All right. Thank you for coming. My name is Miguel de Casa and I've been working on open source for many years. I first started contributing to Linux and the GNU project in 1992. I built a company to build the open source software and we tried and it was very rough. Very difficult to keep your friends employed with open source. We built a proprietary company which led to a little of a disagreement with Richard Stallman. So he kicked me out of the foundation and then I went to build another company which this time I ran at the end and tried to do open source. Anyways, we had a lot of fun in that company. We specialized on mobile, on Android, and iOS development, Linux, and Mono at an era where Microsoft was not very well welcomed in the open source world. Then two things happened, they changed the CEO. We went from Steve Balmer which was a sales guy, very aggressive, not very open to ideas about open source, and we went to Sacha Nadella who is a completely different person. A man that likes to read a lot of books and have his opinions challenged. He decided to embrace open source and he decided to embrace free software. So I was running this company with my friend, Nat Friedman, and Microsoft Acquartus in 2016. The first thing that Microsoft did is they turned our proprietary very expensive proprietary products into open source products. To give an idea, a license per seed was $2,000, and we were selling them like hot pancakes or hot waffles, as you would say here. The first thing that Sacha and Scott Guthrie did is like, no, we're going to open source all this stuff. This is now public work. Ironically, it was Sacha Nadella and Scott Guthrie that brought me back to the open source world after all these years. Anyways, since I've been working in 1992 on Linux or Mac OS, I've always used this. I've probably had one running here right now. Let me see if I have one. Oh, the machine just rebooted, so you won't see it. But this is my file manager. It's a file manager that I started writing in 1992. It's called the Midnight Commander. It's still branded GNOME Midnight Commander from when Richard liked me. I spend my life in this thing. Usually, I have dozens of instances of this file manager. Despite the fact that I started the GNOME project, that I use a Mac every day, I still spend most of my days in the Linux shell.   This is where I do all my file operations, how I keep my life organized, and it's done wonders. It is a clone of a DOS app. This was a clone of a DOS app that I missed when Linux came on the market. I said, I got to have this. I understand Linux philosophy, but give me my shell. So I want to build this thing. So this is my life and what I want to talk to you about today is really a pet project of mine that has nothing to do with my commercial offerings or anything that I've done in the past. This is just my evening hack, is the thing that I do on the afternoons. I'm doing this talk because the person that was going to do this talk didn't show up. So then we're going to do a very similar talk about building user interface applications with .NET. It was going to be a competing framework, and because I was the chair of the session, I figured it would be unfair to compete with him. So I said, let's do this talk, but then he withdrew. So I think it's fair. So this is my tech user interfaces. This is the first machine that I started working on at the university with my dad. It was a VT100. That was a keyboard with a touchable keyboard. It does the most beautiful scrolling you've ever seen. Now, most of you don't know, well, I bet none of you have seen one of those or used one of those. So you don't appreciate what these beautiful smooth scrolling is. But today, the same technology that powers that thing, and evolution of this set of escape sequences and the way you communicate with the terminal is what is used on consoles on Windows, Mac, and Linux. I'm still very much in love with that, and I still use this to live a day. So I decided to build a UI toolkit that would let me build applications for the console, and it is relatively painful. I'm shortening this talk, it's a much longer talk, but it's very painful to build these console applications on Linux, because you need to learn a lot about curses, about input, about extra consoles, the Windows console. If you want to build something that works across the board, it's relatively annoying to do and get it right. There's complications in terms of colors and mouse support. So one day, I decided that I had it, and I wanted to build something for me. So this is a project that I built just for me. Now, this UI that you see this there, is implemented with this code, with this C-sharp code. It leverages some of the idioms that are common in C-sharp, like for example, this nested creation of objects, this lambda functions that attached an action to a menu. For example, when you press a quit menu, it invokes this function, so this is a full statement there. That's a UI that you get for that. So I'm going to tell you a little bit about how this works. So what you need to remember is that for the past almost 10 years, for the past 10 years, I've been working mostly on bringing .NET to Android and iOS. So my view of what a UI toolkit should be has been influenced by iOS and Android extensively, and you don't know this, you don't know this, we're going to get this fixed eventually. You don't know this, but one of the original window managers, that's by use by the GNOME desktop when we launched, who here is old enough? Who was born before 1990? So when we launched this thing, we launched this in 1999. Who was 15 in 1999? At least a couple. So when we launched GNOME, we launched with this window manager, it was a fabulous window manager, super configurable, it was written in a variation of Lisp, it was called Sophish. This window manager was built by none other than Harrop, and he went to build the core animation framework that powers every iPhone. So every time that you see a buttery smooth UI on the iPhone, that guy came from GNOME, but he went to Apple and he landed all of those ideas. So all the animation frameworks and all this smoothness on Apple came from this guy from the GNOME universe. Anyways, so when I was building this retro user interface that was influenced mostly by the iOS UI design system and how it works. So I wanted to blend some of the things that you wanted to do on a text user interface and some of the ideas that come from iOS. So first of all, let's start with what every modern UI application framework has this time transported to the console, to a raw console is we do have a main loop. What that does is it handles your input, that can be keyboard, it can be the mouse, it can be file descriptors, it handles timers, it handles idle events. So there's a whole infrastructure that you've come to expect from things like QT or GTK or WPF or iOS. This is, I don't know. Clearly, it's proprietary software that is failing me. Is there some sort of a, all right. It has a whole system of redrawing damage regions of the screen, and this is all handled by the application.run. The second piece that is interesting is that I copy the design from iOS for views. This in my opinion is one of the most powerful things that iOS has, which is anything that goes into the screen is called a view, and there are certain attributes as to whether they can take input or not input, but views themselves are not lifts. Any view can contain further views inside. So you can use them as a leaf or as a building block, and everything is built on top of a view. This is roughly how you compose them, right? So you just nest these things. You nest these things and you need to have a system that handles the focus and handles how the focus is going to work when you tab it and how you write the events. So a lot of what this library does is handling those for you, and it lets you, like I said, build these nested user interfaces the same way that iOS does. So what I'm saying is, this is the iOS of terminal applications. Now, there are three fundamental types. These are very simple, but we'll come to this in a second because this is the one area where I think that I am much better than all the garbage that Apple did with iOS, which is a rectangle points and sizes. And I say that it's garbage because they built a layout system that requires a PhD.   I said, you have not seen me struggle for the last three weeks trying to get a layout on the screen with auto layout. It is so embarrassing that I have not published the Git repo. I've kept it secret because I can't get this thing to work. So it's probably going to take me another week and then I'll publish it, but it's been a world of misery. So this is the layout system for people like me, people in their 40s, that they can't really do these things anymore. Life is too short. So we have two sets of layout positioning. The first one is you say, I want you to be from zero, zero to 10, 10. That's what it is. No questions asked.  And the second one is this marked positioning, which where the X and Y properties are not actually X, they're not integers. They belong to this type called pause. And the width and height are defined in terms of this type called dimension. And it just happens to that we've created an implicit conversion from integers to those. So you can always say X equals 10 and it will fix it.  But this is the magic and pay attention. This is really the magic. There are a couple of operations here. You can create these pause objects with a number of things. Like for example, pause with the percent method. These are all static methods.  These are all static methods. So you can say I want a percentage. So you say pause dot percent 10, and it will give you a position that will be 10 percent of the container. Anchor N means I want this position to be attached to the end of my container with this much buffer space, the margin there which is a default option. I want this to be centered. And this is centered compared to my container. Remember, every view is nested. So this is always compared to the previous one. This is implicit operation that I mentioned. You can also operate on this thing. So you can take a position is 10 percent plus 10 units plus centers. You can say center plus 10 percent plus five units, for example. So you can add these up and you can subtract those up. You can also use this anchor point. So you can say the position is to the left, to the right, and then add offsets to them if you want to. Or you can have positions that are relative to other views. So you can say this is a position that needs to be anchored to these other views. So I don't know where you're putting the other view on the screen. Just make me relative to that, either to the left or the right center or whatever. So and the same thing goes for dimensions. It doesn't have as many operations, but again, you can describe operations in terms of, I want you to fill up all available space or be a percentage of the space. And the same thing is the important one. And again, you get these combination operators. And I think it's probably one of the best ideas that I've had in many, many years. And this is what it looks like. So are you doing a login password and a couple of other things? You can say that you can see that first I started to, I said, I want to center this piece in the x dimension on the screen, right? And the y, I fixed it. Now notice what I do with the next one. I said, well, I want the left position to be the left one of the parent one. So now I don't need to worry where it goes. What is interesting is that it is the login that gets centered, right? It is the login that gets centered and whatever that ends up, and the password is just going to be below. So it's not going to be centered, it's not going to be on the side, it's going to be attached below, right? And you can see a couple more examples.  So attach to the bottom, add one line. Jesus, I'm very sorry about this. I don't know what's going on. Maybe there's some timer, auto timer going on? What? All right, well, I hope you enjoy this. A couple of other things, I'm not going to go into this, but you get the idea. There's a couple of things that are work keeping in mind which is that because VT100s that are still induced, usually when you have a poor terminal, they do not have a lot of colors in terminals that have a lot of colors. You really shouldn't be thinking about colors. You really need to be thinking about attributes. So to make things simple, I've introduced an attribute system that can define these things. And I'll give you an example. This is a regular UI, and you don't really think about setting the colors for these ones. Instead, you need to think about which colors you're going to use for normal text, for the hot key, for the normal text. The focus key and the hot focus key, right? So these are things that you need to do that typically in a GUI UI you no longer have to do. Do not worry, we do have color schemes already built for you. So you don't have to think about this thing, you just pick a style. Now, I would like one day to bring some sort of CSS like system so that it's easier to customize. Right now, you have to kind of like an animal say, this is the black and white settings, and these are the full color settings. And this is the 255 color settings. But anyways, there's a ton of views that you can use today. So, and they're super easy to build. So feel free to use it or not. And we have convenient things for creating dialogues, pop-up boxes, message boxes, your file saved dialogues, etc. So anyways, this is my new toy, this is my new toy. And the last thing that I want to finish with is, this is just a warning for those of you doing multi-thread applications. But when we build mobile app frameworks, we build this cross-platform UI toolkit called Xamarin Forms. Which is you build it once and it runs on Android, iOS, Mac, WPF, etc.  So this is again, the XAML that you were seeing a minute ago in the talk about Fsharp or the WebAssembly talk, you can use that and generate console applications from that. So thank you very much folks.


What is going on guys welcome back to the channel critical overload here So we need to talk about the return to Haddonfield the Halloween kills feature that came out a couple days ago The one last thing I believe the one last major thing that we'll have before the movie finally comes out next Friday for a lot of you to see it in theaters when it arrives the Stuff that I want to talk about as you saw in the thumbnail was one of the shots that was clearly Not James you Courtney is Michael Myers some other guy. I can't think of his name right now, but the The way they had Michael Myers looking for the flashback You can you notice for the 1978 flashback that we know we're supposed to be getting we're supposed to be getting several of them We're gonna be seeing Michael Myers getting caught We're gonna be seeing I from the final trailer looks like we're gonna be seeing Michael Myers as a kid once again We're also gonna be seeing an interaction that Michael had with Lonnie We're gonna be having a lot of flashbacks going on throughout this movie to catch us up on a lot of the characters that are coming back and Just trying to move the narrative forward while also telling us giving us a little bit more of an inside as to what went on after Michael Myers Got up from those six bullets after a doctor Loomis shot him, which I think is very Fitting to do and not in this movie. I feel like they should have done it in the last movie Honestly, but it's still nice. They're doing it. So We need to talk about that Michael Myers image of him walking through I would say an alleyway of sorts. It looks very much like the original film It looks very on par with the first two installments if like literally if You had asked me what was the best recreation of that 1978 Michael Myers vibe They somehow have delivered it with this movie that's coming out in 2021 and it's very impressive to see the way everything is captured the way it's framed how everything is Looking via like just the lighting where he's coming in and out of the light is just those little things that completely would make someone that is a I would guess a mega fan when it comes to just the original movie That's gonna be something that's going to excite those individuals I know that to be true just because of some of my peers that I've talked to already who saw that they went crazy over it I myself of course watch all the Halloween movies. I don't necessarily say Well, I do I have ones that I prefer over others, of course I enjoy all of the movies. I would say I like them all I wouldn't say all of them are Movies that should exist if I'm if I'm being honest I think a lot of us would agree that but the fact that we have something coming out this year 2021 That is matching almost perfectly what we got in the 1978 film and in the the Classic sequel that we got Halloween 2 that was just a beautiful thing to see he looks amazing Michael Myers looks amazing That's the shape that is evil on two legs as dr. Loomis likes to say and I just can't wait to see it I can't wait to see it. We also got to see Charles ciphers. He delivered a line I guess that he's gonna be also delivering in the movie That is just a reference to what he said in the first movie. He's literally saying the same line Everyone's entitled to one good scare. We get to see Kyle Richards reminiscing on her time of filming the original Halloween and how she didn't really know what she was doing cuz she was a kid She was a child at that point in time to now being here with Jamie Lee Curtis they share a little sweet moment in the feature it and This movie just seems like it's going to be a very Fun movie again my only Complaint that I see coming out of it will be just the lack of character development. It's I just something is telling me You know these characters. They're not going to be Fleshed out enough to the point where you're going to care that they're dying and what I mean again is Going back to the fact that this is a sequel to the original film and now the 2018 film We haven't been with these characters Since Halloween 1978 some of them anyway Most of the were most of the now returning ones that are joining the joining the team that was not present for the 2018 film Those returning characters. We haven't seen since Halloween 1978 Lonnie himself wasn't even a major character in 1978 so Whether or not you will make their deaths meaningful That is something that I will have to wait and see I just feel like the the deaths that are going to sting the most would Be coming from our already established strode women who I don't really see dying other than maybe Karen I don't see Allison or Lori dying. I just don't feel like with Charles Cypher's character coming back Sheriff Brackett I don't see if he dies that being a death that hits home or hits hard I don't see Lindsey's death being hard-hitting and if Tommy were to die I don't see Tommy's death being hard-hitting and that's only because I have Reservations about them giving you reason to be invested in these characters once again now as adults I'm not saying that it's not going to be a fun little movie to watch where we're catching up on all this nostalgia with these characters But in the end will they just seemingly be More to the body count or will their deaths mean something if it happens same thing for Marion Chambers? I just don't see them giving us a substantial amount of Time with them to necessarily care about their deaths if they happen then again the fact that Jamie Lee Curtis Isn't going to be the one like walking around town the most with them It's gonna be us with this mob Allison and Karen for a lot of the film and I believe Lori will be spending a lot of it in the hospital so we'll see that's a detriment to the film because Just being honest the whole realistic vibe of this is that these people are gonna be going around town They're not gonna know a thing of they're not gonna have any idea what they're doing They're letting their emotions get the better of them and they're reacting off pure emotion They don't seem like they're gonna be having the best strategies a lot of stupid decisions will be made and They will die as a result So, you know, I believe that's a reasonable thing to expect Just because of how we see the way this kind of is mirroring What we some of the stuff that we have going on in the real world We'll have a group of people who are going out there They don't really know everything but they think they can take out Michael Myers They're probably they're gonna do a lot of stupid stuff along the way and then they're gonna end up of course dying When of course a mob like that should not be getting taken out by this one man If you had a good strategy, of course, but again, this is Michael Myers movie He's not going to be taken out. Also. We know that we have Halloween ends coming up So that shot of Michael Myers for the 1978 flashback that we're gonna be getting that was an amazing beautifully Captured shot to see I'll leave a link to the feature right down in the description if you want to go ahead and watch that just the way they have been able to deliver the best recreation of that 1978 Michael Myers with this movie was just a breathtaking thing for me to witness it It's just a testament to how I feel they're taking this Serious compared to some of the other Halloween movies that we know we've gotten over the years like Halloween resurrection But let me know what you guys think about this down in the comments section below if you have it Of course, make sure you subscribe turn on postification and members video in the description I will have links to my social media accounts my Facebook Twitter and Instagram You can message me there of course to let me know if there is any movies news or views You let me to cover in the future and with all that in mind guys. I will see you in the next video


With the mass known, Robert Milliken, a contemporary of Albert Einstein, found a way to measure the charge of an electron. This is the original equipment he used in 1909. The experiment was performed by spraying a mist of oil droplets into a chamber above two metal plates. Some of the oil droplets became electrically charged by friction as they were sprayed through the nozzle. If few droplets would enter the space between the parallel plates, controlling the electric potential across the plates would cause any charged droplets to rise or fall. Finding the voltage that caused a droplet to be suspended above the bottom plate indicates that the downward force of gravity was equal to the upward electrical force. Once Milliken had arduously and meticulously determined the weight of a droplet, he could solve for the charge on the droplet. It was not known how many electrons would attach to each droplet, maybe one, maybe more. So the experiment was carried out a large number of times. The smallest charge found was 1.6 times 10 to the minus 19 coulombs. And all other charges on oil drops were found to be whole number multiples of this one, indicating that it was the charge on a single electron.


Good morning sir. Yes. How are you? We are from Indore. Yes sir. Very famous place in Bhopal. Yes sir. Not only Bhopal, India also. Yes sir. Sioni. Sioni, how far from your place? Sir, it takes around 10 to 8 to 10 hours to travel by bus. Have you seen Sioni? Sir, I have only once because my mother was born there but after her father's posting, she spent most of her life in Bastar area of Chhattisgarh and then in Indore. Sioni is famous for anything, isn't it? Sir, for the cement industries I have heard mostly and nearby there are tribal regions also. Tribals are there in the forest also? Yes sir. For the forest? Yes sir. Have you seen some forest anywhere? No sir, I am not sure. No? No sir. M.P., do we have forests in M.P.? Yes sir. We have the... We never went to any forest area. Sir, I could never have the opportunity to visit any forest area. We block the space and very difficult to go here and there. It becomes this habitat for criminal activities also. What is the need for having forests? Sir, forests are the natural ecosystems of the earth and if life has to exist on earth, it is not only the humans and the development activities that we are doing but we also need nature. The mother earth who has given life to all these activities and in fact humans. So forests are essential because they are also called as lungs of the earth. So we cut forest and wherever we want we put plant trees, agriculture, that will be enough. Sir, the forests that we have are somewhere around hundreds of years old and the trees which... If the forests are cut and the trees if we would plant them, sir it would take another 100 to 200 years to grow. So by then, sir, all the carbon dioxide that comes on to the earth would not be absorbed back since these act as major carbon sinks. Okay. Last one or two weeks, main headlines in your Madhya Pradesh newspapers. Sir, an unfortunate incident has happened on the occasion of Ram Navni which was because of the communal violence that got flared up during the procession. And sir, apart from this also that Madhya Pradesh has contributed extensively in the wheat production to the central governments. Tell me something about that incident happened and what government did and... Sir, after the communal violence which took place, the alleged writers who were there, they were arrested under the due process of law and probe has been initiated into the same. Sir, the government has also raised the houses and the properties, the illegal encroachment which were done. Illegal encroachments raised legally or illegally. I am not sure if the notice period was served to them, but if notice period was served and then the bulldozers were raised then it was probably legal. So, who decides whether this is legal and this construction is legal or illegal? Who decides that? Sir, if a property or a construction belongs to me then I should possess the relevant land records and documents and if I am able to furnish that it is probably legal. So, it is the district authorities and the district people who are in charge of seeing the land records. I think two days back Hanuman Jainthi was there. Yes, sir. What has been done in Hanuman Jainthi? Something, some inaugurations were done. Sir, I am sorry, regarding the inaugurations I am not aware. See, we have a lot of international conventions treaties where the countries become parties. So, the treaties there, it means like India has become party to many treaties and conventions. So, it means once we become party, we sign, it comes into force. We are bound to implement it in our country or anything else is required. Sir, we need a parliament ratification also if we want to implement those international treaties that we have signed. Okay, parliament ratification is okay. After that we can do that. Sir, after that also, sir, states concurrences also needed in a particular state. Okay, that is also good. Then? Sir, then probably we can. So, there is no need of any corresponding domestic law? Sir, if a law already is in place, then it is okay. Otherwise, sir, we will need to make a law. Yes, sir. Without law we cannot implement? Yes, sir. We will need to make a law. Okay. Punjab, you know you are tracking the developments in Punjab? Yes, sir. What is the recent one? Sir, the newly elected government has announced for the free electricity to the people of Punjab. From when? Since from which day? Sir, from July 1, they have announced. Something else also? Some jobs and all? Sir, I read about the electricity part. Okay. WTO is telling that reporting of deaths due to COVID in India has not been done on SP. Sir, I have read some news articles that in which it has been said that probably the number of deaths have been underestimated in India. Sir, I think it is primarily because number one when COVID struck, we were not at all prepared and the deaths that occurred, we could not clearly identify or demarcate whether it was due to COVID or some other comorbidities. And sir, secondly, during the second wave also which was very lethal, it was difficult to actually pin point. However, sir, there have been lapses also where we could not actually report. The actual reporting was not done. Okay. Thank you. So Anjali. Yes, sir. You have kept not the zone at the first preference. Yes, sir. Why? You do not want to work in a challenging area? Sir, I would be very happy to serve in any zone and any cadre I am allotted to. Since there was a preference that I had to choose, so I went ahead with that. Okay. Okay, no problem.  Yes. Right? Web 3 is a term which is there in news. Have you heard of it? I am sorry, sir. I will have to look into it. Okay, all right. What is the NFT? Sir, NFT is a non-fungible token and it is based on a blockchain technology. So under this basically what happens is that if I want to say, let us say there is a piece of art, so there will be a digital art or a digital copy of my original piece and anybody who wants to purchase it can do so and they will be having that digital copy and the original copy would be with me. So in this way it would be secure and duplication cannot be done. Okay, all right. Does India have any cybersecurity policy? Yes, sir. We have a national cybersecurity policy of 2013 and it was released by the Ministry of Electronics and IT under which there are cyber police cells and also cyber professional. We are talking of training of around 5 lakh cyber professionals in the country and imparting cyber literacy. Okay. Now there has been an increasing incidence of cyber crimes. Yes. Do you think the police personnel are well equipped to fight such crimes? Sir, considering that cyber crimes are the new age crimes, I believe we have the potential but still the training part of the police professionals is still lacking because of which the tracing of the crime and the people involved in it has become difficult. So that is one area. And so secondly, the crimes are also now being done through dark web and dark net and these are those areas where we need extensive research and development also. So that is also somewhere missing in the country since we only spend around 0.7% of our GDP into research. So in that also, sir, we need to work. What do you think we should have separate computer science posts now in police at least in every district one or two? Do you think it will be a good idea? Sir, I think it can be thought of. We can have certain posts, technicals, specially posts for computer science graduates and it might help the police in investigation further. Okay, all right. Tell me something about bone paintings. Sir, bones are the tribals who reside in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh regions and these are the tribal paintings done by these people in which they make various motives and since tribal people are very, very connected to the nature so the motives also in these paintings are related to the nature itself like the Mahuva trees and the flora and the fauna of the region and through these paintings, they try to depict the interdependence and interrelationship of the people and the nature. Any other similar tribal painting styles from Madhya Pradesh? Sir, in Madhya Pradesh there is Pithora paintings also which are done by the Pithora tribes Okay, you also follow tennis. Yes, sir. There was a huge controversy of Djokovic with regard to Australian Open. Yes, sir. So who do you think was correct, Djokovic or the Australian Government? Sir, if I have to look at, Australian Government was correct in the sense that since it's a government, it is their duty to make the people and the citizens aware regarding vaccination so they debar him from playing. So it set a precedent that vaccination is important. While from an individual's perspective, I think personally he made a personal choice that he didn't want it to get vaccinated and since he was following all the COVID protocols and he was not involved with other people so I think both were right in their respective domains. But finally you have to give your opinion and final judgment. What would it be? Sir, I would say that considering the larger good of the people the decision of Australian Government was right that vaccination has to be done. Okay, alright. But he also lied about his positive certificate and all? I am sorry sir, I couldn't please that part. Okay. Now many of the state governments, I think Madhya Pradesh, Anuta Pradesh are using Bunda Act or some sort of similar act to raise the houses of the alleged writers. Yes. Do you think it is right? Sir, from what I see there are two issues which are involved here. One are the writers and one is the raising of their properties. Sir, if we consider about the writers and people who cause violence and damage to the public property strict action needs to be taken against them according to the rule of law. And sir, if the properties are raised then that should be done if there is any illegal construction which is being done or an illegal encroachment that has been done by serving a proper notice and giving the concerned people also a chance to appear before. However sir, both these things are happening simultaneously so it is getting somewhere connected that there are some vested interest. But if we follow the right procedure, I think sir, this issue can be tackled. Okay. There is high attrition in the IT industry. Can you tell me why? Sir, if I may clarify, attrition is the increasing. No. People leaving the jobs and switching the jobs. Sir, in the software industry I think it is a very dynamic sector. So, it is growing every day. Technology as we know it is changing every hour and every second. So, people are also getting skilled and they are finding more relevant and more better jobs than the previous ones. So, we are seeing a switch over. While there are some people who are also leaving these jobs probably because of the brain drain that is happening from our country to the other countries because of better opportunities and jobs. Okay, last question. What are your strengths and weaknesses? Sir, I will start with my strengths first. I think I am a very calm and a composed person and I am also very patient in listening to others' viewpoints especially the adverse ones. And so thirdly, I think I am very much driven by my perseverance and my grit. I have a never give up attitude towards the challenges. And sir, regarding the weakness I would say that since I come from Indore so I am a foodie because of which I tend to gain weight and then I have to lose it. And so secondly, I also tend to work for long hours that leads to exhaustion sometimes. Thank you. Anjali, when we talk about Indore, the first thing that comes to my mind is cleanliness. What are the other things that Indore is famous for? Sir, apart from cleanliness, Indore has been historically the presidency of the Holkars. Devi Ahilya Bhai Holkarji is said to have associated with Indore and she has immensely contributed in the field of temples, art and architecture. Also the temple town of Maheshwar is very famous for Maheshwari and Chanderi sardis in Indore. Sir, speaking about the food, it is the street food capital of the country and there are lots of varieties of food like Jalebi and Poha and Jalebi is the staple diet. And sir, it is also emerging as the financial capital and the software hub of the MP also. So, these three. In a unicorns based out of Indore? Sir, I am not aware of if they are having me. You are constantly reading about chip shortage. Yes sir. How is this affecting the computer industry? Sir, the chips are the most important part of any electronic device and for their proper functioning it is very, very important to we have chips and because of the COVID supply chain disruptions the chip shortages have been felt. Sir, with respect to the computer industry I think one is that the IT industry during the time of COVID there were certain layoffs which were done. Sir, this I can only think of these. You are familiar with the news of Infosys existing Russian market. Sir, I read about it. Yes. Can you tell me what do you know about Infosys exiting Russian market? Infosys are particularly in the Russian market. Russian market. This is in the context in news in the context of UK also. Yes sir. Sir, I am aware that the son-in-law of Mr. Narayan Murthy owns the Infosys is their current finance minister, Rishi Sunak. And sir, I have read about that they have exited but the exact reasons I am not really sure of. Okay. India is a global powerhouse in terms of software. But despite of having such a large human resource we have not been able to do well in the manufacturing of technological devices. What do you think is missing out here? Sir, I think that our manufacturing has been lacking because once our research and development that we need is low, we do have the manpower. But the skills which are needed, sir, that is lacking. There is only 5% of the population in India which is skilled as compared to 70 to 80% in the developed world. And so secondly, manufacturing sector in India is something which has to pick up. It is only like around 16% of our GDP and we have been targeting 25% but still we are short of that mark. So we have to focus on that. And so we are rightly doing also like the PLI scheme that we have come up with is also targeting the manufacturing sector. You won a national level in the school essay writing competition. Yes. What is the topic on? Sir, it was on the women empowerment. It was in Hindi. Mahila se Shakti Karan. What are the three major impediments towards women's empowerment in the country? Sir, first I would say is the mindset of the people. That is the patriarchal in the society that women or a girl child is inferior to the men. So second impediment I would say is their education. Without a proper education, we cannot expect the empowerment of women because she would not be then financially independent. And sir, the third impediment I would say is the crimes and the violence against the women. Especially during the pandemic, we saw that it was a shadow pandemic where a lot of violence was against the women. So safety and security is also one issue. In gold painting, what type of colours do you use and what is the material used for these colours traditionally? Sir, traditionally it was the natural colours like for brown they used the soil and for black colour charcoal was used. For green the leaves were used. But since these have also evolved over time, so now there are poster colours, acrylic and all types of colours like oil colours, water colours. Any medium of colour is now being used by the painters. How is the gold painting being promoted? What steps are being taken to promote gold painting? Sir, firstly these are popularised through the museum. There is a museum also in Bhopal in which these gold paintings are published and they are showcased. And so secondly the tri-fed which is under the Ministry of Tribal Affairs that has been very active in imparting the skills and providing the painters with the proper equipments to do these paintings and connecting them to the e-commerce sites like Amazon. And sir, thirdly they have actually got a lot of international recognition because these paintings were also showcased in the COP25 which was held in Madrid. So, government is very active. Sir, in fact in Delhi also in Lothi colony these paintings have been painted on the walls of the streets. You are just telling impediment in empowerment of women, mindset of the people. When you say mindset of the people include only males or females also? Sir, I would say the females also. Can you give me an example? Sir, for example, if a violence is committed against a women, she accepts it because she thinks that it is normal and one or two slaps or any kind of physical abuse is okay because she is a women. So, somewhere that internalisation of patriarchy also has been one reason why women empowerment is lacking. Not only that, sometimes you know mother, grandmother also, they want only boy. They don't want a girl child. Why she should be studied? She has to be ultimately get married and go from this. So, that mindset is also there.


Okay, so does anybody have any questions in the room to start with? Yes, Keely. Thank you. Yeah, so my question is for Riannon. Do you think that the Declare sisters were sort of uniquely positioned to have these sort of avenues to legal redress that perhaps other women wouldn't have had just sort of by nature, sort of fortune or their relationship with the king rather than, you know, is it something that other women would have been able to have access to easily or is it something that's a bit more unique to them? Thank you. So they probably have better personal access to the king in that they could probably enter into correspondence with him. But I don't think that necessarily helps them that much in this period. But what we do see that is somewhat accessible to all women, so everyone could petition with a private petition.  And essentially the only cost involved was to draft your petition in Latin, which was fairly cheap, we think. So really there is this direct conduit between ruler and ruled. I don't think it necessarily helps everyone. And we can see very often in the petitions of Special Collections 8 in the National Archives, that very often they are just sort of this misters, you know, you need to do this at common law or the council can sort this out, the king does not want to deal with this. So there are definitely some routes that are accessible to all women, whether or not it helped them in this period when the authorities pretty much just ignored convention remains to be seen however. But thank you for the question. Thank you very much to you both. And I'm afraid it's another question for Rhiannon on a similar theme. You referred to Eleanor DeClaire and sort of her taking on a quasi queenly role with regard to intercession. And I'm wondering if you could say a bit more about the language the rhetoric surrounding that and perhaps particularly how she's addressed. When people seek her help. Well, this is an annoyance that I had recently was, I've tried to go to the National Archives a few times to have a look at this letter in person. And it's always been, it's always been out with a member of staff. So I've not quite managed to get my eye in with this letter quite yet. But I do think it's interesting that Joan has obviously, I don't think we actually have the letter from Joan to Eleanor. The letter that we do have is from ancient correspondence of the chance to re an Exchequer, and that is Eleanor writing a letter to water of Norwich, who was the treasurer. So she's essentially just asking for a little bit of extra cash to be put towards Joan while she's in the Tower of London. So unfortunately, we can't really get a sense of how Joan might have addressed her. I think it's fair to say that, you know, there was probably this community of women at court who perhaps recognize that something really quite wrong was going on in the background and felt perhaps this sense of solidarity towards each other. But unfortunately, we can't really see the other side of it so I'm afraid I'm limited with what I can say on that one. I've got a question for Jamie about the, so I was really struck by just how sort of vitriolic the language was is amazing like I really know that a man more, a man will meet to be a captain of evil, evil minded persons and to be a leader of the town, sort of sounds more like religious polemic that a sort of legal record and I was just wondering what we know of sort of the religion of echo and that dimension of the dispute or whether it could be a one word answer and that could be no. But how much evidence that survives of that. And, well, I guess. Well, firstly, Sir, our fellow who was, he was involved in quite a lot of disputes with the church. It was like, because it was the acupisical manner so the Archbishop of York and the parliot parks, which he was always poaching in and there's a parallel case at the exact time this is going on, apparently out of his malice and cruelty is hunting all of Edward Lee's dear to destruction, but more on religion itself. The thing that when I said that the, the agreement fell through was because by the time it had been signed like the pilgrimage of grace and kicked out and Beverly was heavily involved, which was kind of a religious conservative or Catholic or if I call it religious uprising, kind of defensive local custom against centralization by the central government and a lot of the townspeople kind of they tried to get a liquor on side again as a rebel leader. And then you see all the same name popping up like it goes around to Sanderson's house for breakfast and they're trying to convince him and then Richard. Richard Wilson who stands on the bench and is the one talk about hearing grudge. He, he's one of announces the rebellion and they're all ringing the common bell and it's the same thing. So, I guess. I guess as a kind of local magnate it's kind of a sort of conservative religious kind of figurehead I guess in some ways and Yeah, that's how it comes out of it. I also have a question for for Jamie if that's all right which is another one about the broader context of this dispute and to a certain extent it's representativeness, which is how much is the sort of I suppose the crowns interest in this and I'm especially thinking about Cromwell, who you mentioned was a sort of one of the figures that was petitioned to about this at one point as alongside star chamber which is the really the chancellors domain by this point. How much was their interest in this influenced by their concern about what's going on in Yorkshire generally in this period I know this is just before the pilgrimage of grace. But is that anything to do with the context or are there enough cases like this elsewhere that you think this is a more general phenomenon rather than a regional concern. I'm not sure about contemporary cases in Yorkshire and because of kind of a sort of different case that is over time it's it's quite representative in. Yeah, over time, like the same sort of languages used in different kinds of parliamentary elections and civic elections, the election of sheriffs in London which became the 1680s, which was a part of political one, you see the same usage of language but as to the wider Yorkshire. Love to discuss that. So this question is. Sorry, just finding it. So this this question is for both of you. Thank you for the fantastic papers this person says, I wonder if you could say a bit more about how your work is shaped by the surviving sources and what you don't have. What do your administrative and legal sources not give us in your opinion. Thank you for a really interesting question. Yes, I was answering Sam earlier with sort of. We very often only get one half of the correspondence that's quite helpful to us so we're sort of very often. You know there's just this void of response, which would be really helpful to know in writing a thesis on on this subject. I think, in terms of my sources in general, and I look quite a lot at petitions, so private petitions, and there obviously is this skewin sources really because I'm only really seeing when things do go wrong, and when things, you know, need to be done by the authorities. So I'm not really necessarily seeing when everything's going quite well. I mean, maybe it's my interpretation of Edward the second drain I'm not necessarily sure there is much evidence of it going well. But even if there were, I probably wouldn't see it in the sources either. So that's one of the great mysteries of medieval political history, I suppose. Well, yeah, I mentioned in the paper as well but especially the allocer cases it's just one sided bill of complaints there's not even depositions or anything like that. So I guess you miss out on things if you're looking for details or a kind of what happened, but I think there's a lot of sources and trying to kind of read them in depth as opposed to the kind of diaries and usual source you think of the history of emotions and things that kind of you get to see what was considered plausible in a judicial context to kind of describe motivation and describe action and I think you do get a kind of a sense of how emotions were seen as related to sort of how they were played out in social practice, I guess. It's a common as well it's obviously a car case so it's going to be about anger and rage and so the lexicon that comes up you do get a very skewed one. It's a question for for Riannan. It's a broad question really and it sort of follows on from the last question about about what's possible and what's not possible. I think we're going to an early career conference focused very much on on new and emerging research agendas so in light of the sources that are available. What would you characterize as being what's happening at the moment other than your own work those kind of new and emerging research questions in terms of the history of women politics political culture in medieval Britain and Ireland so in a very broad brush kind of question. But I'll give it a go. So, I suppose there is this emerging idea. I think for the last 20 years or so we've been thinking about knowing that that women didn't necessarily have a well recognized role in politics. How could they find a role. So, for example, the work of Louise Wilkinson, maybe familiar with has done a lot of work on women as sheriffs in the 13th century. And so it's finding ways of attributing a political voice to women that perhaps hasn't necessarily been found before. And I think the work of my supervisor Gwen Seaborn also in looking at Magna Carta and and statute law and looking at, you know, could this be seen as involving women. Even though obviously the Latin is very much, you know, Liba homo free man with that conventionally be seen as including women by contemporaries. And as I said in my paper, even if it, you know, was considered to only talk about men. It was used by women in that period to actually assert their rights. So there are definitely some, you know, new and exciting things going on in women's history and I hope we see an awful lot more to this questions for Jamie. In terms of the language you identified, is that just language picked up in this case, or is this a wider lexicon that appears in other sources. You know, and where you first in the thesis of built a lexicon using dictionaries and philosophical texts so they'd often is kind of a blend of Aristotelian stoic and Christian views which are just mixed together and then usually described the being kind of basic passions are usually lists of like far six or 11, and which then become more complex and would be a basic one and then it graph rage indication, depending on the different context so I guess built up the lexicon by kind of you spot the really obvious words like the rage and the fury, and then you kind of see what they're used alongside our coupled with and over time. I think what you could call the emotional lexicon alone try not to use a term, as I said, and it's all words which you would describe morality character motivation action, and then they interact with kind of social terms so things like moderation prudence or about sort of restraining action or directing it and civility, which is all about kind of restraint and social propriety so I think you can build up kind of link of link of emotions and virtues and things that you get kind of to what the early moderns saw them. It's, it's another one for Jamie. Sorry, Jamie. Sort of thinking about emerging disciplines. And I'm just sort of wondering how much, if at all, and this is just because my own interests, how much of thought sort of thought about all the morality and language. I was sort of very struck by in the account those loads of sort of, you know, rough talking. I suppose you might consider it and the sort of the bell ringing. So that relates in the sort of written record to what we know about sort of adding modern understandings and fears about noise and sort of discord, I guess. And how much emotion plays into that. I guess the language of peace and quiet pieces are kind of social ideal, which is used in all sorts of, which is an ideal in behavior, feeling, social peace. Sorry. I'll have to say all that again. Yeah, peace and quiet. The key ideals in all kinds of walks, all kinds of context, behavior, feeling, action, social order. So I'd say those references denied. So I'm quite unquiet title as well and just guess any reference to that is a kind of would be read in these judicial sources as negative. But then Christian Lydia as well as also said that politics, civic politics was loud anyway because it was all kind of voting by sort of cheers and hands raised and sort of no one really knew who the electorate was so everyone would gather and make a noise so I guess it would be very easy, depending on your purposes to portray that as a riot when it could just be a kind of boisterous election. That's such a question. I have two questions for each of you. I'll go with Rhiannon. And thank you both your papers. Also, I really love the title of your talk. I really enjoyed the reference. The answer may well be no but do we have much information about the in particular political interactions between these sisters, specifically anything they might have collaborated on but how they might have interacted with one another politically and managed that kind of personal and political relationships. That's a good one because I think a lot of the interactions we do see are more to do with their husbands and the fact that obviously Hugh dispenser essentially Hugh dispenser the younger essentially just tried to get the full inheritance for himself. And so there's obviously a great deal of hostility between Hugh dispenser, so Eleanor's husband, and then the, the two husbands of Margaret and Elizabeth. We don't really know how that would have unfortunately we can't really see how how that would have impacted their relationship, and we can really only see it as a prism through through these men as it were. I hope that they tried to help each other, because that would be a really nice thought but in the absence of any evidence for it. It doesn't seem to be the case but hopefully I find hopefully I find some sort of evidence for that. It's always the dream isn't it that you find those. Thank you. And then for the Jamie, you mentioned about the intense emotions being used to discredit somebody. Do you have any evidence in your sources of that being used after outside of the star chamber. Is it brought up again later that somebody has been emotional has shown intense emotional ones and so it's more likely that they've done it again, and it can be weaponized. Yeah, and there's a parliamentary case in Chichester in 1580s and basically, I guess it's a similar thing is kind of, kind of raise up the commons and it's all about who the commons are and who can vote. And also that it's the same thing used it because I've looked at matrimonial cases as well separation cases and it's all about the husband's name. It's not described as unreasonable or unmeasured. It's could have a certain amount of swaying and a physical correction the wives and things like that and all the cases kind of accept that violence is a kind of integral part of like the marriages and things but it's all about whether it's measured. So whether it's too intense. At that point it becomes a crime and cause a separation. Yeah, that's how it's all framed it's all about moderation is the ideal. And soon as you straight beyond that kind of not fulfilled your role and then quick marriage. Thank you. Thank you both for two really interesting papers and again I'm going to be a bit cheeky and pose one question for each of us all right. Let's start with reamon. And again I stress I'm not a medieval specialist so I may be slightly exposing my ignorance here. But you obviously alluded to the kind of political turmoil and upheaval of Edward II reign. I wondered, you know, to what extent would you characterize the reign of Edward II as kind of an aberration within English politics and sort of political stability at that period or do you see these kind of power struggles as just sort of part and parcel of medieval politics. That's a very interesting question so thank you for posing it. So in the scope of my thesis I'm actually my first chapter really compares what had gone on in the previous half century or so. And that in the aftermath of the second Baron's war so after the Battle of Evesham and the death of Simon de Montfort. And what we see there is actually, you don't see any women imprisoned at like you do in Edward II reign. There seemed to be this understanding that women should be protected in some way afterwards because there is this acknowledgement that for most women, they probably didn't really agree necessarily with what their husbands were doing. And it wouldn't be fair for them to lose their inheritance or their dow or their maintenance in widowhood, just because their husband had decided to rebel. So, you know, I think I've also compared it to what happens to the Welsh women and the Scots women during the wars of independence in the 1270s to 1290s or so. And we do see a similar sort of thing but it's, it's tricky because we're viewing it. So the border warfare is obviously slightly different to civil war. And so, I think you've also got to bring in the context of hostage taking, which is pretty common on the continent, although less so with the taking of female hostages. In terms of civil war and the context of civil war, I'd say Edward, Edward II reign is pretty rare, other than some some cases you see with King John's reign. So, to my mind, it is a bit of an aberration, but I will be developing that slightly more in my thesis as well. Thank you. And then Jamie's slightly cheeky question, perhaps, but I'm just interested in the kind of the, you know, the scope of your work more broadly on, you know, the history of emotions. And, you know, we're all really conscious that politics, you know, here in Britain lately and indeed around the world has been particularly polarized and divisive in recent years. And I just wonder whether you feel there's any lessons that we can draw from your work for contemporary politics and political discourse. That's a cheeky question. I guess, moderation, moderation, moderation. Thank you. It's all emotional, but just which emotions and how intense. Are there any final questions or we've managed to run all the way to the end of this session we've really grilled the speakers so if nobody has anything else to ask I think we'll leave it there for this panel. And it just remains to thank our speakers again for two great and really well connected papers, I think, and we'll reconvene for the next panel at 20 past two. In the meantime, you know, feel free to go out and get lunch and the exhibition I believe is running upstairs on Henry the eighth defender of the faith question mark. So if anybody would like to go and have a look at that we encourage it. So thank you very much.


With the release of advancement results just around the corner, Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy, Mike Stevens, wants to remind all sailors of the importance of not only conducting the training required to be promoted, but properly documenting it. The Navy leadership development continuum, sometimes called Petty Officer Indock, is required for selectees prior to being frog to their new rank. When we do something, we know that it's not complete until it's properly documented if there's an administrative requirement for documentation. So to do it and not document it is to essentially say that it hasn't been done. You might acquire the skillsets that this training enables you to have, but so that we know who's done it so we can properly track it and ensure that it's been completed, we must document it when we've completed it. McPon also said Chiefs are ultimately responsible for ensuring all training is properly documented in the Fleet Training Management and Planning System, or Fleet Temps. I believe that nobody has more responsibility for the development of leaders in the enlisted ranks and in some cases within our officer ranks than the Chief Petty Officer. And I asked all my Chief Petty Officers, and I was recently on a trip to the Pacific Northwest and spoke to some CPO messes, and I asked my Chief Petty Officers to be fully engaged in delivering the training that's required of our sailors and to do so from the heart and with passion and to make sure that they themselves have completed all the necessary courses that's required of them as well. Sailors can contact their local training representative to verify that information is correct and up to date. From the Defense to Media Activity, I'm Petty Officer Matthew Halls.