And, welcome to Desk of Lady Aida. Hey everybody, and welcome to Desk of Lady Aida. It's me, Lady Aida. He is Mr. Lady Aida on camera control. So, do you have any updates or news, Mr. Lady Aida? I do, we got a lot going on today. So, first up, I'm going to go to your computer. Okay. So, please go to adafruit.com. Yeah, so this is our month-long celebration of all things Retro Mac. There was a cool artist that did this artwork, and then we added our little Adafruit thing. If you go to margentosh.com, but don't do that, because we're just going to show the page, has all the things that you can do. That's a picture of you right there, if you scroll down a little bit from a quick take to 100. That's a 27-year-old digital camera. So, scroll up a little bit to your picture. Not so bad for 27 years old. And then scroll down a little bit more. So, you can see, we spent a lot of time on all the different places that you can find Margentosh information. Wow. And then I want you to go to Adafruit's Tumblr. So, if you go to tumblr.com slash adafruit or adafruit.tumblr.com, we're trying something new, because there's a lot of Retro stuff over on Tumblr. Also, Twitter is kind of a shitty place. So, we want to put the content where people are nicer and share it, and we'll appreciate it. We're on Twitter.  That's just how it is. So, this is the post of today that we did. Some history about the Power CD. And then if you scroll down, you can see yesterday's... I love how big this is. It's a multimedia kit. I remember this. Everybody had multimedia kits. And then keep scrolling down. And I really do like the authoring tools on Tumblr. So, we posted the Quick Take 200. These are all of our cool photos that we took of the camera itself. Wow, smart media card. Don't make those... Yeah. Keep scrolling. This is a bunch of photos that we took with the camera as well. So, on Flickr, it's interesting. They keep track of all the cameras. So, the last three cameras, the last three most popular Apple cameras. So, there's 50 altogether. It's all the iPhones and stuff. But the last three is a Quick Take 200, 150. And there's another one. And I think the 100. And we... I think we're the only person on Flickr that has a photo that has the EXIF data from the... Oh, really? It had EXIF data. Yeah. But then I didn't know that EXIF was gold. Yeah. Okay. So, it's kind of neat. So, you know, for the folks who wanted to see this in its glory. So, this is the Power CD. I had one of these. This is mine. It plays CDs. Check out that Centronics. Yeah. It plays CDs. It has a big old scuzzy thing in the back. We posted up the video that kind of promotes this thing too. You'll see that in a second. I just have the beginning footage come in. It has some really neat retro music and stuff like that. And something very unusual for Apple, which is they have a cartoon character that tells you all about what the Power CD is. And they just don't do that anymore. Like, E-World was maybe the most cartoony they got. But like, what is this? It's like a penguin with a... A bow tie? With a bow tie. And I just posted up a snippet of what this is and all the things that... That's quite something. Yeah. And they did this in partnership with Codex. So, anyways, the entire month there's going to be cool retro stuff and more. So, that's my news. We'll be doing show and tell and asking an engineer this week and check out all this neat stuff. Maybe a penguin with a bow tie. A blue penguin will stop by. If anyone knows any information about what this animal's name is, it's probably dead by now because it's been like 27 years. Stop saying things are dead. What? No. It's like Mr. Ed, the talking horse. That horse is gone. Yeah. Lassie dead. Benji dead. Well, how they have like the Japanese like... Yeah. Well, I'm just saying, if you've seen an animal in like popular culture and it's been like a couple of decades, didn't make it. Okay. It doesn't last forever. That's why you have to, you know, hug and kiss your pets the best you can. Okay. And penguins. So, Anyhoo, what are you working on? Okay. Transition from that. Okay. Cool. I want you to go to the overhead and I'll show the... Okay. So, last week some products. So, the week before... Let's see. The week beforehand I was showing off some... That's just kind of weirdly tilted. Why is it weirdly tilted? Hold on. Sorry. Yeah. You're on your own with that today. Yeah. I do not know. Hold on. You have to go... You have to... The camera tilts the other way. No. It's like... What? I don't know. It's just... It's got this weird like view to it. Yeah. So, the camera itself... Yeah. It twists. No. This way. Yeah. This way. Yeah, I know. No. I think that... I think the lens is just a nice lens. Okay. That's probably why. Sorry. Okay. So, I've got... I look skinny, but this looks squished. Yeah. That's because you're looking at it on a different scale. I know. Because I can't... I can't... I forgot for a moment. Okay. So, last week we did the feather... We did some featherboard. We showed the feather DVI and the feather E-ank. And then this week what I worked on is... Because I could get some canvas parts again. I released some very old designs that you... that were for canvas control. And we actually have a circuit python library for native can support and a lot of chips as well as the MCP 2515, which is a very popular SPI to canvas converter. So, canvas is... I actually don't know a lot about canvas, but it's often referred to as an automotive protocol. It uses two wires and you can hang stuff off of it. And you see here I've got it receiving messages that are being transmitted by this fellow over here. This is a feather M4 can. That's a SAM E-51, which has a native can peripheral. And it still needs a transceiver. So, you can see here there's a can transceiver. And then you tend to have three or four wires. Three wires means you have the low, high, because differential and ground wire. And then sometimes the fourth wire for power, so 12 volts. None of these have a buck converter though. So, it's just signal and ground. The two signals and ground. So, this is a can transceiver. So, even if you have a can peripheral, you still need to have something that does the differential signal thing. And that's almost never done on chip. You tend to have a separate chip that does that. And they're very inexpensive. So, this is the TJA 1051, which we actually covered on the great search like two years ago. But again, we couldn't get it for a few years. Now they're available again. The chip shortage is a memory gone by. And then we've got a little boost converter that gives you five volts from the 3.3, because it's three volt logic. Sorry, can is five volt logic, but the input to this is three volt input output. You just have arcs and TX. You can get messages and then there's a silent. It's labeled here sleep. It's actually silent. You can disconnect. And then on this board, the termination you can turn on or off and the termination to 120 ohms. So can bus is not a low power protocol. You have to sync current into 120 ohms on either side. So it's kind of hefty, but it's designed to be very reliable. It's kind of cool. I think it was designed by Bosch. It's a very cool protocol. So this board is acting as a can receiver, so it's receiving messages. And this, the ESP 32 series has built in can peripherals. So the chips that have built in can are the Sammy 51, all the ESP 32s. I think every ESP 32 has can built in STM 32 F405. Definitely has it and some STM 32 F4s. The RP 2040 does not, although there's at least one implementation where they bit bang can. And the problem is that it's like not a full, complete implementation. That's also under GPL, which we don't like to include in circuit Python. Do you think what other chips? Sammy 21 definitely doesn't. You need to use an add-on. You know, whatever you can look. NR 52 doesn't either. I think you have to add, you have an add-on. So like most chips don't, the ESP 32 is kind of an exception that all of them do. And so you can use an inexpensive, you know, couple dollar transceiver instead of, you know, you just connect arcs and TX lines and you're done for. And the protocol is all handled inside the chip. Do you want to do questions as they come in or? Yeah, sure. Okay. I thought can bus was 12-volt logic. Does it run on multiple voltages? You can run on different voltages, but it tends to be five-volt logic. It's differential five volt. 12 volts is just the power that usually goes in. And it is okay to run it at higher voltages. I think it's safe. Add up to plus or minus 20, I think. But don't quote me on that. Look at the transceiver. But the data is like, you know, digital logic. It's differential logic. It just matters with the voltages. I think it's a little bit like RS 232, where like technically it can go plus or minus 10 volts. But what you really see most often is like plus or minus five or plus or minus six. But, you know, it's safe to go at higher voltages. But that's only point to point. This one is multi-point. And this is a feather wing that you can use. So like, you know, you have your RP 2040, which again doesn't have a native can peripheral. An easy way to add it is to use the MCP 2515, which was like severely restricted during the chip shortage was really unavailable. So this design is a couple of years old and like totally just got just delayed. But now this chip is back again and at the reasonable price of about like a dollar or two. You know, there's still people who are like, this is worth 30 bucks. And that's not a question. Why would someone use campus if they're not connecting to a car? It is, you know, it's a reliable protocol that a lot of roboticists use because it's it's only two wires. But it has like, you know, multiple things can send data at any time. Right.  But I see pretty much is you have one controller multiple peripherals and you pull them and you request data. What's nice about can is anybody can send messages at any time. And there's collisions. Right. So, you know, you have to, you, it detects when there's a collision, you can resend it. That's not true of UART, which is one point to one point to I squared C wave one controller peripherals. So it's called can. It stands for control, control area network or something. Oh yeah. So yeah, it's something area network is like pan when can cool can can. So the MCP 2515 is is another way of doing it. And this goes over SPI. So it's, you know, you can use it with any chip. And it's like insanely popular. And like everyone has used the MCP 2515. Apparently first robotics uses it as a standard, which makes sense. Yeah, that makes a lot of sense, you know, because it's, it's very reliable against, because differential in this high voltage, it's reliable against noise and a lot of motor controllers tend to use it.  So if you, if you saw our DE nine on here, because a lot of can devices have a DE nine as the, the plug, so you could solder that on.  So a couple of different ways of doing it. We've got the, you know, the, the transceiver board, the feather wing, and then you go back to the computer. And I can quickly show what the code looks like. So this is, you know, we have again, in circuit Python, we have support. So this is with a 2515. It's very easy. You can receive, you can use the interrupt, which is nice because it'll tell you when there's data waiting, it has a little bit of buffer inside of it. You can send messages quite simply. There's a addressing, there's identifiers, and it runs pretty fast. So that's can. And then this is the can wing. So this has got many revisions because I did 2515 and then I went to the 25625 and then that was unavailable. So that's the 215 and then that was unavailable. This kind of went through and you can see like the dates. It's just like, okay, like around 2020, I was like trying to design this and I just eventually sort of said like, I can't do this anymore and I just put it on pause. But it's going to come soon. For the RP2040, I'm still waiting for my first bones board. So that's why I haven't published the bones files yet. But in the meantime, I did design two more. So one, I was working on this can staff. So I was like, let's make a can bus version. Again, there is a bit bank version for the RP2040, but I wanted, it's like, I think it uses a lot of PIs and I kind of wanted to like just use something reliable so have an external chip that does it. So like, I didn't want to do any like funky tricks with this one. I think with can best people kind of want reliability and something that's like known to work well. So the thing is I couldn't fit the 2515 and the transceiver in here. Like it's even available on like a TSOP and they still couldn't fit it. So instead I went with the MCP25625, which is like literally a 2515 plus a transceiver in one package. And it's just like you literally just wire bond.  It's like the two chips except it's just one package and it's in a QFN. And I still have a little boost converter to give me the five volts because you still need five volts. There's an optional termination that you can remove here. And yeah, so this is a feather can, which I think will be fun because it's a RP2040. And again, you know, it's like I'm kind of burnt out on using SAMD21s and SAMD51s for stuff. I think instead of the feather M4 can, I'm happy to sell it. But this will be cheaper and you know, I think it's more available. I still think those can, the SAMD51s are going to be available for like another year. So moving on along. And then I also designed, oh, the USB host version. I'll answer your question while. Yeah. I'm almost done. Yeah. Well, that's loading up. So question are people seeing products in the Raspberry Pi product line like available at regular prices yet? I'm seeing offers increase, but still price unfairly. So we're the only, I'm just going to, you know, I'm kind of, I've been awake all day today. So everybody sucks and everyone's raising the prices of Raspberry Pi's and we still do a limited one per customer.  And no, you can't play all these games where you start putting different addresses and you can't call our team names and you can't do all that. And like, they're just like real entitlement lately. Like we're being so fair. And yeah, it's one way. Sure. And it's like, we actually do one per and some people are like, how dare you actually, I should be special. Yeah. And so whatever, you're not a snowflake. Yeah, whatever, whatever the Raspberry Pi prices are on Adafruit, that's the price directly from the Raspberry Pi foundation, the Raspberry Pi trading corp. We don't add any extra money on it. It's whatever that they set it to. We don't raise the prices like everyone else. And we limit one per customer so that most people can get it. But like I said, just right before we got on air, there was like someone on Twitter like threatening us because we wouldn't sell them more than one. And they were like cursing in our team. So... I'll be like that. So the thing is, they pick on us. I don't see them picking on others because we're available.  We have a cool team that's diverse.  So my opinion, the prices aren't the real problem. It's just the way people are treating one another because something's not available. And they're taking it on us. So I don't know.  If you're freaking out about not getting another Raspberry Pi, another Raspberry Pi isn't going to solve the problem. Yeah, guess what?  Anyways. So don't be like that. Tell people not to be like that. Makes us... I mean, we'll still do it, but it's like it's not going to...  I'm going to like make... I'm going to do you a favor. Like, it's the opposite. We really need to think about it. Okay. So that's the Canva stuff. And, oh, the USB host is really fast before we move on to the great search. So this is... This is the kind of fun, weird hacky feather. So this is the RP2040. And this time I've got a really big boost converter. This is a TPS60-1023. So it'll give me up to one amp from the battery or, you know, USB, whatever you've got this powered from. And then this is a USB-A that you can like plug something into. And we do have a USB-B-Bang host implementation that we've implemented... that was implemented by Seagawk, I think, on GitHub. And... sorry, they implemented it with PIOs and then we added that into TV USB. And so we have been able to do like mass storage and CDC and I think even HID, USB host. It's not like guaranteed, but it's kind of fun if you want to do something like a HID remapper or maybe like you want to do data logging to a USB key or you want to have a USB serial from some device. It's like USB serial only and you can't get to the serial pins. This can be kind of neat. So I thought this would be kind of a cool, you know, like we've used it on the tester brains that I've showed in previous shows. But now we'd have a feather for it. And then Philly sent me this as a really cool over on Digikey, which is leading into the great search. Over on Digikey, they do have this awesome RGB USB-A. So you can see that there is like the USB data pins and power pins. And then there's four extra pins that are used for RGB and common anode. So you can like connect up like a NeoPixel driver to this. So let's go. I'll just show this real fast. So let's go to sorry, Digikey.com. Let's see if I can just rename the URL. No, that's not how it works. Hold on. Let me get the part number. Yeah. So it's 5, 4, 0, 0, 2, 6, 6. So check this out. Could be really fun to have like a, you know, glowing like a little RGB motherboard USB board. Okay. You want to any last question before you move on to so once those are rolling window on the one part. No, just right now it's one per. We'll reset it later. But one per. We just don't know. It's one per. Yeah. And then I also posted up in the chat. Liz from Raspberry Pi was here not too long ago and we talked about supply chain stuff and plenty of pies on the way. It'll just take a little bit of time.  This is why no one wants to like do electronics, by the way. It's like the it's not the electronics. It's like four or five people that are just absolute terror on every company, including us and mostly targeting us who think they deserve more than one Raspberry Pi and they don't. It's not fair. There's not enough. There's enough. Yeah. So like we have something good going on. Anyways, what's next? Let's go to the great search. Yeah. You want to search for like Raspberry Pi or something? The great search brought to you by did you gain a different every single legal more users or powers of engineering to help you find the things that you need on digikey.com. What is the great search this week? Okay. This week, we had a very popular project. The floppy disk USB drive and it uses a pipe portal and the pipe portal, which also I can hold on in the shop. I'll share the pipe portal because this was actually. Oh, sorry. Yes. It's a good computer because it's actually having the fancy digikey logo. This was a partnership project that we did with digikey, but it's a little bit old. It is long in the tooth as they say, which is weird because like people's teeth don't get longer. But anyways, it's a samdi 51 plus an ESP 32 and it could use a re spinning because this is, you know, quite a few years old now. We can finally get more chips and also like this did suffer a lot from the part shortage because the samdi 51 wasn't available. And one thing that's kind of neat is the new ESP 32 s three chips that are out now. So this is like the ESP 32 box. Let me just go to a dev board. I don't think we have a dev kit that has a TFT yet. So we have some dev kits. So one of the peripherals that's available on the ESP 32 s three, let me pull up the data sheet is, oh, this is not the full. This is not the full debt sheet, I think, but one of the interesting peripherals that's available on the ESP 32 s three is that it can drive TTL displays. Like so normally, like on the, the pipe portal, what we've got is a parallel display that's like eight. We've got here is a 320 by 240 SPI or like 6, 6,800 or 8080 type display where you're using the frame buffer inside of the display. It has memory inside and you write to it with SPI. You just kind of like send pixels really fast, but you, you know, you write the pixels and they're, they're stayed on the display and these displays are great for microcontrollers with low memory because you just say like, okay, I want to write some pixels over in the corner. You put those displays. There's another kind of display where you write TTL data. It's called TTL data or dot clock is another way they're called. And so these are second TFT five inch. So these displays, the five inch like TFT 40 pen, these, you have to write the data continuously and the VRAM is stored on the device. So they have a less refresh, we fresh flicker because you write the entire display at once. Like you're constantly rastering the display on, but you have to have something that has a peripheral to do that you can't bit bang it because you have to be drawing the pixels very quickly. But the tradeoff is you can drive much bigger displays. SPI displays, they tend to max out at like maybe 320 by 480. But usually they're 320 by 240. And once you get to 480 by 320, it actually gets a little slow. It's like tough to actually draw that much display. You get low frame rate. Whereas with these TTL displays, these TFT displays, you can go quite fast. So I thought we'd go, or just a key, don't forget they have these cool RGB USB ports. And let's look for TFT display. Okay, so a couple options here, but even though it's not a, so literally like a TFT is a kind of LCD, but usually LCDs mean something different. Still, it would be under the Opto electronics graphic display. And one thing that's interesting is that DigiKey has a really wide range. So first off, you've got displays like this, and you can even tell it doesn't have that many pins. So you know that this isn't a TTL, like dot clock style display. This is like SPI, most likely. But this isn't always indicated. So this one's like SPI and then parallel 16-bit RGB. This usually means that it's still, like you have to write 8 to 16 pins and you latch it. So it still has the memory inside. But there should be a couple options that are bigger. So yeah, now once you get to like this, when you see like that 40-pin display at the bottom, the 40-pin connector, these tend to be TTL. So let's take a look at what these are called, because you can see they're all mixed up together. Like there is, you know, this style, and then there's like this plug-in style, the ones with 40 pins, but this one is SPI. You know, it's still confusing. So let's go over here. So these are called parallel 24-bit RGB, which makes sense, because you end up having to have 24 pins for 8 red, 8 green, 8 blue, and then you have v-sync, h-sync, dot clock, and then enable, display enable or something. So let's look for other displays of this type. So I'm actually going to cheat. I'm going to go over here, and I'm just going to select color TFT and parallel 24-bit RGB. And they also only want active. And there's actually quite a few options, and let's sort by price. So 4.3 inches is another popular size. This was really popular for GPS and like handheld gaming. Please note that there's also a couple of times where you get displays, and they have like backpacks and stuff built into them. So just watch out for that. There's resistive touch, which you can see this has kind of like a white outline, kind of see that like whitish outline. So it's a resistive touch screen.  That's the capacitive touch screen. So a lot of options. You're going to see 4.3 inch, 5 inch, 7 inch. Those are going to be the most popular. Three and a half. Sometimes you see 320 by 240. But I'll be honest, when if I'm doing a 320 by 240 display, I'll go with SPI. So let's go for, I think 4.3 is kind of boring. Let's go for a 400 by 800 display. And let's say it's in stock. I can pick up something today and not in the marketplace. Okay. So it's 35 options. Okay. There's one for that we stock. A nice seven inch displays available. And there's a few vendors. You'll see it pop up a couple of times. So DLC, New Haven, NHD, Micro, you can see again, this is capacitive because there's got the, it's got the secondary tail. That's the capacitive chip. I want to go with, let me see what's available here. So let's see if I can get something with, you know, maybe capacitive touch. And I think I want a five inch display. Oh, I think, hold on. Oops, I mis-selected something. One moment. This I wanted to look for. Okay. Okay. Well, you're doing that. How do you even write drivers for these as one of the questions? Oh, that's a really good question. So for these, I'll send some other questions after the second. Yeah. So I think I mis-selected the touch screen. Okay. Don't forget you can always remove stuff at the bottom here. For these displays, the driver is almost always written by the company that makes the chip because in a sense there is no driver. Sometimes you initialize them over I squared C or SPI just to get them like up and running. But then once they're running, you're literally just like slamming pixels to it as quickly as possible. There is no, I mean, you can set the H sync polarity and B sync and you can set that the timing data, but there's no like driver in the same sense that a SPI display has a driver. Okay. So I actually wanted to show a couple more things. So one, 40 systems has displays, but these have a UART connection. So they're not like a raw, even though it looks like it's a raw display, they're not. And then AZ and New Haven and DLC are the ones that have, oh yeah, this is the one. Sorry, it was resistive, not capacitive. AZ displays has a lot of options available. So you can check them out. So they've got the one that I thought was really neat is they have a high brightness five inch IPS display. So IPS displays, you know, one thing that you can watch for is when you get, if it doesn't say IPS, like this one doesn't have IPS in the title, that means it's kind of visible only from like 20 to 40 degrees. Whereas IPS, you're going to get like your modern smartphone where like you can look at it from like 80 to 85 degrees in every angle. So the actual display that I liked is this one. Not only is it IPS, but it's nice and bright 400 nits and you can compare different brightness like the backlight brightness will differ between them. And then this one also, there's another option. I think this is probably maybe a slightly different brightness, but this one for 40 bucks is a really good deal. Because it's got IPS 800 by 40 pixels five inch display and it's got that parallel port, the parallel RGB dot clock for the ESP 32 S3. Note that it doesn't have that many IO. So even though it's just 24 bit color, what you'll do is ground the bottom three or four pins of each RG and B to get yourself 16 instead of 24 bit color, you'll have 16 bit color, just like kind of good enough for most uses. And then those bottom bits, you just ground them or you tie them together. So you don't need as many GPIO. So just because the display has, you know, 24 bits of input, you don't actually write data at all 24 bits. You just ground the lower bits, write the upper bits and then you can, you even technically dry these as like eight bit color, right? You're only going to get three, you know, bits red, three bits green, two bits blue. But because it's raw driven, it doesn't, there's no formatting of the data. So whatever gets written on every dot clock is what appears on the screen. So I'm going to make a board that takes the ESP32 S3 and has the 40 pin connector or plug it in, but it's a standard connector and I can swap out different displays to make it a really nice big pipe portal. So I'm going to pick up one of these nice IPS five inch displays. And that's a great search.  Yes. First off, Todd, but I gifted you a horse on Tumblr. You wouldn't understand, lady. I'm on Tumblr. I don't know this. I'm on Tumblr culture.  I gave Todd a horse. You can gift a horse. Okay. So I gifted a horse. Good. Okay. So here's some questions. So remember the doom, the little tiny doom device we did? Yeah. So someone one knows an update on it. I'll answer this one. The answer is yes. We have a lot of stuff that we're finally getting tips for. So who knows, could be a future eight box, could be a future product. Don't worry. It's all happening. So stay tuned. You'll see updates. Next up. Evan recently said that we shouldn't expect a Pi five this year. I'm currently playing with a red AXA, red AXA, rock five. Yeah. Rock five B based rock chip, two times faster than a Pi four. Anyone in Adafruit playing with anything from orange pie, rad Shah, Kada's or others. These are a lot. We support orange pie. And I think we're at show. Yeah. In in Blinka. So let's go. Let's see. Yeah. Go to go to circuit python.org. I think. So one of the things that we did, we knew that there's lots of Linux computers out there. Blinka runs across. Tons and tons and tons of these. So if you want to not have to rewrite all of your code. Use Blinka. Yeah. So Blinka runs on, I don't know if we have. Reg. Yeah. The red she's zero rock, Pi four C work, Pi eight S. And if you want to add support, we have a guide on how to add support for more chips. So you could run our circuit python libraries on it. I'll say, I'll say there's dozens of these constantly being made. So I don't have them all. But if they're in this list or you want to add them. Yeah.  I can't tell you who, but a lot of people in history use Blinka because they're. Using a lot of Linux, single board computers. So it's a lot of people. There's a lot of people in industry that use. Oh yeah.  Well, it's just a wrapper. It just means like, you don't have to write drivers over and over again. Okay. Someone made an observation. They said, watching all the YouTube videos of all these different boards, it seems like, I'll just paraphrase here. It's just tough getting Linux to run all these. Well, it's really hard. I mean, like a, like a laptop made for Linux, like driver stuff. This is, it's really hard. There's no support. And to be honest, even, even like the, the R&B and folks were like, we're so sick of it. Okay.  Any chance your mini color TFT with joystick feather wing, getting back stock or being redone. It's being redone because every part of it got discontinued. Okay. Does the ice by connector include pins for touch or would that be a separate thing if it's touch display? There's a touch, there's pins on the ice by for touch. There's the TS chip select. So it's touch screen chip select if it's SPI. And there's, you know, I might not have the context of this one, but maybe you do more. These would be dot clock displays. First time I've heard that term was in K matches hack table giveaway. Yeah. They're called, they're called dot clock. I mean, like the weird thing is that they're, they were kind of the first TFT displays. And so they don't really have a name in a weird way. They're not like SPI displays. They're called sometimes dot clock, sometimes parallel RGB, but there's also like parallel, like latched RGB. I just call them like TTL 40 pin, but like TTL means nothing. It's like, it's just the logic level, right? So I think dot clock is technically the correct term because they had a dot clock. Okay. Next. Why do they use two bits for blue? Is the human eye less sensitive there? I don't know what that's.  And you know, note over like a five, six, five, it's like green has six bits or something. Blinka supports 101 boards, right? We just celebrated 100 boards not too long ago. Yes, we did. Yeah. Next up, will Blinka work on a Linux desktop? Yes, it does. There you go. Yeah. And you would, you can use like an FT232H. Yeah. With that to get GPIO. Yeah. We spent a lot of time on this because we're like, you know what? Why redo everything over and over and over and over again? Forever. Yeah. Look at it. Look at it. And here's the thing. You can use Blinka while you're waiting for pies to come back a second. All your stuff will still work. That's all right. All right. Let me see if there's any more questions on the other side. We're going to do any PyPortal updates. Yeah. Parts are coming back. That's right. Because we're going to redo it. Oh, someone. Oh, when we redesigned PyPortal, will it work with the CircuitPython Web workflow? Yeah, it should.  I think it'll be really fun. Like you'll be able to do like pretty big projects. They have like versions with like eight megabytes of PSRAM. Yeah. Just super sweet. And then. Most RAM. Someone said hope life's going good for you and I in the little one. Yes. Oh, thank you. In fact, we, she's here right now. And she's just sleeping through the show. So super chill. Yes. Nice. She had an exciting day today. Yeah. Very exciting. Yeah. Today, she tried new foods. New foods. First time in her life. She had some foods. Apples. Yeah. Apples. Okay. Okay. That's it. Thanks everybody. See everybody throughout the week. Thank you so much for spending time with us. We'll be seeing you this week on show and tell and ask an engineer. And don't forget the entire month is March and Tosh. You'll see some of the lesser known Mac accessories. So, you know, a lot of people have the other retro stuff covered. I'm going weird. Yeah. I'm going super weird. You gotta get your Newton 2000 out. I'm going super weird. So you'll just see weird Mac related stuff. We haven't seen 30. From decades ago. It's true. Check it out. Okay. Thanks everybody. Have a great night. Bye bye. Bye bye.


Let's do this one. It says, which one of these following molecules has the highest boiling form? So these are written in a way that's not the most conducive to figure this out. So I'm going to change them to bond line form. Okay, so I would prefer to look at things in bond line form. That way you can see the actual lone pairs and you can see the hydrogens that are actually connected to the electronegative atoms. Because this question is asking really about hydrogen bonding. Okay, so let's go ahead and draw those. So this one, hopefully you can tell it's propane, so this looks like that. This is an ether here, so methyl propyl ether, it's like that. And we're going to put the lone pairs because like I said, we're going to be interested in this. Okay, so this one here, this is a ketone, methyl ethyl ketone. So let's draw that. Again, I'm going to put my lone pairs because they're interesting in this particular problem. And then this one, this is just propanol. Again, I'm going to actually really show the oxygen-hydrogen bond there and show the lone pairs that are on that oxygen. So is everybody okay to translate these structures into the bond line structures? So I'm going to erase the things that were given in the problem. So now we see these structures for what they are. And we can tell, well, where is the hydrogen bond donors and acceptors going to be? So remember, to be a hydrogen bond acceptor, you have to have a lone pair. So it has to be an atom with a lone pair. So does this have any atoms with a lone pair? No, does this one? Yeah, how many lone pairs does it have? Two, right? So it's got two hydrogen bond acceptors, okay? I'm going to draw my acceptors there. So the two hydrogen bond acceptors. Here, does it have any hydrogen bond acceptors? How many? Two, right? We'll draw them. And what about this one? Two as well, right? Okay, but remember, hydrogens that are attached are bonded to electronegative atoms, are hydrogen bond donors as well, okay? So if we look, does this thing have any hydrogen specifically that are bonded to electronegative atoms? No, does this one? No, does this one? No, does this one? Yes, okay. So we actually got a hydrogen bond donor there, okay? So what you find is when you've got both the donors and the acceptors, that's going to raise your boiling point significantly. So the question asked us, which one of these would we expect to have the highest boiling point? I would say it's definitely propanol, because it's got the two acceptors, which everything else does, but plus the dome, okay? So you might ask, well, if I look here, this one here, methylpropyl ether, is higher in molecular weight, but the hydrogen bonding trumps molecular weight in this particular example, okay? Are there any questions about that? Sure, no questions.


To ensure a watertight incision at the end of the case, I stromal hydrate both my site port incision and my main wound. I use a 30 gauge cannula with BSS and I stromal hydrate the corners of my incision and then go back and forth along the roof of the incision to make sure it's watertight. And if in doubt always go back and rehydrate a wound, you don't have to go too deep but make sure it's nice and watertight before the patient comes off the OR table.


Hi everyone Chris here again with a lesson on matching headings. So I'd say true false not given is the one that students worry about the most and then a close second is probably matching headings. Now as you probably know I don't teach any tips or tricks or anything like that but I'm going to show you a very very powerful, I wouldn't call it a trick I'd call it a very effective method for getting matching headings correct or nearly all of them correct and I'm going to share this with you today and I'm going to show you live how to actually do this so I'm going to look at a real question and I'm going to show you how I would do this technique and how we're going to do it. So this type of question tests your ability to understand the main idea of each paragraph so it's always important to understand what they are testing. Each of the different types of question tests a different sub skill. One of the sub skills that they're testing is your ability to look quickly at a paragraph and understand the main idea, the key idea in that. Headings are short sentences that summarize the information in a paragraph. You have to pick the one that best summarizes the information in a paragraph. When you look at the real question you'll understand what this means. You'll be given between five and seven headings and asked to match each paragraph in the reading text to one heading. There are always more headings than paragraphs so this is one of the things that they're testing also is can you tell the difference between the headings so it's really testing your ability to understand meaning. So what skills are tested? Understanding the main idea of each paragraph but not only that they're also testing how to quickly understand the general meaning of the paragraph without reading every word. Now a quick bit of information on skimming. Skimming does not mean reading something really really really quickly. It means strategically looking at certain parts of the paragraph so that you can understand the general meaning. We'll look at this. It's easy to say this but it's more difficult for you guys to understand what it actually means without me showing you a real question. So if you don't understand what that means don't worry we'll look at a real question in a second. And how to differentiate between two or more similar headings. In other words how to differentiate between different meanings. Okay so you might get two headings that are very similar and that what they really want you to do is understand what each means and be able to determine which one matches with the paragraph. So let's look at some common problems. Lots of information to process and not enough time. I'm going to show you some ways to cope with that. Many students panic when they see these questions and they get overwhelmed with the amount of information that they see. So we'll look at a technique that will help you with that. Not understanding the statements as a whole. Many people look for keywords. Alright this comes down to bad teaching. Alright simply bad teaching. Many teachers say to their students if you skim and scan and look at keywords you'll get you'll get high marks. It's a lot more complicated than that. It's not complicated as in really really really difficult. As always IELTS is over complicated by poor teaching and misunderstanding of what these questions are and what they're not. Some of the headings may appear to have the same meaning. Students do not spend enough time reading the statements. So the actual headings you need to spend time actually understanding what these mean. And these will make everything much much easier. We'll look at that in a second. Not understanding the main idea of each paragraph in the text. Obviously the main thing that they are testing is do you understand the general meaning, the main idea. If you don't know that you won't be able to get the questions correct. So here's some general advice before we look at the actual questions. Do this question first. I don't mean look for this question and do this first but I mean if this is in part two or part three of the of the reading test. And you have you know let's say you have a multiple choice true false not given a matching headings all in the same part. Do the matching headings one first. Because by doing this you'll be able to get the general meaning of the text as a whole. And this will help you with the rest of the question which requires you to take a more detailed look at the text. So this is not really about detail. And the way to understand a text is to generally quickly look at it first, then go into more detail. It's where it's a lot more difficult to look at the detail first, and then the general meaning. So if you do see this question do it first because it's much easier to do it that way. You're not expected to read every word of the text. However, that doesn't mean that you should skim really really really quickly. Okay, so that there's a balance here is a balance between not reading every single word. And what some students do is just read the first sentence, or just read the first sentence and the last sentence is not really about that. Read the first one or two sentences and the last sentence of the paragraph. You can also briefly look at the rest of the paragraph, but you don't have to read every word. Alright, so it's not just about reading the first sentence and the last sentence. That's not what it is. Might be reading the first sentence and the second sentence, maybe even the third sentence, and the last sentence. But also, you might need to read in between quickly. Don't listen to people who tell you very, very strict rules about what you can and can't do. You want to give yourself flexibility. Why do you want to be flexible? Because the questions will be different, the text will be different. So you need to have that flexibility. If there are words you don't understand, don't worry about this. Again, you should only worry about the general meaning of the paragraph as a whole, not individual words. I've worked with some students and they see this type of question. And they see one word they don't understand. They're like, Oh, I don't know. I don't know anything about this paragraph. It's like, you don't need to understand every single word in a paragraph to understand the general meaning. If there are two or three headings that are similar, write them beside each other, beside the paragraph, and try to find out the difference if you have time to do that. If you still can't decide which one suits best, move on and come back later. Okay, so this is a detailed strategy for matching headings. And then we'll talk about how to simplify this a bit. So let's get into the detail first. Because I don't want anyone to miss out anything. And then we'll get into a more detailed strategy or simpler strategy. Sorry. If this type of question is on the test, do it first. Don't look at the headings. Don't look at the headings first. Look at the text first. Read the first one or two sentences in the last sentence of each paragraph to understand the general meaning of the paragraph. Don't worry about highlighting keywords. Try to sum up the general meaning of each paragraph in one or two words. That is the key. Okay, try to sum up the general meaning of each paragraph in one or two words. It might not be one word, it might not be two words, it might be three or four words, but just try and add your own heading to each paragraph. And I'm going to do this for you so it'll make more sense when I show you this to you. Look at the headings and identify key words within each heading. Match any headings that are very obvious and you're sure about. For the others, write two or three headings beside the paragraph. Identify the difference between each of the headings. Establish if there are any synonyms if the paragraph. If you still can't pick one, move on. The answer will often reveal itself later. Repeat until finished. So if I could summarize this in a very simple, easy to understand way it would be. Create headings for each of the paragraphs. So look at the paragraphs first. Create headings for them. Match these to the list of headings. It's keeping it very, very simple. And what I'd like to do is I like to give people a detailed strategy first. If it's a little bit complicated, just do this. Okay, let's look at some real questions. Okay, so here we have matching headings question. So first thing is do not look at these. Okay, don't look at the list of headings. Do not read them. They'll confuse you. Do not read them. Read this carefully. Questions one to five. Sample page passage six has six sections A to F. Okay, choose the correct heading for sections A to D and F from the list of headings below. So this is very important. What does this tell you? A, B, C, D, E, F, E is missing. Okay, they're not trying to trick you. They're actually trying to help you. So if you look down below here, what they've done is they've given you the answer for E already. Okay, so E is six. So what you can do is you can just remove this one. Immediately, you could stroke that one out because that's already been done for you. Okay, so you need to get section A, B, C, D, and F. And that means that E, you can delete that. Okay, because it's already been done for you. So that's going to save you time. And it's also going to save you thinking about it. Okay, so let's read this again. Write the correct number one to nine in the boxes. So we got our options here. So don't read these. Okay, so now what we need to do is we need to read these. Okay, so how are we going to read these? And what are we doing? So what we're doing is we're creating our own headings. All right, and there are a number of ways that we can do this. And some people say read the first two sentences. Some people say read the first sentence. And the last sentence. Some people say, quickly read everything. And what I would say is give yourself flexibility. What I would say is read enough to understand the main idea. Remember, we're looking for the main idea. That could mean the first sentence, the second sentence allows it could mean you have to read everything. And give yourself that flexibility. But what we're doing is we're trying to come up with our own heading. Okay, so we're reading this and trying to create our own heading. And then when we have like our own headings, what we can do then is go up here and see if they match anything here. But you do not want to read these list of headings. Because what they'll do is they will influence you.  It means that you're really just copying headings. And that's going to lead to disaster. Do not do that. So why do we create our own headings? We create our own headings because it's impossible to create your own heading without fully understanding the main idea of the section of the paragraph. So it means you need to read it enough. And then once you've done that, it's very easy to match them with this. Okay, so one other thing that I would like to say is topic sentences. What are topic sentences? Topic sentences are, as you should know from the writing course, a way of making it clear to the reader what the paragraph is about. In other words, what is the main idea? So what are we looking for? The main idea. Where should that be in the topic sentence? So the most important sentence is normally, normally, not always, normally the topic sentence, which is the first sentence. Okay, so what I would do is read the topic sentence. Okay, the role of the role of governments in environmental management is difficult, but inescapable. Okay, so probably this it's about this. Okay, but let's have a quick read through it. Sometimes the steer tries to man. Okay, so government, so it's still about government. Quickly, range policies, growth and actually politicians, politicians, government have the courage to go around the best. Okay, so I'm going to say this is government policy, government environmental policy. That is my heading. Okay, so I'm not going to go back up. I'm not going to check it. Okay, I'm just going to keep going. Alright, so let's read the topic sentence. No activity affects more of the Earth's surface than farming. Okay, so it's probably about farming. It shapes a third of the planet's land area, not counting on Antarctica on the proportion is rising. Higher yields have been achieved by increased irrigation yields and doubling and the use of pesticides. Okay, so it's I want to quickly read this. So this is really about growth, farming food. I put looking at all this, it's all kind of about that. Okay, so that's going to be and you see that I'm not getting into too much detail. I'm just moving on pretty quickly. Okay, so this is a longer one. So with the longer ones, reading the first sentence in the last sentence is probably not going to be enough.  Okay, all these activities have damaging environmental impacts. Okay, so I'm going to bet that because this topic sentence is very clear. This is going to be about environmental impacts. Okay, these activities, what are what activities food growing food growing farm. So I say farming activities, agricultural activities, environmental impact of those. So then you can see what they do here is they started off with for example. So from the writing course, you should understand that what what is an example they're supporting their main idea. So this should just be more examples of environmental impacts. Okay, so let's see if it is land clearing, chemical fertilizer, intensive farming, soil erosion. Okay, so what this is is environmental impact of farming. Why why am I so quick to do that? Because they told you what it was in the topic sentence. And then they just gave you lots and lots and lots of examples. So by guy scanning, you're talking about land clearance fertilizers, all of these different things soil erosion, it's all just environmental impacts is talking about the same thing over and over and over and over again. So let's move on. Government policies have frequently compounded the environmental damage that farming can cause. So it's by government policies. So this is a really long one in rich country subsidies for growing crops and price support for my put subsidies subsidies, talking about subsidies, subsidies, subsidies. So it's mentioning. So subsidies, if you don't know what that is, a subsidy is when the government pays someone to do something. And so for example, paying a farmer to use if you use fertilizer will give you money. Or if you grow corn will give you money. But if you grow bananas, we won't give you money. So it's it's government support for farmers basically. And so it's talking about government policies. So subsidies are an example of a of a of a government policy. So I'm going to say because it mentions subsidies so many times, I'm going to say this one is about subsidies. So that's my one. We can delete e. Okay, let's move on. A result of the result of the Uruguay round of World Trade negotiations is likely to be a reduction of 36% in the average levels of farm subsidies. Okay, so a result. So it's a consequence of these World Trade Organized negotiations. So what are they? What does the topic sentence say? The topic sentence is saying the writer of this is saying, now I want to talk about the consequences, the results of World Trade organizations, and these what that this is what they are. So did they continue to talk about them? Results? Yes, talking about what they are going into detail going into explanation. It will mean results. It will mean this. Farmers need every incentive to do. Okay, not really related, but I'm going to say result of World Trade negotiations. Okay, so just bear in mind that I could do this. I can do this and you can do this much, much, much, much quicker than I'm doing this right now. It's because I'm really, I'm really talking through everything. But don't worry if it seems like it's taking a longer time. No, just a word of warning. This is a very, very, very effective technique. It really does help. However, it does not work 100% at the time for 100% of the answers. Most of the time, most of the answers, you'll be able to match them pretty quickly. But there will be times when something just doesn't match up and you need to come back and have a look. Okay, so don't get frustrated if this doesn't work for you 100% of the time. There is no 100% foolproof way of doing these. This is giving you the best possible chance. But don't worry too much about it. Also, do not create a heading and then look for the exact words in the heading in the thing. It won't match exactly. You have to think of synonyms, you have to think of different slightly different meanings, keep an open mind. Okay. So first one, government environmental policy. So what you'll do is come up here. Now, you need to read these and understand them. Okay, so you need to take the time to read these and understand them. The probable effects of the new International Trade Agreement. Okay, I understand that. The environmental impact of modern farming. I understand that farming and soil erosion. I understand that the effects of government policy in rich countries. Okay, government and management of the environment. Okay, farming and food output. Okay, the effects of government policy on food output, the new prospect of World Trade. Okay, fine. So government environmental policy. No, no, no. Okay, this one's quite specific. It's about rich countries. No, governments and management of the environment. Maybe. So we'll put a, I can't put a tick. So let's put a Y for, or let's put an M for maybe farming and food output. No, the effects of government policy and food output. Let's have a look. No, the new prospects of World Trade. No, so the only one that it really matches is this one. So Section A, I'm going to say is five. So remember, we're on the clock. Okay, we need, we need to get going. And what I would do also is I would remove this one. Because it doesn't match my heading exactly. Government environmental policy, governments and management of the environment, management environment, government policy, it's kind of the same thing. And none of the, none of the rest of them match up. So what I'll do is just bang, remove that. And oh, but in case we get it wrong. And so let's just put X here. So we've removed these two. And so I don't look silly. All right. So B, growth of farming and growth of farming and food output. So to make it easy. So we don't have to go scrolling up and down for the purposes of this lesson. I'll move this up here. Okay, growth of farming. No, maybe no, no, farming, farming food, output, nearly exactly the same. Maybe the effects of government policy growth on food output, maybe the new prospects of world trade. No. So what we've done now is we've got two that are very, very similar meaning. Okay, very similar meaning, farming and food output, the effects of government policy on food output. So the differentiating the difference between is this is the effect of government policy. Okay, so what we need to do now is we need to go back to B and see if it says anything about this, if it says anything about this, then it is eight. If it doesn't, then it is seven. Okay, so it says nothing about government policy, nothing. Okay, so if we go up here, it is seven, I think, let's hope. Okay, so see environmental impacts of farming, probable effects, new trade agreement, no environmental impact of farming, environmental impact of farming, probably. Why did that? Why did that happen? Oh, you know, okay, maybe we can move this here. That's better. Okay, farming and soil erosion. No, no, no, no. This is what it is. Okay, boom, boom. Let's move on. So you can see it becomes much easier. Sorry. This is the first time I've used Adobe Acrobat where you can change a PDF. And I'm obviously not very familiar with it, but forgive me. Okay, D. What was D? Very long one. Subsidies. So subsidies, no, no, no, no, no, no. Okay, so this is one that just doesn't match up. Okay, so what we need to do is we need to go back. And we need to have another look. But another little bit of advice, if you got one like that, okay, so you thought you were really sure that it was subsidies, I was really sure that it was subsidies, it's just not here. What can happen is you can go in here and get lost and all of this information and panic and be like, oh, it's not subsidies. What is it? What is it? What is it? Okay, don't panic. What I would do is just mark that as, you know, put something to indicate that you haven't answered it yet. So let's put question mark and try and find F because F might be an easy one. And that means that you've knocked out another another option, making it much easier for yourself. Okay, so let's skip that one. Let's go to F because I also noticed that there's ones that are talking about trade negotiations. So this might be an easy one to do. Result of World Trade Negotiations. World Trade Agreement negotiations, very similar. No, no, no new prospects for World Trade. Okay, so we've got two that are very similar, the probable effects of the new International Trade Agreement, the new prospects for World Trade. So what we need to do is we need to look at each of these and look at the difference between them. Okay, so this one is about effects. Okay, so effects, results, consequences, things like that. This is about prospects. All right, future. What's it going to be like in the future? And guesses speculating. International Trade Agreement. World Trade. So two different things. International Trade Agreement is an agreement. It's a document. It's a contract between countries. World Trade is just general trade between countries. So let's have a look. Result, World Trade Negotiations. Let's have a look at the topic sentence. Result, World Trade Negotiations, effects. Okay, result, effects, synonyms. Boom, it's this one. Okay, so this in as well, where did that go? This in as one. And then we go back to delete this one. So you obviously won't be able to delete this in the real test, but you can, you know, some sort of mark to to you could you could delete it, don't delete it completely, as you might make a mistake and you need to read it later. So this means that we're left with four things. Farming and soil erosion, effects of government policy in rich countries, the effects of government policy on food output, the new prospects for World Trade. So let's have a look to see, let's have a look at the topic sentence. Okay, so why did we choose subsidies? Because it says subsidies, subsidies, subsidies, subsidies, subsidies, all these different things. Okay. So let's have a look at the topic. Government policies are frequently compounded the environmental damage that farming can cause. So government policies affect on the environment. So it's nothing to do with soil erosion. Delete that one. It's not talking about new prospects for World Trade. Delete that one. The effects of government policy in rich countries, the effects of government policy on food output, rich countries. Okay, so what? Talking about government policies. And then talking about rich countries. Okay, so this is a topic sentence. And then this is modifying the topic sentence and said, okay, we're talking about government policies. This is what the whole, the whole next three paragraphs are going to be about. But I'm only going to talk about rich countries. So let's see rich countries, Denmark, rich country, New Zealand, rich country, European Union, rich country. Okay, so it's not subsidies. It is hopefully for rich countries. Why is it not effects of government policy and food output? Let's just double check that. This is not really talking about food output. Okay, so we're pretty certain it is what we say it is. Okay, so now let's look at the so the answers to see if I'm correct. And hopefully I don't have to make this video again, because if I'm wrong, I'll do it all again. Or we might be able to learn some lessons if I'm wrong. And okay, a five. Let's see. Yay. B seven. Yay. C two. Yes, or yeah, three to yeah. For a D four, four, and five one. Yes, thank I don't have to I can go home early. I don't have to make this video again. Okay, so what did we learn from doing that? And we learned that a, this method of creating your own creating your own headings is very effective. However, it is not foolproof. There will be times like my subsidies thing. And that wasn't a mistake, by the way, that wasn't a evidence that this this doesn't work. This is just evidence that sometimes you need to look a little bit harder. Also, what we learned was sometimes you will get two things that are look very, very similar. But you just keep calm, look at the difference between the two, look at the paragraph. And normally you'll be able to tell that we also looked at the importance of topic sentences. But also, sometimes it might modify things it might be a modifier after there. I hope that helped and made it and as simple as possible. It's not easy. But they are simple. If you just follow the simple procedures in this video, and hope you enjoyed it. And let me know if you have any questions. So what I'd like you to do is, you know, if you do have any questions, let me know if there's anything that's still confusing. And I think the best thing to do is get some practice questions of your own, try and do them, start off slowly, and build up your speed. And things will come much, much easier for you. Thanks very much. Bye bye.


Coraline by Neil Gaiman. It was published in 2002 and a lot of people thought it was too scary to be published for children. But it's more of a children's book than it is an adult book. So people were like, I don't know where to shelve it. And similarly to Harry Potter, I'm not sure if it was the editor or the publisher, but some such person allowed their kid to read the manuscript of Coraline and the kid loved it. So they were like, okay, I guess we'll publish for kids. Come to find out the kid in question was terrified of Coraline, but that's why they loved it. I was also made into a film by Leica Studios and the film is also considered to be pretty scary for children's movie. I know a lot of adults that won't watch it because they think it's too scary. But what is Coraline? What is Coraline about? And what makes it so scary?  So Coraline, non-spoiler synopsis is about a little girl named Coraline Jones and she with her family move into a new house. The house has been split up into three units. It used to be one big house and now it has three apartments kind of in it. And so her family's moving into one of these apartments. Coraline is exploring her new house and she comes upon a door, a door that her mother tells her doesn't go anywhere. It's a door that's left over from when this house was like all one big house, but they've sealed off that door because that's now like the other side of that door is where a different unit is. So it's a door to nowhere. However, the door to nowhere might actually go somewhere. And the somewhere that it goes looks like our world, but not quite. So I've often said that Neil Gaiman has a talent for taking the ordinary and making it extraordinary, taking the extraordinary and making it ordinary. So it takes the mundane and makes it magical. The magically makes it mundane. So I think it's very fitting to talk about the kind of horror of the mundane that is present throughout Coraline. And this is his approach, I think, a lot of the time to making stories scary. Coraline is not the only scary thing that Neil Gaiman has ever written. Quite a few of his scarier stories, they share this kind of horror of the mundane. I feel like it's kind of like a neighbor to the old Hitchcock kind of adage about whatever I don't show you is much scarier than what I do show you. So Hitchcock was famous for sort of like having things happen off-screen that you don't actually get to see or that it fades to black because, again, it's like it's left to your imagination and whatever you're imagining is probably way more intense and personally scary than what any director could ever do. Gaiman does a bit of that. I think what Gaiman nails is the fact that things that are just slightly wrong can often be so much scarier than things that are super duper obviously wrong. So when any one person finds the most scary in a story will differ, of course. But I do think that the reason that Coraline is so unsettling is because it erodes one's faith in oneself. And the villain that Coraline ultimately defeats in the story, while there is like an external component to it, it's much more of an internal conflict and an internal battle that she wins. So the other mother that's on the other side of that door, this other side, it's scary and unsettling not because of how different it is from our world, because of how similar it is to our world. It's because it's almost indistinguishable from her real mother or her real house. We rely on our ability to recognize threats in our lives to keep us safe.  You know what to do.  What if it appears to be something that should be the like ultimate figure of trust and faith for a child? And what if it's not like a horrible, obviously villainous version of mom? It's actually better, nicer, kinder, more generous? How do you guard against that? So in some ways, I think that Coraline is kind of a modern day Hansel and Gretel story. A quick refresher. Hansel and Gretel, they go into the woods and they get lost in the woods and they find a gingerbread house. And the witch who owns the gingerbread house invites them to eat all of what they would like from the gingerbread house. And they do. And they get trapped by the witch because the witch wants to fatten them up so that she can eat them. The children, they end up killing the witch and putting her in her own oven and escaping and going home. So Coraline, she finds herself in something of a gingerbread house. When she goes to the other side on the other side of the door with her other mother, this other mother is a kind of a witch and it has kind of built a gingerbread house. It's not made of gingerbread, but she's offering lots of temptations for Coraline, lots of like honey in the trap to make her want this day of her own volition. And I think these stories, stories like Hansel and Gretel and Coraline, they make you now also fear your ability to resist. So before I said that it would make you question your ability to recognize a threat, now you're being forced to reckon with the idea that you might not be able to resist temptation even if you do realize that you are under threat. Like, could you be also trapped in a web made of your own heart's desires? Would you be able to walk away from that? Now, I do want to talk about Coraline's parents. This is one of the things that I think that the adaptation misses the mark. And it's not insignificant to me that it misses the mark on this. And I, to be clear, I really, really love the film. I think it's a really amazing film and a really excellent example of stop motion animation. And I would like a lot of game and stories to be done that way. But anyway, so I do like the film to be clear. But the way that they handle the parents, I think Borderline ruins the movie for me. In the book, my reading of the book is that Coraline, the character, is in some ways an unreliable narrator. Not that she's lying or intentionally deceiving the reader, but she has a slightly skewed perspective. In the book, Coraline's parents, they're not like a borderline criminal in their negligence of her. They just don't have the time or the patience or the inclination to spend as much time or as much money as Coraline would like them to on her. And Coraline construes this as, like, wicked neglect. And reading the book, I don't know how I would have felt about it as a child. I will never know. But reading it as an adult, I find it to be a pretty realistic portrayal of the sort of unreasonable expectations of a child. It's not that Coraline, again, is deceiving you the reader, but what her parents are failing to do for her, it's kind of unreasonable of her to expect them to do so much for her. And by the end of the book, Coraline realizes that though her real parents didn't drop everything constantly to do whatever she wanted, they do love her and they do care for her and they do do things for her, whereas the other mother that was showering her with gifts does not actually care for her, doesn't actually love her. And she sort of realizes love isn't just about giving people whatever they want, whenever they want. In the film, Coraline's parents are legitimately borderline criminally neglectful. They are kind of terrible parents. Coraline is not exaggerating when she's upset about it. They ignore her, they neglect her, they force her to live in really unsanitary conditions. They feed her inedible things. Again, in the book, Coraline complains that she doesn't like it when her parents try recipes. And when I read it, as an adult, it reads to me like a kid who considers it child abuse to have broccoli on their plate, not that her parents are actually feeding her inedible food, which in the film, they seem to be feeding her inedible food. And I get that a film, it's more difficult to have an unreliable narrator. But in this case, because Coraline's not actually deceiving anyone, it's just that her expectations don't kind of align with reality. I don't think it would have been difficult to have the parents be pretty reasonable and Coraline just be kind of a brat about it. Maybe they feared that it would make Coraline less likable as a character if her parents seemed kind of nice and she was upset. But it ruins the message of the film to have the parents actually be awful. Again, Coraline in the book, she realizes that she has been kind of unreasonable and she arrives at a new appreciation for her parents. In the film, it's genuinely hard to see how anyone, let alone a child, could ever come around to being okay with parents like hers and with the treatment that she gets from them. And my other gripe with the movie, I don't know that it's a gripe, but YB. YB is a character that was added to the film, he doesn't exist in the book. His name is YB, which is short for why born, aka why were you born. That's how he explains the name and that's also what Coraline then calls him later, she calls him why were you born. This is so bizarre and so cruel and so dark, you would think that this is only in the film because well, Gaiman wrote it in the book and we're doing a loyal and faithful adaptation, but he didn't. That character does not exist in the book at all, that was completely invented for the film. And I get inventing a character that's a friend for Coraline to talk to to like, so she's not talking to herself, he's able to offer some exposition to the audience, I get adding a character like that. But why call him why a born? That's so, I just, why, why was that choice made? He could have been, he could have been a weird neighbor kid, he could have been strange, he could have been, he could have been a quirky character, but that is just so dark, I don't understand it. So yeah, I don't have an answer for this, this is not leading to me being like, ah then I learned that the reason, I don't know the reason for it, I will never know the reason for it. I'm genuinely asking if you can think of a reason why they would choose to do it like that. Did they think the movie wasn't dark enough already? Okay, so I opened by talking about how people thought Coraline might be too scary for kids. So is it for kids? Should kids read Coraline? I mean every child is different, but broadly I would say yes, it's for kids and it should be read by kids. Gaiman has proven time and again that he has a better sense for what kids are interested in than most people, and even better than most kids, because kids often can't articulate what it is that they want and Gaiman can. Children have sought out and enjoyed scary stories since time immemorial.  And I hear you saying okay just because children seek it out, that doesn't necessarily mean that it's good for them or that they should be given it. I mean gingerbread houses, hello. But a quote that is quite often attributed to Gaiman, which is actually a him paraphrasing a quote from GK Chesterton, fairy tales are more than true not because they tell us that dragons exist, but because they tell us that dragons can be beaten. Dark and scary stories like Coraline, they allow people of all ages really, but we're talking about children, they allow children to confront something that is frightening, that is unsettling, that is troubling in a controlled and safe environment, to begin to formulate ways to overcome it, to begin to contemplate how that dragon might be beaten. Children have fertile imaginations, and if they are confronted with something like the other mother from Coraline, they will more often than not place themselves in the shoes of the protagonist and wonder what would I do? And Coraline is not an extraordinary child, she's not a Mary Sue, she's not a chosen one, she's just a regular girl, and she's not saved by having the kindest heart worth a guardian angel. She doesn't have a guardian angel, well I guess she has the cat, but like Coraline is a pretty average kid. Coraline teaches kids who are reading about her that the world is a dangerous place filled with things that might appear to be good or kind or desirable, but that it pays to be on your guard, to be wise, be brave and be tricky, and to not take for granted the less shiny, less pleasant things. But have you read Coraline? Do you want to read Coraline? Did you love it? Did you hate it? Have you seen the movie? Do you agree with me? Do you disagree with me? Do you think kids should read scary stories? Or do you think absolutely not that we should protect them at all costs from scary stories like this? I would love to know your thoughts, these are just mine. I post videos, I, uh, Saturdays ideally, but whatever I can really. Like and subscribe to my Patreon if you feel so inclined, and I'll see you when I see you.