present and also probably local symmetry and then this is the M O diagram for carbon monoxide and I am sure you are all familiar with carbon monoxide and if you consider simple Lewis dot structure so here we have 4 and here we have 6 10 valence electrons are there here and then initially what we can do is we can put a bond here and then one bond is there and then put something like this and then the remaining two electrons will be put like this so now Lewis dot structure okay octet is not satisfied for this one so this electrons will come here and this electrons would come here as a result what happens triple bond is established and this lone pair remains and this lone pair is there and you know that this lone pair on carbon is responsible for carbon monoxide to act as a neutral ligand and this lone pair is what shown here and then these three sets of are shown here these three represents and then this one is shown here this is deeply buried as a result what happens when C O is acting as a ligand it can never use this lone pair for coordination it only uses this and many times students often get confused that when it's bridging two metal centers it acts as a four electron donor very similar to halides that is not true when it is bridging with the two metal centers or three metal centers what we are doing is we are generating electron deficient compound so here if you make it it is a four center two electron bond four center two electron bond and if you have something like this it is three center two electron bond see whatever the electrons are present here this will be shared between two metals so these things I would tell you what would happen when it's acting as a terminal ligand bridging ligand try bridging leg and what would happen stretching frequency we can consider so this is what we should focus on and then what happens we have the pi star is also there the pi star energy of C O is quite comparable to T 2 G orbitals or DX at the YZ and the XY orbits of metal complexes which essentially are non-bonding in the absence of back bonding or pi bonding so they interact with pi star to generate a set of bonding and anti-bonding orbitals and this bonding orbits would be taking electrons from metal that we call it as back bonding and one also should remember the fact that one carbon monoxide can take anywhere between 0.2 to 1.6 electrons to its pi star orbital through back bonding this is d pi I would say pi star bonding or I would also say it is it's a d pi means here it is a dx y dx z or dy z okay now you can see again so this is this represents sigma bond formation two electrons are there and this is C O bond formation is there this is sigma and then this interaction it can be with any of those orbitals such as dx y or dx z or dy z so this pi star would interact and this is called pi bonding this is pi bonding and this is sigma bonding so when sigma bonding would make carbon monoxide electron deficient as a result what happens pi bonding will be initiated and when the pi bonding is there carbon monoxide is electron rich and sigma bonding will be more strengthened so this is called synesthetic effect because of this one what happens metal to carbon bond is stabilized when more and more metal to carbon bond is stabilized C O bond will be weakened and it will be elongated and the stretching force constant decreases and also C O stretching frequency also decreases so these two modes of bonding are mutually reinforcing and is called synergic effect charge removal through pi bonding leads to more extensive sigma bonding while charge donated through sigma bonding thus facilitates further back bonding so this mutual give and take benefits that metal to carbon bond and it will be more strengthened and becomes more and more stable let us look into some reactivity here and when we consider metal hexacarbonyl such as chromium albinatangsten hexacarbonyl and when we react them with only nitrogen donor ligands which are sigma donor in nature for example austenonitrile benzonitrile or if you take triethylamine only alkylamine or arylamines in this case what happens maximum replacement of only three carbon monoxide is observed here because since nitrogen donor ligands are good sigma donors to minimize interact on repulsion and also to stabilize the metal in its zero valent state more and more back bonding has to be considered so minimum of three carbon monoxide are needed in such cases to minimize interact on repulsion so that zero valent metal is stabilized so in this context when we are considering only sigma donor ligands in case of hexacarbonyl we can replace only three of them with these things on the other hand if we consider sigma donor and pi acceptor ligands such as phosphines it's possible to replace up to four carbon monoxide and if the phosphine is much stronger like trifluorophosphine it's very easy to knock off all carbon monoxide to form homo elliptic phosphine complex for example if we take thia co6 and if we use six pf3 it is possible to get rid of all six carbon monoxides to get a homo elliptic pf3 six complex or one can also see some some other compounds like bidentate ligands like this even this ligand is comparable to almost its pi acceptor ability to carbon monoxide it can also if we use three equivalents of them it can also replace our carbon monoxide to form something like this so such compounds have been well established and reported in 1980s and 1990s so what we should remember is as far as infinite stretching frequency is concerned free carbon monoxide shows around 2133 or in some books say 2147 so one can consider 2140 or something and in case of metal hexacarbonyl the range is around 2000 centimeter minus one so that means there is a considerable drop in the stretching frequency this is because of the population of electrons into the pi star of CO decreasing the bond order so increase in negative charge on metal is observed by new CO changes for example when we consider isoelectronic series such as mnCO6 plus chromium hexacarbonyl and vanadium hexacarbonyl anion we can see what would happen to the stretching frequencies when we go from cationic to neutral to anionic stretching frequency drops because this is electron rich when it is electron rich metal more and more electrons density goes to the pi star as a result metal to carbon bond is strengthened and CO bond is weakened and whereas here it is here it is in positive charge as a result it reluctantly donates electrons to the pi star of carbon monoxide as a result what happens stretching frequency and would be a little higher compared to this one so we can consider the overall equilibrium of metal to carbon bond with two extreme cases in this fashion when moderate back bonding is there something like this and the back bonding increases becomes almost ketonic and here if the back bonding is quite extensive then we can have a situation like this these two are the extremes and here this is the with good donor and acceptor properties of the other ligands it can exhibit something like this so stretching frequencies are given here you can see 2096 quite high and it is 2000 and 1859 so as the electron density increases on the metal center stretching frequency also decreases because more and more electrons will be promoted to pi star this also we can call it as charge transfer metal to ligand charge transfer in spite of its isoelectronic series because of the positive charge and negative charge this observation can be made easily so now I have given for detain complexes of different metal ions here silver karma maroxide plus and n-s-c-o4 nickel tetracharbonyl and cobalt tetracharbonyl anion manganese hexacharbonyl cation neutral chromium hexacharbonyl verinium c-o6 for just comparison I have given here values free c-o is 21 43 you can consider this as the standard value and then in case of ag plus it is 2204 a little higher than the free gaseous and then nickel tetracharbonyl considerably higher so that means in nickel tetracharbonyl it appears that the back bonding is not extensive and of course if we consider overall 3d 4d and 5d metals early metals despite having electron deficiency they are excellent pi donors on the other hand despite having large electron density among the late metal late rosin metals that means I'm talking about iron afterwards and having more electron density still they are reluctant pi donors that can be seen here by simply looking into the stretching frequency of karma maroxide that is bound to these late metal ions silver it is 2204 and then nickel tetracharbonyl 2060 and cobalt tetracharbonyl anion 1890 here it is more because metal is anionic and more electron density is there and stretching frequency will be very less compared to other one and then on the other hand here manganese plus so positive doesn't donate very easily so it comes around 2090 chromium hexacarbonyl moderate 2000 and again here anionic stretching frequency further drops to 1860 compared to 1890 in case of cobalt this also indicates early metals are very good pi donors so increase in the electron density on a metal center results in more back bonding to the carbon monoxide ligates more electron density would enter into the carbonyl pi star orbital and weaker co part therefore it makes metal to karma maroxide bond strength increasing and more double bond like character here what I had shown in my previous slide so now let's look into chromium hexacarbonyl to see how back bonding happens so here we have six karma maroxides are there and we have taken ligand group orbitals are there symmetry our adopted linear combination of atomic orbits are concerned here in polyatomic molecules and here six ligand six karma maroxide will be having a symmetry of a1g t1u eg to match with metal 3d 4s and 4p orbitals so 3d we have eg and t2g because octahedral splitting and then of course 4s is a1g and 4p triplet degenerate t1u is there now they combine in this fashion to generate six co bonding orbitals in which 12 electrons would be accommodated here and then they these six electrons whatever is there on zero valent chromium will be sitting here and then these electrons as I mentioned would interact with this orbital t2g will would interact with pi star having t2g symmetry to generate bonding and anti-bonding orbitals of pi symmetry and then these electrons would come here so this would explain sigma donation as well as pi acceptor properties of karma maroxide this is for nickel tetracharbonyl so nickel tetracharbonyl we know that nickel is in zero valent state and it is tetrahedral and then valence bond theory suggests sp3 hybridization having nickel something like this and then co will be binding something like this actually the molecule is tetrahedral in nature but when we look into a mo diagram valence bond theory says without any hesitation that it is sp3 but when you look into molecular orbital diagram it gives a different hint about the geometry and if you see nd here if you consider here 3d and 4s and 4p are much higher in energy and then if you just look into the sigma and pi bonding orbitals of karma maroxide for karma maroxide these are not at all interacting these two are supposed to interact with this one and this one a1g at t1u from 4s and 4p to establish 4 nickel to karma maroxide bonds but that is not seen and here they remain as non-bonding so here as non-bonding and there's no interaction whatsoever with this with this that means basically sp3 hybridization predicted from valence bond theory doesn't explain bonding in nickel tetracharbonyl and then but what you can see is here we have pi star orbitals of 4s and they are interacting with t2 here not t2g t2 I would say to have back bonding that means nsvo4 survives only on back bonding but there is no sigma bonding that means these electrons are more or less confined to karma maroxide itself they are not forming nickel sigma bonding at all you can see here all are here I would show you in the next slide you can clear here well you may be surprised why I have shown so many electrons here of course if you consider here here one pair two pair three pair and four pairs are there four pairs per karma maroxide and three for triple bond one for lone pair and similarly we have 12 electrons four pairs are there four into four sixteen pairs of electrons should be there and this is deeply buried this can be ignored those sixteen pairs should be shown here all the sixteen pairs are shown here that says that it looks complicated but our attention should be towards these four electrons here so they are not at all involved in binding so you can see here so these these are supposed to interact with this as well as this one to make four nickel to karma maroxide so these ones and these are nothing but these electrons on karma maroxide so this is not they remain almost like non-bonding so that means how the karma maroxide are held it is because of back bonding here e and t2 here and it splits here into e and t2 and then these 10 electrons from d10 system are occupying here so that indicates why nsco4 is highly volatile highly unstable because it doesn't have any nickel to karma maroxide sigma bonding unlike chromium hexa carbonyl where we saw there is chromium to carbonyl sigma bond in all six carbonyl groups so here we have both whereas here we have only this one not this one is missing because there is they're non-bonding here this electrons remains non-bonding they're not interacting and many textbooks are not showing this one and of course if you want to look into more you can look into these references that have shown here so now let's look into the effect of different types of ligands on new co that means stretching frequencies in mixed ligand complexes so one system I have taken here tricarbonyl marbonyl complex having different type of phosphines and other nitrogen donor ligands and if you consider here tris trifluorophosphine tricarbonyl marbonyl complex is there three karma monoxide groups are replaced by pf3 and as I mentioned pf3 is an excellent pi acceptor it's a poor sigma donor but an excellent pi acceptor as a result you can see stretching frequencies are much higher very close to free co but when you replace pf3 trimethyl phosphide it is relatively weak pi acceptor compared to trifluorophosphine here considerable drop is there in the stretching frequencies that means more back bonding is observed and the other end when you go to trifluorophosphine and trifluorophosphine is a good sigma donor but moderate pi acceptor and it is less weak pi acceptor compared to trimethyl phosphide further it drops here then if you consider tris carbonyl complex with astronitrile astronitrile is only sigma donor and now only three karma monoxide are there it further drops here because more back bonding happens to remaining three karma monoxide groups and then in case of pyridine three also it is much relatively lower this indicates how the ligands present along with karma monoxide can influence the stretching frequency of karma monoxide if they are competing equally well for back bonding their stretching frequency increases on the other hand if they are weak the ligands that are incoming are weak pi acceptor their stretching frequency drops considerably and c o bond becomes weakens okay so let me stop here and continue more discussion on metallocarbonyls and their stretching frequencies in my next lecture until then have an excellent time thank you


Welcome back to Six Sister Stuff. Today I am pulling out the sheet pans because I am making sheet pan recipes. So I'm Kristen and if you're new to the channel, welcome. If you love simple easy recipes then this is a perfect place to be. I am making five delicious sheet pan recipes that literally anyone can make. Now I love these because you can usually get like some sort of meat or main dish and then you have like a side dish that goes with it. So super simple, super easy and way less dishes than lots of other recipes. Let's just jump right into it. The first recipe I'm making is sheet pan meatloaf and green beans. Now this is not your regular meatloaf. We're gonna make meatloaf balls. They're gonna cook a little bit faster and it'll be just easier to eat for everyone. You're gonna start with one to one and a half pounds of ground beef. You can use ground turkey too.  Next you're gonna crack two eggs into the bowl. Then you're just gonna dump in the onions. Then add one fourth cup of ketchup. I just like to eyeball the fourth cup. Then you're just gonna add salt and pepper to taste. The last thing you're gonna add is just one cup of oats. On top of the oats you're gonna add half a cup of Italian style bread crumbs. Then I have my tomato soup. I'm just gonna add half of it right now. Now we're just gonna mix it all together. Now this is called a chop and stir. It actually helps you cook meat. I use it on the skillet, but I actually love using it for meatloaf because it kind of just mixes everything together and it doesn't really stick too badly. Sometimes it doesn't mix as well as you want so roll up your sleeves, wash your hands first and it just works there. I can just mix it with my hands. All right, when it's all mixed you're just going to set it aside. Now you're gonna take the other half of your tomato sauce and put it into a small bowl. This is gonna be your topping. Then I have two tablespoons of brown sugar and two tablespoons of Worcestershire sauce. Worcestershire, Worcestershire, whatever you call it.  Okay, we are ready. You're gonna take your sheet pan and spray it with non-stick cooking spray.  Kind of all over. Now I'm gonna add just a little bit of olive oil to my beans and a little bit of garlic salt. Then you're just gonna mix the olive oil so it kind of coats the green beans. Okay, now we are ready for our meatloaf. Then you're gonna take your meatloaf and roll it into 12 balls.  There we go, we need 12 of these. Then you're gonna take the sauce that you made and just put it over each meatloaf ball. All right, once they're covered, it's time to throw them in the oven 400 degrees for 25 to 30 minutes. Then when they're done, they are nice and crispy on top. You just pull them right out. All plated up, ready to go. Let's give it a little bite. I love meatloaf, that's one of my favorites. So the next recipe I'm making is sheet pan chicken pot pie. These are all the ingredients you'll need to make it. First we're gonna melt two tablespoons in a medium high heat sauce pan. Into the sauce pan, we have one onion, four stalks of celery, I like to do in little chunks. Then two potatoes, you can use red potatoes but I'm using russet potatoes today. And then I just cut up two carrots. Then you're just gonna saute it for about eight to 10 minutes. So it's been about eight minutes. Now we're gonna add two cups of chicken broth. Then we're just gonna add some salt and pepper to taste. Two teaspoons of garlic. Now we're going to make it a little bit thicker so we need to add a fourth cup of flour. Then just mix that all in. Now I like it really creamy so we're gonna add just eight ounces of cream cheese. Okay so you're gonna add two cups of chicken. Now you can use a rotisserie chicken. I cook this in the Instant Pot. If you want my recipe of how to cook it in Instant Pot I'll put it down below for you in the description. So this is where you'll add about a half a cup of peas, frozen peas but I forgot them. So we're just doing it without peas today. So while that's finishing up we're gonna spray this with non-stick cooking spray. Then we're just gonna spread it around the sheet pan. Now we're just gonna take some puff pastry sheets.  Then you're just going to open up your pastry sheet and then just cut it into one inch strips. Then you're gonna take the puff pastry and kind of stretch it a little bit so it will hit both ends. We'll take this one, stretch it. There we go, you just wanna make sure there's a little space in between each strip. Now we're just gonna crack one egg and put it in our bowl. Go ahead and break the oak and mix that all up. Then we're just gonna lightly brush the egg onto the puff pastry. Then you're just gonna put it in your oven at 400 degrees for 30 to 35 minutes. This cooked for 30 minutes you could even go like 20 to 25. These are a little more brown than I like but it will still work. Just gonna put it onto my plate. A little bit of parsley on top. Ready to serve. Let's try it out. I'm really good, super easy, I love it. So the third sheet pan I'm making is called chicken sausage and vegetables. This one is one of my most favorites because it's super easy to put together. You don't have to pre-cook any meat. You just put all the sheet pan, cook it and dinner's ready. Gonna start with one of my favorite things is this chicken and apple sausages. I love them because they don't have as nearly as much fat and they're just a little bit better for ya. I like to have it into small slices. They're easier to eat. Okay, now that all the sausage is cut up, I also cut up my onions, pretty small pieces, I like them small. Carrots, I did small slices. Zucchini and then a lot of potatoes. And then add all my vegetables. Okay, so now that we have all the ingredients ready to go, we're going to drizzle on about two tablespoons of olive oil. And I'm just eyeballing this. We're just drizzling a little bit on all of it. Then we're gonna go ahead and just coat this. You want the olive oil to just go over everything. Next, we're gonna add some garlic salt and some poultry seasoning. Now you're just going to season this on just to taste. So however much you like, that's what you're gonna add. So I just kind of like to spread it on everywhere. Okay, now for the poultry seasoning. Again, just kind of spread it on everything. Once your seasonings are on, you're just going to mix it up one more time, then we're ready to cook. Now we're all ready to cook 400 degrees, 20 minutes. Okay, they're all done cooking and it looks amazing. Let's try a bite. The next recipe I'm making is one pan chicken fajitas. Now I love this because I can cook my chicken and my vegetables all at the same time. Then you just fill them in a tortilla, super simple. The first thing we're gonna do is to lay the chicken tenders onto the sheet pan. Next, we're gonna add either taco seasoning or fajita seasoning, whatever you have. We're gonna add about half of the packet on top of the chicken. Next, I'm gonna take a jar of salsa. I love herdez salsa. And we're just gonna sprinkle a little bit of salsa on top of the chicken also. Okay, so I cut up a yellow pepper and a red pepper and then I also cut up an onion. Now you can do your onion in strips, but my kids don't really love onions, so I'm trying to hide them. So I did small pieces for my onions. Then we're just gonna pour this right on top of your chicken. You can do it in between, you can do it on top. It doesn't really matter. Now for the onions. Now I'm just gonna add the rest of the taco seasoning right on top and then we're gonna drizzle everything with a little bit of olive oil. Okay, this is all ready to cook, so we're gonna cook it at 375 degrees for about 40 minutes. All right, when you're all done, you're just gonna take it and put it in a tortilla and add your most favorite toppings. So if you notice I'm using whole wheat tortillas just to make it a little bit healthier. So if you're going healthier, whole wheat's the way to go. All right, ready? And the last recipe I'm making is baked pork chops and potatoes. I love this, pork chops and potatoes are cooked at the same time. You're first gonna add three fourths cup of Italian seasoning into a bowl. A teaspoon of Italian seasoning and then a half cup of Parmesan and then just mix that all together. All right, so I'm gonna line my cookie sheet with foil.  All right, so first you're gonna take one of your pork chops. Now mine has a bone in it, it doesn't matter. So a bone in or without a bone, that's great. So you're gonna put it into a half a cup of your melted butter and then into your Italian seasoning mixture and you're gonna press it pretty good, then flip it, then press it again. Then it's just gonna go right onto your pan. All right, once they're all done, let's head on over to the potatoes. All right, now it's time for the potatoes. So I have about five potatoes that I chopped up. Again, I like to do bite-sized pieces just cause they're easier to eat. We'll just dump them right into a bowl. Then I'm just gonna drizzle the top with a little bit of olive oil and then some salt and some pepper. Then you're just gonna mix this to coat all of the potatoes. So then you're just gonna dump the potatoes all around the pork chops. We want them to be touching the foil cause they'll cook a little bit better. Then you just wanna spread them out, making sure they're not on top of each other. Then you're just gonna cook these for 400 degrees for about 35 to 40 minutes.  Now I also like to serve this with a delicious side salad. It's really good. Now if you want more easy recipes just like this one, make sure that you subscribe and push the bell notification so you don't miss any of my uploads. All right guys, I'll see you on the next one. Bye.


Connecting media devices. The cubby on the desk has cables for laptops and Apple devices. Pull the cable fully out of the cubby and attach to the device. Now touch the desktop app screen and select the cable cubby you are using. Once finished, pull the cable up to click and it will recoil back into the cubby.


So if I go back on over here, I can mirror that on my schedule A and I could say, okay, they owned a home. So 14,000 mortgage interest. I'm gonna say I'm just making numbers up and property taxes, 4,000. And that means they're more likely to be able to take the medical expenses. Let's see if we could do a little worksheet on the medical expenses. I'm gonna add some info here. Gonna add a couple rows. I'll do this fairly quickly because it's not an Excel course, but I'm gonna insert. And then let's say we had medical expenses. Let's add a couple lines that we can add different medical expenses. Boom, boom. And then I'm gonna add a couple more rows here. Insert a couple more rows. And then I'm gonna format those this way right now. And that's gonna be, so that'll be the total, total medical expenses. And so we put here, how much did we put? 10,000. And so let's sum it up equals the sum of those. And then we've got the 7.5 floor. Well, let's put in our AGI. So the AGI, I'm gonna say is pulling over from the 1040, which in our case is 100,000. So there's the AGI. And then I'm gonna say there's a 7.5% floor, which is gonna be equal to this times 0.075. And so it has to clear that. And so then we're gonna say, medical, medical and dental expenses on the outer side, which is gonna equal this minus the floor. So I know I did that fairly quickly, but you could see the idea of 10,000 is going in. And then we're gonna pull in our AGI from our formula. And then we're gonna say there's a floor of 7.5% of the AGI. So 10,000 minus that floor, that's the deductible portion that should then pull in as part of our itemized deductions. And then we also have the state taxes that I'm gonna let the system calculate on the schedule A, which they're getting to the 1,017. So I'm gonna say, okay, 1,017, that adds up to the 2,1517, which ties out 2,1517, pulls on to the first page of the 1040. So there's the 2,1517 bringing the taxable income to 78,483. So pulling that over. And so now it's taking the greater of the itemized or standard, 2,1517. And there's the 78,483, 78,483. I won't go to the second page and do the tax calculation because that we're mainly focused up here on the medical expenses. Now, of course, if we were saying that they were married, that threshold goes a lot higher. So if we said they were married, if I went back on over and said, of course, that they were married, then the, and I kept everything else the same. Now I'm only, I'm still only taking the standard deduction because that's a quite high threshold. And we haven't cleared that threshold here. So that would be that.  Let's bring it back to single then. And go to single, booms. We have to keep in mind all the time that standard deduction when we're thinking about these itemized items. Now also note that if you're including stuff in a medical expense, some questions that often come up is if you look at a W2 form, for example, you might say, hey, look, box six, Medicare tax withheld sounds like a medical related item. And I paid for it because my employer. I attempted to inject it with poison, withheld it through the payroll taxes and then paid it directly to the government. Therefore, I should get a deduction for the Medicare tax withheld on box six here for the schedule A medical expenses. But you don't typically get to include this in the medical expenses on schedule A, the Medicare tax withheld for the payroll taxes. I think in part because the Medicare tax was originally thought of as not actually paying directly into your insurance premiums, but instead as like a safety net type of program, although as time has passed, it looks more like you are kind of paying directly into your insurance premiums, but you don't typically get to deduct that on the schedule A. The other kind of confusing thing would be most of the time or a lot of the time people have their premiums for insurance tied in with their employer. So you've got to say, I can't deduct my premiums if they've already been accounted for on the W-2. In other words, if box one, my wages that are in place with regards to my federal income tax has already been reduced by the payments for the health plans or health expenses of some kind, then I can't also take a deduction on the schedule A because they basically have already been reduced before we even record the income on the 1040. And you can look at some of these items because they'll be listed down here oftentimes in box 12B. So we saw this same kind of concept with relation to like putting money into a 401K plan, for example. That's why you might have differences between box one and box five, for example, which are both recording the wages, but you might have some wages up top in box one that are reduced by say the 401K plan and possibly like a cafeteria plan or something. So they've already reduced the income, whereas some of that might not be reduced in the Medicare wages on box five. So you want to keep that into consideration as well. If you paid it through your work, was it already accounted for on the W-2, then you'd be double dipping if you also deducted it on the schedule A. The other thing to just keep in mind here is that, and that's beneficial oftentimes, if you can get that benefit on the W-2 and get it through your employer, because then of course, if it's reduced from box one, even if you're not itemizing, then you've already reduced kind of your income as opposed to being only getting a benefit if it was itemizing and being subject to that 7.5% limitation. Why? Limitations, we are addicted to our own limitations. Before you get a benefit. Also note that we talked about if you're self-employed, that you might have this self-employed health insurance in some cases here that you could possibly deduct if you have a schedule C, sole proprietorship type of business. So again, if you deducted here, then you can't deduct it on the schedule A. And this would often be more beneficial to deduct it here if you're able to because then you don't have to itemize once again, you don't have that floor of 7.5% of the AGI that you do with relation to the schedule A. So that's mainly it. So if I go back in here on the schedule A with regards to just to recap it with the medical and dental expenses, it's not usually the first thing that kicks you over to being itemizing. It's usually the ownership of the home with the interest and the taxes related to the ownership of the home unless there's like a big thing that happened. There's also that 7.5% limitation. That's a floor that you have to clear before you even get any benefit from it at all. And then you've got to be careful on the categorization what types of things are included. We went through a bigger list when we saw the prior presentation but you also want to make sure that you're not double dipping anywhere. In other words, did you get a benefit from it in some other location such as it was already decreased from the W-2?


So hello everybody, welcome back to yet another episode of our series, Power People, which provides the resource of the music industry and today on this special episode, we have with us Mr. Vinod Bhamushali, who is an Indian film producer, entrepreneur and the founder of Bhamushali Studios Limited and its music. We welcome you here today, sir. Hi, good morning. So Vinod, sir, my first question to you is that can you share the inspiration behind your journey into the film industry and entrepreneurship leading to the establishment of the Bhamushali Studios Limited and its music? How it has been so far? The journey has been definitely one of a roller coaster journey for me because I never thought that someday I'll own my own studio or probably label owner and make films. However, it started in college days. If I start from those days, I was never into this business. I mean exposure to entertainment business was just going to cinemas and watching films or probably, you know, watching videos on that films on VHS kind of. Yeah. But however, Destiny, as you call, got me to know Gulshan Ji. I used to work with Sahara, Sahara India. They had a studio. I used to handle the studio part of theirs.   I was like about 19, 20 years old back. That hand on my shoulder and Gulshan Ji, you know, he put and then my interview happened on Sunday, like just two, three rounds in his office and he was there. And I thought to myself that if I don't see that, you know, something in my way that what I am, that probably you must have seen. And he's just telling that, okay, you just do this. I had my exposure. It's a name. We'll do it. And kind of confidence, which he showed me.  And that was my start in the industry probably. I was there with him for, like, good four years, till 1994, the incident happened. And then for like good 27 years, we worked very closely, me, Gulshan Ji, and that team. And I think all my learnings and experience on the job, it happened on the job rather, you know, and that's how it's a wonderful journey. I will always chase from throughout my life. So yeah. So as the founder of Bhanushali Studios Emeritus, what vision do you have for the studio and how has it evolved since its inception? So when we started the studio, the idea was that what kind of films should we start with?  But the starting point was that we wanted the stories to be told, the Indian stories, you know, the stories which Indian would relate, Bharti and Lobo's stories should be told. And that's Janit Mejari started, then Banda Kaafi, and then Matt in recent times. We just released it. So it was very clear that I wanted the stories, one. And second, actors who could leave that character, who could exactly make us feel that, so that happened. And I think God was kind that the subject, what we choose and the kind of cinemas, the films which we made were very well appreciated, loved and got a lot of love for Banda as well as a lot of awards came in place. Getting that in two years was a very big boost for me and my team. Yeah. So you have a very notable venture also, hits music. So could you discuss the rule of music in films and how hits music contributes to the music industry? How it has been, then now, for this music label? See, music journey for me goes right from audio cassette to CDs and then the entire digitalization happened. YouTube came in place in 2006, five somewhere and we became the number one then in T-Series. So music is all about artists. Yeah. My learnings is that, you know, it's a music label is just a manager. Okay. I'm probably a manager and a person who knows that, okay, this song because of his knowledge or experience of people's taste and making sure that the song reaches through various modes and means to the potential buyers. This was all the learning there. And when we started hits music, it was simple that this label should be for for the artist, for composers, for laces, for singers. And that's how we made that. We just started like, you know, it's just been two years. And we are definitely wanting that there should be a lot of other genres of music. They should support it. Right now, we only have film music and indie music. But there's so much to do in the emotional. There's so much to do in the other genres of music. Which is there to explore. But I don't, I think they don't get probably some, I would not call as a mentor, but as a manager, I said that would get their potential out in the public by releasing their songs and making it available on all the platforms or the streaming sites. It's become very easy now. If you actually ask me, it's become easy to release once your music. Because earlier you had to have a planned manufacturing unit, a big studio, and then distribution network, making a cassette, that physical format and then publicity and stuff like that. It was an expensive and a luxury business to win. You record at home, if you like, there's so many samples which are available. The day we only put our songs to the reels and they are doing so well on reels that too. Nowadays, you don't need record labels to promote your song. You just want talent. And to choose what is right. A talent would make 10 songs. He can make 50 songs also. But as a label, your understanding says, okay, this is his best work. Let's pick up this out of the hole and invest time and some money to promote and make sure that this reaches to places because songs, I mean, there are thousands of songs which are uploaded every day onto YouTube or onto streaming sites, but all don't work. So they need a label or to manage that skills of you and pick up and tell you, this is your good work. This will go ahead. Let us now work together. Yeah, you're right. So with the radio and TV undergoing significant revamps to stay competitive, how do you see this influencing the music industry in today's time? See earlier, I mean, television was one audio visual medium, which used to promote everything. That was the only one medium which was very impactful. Radio again, the earlier days and then it again re-jumped and came back. But now everything is digital. People have a sort of, I would say, convenience and wanting to see on their own time. Like physical cassettes and CDs also, the sales are not happening or they are not being manufactured because earlier days and we used to buy music or when we wanted to hear music, we used to go to the cassette shop. So it was an effort that leaving your house, going to a place and then sample those songs and probably record in a blank cassette or buy a direct cassette CD and come home. This was all time and money. Yeah, now YouTube free music. You don't have to pay for that, right? So and plus it's convenient. You just want to hear the song, type it, keyword, no space required, nothing. You can easily watch it at your own time. And the same streaming now. Streaming, there are a lot of playlists and a lot of other genres of music plus world music has come now. Music is now the boundaries because of the digitization, there's no boundaries now. You can hear to any sort of music, which is anywhere in the world and follow that artist and so then you follow him on Instagram, see what is his new work, follow you, you get to know, okay, this is the kind of music. So it's good to learn also. When we make music, we also know what's going on right now. So in what ways can music labels benefit from the changes and innovations happening in traditional media firms? I mean, what marketing strategies do you know in today's time you prefer to choose? I think the reach of digital medium and community. So you develop your own community. I mean, an artist develops its own community. For example, if you go to Spotify, you see that, okay, there are certain numbers of playlists, but an artist has been heard, you know, like somebody is heard for 10 million a month, a million for a month, and so on and so forth. So and some followers and how much, so you actually get data and live feeds also that also how your song is working, who are the, what is the genre of people, a male, female, and which part of the country is been hearing your songs. So that allows you to basically go and promote that. And if you think this is a potential other customer which is coming and going, but if you push him for three, four times in way of other digital marketing, you convert him as your potential listener or a buyer. And so I think this way, the digital is more empowering to the artists and to the ease of marketing to the labels rather than television and the linear feed basically. Because linear, now this is all non-linear. So that's what you say. So one at one click of a button, you reach the entire group. So can you share some insight into your creative and business approach when collaborating with artists and filmmakers on various projects? What is the process to it? So I'll be very honest, it started with Vani Banu Shalini. She has over 7 billion views. Yeah, and it was trending on Reels too. Yeah, so and it was all over. So its song gets picked up or gets consumed on all the mediums. So you come to know that this is a great place. When she goes and performs in shows, you know that on this very song, 70% or 80% of the people who are there in the show are singing the song, lines with her and stuff like that. So there's a lot of learnings while this goes. And this all helps us to then create while creating other new songs or the same artists or someone else. This data helps us to basically work on the sound. And see this is all you have to be a little risk. If you say, my song should be the same like this one, it is a work. So by all this means we work out on the artist and their sound and tell the composers that you know guys, let's look at something. It's always an R&D which is there and the entire team works day in, day out to get sound or probably timing to release a song. And the same happens with films. You cannot forcefully put songs in the films without any band. The song was just just to take the story ahead. But like for example, I tell there was this song, Desh Pehle, which was trending on because of the timing of release 19 January plus Desh Pehle was the nation first, was the philosophy of Atalji and that's how you know. So you need to tell us about this movie more. It is a new launch. We made Atal when we made Atal there was films are made by some vision. I mean, what do you want tell about in that film? So our thing was that his story as a person, eight year old boy from a small town living in a joint family becomes the PM, Prime Minister of India, the largest community of 140 crore people. But what was more from our side, we said that this film is to be shown to the youth of India today, to the students and to the youth. One word which I take from his life, if you ask me one word that you know, I am depressed. Just imagine, Atalji after his all his hardship, he is becoming a Prime Minister of India, 13 days after that, his government falls. So if this word was in his life, if it was in his life, and if it was in his life, it is not a dream, it is a line of his, if a dream is broken, then another house. He said the journey must be on, you believe in yourself not, again attempt, which actually goes in this film, I saw 12th film. Just imagine the hardship of that hero in the real life, Mr. Manoj has definitely lived that life, but in the film, while we saw the film, we have so high respect for that person. Unless until you see his story, I mean films are the biggest influencer I would call. I mean, the real story of Mr. Manoj for 12th film, now people will know because of this film, with Vikrant Masi acted on his film. Same, the life of the heroes you talk about, as I said, there is no shortage of heroes in India because of, we have so many stories to tell. The fact that we have so many of us, it is a story. Now that story can go so well in the film, how many people will be inspired, how many people will be inspired, that is on you. At the studio, we choose the story, that this is the story what we want. And Atalji was one of that story, that the story of Atalji comes out, the students should know that don't think of hardship. I mean, hardship as in reward, you will get it, but if you at the right time, but if suppose if you don't get that much, if you can't come that way, if you don't reach that time, before that, if you have stopped your journey, that entire effort will go waste. Yeah. There are certain things which you take away from the film, yeah. So in your experience, what are the key challenges you have faced till now in the industry? You have been here for such a long time now. So what are the hardships in your life? Every business has its own part of hardships. Well definitely. So pre-Covid things were different and post-Covid things were different as far as the content consumption was concerned. You really need to be on ground, keep your eyes and ears open and be with people whom you want to make films for. Because it's very difficult to get him out of his house, that much money from his pocket, for ticket and for popcorns and all the stuff. And from theater and time, he has to have at least 5-5 hours. So you better have good story for him. Story, yeah. That is the biggest thing. Plus, I think, So many people need content right now. They need it a lot. You can give as much as you want for them. So it's become a 30 second.  It's that easy. Because there's so much of content which is available. Earlier days, if it was 15 years ago, there wasn't that much content available. So the more it was available, the more it would consume. But now, the more they want you making more. And so it's all on the clicker button. If you don't like, you're out. So your effort, again, the effort to ratio towards reward has become very miniscule. But however, OTT platforms and by coming in the new platforms, you at least have your places that okay, after theater, or if you are not going to theater, the story is still a buyer or a place where you can showcase your content and learn your money and name, fame, whatever you get. Tell us about what we can expect from music business in 2024. Music is here to stay for long. You just have to, I mean, the business, just see the business which is on ground also. I mean, the numbers are increasing day by day. The gigs and the gigs which used to happen three years or five years ago. People have started living out of homes and they want to enjoy. And that is the music is the only part, which I would say, which you consume every day in day out. You have your playlist, so much available. Languages are available, genres are available. So music is here to stay, it's just to churn out good songs, which when you say good song, as a label, I said, the A&R duties of the A&R department are very important. And that's how they have to keep on the learning that is to go on and on and create good music, good artists. It's also that good songs coming from Dhwani and other artists, we are doing a lot of collabs now. Next year, April, the new financial year, we shall come on soon. So we're also looking ahead. What are your future plans for Bhavishali studios and heads music? Are there any exciting projects or initiatives on the result? There are two, three very good stories which we are working on. Shooting starts as soon as like July to August and two, three films which are already ready, which I want to be releasing this year. There are three films which are already ready and now we're planning to release and bounce soon. One is Manoj Bajpre sir again after Bandha and there's Nava Zuddin. He's playing when it's my pick again. 1990s thrill, here a lot of stuff which is going to come now. And for hits music, what is all lined up? Music, hits music as I said, there will be new artists what we are going to do. We will go out to look for something. Global. Yeah, no, global here in India. I am saying that either as a label, you have been approached by singers. Do you believe you should be getting global artist for hits music? Do you have a work that is always there? But as of now, I think there's so much to do in India. So I want to give that whatever time we have that you know, focus do. International collabs are always there. But it comes on a way when you know you are an artist, both the artists follow to the same or appeal to the same kind of listeners. So it has to have a match when you say about it has to have a match of the viewers or listeners of those both artists. Very difficult to find. But yeah, we'll work in that also. Yeah. So I don't want to know what advice do you have for aspiring individuals? What you will say to them? As an entrepreneur, what advice do you have for aspiring individuals who are you know, entering the firm business and music business? What advice you will have for them? I think this business is all about experience. Yeah. So there are not really no books which will teach you, you know, MBA and all this stuff for accounts or for other businesses, banking, finance and all this stuff. You have certain kind of books or curriculums. Here we have very less in numbers. But this has to do with talent more. And all certain done, you'll have to understand that relationship in this industry is something what is the best. I mean, you have to have relationship with an artist, be it actor, be it a director, be it a... And that relationship will only be when they see that, you know, your consistency and integrity to work on them or work on the film which you're working on them, on the film. If you have your focus clear and if you have right people within your team and then right intention to make a good film, it will be shown. Your work has to be seen by the people who are working for you. And working with you. So a director when comes in as a producer, he has to see that this is the best producer I have for this film with me. An actor comes in, he has to see, okay, he's got me a good director and a good team for the director to make a good film for me. So I think that all adds as a producer and as an entrepreneur. You need to be available for your business for 24 hours. And do it right. And just make sure that you give that much time and grow every day. Over night success is very lucky in one day. But if you grow every day, you'll enjoy that success for a long time. So in your term, what is the future of Bollywood music and films? Superb. We enjoy Bollywood. Oh, tell me one person who says that I am... And the future of, you know, nowadays, remixes. We are putting, we are getting old songs to, you know, with new rap music in anthems. And they're doing so well. What do you think about that? That's the reason because those songs which have been remixed or recreated were a hit that time also. So the melody was good. That's the reason it was a super hit. Now, people are liking it because somewhere down the way, they have heard that from the parents, from elder guys and stuff. Oh, melody, the melody does not go away. See, the day the listener don't listen to remixes or recreated music, it will not be made. That's not what you're liking it. So it's been made. And the originals also have been made, which are coming, which are there available. People are dancing to it. People are listening to them. So I think as I said, music is part of our life. Music is a very integral part of our life. Definitely, definitely. That's going to be it. Thank you so much for your time. It was our pleasure to have you here. Thank you so much. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you. Bye. Thank you. Bye.


I have the great privilege and honour of chairing this afternoon's session, which will focus on measuring impact of capacity development in migration. How do we measure the impact of capacity development? What are the challenges and lessons learned? And how do we move forward jointly? I welcome you all, and I specifically welcome the distinguished guests and panellists that we have around the table for this afternoon, and I'd like to introduce them to you right away. Mr. Hernandez Vazquez is the sub-director general from the Director General for Migration and Immigration in Costa Rica. Mr. Vazquez has long-standing experience in migration issues and we're very happy that you could join us this afternoon. Mr. Slobo Djenuk is the deputy director of the diaspora relations bureau in the State Chancellery of the Republic of Moldova, and in his role he coordinates various initiatives for the capacity development of diaspora communities abroad and plays a key role in developing the public policy framework on diaspora migration and development in Moldova. Last, but certainly not least, we also have Ms. Ann Dao Chau, who is the chief capacity development coordinator at the African Development Institute. The African Development Institute is the African Development Bank's unique shop for capacity development, and Ms. Dao Chau is in charge of the design of the bank in a wide framework and toolkit for capacity development. But of course, among the key guests here is also all of you who sit here with us today, and we were discussing earlier how rich it is to have this exchange with civil society, migrants, governments, and more in participating in this joint reflection around the themes on our agenda today. So I very much hope that after the presentation from our panellists we'll be able to welcome questions from all of you. Before giving the floor to the first panellist, I would also like to take the opportunity to say a few words on the capacity efforts undertaken by the organization that I represent. For us at Terre des Hommes, it is crucial that all work with migrant children is governed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child. A child is a child irrespective of the migration, legal, or other status. It is not always easy, however, to implement that fully on the ground, and we have observed that many actors involved in migration processes are in fact not sufficiently aware of what the rights of the child actually means for their daily activity. We have noticed such weaknesses in migration authorities, but also in child protection actors when involved in cross-border cases. Moreover, and we've heard a lot about that this morning, in many contexts, we see that services for migrant children are also provided by civil society organizations, which might not necessarily have the knowledge and expertise on child rights, or by informal actors, including host communities, who also play a crucial role and need the right skillset to understand what is at stake. For change to be systemic, capacity development means working with all these actors, whose mindsets, behaviors, and attitudes increase the protection of children, or can increase the protection of children. So allow me before I give the floor to the panelists to give a few examples of how capacity development work is undertaken at Terre des Hommes. One, during the peak movements along the Western Balkan route in 2016-2017, Terre des Hommes with UNICEF and national partners provided ongoing training and support to frontline workers in Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia on issues such as safeguarding, cultural sensitivity, psychological first aid, and more. Another example comes from West Africa, where following an assessment of capacity building needs, Terre des Hommes worked together with local child protection authorities to train members of the diaspora to adequately assist and protect children arriving from their country of origin. A third example comes from Asia, where we trained 144 members of the law enforcement community in 2016 in dealing with child trafficking cases, in child protection and child interviewing techniques. Currently in El Salvador, Terre des Hommes and la asociación de la capacitación e investigación para la salud mental are starting an initiative to train journalists to adequately report on immigration of children from the country. In Egypt, Terre des Hommes is running a program of social inclusion through sports for children and young people, and we train members of the host community on how to coach children while enhancing their life skills. So these are just a few examples of the way in which Terre des Hommes supports capacity development to improve the protection of children in migration. The diversity of such initiatives and the variety of actors involved is both the richness of the initiatives and the challenge in measuring progress and results. To address the challenges in measuring results, members within Terre des Hommes have developed a general framework of capacity development. The framework includes an extensive list of indicators breaking down the outcomes in very detailed learning and evaluation questions. There is also an indicator monitoring plan. Important information to measure the indicators is provided by the baseline study. However, these studies are costly and resource intensive. We have also developed 12 data collection tools including an actor and questionnaire and a children focus group guide. We seek to ensure that the data we collect is fit for purpose, well-protected and secure, easy to be analyzed and used for learning processes. We do this together with the actors involved including migrant children and their communities. All of this is a learning process and we are progressing. Capacity development is always multi-dimensional and we understand that to make it right, we have to work in partnership. This year, as many of you and as many of us, we have closely followed the negotiations by states on the global compacts for safe, orderly and regular migration. The initiative for child rights in global compacts, which brings together 30 civil society organizations and UN agencies and is co-chaired by Terre des Hommes, contributed to the process both of the global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration, as well as to the consultations for the global compact on refugees, to advocate jointly for the rights of children. We strongly commend the compact's tests and our strongly and believe that their adoption and implementation will further enhance the capacity development results at the benefit of children, regardless of their migration status. So on this note, I very much welcome you again and open the floor for Mr. Hernandez Fasquez, who can tell us more on Costa Rica and capacity development initiatives within the migration field. Thank you. Para las migraciones por facilitar esta participación. Costa Rica es un país de origen, tránsito y destino. Somos un país pequeño, compuesto por siete provincias, cuenta con un territorio de 51,100 kilómetros cuadrados. Está ubicado en América Central, limita al norte con Nicaragua, al sur con la República de Panamá y indicarles que el mes pasado nació el Costa Recense número cinco millones. Históricamente, los flujos migratorios regionales y extra regionales se han convertido en una constante. La naturaleza de los flujos ha evolucionado a lo largo de los años pasando de refugiados por motivos políticos a migrantes laborales en la década de los noventa. En la historia más reciente, en 2008, en el territorio nacional, hemos recibido a miles de personas productos de movimientos humanos, masivos desplazamientos y migraciones de importantes proporciones que derivan en soluciones, que derivan de situaciones, perdón, económicas, sociopolíticas, desplazamientos por desastres, entre otros de todos los países alrededor del mundo. Costa Rica nunca ha podido ser indiferente, y ante esta realidad es por ello que aprobamos la última ley general de migración extranjería en el 2010, y a partir de esta ley hemos venido generando las condiciones necesarias para articular una gobernanza migratoria que permita, además de un control migratorio óptimo, una verdadera integración de la población migrante, dar servicios migratorios de manera ágil, velar por el respeto de los derechos humanos de las personas que ingresan a nuestro territorio. Contamos con una política migratoria, una política de integración de los migrantes y procedimientos al interno para procurar la protección de los migrantes. En procura de brindar un abortaje oportuno e integral en el año 2010, en la fecha de la creación de la ley, creamos también un protocolo para situaciones migratorias especiales donde se establecen los lineamentos generales en cuanto a los mecanismos de operación institucional que debemos seguir cuando nuestros oficiales identifican a personas o grupos de personas vulnerables. Una vez identificadas es posible activar esos protocolos con el fin de evitar que las personas en condiciones especiales de vulnerabilidad no sean identificadas como tales y que, por tanto, reciban un trato diferenciado y que no sean reictimizadas a partir de la aplicación indiscriminada de procedimientos como la detención, el rechazo, la devolución o la deportación. Nosotros como Dirección General de Migración hemos creado un equipo especializado de coordinación y asesoría denominado equipo para situaciones migratorias especiales. Este protocolo de atención a situaciones migratorias especiales tiene como finalidad generar conocimiento y sensibilidad sobre las distintas situaciones migratorias especiales que pueden presentarse, garantizar la identificación de esas situaciones por parte de todos los funcionarios de la Dirección de Migración de Costa Rica así como su abordaje integral de manera profesional, eficaz y homogénea con absoluto respeto de los derechos humanos. Dentro de esas situaciones que aborda este protocolo están niños o niñas adolescentes no acompañados o separados de sus padres, niños y niñas adolescentes acompañados en condición de vulnerabilidad como embarazo, posibles víctimas de violencia sexual, matrimonio forzoso, tráfico y lícito de migrantes o trata de personas, posibles víctimas de violencia sexual o basada en género mujeres embarazadas que viajan solas especialmente adolescentes, náufragos posibles desplazamientos masivos, población LGTBI y referencias de casos por parte de otras instituciones o cualquier situación migratoria especial de carácter urgente o humanitario. En ese mismo sentido posteriormente en el 2013 desarrollamos la ley contra la trate tráfico de personas que a partir de ese año hemos identificado 211 víctimas de trata las cuales han sido identificadas y recuperadas de ese flagelo gracias a la intervención oportuna de las autoridades y de un equipo de respuesta inmediata y sus mecanismos de detección de víctimas además de los aportes de las personas identificadas con esta causa de la sociedad civil. Desde finales del 2015 Costa Rica se enfrentó a la llegada de una oleada de más de 27,000 cubanos que pretendían continuar su tránsito hacia el norte pero permanecieron en nuestro suelo debido al cierre de las fronteras por parte de la República de Nicaragua. El gobierno de la República de Costa Rica dedicó todo su esfuerzo por albergar de la manera más responsable y sanitaria a la gran mayoría de cubanos. Para la atención de esta emergencia abrimos 37 albergues en los cuales se brindó atención médica servicios básicos de limpieza y aceo personal protección policial, atención a menores de edad, atención diferenciada para asuntos de género y muchas otras. Se coordinó la salida con vuelos desde Costa Rica hasta México vía aérea, además de trasladarse vía terrestre por El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala para que luego entrarán a los Estados Unidos con la aplicación de la ley respectiva. Posteriormente el año 2016 se presenta una llegada masiva de migrantes extra-continentales provenientes del continente africano acompañados por migrantes haitianos y a diferencia de las anteriores migraciones en este caso se presentaba una oleada de migrantes de latitudes muy lejanas con lenguajes y culturas y formas de vivir diferentes por lo que el Estado se viera necesidad de contratar servicios de intérpretes y traductores para llevar a cabo de la mejor manera estos procesos de atención especializada. Al principio de la llegada masiva de estos migrantes se da un ingreso al país de unas 2,000 personas por día. Sin embargo dicho tránsito por el territorio nacional ha diminuido al día de hoy estamos recibiendo aproximadamente 200 personas extra-continentales por día. Estas dos migraciones masivas nos dieron la enseñanza de mantener abiertos de atención temporal de migrantes. Uno funciona en el norte del país y otro funciona en el sur del país para la atención de estos diferentes lujos de migrantes. Por último, hemos desarrollado de esta nueva ley de migración extranjera una política nacional de integración en la sociedad costalicense dentro de la misma se establecen desde campañas de regularización de migrantes sin control policial y en un enfoque de respeto de los derechos humanos hasta el acceso de los migrantes a la educación y a la salud de estas poblaciones. Las anteriores estrategias y implementación de acciones las hemos desarrollado gracias a la contribución de la oficina del Organismo Internacional de las Migraciones en Costa Rica. Nuestro país como lo señaló la señora Biceminista de Relaciones Exteriores del Salvador es un país que requiere colaboración internacional para la atención de estos lujos. Nosotros hacemos enormes esfuerzos por gestionar la política de migración de la mano con la protección de los derechos humanos de las poblaciones migrantes así como dentro de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible. En lo que va del año estamos atendiendo migración sur-sur dentro de estas nacionalidades están como solicitantes de refugio 32,243 personas de nacionalidad nicaragüense 3,228 de nacionalidad venezolana 1,741 salvadoreñas entre otras nacionalidades de menor incidencia. Asimismo en lo que va del año hemos dado atención humanitaria hace 1,580 personas que son migrantes extra-regionales provenientes de África y de Asia. Esperaremos que a partir de la aprobación del Pacto Mundial de Migración podamos establecer políticas migratorias más uniformes en el marco de los derechos humanos con el fin de facilitar y aportar a estas crisis migratorias la responsabilidad de todos. Esperaremos que nuestra experiencia sirva para plantear retos para el desarrollo de políticas internas en los diferentes países para que favorezcan la protección, la atención y la identificación de personas migrantes y su relación con políticas se ponga en funcionamiento los objetivos de desarrollo sostenibles. Muchas gracias. Thank you very much, Mr. Hernandez Vazquez. I will now give the floor to Mr. Loboyenuk. Thank you very much. I would like to start with some words and to say that I am honored to present and to share with all participants our experience on implementing diaspora policy. First of all I would like to say that my presentation will be from two perspectives following the holistic approach. Republic of Moldova assimilated experience during the last six years on the field of diaspora policy. That is why at the first stage we face on the challenge to create data about diaspora impact and after that we started to develop the framework of monitoring and evaluation. So first of all at the beginning we face on the challenge about institutionalization of the operational and strategic framework. That is why through putting into practice the whole of the government approach. That is why two years ago we developed and approved the mechanism of coordination and of the state policy on diaspora migration and development. Why this approach? Because we understand that international organizations and donors mostly the key point is based on migration and development approach. We decided for Republic of Moldova that is more useful and more efficiently to promote and put into the practice diaspora migration and development approach at all levels through national and local engaging local authorities. The second challenge for us was targeted initiatives and programs on diaspora policy. That is why we conceptualized and put it into the practice diaspora engagement hub and what is very important that we put into the practice with direct partnership with international organization for migration. Very interesting program as diaspora excellence groups which is targeted for highly skilled migrants which have very interesting initiatives. As an example we have professor Yanthoma which work at the George Washington University in the United States which has a very interesting initiative to create a center of biomedicine in Republic of Moldova. During the last six years diaspora policy framework have main pillars. As an example, first of all we invest activities on human potential expression of our compatriots. The second one is their civic engagement. Another pillar is thematic partnership based on common needs and their professional interests. That is why it is very important for us to invest activities on network for knowledge and technology transfer into Republic of Moldova as a country of destination. When I speak technology I don't mean just advanced and high technology. I mean processes which our compatriots assimilate in the country of destination and which could directly contribute for sustainable development of the Republic of Moldova. First of all as an example I could give you we decided to start with social entrepreneurship. We know that our compatriots have already in this topic experience and we invited them to be more active and to be more engaged in this on a social entrepreneurship. As an example I could give you information that Republic of Moldova is a part of the MPF mobility partnership facility and this program is implemented with our partners from Ministry of Lavro from Italy and the social policy from Italy. This program is supported financially by ICMPD. Now I will speak about the indicator framework which we develop also in partnership with international organization for migration. As early as of 2015 the Republic of Moldova greeted the development by IOM of the Migration Governments framework MIGOV. To help countries define what well-managed migration policy would look like at the national level. We appreciated the subconscious development of the migration governance indicators as a very useful tool to assist us in the operation analysis of the MIGOV by using a standard set of indicators across 6K policy domains. Moldova then actively appreciated in applying the MGI indicators over two editions of the exercise resulting in the production of two snapshot reports. We appreciated the MGI as a tool based on policy inputs offering insights on policy levels that we could use to advance our migration governance. The MGI was beneficial to us as a benchmarking framework offering insights on policy measures that we could harness to strengthen migration governance and self-assess the comprehensive of our migration policies as well as to identify gaps and areas that could be strengthened. In particular, the MGI helped us to advance the conversation on migration governance by clarifying what well-governed migration might look like in the context of SDG. Another use we made on the MGI was to guide us in the development of the monitoring and evaluation framework in the field of diaspora migration and development. I will now focus more on this MGI-inspired monitoring and evaluation instrument as a tool to internally measure the impact of capacity development efforts. In order to establish a participative monitoring and evaluation policy framework in the field of diaspora migration and development and assessment of existing national monitoring and evaluation procedures, mechanisms and indicators of impact and progress, including those measuring progress of migration-related SDG targets has been carried out during 2017. It is worth mentioning that in the Republic of Moldova the first step in nationalizing the 2030 agenda on sustainable development took place during July 2016, March 2017. By first identifying the relevance of sustainable development goals. Second, identifying the level of goals for the national context at the level of goals and targets. And analyzing the level of correlation between the agenda and the national priority policies. Second, adopting, formulating global goals and targets to national needs and priorities. And identifying policy documents that need to be amended in order to reflect the ecosystem necessary for SDG monitoring and evaluation. Based on the insights of the SDG nationalization exercise, the Government of Republic of Moldova initiated the development of a new national developing strategy, 2030. That is deemed to be consistent with the long-term frameworks to which the Government has already committed. In the context of SDG nationalization exercise, a model of the national monitoring and evaluation framework of diaspora migration and development was conceptualized in close collaboration with relevant public authorities. Namely, convening on the type of indicators to be used and the frequency of their collection. Data sources to be used and the role of participating institutions and reporting procedures with monitoring and evaluation process to be applied. In this context, a set of 65 indicators, quantitative and qualitative progress and impact has been proposed which have been selected from the Moldovan strategic and policy framework in force. Responding the quality criteria the indicators have been integrated into a matrix and grouped by six thematic areas as follows. Migration and development, 20 indicators. Social security and work safety, 8 indicators. Diminishing migration flows, 11 indicators. Migration management services facilitating reintegration and diaspora enhancement. Reintegration of return migrants and immigrants. Policies and programs framework, civil dialogue with diaspora. The matrix with the indicators has been subject to consultation and validation by members of the interministerial diaspora migration and developing working group meetings. The monitoring and evaluation framework for migration and development was approved by interministerial committee on April 2018. Enables the government of Moldova to monitor and evaluate the progress in the mainstreaming process to provide the coherent and coordinated evidence-based policymaking with the DMD field. The monitoring and evaluation framework was approved by Moldova and Moldova and Moldova. The monitoring and evaluation framework was approved annually in a synergy with the regular reporting procedures of the central public authorities to the state chancellor. Practically for a public authority which has a DMD-related mandate, it means that when it reports relevant DMD data to the diaspora relations bureau which is a coordinator of monitoring and evaluation process according to our matrix put in the practice. Thank you very much for your attention. Thank you very much. And now on to our last speaker, Mrs. Dousow. Thank you. It's my pleasure to be here today and talk about what is going on at the African Development Bank as the first development finance institution of the continent. Indeed, the African Development Bank is an institution gathering 80 countries including all 54 African countries. And Africa is at the heart of the migration issue currently. As we all know yes, the general public is informed of the numbers for those who cross the Mediterranean day after day, but the number of educated African youth that live the continent for whom migration is a success goes unnoticed to the general public. It's a lost investment for the countries. For the countries who sometimes construct to build strong educational systems higher education to pay for students who finish the cycle and leave the continent is a loss. So the African Development Bank is moving in an inclusive development process of integrating migration in its development strategies. And this is in alignment with the global goals of the SDGs Agenda 2063 of the African Union to have a more integrated way of impacting without necessarily going back to the old ways of having one's own flag of this is my achievement this is my impact this is what I did going beyond that and looking at impact as a shared outcome from shared goal. So my short presentation will be around the way the African Development sees and gets involved more and more in the migration discourse. And from there we can say that capacity development be it for migration or any actually capacity development cannot be seen as a sectoral capacity development for education capacity development for migration or whatever capacity development is capacity development. Whatever you do whatever you invest in development goes to capacity development. It's an enabler in itself it allows development to better perform and the context of migration it unlocks the policy but also the action in the field in many ways but unfortunately when we talk of capacity development in the field of migration we most of the time align to the funding of sectoral issues and then we don't go down to the impact level to see how the financing is making the change in terms of the migration coordination goals that have been set at country level or across countries or in the regions. And also the capacity development is not always monetized and it seems to be overlooked because in many situations we want to see the return on investment but capacity development in itself is the return. You don't expect to monetize it and say that the net impact is more than the financial the money inputted so we need to also switch our way of considering things but there are challenges in the nature of capacity development we also need to diversify to diversify the activities to targeting the same outcomes at country level or at regional level but we need to understand the mechanism beyond the change we cannot just grant let's say x million to a country for a single project and we see it that we have made a change and we are impacting and we are measuring against the result set and as long as this is not integrated in the big picture we will end up maybe dropping a lot of what we do more than what we have brought to the change so we need to see that particularly in the African context the difficulty fragility of state institutions the situation of conflict in countries is also an impediment to what the financing of migration related capacity development can bring in the the field and some mechanism to monitoring and evaluating the impact of capacity development is the support to migration of the African development bank works with governments but we all know today that governments by themselves cannot bring much change they have to partner within the countries with all layers of the society and more and more with the private sector which brings the money but also some types of knowledge proper to their doing which can be of great help when we look at the inclusiveness of the interest for all to work on the migration front so investing in knowledge on capacity development is one of the most important steps to setting a framework for measuring impact we need to know before we measure when we know we can plan and when we plan we can target from the activities and then we can go back to what we were looking for and was it worth the investment in terms of not necessarily like I said the money it brings in but the change it brings even culturally even in terms of individual's perception this change is substantial in the long run for the migration discourse non-traditional measurement methodologies will also be very important and monitoring for example cultural attitudes to explore and use and define the change in an empirical way at the African Development Bank we have some generic high level consideration for measuring capacity development impact it is the quality of planning having national plans like I said that are in alignment with the commitment and with longer term goals not just we want to develop the specific skills of our use and it ends there that is not going to impact capacity development sustainably and capacity development also has to be demand driven but we don't just wait for the countries to ask for support in capacity development we have to find ways to trigger demand and to have it come from them but also with the technical assistance on what does a specific country need to move on and better prepare the youth to integrate to job market for example and when knowledge is generated the initiatives can be can allow regulating demand and supply for capacity development but for example based on the practice at the African Development Bank there are some limitations until now because our capacity development is broadly measured in terms of institutional development impact which is quite diffuse which can be the result of a very different articulated activities which have nothing to do with the capacity the capacity development framework itself so we need to move on more contributively and see what capacity development contributes actually more than the impact is XYZ and with quantification that is would look like more of qualitative judgment rather than systematic quantification of an impact as we can do with sectoral programs and that being said we can still go on by meta-analysis when you have the proxies for quantifying change at institutional level at individual level organizational level systems you can add up and have at the end of the day some impact information that can be further refined and the African Development Bank I will move on quickly on this is engaged and the engagement is actually at senior level with our president down to the direct rate down to technical level we are really more and more engaged with the building of an internal working group of integration to better reflect what is going on across institutions around the globe and our main entry point is through policy knowledge building policy knowledge and making sure African countries aware of their developmental goals and the value of the youth the value of the youth the capital development this is the impact of capacity development for migration is to achieve human capital for the youth through five strategic lenses which are set out here but mainly two-prone vision for the capacity development the job for youth in Africa initiative and enable youth and entrepreneurship programs which are African white funding initiatives in support to building skills beyond the theoretical academic trainings that the young people can receive and to make Africa appear like a good place because the young African go by the television social media it's a dream and dream is taking most of the cream of our youth outside the continent and then it's a loss but if Africa could be proud of being Africa showing example of democracy example of youth centered policies the center of interest I think the young people will maybe reflect themselves in the future government and take their place instead of turning to the west constantly so this is mostly the framework for the African development to impact the change and we have one specific these are the numbers I can jump on them specific measurement portal which is the index the youth employment index which is trying to collect data to improve knowledge and better guide programming for specific countries based on the numbers of this index so these are examples of mechanism for trying to to see how to speak to the impact of capacity development in terms of the question whether it is worth financing initiatives for migration or not and how we defend the investment overall investment in each countries there are different components and feel free to come to me to share whatever you would like but we have different entry points but these depend on the regional dialogues that we have for specific regions in Africa we have specific needs expressed and specific programs, specific plans for financing and we have also country level financing the factors that in my view will contribute to measuring capacity investment for impact the approach to be holistic we have a holistic approach and we also have the use of technical assistance as an input to capacity development so that at the end of the day the impact has been monitored and used again for upstream programming we have internal collaboration and we have also a variety of tools and in fact it is part of performance for the African development itself to observe all these measures so that impact monitoring is made part of the business making and then we place policy dialogue at the highest level but also participatively and then the final word would be to consider impact not attribution but contribution level of impact analysis you can contribute but you are not attributing your financing to an impact you are observing while we know that impact is shared by all organizations all institutions in the field so the final word is strength and partnership partnership and partnership and not say we are bringing the money so we are the bosses no we bring the money someone brings the technical and someone else brings the knowledge someone else brings whatever but we need to be one co-ordering across the globe to achieve one single impact and not just flag our successes individually that's my final word thank you thank you to the panelists I think we've heard a lot of very inspiring words a year from how as a country of origin transit and destination you see the potential with the global compacts of furthering the advancement of human rights in the context of migration to the impressive framework that you've put together in Moldova based on 65 indicators quantitative and qualitative progress and impacts and last but not least your words on how capacity development unlocks action in the field and is in fact a return in itself which we should consider as a shared impact requiring the partnerships that we aim to establish also through this discussion


Here we go. So first things first, I start my day, I usually have to go and pre-op patients, and a pre-op is basically an evaluation that we do before patients have surgery. So the night before a surgery day, I usually get an email that tells me what cases or procedures I'm gonna be doing for the next day, and then I can review those patients' histories and also find out more about them before the day of surgery. Most importantly, I'm trying to find out if there's any issues that need to be fixed to make them better optimized for surgery so that they're ready to go in the morning. The day of surgery in the morning, when I see my patients, I'm checking to make sure they're stable, making sure their vital signs are stable, their lab work is all within an acceptable range, and I'm also making sure that they are not, you know, sicker or any worse in their condition before surgery. So before anyone gets anesthesia, we have to make sure that they're a suitable candidate and that there's no contraindications. We wanna make sure that there's nothing that's gonna make it a very unsafe operation and that's what the preoperative evaluation is all about. Before we give any anesthesia, we usually do what we call a preop evaluation, and that's when we're reviewing the patient's medical history. We look into their chart, we ask questions of the patient in an interview, and we find out about the recent exposures to anesthesia, how they were tolerated. Also the medical history that would be important for us to know before we give a safe anesthetic. So usually that's looking at the cardiac or pulmonary or heart and lung systems to make sure that they're healthy and stable enough for us to give anesthesia safely. Today in particular, I'm gonna be working with a resident who is learning on all about anesthesiology, who will one day become an attending, and I'm also working with the CRNA. So I have two rooms, two locations that I'm responsible for. An attending anesthesiologist is someone who's a physician who is going to be supervising other anesthesia locations. So usually we're supervising anywhere between one to four locations, and they can be staffed by residents, anesthesiologists, or CRNAs, nurse anesthetists. So we're working together in the team, and usually as the attending, I'm overseeing what's going on in any of the settings that I'm supervising just to make sure everything is stable and also to help with the plan of care. Wow. So I'm pretty much just making sure things run smoothly and supervise the activities of the resident or the CRNA. Yeah, oh wow. Really, so far I'm surprised you weren't more symptomatic. Okay, took it down, yeah. Those are the days that I'm working with them. Other than that, I typically work alone probably half of the time, 50% of the time, to my own cases. In the state that I practice in, which is New York, it is not allowed for nurse anesthetists to work independently, although that is the case in some states in the United States. New York State does not allow for that, so they will be working usually under the supervision of an attending anesthesiologist. So I'm present for the time when the patient is going off to sleep. I monitor frequently during the procedure, the progress of the anesthetic and the procedure and to see how the patient is doing, and if there's any emergency that comes up, that's definitely the time that I'm gonna be available to come in to see what's going on, help troubleshoot and treat the conditions that may come up. So that's the same role that I play when I'm supervising a resident. However, the major difference is that with the nurse anesthetists, I'm not actually educating them. They've already gone through training and they're already fully educated, but the resident is a learner. Otherwise, I'm often giving the people in the room that I'm supervising a break, so they won't get out for a morning break, lunch break, and an intermittent break, so they need to go to the bathroom because otherwise no one will be watching the patient and someone must be watching the patient 100% of the time. So there's always an anesthesiologist, or a resident, or a CRNA in the room with the patient during the entire procedure, although a lot of people don't think so. Then I always check on my patients after the procedure in the post-anesthesia and recovering unit, see how they're doing, make sure their pain is controlled, and make sure there's no problems. So now I'm heading over to actually do the exam on my next patient. I reviewed the chart and I wanted to go and check in and see how the patient is doing. Then after I examine my patient, I usually go and sit down and write down all the information that I collected and try to gather my anesthesia plan thoughts. So what am I gonna do for this patient? How am I gonna go to sleep? How am I gonna maintain their anesthesia? And how am I gonna monitor them to make sure that everything that needs to be watched can be watched closely and carefully? Then next I'll discuss the anesthesia plan with my resident or my CRNA to decide what we're going to do and in actuality, how we're going to be able to pull off a really safe anesthetic. So there's a discussion that goes on every time. I love to listen to my residents, give me their plans and talk me through their thoughts on what they're thinking and why they wanna do things. And with CRNAs, I really enjoy working with them. I think that the discussion is really important and we can come to a great plan together. So it's all about the plan. And when you're planning for anesthesia, you always have to have not just a plan, but many plans. So we usually say plan A, B, C and Z. So all the plans that we could think of, if this goes wrong or this goes the way we expect it to go, what we're gonna do next to make things better and like how we're gonna fix any problems. So we have multiple things that we think about when we're trying to make a plan. And we always think about what would happen if it doesn't go the way we expect. That's generally how it goes. Then once all of that's decided upon, we go ahead and go in and take care of people and put them to sleep. So that's pretty much it. That's a nutshell of what I do on a regular basis. Thank you guys for watching this video and I will see you next time in the next one.