All right, everyone, if we can take our seats, we'll get started with the session. If you could please take your seats. Okay, so in this session, we're going to go through a couple more country presentations. So we're going to be hearing from Nepal, our team in Central Asia, and then two Pacific Island countries, virtually, Solomon Islands and Bangladesh. So I'm going to start with Nepal. So I'll ask them, please, if they can come up and share their presentation. Thank you. Very good morning, everyone. On behalf of my country, Nepal. Now I'm presenting about our DHS situation, what we are doing in DHS, what we are facing that challenges, and what we're forward for the coming years. Next. Next. Yeah. He's doing okay. So basically my presentation focus on this area, background of our HMI systems, introduce a different aspect of the HMIS and other status of DHS implementation. And beyond the HMIS, all the subsystem also use the DHS too. What are the subs here and how can they link to the HMIS? My presentation focus on that area. And then what are the opportunities and challenges in my country, I really want DHS too. And who for what for the coming years. Next. Yeah. Okay. This is the map of my country. Actually, Mike, based on the current constitution, my country divided in seven provinces. Basically, my country is the highly diverse city country in terms of the geographical terrain, in terms of the caste, ethnicity, as well as the languages. So basically, my country is famous for the two things. One is the my country is the workplace of the go to Buddha, which also called on the light of Asia. And another is the my country is the highest peak of the world. We call the mountain risk lies in my country. Basically, we have the high rates of the mountain in Himalayas and then the hill area and flat area. So it is the very high of the city country. Next. And all together 29.1 billion is the population of my country. And we have already reached the population recruitment level. Life expectancy is more than 71 years. So based on the current federal federalism on the basis of current constitutions, country divided in the three parts. Basically, if the federal law, we have the federal government, we have the provincial government. We have the local level governments. So we have the three types of government. All are the autonomous and constitutions provide their rights and also the mutual rights also. So if you look the federal systems, we have the minister of health and populations. And then in the health sectors, under the minister of health and population, we have the department of health services, which is the largest department in the federal systems. And the department of Ayurveda and alternative medicine, department of drug administration. These are the major department. Looks the quality and the standardize of the health system throughout the countries. And we have the universities, council and territories specialized hospitals under the federal systems. If you look the provincial systems, we have the seven provinces. And then each province have their one ministry. They have the one cabinet. They have the one parliament in each province. And under that health ministry, there is the health division. There is the health training centers, provincial lab centers. And then we have the 77 districts throughout the country. And if you look the local level governments, sometimes we also call the polygas. We have the 753 polygas we have. And under these polygas, we have the, in each polygas, there is the health unit. There is the health unit. And each health unit, in each health unit, there is the health post, primary health care center, basic health service center. All are comes under the local level governments. Next. Yes, this is the STMI, HMIS. Yes, HMIS established in 1993. And then in the 2007, our ministry has approved the HIIS, that means the health sector information strategy. And based on that strategy, we have piloted in the three districts, in 2007 to 2011. So after a period, we have the two parallel systems. One comes under the HMIS, another comes under the HIIS systems. So again, we started the online data intersystem in 2007, and web-based online data in 2013. And then in 2014, we merged both parallel systems and integrated into one single system. We, at that time, we totally revised our HMIS, recording, reporting, monitoring all the tools. And we started one single, integrated health information system throughout the country. And in 2016, yes, this is the time we started the HMIS as two platforms for the HMIS in 2016. But in 2016, we only reached the district level. We don't reach in the political levels, LSE levels. But in 2018, we covered all the political levels, all the LSE levels. So right now, every government health facility covers under the HMIS platform. And most of the private sector is going under the HMIS systems. And if you look the data, around 10,000 health facilities every year report in our HMIS platform. Every month report in the HMIS platform. Among the 10,000, around the 3,300, directly reporting, 3,300 health facilities directly report to the HMIS as two. That is going in. And our future aim is all health facilities should directly enter in the HMIS as two. That is the future objective of our HMIS systems. So, and we have already implemented the ICD-11 reporting systems, especially for the mortality and morbidity. But in the morbidity, it is going on very smoothly because ICD-11 is also the online reporting system. It is very good. And then WSO will share a support to us to launch in that part. But in the area of the mortality, especially yesterday, we also from the zone presentation cause update. Yes, we are facing some problem in the for the cause update. So we will further discuss with the hospital regarding this issue. So, and recently we measure HMIS device done. And it is the third time. And then based on that device tools, we already updated our DHS2 platform. Now we have the updated HMIS, all the recording reporting paper which tools. As well as we have based on those revision, we have already updated the DHS2 platform. And we started from the last in Nepali, our fiscal year started from just six months back. So we can we can start getting the fresh and revised variables information in our DHS2 platform. Next. Yes. This is the digital health journey of Nepal, which I already mentioned. Next. So yes, these are the guiding legal documents which support to us to strengthen our health information systems. We have the constitution. It is clearly mentioned in that constitution. Information is the fundamental right of the book. It is clearly mentioned. That's why it it it's support to us to provide the any type of the information any type of information demand by the stick. Basically in the sum of a special individual information, we cannot share individual information, but aggregate of the information, we can share the public's base on that constitution. And we have the statistical acts and then we have the health policy and strategy. It is clearly mentioned in the health policy and strategy. We should have the one single comprehensive integrated information system. And systems should should use the modern and high tech. It is clearly mentioned in that document. Based on that document, we are performing and we are improving our SMIS. And yes, we have the cabinet decisions, especially in the context of the federal transition period, Publical Service Act, we have regulations, regulation. We have the National E Health Study 2017. And recently our government passed the ISMS roadmap. And this roadmap for up to 2017. Based on that roadmap, we can perform any activities. So government has fully committed, committed for technically, financially every part, government is ready to support us based on that documents. So it is the one very, very good thing for us to performing better for upcoming years. Next. Yes. This is our SMIS system. Basically our SMIS system, the very large system, core routing web-based systems, information system that has been put place in the Minister of Health and Population. So it captures all the health facility related data. Basically all health services, deliveries, public health activities, morbidity, mortality, OPD, inpatient services, surgery, diagnosis services, all type of services. We collect the data from the each and every health facility from the community to national levels. So basically the health facility is the primary data generating point for us. I have already mentioned we have the 10,000 for health facility per month reporting to us. Among them 7,540, almost all government health facility report to us. And then the non-public sector is around the 2,463. We don't capture 100% private sector reporting. But we are trying our best. Yes. And then we are using the 7,3 different type of the recording reporting tools and multi-monitoring seats in the our systems. Next. Yes. DSH2 platform we use for the helotronical management of the DSMIS data I have already mentioned. Aggregate multi-data is submitted to the SMIS central database DSH2 platform from the health facility and their parental units. Those who are directly entered the data in the system and remaining are sending their report to our local level government. In each local level government we have the one dedicated trained equipped person we have. We call the focal person. And that focal person entered all the paper based report in the online system by health facilities. That is our system in my country. So, yes, three level of the governments, all three tire of the government, line ministry, all the line ministry, Nepal planning commission and external development partners, all the stakeholders are key data user of the SMIS. And one thing I want to very much clear here those program division who are using the tracker they are not eligible to send the report to the ministry. They have to come from our SMIS systems. Because it is clearly mentioned that what there is the only one system which report to the ministry, which report to the national planning commission, report to the ministry of finance, report to the WHO and other partners. So tracker users should must verify that data to our SMIS systems. After the verified then only SMIS shared the data to all the concerned stakeholders. That is the system. So that's why we sit together all the division and every first month of the first week of each month we sit together, SMIS focal person and program data focal person sit together and verify the data through the tracker and through our SMIS. And SMIS always keep the intricate of the data. We don't check the individual data. That's why after matching, then it is ready to send the concern division and centers. That is the process. And all, yes, next. Yeah. SMIS use the DHS platform I already mentioned and basically DHS 2 is right now it is the one system that coordinates all the theta of the governments in the federal system sometimes it clear the problem especially for the other program division facing some sort of the problems. It's due to the lack of the coordination collaboration due to the right of the things to theta of the autonomous governments. But DHS 2 and our SMIS is only that platform who link all the theta of the governments. That's why it is, that's why the Ministry of Health and Population always put very important to the IHMR systems. And yes, we have produced the 6th level of data national level, province level, district level, LHG level, even world level, health facility level. We can produce the data in our DHS 2 system and we are using the API many hospitals, many health facilities directly send to the report to our DHS 2 platform. And then use of the standard dashboard for monitoring program indicator in DHS 2 and we regularly provide the access to all the division and concern centers to look their data in the monthly basis. Yes, for the data quality, our concern is also the data quality. How can we make our data very high level of accuracy and then high level of the reliable and valid data. So for that, from the province level we send the amount and guideline to 753 polygons, budget to 753 polygons directly from the center level through the SMIS. And we provide the guideline to them. In that guideline, it is clearly mentioned how can they verify the data, how can they monthly meeting, how can they conduct, what are the tools they have to use and what are the procedure, everything they each and every LLG has conduct, perform conduct in that way. So that also very closely linked to LLG to our center levels and province levels. Because we provide the budget, we provide the guideline to all the local level government and based on our guideline and budget they are performing the things. And basically each every month they perform the data verification and then they perform the monthly review and quarterly review and annual review and they produce the annual report, annual report each month, each year. Every local level government and that is the good things for us and they share to that report to the province as well as the federal level. That is the system happening in my country and then regularly feedback follow-up data routinely system is conducted by the each and every levels. Regularly conducted, routinely data quality audit, data quality audit in health facilities, it is regularly going on. It done by the province as well as from the center levels and sometimes district level also perform the RDA for the health facilities and we have regularly monitoring on-site coaching through the R levels and we have also send some sort of the budget for especially monitoring and on-site coaching to the province as well as the districts. And data management committee and DHS2 are interested regularly at each level. Data quality are checked by the following major three indicators. These are the major four indicators. We always look basically timeliness of the reports, completeness of the reports, completeness interim of the institution, completeness interim of the programs. We always look basically at these two things and the validation rule. In our DHS2 we have already put validation, we already check the validation rule based on that validation. What are the feedback comes? We immediately immediately inform to them and after reducing all the validation then they have to send the report to the systems. That is the things happening in our system. And for the data analysis definitely we are producing the data analysis at the LLG level, district level and province level even in the national levels. And multi-analysis by major health indicators especially for the time-series based on the time-series analysis. Data analysis by major indicator by sex, age, caste, ethnicity and then based on the National Planning Commission report we divide our total caste and ethnicity in the six major blocks. So every data in DHS2 categorized by the caste and ethnicity. So we always provide those type of data to the concerned division and center who looks the equity and equality equality aspect. So and data are the presenting at the number, percentage bar, the graphs, it is the methods of the presentation we adopted in DHS2 systems. Yes, regarding the data dissemination and use every year we produce the annual report and send to all the function authorities and periodically we updated the sustainable development goal as a monthly basis we provide the data to the ministry and monthly basis update the sustainable development targets all those things and another part is the result framework. We have the national health strategy document and that document clearly mentioned the result framework and based on that result framework there are the large number of the indicator mentioned and based on those indicator we have to provide the information to the ministry and the National Planning Commission and another is the DLI indicators basically the World Bank provides some sort of the amount to us it is basically performance based performance based disbursement based indicators so based on our performance they provide the amount to us and they all lie on the based on the our HMIS data so annual planning monitoring evaluation project of all the health programs it is done on the basis of our DSS2 data Academia Journal article for the national international levels and the student researchers all are using our data basically university and then our NSRC National Research Council we have they are regularly using our data based on our data they publish the reports and in the decision making process at all the health facility levels they are using just some sort of our HMIS data this and this is the general reports and then these all are our stakeholders using our HMIS data next yes yes today morning I have the presentation and then from the zone yes we are facing same problem even the government already decide and all the legal documents say HMIS is the only one integrated comprehensive system but the parallel system are cons it is happening in my country too but the main objective of the government is to reduce all those type of the intimate systems so look these are all the subsystems subsystems so how we can integrate some of the system already integrate a link to us we have already started but other some of the remaining subsystems are not integrated with the HMIS but they have to mandatory to integrate legally it is mandatory to integrate so we are thinking how can we link how can integrate it in this in this particular area and based on that today's morning discussions I request to the concern export and the organization to support to us we are facing that problem yes next yes I have already mentioned all the health facility report to us those who are not online reporting they send the report to the LLG and LLG focal person enter the report as per the health facility base and it is online every province every consent division and every stakeholder can see our DHS to base data base one their user ID and password next yes these are the partners support basically WSO of course technically they have the technical support to us UNICEF and GIZ USAID, UNAP Global Fund and UNDP these are the major partners support to us and then other two but these are the major partners yes next so our HMIS already use the DHS decide the HMIS this system also use the DHS to yesterday the day before yesterday one of our colleagues also present regarding the HIV years of tracker model of our our NASA systems same in the EWS this is surveillance system it's called the EWS it is under the EDCD it is using the DHS to HIV years pass and tracking system it is already presented here also the management information system it is in the process it is in the process but they are they want to use the DHS to tracker and the COVID-19 vaccine reporting and now it is it is regular conducting our all the COVID related vaccine data comes through the DHS to and we report daily basis report to the ministry and then even even the Prime Minister office and drug resistant TV pass and tracker system we have and we that system also use the DHS to FCSB registry health facility registry OCMC on stock crisis management center and then SSU social service unit and xeratic services all these are already used the DHS to perform just one year back they started to using the DHS to and national health insurance system they using the DHS to but still some work has been remaining to perform and malaria system it is supported by the WHO and our friend he's in there also mentioned support for this malaria to make the malaria tracker for the malaria patient and it is in the process next yes now opportunity in my systems basically growing the DHS to community in the country we have already started to dialogue city and start dialogue with the research institutions to build our DHS to community so it is growing it is growing as compared to the previous now we have some sort of the IT experts some sort of the IT engineer who can interested to performing performing to work in the DHS to systems in country customized capacity now we have the IT expert and IT engineer who customize the our DHS to it is good platform for us wider interest on the open source software including the ministry and then the sound legal background we have and we have started already started the MOE with the Kathmandu University as well as the Trivon University and directly online reporting for from the 4000 plus health facility DHS to within the coming six months it is mandatory to complete this tax tax this tax is given given ministry to us so within the six month now it is 300 within the six month we have to reach another 700 so it is mandatory for us and we already revised our SOP of SMIS data sharing policies and user manual all are completed and it is in the process of endorsement next yes we have implemented the dashboard program by taking the support from the UNICEF we have already started in the 17 LLC especially for the dashboard program that dashboard is the mono indicators as well as the dichotomous indicators our composite indicators all type of indicators we provide in that systems and that system automatically generate the dashboards and that dashboard is there are two types of dashboards one is for the internal use and for another is the public use and it is highly demanded program from the our LLCs our mayor chief of the our LLC they are very much interested please very fast you have to expanded this programs right now we have we have the 33 using this dashboard related activities in the local level and we have to expand the RQA DQA in the districts implementation of the ESR EMR in the hospital and regarding the EMR in my country there are a lot of the software a lot of the software they are different type of software using different hospital using the different type of software right now already started to to make one standardized things these are the things based on these fundamental basic things only software can can fight in the bidding process we are going in that way because it create the complication for us so right now if every bidder should follow every software bidder should follow based on that is standardized and then that document and based on that document only he that party is eligible to to submit their document in the bidding process that is going on so for the EMR ESR for the ESR we have to work a lot so but the government already decided for the digital health systems it is already announced by the minister and it is also announced in the national planning commission so we are going into making the ESR throughout the country it is in the process and it started the illogical database recording system and we are also focusing not only for the reporting we are focusing on the all the recording tools should be paperless we are thinking and some of the our health facility already introduced the record-based SMIS system and incorporated the infestation management system in the SMIS new server setup in national data center with proper data security so right now the IPTW also support to us very very advanced very good recent software server to us so again the global fund support to it is in the planning to buy the very standardized very good modern software server to us based on that server and which previously we have all together now we are going to build a national data warehouse especially for the for the HMI systems that is in planning next yes these are the issues these are the issues we are facing in launching the DHS2 in our information system first is the calendar we have our own calendar so it is called the Nepalese fiscal year best calendars but right now our IT guys are already solved this issue and right now we have the calendar for the infinity year and then we already request to the Oslo University to incorporate that calendar in their systems when they upgrade our calendar also automatically upgraded so we are requesting them and it is in the process it is in the process hopefully very soon it will be solved and using the present DHS2 yes still we are in the 2.30 version and we have to go to 2.36 and to for the upgrading of 2.36 testing is going on it is in the process it is going on it is in the process hopefully very soon by taking the support from our Oslo team Oslo team we will perform to launching the DHS2.36 in near future and I am very much appreciate and I am very much glad to say to the University of Oslo team we have already conducted 2 or 3 Zoom meeting with them with my export and with all the program managers and based on their suggestion recommendation we are already start the testing so hopefully very soon we will reach our target so thanks to the Oslo team for their great support to us and collaboration with the academy this is I have already mentioned we have started to collaborate and establish the relationship to the Kathmandu University as well as the Trivandu University we have started and then in 3 areas we want to expand the DHS2 the program gives an ask to us they are interested to introduce the DHS2 especially for the immunization and other program telemedicine and this immunization they have dashboard related activities these are the core area program division and we are thinking to use the DHS2 platform that is our implant and then we have already implemented ICD-11 I have already mentioned in the morbidity part morbidity part it is good but in the mortality part especially in the cause of death underlying cause of all those things we are facing some sort of problem and then we start the dialogue to the poster team hopefully very soon we will solve that problem yes this is yes building of the DHS2 community it is very important and based on in Kathmandu University every year they produce the 400 IT engineers and Trivandu University also produce the IT engineers but the problem is some sort of the brain it is a very problem we are facing but in their course if we introduce the DHS2 if we if we provide the thesis in DHS2 in the university student and if we invited those student in my office in the honor of training in Trump then automatically we can build the DHS2 community we are thinking in that way and university agree to us and we are we are in that line yes so establishment of interoperative labs yes recently GIZ and the WHO they provide to establish the two interoperative labs and one lab will be recently will be built in the Kathmandu University and then from the technical support from the WHO we are very soon starting the establishment of interoperative labs in the Kathmandu University and for another interoperative lab we are still not decided and yes we have the one IMS system for COVID-19 related activities yes for the COVID related information especially for the area of the vaccine we use the DHS2 but all of the other COVID related information collect from the hospital all the labs information and all the POA point of information and CICT all information we collect by the separately our own software that is called the IMU information management unit for the COVID pandemic and that software built by the our IT export so it is going on very smoothly working working right now on the basis of that software we are providing all the information to all the concerned stakeholders even the prime minister office and then QR code certification also provided by that software and each and every LLG now produce the QR code certification and provide their citizens it is happening in my country so thinking of the previous software yes we are facing this problem so I can also request to the export and the Oslo team basically in the previous we are using the local software in the first we use the FoxPro and then we use the local software and in 2016 we started to use the DHS2 so we want to main streaming all the previous data based on the DHS2 platform how can we link is all the data in same stream that is the challenge for us so I am requesting to the technical export to support in that area and never ending and this is the one common problem we are facing never ending the revision and the emerging reporting requirements every division some change some sort of the activities and demand to collect the data and every time is not possible so based on based on that problem we have already mentioned in our SOP our user policy our other documents clearly mentioned we cannot revise every every month at least after the one year they send their demand to us we collect but every every one year after crossing the one year then we will sit together then if needed if they justify to us then we will put otherwise not and every two and half years we will midterm our systems and then every five years we will revise our SMS tools that is in process mentioned in our document and the IT infrastructure internet problem in the remote health facilities especially for the high Himalaya area there is no internet there is no city in some of the high peak mountain area so we are facing the problem basically this problem and the digital literacy among the healthcare workers yes it is also sometimes create the problem for us and they deny to report due to that facts next yes these are the way forward and this is my last presentation slide yes we have to scale out all the health facilities and 100% health facilities reporting in DHS2 in online that is our primary motto of SMIS continue to upgrade the DHS2 for the new version facilitate the open base interoperability continue expansion of the in country capacity country community for digital health engage the academia university research institute promote the standard base information system with interoperability features improve the data quality these are our way forward and based on our approved document which is called our SMIS roadmap 2022 2030 we will perform any activities based on this legal document which is approved by the minister of health and populace that is our primary of document to improve the SMIS systems yes this is a very beautiful place we call the Pokhara it is the lake city of our country and I invite you all and welcome to you all in my country please come and join to us thank you very much okay please oh yes sorry sir animal health sector thank you for question yes we have the one committee of department health services and animal department we have the jointly one committee and in that committee there is one advisory committee one is the technical committee we collect basically in the EOR systems we collect the data types of data one is the IPT related data yes immunization prevented disease related information we collect and yes we also collect some of the information related to the animals just like dango just like other epidemic other type of epidemic related data which is caused by the vectors especially for the animals it is in our system and it is under the EDCD it is under the EDCD yes we have thank you it is okay thank you basically regarding the interoperate actually I am not an IT expert but I am the manager position but I will answer to you look what happened basically when we go to the university especially in the IT department they demand to us in my country there is no interactive lab at all so they demand to us all the students who are studying in the IT they want to test there are some sort of apps there are some sort of anything in their own lab but there is no any lab that comes from the university for us so based on that demand and this year we are planning to establish the two interoperable labs one is supported by the WHO for the Kathmandu University and another is budgeted fix all fixed but the in where we established it is not fixed but this year we will build the two interoperable labs thank you madam yeah okay thank you for listening to me so Malin if you are there could you share your screen hi Nick yes I am here can you share your screen yes for a minute thank you and just introduce yourself as well Malin before you start your presentation can you see it now okay yep we are ready please go ahead okay thank you Nick so good afternoon thank you wonderful presentation that you also identified some of the opportunities that we also that can also enhance our HMIS system first of all I would like to acknowledge the committee members for organizing this meeting and also Nick for giving us this opportunity to share our DHS to implementation stories here in Phanwadu my name is Malin Dewey I work as the health information or HHS officer for the Ministry of Health here in Phanwadu I have been using DHS 2 for nine years as a data entry data analysis and at some point working with Nick and he's here now to test and implement some of the new module that we features within DHS 2 that I will be sharing with you today so on that picture that is our beautiful Portfila city so that is our capital city Malin can you just put it in presentation mode yes so Phanwadu first adopted the DHS 2 in 2014 to establish the routine health information system primary health that includes collecting outpatient visits and environmental health non-communicable disease and reproductive health most of the data has been collected on paper based and then they were ended by a provincial HHS officer on the DHS 2 Malin was the first public health program to develop their own specialized module using a combination of aggregated and event-based reporting to map case by philips and it was a success it was successfully implemented and now they were also applying the PRACA based system which they will be using next year 2020 other diseases such as TP EPI or immunization and neglected tropical disease also saw the value of integrating the standalone system into the DHS 2 to take advantage of the systems functionality security and also the community of practice and the efficiency gain by using the system and some of the major challenges that was not challenges but some of the major changes that are currently taking place on the DHS 2 are the configuration of the new HHS form development of the facility in federal form the school-based form the hospital form and other changes is also considered such as development of PRACA modules for public health program and linking the hospital patient information system and supply to the DHS 2 but this is a long-term plan a big lesson learned when we first introduced the DHS 2 in our countries that in country capacity and like Neville also mentioned DHS 2 community we are also having similar challenges also the changes in HHS management starts resulting significant loss of no later institutional memory and again we also lack technical capacity here in countries and the second one is similar reliant on development partners and external HHS 2 developers for modification to our system so this is some of the things that we find sometimes difficult and also poor design of data collection forms and absence of guidelines for data collection as a result in poor data collection poor data quality for some program but this has been solved thanks to Michael but so he has been doing a tremendous job here by reviewing some of the data elements that we have and strengthening this poor design of a data collection some of the context that we should take and also maybe the Pacific is to take a conservative approach as we build staff capacity and I try not to use any custom apps when possible and also direct user guides and SOV as much as possible stay maybe do a three facing back at all times and we also encountered this when we have the faxing several which was being crashed but we were so fortunate that we were able to back some of the successes that we had during the using was the implementation of the faxing which is to during the COVID-19 faxing which is to it has been most apprehensive and intensive help related data collection exercise of ever conducted in Vanuatu the next one DHS2 was developed to track all COVID-19 faxing in Vanuatu since the reload of the COVID-19 vaccination in 2021 of 145,000 people were almost registered and we have been registered of 2600,000 doses so our population is somewhere about 300,000 and we have managed to register 145,000 people in the DHS2 program for the faxing one of the successes is that over 100 users across the six province of Vanuatu have actively used the DHS2 faxing which is to system for analyzing data on daily basis still some of the success with the faxing faxing which is to using the event we put on the DHS2 elaborates the coverage we generated on weekly basis by the national and the provincial team. The analysis provided by this weekly report played a critical role in guiding the Ministry of Health especially to target the population that requires vaccination. We were also successfully work along with the department of civil registration we were able to call up the vaccination from history to identify and address gaps in the status of Vanuatu citizens. One of the major success that we had is working with HIPPS of Vietnam. The Vanuatu Ministry of Health has been able to produce and successfully deployed and encrypted COVID-19 faxing certificate which we are now using for office travels especially to Australia and New Zealand mostly. As of August this year 2022 certificate has been upgraded and verified from a publicly accessible website portal. Some of the challenges we had when we implement the Vanuatu faxing history is that adaptation of the Android app was challenging especially where it was needed most especially in remote areas and this was largely due to the limited amount of training that we were able to receive because it was only a week that we conducted the training that they used so it was quite difficult for them to use the Android app and that was one of the challenges that we had. The other one is identifying our defaults especially people who failed to turn up for their second shop directly from VHS2 platform was difficult and it required an automated work around using Excel and lastly users would often create an event and navigate without completing it resulting in consistency with the data that has been ended. We also experienced a few set across around October 2021 like I mentioned earlier but these were quickly identified by upgrading the server and users often ended in current faxing batch number requiring a bulk editing and we also think need for helping us with this and the user audit features sees functioning and we were unable to identify who incorrectly complete the event so this is something that we really want to be fixed the user audit features because this also helped us to track the users who made mistakes on the forms. Some of the lessons learned from the faxing registers that we quickly realized that making data field mandatory was essential for consistent data collection as you often skip fields and complete the event without ending the required information. Secondly, having a hard copy or paper based vaccination as a backup was critical critically important especially in places with low network coverage and to cross check that every vaccination event has correctly ended and complete and something that we are looking ahead for is the introduction of faxing certificate which we have already had and thank you to the wonderful job that Nick and his team has done so we now have the people, the public can now access and they can also download their own faxing certificate which is very helpful for us at the moment and we also did a depth analysis of the data and that also helped us to do a presentation on a symposium that was held last month October in October so we used some of the information on the data and faxing history to do a presentation on the symposium we are also looking ahead to explore the potential for integrating for the immunization but we also identify some of the challenges to do this but yes we are looking ahead for doing that but it requires a good consultation before we can introduce a tracker motive for immunization the other thing is to develop and publish dynamic dashboard via EPI using Power BI that can pull information from BHS to and visualizing information on Power BI this is some of the things that we are looking ahead of doing and developing the ability with other systems being used by the Ministry of Health for example the power data currently used for case management and contact processing especially for COVID-19 I think this is the end of my presentation and I thank you everyone for listening and I wish you everyone happy and a middle Christmas holiday thank you thank you Malin are there any questions for the Vanuatu team okay Malin there's no questions at this time so thank you very much for your presentation I'm going to ask the team from Central Asia if they can come up so Malin you can stop your screen sharing the presentation it's on the loss should we share the screen hello everyone oops thank you very much sorry for this technical issue today we wanted to tell you about experience of Central Asia in the DHS2 tracker and briefly we will talk a little bit about our team about our project background the tracker, the HIV tracker the mobile application and the integration possibilities with the RBI next presentation first of all I wanted to mention our backstopping team from FHI since we started the project they've been constantly supporting us and they help us a lot in adaptation of standard tracker help us to launch the instances in all three countries of Central Asia and we still have weekly consultations with them so they really help us a lot we have since the beginning of the project we are using this and we check all the updates and things we need to do on tracker a couple of words a small team not as big as your team but we have two persons in Kyrgyzstan one in Kazakhstan who are involved in adaptation and all those work with tracker experts our project is called EPIC we started in 2020 it is PEPFAR funded and we work about key populations on testing HIV and linking them treatment cascade and when we started in 2020 we had no database we were flat and we have adopted the database forms and other tools from the FHI 360 expertise and since then our CBOs were using them but we knew that we had some system to be able to check all the data and initially we had a couple of consultations because we in our previous project we were using MIS database not DHS database so we initially we planned to use that base but then after consultation with our backstop team the DHS2 database it was a new tool for Central Asia it was never used before as in many other countries so it was kind of a new experience and there were some challenges there were like a database of the serenity limitations that means that the national all the client's data should be stored in the country before that we wanted to store it somewhere in the cloud that's why we had to buy servers and it was also challenging because it was 2020 probably all the limitations and the server was purchased in the US and it was delivered to our country in I don't remember three or four months so it was also a challenge and after that when all the instances were installed on our services we started to adapt the standard HIV tracker to our project needs it was also a little bit challenging like when you sit at home during the lockdown so yes it was our initial steps and our three countries they were they received training from headquarter and we started to work on our own since then and my thought is to do next slide please next slide please our experience on using GHS2 is comparatively short we like infancy in using GHS2 but nevertheless we try to use it to constantly increase our capacity on using GHS2 and we use these resources to increase our capacity especially we use GEDEMIC courses GHS2 online GEDEMIC courses we use as online platforms to solve our issues using GHS2 next next as mentioned before we use standardize GHS2 checkup metadata package for HIV programs this package was provided by our HHU office of HHI 360 this package simplifies GHS2 configuration for HIV programs to support case management and also it contains automated reporting of more than 70 farm men and other custom indicators next slide this is advantage of using this HIV checkup package it is comprehensive it contains all of HIV services secondly it's easy to adapt it enables quick and cost effective deployment and also it uses promote we use policy collect once and use this data many times and also simplify reporting it reduces data entry burden by automatically completing common HIV indicators next slide moreover with this HIV program package metadata package contains additional supplementary programs like peer worker program this is a relationship between client and outreach worker the second supplement program is hotspot program builds a relationship between hotspots the place where our beneficiaries gather and index testing tool this is the third relationship program the next slide please also we localized our checker we translated our metadata package into Russian language in our countries we use Russian language mostly and also we adapted all metadata we adapted fields options data elements and also next slide also we we adapted our indicators as I mentioned before there are many program indicators but we modified some of them in order to meet requirements of our project we modified and check it and we use these indicators next slide please this is another part of customization we also modified and our units our units provincial districts and our settlements next slide also we added new additional stage whose is HIV HIV package where the demographics age and service plan stage for this HIV package next slide please also we added new special data to our units we added long-distance latitude and also we added some gem files to our some of units and we visualized our program data we visualized our testing data HIV testing data and data of our HIV cases which appeared in the settlements next slide please and also our countries building some DHS2 community so called some projects some projects used DHS2 for instance our epic project for our post on republican center for immunizations they also started to use DHS2 JZ use Pernatal project and in Kazakhstan they use the following project of strength and health care information system and it's interesting for instance in Tajikstan they also use DHS2 for registering medical status it's interesting but they also use this DHS2 for this project next slide please and this is our success story our team from post on epic project and also our specials from HQ they developed a presentation the public and health center and our RAC compared alternative software tools and their welcome plans to use DHS2 and soon RAC will adopt DHS2 for prevention programs that's a community based organizations level for the social partnership project the next slide please and also in order to build memory institutional memory we constantly deliver the trainings for our CBOs for our community based organizations for our NGOs in all three countries in Kazakhstan in Tajikstan we constantly train them consult them our partner and yours so let's move on a few months ago


Minister of Labour and Employment Dr Krissingige is expected to meet the leadership of ASL on Tuesday today as part of efforts aimed at ending the union's ongoing strike. And this is coming as the National Association of Nigerian Students directed its members to block major federal roads in the 36 states and the FCT. And this is planned for February 28, 2022, in protest against the ongoing strike. The spokesman of the Ministry of Labour and Employment, Chaus Akman, confirmed the proposed meeting on Monday.


The Seattle Skyline, the University of Washington campus. Words appear. Pursuit of a more equitable world, college and careers. A student uses a power chair. More students, some also in chairs. Students sign. Students in a large lecture hall. A seated man with two prosthetic hooks greets and hugs a student. An excerpt from John Kemp's keynote address at the University of Washington. Thanks to all of you for coming. Good afternoon. I'm Cheryl Burgstahler, the founder and director of the Duet Center, where a duet stands for Disabilities, Opportunities, Internet Working and Technology. In Duet, we work to increase the academic and career success of individuals with disabilities and make physical spaces, student services, teaching and learning activities and technology more welcoming and accessible to people with disabilities. I have the pleasure of introducing our keynote speaker, and his name is John Kemp. I met him around the time when I founded the Duet Center, which is like more than 25 years ago, and we've sort of been traveling in similar circles, so it's really especially nice for me to have you here, John. So I've always been impressed with his personal insights about the history of disability rights, parallels between this movement and others that improve our world by more fully engaging people from all different groups benefiting from their diverse talents and perspectives. He's been an ally of Duet and other organizations that serve to create a more inclusive world, and he's even mentored a few of the Duet scholars. He is a renowned disability rights leader who co-founded the Americans Association of People with Disabilities and is now the president and chief executive of a network of nonprofit organizations that provide services that educate, employ and empower children and adults with disabilities. His talk today is titled, Then and Now, People with Disabilities and our Pursuit of a More Equitable World. So will you please join me in welcoming John Kemp to the podium?  A sign interpreter stands to the left of the podium. John walks haltingly to Cheryl. They shake hands. All right. Good afternoon. All good? John Kemp, Viscardi Center. I have been a huge fan of Duet and talk about Duet in various speeches around the country and certainly talked about it at the Council of Graduate Schools in Arizona in December and really got to meet some people from the University of Washington and we sort of reconnected again. But I must say this is one of the classiest, smartest, most forward-looking programs in the United States.  You are totally in front of the crowd of young students, high school students and college students who are looking to prepare themselves for real, competitive, integrated, inclusive employment and that you are getting the access to the technologies that will enable you to be able to do that. Some of it you are probably creating yourself. And it's certainly an era of personalization and customization in technology. What I so admire about Duet is that you don't accept anything less than the encouragement to thrive in your academic careers and in your employment careers. It's this idea that we're in this transition age of 20 to 30 years where people with disabilities may or may not get the kinds of services they properly need. That's not good enough for me. It's not good enough for our students. We want to be able to thrive just like everybody else, right? This is what we want very, very much. Today we have the largest number of college graduates with disabilities who are unemployed ever in the history of the United States. We've done a better and better and better job of getting students with disabilities through high school, through college, and they can't get a job. And that is a disgrace for our country. We're better than that. And we haven't quite figured out the underlying issue when we compare ourselves to other minority groups and other protected class groups. Why is it that we lag so significantly far behind in our employment rate? There's something deeply embedded in our society that does not allow an employer or people just generally. Employers are people too, right? But why do employers not perceive us as having capabilities? Why? So much of it is really based on all of the glitter and glam that our chairs and our scooters and our canes and our prosthetics and everything else that we present causes them to think that we can't do a job that they have predetermined how it should be done. Hopefully we're in an era now where it's not so much how you do a job. It is you tell me what the outcomes you want and the quality expectations that you have and the quantity and all the other characteristics that you want to measure. And we get to do it, whether we do it at two o'clock in the morning or it takes us two or three extra hours to do it, the outcome measurements can be adjusted. But for some reason because people who are in power positions perceive people with disabilities as unable to be able to perform the jobs that are there in a way in which they think they should be performed. It's the bosses who have these ideas, the supervisors who have these preconceived ideas. And this revolution that's going on in human resources and the like is really about trying to tear down these kinds of false requirements and really find out what is a job supposed to mean? What are you trying to produce and create? And hopefully that will help us a great deal. The Department of Labor estimates that by the time a person leaves school, college, you will have between 10 and 14 jobs by the time you're 38 years of age. If my dad heard that, he'd be horrified. My God, he used to say, please stick with the job. Stick with it for more than two or three years.  He was always really worried that I was jumping around too much. I was like, hey, but there's a great opportunity over here and I want to do this and excites me. This is who our young people are today. Young adults have a focus. They accomplish something. They move on. We are currently preparing students for jobs that don't yet exist, expecting them to use technologies that have not yet even been invented in order to solve problems we don't even know our problems yet. How would you like to be teaching in that environment, right? It's pretty tough. So what are we teaching? We're teaching people how to learn and how to continue to adapt throughout our lives. For the Duet Scholars, you know how often we talk about, we're helping you become successful in college and careers, but we're not satisfied if you're just successful in your own right. We're hoping that you will change the world. So I think we should pass this baton over to these younger people.  Please. Take it. We can add it to you. Take us higher. Described by Audiolize. Words appear. For more information about Duet, consult washington.edu. This video presentation was created with funding from the Duet Scholars Program hosted by Accessible Technology Services at the University of Washington. Copyright 2019, University of Washington. Permission is granted to copy these materials for educational non-commercial purposes provided the source is acknowledged.


after having done this, let me now state that what is my lambda ij?  So, what is the reason lambda will change to lambda prime? Because the lambda depends on chi j. It is a matrix element of Fock operator. It is very easy to see this. If you just make a multiplication because they are orthonormal only one term will survive. So, of course you can say k, kj, ij whatever there is a dummy index, there is specific index. So, the point is that this is the matrix of Fock operator in a basis. This is also a matrix of the Fock operator in the new basis which is unitary transformer. Now we know from the matrix Eigen value equation that if I choose a proper unitary transformation any matrix can be diagonalized. Now this is why I am doing unitary transformation. Now you understand immediately? So, without any further ado, I would now say that choose a matrix u because I have several unitary transformation. So, I will say choose u, this is my choice now such that lambda is diagonal.  So, this is a diagonal matrix. You can always write u, u lambda u dagger does not matter whichever way you want to write. This is always possible because this is a matrix and not only that this is a Hermitian matrix. I must also make sure that you understand this is a Hermitian matrix. You take a dagger of this, you will see that this chi i star will come here and this will become lambda j i. So, this will also flip and the Fock operator by itself is Hermitian. I should have said this before that if you look at the Fock operator the F operator is also Hermitian. I think I must mention this point. Once again I hope you are able to see this. H is Hermitian. This is my j j. j j is also Hermitian because if I take adjoint of this what will happen? This chi j will come here, this chi j star will go here. This is already a Hermitian operator. Same way exchange P12 is a Hermitian operator. So, entire Fock operator is Hermitian. This is nothing but a matrix element in an orthonormal basis of a Hermitian operator and hence this is also a Hermitian matrix. This original lambda is a Hermitian matrix. Please note that there is a difference. This is a Hermitian operator. This is a Hermitian matrix because this is a matrix. These are numbers. Whenever you have numbers they cannot be an operator. Of course number can be an operator but in this case these numbers can be arranged in the row and column. So, that is the reason I said it is convenient sometimes to look at j i because then you will see that the j is on the left, i is on the right but it does not matter. However, you look at it. The point is that this lambda is a Hermitian matrix because Fock operator is Hermitian. Since it is a Hermitian matrix I can always find a unitary transformation such that the matrix can be diagonal. So, now I am saying that let us choose a u such that lambda is diagonal and then rewrite this Hartree-Pock equation. Quite clearly now this is my lambda prime. So, lambda prime is now diagonal. So, lambda prime ij is now epsilon let us say epsilon i delta ij. That is the meaning of diagonal. So, this is a diagonal matrix. So, the new lambda prime in the new basis will become diagonal after transformation. Note that I am transforming everything to chi but the lambda transformation has to happen in this manner because lambda has one chi on the left, one chi on the right. So, both of them have to be transformed and quite clearly I can always choose a transformation such that this will become diagonal. Now quite clearly if you say that any unitary transformation I take I cannot show that it is diagonal. Any arbitrary transformation no I cannot show. So, now I am actually deviating from here I am saying this is a matrix let us choose u that is very important such that it is diagonal. So, this is my choice. The question is how do you choose u? Now that is a point where you are actually saying how do you diagonalize a matrix. Now that is something that I will not bother right now. Why do I choose? So, then there will be question because I am following variation method. My mathematics gave me a matrix. So, if you choose that is another constraint. I did not know my mathematics what it will need to. I started variation psi A psi I only had a constraint where chi should be orthonormal and lo and behold I got this equation. I did not know what equation I will get. Once I have got this equation now I am trying to analyze how can I make it diagonal and then I find that this is the Hermitian matrix. So, Hermitian matrix can be diagonalized by unitary transformation but then I have to worry about what happens to the rest of the equation through the unitary transformation. So, one thing I understood that the f remains invariant and then I can write this rest of the equation is just f. So, this becomes chi i prime. This spin orbitals are now transformed spin orbitals of course but that I do not care. So, eventually I can then write f of 1 as some new chi i prime 1 equal to epsilon y chi i prime 1.  Because now your lambda prime in the new basis is diagonal by my choice and that choice will be dictated by how to diagonalize the matrix. So, that is the part I am not going to discuss here. That is the mathematics. All of you should know by now how to diagonalize the Hermitian matrix. How do you get this equation? Provided I get u, what I am now suggesting is that the new spin orbitals can be chosen such that they are eigenfunctions of the foc operator. New foc operator is same as old foc operator. So, I am not writing f prime. Is it clear? And now I have got a canonical form without any problem which is a nice eigenvalue equation which is what we wanted all the time and which is what you are used to. So, I will give the interpretation to what is epsilon i. You already know these are orbital energies. These are the orbitals and everything. But I will give the interpretation. Today what we have done is that we have started from the non canonical Hartree-Pof equation which we have derived last time. So, we have started from non canonical Hartree-Pof equation which is a general which this is the form that we derived from the variation method. So, this I am not going to worry. It is a non canonical Hartree-Pof equation. So, this is something that I have derived from the variation method. And the form of that was f of chi i is sum over j epsilon i j chi j. I am not writing f of 1 explicitly. It is an operator equation. So, it does not matter. So, I have started from this non canonical equation. Then I discussed the effect of unitary transformation on this equation. I noted the fact that the f is Hermitian. That is the first thing. And hence, sorry, not epsilon. This was lambda. It does not matter. And lambda is a Hermitian matrix. This is something that I notice and I preserve it in any basis. It does not matter what is the basis. As long as this equation is satisfied, whether you do unitary transformation or not, this is a Hermitian operator. So, this is a Hermitian operator and the lambda is a Hermitian matrix. Now, I do a unitary transformation. So, unitary transformation leaves f in variant. So, that is the next thing we showed. Unitary transformation also leaves the spin orbitals orthonormal. It retains the orthonormality of the spin orbital. In general, any basis, if you have any basis, you can do unitary transformation. So, that also we saw. Then what we said that after having known all this, we are now merely saying, choose a transformation such that lambda is diagonal. This is my choice. So, please note that by an arbitrary unitary transformation, I cannot make lambda diagonal. So, you will get arbitrary lambda prime. But now I can choose such that it is diagonal. So, my Hartree-Fock equation then will become canonical and it will become f of chi i prime in the new basis as epsilon i chi i prime. The same Hartree-Fock equation which I started now has a canonical form simply because I am able to make this matrix diagonal by unitary transformation, by suitable unitary transformation. I could have right away said that this is a Hermitian matrix. So, simply diagonalize this. But then you would have asked question, if I diagonalize this, what happens to the rest of the equations because of unitary transformation? So, that is the reason I have to show elaborately that the f operator remains invariant, the unitary, the spin orbitals remain orthonormal. So, I can do it. I have no problem. Otherwise, it was very easy to see. If I just wanted to make it diagonal, yes, that is what we know, just do unitary transformation. But it might have created havoc on the rest of the equation. Then I have to re-understand the equation itself. So, the point that I am trying to show that the equation does not change because the fork operator remains the same. That is a very important thing and I get a canonical Hartree-Fock equation. So, this is canonical. And all my interpretations become much easier in the canonical form. But note, however, and I will show later that the total energy of the system remains same whether you use non-canonical or canonical. The only thing, however, that has changed is the spin orbitals. So, spin orbitals are different, but eventually I will also show that the wave function remains the same. Energy will remain the same. I will also have to study what happens to the wave function because wave function was in the old spin orbitals. Now, I have new spin orbitals. I must understand has the spin old function changed and I will actually show that that does not change. Hence, energy also does not change. Total Hartree-Fock energy. So, everything remains same. Orbitals, however, change. These epsilon i's are called orbital energies. So, they have a meaning and this has no parallel for the non-canonical part because non-canonical it has a matrix. So, I cannot say that one number for one orbital. So, it has no parallel. So, the orbital energy is a very special term. Remember, which is used only for canonical Hartree-Fock energy. If I tell you this is the orbital energy, that means we have solved canonical Hartree-Fock energy. Otherwise, orbital energy has no meaning. And lot of interesting things will be done interpretation, physical interpretation will be done through the canonical Hartree-Fock energy. So, let us look at what happens to the wave function first. So, let us look at the wave function in the new spin orbitals now. So, if you remember the wave function, now I call it Hartree-Fock wave function. In the original basis, this was chi 1 1 whatever, chi 1 2 etcetera, etcetera, chi 1 n, chi 2 1, chi 2 2, chi 2 n and so on. So, it is a determinant chi n 1, chi n n. When I do the new Hartree-Fock, what will happen is that each of this chi i's will now become chi i prime, which is related to u by the matrix transformation of u. So, one can write this matrix itself. How will this matrix look like? Let us say this chi Hartree-Fock is determinant of u.  And a is this matrix. So, I am just rewriting this. This chi Hartree-Fock is a determinant of a matrix. We have never seen it this way. Of course, there is a 1 by square root n factorial. So, let us not forget that. That is fine. This is not going to change anyway. So, I am worried about what happens to the determinant of a when the basis is changed. When the basis becomes chi i prime, it will be very easy to show that the new matrix a prime will be nothing but a times u. Please do this exercise because each of this chi i, when I write as a sum over u chi j, you can very easily separate this into the two product of two matrices a and u, which would mean that the new chi Hartree-Fock prime, please check this yourself. Chi Hartree-Fock prime, which will be determinant of a u, which is nothing but determinant of a times determinant of u. What is the determinant of u? It is a phase not 1, exponential i phi. Please do not say 1. 1 is an incomplete answer, right answer, but only an incomplete answer. I hope all of you will be able to find determinant of u. We have done that in various courses. From the very fact that u, u dagger equal to identity, you should be able to do this. Determinant of whole thing, determinant of u into determinant of u dagger, determinant of u dagger is very easy, determinant of u star. What is determinant of u dagger? It is u star. So, this determinant is u u star is equal to 1. Remember determinant is a number. So, when I take determinant on the both side, this is 1. This is determinant of u, determinant of u dagger.  So, this, so it is a number, it is a number. So, let us say x, x into x star equal to what is the value of x, exponential i phi. Not because in the complex plane, so determinant of u is nothing but exponential i phi. So, that means my psi-hat-tree-fock prime is nothing but determinant of a, which is psi-hat-tree-fock times a phase factor. And all of us know that the phase factor does not change the wave function. I hope you remember the basic quantum mechanics that I can multiply my wave function by any number or any complex number like exponential i phi, no property will change. So, the energy obviously will not change. I do not have to prove you now because hat-tree-fock energy is nothing but psi-hat-h, psi-hat-f. So, psi-hat-f on the left, psi-hat-f on the right, psi-hat-f on the left will give you, psi-hat-prime on the left will give you exponential minus i phi. And on the right, it will be exponential plus i phi, it will become 1. So, it is very easy to show that the energy also remains in value. So, because of this now, e hat-tree-fock prime is psi-hat-tree-fock prime H, psi-hat-tree-fock prime and is same as psi-hat-tree-fock H, psi-hat-tree-fock because these two together, these are related by only a phase factor. So, only phase factor on the left and on the right. So, the left one will produce you exponential minus i phi, multiplies the exponential plus i phi this one. In fact, that is the reason no properties change. So, you can always multiply anything by phase factor. Of course, phase factor also leaves the wave function normalized. That is also important. That is the reason I am not dividing by anything. If I on the other hand multiply by 2, then what will happen? This will actually become 4 times, 2 into 2 because it is no longer normalized. Then I have to also divide by psi-hat-tree-fock prime nor which is again 4. So, I would have got that 4 cancelled. That is the physics. But here I do not have to do because this remains normalized and I see that energy remains invariant. So, the hat-tree-fock energy, hat-tree-fock wave function, they all remain invariant. So, the only thing that is changing however are the spinorbitals. So, spinorbitals are not sacrosanct. Canonical spinorbitals are one, non-canonical or something else. And I can actually generate several spinorbitals, set of spinorbitals. And that is the reason in the molecule, you must have already read that let us say methane molecule. I have spinorbitals which are delocalized over the orbital, over the entire molecule. They are called delocalized orbitals. Forget about spin, delocalized orbital. I can then make a unitary transformation such that the spinorbitals are only one direction of the bond, carbon-hydrogen. You must have seen directional properties. So, they become localized spinorbitals. So, delocalized versus localized spinorbitals. Actually it turns out that these delocalized ones are the canonical ones. That is a later part. So, all the canonical orbitals are actually delocalized. So, it is very hard. That is the reason when the molecular orbital theory, we start with this orbital, they are all delocalized. It becomes more and more difficult to do simple chemistry sometimes. But then this is the way to go forward. Olden days when people issued valence bond, they were all localized. We know that these are the bond, these are atomic orbital, they are all localized. But then they did not have orthogonality property. Lots of problems were there. Here everything is preserved. So, when the high performance computers came, this became the method. Even though sometimes the chemistry gets a little fuzzy because I can always get back the chemistry later, so this becomes an easy way to do the canonical Hartree-Fock equation. So, with this I think we will not worry about the non-canonical Hartree-Fock. From now on, whatever is the Hartree-Fock is the canonical Hartree-Fock. So, whatever in the future that we will discuss is only canonical Hartree-Fock equation. So, I hope all of you realize that they are identical. There is no difference. And hence, since we are only going to discuss canonical Hartree-Fock equation, I am not going to write this prime anymore. So, the prime and unprime was my creation. So, my canonical Hartree-Fock will be chi i because there is nothing called the old chi i now. Is it okay? This is not any cheating. It is just that my symbol I am changing. Why to write prime all the time? So, I will say drop the prime and we will start with f chi i equal to epsilon i chi i and we assume that these are the canonical arguments from the rest part of the discussion that we will start. So, we will actually look at the physical interpretation of canonical Hartree-Fock equation. What is the, how can I write an expression for orbital energy? What is the interpretation of orbital energy? Particularly in terms of Koopman's theorem that the negative orbital energy is ionization potential of electron affinity. All that will come. So, basically interpretation of the orbital energies and some more interesting aspects of the Hartree-Fock theory, before we go do the same equations in spin adapted form. Remember, we have written everything in terms of spin so far. You may like to know, can I do the spin integration? How to do? It is a trivial exercise. So, I will just spin integrate the same equation very quickly. For a specific system, let us say again closed shell. We have already discussed what is closed shell or W-occupied orbitals. We will actually show how to do that and then we will have a Hartree-Fock equation only in spatial orbitals. Now, it is in spin orbitals. Hartree-Fock in spatial orbitals. Then we will see how to solve this. The solution is not so easy. So, how do I solve? But before that I will do the spin integration and how do I solve it and that is where the matrix and lots of things will come. Basis said that you have heard that will all come in the solution. Right now there is nothing called basis set. The basis set will come when I try to solve the spatial orbital Hartree-Fock equation. So, that will be the way and then I will go over beyond Hartree-Fock later. I will close the lecture today.


Thank you all so much for being here. I'm happy to represent the economics department and Tilwick University more broadly. And I'll be talking about something very cool tonight, which you badly need, namely a refrigerator. And not just any refrigerator, no. My talk revolves around the refrigerator at the economics department, believe it or not, which is at the K Building, it's the Koopmans Building, an economist, on the third floor. Now, as you can see, it's not too fancy. Yeah, this is a university. So, you know, we can do with a not too fancy fridge. But what makes this fridge so special is that it is part of a so-called honor-based commerce scheme. Yes. So, you know, in more popular terms, a self-checkout. And you may be familiar with self-checkouts in your local grocery store or at the department store. The idea is that you are the cashier. So, you actually scan your items and then pay what you owe, right? So, similarly, at that fridge in our department, whenever you take a soda can out of the fridge, then you note it actually on one page, which is on the front door of the fridge. You may have seen that here, right? And so, you actually tell behind your name the number of cans that you took out. That's the idea. And obviously, why should you do so? It's a small deal, but you may have some self-reputation. You want to be known to yourself as being an honest person who tellies whenever you take something out. Because otherwise you would be stealing from the department. And you may not want to be seen by colleagues taking a can out and just walking away. And then it's only 60 cents per can, so it's a pretty good deal that the secretary struck there. But that may make it even worse, right?  Now, one day I had an idea. So I got together with secretaries to help me. So what they then did is count the telly on front of the fridge every day in the morning. So at 9 a.m., they would count how many cans were taken away according to the telly of my colleagues. And you can only be at the economics department to actually be here on the list, right? If you're some student, you're not supposed to be here. And they would actually also note the actual number of cans in the fridge. And you may feel something coming. So, and then what I did was very simple. At one of the two fridges that we have, I had a pen on one, some days I had a pen hanging down from the door of the fridge. And all the days I removed the pen. Now, I had one fridge on the fourth floor as a control. So that was always a pen hanging down from the door. So that was the very first picture I started with. And you can clearly see it. So here we are in the treatment situations that there's this pen. Now, guess what happened? And I'll show you a nice graph. Here you go. So whenever I took the pen away, well, let's call it theft. You know, the theft rates went up a great deal. And so, apparently, my colleagues said that the very same people who tended to be pretty honest when it was easy were not so honest when it was a little more difficult. And so that was pretty striking, right? That those small things can make a major difference. So it seems like as soon as I remove the pen, their principles also go out of the window. Now, the real challenge in this situation is, would you have thought about this pen being so important? So when you would have looked at the pantry and this honor-based commerce scheme, would you have guessed that the pen would have made such a difference? And that's the topic that I'm studying. Those situational factors tend to be very important and maybe more important than our own individual dispositions. So we tend to believe of ourselves that we are very principled people and our father and mother told us things, but maybe all of those beliefs in the end do not matter that much after all. But aren't there then good and bad guys? There's lots of evidence showing that it matters when you have the right friends, alumni, for instance. That helps. Or you had a great upbringing. You had good parents. And it also matters what your mother did when she was pregnant. And it also matters what happened before and then I mean genes. So that is all true. It all matters. But being bad only shows when you have the opportunity to be bad. So when you live in an environment with very few incentives to do the bad thing, you may seem like a very honest, good person. But as soon as I change something in an environment, it turns out that you're a little different from what we thought and maybe what you thought yourself. And as it turns out, I have lots of those. Bad colleagues. Once I give them the opportunity to be dishonest, they immediately fall for it. Now, what are the implications? Well, the first implication is that labeling people as honest or dishonest or more generally as good or bad is problematic because we observe them only in one situation and that doesn't tell us how this person is in another situation. So that is one thing. Another thing is that we may be not so unique as we think that of course we're very proud of the town or the city where we were born and our parents, et cetera, et cetera and we tend to believe that we are very unique human beings but it seems like that we act very similarly given the situation. The idea is that I can change your behavior by changing a few things in the environment in which you daily operate. Now, so if you want to prevent fraud, then it may be interesting to look at the situation in which fraud is committed and not focus too much on all those individual dispositions, about your religion, your morals and all that but look at what actually happens when you take the wrong decision. And for my research, I'll give you three examples mainly from my own research. I tend to do field experiments like the one at the pantry here at the economics department, there's lots of fun to do and also you can really test ideas in a true field setting. You can really see in the real world, do those ideas actually fly? Now, the first idea is invite good behavior and not bad behavior. Now, that sounds very trivial, right? Why would you ever invite bad behavior? Well, there's lots of organizations that do so actually. And there's a field experiment and that's why a colleague, Bas van der Klau in Amsterdam and they made it a little more difficult to get social benefits. So when you're unemployed, you are eligible for social benefits and they just say, okay, you have a four week search period and if you then not have found the job then you will get your money after all. So yeah, because you're eligible for the money by law but they just made it create a little threshold for people before they get this money and it had a major effect on behavior. And what I did with a colleague from Erasmus University is that we invented this magnet for your fridge and on the magnet it says the number to call for discarded household items. And you're supposed not to just dump your couch on the street what to call for pickup by municipality. Well, lots of people have trouble with that and why not make this easier by just putting up the phone number right on the fridge? And that also made a difference. It's a very small thing but with a big effect on behavior. Now secondly, make reasons not to do the wrong thing, salient. So this is a field experiment also in Rotterdam and it continues on that example of illegal disposal of garbage at those shared garbage containers and major irritant of many people also here in Tilburg actually. But what these law enforcement officers do is they put large yellow warning labels on illegally disposed garbage saying under investigation. Now just making it very salient that there is a chance of getting caught and there's a penalty, right? Because otherwise and it holds in many situations law enforcement is pretty much invisible. Now whoever tends to work and has a family and all that there's a very small chance of actually seeing a police officer and whoever gets fined usually does not share that information with the whole neighborhood. So basically law enforcement tends to be very invisible. In this way we make it very visible and we make it visible at places where it matters, right? Because where do you see all those warning labels at the places where all the rubbish is? Now thirdly that prevent easy excuses and a very popular excuse is well, I didn't know. So together with the Ministry of Social Affairs and the Hague we have a field experiment together with center data actually who is doing the actual work fortunately informing actively informing people that if their household situation changes that it has large consequences for their social benefits. So this is a reminder so that people do not make mistakes of sort of really forgetting about it or sort of half forgetting about it. Because the problem in the analysis now that the penalties for getting too much, too high social benefits are enormous. So we've got lots of very poor cases where judges have to apply very huge, very large penalties to very poor people. Whereas this more active approach may help people to make the right decision just to help them doing something that they would have wanted after all. And another popular excuse is well, everybody is doing it so it must be okay. So that is why there is a massive effort in Tilburg in any city of the Netherlands of cleaning the streets because clean, keep clean. If you do not give the bad example, it's much less likely that people do the wrong thing. We tend to copy each other's behavior. Now, so to conclude, so next time you're dealing with fraud that it may be at your office, it may be someplace else, study the context in which people make decisions and then change the context. Make the right thing, the easy, the default option, prevent easy excuses and make the bad consequences of wrong behavior salient. So it's been proving to be a very effective way in changing behavior and remember it's a lot easier to change the situation than people. Thank you so much.