Hello everyone, welcome back to a new session on dentistry and more. So let's continue our epidemiological sessions that is epidemiology of dental caries we covered already and its prevention. Now we have epidemiology of periodontal diseases and its prevention. So the prevention is basically focusing on the plaque control that I will be doing in my next video. So let's see what is the epidemiology of periodontal diseases. So periodontal diseases like we can say that it is periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissue. So we know what are the supporting tissues like gums and other gingival elements. There will be inflammation which is caused by specific micro-organisms or a group of micro-organisms which results in progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bones. So these are the supporting structures which results in pocket formation and recession. So that is periodontal disease or periodontitis. So we have this epidemiological tract just like what we seen in our periodontal caries. So we have agent factors, four-stand environment factors. So those factors are race, age, sex, internal variations, habits, occupational habits, presence of concomitant diseases and other artificial habits. Agent factors are geographic area, nutrition, urbanization and educational background. In agent factors, material, alba, plaque, calculus and stains. So let's see a survey of India that is national oral health survey which was done in 2002-3. So that survey showed that it was around 57% of people in the age group of 12 on 68% in age group of 15, almost 90% in this age group that is 35 to 44 and 80% in this group are having periodontal diseases, that is periodontitis. So periodontitis usually increases with age. So let's see what are the host factors of this disease. Host factors, the first one is racial differences. So racial differences, if you see African and Latin American backgrounds suffer from highest risk of periodontal issue and the whites. But the main problem is there they belong to the low socioeconomic status. It is not the racial characteristics which causing this difference. It is why because these minorities are belong to low socioeconomic status. So it could be the affordability to maintain a good oral hygiene and other factors contributing to this difference, not the racial characteristics. Second one is age. We know periodontitis is a disease of old age but there are certain diseases which can seen in early age also like aggressive periodontitis. So commonly attachment loss and pocketing increases with age, older age have chronic periodontitis and like I said juvenile periodontitis are also there and very early age you may see pre-pivotal periodontitis. So depending upon age the various diseases are there but still it is a disease increases with age. So what happens is there are two mechanism with regard to age. It might increase by itself due to cumulative effect of risk factors over time. That is as the age increases there will be deterioration of host defense mechanism, there will be more susceptibility to infection and less salivary flow and it could be due to the cumulative effect over time like multiple illustrations, calculation, calculus, deep pockets, teeth and vocation involvement, fluid queries which increases more plaque accumulation, more plaque means more bacteria it causes periodontal lysis. So it could be one of these due to cumulative effect or due to the age itself. Regarding sex, gingivitis is more common in male than female and it has higher odds with studies have shown that males are having more periodontal problems compared to females. The dental caries was exactly opposite what we have seen and the reasons also we have seen like more hormone changes like fullness and early eruption of teeth. So it could be due to estrogen has an effect in protecting the supporting structures for especially in the females but what happens after the menopause? The studies have shown that there is no much difference between male and female since the estrogen effect is out of the context once the menopause starts. So estrogen effect can explain the better periodontal health in females and also there is a lot better oral hygiene practices by the females and better utilization by the females because they are more aesthetically concerned and tobacco usage is very common among men compared to females. So all these can contribute to the gender difference of periodontal lysis. Genetics like aggressive periodontitis can be explained by genetics it is an autosomal dominant disorder. So anatomical factors like pohocusp anatomy and even marginal reduced lack of contact between teeth and crowded which can lead to food impaction and accumulation thereby ginger irritation which ultimately leads to gingeritis and periodontitis. So the other systemic concomitant diseases is having a very significant effect on our periodontal structures which causes altering in the host tissue reducing the host defense mechanism. So there will be changes with related to HIV AIDS because it reduces immunity of a person and there will be oral hygiene status and they are very vulnerable to periodontal diseases. So in HIV patients commonly see an acrotizing periodontitis. So diabetes is like a very common cause for the periodontal problems in most of the people that is it is the sixth complication of diabetes militis. So there will be increased tendency of ginger enlargement, polyps, multiple abscess formation, bone loss and pockets with regard to uncontrolled diabetes. So it can cause periodontitis by altering the periodontal response to local factors. So there will be hyperglycemia causing protein molecules to undergo non enzymatic like oscillation, thereby forms glycation end products. So there will be cross linking of collagen affecting its renewal through which cellular migration is impeded. So actually it affects the collagen and there will be bone loss and tooth loss. So periodontitis is a biggest problem the most of the diabetic patients face because it affects all these products and causes it affects the collagen. Collagen is the main fiber which causes ankerage. So collagen is affected so there will be loss of ankerage and tooth might be loose and there will be other problems for the periodontal structures. So osteoporosis is also a risk factor for periodontitis. Disabled people why because they are having limited capacity to do a proper oral hygiene measures or personal hygiene so which can contribute to periodontal diseases. So stress like it causes behavioral change they'll be over eating and smoking at the same time they maintain very poor hygiene, poor compliance and bacterial infection like cortisol all leads to periodontal diseases. This is like a web of causation what we learned in concept of causation. So stress can cause periodontal disease. So habits like occupational habits we have holding of nails in mouth like for carpenters and tailors and other musical instruments which is detrimental to our periodontal structures. So nail biting, fingernails, toothpicks, lip biting all are periodontal structures, damaging or was structural damage to periodontia. Luckily written such as mechanically written faulty tooth brushing or faulty restorations and orthodontic treatment all can cause damages to our supporting structures. And locally written like if we have a mouth opening habit so there'll be dehydration of this mucus membrane decreased tissue resistance and ginger enlargement and there'll be inflammation. Smoking is one of the biggest factor which causes periodontal disease. It has proven in many of many of the researchers like one study has proven five times higher periodontal diseases and smokers compared to non smokers. So most of the studies has proven this smoking and periodontal disease and was a link. So alcohol consumption also has a bad effect on our periodontal structures because it impairs neutrophil, macrophage and other inflammatory functions and there'll be more chances for the infection. So we'll come to the agent factor of the most common is material and dental plaque. Material is nothing but the accumulation of bacteria discriminated epidural cells, leukocytes and salivary proteins. It lacks an organic structure that is a difference between dental plaque. There is no organic structure. But the dental plaque is a structured resilient yellow grade substance that adheres tenaciously to the intraoral heart surfaces. So there'll be a structured property in dental plaque which is lacking in material alpha. So plaque is composed of bacteria, leukocytes and extracellular polysacrates. It is because of this matrix the plaque cannot be removed by rinsing because it will be strongly, firmly adhered to the tooth surfaces. It has to be removed by proper brushing or scaling. Normal rinsing cannot remove the plaque. What it removes is oral debris. So we need to learn two hypotheses. The dysplac hypothesis, a non specific plaque hypothesis says the periodontal disease results from the noxious products of the entire plaque flora. They are not highlighting any specific bacteria. So it says that larger amount of plaque and its accumulation is necessary for onset of periodontal disease. The theory was discarded because some individuals with considerable amount of plaque calculus and gingivitis do not develop a destructive periodontitis. But individuals with periodontitis show site specifically with some areas unaffected and some site showing advanced disease. So this hypothesis are not able to prove or not able to explain these two scenarios. So specific plaque hypothesis by Lausche came into existence. This theory states that only certain plaque is pathogenic and its pathogenicity depends upon the presence or increase in the specific microorganism. Not all pathogens are dangerous, only few are dangerous and its presence or increase in specific microorganism can cause the disease. So March 1991 formed ecological plaque hypothesis and proposed that a change in key environmental factors will trigger a shift in the balance of the resident plaque microflora. So there will be always microflora in the mouth. Some are beneficial. Most of them are non beneficial. So if the balance is disrupted, the problem starts. So calculus we know the heart opposites formed by the mineralization of dental plaque. There is supragenjival and subgenjival calculus. So supragenjival is mostly collecting its minerals from saliva whereas subgenjival collecting it from the GCF. So etiological significance is there is a positive relation between the presence of calculus and prevalence of gingivitis. So dental stains we know extrinsic stain and intrinsic stain. Extrinsic stain is like tobacco stain and intrinsic stain like retrocycline and dental fluorescence. So agent factors like all these are the agent factors of various bacterias, actinomyces, leptococcus, tryponema, fuso bacterium and actinomyces, actinobacillus, actinomycetamcomitums is for the juvenile parameters. All these are the agent factors. Now let's see what are the environmental factors. So geographical areas. The scientist Russell summarized from his experience like which are high among countries like India, Thailand, Jordan, Lebanon and low among USA and Eskimos of Alaska. So nutrition if there is vitamin deficiency, protein starvation and calcium phosphorus magnesium deficiency and there will be more of paranormal diseases. So fluoride presences inversely proportional to diseases and degree of urbanization, education and income. Education is definitely will improve the patient's oral health and it is inversely proportional to the disease and deteriorating habit which is common among law, social, economic group. So that type of habits are predisposing to the paranormal disease which are common among law, social, economic strata and some cultural factors and beliefs are also important. Prevention of paranormal disease is by plaque control that I'll be explaining you in my next video. So let's see how do we prevent plaque control formation or paranormal disease under three levels because this is we already seen levels of prevention and modes of intervention. How do we apply this primary secondary tertiary primary we have health promotion, specific protection, early diagnosis and prompt treatment, disability limitation and rehabilitation levels of prevention we have at individual level, community level and dental professional level. So under primary we have to visit and education by the community and education by the professional. In specific protection we have to remove the avoidance or proper oral hygiene practices. By the community we have to conduct school brushing programs or oral hygiene aids distribution. By the dental professional they can help us by removing plaque control like scaling, correction of malilane teeth and prophylaxis. Under secondary the disease is just beginning. So self examination and visiting a dentist periodic screening by the community and by the professional what he can do is scaling, curatage, restorative and occlusion services. Tertiary is already caused the damage. So disability limitation but the dentist can give us deep curatage, root planning, periodontal surgery and splinting. Rehabilitation here just visiting a dentist that is under individual and community. But dental professional we can give removal or shield intervention. So that's all about periodontalysis epidemiology. So just like dental caries we have agent, host and environmental factors. The main thing is the hypothesis plaque hypothesis, non specific, specific and ecological hypothesis and various factors which are involved. So the next video I'll be explaining about the prevention. So prevention various levels we have seen. So under primary prevention we have this plaque control measures mechanical and chemical. So next video is of plaque control. Okay, thank you.


We're coaching them up. We're teaching them discipline. We're teaching them about life. We're giving them structure. We yell at them, then we give them a hug, then we tell them we love them. You'd be surprised. A lot of them don't get that.


And Govno Song Wolu has won the prestigious Outstanding Political Brand Icon of the Year. The award is in recognition of his exceptional leadership ability and managerial excellence. The award was presented to the Governor at the Eighth Marketing Stakeholders' Summit held in Lagos, plus TV Africa's State House correspondent Love Ikuku Oyedokun reports. Marketing stakeholders gathered here for their summit with a theme, Refinking the Blue Ocean Strategy in Outstanding Times. It is a celebration of craft and achievements of marketing professionals with industry practitioners across the country in attendance. Award presentations to deserving citizens also take the highlights. The organisers believe that the recipients are change agents promoting future-fit businesses in the new normal. Lagos State Chief Marketer, Govno Babaji de Song Wolu is one of the deserving awardees. The Outstanding Political Brand Icon of the Year. Distinguished ladies and gentlemen, I present to you the irreversible, the impressive, Babaji de Song Wolu. For emotional connection with the electorates, for creating a city in which brand and advertising industry thrives, for these are many more. He promises his commitment to the growth of the profession by sustaining the state's investment in requisite infrastructure. I know the importance that this industry plays and I'm committed to its growth on a continuous basis. That is the reason we are building a resilient and a liveable city that you all indeed will be proud of. Today, we have done over 2,000 kilometres of five-pack docks connectivity. We are still doing a phase one of 3,000. Many people believe that Nigeria's advertising industry is one of the best in the world and perhaps, encouragements like these are factors motivating the practitioners and the government in our commercial capital to make the industry what it is today. From Lagos, Love Ikuku Oyedoku, reporting for Plus TV, Africa. And don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


You're welcome back. It's good to know that you're still there and watching the breakfast on plus TV Africa Well, like we said at the beginning experts say small businesses drive the economy But as much as people want to go into business there is this question this issue of Deciding what type of company to set up and the likely challenges and so today we want to look at What are these challenges? What kind of company do we need to have? What are the things that need to go into that business and we're lucky to have a business consultant here? Joining us on the show to Lanny Thomas Allison is a business consultant. She's talking to us from the UK. Good morning and welcome to the program to Lanny Good morning. Thank you for having me. Okay. Well, I thought for a moment that you have jack-barred and left today Okay Okay, so the economy is very biting and everybody wants a side hustle and all that But setting up a business is a challenge. We do not even know how What you need to put into?  We're we're just curious What type of decisions do you need to make when you're setting up a company or any business? from your experience with yourself and Others who have come to you for consultations Thank you so much for that. So so I always advise people that look at to start new businesses To start businesses that they already have experience in so if you're starting a business as a side Also to your night to five it's always best to start a business that you have some experience in maybe for example You're working at a large Commercial company like an online commercial company. It's best for you to start a business Maybe like a fashion business or an accessory sale business things like that's something that is adjacent to the skills That you already have so it won't be a hard transition for you to move into business So it can be something that you can start on the side with your night to five and gradually transition into Running the business full-time. That's what I would advise. All right So should you start also by registering the company or you just go ahead and start anyway? Okay, so sometimes we have Ideas that sound great On paper or that sound great. So when you first have the idea But in reality it might not be something that will work out So I would advise like for the first three months of the business try it out and see if you're gonna get clients If you run a business for five months or for three months And you get five clients That's something that means that the business is viable if you have people that willing to pay for what you're doing whether it's a retail business Or it's a service business You have the validation that there's customers available for you Then you can go ahead to register the business name and do all the setup But first test and ensure that there's a market for you that your customers willing to pay for what? Your business idea is do the research first I use like at least three months three to six months to test the market to see if that customers are very before you Before going ahead to register the business name. All right now. Do I we're talking about registering the business name? Let's also bring in the issue of trademarking That's something I have come to realize that many people are really not so aware of They're not so aware of how important it is to trademark a name Talk to us about trademarking vis-a-vis registering your business company Okay, thank you for that question I actually had this conversation with an entrepreneur yesterday who owns a food business that For other people are using the same business name as him and he was the first person to start the business so trademarking is something that You typically would do if you were in the first world country like the US or the UK because you need to trademark your name So that nobody else can use that name to trade, right? but with businesses in Nigeria, we We operate in an economy of people people don't regard such You know concepts like they feel like trademark is okay. You're trying to stop my shine. You've built your own business I'm trying to run a similar business to you And you believe that okay because you started the name or you started a business first with that name Somebody else can trade in that name trademark is absurd to most average Nigerian business owners But something that we're sticking to consideration because you find that most of the time people can use the fact that Trade mark is not taken seriously in Nigeria to set up businesses that will run parallel to your business and be making money based on the Goodwill that you've built with your own business name. So for trademarking I would advise you know if you're serious about your business and you're really looking to grow in the next five ten Years you should go and trademark the name in Nigeria We thank God that you know, there's still some laws that apply in Nigeria to trade marking so trade marking the name in Nigeria would keep you safe from anyone in fridging on You know your business name or using your a similar business name to trade In a similar industry and make money and profit from the marketing efforts that you've done in your business So our advice businesses that that have you know that have the intention to Grow in the next five to ten years to trademark their business name to avoid Fridgements or issues of people using the business name to scam other customers. So yes, I would advise that okay Earlier on you talked about Testing your business before you get it registered so that you know that there's validation You will have customers and all those are the words you used I'm interested in what your checklist will be like what are the parameters that you use to check to test That business to see that it's going to be a viable business. What are some of the things that will be? Okay, so What I would test first of all is when I have a when there's a new business idea what I would do personally is I Would tell at least three people that I know every day for the next 30 days that I have this new business idea And this is what I want to do. So I'll write out what the business idea is. Okay, this is what I want to do I want to start selling fish for example, and I'll tell three people for the next 30 days That's 90 something people you should don't like people right so tell them about it You know get their opinions and what they think about it and if they will patronize you if they say oh They're interested in seeing what you do with the business Get their names get your you have their names already opposite get their numbers and emails and Document it, you know, write it down so that you know, okay I have these 90 people that are interested in my business So that's you doing market research first of all to understand that there's a demand for your products If you don't do the market research, I wouldn't advise that you start the business Start business open a store and wonder why people are not coming because you didn't do the research first And then you're gonna have to start struggling to get customers into the store, you know to your website, etc so do the research first and build a minimal customer base from your existing contact contact list and then your five first your first five customers Give them some form of discounts that you know can get them in the door to patronize you and then when those Customers patronize you make sure that you wow them that you know, you deliver exceptional services to them you sell products You give you know added customer value Make sure that they are wowed and then get their reviews when you get those people's reviews and they send in their reviews It might be a video review or a text review. I say oh this person I used your services or I bought product from them and it was great Screen shots it's what I say what's up message or ask them to fill a Google with review form Whatever it is. Just make sure you obtain that review They're not use that review from those customers to start your marketing So those are the first few steps. I would take if I'm starting a new business today So Lani talk to someone who has shy personality, you know an introverted personality Because what you just said sounds really good, but someone who is introverted or who is shy I don't like to talk to people. I wouldn't want to disturb people and tell them Talk to someone who has that personality yet is interested in building a business So I do get this with clients that it comes to me I say, you know They can't go for networking events because it might be awkward for them or they are shy to talk to strangers The first thing I would say is if you're starting business as a CEO, you are the chief sales officer You are the number one person that would lead the sales team to sell your services and your products So you have to step out of your comfort zone Introverted the trapeeners always find ways to sell their products regardless But I would advise if you're shy and you're introverted and you're not, you know, go-go rara like I am I would advise that you try Networking online. So when you when you're networking online, there's you know, the internet to hide behind Essentially and you can you know, let's work on LinkedIn Let's work on Instagram, you know, go to Pages of people that have a similar target audience to you the type of customers you're looking for follow these people You know comment on their posts We share their posts, you know, let's work with them send them DMs as they were like what you're doing And you know, I would like to you know, support you in whatever way I can so I'll be sharing your post Or I'll be commenting on your post from now henceforth So that ways you can let's work without leaving your house. Thank God for the internet today So you can go on LinkedIn try to meet people send them DMs. So I'm looking to connect This is what I do and this is how I do it. You can go on Instagram as well on Twitter Now you can network with the entire world from comfort of your home So people that are shy introverted don't have to leave their houses to build a business You can build a business on the comfort of your house By using the power of the internet that's working on Instagram or LinkedIn Facebook Twitter, etc you would be able to build a customer base that is interested in your products and your services by Leveraging what you have at your disposal the internet. Okay? Our time is limited to learning but I'm I'm interested also in the fact that you are you run a consulting business Consultancy is that how you call it your people come to you for advice Tell us what companies like yours? Do to help people who are trying to go into business or who are in business and struggling what kind of services? Will someone who is trying to do business well get from a consulting firm like yours? Because some people may be interested they have the plan they have everything in their head that is looking so good But they need someone to translate that into an actionable plan So what is obtainable in consult chances like yours? Okay, thank you for that. I am go So what we do and our consulting company highlights consults is that we can help you develop a business plan a road map for you To get started in business so we develop a business plan based on a business idea that you have and Develop actual points that you can take so we develop a business plan with an actionable plan that You would help you execute your business idea in a way that you know Would be easy for you to execute based on kind of pressing that you are or kind of structure that you are you have already and We'll give you the steps that you need to take to build a viable business in the next one to three months So how we can help with you having a business idea looking to set up is by giving you a business plan It actionable business plan as a business road map for you to get started in your business today Do you help people or are you capable of helping people who do not actually have business plans? They are no focused about any kind of business. They're not sure what field or Line to tow. Can you help such persons find focus? Yes, we can so we can have you know a consulting session just to understand what their interests are and What's you know, they're passionate about or what's the experiences? The skills that they have already would be good to leverage on those skills and experience to be able to develop a business idea for them So yes, we can definitely help people that don't have Business ideas of their own to craft what they will be interested in and what they can you know focus on Building for the next one to five years So we would you know listen to their ideas their passion their skills listen to what their experiences Etc. And then help them develop a business plan so we develop the business plan for the company and then Assist them in executing that business plan now when we feel like okay They are capable of running the business on their own we hands off and then we wish them all the best So yeah, what we can help with people that don't have business ideas of their own to learn it just yes or no Do you also do you also have the capability of pointing people to where they can get money to start a business? You know, this is my favorite topic. Yes Well to learn Thomas Allison business consultant. Thank you so much for talking with us this morning. It's always a pleasure to have you Thank you for your time. Okay. All right, we've been talking with Tolani Thomas Allison business consultant talking to us from UK But she's in Lagos and like her there are so many other consulting firms that are in Lagos So if you have an idea do well to meet them We'll take a break and when we return will be joined by Mudashiru shitu to take us around the world of sports. Thank you


Welcome to all of you in this next lecture on economic survey. Right, so we have already given you a brief introduction about the economic survey in our last video. और जो ये वीडियो है, this will be a highly in-depth video जहांपे हम लोग हरे एक aspect से economic survey के बारे में, discussion करेंगे. Not only from prelims, but also from the mains perspective. जो भी relevant information है, economic survey से, all those informations will be taught to you in very basic manner. And also the short notes of the entire survey will be provided to you in the PDF form. So, अगर अप सरवे नहीं भी पर का रहे है, because of scarcity of time or because of any other reason, then you can simply rely on this lecture. And then after that आप उस जाके PDF को पर सकते है, your entire survey will be covered. Because we have taken out all those relevant points, which are relevant for your exam. Although economic survey is the best book, which someone should refer to in their exam preparations, but some information is not relevant for our syllabus part, for our exam part. So, only some information we have left out, which are not relevant as of now. And whatever exam point of perspective you want, there is no compromise in it. All those things are put over here. And whatever PDF you will be provided, that will be the best PDF, that has been written in the best concise manner. In that you will get everything in the detailed manner. So, we will do chapter wise, this whole economic survey. You know that there are 12 chapters in our economic survey. So, every video will include one chapter and then there will be 12 lectures will be taken by me. And we will cover every chapter from every aspect. And finally, we will try to include or summarize all the 12 chapters, so that you understand the essence of that whole survey. So, in today's lecture, we are going to start with chapter number 1, which basically gives you a basic summary about the world economy and then about the Indian economy. As you know, from so many years, the whole economy has gone through doldrums. There are one-to-one problems. In this context, chapter 1 of the survey basically gives you the details of the world economy and the status of the Indian economy. What is the future for the world economy? What is the future for the Indian economy? So, basically the chapter 1 is a kind of introduction about the state of economy at the global and at the domestic level. So, see, so first of all, we will talk about the world economic overview. ये पुरे वोल्ड में क्या चल रहा है? ये क्या? इसको समजने के पहले, let me give you a brief introduction की हो क्या रहा है, ये पुरे एक होड में? कर अब 2020 से देखोगे, when the pandemic hit the world, उसके बाथ से एक पे एक problem आरहा है, and the problem is not about to end. The problems are coming and coming, and this is happening for the first time. Survey basically, it says that this is happening for the first time. This is happening for the first time. इसके पहले भी बहुत सारे economic problems आइत है, which the world faced. भी असादान, अब आन्टी कि बटिँता है, from the 1990s, यहे सब द़ेवाब तब कि यहे सब देखे, and the Asian financial crisis, वहृत भड़ी अभ इप द़ेवाब यहे, In 2008, this Global Financial Crisis came to mind. अब यहे द़ी एक मी पहात का औ़ब आप उstones पीटे करईसी लेक है, in India, in 1991, during all this time gap was there. for example, in 1991 the indian economy crisis came. In 1997 the asian financial crisis came. In 2008 the global financial crisis came. But between all these crisis there was a time lag. So the time lag that is there, economy has a lot of time to recover from that. But this is for the first time that all the crisis are coming without the any time gap. तो आप देखे 2020 में the world was hit by the pandemic. 2020 में the world was hit by a black swine event इसी को कहते है black swine event का मतलग, the event which happens very rarely and when it happens it destroys everything so the pandemic struck the world in the year 2020 and it was considered as a black swine event आपको पता होगा पूरे दून्या में लोक्डान लग चुका था every economy was come to a shutdown and there was no growth or in fact India's economy आप पूरे गलोबर लेवल की economy rather than to expand वो पूरी economy contract की है so 2020 में पहला चलज आया पूरे world economy को that the pandemic hit the entire world. then came in 2022 the conflict in Europe so in 2020 when the pandemic came economy contracted growth गुरोथ लुक्चुका था now the economy was about to recover so see this is the increasing rate of the economy the economy is about to recover the loss we were trying to recover the income loss we were trying to recover the unemployment now again the people are getting employed so all these things were happening and in the midst of that the next big crisis came was the Russia-Ukraine war so Russia-Ukraine war आया और जो economy इंक्रीज करी राता the baby was about to walk again the baby was hit so again the world economy started to come to a stagnation and some economy started to decline 2020 conflict in Europe जब हुआ तो आपको पता है इसके impact क्या हुआ इसका सबसे बरा impact था inflation inflation का मतलब क्या होता है basic things का दाम बरना for example, spend का दाम बरना this white digital board का दाम बरना this is inflation तो जब ये वार हूँआ तो आपको पता होगा की जो गलोबल एनरजी प्राइसिस है जो नाचुरल गास की दाम है जो पेट्रोल का दाम है all those prices shut up साती सात वरतिलाईजास का क्राइसिस साती सात फुट सेक्यरूटी आपको पता वीट प्रोडक्षन वीट वीट क्राइसिस होगया था many countries were dependent on the wheat which were imported from Russia and Ukraine उःके ख़ए गूद प्रोडक्षन लूब आस्पेक तेच अमजेगे कियोग आपको सब इसिस? इक एक कर के सब को अस्पक समजेंगे तीके क्यो इंफ्रेशिन बड़ा and what for the factors and other things बड़ अभी आप एक में ब्रीफ इंट्रोडक्शन देरा हो किस तरीके से world economy में एक एक crisis आया और जिसका cumulative impact अभी देखने को बहुत बड़ा मिला है तीके सो 2020 में pandemic आया तो जो सपलाई है वो कम है और जो demand है वो जाडा है तो उसे क्या होगा तो the cost of this pen will go up तो आप किस तरीके से inflation को लोगोगे आप लोगो के पस पैसा ही मतरखो अगर लोगो के पस पैसा आप कम कर दोगे आप economy में पैसा कम कर दोगे तो people will not be able to demand if i was earning 10,000 and now i am earning 500 then i will be consuming less i will be demanding less तो inflation कम होगा इसी लिये तुरे दून्या के सारे central banks ने interest rate को hike करना start किया और इसकी बजे से inflation or interest rate तो global inflation was increasing इसको tackle करने के लिए interest rate को बरहना start किया और इसकी बजे से the growth started to stagnate तो जैसे ही आपका interest rate बरता है जब लोगो के लिए पैसा लेना मुष्किल होगाता है for example आप समजो आप जारेव गर करीते and you have to take a loan of 50 lakhs आपकी अपर पहले interest rate लगाता 5% तो आपको लगा थीक है i will be giving 5% of interest rate so that is affordable to me but now the central bank has raised the interest rate to some extent now it has got double so in that case you might cancel your plan to buy a house आपको इसे क्या होगा अगर house की demand कम होगाएगी तो new houses come बनेगे अगर new houses come बनेगे तो growth कम होगा यही होता है जब interest rate को increase की आजाता है तो जब interest rate को decrease की आजाता है पैसा लेना असान होगाता है तो जब आजाता होगाता है तो लोग पैसा जाडा लेते है और अगर लोग जाडा पैसा लेएगे तो आप ने गारी कर दोगे आप उस सस्टे EMI पे नया आप आईख बुक लोगे आप house कर दोगे यह जीप money तो वनेवे देखे देखाएगे अगर आप आजाडा लोग लोग रहेballे खोगे और घरा हप कर रहें और जो दोगाड़ा मेवे तोवर देखे खीगर रहाआगे आप बाहर मेंगा कनपिड़़ तोगी रहा है कि अईड़मिय को थी तो लोगक बास से ओँ रहा ही इंपैशिन को रोकने के लिए गलोबली हरे एक बाग ते इंप्रेश प्रेट हाँ किया उसकी वजे से आज ग्रोथ पे उपर काफी जादा इंपाक देखने को मिल रहा है तो यही सरभे कहता है कि दिस is the continuous problem which hold economy spacing one problem is going to settle down, the another problem is coming up the second problem settles down, the third problem comes up and this is happening for the first time कि इतने सारे problems एक सात मिल के सारे इकोनमी के उपर इंपाक पहचा रहे है तीके, तो now this is the brief introduction about what is happening at the world stage now इसको एके कर के समजते हैं, इंदेख समजते हैं प्रिलम्स के परस्प्रक्टिफ से कि कैसे इंप्रेश्टेद को बहने से in fact growth stagnate होगा किस तरीके से पान्डमिक का इंपाक इंपाक इंपाक इंपाक इंपाक इंपाक देखने को मिले तीके, सो all those things we will be understanding. So see, first the introduction. So in introduction क्या कहता है सरवे, I have given a summary of that. तो आपको पुड़ा इंप्रटक्चन पहडने के सबड़ते है, यही एसेंस कह रहा है, तीके, तो आप दस इसको समझे क्या कहता है, in production में. In past the global economic shocks did occur but not at the same time. Example, world war, spanish flu, great depression, 2008 global financial crisis. तो आसे बहुत सब यहें तुए है, but इंके बीच में ताईं गआप था, वोता ना कि यहार सफ्रिंग from one disease you recover from that and after 10 years suppose you have got another disease, then you have enough time so that your body can gain immunity from that but suppose you have been infected by 3-4 diseases at one point of time your body's immunity will collapse because you don't have the time to recover from that and this is what happened. आब यहां देखे, these incidents of global economic turbulence were spaced out, बतदोनो की बीच में ताईं गआप था, allowing the economies, the breathing time to recover before preparing for the next challenge before preparing for the next challenge but this is not the case this time इस वर कोई ताईं गआप नहीं ता, इस लिए कोई भी एकोनमी के पास, लिकवर करने का एक सपेस नहीं मिला, और इसी की बजे से, आज एकोनमी क्रिसिस काफी जाडा बरी हो गए है. ना, जो हम ने क्रोलोगी बात की आप पान्डमिक, वोर, अर इंप्रे स्वेट काई करना, तो वही सरभे लिए जिसकस करता है, उसी मैनर में. वो तेस करोलोगी अग़े एवन्त किस तरीके से, उझुक। तब छबरा, Jun. सो दस्रोपे के एकोन्मी होगा ये मारी विस्तिल ये दिस ग्रोएग, बाद दे रेट अप इंक्रीज ये दिख्लाएग तो तो तो तो तो स्लोडाएग, स्लोडाएग is again not a good thing but not very much problematic तो तो तो तो खुन्प्रक्षन, तो पहले आपारे एकोन्मी ग्रोग करा तो 6% से अपसोलुट तमस में हमारा जीडीपी कोंट्रक्त किया, वहापे अपसोलुट तमस में हमारा जीडीपी इंक्रीज किया बगड जो इंक्रीज करने का रेट है, वो दिकलाएग किया तो पहले भीज से बडहाग, अप दस से बडहाग, अप ख़ुन्प्रक्षन में भहुट, पहले एकोन्मी सोर्ब है दा, अब एकोन्मि कितना गड़के होगया, असती रुपए, आब economy कितना गतके हो गया आस्टी डुपे तो absolute value में economy खचन्ट्रकट्ःरता है तो this is the first difference, जिस طर आप सब को confused नहीं करना है वचनेवा you hear these terms, you should be clear आप को सब दिखरे चब कोई आप दिखॉना ? prolongs & economy खचन्ट्रक्ट्ःर्ट्ःर्ट्ःर्ठु अफहात इकणेपादि में रहाने सब यह दर्चाया आपके ख्रत्ट में आपको साप ओगादाई दर यहान बहुत्चा अब विखन्टें के चाजनाग इक्चाके लागदाई आब घरेग करत्टे क्सदाउ punishment. नाँ थे अपका हो गया पहला इवशंद सेचम कर � sandha khvach. आदा इन्चा पहला एवन्थ ज़ेम एक चलता। आद श्व्या जोगा। आप बआआट और ब्यग ब्रक्सूव आब ज़ेम आ वोगाषत्य उआदाई कच्यर धेशीखा अस्णाऊद। अापहम सरुवगर पने सुबटमद के सुप्यट़ुईों,अफको च्याईा फरीरने मुत्तरुन,सुबटमद के सुप्यट़ुईन भी अब आप भाईखा पुट्नान। अंघे लोगडान्श गी बज़े सप्यठ्यें द्स्ध्छो उता कोई चीस चाइना में बन रहा है उसके बआत को जारे सिन्गाखवोर में उसके बात गरा है अव चारा इन दें तो और वालेझी efficiently अवडिषन करे क्यम कहाम वैज्धेश लें। तो हरे एक प्रड़क कैसी सप्रड़ई चूनोता, यो आप तर गलोबलाईशेचन तो सप्रड़़ई has been scattered across the globe, तो आपको पता है, कि आई पाप्पल का, तेकनोलगी वहाँ से आता है, उसको असेmbolल क्या जाता है, चाईना में, तो प्रन्टमी के समे हुए क्या, कि पूरी गलोबल एकोन्मी आपकी तब परी है, the global economy has come to a halt. तर जगा लोबड़ूंस लगे हुए है, एकोन्मी में कुछ गुरोथ रही है, unemployment बर रही है, लोबो का इंकम, सालरी हाएक नहीं हो रहा है, तीके, तो इस की वजे से क्या होगा, economy काफी जाता, problem में आचाएगा, as a problems के समे है, to tackle such problems, to tackle such problems, government and the central banks, जो की इंडिया में होगा हो लोग, RBI. तीके, to tackle such problems, government and the central bank, कलेक्तिवली कम तुगेधर, to revive the state of economy. तीके, सु जब पन्द्मिक आया, economy कुन्फ्रक्त किया, तो इस से आप बचेगे कैसे, इसके बचने के लिए कों दो लोग बचाएगा, economy को, the government and the central bank, that is the RBI. तीस पीपल आप दिस्पोन्षिबल, for the economy, these people comes into action. तुई दुनिया में, not only about India, रहें कन्त्री के, government and central bank दोनो मिलके, एक साथ, economy को, revive को, कैसे करेंगे? तो, government क्या करती है? Government adopts a fiscal policy. आपको पते, government का, fiscal policy होता है, और, central banks का एक, monetary policy होता है. तीके, so the government adopts a fiscal policy. अप मेशा सोनगल, fiscal deficit इतना हो गया, fiscal deficit इतना हो ना चाही है, fiscal deficit को हमें कट करना है, so this is known as a fiscal policy. And who adopts a fiscal policy, it is the government. और, जो monetary policy होता है, आप देखोगे, monetary policy कमीटी है, और आपो दे, decide करती है, and other things like that. आप मेशा सोनगल, monetary policy कमीटी होता है, it is decided by the central bank. तो, इनहीं दोनो, policy की बजज़ से, आप अपने, economy को, revive कर सकतें, आप अपने, economy को, revive कर सकतें. तो पहने समझते है, fiscal policy के बारे में, let us understand, fiscal policy क्या होता है. तो, fiscal policy को, simple में में समझों, आपको पता सरकार करझ करती है, सरकार नैने, schemes लाती है, सरकार, infrastructure creation कर वाती है, रोड, railway, highways बनाती है, ऐर्द बच पनाती है, डब बचनी लाती है.  Expansory fiscal policy. This is the same thing. RBI also does the same. RBI also does the same. And we call the policy of the RBI monetary policy. We will see the monetary policy in the future. But what is the monetary policy? Monetary policy, not police. Monetary policy. So RBI, RBI is the only institution in India which has the power to pump the liquidity into the economy. Means, in this whole economy, if someone will print money and put it in the economy, then it is only the RBI. Means what kind of liquidity you need? That is decided by RBI. How much money will be left in the economy? This is decided by RBI. Because what is the work of RBI? If we will see, the work of RBI is to maintain macroeconomic stability. Basically to maintain inflation. So to maintain inflation, the special body of RBI is monetary policy committee. So this is the work of the monetary policy committee. That inflation has to be controlled between 2-6%. So RBI is a very big body. It has a small body which we call monetary policy committee. This monetary policy committee has only one work to ensure that inflation in India is 2-6%. Lower limit is 2% and 6% is upper limit. This inflation has to be controlled by RBI monetary policy committee. Because inflation is a very problematic thing. It is not the problem for rich people. But it is a problem for the poor people. Because when the price of onion increases, then a poor person cannot buy it. So that's why inflation acts like a tax on the poor. Inflation acts like a tax on the poor. So inflation doesn't matter to rich people. It is the problem of the poor people. This is why controlling inflation is a very important thing. That's why monetary policy committee has the most important work to control inflation between 2-6%. And till inflation is in it, then focus on growth. That is GDP. So till inflation is between 2-6%, then it's okay. Then monetary policy committee focuses on its second priority. That is GDP. Now let's take one case. First, inflation is at 3%. India's inflation is 3%. Then is monetary policy committee's work being fulfilled? It has to be in between 2-6%. Inflation is 3%. Well and good, there is no problem with that. So now the monetary policy committee focuses on its second priority area. That is GDP. Till inflation is in control, then it can focus on its second priority. Because inflation is in its tolerance band, then the MPC focuses on its second priority. Its second priority, that is growth, GDP. Now it will focus on its second priority, that is GDP. So now GDP has to be increased. Because GDP is increasing, that's a good thing. Every country wants to increase its GDP. So on the monetary policy committee, its priority is to increase growth. Because inflation is in control, then it can increase growth. It has no problem, then how will growth be increased? How will growth increase? For example, I am an industrialist. I want to build a new factory. Suppose I want to build a factory for my car. You know that every industrialist wants loan. He will have to take a loan from the bank. Now if I was getting a loan from the bank, then I was getting a loan of 5%. And now I am getting a loan of 2%. That is a very good thing for me. I am getting a loan of 2%. In that case, I will be incentivized to build a new factory. If the interest rate in the market is lower, then it is beneficial for an industrialist. Earlier I was getting a loan of 5%, now I am getting a loan of 2%. So I will build a new factory, I don't have any problem. Now let's take your exam. You had to buy a new expensive phone. You had to pay the EMI of 7%. Now the banks have reduced the interest rate on EMI. Now you have to pay the cable of 5%. Now you will say, okay. That is under my pocket. I can buy it. So whenever the interest rate in the economy comes down, whenever the money becomes cheap, whenever the loans become cheaper, then in that case, the investment made by industrialists, the demand made by the consumers, that also increases. So that is why, when RBI Monetary Policy Committee stays under inflation control, then RBI Monetary Policy Committee reduces its interest rate, which we technically call Reporate. Reporate decreases. Means RBI, Reporate means basically that RBI loans to banks in small banks. Because we don't get loans from RBI, we get loans from banks. It is easy to get loans for banks. How will banks get loans from RBI? So if banks are getting loans cheap, then banks will also see loans cheap. So this is what Monetary Policy Committee does. When its inflation is under control, it focuses on GDP. And when it has to focus on GDP, it has to ensure that money availability for the public increases. And for that, it has to lower its reporate. That means the amount which it charges from the bank to lend the money, it reduces so that banks can lend more and more money to the public, to the industries, to the consumers like you and me. So this is how Monetary Policy Committee works. So Monetary Policy Committee's most important priority is inflation. When inflation is under control, then it will go here. When you imagine the whole pandemic, our inflation was under this. Because why inflation? People are not demanding. Why inflation will increase? Generally our retail inflation CPI, which is our consumer price index CPI, there are two types of inflation CPI or WPI. We target Monetary Policy Committee CPI, consumer price. There is one consumer price, and there is one wholesaler price. So CPI is what we have to pay exactly. For example, you go and buy a pen. So we will buy one pen, but wholesaler buys 100 pens. So CPI is a different thing. It measures the price on the wholesale level. And CPI basically measures the price on the consumers' level. So Monetary Policy Committee's inflation, which inflation is it? So it is consumer price inflation combined. So inflation because it was under control, RBI has constantly declined its repo rate. So during the whole pandemic, we will see in the future, how Monetary Policy Committee has declined its repo rate. This is what we call Accommodative Monetary Policy. This is what we call Accommodative Monetary Policy. Ok. Accommodative Monetary Policy, when RBI reduces its repo rate and starts to increase the availability of money in the economy. So during the pandemic, this was the situation. There was no problem. That is why we recovered growth. The rate of repo rate was greatly declined. And in the Indian Indies, globally, every country did that. So the economy was very expensive. So this is known as Monetary Policy. Now if inflation is the same as if you consider that your 6% your inflation will be 9%. Now if your inflation is 9%, then what is the level of inflation? And if the level of inflation is more than the level of tolerance, same policy committee ko pade be problem agya hai because usko sapse pal inflation control karna hai so now the MPC not focus on GDP now MPC wants to bring this below 6% it ho MPC ka kami hai wahan hi kaami kar par hai to throw fail hoga apne kama se so now the MPC puts all its energy to control the inflation below 6% hum inflation control karne ke liy kya sk emotions साचा लेना महंगा कर देगी अपको EMI पाच पे था, अपको EMI दसपने मिलेगा अपको प्रे फोल कप्लन ख़न्सल कर दो इंटर्स्टीट अप इंटर्स्टीट कर प्लन्खंख्ल देगा इक्ण्वी में पाचा कम होजाएगा तुस केस में क्या होगा rate increase the interest rate increase the reporate to take bank of RBI more expensive तो जब तक inflation control में है, तब वो GDP पोखस करती है लिकिन जैसे inflation उपर जाता है, तो RBI monetary policy committee को पहले inflation control करना परेगा देन इद कन गो तो think about GDP. तो इसे देखो problem क्या होता है जैसे ही आप 6% से कम करने के लिए क्या करते हो, तो आप क्या करोगे तो इसका एक problem होता है, तिक आप का inflation control में आ रहा है, लिकिन एक problem यह देखने को मिलेगा कि जब एक industrialist, इंट्रस्टी लगाने का सोच रहा था, लिकिन आप आप आप आप इंट्रस्टीट महंगा कर दिया है, तो बोला इतना मेंगा तो लगाने कर दे नहीं सकते है, अब आब आप प्रोफिट क्या होगा, अगर वितना EMI देते रहेंगे, लोन ता एंट्रस देते रहेंगे, तो उस केस में the industrialist cancel the plan of building new industry. तो इस से एक problem यह होता है, कि जैसे यह रेप रेप रेप होता है, although my inflation comes under control, my GDP suffers. My GDP suffers. GDP बैंपाक परतता है. तुकि GDP क्या है, ग्रोथ कम अतम नहीं खक्फी काना, ग्रोथ कम अतम लोगो का जाड़ा दिमान करना, लेकिन लोग अप दिमान करेंगे नहीं, because बोख मेंगा होगे है पैसा लेना, तुकि रेप तुकि तुर दुत मेंदिक जाड़ा, भी सादी करना दिम तुमनिखा और सब लगा। तुमनी च्छ की सब में लोग और सब की बहूँत सब वोप भोग, तु आप यही भोराखा क्ची तुर है. तुकि जो जो वोग ठीखा, the whole fiscal policy and monetary policy force the fiscal policy's first priority target is the monetary policy is first priority is inflation the second priority is growth but the fiscal policy is more focused on growth the more focus is on growth the government wants GDP is better the monetary policy committee wants inflation control so they work together fiscal policy and monetary policy so no problem when economy comes so globally governments and banks have these two tools to revive economy so government adjusts its fiscal policy to increase growth so government wants to spend more during crisis because government's priority is growth but if RBI thinks that growth is increasing then RBI takes that extra money from market so we have to understand this because we will study this so fiscal policy is decided by government what is fiscal policy? it is the policy by which government decides how much money it has to take and how much money it has to spend so basically it is about how much government intends to spend what is the focus? GDP let's come to monetary policy who decides monetary policy committee what is the target inflation? 2-6% if the inflation is under control then it thinks about GDP so during the time of crisis generally every government adopts or central bank any economy adopts these kind of two policies now let's come back to our pdf so what was it? first let's understand that by massive fiscal stimuli and accommodative monetary policy undertaken since those are plus since 2020 every country every government was trying to put more money into the economy so expansionary fiscal policy every central bank was reducing the accommodative monetary policy because inflation was not used people were not demanding so that is why from both the things money was being invested government was also investing army had also made it cheaper so because of this a lot of money came into the economy growth was increasing but what will happen? when so much money comes then there will be pressure on inflation first people had 100 rupees now everyone has 500 rupees so everyone is demanding inflation was getting more pressure it was not coming it was coming but then what happened? there was a conflict in 2022 so the inflation due to this policy it was increasing it got stranded because of the conflict because of the conflict because of the energy price and fertilizer so the pressure on inflation now it got pumped up now we got a lot of pressure on inflation so this stranded the inflationary pressure which inflationary pressure created because of this thing after the pandemic and it got a further push because of this conflict because of this inflation increased inflation see every country is becoming inflation just see the US see the US inflation now it is about 10% now it has come to decline similarly you see in India or emerging market economies see the inflation of every country was constantly increasing okay so inflation growth a huge challenge was seen in 2022 because after the inflation after the pandemic when there was a conflict inflation was brought to a new level so now to stop inflation to increase the growth to increase the inflation because of this the inflation started to increase so the most important target in 2022 was to stop inflation growth increased inflation decreased we have come so what will you have to do to reduce inflation you will have to increase your interest rate you will have to reduce your interest rate so what will you have to do to increase your interest rate and what will you have to do the government was giving a fiscal push you were putting more money you will reduce it so the same thing was happening led by so globally so globally inflation was increasing so globally every bank US Federal Reserve central banks have been hiking the policy rate increasing the reporate and rolling back the liquidity that is to remove liquidity from the economy this is known as contractory monetary policy we had seen an accommodative monetary policy when the money is depleted when the money is depleted now that inflation is full you are increasing the reporate you have to suck the liquidity from the economy so what will you have to do contractory monetary policy the pace of this tightening cycle has been rapid with a lot of pace rate you see this is US Federal Reserve i.e. reporate we don't call it reporate there but we have to believe in it so what happened when the pandemic came when the pandemic came the reporate happened you have to give it in a cheap way so you have to remove the reporate after that you keep the reporate here but what happened here what is happening in February 2022 there is a war here and along with that you have put a lot of money in front of the pandemic so now people are demanding because people have not spent during the pandemic so people had some savings and they also had money for free so now people are demanding because of this they say pent-up demand pent-up demand is only those demands which we didn't demand during the pandemic we were staying in the home we wanted to go to a shop to buy a phone we cancelled the plan we thought that after the pandemic we will go and buy so all those demands were accumulated and once the lockdown ended once the economy was opening up all those demands started to happen so this is called pent-up demand so because of inflation and because of the war inflation ran faster that is why the reporate you are constantly seeing is increasing when are we talking about the US US Fed, US Central Bank globally every bank has done the same so the US also did the same okay so now its impact what will happen, you understand this comes for the problems if the US has increased the inflation so all those informations all those logic you should understand because then only you will be able to answer your question in prelims so let us see now US Fed has raised the interest rate by 425 basis points 100 basis points is equal to 1% so 425 is 4.25% so 4.25% so if the interest rate was 2% now 2% plus 4.25% that means 6.25% of the interest rate is expensive since March 2022 okay now what will be the impact what will be the impact so we understand the points you will get the points in the survey but first understand so what I am trying to understand what I am trying to tell you is that what happens when US Fed that is the US central bank raises its interest rate okay what happens when US Fed increases its interest rate so let us take an example what was this before this is your US and this is your India okay so in US your interest rate first understand and in India your interest rate 6% means if you go to any US bank and collect money you will get 4% interest and if you go to India and if you get your money deposited in India you will get a money or interest of 6% for you this is the interest rate generally developing countries have more interest rate as compared to developed countries generally but what happened during the pandemic we saw that US increased its interest rate and increased it at a very high rate so 4% is 8% it is just an example these are not exact figures so US's first interest rate was 4% now it has increased to 8% meaning 8% lending rate and deposit rate they are the same now if you go to any US bank and deposit money you will get 8% and in India also increased the deposit rate in India also increased 6% but the rate to increase in India was not as high as in US because US's inflation had increased because US must have known that during the pandemic because US is a very advanced economy they don't have the problem of money because of the amount of dollars as much as India as India had a package India had invested a lot of money during the pandemic but US had invested a lot so US had a lot of inflation as compared to India so US central bank increased the interest rate at a very high rate as compared to India so India also increased the interest rate but in India it was 7.5% ok so these are the new interest rate now if you go because to stop inflation inflation is increasing in the world so the central bank of the world is hiking its reporate but in US because the inflation was very high so US has hiked its reporate at a very high rate as compared to India so India also hiked it at 7.5% now just imagine suppose you are an investor you have a lot of money where will you invest suppose you invested in India because in India you were getting 6% interest rate so if you don't invest in India then you will get more money because US was getting 4% but now what has happened time has changed now US is paying you 8% and India is only paying you 7.5% so generally what happens we call it interest rate differential whenever in US because US is the most advanced economy US is considered as the one of the country where your investment is the most safe if you invest in the safest way then you should invest in US because the probability that US economy will collapse is much more lower than the probability of any other economies collapsing generally any investor prefers to invest in US but because developing economy gives more interest then a lot of people invest because there is more interest so let's take some risk so countries will collapse but still we are getting more interest but generally any investor prefers investing in US because that is the most safest country to invest so what happens now because the US has increased the rate so this is what they call foreign portfolio investors they have their money where to invest so yesterday you must have invested in India yesterday you must have invested in Bangladesh then you must have invested in Brazil but now whenever in US the best country to invest now it has increased its rate to 8% so all this money all this money was invested in India was invested in Bangladesh was invested in Brazil where to invest all this money in US all those monies which they have invested abroad where to invest all this money because US is getting 8% interest they are very happy the best country the safest country they are giving interest so whenever US is going to increase its interest so this is the problem developing countries these FPI's when they keep sending this money they will take all this money from here to here so the exam will suggest that if US is going to increase its interest so what is the problem one problem you understood that all those monies which were invested they will take all this money so what will be the impact this is where the question will come what is the impact on the economy so the survey discussed this so let us understand the first impact the first impact what happens to the what happens to the bond yield what happens to the bond yield what is your impact impact so what is the bond yield what is a bond bond is an instrument a kind of paper which is used to raise money for example this is reliance and reliance feels that we need money so reliance can either go to the bank and ask for money to give me money or it can issue bonds these are the bonds these are nothing but 5 instruments in this it happens that if you give me 100 rupees after 1 year we will give Rs. 110 according to the interest rate so suppose I am there I bought a bond of 100 rupees and I said okay give me a bond of 100 rupees so what did reliance do he sold you a bond of 100 rupees after 1 year if you show this bond how much will reliance give you so what is your rupees this is called coupon rate this is called coupon rate so many people come from outside and buy such bonds many people come from outside and buy such bonds but what is the problem now what the US has done you have increased the interest rate so some fool will invest in India so what will I do you had a bond with me after 5 months I have a bond I will get Rs. 110 after 1 year but suppose I decide in 5 months to sell this bond so what will I do I will sell the bond I will sell the bond because I have got a better way to invest I will go to the US market and invest so I will sell the bond before 1 year so there will be many investors who will start selling this bond so what will happen will the supply of the bond increase will the supply of the bond increase so supply if it increases then the price increases so how much was the price of the bond Rs. 100 so what did you say I had a bond of Rs. 100 I said buy it in Rs. 95 so I sold this bond in Rs. 95 so supply of the bond so what will happen the price of the bond will go down the price of the bond will go down I sold the bond supply increased so the price will decrease for example this person has bought the bond this person bought this bond so how much was the price in Rs. 95 because supply is more so the price will go down so in Rs. 95 this person bought the bond so how much was the bond in Rs. 95 but now this bond because the initial price of the bond is still Rs. 100 because he has issued the bond but we were lucky that we got the bond in Rs. 95 so how much will we get after 1 year after 1 year how much I will get that is already decided so how much will we get after 1 year after 1 year so how much will we get in Rs. 110 because this bond is a fixed thing in secondary market you are exchanging so I bought it in Rs. 95 but the bond is still the same so that investor took a loss of Rs. 5 because he had got a good investment so he left he sold it because of some reason I was lucky I got the bond at Rs. 95 so now after 1 year because reliance is committed to pay Rs. 110 to any person who has the bond so how much will I get in Rs. 110 so how much interest I got I got Rs. 15 so this is known as yield this is known as bond yield so there is a difference between bond coupon rate and bond yield bond coupon rate is decided by the company and bond yield is decided by the market force that is decided by the supply and demand so this is decided in the primary market for example the first time I bought the bond after that I sold it to someone that is happening in secondary market so secondary market where 2 people are transacting not the company is transacting now deal is decided over there so bond yield can increase or decrease so what happened you see all people sold the bond so all people sold the bond so what will happen to bond yield will increase so this same thing happened with government bonds this same thing happened with government bonds how government takes this from market by issuing of the bonds so by issuing of the bonds the government takes the money so government bonds so what happened to government bonds yield increased because now people sold the bonds and will go to US so when the yield increases you know what the problem is the cost of borrowing the cost of borrowing to the government also increases the cost of the borrowing also increases because if your yield earlier how much was the profit in the last case 10% now how much is the yield now when people are getting profit of 15% now if the government has to issue a new bond to raise extra money then the government will have to give more than 15% only then no one will invest in your bond right so now when the yield increases then the new bonds issue in that the coupon rate will have to be more than this only then people will invest in your bond otherwise if you assume I issued a bond yesterday I issued 12% in the coupon rate then why will no one invest in my bond the old bond already has 15% return so if I have to issue my new bond and collect the money then I will have to give 18% you already had 15% then you invest in my bond now you will give 17% so because of this the cost of borrowing for the government increases so this is one of the very very important thing for your prelims whenever the US Fed increases the bond yield in India increases and because of that the cost of borrowing also increases so this is the first outcome that I got now comes the second thing so the first thing is what will be the impact on the bond yield now comes the second thing now assume what will happen these people want to go here so what will they invest in India in the form of rupees first I am an investor I invested 100 rupees in India I have invested 100 rupees now I want to go back to the US I want to invest there and give me my dollar suppose 1 rupee 1 dollar is equal to 50 rupees so I will take 2 dollar on 100 rupees I will go to the SBI and say give me my dollar, keep it on 100 rupees because I want to go to the US so because of this the demand of the dollar will increase because every investor will come and say keep these rupees give me my dollar give me my dollar so every investor will start to ask for dollar to go to the US so the demand of dollar will increase and when the demand of dollar will increase the rupee will depreciate so the rupee will depreciate rupee will depreciate so 1 dollar is equal to 50 1 dollar is equal to 55 or so because the demand of dollar increases so whenever the US Fed increases demand of the dollar also increases and the third impact is because of rupee depreciation the current account deficit we will read what is current account deficit now you just understand it as a summary because it is again an important topic so we will discuss it in a separate manner so current account deficit also increases because of other reasons also but one of the reason is when rupee depreciates your currency depreciates so your current account deficit also increases so these are the three things and one more thing the fourth thing is your inflation will increase so as you are depreciating your rupee let us take an example in economy everything nothing you have to remember everything you can deconstruct by using the right logic as we have seen how bond deal logic is used what is the inspiration for inflation let us understand it with logic how it will happen I will first assume I was importing 100 litres of oil I was importing 100 litres of oil from Saudi Arabia to India you know international transactions are in the dollar suppose 1 dollar is equal to 50 rupees and 1 liter is equal to 1 dollar 1 liter is equal to 1 dollar so how much India will have to give to import 100 litres we will have to give 100 dollars we will have to give 100 dollars 100 dollar means multiply 100 dollars with 50 rupees so this is done so this is done because we have seen how currency depreciates when people take money outside so now 1 dollar is equal to 60 rupees ok 1 dollar is equal to 60 rupees ok so now we will have to how much we will have to spend earlier India had to spend 100 dollars so how much of 100 dollars 5000 rupees 1 dollar is equal to 50 rupees so earlier we could have ordered oil by spending 5000 rupees now our currency has depreciated 1 dollar is equal to 60 rupees so how much India will have to spend again the 100 dollars only again 100 dollars but now 1 dollar is equal to 60 is equal to 6000 rupees ok so what happened for India now inflation will increase because now we have 6000 rupees so whenever your currency depreciates then your import becomes expensive so whenever the currency depreciates so the cost of import goes up ok but now what will happen to export when import becomes expensive so what will happen to export so this is clear whenever the currency depreciates the cost of import goes up so import cost becomes expensive but the opposite of this the cost of export goes down so import becomes difficult when the currency depreciates but it becomes easy to export why is this? first suppose we were exporting 100 dollars suppose India suppose for example this person lives in US and this person lives in India ok for example 100 dollars is equal to 50 rupees ok suppose this person has 100 dollars he has 100 dollars and he buys this pen suppose one pen is equal to 50 rupees one pen is equal to 50 rupees suppose he has 100 dollars he has 50 rupees so he will come to India he will convert his 100 dollars so how much will he convert and he will create 100 rupees so how much will he convert so how much money he can buy so that he can buy 100 rupees so he can buy 100 rupees so how much money he can buy now 100 rupees ok but suppose the currency depreciates one dollar is equal to 100 rupees let us see तब बदन तब ल़े रेके रहगे, अप करन्सी यब गबल देप्र शीएत गर ड़़े एक. तब अप यईंट्या में आइगा, उस तो, कित्ना मिलेगा, यईक दोलिज कोल तो सो. तो सो, अप पैंक अदाम कितना है, पचास, तो ना ही कन, रहीं 200 पैन्स, इंद्ुँखाचाद, इंद्ुखाचाद, अगर छ़ाद, लगागाचाद. तो ये कुछ सर्वे ने आपके बात किया है, राइट. तो ये देखों. तो दब U.S. Fed ने इंक्रीष क्या, तो तो तो तो प्यटल फ्लोज़ लिए तो सेप आप एं U.S. Markets. तेखें, this led to rising sovereign bond yields resulting in higher borrowing cost for the government. सही बात है. तो लिए लेथ से से सास्टे करन्ट से एदषारीक करन्टी से लोग प्यषा नेकाल के U.S. echo, it led to the depreciation of most currencies, साडे क्रन्टी से लोग प्यषा निकाल के U.S. पजारे, Because U.S. have seen a very steep way of acting for U.S. पहली बात टीमे लिए बात एक तोईगा है, So this has led to the widening of CAD, ौL deficit and increasing inflationary pressures in the net importing economies लआँ ळहाो, लँँ वोईकोंटीः इकोनेमी अखअईक्राद. लआँ वोईकोंटीः अन शबतबरarti is known as net importing economies. लआँ वोईकोनटीः लआँ वोईक्राद and monetary tightening has led to a slow down and gradual output. लआँ क्या झनी था? 2.íauٹ everywhere 3.and inflation 4.and to stop inflation 5.monetary policy 6.to tighten 7.how will impact come 8. growth 9.slowdown 9.AND growth output 10.now 10.you come 10 years bond deals 12.rath survey 13.in India 3.6 is 0.3 why is this happening because of monetary tightening fiscal tightening why do we have to do that to stop inflation and that has a negative impact on growth now apart from this there are some other small problems which the survey said other shockers first is trade protectionism in every country nationalism is increasing in India, in India, in India, in India in US, in America in every country nationalism is increasing every country is trying to restrict the trade globalization's goals are ending 2nd you know in China there are a lot of stringent lockdowns because of its 0 covid policy China is a big economy there will be global spillover effects that's what happened 3rd there is also social impact because of all these things education and people's learning opportunities have also been declined you will have to account for this for example 100 children were studying but because of the covid their family's income is over now only 80 people are studying 20 people are not studying what will happen in the future if you have a better economy then your economy is more contracted then what is measured now so these are the other shockers then it concludes in introduction it concludes what conclusion it gives on the world economy in the developed world inflationary pressures are abrating but they are still on higher side now inflation in 2022 in 2020 covid came in 2021 our growth was recovered in 2022 but the problem is inflation has increased for the whole year now in 2020 we have entered inflation has been controlled on a global level now inflation has gone far ahead now inflation is abating but they are still on higher side inflation is still revolving in 6% so it should be 2 to 6 but it is revolving in 6 it is still on upper limit but still it is on decline major central banks have reduced the pace of interest rates globally because inflation is coming so the interest rate the rate of interest rate has slowed down now it is strong employment data and lower inflation for december have raised the hope of US economy US economy is the most important economy so your employment data is good inflation is also in control similarly in Europe because you know in Europe because of conflict Europe will have an energy crisis because Europe has put sanctions now it is not taking the energy from Russia but Europe does not have that much cold in december in the US the cold in Europe during the winter period it did not happen that much so the crisis of energy did not happen in Europe so again it is a good point for the world economy however the possibility of escalation of war was a significant challenge to the global economic outlook but you still know as winter ends the probability of escalation is on rise so if this war is a spillover consider a NATO country because any time whenever the war happens the chances of miscalculations are also higher so tomorrow if there is any mistake any mistake any NATO member country if there is any mistake in the capital of Russia so you know that the chances of nuclear weapon the chances of conflict spilling over to the NATO countries so anything can happen so this is the biggest challenge in 2023 that how the war will stop the war will stop so after this the survey talks about the Indian economy so it talks about the Indian economy the same world economy that was going on the same in the Indian economy so how India has responded and how India has performed let us see the first graph of GDP so what happened in the GDP our economy was about 145 lakh crore 145 lakh crore in FY20 FY20 means 2019 to 2020 now the pandemic has come so what happened in the pandemic our economy contracted this is called contraction before it was 145 but now how much it has become about 135 lakh crore so our economy has decreased from 145 but in FY2022 that is in 2021-2022 what happened in our economy it recovered all this which we have lost so as much as we have lost now we have recovered all this ok so that is a good thing and come to the next year 2022-2023 our economy is still growing at 8-10% ok so so economic growth remains resilient in India which was lost in the economy we have recovered from that now so all these things were happening we were recovering we were on a good track but now what happened in Europe so due to that further impact so due to war in Europe we have seen high inflation so in India inflation started in January more than 6% so after January our inflation increased by more than 6% now the problem has been solved before that it was 5.5% but it was in January and from January till November inflation increased by more than 6% and the biggest headache for whom it will be for the Monetary Policy Committee because this is the work of it and it is failing in its own work so that is the problem so retail inflation that is the CPI has crept above the RBI's tolerance range from January 2022 to November 2020 what are the reasons for that rising international commodity price that means the energy price has increased second excessive heat and unseasonal same in that year our agriculture productivity was also very low because of the rainfall there was a lot of break so the rainfall had a lot of problems so because of that food production was also not that much that is why the price of agri-food commodities was also increasing third depreciation of rupee against US dollar how depreciation happens so it is very expensive to import oil so because of all these things inflation got shut up so what will the government do the government will cut its fiscal push the government will tighten the Monetary Policy this is what is happening so the government raised the reparates there is no problem the government cuts the excise and custom duties so the tax on the oil was reduced so that the price decreases and also restricted the exports so in agriculture there was a restriction so when you cannot export why are you stopping because you want the produced food grain to be sent in the domestic market not to be sent out so that the prices can be controlled by the government now so this is our sepai inflation see how sepai inflation is the upper limit of 6% right this 6% see it went up since when it has gone up from here it has to go up from february from january to february and it has always been above this 6% but now by december it has come down to 6% so now the inflation which was above 6% tolerance limit now it is coming under the control see the depreciation so how much is the depreciation in india 8.8% every country has depreciation and not only for india so every currency has depreciated but the survey says but the depreciation in india it is not that much as much as in other countries for example in south africa 3-4% so the survey says that it is not that much as much as in other countries so this is the graph survey we have discussed all this so if you have any problem go back and watch the video so that everything you can understand what we have discussed don't forget to like share and subscribe to our channel and press the bell icon to never miss an update


So we're here with a subtle tape and chronicled right? Yes, we're partner companies I'm Ryan Orr, and we work together to put strong digital identities and consumer and luxury products and on packaging Yes, so here at the table you can see here is a Tattoo that you can put on the skin and it has a chip and so this can be used for Access control in a hospital to track the patients Yes, the chip and that's correct. Yeah So you can fix the tattoo to the human skin and the chip is inside of the tattoo very cool well The chip is tiny and so this can be used for accessing an event like a concert or Keeping track of all of the patients in the hospital. Is this already mass production? Correct So who's making this one? This is a sellotape product. Yeah with an NXP chip NXP chip. Yes, NXP. Maybe it's an Arm Cortex M0 plus is for tiny one or just an RFID something inside I'm not sure if it's a my fair or a deathfire, but it's yeah I mean we can put any type of chip behind the scene, right? So this device is RFID enabled so we can use a Very secure chip or basic chip But it's all about the level of authentication that you want to have at the end of the day So what does your company do in your company? You are partners, right? Yeah, we are partners We are focusing more ourselves on the RFID based solution Also, I'm digressing any type of sensors attached to RFID to make those, you know solution Intelligent, right? Is it in here? Yeah This one is one of the solution we have been working on which is an RFID based tag So again, it has an adhesive in the back and it's used for coltian application It's used for smart a pharmaceutical application, but again, it's it's logging and tracking temperatures It has a battery it's an active device and you can record temperature for a period of time and from there You know get history about shipment and distribution of goods and we're issuing there. Here's another product We call this a crypto seal We have the chip and then the antenna is running the length of the adhesive seal So we can seal a package an envelope a pharmaceutical container a shipping container and then we register The chip to a blockchain and the blockchain creates interoperability and security on the back end a big improvement over the conventional Databases of IOT but IOT and blockchain can work very well together in the future and so at chronicled What we're providing is the link of the chips and the physical property the packaging to the blockchain for registration and verification Blockchain that sounds like something from Bitcoin right Bitcoin Ethereum IBM is doing the hyper ledger platform. There are other permissioned ledgers Many nation-states will probably roll out blockchains Business groups will roll out blockchains and then you have the public ledgers like like the Bitcoin and Ethereum And that's a peer-to-peer Kind of like disconnected end points having Authentication for is what is it? What does it mean a blockchain is a distributed network of computers and the computers are all working together according to a protocol to create a ledger and the ledger keeps the status of the currency ownership or the physical property or You know the deeds of title The health care system the postal system all of these major kind of industry systems could move on to an Onto a blockchain back end over the you know next three to four years right here. It would know if it was open and not It's a tamper evidence seals You know that if it's been open or not and the chip will no longer broadcast once you break the antenna So if I pick this off, it's a printed antenna and and it's like the sticker on your DMV Issued license plate where it'll come off in tiny pieces and the antenna is printed So if the antenna breaks, I can't scan it anymore with my smartphone All right, and you have lots of different demos around here, but lots of different Imprimitations wine labels we put the seal strip on electronics to secure the case of the electronics This is a sneaker tag to put on to a sneaker to authenticate a limited-edition Nike sneaker This is an oven knit. I believe there's a you put the temperature tracker in here Probably a consumer engagement to scan and learn something about the food network a smart lock with a secure Identity registered to a blockchain right, so This is about flexible electronics. This is about this is perfect for this conference, right? Yes Consumer and luxury goods companies that want to create a digital identity for their product that want to authenticate their product That want to do brand promotion with a smartphone based interaction with the product Wearables companies that want to add user engagement on top of the chips that they're already putting into the wearables products There are many many applications And our FID is selling 12 billion units per year right now something is huge, right? It's growing and still there is a growing need for securing RFID, right? You can find some basic solution for RFID but what Ryan was showing you is the next level of you know security in terms of brand protection strong authentication of those solutions based on RFID, right? And then on top of that you add some intelligence with additional sensors There is a lot of sensors solution out there as well here, you know temperature sensor humidity Accelerometer you name it. So again, it's a perfect space for us to do Celotape is doing all these What does Celotape do? Celotape, Identive and Chronicle all work together Celotape is an 80-year-old industrial manufacturing company and they print the labels and they put the chips and the antennas into the labels So they have expertise with adhesives materials Engineering label printing. It's a factory floor. It's hundreds of people and Manufacturing at scale of the phone cases. Here's a phone case with the printed electronics Of the wine labels of The form factors to go inside of the wearables that are flexible Identive music festival pass music festival pass All right, cool. So awesome. So looking forward to more advanced flexible Stuff in the future. Yeah, you bet. Yeah