Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com. Happy Monday. Here's something fun for you 2022 hip parade Multisport series one random player break number one. This is a jaspys exclusive So we work together with hip parade. We said, hey, this is what we like This is kind of the price point where we want to be at. This is what our crew enjoys Put together something and we've worked with them on that. So a carefully curated product built by built by hip parade So hopefully you enjoy it boys and girls. We've even got the jaspy logo right there on the hip parade sticker That's pretty cool. So it's only a 10 case run So not too many so get in on the next one's already in the store. So check that out big Thank you to this group for making it happen Thanks to the people who bought their spots straight up and congrats again to the people who won their spots in those two fillers We did It's a random player break. So there's all the players right here And let's roll it randomize it six and a five for names and players One it's 11 times two three four five six Nine ten and 11th and final time G dash what's going on? Thanks. Good to be back Let's gather everybody's names right there We got Jarrett down to Raymond after 11 times And then six and a five 11 times for the players. Good luck one two three four and 11 the final time After 11 we got Trey Lance all the way down to Jalen Brown All right, so Jerry got Trey Lance James with Christian Pulisic Dayton with Ovechkin Anthony with Luis Robert James Jimmy with Ronald Acuna, Jr Darren with Clayton Kershaw kind with Desmond Bain Michael Yordan Alvarez Charles on Sufati David with Cole Anthony see Berger Tyrese Maxey Jimmy with Tyreek Hill Jeff with Juan Soto chat with Dalvin Cook Allen with Charles Barkley Logan with Pitilanzo James Deandre Aten Jeff with Vlad Guerrero, Jr Charles with Aaron Judge Michael with John Venteves Jeff Naji Harris DK Metcalf AJ Brown Simon with Devo Charles Cat Carleton Towns Ryan Nate McKinnon and Jonathan Taylor Steve with Jalen waddle Jacob with Jason Tatum Jeff with Jordan pool Michael Zach Wilson Raymond Jalen Brown All right, so let's get all that on one screen here. Let's alphabetize it by Player name here. There you go. Michael's happy with the Zach Wilson draw All right. I'm gonna pause the video when we come back We're gonna see if there's any trades and then we'll have the break stick around. We'll see on the other side All right. Welcome back everybody. No deal a little bit of trade chatter, but no deals We're done. So that list you saw on the previous screen is now printed out. It's official remains the same Thanks, everyone for making this happen jasmine exclusive we haven't seen a jasmine exclusive hip rate product in a little while so Jump in on it only 10 cases. So go to jasky's case rates comm and make it happen Now not with the hip. We're not gonna play America's favorite game with with hip pray that there's just too many boxes They've got some some jerseys or some other live memorabilia like that It's generally where we play the play America's favorite game. Who am I? They don't have the little hip pray Paper work there. All right Save paper All right graded car to lead things off looks like NFL. It's a multi sport and it's AJ Brown nice from 2019 panini illusions rookie endorsements autograph He's got a pretty nice auto PSA 10 8 out of 99 That's Jeff AJ Brown Going your way Last spot mojo as well strikes again. So Val and Allen's looking for some sir Charles Yeah, it's a pretty good checklist to pretty solid and I think Not a bad price point to all things considered got some hoops And it's Jason Tatum nice Sensational signatures, this is from 2020 2021 prison basketball Got some prism hoops the latest edition in the store right now. Jasper's case race comm this Jason Tatum Jacob Johnson with Jason. That's for the spot that he won in the filler next up Baseball This time it is Aaron judge. All rise Nice from gypsy Queen on card auto I actually I think about a hundred bucks a spot SC But we got another case loaded up on Jasper's case breaks comm right now. You'll see the price Random player break 32 spotter Nice Aaron judge goes to Charles Possible MVP winner this year AL MVP According to Vegas. He's the he's the favorite graded card. Oh, I think it goes this way I can't tell what the sport is from the back. Oh Soccer It is on Sufati one of the big up-and-coming youngsters for for Barcelona PSA 10 It's pretty nice. Believe it or not I think a lot of the like La Liga and English Premier League Already starting their preseason stuff. I feel like soccer only ended just recently, but Charles was a spot that you won with the on Sufati. So it's someone to keep an eye on this season Yeah, like my club Liverpool is already on and overseas. I think they're in Thailand or something like that already on a On their preseason tour Such a quick turn World Cup at the end of the year as well. So good time to collect soccer this year. Hey thing more soccer Yep Christian pulls it see how let's see how the US does in the World Cup later this year So this is from 2020-21 revolution soccer Pretty sharp design Christian Pulisic James with the spot that you won Christian Pulisic going your way All right, so far so good halfway through this full case break. Remember, this is a JASPY exclusive And we only made there's only 10 cases that were produced Just 10 cases get it on it while supplies last JASPY's case breaks calm got graded. We got NFL We've got DK Metcalf Rookie ticket on card autograph PSA 10. I always love saying that and that looks like that's 18 out of 199 DK for Jeff Henn When the spot he got straight up It's good to see the football as we get closer to the football season. You know that that also brings Collector's interests back to the sport as well. What do we have here? I think that's a downtown car Or no on the horizon different insert It's Sir Charles Phoenix Suns Edition. I like that big Sumbers pattern here. So this is from a 2020 PSA 9 on that one I'm not sure what set this for maybe maybe from a silver pack or something like that sort of a looks like kind of a Downtown or sort of feel here. It looks nice Alan Murdock with the spot that he won asking you shall receive. You're right Alan Sir Charles nice PSA 9 congrats three more to go SC saying DK was a Kate was a cover hit was a cell sheet hit So I think there's I'm trying to think One two three four five six seven eight nine ten. So there are ten items on the cell sheet My guest don't quote me on this but my assumption Is that when hit parade set this up there should be one of those cell sheet hits per case I would think All right, keep track of it someone will keep track of it. All right next up is Ronald Acuna, Jr. Nice 17 out of 25 On-card autograph from tribute baseball Very nice That will be for Jimmy Connell Ronald Acuna, Jr. Trey. What's going on? All right a couple more to go. Good luck everybody We got signature pucks. It's a little hockey. It's a little Nate McKinnon Nathan McKinnon from trilogy hockey gold ink autograph on the abs logo That looks really sharp the world champs and that will be for For Ryan Hines the spot that you won in the filler got randomized Nathan McKinnon It's that gold ink auto. All right final one. Good luck. Thanks again to thanks to hip raid for working with us on this Jaspy exclusive. We haven't seen one of these Jaspy exclusives in a while. All right final one is Maculet football Dalvin cook 14 out of 33 Nice patch nice black ink autograph And that's for Chad B bought a spot straight up got randomized at DC This is nice patch auto Dalvin cook This is from this rookie patch auto as well. Nice even better from 2017 immaculate football So there's let's take another look at these. There's the Dalvin cook Nathan because we go Nine more cases of this ladies and gentlemen a hip raid hip raid break Jaspy exclusive got a got a fair number of graded cards popping out of here as well. That's always nice Possibly cards that could be graded as well. There you go game Thanks for watching. Thanks for breaking with us. We got we got some more in the store So check it out on jaspy's case breaks.com. Bye. Bye


Okay, good afternoon. This is a paper on making the poverty line dependent on the reference group. There's some illustration. Before I forget, let me mention that I have three quarters, two people from the Indian statistical institute in Kolkata, Satya Shakravarti and Nashi Keta Shatopadyai, and a former student who's no teaching at IEL University. Well, after Maria knows the talk, I don't have to convince you that relative and absolute income are important. And the purpose of this paper is actually, there is a similar distinction. You have absolute poverty line usually in developing countries, and you have relative poverty line in richer country. And after what we heard from Mariano, there is certainly a case for assuming that the poverty line should have both an absolute and a relative aspect. And what we do in this paper, we derive axiomatically a poverty line which we'll obey these two assumptions. I will not go into many detail concerning the axiomatic derivation. I'll give you the intuition. And before that, although Mariano talked about reference group, I'll give you some survey of recent work on the importance of reference group. And then I'll do this axiomatic presentation, and at the end I'll give you some result of our empirical application. Okay, now as it appears here, certainly, choosing a poverty line has a lot of impact from a policy point of view. As you know, the World Bank in 1991, following some work by Martin Ravallon and Datte in Vandevallet, had fixed the poverty line, an absolute poverty line of one dollar. And later on, a few years later, other work by Martin Ravallon, Chen and Sangrola, decided that the poverty line, absolute poverty line should be $1.25. Just to say a few words for those who are not familiar with these papers, how did they get to $1.25, very simple? They took the national poverty line in various countries, relatively poor countries, obviously using a purchasing poverty exchange rate, that they regressed on the log of per capita expenditure. And what happened, they got a line which was a regression, now if you want a kind of, which was flat up to some level of per capita expenditure, and then it was rising. So as a point where it was flat, that gave them the idea that this should be the poverty line, so it used to be $1, then it's $1.25. Though there's been some criticism, some serious criticism of, as they approach, you can read it in Angus Deaton presidential address to the American Economic Association in 2010, and where he gives a lot of example which showed that this approach is somehow problematic, he made some proposal, but I do not have time to go into details. So, as I said before, we want to take the idea that a poverty line should have some absolute, as well as some relative aspect. And the way we do this, and you will see it when going a little bit into the demonstration, is that we actually, we compare two situations. Okay, let's assume we have an individual who is just at the poverty line, whatever the poverty line is, and he doesn't take it to account other people's income.  And we compare this situation with another case where we assume the individual is again at the poverty line, but is also influenced by some referencing. And we will assume that in the post case, the level of utility is the same, and we will derive as a consequence a way to define the poverty line. So that's your general idea, and you will see the details later on. Now, as was mentioned before, we, the importance of relative income is a relatively old tradition. Mariano mentioned the famous citation by Carl Marx and the Houses, the work by Duesenberry. Yes, there is also a long, relatively long literature, more, centered more on the idea of relative deprivation. It started with the post-poverty work of Rensimand on deprivation 66, and then you have several other papers which took, which extended in a certain way, the early work of Rensimand. Okay, so let me just say a few words for a few minutes on the idea of reference group, because it is one of the key aspects of our approach. Now, some of the ideas that I will mention quickly now have been already mentioned previously. So there are several ways of defining a reference group. The first, one possibility is to consider a reference group, people who, you know, who work with you or something like this, you know, and you, in the paper by Claudia Sienic in 2009, you have this kind of approach. Clark and Andrew Clark and Oswald define the reference group of a worker as the income of employees who had the same age and level of qualification as a worker and were doing the same kind of job. Other studies look more at the characteristic, okay? And the trusting work by Adafi-Rere Carbonell, where the reference group of people who have your age, your level of education, your region of residence, a little bit similar to what Mariana presented previously. Some other people define a reference group or reference income as the average income of individual of the same race in the cluster and district where the individual survey live. This is a paper by King Don and Knight. Now, as far as the direction of influence, you know, how do other people's income influence me? Well, usually the emphasis is on status, which as was mentioned previously by Mariana with other people, if my reference group income increases then I will feel not so good as before. And this is mentioned and previously tested in several paper by Claudia Sienic, 2000, and Clark and Sienic. But I wanna talk about another effect which until recently was really only theoretically presented by the wisdom of testing. This idea which goes back to a famous paper by the late Albert O. Hirschman, who is a technical appendix by Michael Rothschild, as a story is as follows. Albert O. Hirschman would be teaching in several universities, his life career was teaching, was working at Harvard and he got stuck in a tunnel in Boston. So there were two lines that were stuck and suddenly the line next to him was moving and his line was not moving. And he says he didn't feel bad because his idea was if this line is moving, I will soon also move. And so he felt good about it. And that gave him the idea of the tunnel effect. What is the idea that when other people's income increases, well, you may eventually expect that your own income will increase. And this is a significant effect. So that was a nice idea, which was not tested, but it was recently when a few years ago tested by Claudia Sinek in two paper. And there is some evidence that this effect exists also. Obviously, the status effect is important, but this exists also. Some more, a few additional work, which you have on the parallel impact of your own income and rising reference income, like in the previous paper we had. For example, Knight and Corsair looked at subjective well-being in China and in their regression they introduced a dummy variable indicating whether the household income was much above, above, below, much below the village average. And Andrew Clark and Corsair reported a regression where the dependent variable refers to the satisfaction with income and the result is interesting and to compare with your finding by Iano. It then appears that the coefficient of own income is about three times as high as that of self-reported reference income and of opposite sign, obviously, even when the variable measuring the comparison intensity of the individual that is how important it is for the respondent to compare our income with that of other, is introduced. So this was really just to show you that there is a rising literature stressing the impact of the reference income in a recent paper, Bernard Manprach you know, tried to convince people that it is very important to collect information on the reference income. Okay, so let's now present a little bit of a formal framework. We will have actually a narrative and a multiplicative form and this idea appears already in the paper by Clark and Oswald. Our idea is that the individual utility is increasing and concave in absolute income but it is decreasing and convex in the reference income. Okay, I gave you already before the general idea that we compare two situations when one, when my utility depends only on my own income, the absolute approach if you want and one where my utility depends also on other people's income. Now what is interesting is that we prove that whether you take multiplicative or additive form which means we can assume that what's important is the absolute gap in dollar between my reference income and my income or you can assume that what's important as far as reference income is, is a ratio between the reference income and my income. What's interesting, whatever you assume two possibilities, obviously we are not, it's not the same demonstration and even not the same axiom but we always get the result that a new poverty line taking into account both the absolute and the relative income becomes a weighted average of the given poverty line, the absolute poverty line and the reference income and we can give a nice interpretation to the weights. What is also attractive is that in fact the results we get we can show that it corresponds by choosing correctly the weights to, for example, if we take the EU standard where the weight is 60% of the median income or the mean income and we'll see in a second just to remember right now or a proposal made by Tony Atkinson, Francois Bouillon, 2001, we can show that these are particular case of the results we did. All right, so a little bit of mathematics without going into too many detail, let X and M be respectively the absolute income and the reference income of individual. We can call M this reference income as a kind of positional good if you want. M could be the mean, the median income or whatever you consider reference income and we assume utility X of M which is it increases in X but it in the concave, it is concave in X but it decreases in M and other things come and it is convex in M. All right, these are quite standard assumption. What's the idea? Why do you have this convexity and this negative income in M? Not only when the reference income increases, my income doesn't change, I will feel worse but when it increases even more, I will consider that it becomes more and more difficult to reduce income and that's why you have this convexity. All right, so let's first, the first case is when I assume that the way I look at the reference income is by looking at the difference in dollar term between the reference income M and my income. So the utility function like this, sorry, a utility function like this, my utility depends on my income as well as the gap between my income and the reference income because the reference income is higher than my income because we focus on poverty here, obviously this is going to be negative. Now what action do we propose? Two actions, very simple. The first one is we have called linear translatability and it says the following things. If you add the same amount in dollar to my income and to the reference income, then my utility following this increase in the income of the reference individual and my income, my utility will increase by some perception, by some share K of this additional income, okay? So the idea is that since I'm the equal, equal of the absolute reference income, the relative status remains the same because X minus M didn't change, X plus C minus M plus C doesn't change, but my income increase, so individual utility should increase. And this axiom assumes that that utility doesn't increase necessarily by the full amount but by some percent. The second axiom is linear homogeneity which says that if you multiply my income and the reference income by some constant C, then the utility will be multiplied by some constant C. And then we prove that given these two axiom, I don't enter into the proof. Actually I would not be able because I'm not a special axiomatic, this is by the field of two of my co-authors, those who work at the Indian Statistical Institute, then you can prove that the utility is written as a weighted average of my own income and the reference income with the constant A being negative. And actually it corresponds somehow to the, an ID which was already put forth in 1998 by Clark and Oswald, the idea of additive comparison model. Now, how do we get your result? Now we'll assume a situation where I do not take into account other people's income. So I only take into account my own income and let's assume my own income is on the poverty line. Then I just, if I take into account other people's income I will get this level of utility. If I do not take other people's income into account I will have this utility and then when I equalize both utility I end up, it's easy to show and I don't know, that my, the new poverty line should be a weighted average of my original poverty line when there will be an absolute poverty line and the reference income and the weight can be easily computed. Obviously the higher this weight use the more weight I give to absolute income and that's why it can be considered obviously as a policy parameter that policy maker can choose. Let's go quickly to the other possibility with Clark and Oswald for the ratio comparison model which means that you take into account the reference income by comparing, by looking at the ratio of your income and the reference income. So we write the utility function in this way, utility function of the function of my income and of some function of this ratio and you do the same procedure. You compare situation where you ignore the reference income and the situation where you do take it to account in both case you assume you are the poverty line, the poverty line when you Z zero when you have only an absolute approach and the poverty line Z one when you have take a relative approach. The axiom we make are the axiom, the following axiom, linear homogeneity which says that if you multiply the income and the reference income by a constant C then your utility will be multiplied by constant C when you have two other assumptions which are more technical assumption, normalization, continuity and we do the same kind of demonstration as before. We equalize the utility in both cases, okay? So this is a case where I do not take into account the reference income or I say that the reference income is my own income, the poverty line Z zero and the other case and you can prove that at the end the poverty line which will not be the same as in the case on the additive model but the poverty line again when you have a reference income will be a weighted average of the poverty line which you assume when you have only an absolute poverty line and the reference income. All right. So, and here you have the formulation, you know, where the European Union assumes that the poverty line is 60% of the median. Here you have the weight that you should take if you wanna get the EU poverty line and Atkinson and Bourguignon made another suggestion and here's the weight to get the Atkinson-Bourguignon poverty line. All right, a few minutes, a few words of empirical application. We worked with agent data in various countries. We assume that the reference income by lack of information was either the median or the mean and we assume, you know, we applied our result that the poverty line taking to account both absolute and relative income should be a weighted average of the absolute poverty line and the reference income and we call this kind of poverty line an amalgam poverty line. As weight, weight of the absolute income, we chose one which is the situation you have today when you take a dollar, a dollar 25 as poverty line in developing countries, but we also try to find out what would be the impact on poverty if the weight is 90%, 66% or 5%. Now the data we had included all the information on the D side, so we had only 10 income, you know, the distribution of income in various countries, we had only 10 data, but we extended this by trying, by applying two technique, a one which was proposed a long time ago in 73 by Nanakakwani and Ripesh Poder, which is a regression where you regress the height of the Lawrence curve on the cumulative population share and another which is a technique which was proposed at Wyder by Tony Sharks when he was the head of Wyder and my Guanghua one when he was working at Wyder and I don't have time to enter into this technique but it allows you to create a lot of observation on the basis of observation. So let me just give you two, three minutes. You know, what will be the impact on the percentage of poor and also on the number of poor when you adopt our proposal. So I give you results just on some country like Bangladesh, for example, the absolute poverty line, assuming $38, which is $1.25, there a day then you have 43% of poor. So that's actually, now if you took the Amalgam poverty line that we proposed, you have quite an increase, a little bit less than 10% in the number of poor if you go from 100% to 50%. In Cambodia, you have a much greater increase. This is when you do the weighting with respect to the median but we have also a result when we take it with respect to the mean.  If you take China, here's a difference between rural and urban China, here the impact is very important. With the tradition, absolute poverty line of $38 and assuming the reference income is immediate, then if instead of giving all the weight to the absolute poverty line, you give it only a 50% when you're gonna have a tremendous increase percentage of poor from 29 to 40% with the Kacuani-Poder approach, 21 to 36% with the Sharks and Man approach. And in urban area, you didn't have any poor in 2009 with the absolute poverty line and you have 26 or 21% and similarly with the mean. We have also data on India. In India, the jump is somewhat less important in the rural area from 66 to 42 or 34 to 42. In urban, you have a bigger impact, all right? And here are the results you can look at since the paper is on the website. So with this, let me just conclude that this is the first time a proposal has been made to axiomatically derive a poverty line which will depend both on absolute income and on the reference income. And we have shown, I didn't show you this table. You can take a look. I'd be also computed the impact as far as the number of poories. And in some cases, you have a tremendous impact. Let me just, oh, sorry. If you take a case of China, for example, rural China, sorry, I don't have it here. Okay, here it is, sorry. Rural China, you can see that the number of poor increases from 142 million to 251 when you take the median as reference income, you can take a look at the other one. That's it.


Ukrainian forces have started the counter-offensive. They have a lot of personnel and weapons. Wagner Group founder Yevgeny Prygoshin said. Ukrainian forces have started its counter-offensive. They have unlimited personnel and shells. Prygoshin said. He added that in the past 24 hours, Wagner Group forces advanced 230 meters in backward. Russian forces in back-mount control area of 54,000 square meters. The enemy still controls 2.64 square kilometers, he said. Vladimir Rogov, chairman of the We are Together with Russia movement, told the Ukrainian armed forces have deployed several tens of thousands of troops prepared for an offensive on the line of contact in the Zaporizhia region. There are now several tens of thousands of Ukrainian fighters on the line of contact in the Zaporizhia region. Unfortunately, they have enough forces to carry out an offensive. They have deployed a sufficient number of fighters who can act in the Zaporizhia area, Rogov said.


Mili napehwe, niorumoo, Was hariwa mula eni mule kufingwa mula mula mula mula mula. Ya. Maizumingi, Wawe na mально taku alu napehwe mula mula. Neniku mula mula mula mula yawe nila mula mula. Yawe uavesi, Papatikanya yawe uavesi. Mazuna mula napehwe mula koja. Yawe uavesi sa mula mula. Inu mula mula macha, Yawe mula kufingu mula mula, I can say, 100% based on what I see, 100% if not close to that were youths that are participating in the riots and according to what happened, there is one woman who was on video claiming that she was among hundreds of other youths who had been paid a thousand shillings, it went round social media to see in the public domain that she was paid a thousand shillings to picket at DP Ruto's events. How can youths cushion themselves from all these chaotic scenes and from participating in such things that do not promote national cohesion? First and foremost, I'd like to relay my condolences to the families that lost their loved ones. What we saw is sad because it's a repeat of every other electionarian period. Like I told you, youth are seen as ladders or vessels of war goons for hire and the only way they can maintain that is by not empowering you. Economic freedom will never be handed over to you because the political class we have believe in or press them, make them poor to use them. That's why they have always said, do you use and abuse us? Now, by me saying that we have to find a solution, the solution is with us and how do you do that? You know when right now you tell the young men and women out there don't go to that rally after being given five hundred shillings, they'll still go because he knows that five hundred shillings, he can't buy let's say his supper or lunch. Now, if we as young men and women love our country more than we love ourselves, you know, that's the most important part. We will make sure that whoever gets elected is the person that has your personal interest, you know, cares about your well-being. And what we have right now, none of them does and I'll be honest with you, none of them does. And that is why you see they pay young men and women to go and fight like they did. The young men and women fighting outside there, they know nothing about what they were fighting. You see two people fighting a war between Huro and Ruto. You know nothing about that. They are Krimones marriage. When they were together and enjoying their deals, you were never consulted. But now that one wants to have political mileage, they will use you. And if we agree to be used, we will always be used. You see the relationship between the deputy president, Andrea Laodinga. And you will see the same youth being used. Now we need to care about ourselves. We need to take care about our personal interest. How do you do that? Fight for what matters to you. What matters to you is your economic freedom. That's the most important thing. But you see at the same time, you know, these pictures will be running on your screen. You can see there, this is near a certain church. Tiagas canisters were thrown at the event and these are all youths. You see, you mentioned about hustlers. They are trying to connect with their leader. And Joji, you say that we don't have parliamentarians who are youths. You say they are just youthful and maybe you can clarify that. How is it that the youths can lead the nation? If you look at this, do you think the youths can be able to take charge? Ram first, let me relay my condolences to the deputy president. But again, I want to say that Ram, there is what puts me in a Pandora situation. Are youths vulnerable or are they marginalized? The answer lies with whoever wants to interpret vulnerability and marginalization. But as Joji, I want to say that the youths are marginalized. The youths who have led the youths to be marginalized are the same same politicians. Because you cannot talk of a group that is majority, when you talk of this group to be marginalized. The youths have also been subjected to a situation where they cannot even be employed. Yes, they can be employed, but the government has put stringent measures To somebody who has just completed university or college, the integrity issues, you need to use over 6000 for you to clear so that you be employed. And these are the same people who will want to maintain the status quo so that they use you in these particular activities so that you are a recipe for war.  Dipiruto himself condemned his violence and he blamed it on his political opponents. He said, I must condemn this with the strongest terms possible. We must not use our youths for our selfish acts. Politicians should keep off our youths from such. Muranga will decide for themselves. This is a narrative that has been there over and again. When politics come, we see youths engaged in wars. We see youths engaged in violence, but then the politicians will keep on blaming the other side. Ram, let me say why I said that there should be no narrative of hustlers. Once you have made these people to believe in you that you are a hustler and they know also themselves that they are a hustler just because you the same politicians have made them to be marginalized. You have to perform the things that are unbelievable. Once they are done, they blame the opponent. Who knows whether the government did that? And who is the government? Who is Ruto? Because you cannot reassociate the DP and the government. But he himself has condemned such acts. He has made himself quite quite. That means the government was condemning this. We can't say that he condemned this and blaming the other part of the government. The only thing is that Ram, we have just been changing the forest and not changing the monkeys. This is the key problem. This is the sole problem. The monkey business comes back again. And Nurdin, let me quote David Murade. He said this. How is it possible that the deputy president never had these kinds of shenanigans in his own backyard when was the last time that the DP held harabes in Eldoret or Baringo for that matter? Why is it that he comes to Mount Kenya to incite, divide and to provoke? That is the David Murade. He is quoting the DP's act. You see in the colonial period, divide and rule. He is trying to say that he is trying to divide the mountain as he is saying. First and foremost, I don't subscribe to the school of thought of harambes. You are in government, for example. Why are you doing harambes? Why don't you make life better for the people so that you don't have to come down there and that is why we have the new constitution. We were trying to get rid of the harambes because remember back then, harambes were the norms of campaigning. Now, when you go back to what Murade is saying, to be fair to him, he is trying to paint a picture or he is taking care of his block so as to not have any wars there. Now, in central, for example, let us be honest, you see when people are hungry, it is so easy to charge them. Not just in central, let's say the country. And the DP knows where to touch and that's the young men and women. Remember, this government promised us jobs. They gave all man of promises. They promised heaven and delivered hell. They have scrapped all those recommendations for you to get a job but they are still there. You ask a young man, let's say you are straight from university, you have graduated, you are looking for a job and they tell you, you need five years experience. So you ask yourself, what is supposed to be born with that experience? But those are some of the ways they try to suppress the young men and women. And that is what I am talking about. So are you saying that what we saw in Muranga is like something that has been bottled up? That's an eruption. That erupted. Yes. It isn't like what the member parliament did in Yoroi saying that it was something that was planned and orchestrated by a specific group of people. I wouldn't hold a brief vein of our politicians because with them anything is possible. One can organize. You know with them, you can never take a bullet vein of our politicians because they are not leaders. They are politicians. Selfish interests, you know. So there might be an element of planning, there might be an element of both planned but one was overpowered and there might be an element of people just tired. Speaking of selfish interests, do you think it is, isn't it not selfish when someone donates things like will burrows and businesses to people? Why don't you subscribe to that notion? Not that I don't like donating these things. Ram, what I mean is these things are good and I accept them. But should you maintain the status quo of somebody? Ram, I believe in somebody who can uplift me from that border border to something better. Look at my papers. Look at what I've done for training. The deputy is targeting something and it is because of this target that he has that we are talking about in 2022. On Friday afternoon, the Secretary General of Jubilee Party, Rafael Tuju, he made an address to the nation. It was a press briefing and in his statement and I would like to quote part of it, he said that the NMC, that is the National Management Committee, has recommended to the NEC that the DPCs to be the deputy party leader after he opened the so-called Jubilee Assili offices that are reserved for him and his allies until such a time that his development of Jubilee Assili is discussed at the NEC at the neck. Now, Honorable Tuju described the deputy president's action as an, and I quote, attempted power grab, adding that the deputy exhibited arrogance, insolence, disrespect to the president Uhuru Kinyata. Does this in your view reflect the same as a sign of an attempt to grab power and was the move by the Secretary General of Jubilee Party advisable in your view? Ram, I love my deputy as the deputy president for this particular nation. But now one thing that challenged me is opening a party within the premises of another party which he also subscribes to. Ram, this one puts me into a lot of questions than answers. And therefore it ascertains that could be there was a kind of difference to the laws that were laid down in the foundation of this particular party. But again, I don't know where to put Tuju, but I also think that there should be something about the register of political parties. There should be some guidelines on how such like stalemate can be solved. You call it a stalemate? I call it a stalemate because at the moment does Tuju have the authority to let the deputy president get out of that particular party? Ya see all the cards? Now these are Jubilee Party rangals.  Like, do you have any legal basis? Sadly the constitution is silent on that. You know, it is hard to remove him as a deputy party leader. What is the mechanism? If you check the constitution which I did today and you check the termination of a member, it says when one writes a letter to the SG, it says gross misconduct, that is subject to interpretation, you know. And it says when one propagates the activities of another party. And you have to be careful because in Jubilee we have those who propagated the candidature of Imran in Odium. You know? We have those who subscribe to the deputy president. So in Jubilee... And you have those who subscribe to yet another party leader Honorable Rael Odika? So now we stand at a place where nobody in Jubilee can claim equity because no one has clean hands. So there is no way that the deputy president can't be removed as the deputy party leader of Jubilee. That quote in utangula will be noisy, messy, and casualty. Because you can tell from the way he's acting, he feels aggrieved. Because let us be honest with ourselves. He campaigned, he went around the country. So he sits down and he feels like he was used. And that's why you see he's not ready to let go of the party. Now there are two scenarios here. Number one, when Tuji talks about Jubilee Assili, Jubilee Assili mind you is not registered. So it's not a party. Jubilee Assili is wise. He calls that a place like here where we can just come and you and I share ideas. Because it's not registered.  Jubilee Assili is not registered. Even if you check the political party's register, it's not registered. It's more or less like a conference place where they just talk, where they agree with each other. Now, the other angle is he might be targeting to leave Jubilee. He might want to leave Jubilee. And it's hard for him to leave. So he would like the sympathy route where they are playing to his card. I told that's his plan. And all this started because of the handshake? Yes.


Good morning everyone. Welcome. I have just started the recording of our session. I hope all of you are doing good. Thank you for connecting to the class today. Are we going to take a moment to pray and then we will get started. All right. Salome, would you like to pray Salome, if it's okay? Yes, Pastor. Thank you Jesus. Thank you Lord for all that I've done of Father God. Thank you for this day of Father. Thank you for this new day that I didn't realize of Father God. Thank you God for everyone that is your Father. God we give you glory, honor, and praise of Father. But I pray, Father, that you have sent fast to analyze the Father that he could teach us this morning of Father. Thank you God for your blessing, Lord God. You lead him while he speaks of Father. Thank you for all that I've done. We give you glory, honor, and praise. In Jesus' name we pray. Amen. Amen. Amen. Thank you. Thank you. Okay. Welcome everyone. So we are in our course on Christian apologetics. We've spent quite a few lectures on talking about creation, the existence of God, creation, and you know different aspects, facets around creation. Today we are going to change the focus, the theme. Look at another area where people ask questions and which for us we need to be able to you know provide answers as far as in response to the questions that people ask. So we're going to talk about the accuracy and the authenticity of the Bible, the accuracy and authenticity of the Bible. How do you know that the Bible that we are reading, the text, so the content, the text is accurate. It's correct. How do we know that on what basis can we respond and what would we say in response when somebody says hey you know you're reading, all of you are reading a Bible but how do you know it is accurate? It's correct. How do you know that the text has not been changed by somebody along the way? So that's one part of the question we're going to answer and then we also want to understand what would we say in response to that question. So then in relation or in on the same subject there would be other questions like so how did, how was the Bible compiled? So you know we say okay this is the Bible, it has 66 books how was it compiled? How did you get it first of all? How do you know that the text is accurate, that text is dependable? That's the first question. The second question is how was this book compiled? Why do you say that on what basis do you say that these 66 books as you have in this part in the Bible is the Word of God? There are a lot of other things that were written around those times. Why weren't they added to the Bible? So that's the second question we want to answer which probably, that's the second question. The third question is also a common question that people ask is why do you Christians have so many different versions of the Bible? I mean you know it doesn't that adulterate the original text if you have so many different versions which one is correct and you know and then honestly if you put several versions side by side and people can do that they can put you know three versions side by side and the same scripture in the three versions may come out with a different meaning. So that's really confusing. So that's the third question. What's going on here? You're saying you're reading the same text but you've got three versions of the English Bible the same verse in three versions. It's coming up with some different meaning. So that's a tough question. How do we respond to that? Right? So that's our objective in this topic on the accuracy and the authenticity of the scriptures. So we will cover the first question today. Hopefully we'll cover that. Next week we will cover the other two and I'll try to keep this as quick as possible as concise as possible. So within two weeks we will cover this. So that's our objective in talking about the accuracy and authenticity of the scriptures. Now all of us you know we know how precious the Word of God is to us. We know the power of the Word of God in our personal lives. We have been greatly enriched as we personally have read the Word. But it's not like that for everybody meaning there are people who have questions. There are people who question whether this book that you and I you know we treasure. Where did it come from? How do you know it's reliable? And all those related questions. So even though we personally are convinced about the Word of God and we personally are you know we treasure the Word. We can't express that emotion to somebody else as an answer. You know I can't go tell somebody hey I love my Bible that's why it's true. That's not a valid answer. I mean for that for that person. Right? I love the Word of God. I treasure it. True. It's wonderful. Now I can use my personal transformation to authenticate the working of the Bible meaning I can say hey this Bible has changed my life. I can use that but it has to come after I convincingly answer these first three questions. Right? Because nobody's gonna you know people will appreciate that the Bible has transformed your life. That is wonderful but they will still ask these first three questions. How do you know the text is reliable and accurate? Why 66 books? Why these 66 books? On what basis were they put together? Why not a 67th book or a 68th book from that same time period? And the third question is about these versions. Why are these so many versions and some of these versions are the meaning of the text also changes. So those are very legitimate questions which we need to provide answers and in addition to providing those answers if we say look this Bible has changed my life. Okay now people are going to really accept the Bible because not only have we answered in a very in a very practical way those first three questions in a very convincing way but then we've also given the testimony of our personal transformation. Okay so the testimony of God's word transforming you or impacting you is valid. It's important but in many cases people may not accept that alone as a sufficient answer because they want they're asking these three legitimate questions about the Bible and we need to answer that. Okay so that's the journey we're going to make. I'm going to go ahead and share the PDF that I've put out for today's lectures and I'll put out another one for next week for us to talk about this. So lesson number nine will be authenticity and the accuracy of the Bible. All right everyone's with me so far what we're let me just pause and get back here. Everyone's with me you know what we're going to look at in this section any any questions before we get started. Okay you're all good. All right fine so let's go ahead and get started with this with this lesson. I'll just go and share the PDF. All right so you know over the centuries people have made great attempts to destroy the Bible and it's very interesting. Look back in the history as early as 380 the 4th century the Roman emperor made a great attempt to eliminate just get rid of the scriptures so can you imagine he ordered churches to be burned, Christians to be killed and all scriptures to be burnt like let's get rid of this book but today the Bible still stands as the most circulated the most widely read book in the whole world in the history of the world right it's been translated into more languages and it's more accessible than any but there was an attempt attempts were made. Walter supposedly said that you know within a hundred years he said Christianity would disappear the Bible would disappear and people would not remember anything and very interestingly and now after his death it is said that the Geneva Bible Society bought his house and used his house for printing Bibles so he disappeared his influence diminished practically but the Bible continued right and so here's a very interesting quote from our editorial says for 18 centuries every engine of destruction that human science philosophy that reasoning and brutality could bear against this book has been brought to bear against it to stamp it out of the world but it has a mightier hold on the world today than ever before if that were a man's book it would have been annihilated and forgotten hundreds of years ago so the very fact that the Bible not only has survived every effort to eliminate it but instead it has just just you know proliferated all over the world in so many languages is is a big testimony to the hand of God God in it I think it's a big testimony now very just quickly now I'm not going to spend too much time on this because we are already familiar with this part of it that you know the Bible was it makes this claim right second Timothy chapter 3 was 16 and 70 can somebody read that for us please it's on the in the pdf itself somebody can read it all scripture is given by inspiration of God and is profitable for doctrine for reproof for correction for instruction in righteousness that the man of God may be complete thoroughly equipped for every good work thank you so what is the Bible of course paul is writing this and what's he saying about the scriptures he's saying all scripture so remember paul is writing this somewhere around 60 80 more likely 68 80 this is his last episode that he wrote second Timothy so it was probably 68 80 and he's saying all scripture so for any for for in paul's mind at that time it's all of the Old Testament scriptures that means all the Old Testament that we have here he said that's what he's referring to plus of course his own writings by the time paul is writing second Timothy it's his last episode so he's already written you know all the preceding episodes and in his mind he is referring to all of the Old Testament scripture too right so he says all scripture all of this written scripture he says is given by inspiration of God so man wrote it man wrote it in the language of his time i mean people wrote it in the language of their time and day and time they used the grammar the syntax the figures of speech and they used the culture all of that so it was it was very human in that nature because people wrote it but the inspiration was from God so what we are saying is yeah yeah the text here is very human because people wrote it they used the language they used the grammar they used you know figures of speech they used the language of their day and time but the inspiration is God and Peter himself so this is the another apostle Peter another apostle Peter second Peter 1 2021 he says no prophecy of scripture is of any private interpretation that means so first of all he's referring to scripture as a as a prophetic book meaning an inspired inspirational inspired book so no inspired inspiration of scripture prophecy of scripture is of any private interpretation that means you know it wasn't some individual who sat down and wrote these things so you know people who question the bible question hey what if the scripture was you know some two or three people sitting together and putting it to you know private interpretive did they are making it up but he says hey no prophecies scriptures of a private interpretation but for prophecy never came by the will of man but holy men of God spoke as they were moved by the holy spirit so this is what we believe this is what the bible claims for itself it's inspired by God through human agency they were holy but they were men of God they were people of God right so it was inspired but man was involved in its writing in its compiling in its preserving in its transmission so man was involved so there is the divine aspect as a human aspect so how did it all come together right how did this come so some general information we know the Old Testament the New Testament the Old Testament was original come original over a thousand year period written both in Hebrew and Aramaic and so portions of the bible Daniel is there was an Aramaic over written over a thousand year period the New Testament was written over a 45 year period from about 50 80 to 95 80 so together you go from about a 1500 year period approximately there are 66 books 39 Old Testament 27 New Testament totally 40 different authors and many of them never met each other right so we have all of them writing 40 different people who have written these 66 books how has it been transmitted to us right so in the early days it was written on papyrus so papyrus is just basically the stem of a plant found around that region around in Egypt around the River Nile and so they had this stem of this plant they made this in the papyrus and they wrote on it and later on they moved to leather leather scrolls on which this was written and subsequently so papyrus would be this you know long continuous piece of paper or the scroll would be a long continuous rollable scroll later on they put it into what you know we would call as pages so and that that book that's put together is called the codex right so so that's how it that's the material things that were they used to write upon in the early days so the text of the scriptures the Old Testament and the New Testament was written on these kinds of materials but it was written by a set of people called as crimes and these were not ordinary people but they were people who were specialized or specifically trained to do this type of writing so that means they were very meticulous in their job very meticulous in their writing okay what did that person say I'm writing and I'm making copies of what is written so they're very meticulous in in how they wrote things to the point that you know these crimes when they made copies of scrolls if there were errors they destroyed the whole scroll so it wasn't uh let me put it in a positive way it's so meticulous there because the attempt was to be accurate right so they made copies of course everything was done by hand they had to sit and write everything by hand on these scrolls and make copies of it and then you know as as they had these copies of course as people dispersed as people scattered through the Middle East and around the Mediterranean more and more copies were made and you know it covered that area the text the copies of these books were wherever the people dispersed they carried copies with them and we refer to them as manuscripts so and that process continued so people continued to make handwritten copies of these manuscripts over in that geographical area around the Middle East in the Mediterranean the scriptures were distributed so now I want us to understand something that is simple to understand but it is the basis of establishing credibility of ancient manuscripts and this is what is done with all forms of literary work so it's not specific to the bible all forms of literary work all manuscripts are evaluated on the basis of these two things right so the number of manuscripts in the time can okay let me just go back to one more point here that you know by usually usually by examining the style of writing they would date the the manuscript right so there are experts papyrologists who can determine to a good estimate I mean of course these are estimates they're not accurate they can estimate the age of a manuscript by looking at the style so there are experts who do that so we will leave it to them and and of course there could be even the dating process but typically the handwriting is is a key all right so going back to this how do we determine the authenticity of a manuscript the credibility of a manuscript right two things and this applies as I was saying across the board to all ancient manuscripts one is the number of manuscripts right so the more manuscripts you have the more it adds to the credibility of the text and of course you know you're going to also look at the consistency in the text right there is human error you know there could be a comma missing or you know the small variations would be there of course in copying but the fact that you have more number of manuscripts with the same text is one factor that establishes the authenticity and the credibility of the text the other thing that is looked at is the time gap that means what is the oldest manuscript available and what is the time between the oldest manuscript available to the time when things actually happened so that's a time gap or when the person who spoke those words existed lived right so time gap so the smaller the time gap the more closer to the original we are likely to be that means a less transmission error in copying and so on so the closer we are the smaller the time gap the more closer we are to the original so it's on this basis that the validity of manuscripts the authenticity and the accuracy manuscripts are established right so you look at some of the ancient manuscripts from different you know philosophers and historical works and here's here the numbers that we see right so Plato who lived a few hundred years before Christ or how many manuscripts do we have about 200 manuscripts of his works and by the time gap of 1,300 approximately again of from the time he lived to the oldest that we have sorry sorry another Greek historian we have only eight manuscripts time gaps were 1,300 years it doesn't now when we say time gap it does not mean there were no earlier manuscripts obviously they were they must have been many earliest manuscripts prior to that but the oldest that we have available is 1,300 years from when he or Plato he existed which means that the earlier manuscripts were destroyed or lost along the way and over time okay so you look at several other philosophers we have 8,300 we have the Roman history 35 of the 140 volumes out of 20 manuscripts around 480 10 manuscripts 900 years and so on you know and then you can look at this and I'm just showing this here to show us that you know the numbers you look at the numbers you know how many manuscripts do we have what is the time gap compared it right even of Shakespeare's plays we have a large portion of what he had written there are disputes on changes to that book could have been made to his place now when you come to the bible let's understand this so up until 1948 or so the last book of the bible Malachi was around 400 BC similar to what we saw with Plato so on some of the great philosophers so around 400 BC the last book and around 200 BC we also had the oldest translated from Hebrew to Greek the Septuagint around 200 BC and up till about 1948 that means you know when the King James was translated which was King James was translated around 16 something there was this huge time gap that we actually had about a 1300 year time gap because the oldest manuscripts was from 980 of the Old Testament scriptures so the oldest manuscript was from 980 the the last book was around 400 BC so we're having a time gap of about 1300 years this was still about 1940 but then what happened and of course all of this was kept for us in Ezra and we read about Ezra the Old Testament he was you know we think of Ezra as as a priest and who helped with the rebuilding of the temple and so on but more importantly his role and the role of the scholars in those times the scribes in those times was in preserving the scriptures right so they really played a great role in preserving the Old Testament scriptures now what happened very so remember we had about a 1300 year time gap till about 1940 so all the translations of the Bible till the 1940s were based on text that was from 980 or thereabouts which means there was this huge time gap but then what happened in 1947 is there was this amazing discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls so what actually happened was there was a shepherd and some of the sheep wanted off and so this he went looking for not sheep as goats I guess his goats in the kumran caves near the Dead Sea so as he followed or went looking for his lost goat or goats he ended up in these caves the kumran caves near the Dead Sea and in these caves he found a huge collection or repository of clay jars about two feet high 10 inches wide and inside these jars were leather scrolls preserved and so you're talking about somewhere here in the kumran caves on the Dead Sea and this was in 1947 so it's pretty recent and so they got these scrolls right here from these caves and what did they find they found every book of the Old Testament except for the book of Esther sorry Esther but all the books of the Old Testament and these were from 70 AD or actually even before 70 AD so somehow these scribes who lived at that time had put all of these scrolls here hidden all these scrolls here in the caves to preserve them and so they got these scrolls that went back to the first and the sanctuary first and second century BC so that means around 100 to 200 BC okay so so now what's happening your time cap has gone from 1,300 years to about 200 years approximately roughly now that's amazing that means you've you've got manuscripts or scrolls manuscripts that are so close to the earliest you know times and when things were written or things were spoken yes close I mean this is really close and what was interesting was so remember we had manuscripts from 980 and now you're finding manuscripts from approximately 200 BC what was interesting was the text in these manuscripts were essentially unchanged and Isaiah the book of Isaiah unchanged for more than 2000 years so these are the Dead Sea Scrolls okay these are the the the clay jars in the Cumbrian caves that were discovered so you know they are found about 800 scrolls and so the scrolls had a lot of things but 230 of them were of the scriptures every book of the Old Testament except for Esther in these caves like we mentioned right so we just okay I kind of jumped ahead my head of myself but here's what we see here okay be at Isaiah which was written around 750 okay let me pause and ask if people are with me or gone to sleep um okay um all right okay sorry I'm just looking at the comments here everyone's okay Thayesh is in all right I don't know okay okay um I hope all of you are with me yeah I was just talking I wasn't I was looking at the pdfs I wasn't seeing the chat you're good so far okay all right now I'm sorry if people were out of the classroom because once I start and I move to the pdf and students are not let in I'm really sorry for that hope they got in okay anyway all right somebody can inform Thayesh how to come into the class okay all right Charles why the works William Shakespeare connected to the bible writing they're not connected Charles I was just giving a list of so there's no connection we're just giving a list of different works of people starting from you know philosophers from the Greek philosophers from about 308 BC what we were we were just giving an example of you know here are all the their works and this is the number of manuscripts we have this is the time gap that exists for their works okay so we were just kind of giving an example and then we just picked up Shakespeare we just mentioned that even in Shakespeare's works which you know is widely read in taught in schools and all of that uh there is a lot of questionable text you know in his works but nobody you know deals with that when they read Shakespeare but the fact is that even in Shakespeare's works there are multiple copies of some of his plays with variations in it so that's all I wanted to mention okay so it has nothing to do with the bible just just uh okay Charles okay fine so thank you all right so you all did me so far okay let's go back so I'm going to go back to the pdf so here's the amazing thing that we found right from the Dead Sea Scrolls so this was found in 1947 we've got all the old testament except for the book of Esther and now we are comparing so remember the oldest manuscript that we had up until that time was from 980 now now we are fine we have obtained manuscripts from about uh you know 150 BC this period right we've got uh that's the Dead Sea Scrolls these were the manuscripts that were found in 1947 from world 150 BC and we know that the book of Malachi now so this reduces the time gap between the oldest the last book of the bible to about 250 years now very interesting the book of Isaiah was written 750 BC approximately as I lived and spoke around that time so it was written around 750 BC initially the oldest copy we had was from 980 the we then found a copy of Isaiah that came from 150 BC that's almost 1000 years approximately 1000 year difference and what did we find we found that the copy of Isaiah that we had in 980 from 980 was I'm using the what exact or can you be you could say incomplete agreement was exactly the same as a copy of the book of Isaiah from 150 BC that is from the Dead Sea Scrolls so that means a over a thousand year period of manual transmission so think about it and we are talking about people scribes sitting and copying people copying copying copying over a thousand year period there was no era so just giving example of one book there's no era and therefore and now this brings us a little closer to you know about a 600 year gap between when Isaiah was written to the earliest scroll that we have so therefore we can have great confidence that this manual transmission process over a thousand year period like we said you know they had to sit down and copy it on papyrus and then they used leather scrolls and then they formed these books called Codex that though it was manually done it was done to the highest possible accuracy right so when we compare and so that table that was shown earlier was just for comparison so let me compare ancient scriptures or ancient texts or ancient manuscripts that aren't existence what can we say about the Bible we can say and I'll give you the numbers just if it's coming up on the next page the Bible has more manuscript evidence supporting its reliability and accuracy of translation now and this is one example the Dead Sea Scrolls it's a powerful example it has more it has more supporting evidence of reliability and accuracy than all other ancient texts and we will look at the New Testament we've just mentioned we're old we will talk about the New Testament coming up shortly but the New Testament manuscripts you know the New Testament manuscripts comes from the time of most of these Greek philosophers that people today quote so proudly or no Plato said this and so on so said the Socrates said this and you know they quote so proudly and they don't realize that hey Plato's manuscripts have a thousand year 300 time thousand 300 year time gap and he's got just about eight manuscripts of what he's supposed to have said and they don't realize the New Testament which you know just came 300 years after has more number of manuscripts and they are closer to the original time that means from that time we have those manuscripts so even if you compare if you know the New Testament manuscripts with manuscripts of philosophers who existed or who lived around or in the proximity of that time the New Testament manuscripts far supersede both the number and time gap and number and proximity than any of those philosophers that people today you know talk about so if you're going to question the New Testament then you definitely have to question all the philosophers and historians of their days because there's a huge discrepancy a huge gap a difference in manuscripts and time gap of ancient texts right and we've already shown about the Old Testament how amazing the accuracy is I mean this is astounding that the Dead Sea Scrolls which was from 150 BC to the Scrolls that we had prior 900 AD that there is no variation in the text over a thousand year period and that's why you know all the translations that were done you know before that time are accurate and reliable so you know we had the most common which was the King James version in 1611 based out of these manuscripts from 980 we can be absolutely confident that hey this is this is this English translation is close or is accurate to the original text because we see hardly any change over a thousand year period so we can rest assured rest confident in the reliability and the accuracy of the text that was translated for us even though the manuscripts were from 980 so this is an amazing discovery and you know it's almost like God saying okay hello I want to tell you I'm behind all of this and why did you know why was it that this discovery was made in 1947 by a shepherd boy looking for his lost goat I think God is smiling and saying I just want to show you all something you know I don't think these this discovery happened by accident you know the Bible had by this time by 1947 the word of God had been translated and you know people were preaching teaching and then when you made this discovery it's like it really just you know it's like God's stamp saying look the scriptures that you have is accurate and it out shines all other ancient manuscripts you know so I think I mean I don't know I just just amazing I'm amazed at the the the whole you know what happened there in the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls how it was discovered and how it really added credibility to the Old Testament scriptures the accuracy of the Old Testament scriptures and how you know it it really strengthened our faith or our conviction in the reliability of the text God just timed it and God made it available for all of us and it's just amazing okay so I'm just going to pause here we are going to pick up from here after the break let me look at some numbers just to say that look Old Testament has so many manuscripts the New Testament has so many manuscripts all of those kinds of things okay we'll come back after the break and go through that any questions so far okay let me see now there are some questions here how did they establish oldest known Hebrew manuscripts of the Old Testament okay yeah so Christopher the predominantly two ways one is the like we said the papyrologists do it through the handwriting process and then of course we have the dating process through radioactive dating tools you know to whatever extent that that helps us but these are the two ways we see in the case of the Dead Sea Scrolls because we know who did it who preserved it the SNES the the scribes who did it were called the SNES we know when they lived and when they did the copying so that establishes really establishes the time of those scrolls right the because we know the scribes or other the scribes who did the copying of those scrolls so it establishes so you know we would do this by these three aspects we can establish the date of those Dead Sea Scrolls okay okay Max and is any philosophy if I only look only the Bethesda not found on the Dead Sea Scrolls interesting I don't have an answer to that question Max and why the book of Esther was not found among the Dead Sea Scrolls I I don't have an answer to that question no sorry I maybe we should research on that I didn't think of it but it's a valid question and yeah we need to do a little research on on that but I don't know whether we can find answers to why Esther the book of Esther was not there yeah I don't have an answer to that okay maybe we should research on it okay Samuel the book of Isaiah it's the oldest manuscript we have shouldn't the book of Moses be the oldest yeah so we do have so all the remember from the Dead Sea Scrolls right all the books of the Old Testament except for Esther who were found so we found the first five books of Moses and found the book of Job all the Old Testament books from as copied by those scribes from that time about 150 BC the SMEs were found but we're just doing a comparison of Isaiah and to see the accuracy of it so I'm not sure your question Samuel okay okay okay all right okay all right so we're going to take a little break we'll come back in 10 minutes I just want to apologize for those of you who were locked out I'm sorry I didn't know you were outside the class and anyone else who was outside the class I started and I kind of moved to looking at the PDF so I wasn't aware I apologize for that but hopefully you can watch the video and catch up with the parts that you missed all right so let's come back in a few maybe 10 minutes quickly and we will continue from where we passed okay I hope you all with me it's not getting too technical you've understood the two issues on the number of manuscripts and the time gap is that very clear any questions on that do you understand the time time gap aspect yeah okay I'm assuming all of you have understood it any questions you can ask I'll leave you back right after the break okay thanks