Hi everyone, good morning. I hope you can hear me. It's great to be speaking here, and it's great to see congratulations to E4M Impact and Pitch Group to put together such an amazing conference where we have independent agencies coming together. So please give them a big round of applause. This is what our ecosystem needs, especially where we are at. Now, I've got an interesting topic. I've got 15 minutes to talk about the rise of AI and what it means for your strategy and what it means for your business. I'm going to try and do some justice to it. So the truth is AI is here, and it's powerful. So it is here, and it's here to stay. Now, this is an example of something that AI created, 25 plus million views in a day, and 12,000 royalties. So this was in a day of royalty with so many views. So this is the capability of AI. It's a piece of music, I think, we can play it. So the artist is basically AI taking an artist, put their writing style together, release the complete track together, and you're releasing, you're getting tons of views, and you're getting tons of revenues. Now, that's what AI has the potential to create. I'm going to switch gears a bit from AI to the absolute truth of our business. So yes, this is the potential of AI. This is everything that it can create. And then there's an absolute truth to our business, which is that some people may not like what I have to say, but we're effectively a headcount business, you know, we're a margin trading and a headcount business. So why our business works is that in our four walls, each of our companies, in our four walls, we enable a unique environment where minds work together with a unique combination of culture and systems to enable better productivity. So effectively, why the client hires us is because we can get more productivity per individual in our four walls versus what the same individuals would be in the client's walls. So what does AI mean for our business? You know, what we do is we effectively do headcount at fractional cost. So we, on the same hundred people, we deliver effectively 30, 35% more value, and that 35% more value enables us the license to give a 15 to 20% margin on our P&L to charge the client. Effectively, net net. If I just break the business down, that's what it's about, right? So when I look at AI and when I look at, you know, what it means for our business, what we really need to do is we need to harness this AI. You know, it's almost like sugar in the milk. So it's the same milk that we've got. It's the same four walls that we've got. It's the same headcount that we've got.  So what it's, it's actually an opportunity for us to reimagine the way we do business, to reimagine our culture, to be able to integrate AI into our culture, and our systems to be able to get more efficient with AI so that we can continue to maintain on that same headcount business, the 30 to 35% more productivity with the maintenance of the 20% margin, give or take. And we've always been better at harnessing talent. It's time we do the same with AI talent. So I think most of the amazing companies in this room, we are all good at being able to harness talent much better than another set of people, which is why we have a reason to exist in our business. And you add AI into the mix and we basically have to learn how to harness this AI talent betterness. Specifically call it AI talent because it's got the ability to produce, it's got the ability to create. Now, the reason why AI matters to us is because it's a 24-7 creatively able machine or an analytically able machine. So deliberately I'm using the word able because yes it is creative, it has the ability to be creative but it cannot do anything if it's not harnessed or guided somewhere. Most of the design work that you're seeing or most of the media work that you're seeing or technology work that you're seeing, you have humans on top of the AI sitting. So I mean all of the discussions with respect to, you know, 8 billion world population getting replaced by AI is not gonna happen because we need our stomachs to feed and we are not gonna get wiped out overnight unless the whole race gets wiped out overnight. So it's a creatively able machine, it's got to be at our disposal for us to be able to harness and direct. And the able is important because without human intervention AI is nothing. So it's got the ability to do ultrapersonalization in real time. It does a few things better than human beings. It's got the able to do ultrapersonalization at scale in real time. Read and process, large amounts of data. It's got the ability to help people see beyond what they can see. And you know all of this design AI stuff, I think the most interesting part of the design AI stuff is that actually I go back to Isaac Newton, right? He says that we see further because we stand on the shoulders of our fathers. What AI is actually in an everyday basis, somebody whose shoulders you can sit on. So you can see a little further and you can add your bit. You can see a little further and add a bit. That's what our workforces are effectively doing with AI. So the ability to be real time and the power of holy grail of creative media and technology is actually with a coming in of AI. You know we've heard this since 2000, I think 2008 when Google started talking about creative media technology and the synchronicity of it. It's not really happened. So I think as independent businesses and independent Indian agencies, this is actually our opportunity to create a unique service offering that really well ties together the creative media technology part because with AI we have the ability to harness it much better. And the opportunity is the ability to create transactional excellence for consumers at every step of the journey. Whether it is on the creative, whether it is on the media or the technology platform where the interaction happens. So the coming in of all this is actually increasing the power that we can bring to the table. And I think that's the real opportunity or your power of AI. This is what I mean by the ability to help people see beyond what they can see. This was some of our work which was well covered in the press. But if I really had to locate it and if I take a step back, what this was able to do is the design team that was on it.  Once they put it as a prompt in AI, that's when they started seeing various permutations and combinations and that's when a creative product is able to edge beyond what its potential was. So I think how do we actually turn the culture that makes AI our friend and therefore increase that productivity on the same set is what I think we need to really focus on. So on AI versus human intelligence, I think the discussion needs to be AI and human intelligence merging together to be able to create better productivity in our four walls to be able to maintain our margins. You know, that's effectively, I think the net of the discussion. And AI can actually share our burden of knowledge. So the, you know, most of us are always complaining about the teams in our companies doing a lot of routine mundane work. So that is what I call the burden of knowledge and AI can actually share and lighten our burden of knowledge so that we can focus on crafting compelling narratives, creating emotions and forging connections at a technology and media layer. And so how can we build and integrate AI inside our organizations? I think the first thing we need to do is enable a culture where people embrace change and not fear it because there's a lot of chatter outside. I can see that it's kind of dipping now, but there was a sense of fear among workforces about AI being replaced. So one is to enable a culture where people embrace change and not fear it. This is something that we did. We launched 22, we call them shabbats, specifically trained using prompts for separate use cases. And we've got about 5,000 plus conversations in the last one month. So some of the things that we've trained the bots on, you know, things that people do on a routine basis, data crunching, writing captions. We actually even trained a bot to act like a client and give feedback.  So that's helping our teams actually get better at what they do and how they deliver the work. So that's one is embrace a culture where people embrace change and not fear it. Push the creator boundaries and be open to new possibilities. So I think now is the time to just throw our teams into the neck of it and say that, look, here are the tools, go and use it, go and create it and get the visibility out there. Also create an environment where you celebrate the achievements of the ones who are using the AI well because it's actually a new environment. It's a bit like, you know, I mean, after the waves, if you see 2008 was a social media wave and then you had the programmatic wave and now you have an AI wave which is here to stay. So it's actually a change in the way we work and it's important to celebrate the members who are really pushing the limits of whether it's incentive programs created for them or sport bonuses created for them, that might work really well. And I think also, you know, most of the questions that come in from the client side, but what we are seeing is make boundaries that help with creative regulations. We always get questions on the legalities of AI. So, you know, just educating the workforce on saying, look here is where the boundaries of the legalities of AI are and are not is a good starting point so that you don't have to repeat a lot of these questions.  So there's certain legalities which are not allowed which it would be useful to get the teams aligned with. And what other skills should we invest in if we are building this AI culture? I think the other skills that we need is, you know, and this is particularly from the narrative of continuing to maintain our 30 to 35% efficiency on the same workforce. So, you know, with the fact that the base is this way, you know, and you've actually got somebody sharing the burden of knowledge, this creatively able AI sharing the burden of knowledge. What we're gonna need from our workforce is we're gonna need better emotional intelligence. The ability to understand, use and manage your own emotions in a positive way, sense problems in the market, emotional intelligence helps us connect with consumers better, helps us understand market dynamics better, helps us extract information from clients better. Ethics and morality is gonna be big because, you know, with everybody being able to create a lot more, the one you can trust the most is the one who will have the long game in the market. This interdisciplinary knowledge I think is very important because, you know, and I said this about the creative media and tech and I think over the next five years this is exactly what is gonna happen. You will be able to see, I don't think we're gonna see too many, hey, I'm just creative, hey, I'm just media, hey, I'm just technology, and you will see clients stitching their mandates together. We will see that as a, you know, as a large competitive advantage in the marketplace because everybody's gonna have the same playing field. So therefore what we will get is this creativity, innovation and critical thinking are going to be the important skills of our workforce and those are the ones that are gonna really edge forward. So our teams have to be able to be adaptable and flexible and that's something for us to be able to put into our programs where we create a learning environment inside our organizations. So inside our organization we're investing heavily in building this adaptability, flexibility through our learning initiatives and that's something that we are really preparing for this next five years wave that is about to come. And so it will result in incremental value for us and better margins for us, also incremental value for clients because ultimately what we are gonna be able to deliver that 30, 35% edge that we're gonna be able to maintain is going to be passed back to clients and give us the license to continue our margins. So I'm really excited about this and I think, you know, in the spirit of what we are seeing here with the IDAC and a lot of independent digital agencies, actually this is our opportunity to actually uniquely tie in a very interesting service offering that lets us go and serve customers all over the world. So that's it for me in terms of what I think we can do on AI, not versus human intelligence but AI and human intelligence. Thank you very much. Thank you.


Permissioned blockchain networks that require every peer to execute every transaction, maintain a ledger and run consensus, can't scale very well. And they can't support true private transactions and confidential contracts. So the Hyperledger Community designed Fabric V1 to deliver a truly modular, scalable and secure foundation for industrial blockchain solutions. The most notable changes that peers are now decoupled into two separate runtimes with three distinct roles, endorser, committer, and consenter. Here's how it works. Say you run an organic market in California and I grow radishes on my farm in Chile. You and I are on a blockchain network that supports transactions between various markets, growers, shippers, banks, and others. Say I agree to sell you my radishes at a special low price, but I need the other markets that buy from me to continue buying at the standard price. They shouldn't be able to execute our confidential agreement and find out the details of our deal. In fact, if they aren't part of the deal, the transaction shouldn't appear on their ledger. Fabric V1 handles all this. My app looks up your identity from a membership service and then sends the transactions only to our peers. Both of our peers will generate a result. In this two-party agreement, the transaction requires both of us to render the same result. But in transactions with more parties, other rules can apply. Then the peers send the validated transaction back to the application, which sends it to a consensus cloud for ordering. And then the ordered transactions are sent back to the peers and committed to the ledger. But to get my radishes to your market, there are many other parties involved. Some need to know that my radishes have been verified and checked into a shipping container. Others need to handle bills of lading, customs inspections, financing, insurance. But most of these parties don't need to know about our special price. Now think about our transaction running out of network handling, all the markets, all the farms, shippers, facilitators, the whole supply chain. This is the same pattern needed by many industries. Anywhere we need to manage confidential obligations to each other without passing everything through a central authority.


Hi everybody, this is Dave Vellante of Wikibon.org and we're here at MongoDB Days. The MongoDB conference in New York City. The main host of course is TenGen who is building an ecosystem around MongoDB, the popular open source, no-sequel database. Running a lot of big data apps. We're going to be talking about that today. I'm here with my co-host, Jeff Kelly. Again, in the Big Apple, New York has surpassed Boston as many of you know as the number two venture-backed region in the United States and there's a lot of action here. TenGen itself is based in the old New York Times building along with Yahoo, of course, just bought Tumblr. A lot of action going on in New York. So Jeff, give us the quick lowdown on Mongo, what you're seeing out there in the marketplace and then we'll set up the day. Sure, well MongoDB is far and away the most popular no-sequel database with developers these days. It's commonly cited for its ease of use, the ability to really very easily build functional web and mobile applications. So again, very popular with developers. It's getting traction with a lot of startups, places like PoreSquare, Guilt, a company called Visible Gains and some others are using MongoDB and then of course we've got TenGen who's building a business around kind of commercializing MongoDB, really hardening it for the enterprise as well as contributing to the actual development of the abilities of the database itself. So that's kind of the foundation here of what we're starting today and of course TenGen is looking to move deeper into the enterprise. They've made some moves in the financial services sector recently with companies like MetLife, new customers, they've created a financial services advisory group that's really going to focus on how no-sequel technology can be applied in the financial services sector. So TenGen certainly making, getting into the enterprise and financial services part of their core agenda. So like O'Reilly Velocity where we were this week, a lot of developers here, a lot of guys in T-shirts, I joked that they know what this is. We heard from Mack Shireson today, Jeff, CEO of TenGen. They're up to, TenGen's up to 250 employees, including 100 engineers working on the product. He said our goal is to build the world's best open source no-sequel database. We'll ask him what he means by that, how he defines best. They've trained, you told me, that 70,000 people have downloaded or participated in the training. Signed up for the training. Many participated. And unlike many companies, the training from TenGen is free of charge. So that's a big differentiator, they're not monetizing training. So we're going to be breaking it down all day. We've got practitioners, we've got folks from TenGen coming on, the MongoDB community, and we're going to start off with some folks from New York, the co-founders of Hack New York. So keep it right there, this is Dave Vellante with Jeff Kelly. This is theCUBE, Silicon Angles, day-long production of MongoDB days. We'll be right back after this word.


I got you covered friends. We're going to get into my top five things that I use when I have to get out the door really quick. How is everybody today? I hope that everybody is doing good. Thanks so much for spending a part of your day with me today. Not only am I happy to be bringing you these five tips about how to get out the door quicker, but I'm also really excited because this is a video collaboration with one of the most special women on YouTube and that is Melissa 55. Melissa has been doing YouTube for years and I have watched her ever since I started watching a beauty channel on YouTube. This is like a dream come true for me to be able to collaborate with this woman. She is one of the kindest and sweetest and genuine people that I think I've ever seen here on YouTube. She has a brightness surrounding her personality like I have never known before. She just exudes a gentleness that is so special. If you don't know who Melissa is here on YouTube, you're missing out on a lot. You need to go over and check out her channel. She does reviews. She does a lot of tag videos which are really fun. She opens her heart up to her audience which I think is fantastic and if you're not following her on Instagram, you're really missing out because she does Instagram stories almost every day and she's just talking to you like you're her girlfriend in her living room which is so much fun. I really am so very grateful to Melissa for allowing us to do this collaboration together. She is just one of those people that I have looked up to for a very long time and I know that you're going to fall in love with her as much as I have if you haven't had the chance to see her yet. Now if you are here from her channel, I want to say a special welcome to you. I thank you so much for coming over and seeing what I'm all about. I hope that you do enjoy the content and the video today and please subscribe and give this video a thumbs up. I would really appreciate that and to all of my faithful subscribers, I always try to say a special thank you to all of you for making my channel what it is. Okay, let's get into the five makeup tips to quickly get you out the door right now. Okay, most of my tips are about double-duty beauty and I know that Tarte kind of coined that phrase with a lot of their cosmetics, but I feel like what we can do in the morning to streamline our routine is important if we're having days when we really need to get out that door really, really fast. So the first thing to me, even though this is skincare, it's not makeup, would be to choose products that really quickly achieve what you need them to. I have been absolutely loving the Derma-E anti-wrinkle cleanser. This has vitamin A and glycolic acid in it. Now I'm not, you know, so worried about the vitamin A because I realized with a cleanser it gets washed off quickly, but the glycolic acid to me is important in the morning because I do a lot of treatments at night, especially my retin A that will make my skin start to sluff off. And so having a glycolic in the cleanser really helps to loosen that dead skin and then wash it away. It's not foaming at all, so you know that. So there's no harsh irritants in it. So if I were in a big hurry in the morning, I would definitely choose that as cleanser and then I wouldn't take time to do serums or anything like that, but you definitely need to put moisture back on your face. And I would say that the Dermatology Tinted Moisturizer with the SPF of 46 in it is absolutely fantastic. If you haven't tried this before, definitely try it because it is very moisturizing. And if you are an oily skin gal, you're going to love this because it's super light. It's not anything that's going to be heavy that's going to interfere with your makeup or anything like that. It's super light and it's super great. So I choose things that are going to do things quickly for me. So this would be my skincare two steps. I'm ready to move on to makeup as far as makeup goes. Again, I'm going to choose things that would go really quickly for me. I have two primers here that I really am enjoying right now. One of them I have talked about a million times on my channel and it's the Revlon Color Stay Prep and Protect. And this one has a broad spectrum SPF of 34 in it. And then the other one is from City Beauty and this is their Skin Perfecting Daily Veil. Again, it's the primer and it has the sunscreen broad spectrum SPF of 39. Whoo, that was hard. Okay. So what I love about the one from Revlon is that I feel like it has a lot of the mineral sunscreen in it because it does have that white cast that goes on it. So I do appreciate that about it. It feels hydrating and it does feel like it has a little bit of dimethicone in it. I love the price tag on it too. But I'll tell you why I love the City Beauty one. Actually, they sent this to me just so you know. So has the SPF in it. It has the primer part in it. It's a little bit more thick than the Revlon one was. And it has kind of some light catching properties to it or reflective properties to it that I love. If you are someone that has really nice skin and all you really want to do is just make it look very even and you want to make it look blurred, this is gorgeous for you. Now this one can achieve the same thing. The Revlon can achieve the same thing. But I don't feel like the Revlon has those reflective properties in it like the City Beauty one does. Now I will say City Beauty is not inexpensive. And you guys know that I am built around a drugstore theme on my channel. I really try hard to dupe things out for you guys. And I try hard to make sure that I am giving you guys the very best bang for your buck. However, City Beauty has sales on all the time. So make sure you get on their mailing list and they are going to treat you right. And you're going to be getting those skin loving ingredients in there too. They are known for having really great ingredients that help our aging skin besides having just the SPF and the primer that blurs our skin. So I really am enjoying that one. Now if you are somebody that really needs to get out the door really a lot quicker than that, pick one of these CC creams or one of the creams that have the SPF in it. It also has a moisturizer in it. It has your foundation in it and they finish the skin so pretty. I have the number 7 Protect and Perfect Advanced All-in-One Foundation. This one has a sunscreen of 50 in it and it has the moisturizer in it as well. I also have the Colt Classic of the IT Cosmetics CC. This one is the oil-free matte one. So if you're somebody that does have oily skin, you might really like this. But if you're normal skin as well, this one is good. I have dry skin. I don't think this is matte. I like using this one. This has the SPF of 40. The original one has an SPF of 50 in it. But this also has the moisturizer and it has the full coverage in it. And then as well, the new Estee Lauder Hydro Rescue Futurist Foundation. It is just a beautiful foundation as well. This is an SPF of 45. This one is beautiful on the skin. Actually, I like all three of them. I love the Futurist but I also love the number 7. This one is one that you can go back to over and over again and works for so many different people. But if you have super-duper dry skin, the one from Estee Lauder is going to be really good for you. And there's a billion different colors that find you your perfect color on this one. So I think that all three of these would hit somebody across the board and you're going to find what you like in here. But this is a really versatile one at the drugstore. So keep that number 7 one in mind if you're somebody that's looking for cost effectiveness as well. Now again, if you're somebody that's looking for things that pull double duty and you're somebody that really doesn't like those CC creams, maybe take a look at your setting sprays. I have several different here. Super Goop is the one that actually originally turned me on to a setting spray with your SPF in it. And I think this is such a good one. I love the Mr. on this. The Mr. to me on any makeup spray is what hits it or misses it for me. And this one has super fine one. I mean, I can put this on anytime throughout the day and I've got that protection again. This has a little minty smell to it, which is really nice. It's not an overpowering smell. It's just a really light hint of a of a minty smell in there. And then also from Milani, this one is the make it last sunscreen and this one has an SPF of 30 again throughout the day. If you're wanting to refresh your makeup, you're wanting to make sure your makeup staying on or you're just wanting to make sure that you have that protection, you can go ahead and missed your face with with this one. And again, this Mr. is is very fine and very light. And I really do like that. Now another one that I think the Mr. on is fantastic is from Flower Beauty. This is the seal the deal hydrating setting spray with a dewy finish. It is what I have on my face before I put any of those other ones on there. I choose this one because it sets my makeup and I don't get dry throughout the day. And I still have a little tiny bit of glow. Now that Mr. is super duper fine. So you can like missed away and you're never going to disturb your makeup at all. And the next one is all about face palettes that can do everything in them. You can get your blush, your contour, your bronzer, and your highlighter. And you can also get some eye looks out of them if you want to. So you're like quickly out the door and I have a bunch here. This one right here is from Hourglass. This is last year's edition of the ambient lighting palette. I love these. I buy them every year. I just think it's worth it to me because you get the setting powders there. You get the blush, you get the bronzer, and you get the highlighter. And then the other two that I have, this one is from Smashbox. And this is the Kelly contour. I have had this for a long time and I love this thing. I've even got hit pan on the contour color because it's so perfect. But this is the same type of thing.  You can go into it for blush. I just think this is great. You've got a banana setting powder and then you've got a highlighter. Same thing on there. And then I have two palettes that I have from ELF. And I just wanted to show you that you can customize these palettes, which is what I've done. I took a contour color out of the ELF contour palette. And then I took a color that is in this palette, which is the Heavenly Face palette, I think Total Face palette from ELF. And then I took two other colors that were in maybe the contour one. And then I think this other one was from maybe the bronzer one. I'm not exactly sure where these all came from. But what I do is I take these ELF palettes and I pop these out. As you can see right here, they all pop out. And then I just make my own custom palette. So you can take one of these blushes, put it in here if you want to. I've actually got this peach color right here for the blush that I wanted to use. And you can just customize these however you want. So instead of spending, you know, like $40 on one of these, you can get these for like $8. Mix them up and be able to get your own customized palette yourself. And here is part of the fourth one is finding a really good brush that you can use for so many things. This brush is a really thick fan brush. Now I can go in with my powder. I can do my contour. I can do my blush and my highlight with this. This is one of my workhorse brushes. I love this thing. Let's just look at this palette because this is one of my very favorite palettes. And I don't think this one gets enough love on YouTube. It has the contour color in here.   Now I could go across here, get a really pretty bronzer color. And then I can go into this color here and get a really natural, natural blush. Then I've got the highlight over here and I could just hit the high points and do a pretty highlight.  Go down into this banana powder and then set all of this other because the powder is so pretty and so nice. So you're like out the door. What about my eyes?  Buff it. Take this color right here on your finger. You've got a beautiful lid color. You're out the door. You could even use this contour color as your eyebrow color because it's a more muted color. So it's not going to make you look crazy. And I think that it's one that you could just really quickly make a look out of. You could do liner out of this color and then you could use one of these colors for your inner rim if you wanted to as well. I think this is fantastic. This last one I'm going to kind of double team here because I really did have sick. But what I really want to say is double duty your products for your lips and your cheeks.  This is the shade that I have on right now. It's a beautiful pink and if I wanted to, I could just take that shade and just buff it across my cheeks and get just this beautiful flush of color. And that would stay there because this is more of a matte color. And I just think that that's so pretty. I didn't say what color this was. This is Heartless from Urban Decay. It's their Vice Lipsticks. It's more of a matte formula. Definitely could use that across the cheeks. And then these are the multi-sticks from from ELF. And I think these are great too. This is Sparkling Rose. This is a beautiful mauve color that could be so pretty on the lips as well. You could build that up if you're, you know, deeper skin. You can build it up. Or if you're, you know, really light, you can go really easy, really light-handed with it. And then this one is Dazzling Peony or P&E, whichever one you want to say. My grandma used to say peony. So that's what I say. But either one of these is gorgeous. They just make the most beautiful colors across the cheeks. And that's what they're meant to do because they're multi-sticks. Use them as your lipsticks as well. And you're ready. You're out the door. So I think that is so much fun. The last one I'm going to really quickly mention because we're supposed to have five, not six, but I could not have a quick tip video without having this one. This is my brow highlight from Wet n Wild. And so many people were saying that this was being discontinued. But it is on their website. And it also is on Amazon now. So I think they just had a little bit of a lull there during COVID when they weren't manufacturing things. And this was hard to get your hands on. But this little baby is so awesome. I put it in my waterline and I put it in my inner tear duct.   I put it on my cupid's bow to help that part look a little bit brighter and a little bit lighter. I just use that there. And I love it. I also think you could go across your whole entire eyelid with this and give your eye a really bright, wide, open, awake look to it. This is a little workhorse product as well. I love this thing. And I had to put it in this video. So that is it for today's video. I hope that you did enjoy seeing my five tips, six tips for getting out the door quickly. Products that can work in tandem with other products. So you have just like four or five steps instead of like 17, like I do on most days that I'm doing my makeup. I hope you did enjoy this. Please give it a thumbs up if you did. Please don't forget to go over and say hello to Melissa and tell her that Melissa sent you. And I think you're really going to fall in love with her. I love her to pieces. Thanks so much again for being here with me today. And I hope everybody is staying safe, stay sanitized, stay healthy, and I will catch you all in my next video. Love you guys. Bye-bye.


Good morning, everyone, and good afternoon and good evening, depending on where you are coming into this seminar from. My name is Tegan Blaine, and I am the director for the program on Climate, Environment, and Conflict at the US Institute of Peace. Allow me to start today by thanking our panelists, organizers, and every one of our viewers for joining us today online. The US Institute of Peace is a national, nonpartisan, independent institution founded by Congress and dedicated to the proposition that a world without violent conflict is possible, practical, and essential for the US and global security. Today's seminar is part of USIP's program on Climate, Environment, and Conflict, which was launched in 2021. The program on Climate, Environment, and Conflict focuses on three main somatic areas, migration and displacement related to climate and environmental change, transboundary water issues in a changing climate, and a just transition to sustainable economies. Now, I'd like to set the stage for today's discussion. Our world is grappling with accelerating climate change, expanding biodiversity loss, and growing pollution. Meanwhile, the challenge to divest from fossil fuels and successfully transition our energy and production systems is testing the political will of governments, businesses, workers, and populations like never before. We look forward to exploring together the topic of today's seminar, how to prevent risks of social unrest as our world transitions to more sustainable use of fuels and more sustainable economies, and what we can do to promote equitable and just transitions for all. Today's conversation follows a virtual seminar that we hosted earlier this year on the conflict risks and oil dependent nations from what experts call traumatic decarbonization. With that background complete, I'd like to introduce our four guest speakers. Dr. Mustafa Kamal Gay is the director of the priority action program for just transitions towards environmentally sustainable economies and societies at the International Labor Organization. Based in Geneva, Mustafa has held several positions in the United Nations system. Prior to joining the UN, he spent 12 years working across Asia with the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies in Japan. Mustafa holds a PhD from Nagoya University and currently serves on several boards and steering committees at the OECD and the UNFCCC, among others. Dr. Elizabeth Rupert Bulmer is a lead economist in the jobs group at the World Bank. As part of the social protection and jobs global practice, she leads engagements on the informality agenda, gender gaps and labor outcomes, and environmentally and socially sustainable job transitions. Elizabeth has extensive operational and research experience in fragile states across South and East Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa. She also holds a PhD in economics from the University of Maryland. Liva Stottenberger is joining us, not from Paris today, but elsewhere. Liva is an advisor to the director and policy analyst at the OECD Center for Well-Being, Inclusion, Sustainability and Equal Opportunity. She has over 10 years of experience in public policy. Her expertise covers multidimensional measurements and policy agendas, notably the SDGs and several OECD frameworks for well-being, as well as for policy action on inclusive growth. She was a contributing author of the 2021 OECD Inequality's Environment Nexus Report. Before joining the current center, Liva was an advisor to the OECD's secretary general. She holds a master's in international political economy from the London School of Economics. Finally, and certainly not least, we are pleased to welcome Sonya Mystery. Sonya is the climate and labor justice globally at the Solidarity Center, where she most recently served as senior program officer in the center's Asia department. Sonya has supported worker rights and union building programs throughout South Asia, including Bangladesh, India, the Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Before her work in this region, she supported programs in sub-Saharan Africa as well. Prior to joining the Solidarity Center, Sonya was a service employee's international union organizer. She holds a master's in international affairs from SIPA at Columbia University. To all of you, we're thrilled to have such a diverse group here for today's exchange. So the first part of our discussion today will focus on the challenges that we see in implementing sustainable transition programs. Sonya, if I may begin with you to kick us off, I'm wondering if you could share a bit about why we often see workers resisting to move away from polluting industries around the world. Thanks so much for having me, Tegan. I'm so glad to be part of this really important conversation. And I really appreciate the chance to unpack this narrative that workers and their unions are resisting progress or opposing climate action. It's not that workers are resisting economic change. What they're resisting are the economic forces, pushing them into precarity, denying them voice and undermining their rights. In most cases, climate action has simply not been tied to the rights and welfare of workers. And as a result, have often had the unintended consequences of leaving workers behind, which creates vulnerability and erodes resilience. Many of the sectors or industries targeted for transition such as energy or transportation are also ones where workers are well organized and have struggled over many years to turn often dangerous jobs into family sustaining ones. In many of the countries where the Solidarity Center works, there are already high levels of unemployment and a significant percentage of workers are employed in the informal economy outside of formal labor protections. Most workers lack access to basic social safety nets. So transitioning out of sectors like coal without ensuring access to high quality jobs for impacted workers and ideally union jobs will push people into highly precarious conditions and erode the collective power that they've achieved in environments that already see high levels of power imbalance. The other point that I'd like to emphasize is this distinction between consultation and negotiation. There's been a strong push to ensure that impacted communities are consulted in the development of climate policies and actions. However, consultations are voluntary processes and they have minimal accountability. Ultimately, it's the private sector and governments, the power holders who make the final decision. Trade unions on the other hand are legally protected organizations of workers with the ability to negotiate binding and enforceable agreements. This usually looks like collective bargaining agreements but unions can also engage effectively in tripartite structures or in other social dialogue mechanisms where transitions can be negotiated to ensure that the needs, rights and welfare of workers are protected. I'd just like to give an example from Columbia to help illustrate how some of these issues are actually playing out. So Columbia is one of the top coal producers globally and at least 40% of the country's exports are fossil fuels. And yet the country is making significant energy transition efforts. Coal has contributed significantly to the GDP, especially of coal producing communities where we have to remember that livelihoods were displaced just to take over land to mine coal in the first place. So for an energy transition to be just in Columbia, the needs of more than 100,000 workers have to be accounted for through negotiation with those workers. In December of 2020, the largest labor federation in Columbia along with its mining and energy sector affiliates released a joint declaration calling for the country to meet its commitments under the Paris Agreement while also ensuring that worker rights are protected. They recognize the need for an energy transition, but they maintain that it must be through negotiation with the unions. There should be a clear plan to advance access to decent work for impacted workers and communities. So fast forward, there have been multiple mind closures in Columbia and workers have been laid off in mass. So of course they resisted these terminations, but this is the only part of the story that gets told again and again and not just in Columbia, that workers are resisting the transition to a cleaner greener economy or that they're resisting climate action. And they just like to wrap up with a poignant quote from a coal sector union leader who really says it better than I can. He says, they should have listened to us as a trade union. At the time, we proposed moving in accordance with the Paris Agreement signed by Columbia. We called for ways to prepare ourselves for the process of energy transformation. If we had been able to begin a better reconversion process for the workforce, the workers would now be headed in new directions with new opportunities. We would not be a region in crisis without hope and without possibilities. And this is what workers are actually resisting. They're resisting transitions that only serve multinationals, the wealthy and the powerful and not the people who are the most impacted. Back over to you, Tagan. Thank you, Sonia. I really appreciate that introduction. I think there are a couple of key points that you're bringing up here. Number one, it's not the transition by itself that's the issue. It's really the process through which it's done and how much preparation and support that communities are given to enable that transition. And then number two, the point that you're making about the difference between consultation and negotiation is such an important one for me because the consultative process still leaves the power in the decision-makers' hands, whereas negotiation really implies a shared sense of power around those decisions. So those are some really key points to begin today's discussion. Leva, could we turn to you now? I know that you've worked quite a bit in the range of challenges that workers face. And I'm wondering if you could say a bit about all of those issues and opportunities to better support workers in economic transitions. Thank you, Tegan. And also, hello to everyone wherever you're joining us from and thank you so much for the opportunity to contribute to this discussion. Indeed, distributional impacts of the just transition and including on workers and their families has been a focus on our recent work at the OECD Center for Well-Being Inclusion Sustainability and Equal Opportunities. For example, the study that you already mentioned when introducing me, the study on the inequalities environment nexus towards the people-centered green transition was work where we looked at the cost of climate inaction as well as action and exploring the impacts on workers and while there is consensus that the aggregate effects on the employment are expected to be limited, they however will be very concentrated in certain geographies and workers and families will need support in the transition there. Let me just maybe qualify that in our study we looked primarily at the OECD countries so there might be quite large differences with what's happening elsewhere. But in the OECD, the workers displaced by the green transition will tend to be older working heavy and resource intensive industries and maybe of a lower skill level, although this really depends on the geography that you're looking at because for example, in the EU, when the European Commission assessed packages to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 55% in 2030 compared to 1990, they came to the conclusion that actually the higher skilled workers will be more negatively affected. I also want to mention that there is a gender dimension to this discussion because most of the losing industries tend to be dominated by males, however in the STEM and renewable energy fields where many of the opportunities are located, we see that women's participation still tends to be low and currently women hold about one-third of technical and management positions in these industries. Turning to maybe the opportunities that will arise, of course, workers as everyone else will benefit from improved health from a green transition and avoiding the most disastrous effects of climate action. And we also see that youth with higher digital competencies will gain, which is a very welcome development as youth are one of the groups that were particularly hard hit by the COVID crisis and also the ongoing cost of living crisis. But maybe if I take a step back and think about the broader challenges to implement sustainable transition programs, I could just mention three aspects that we also see in our research. The first is that we still often see that distributional and social impacts are considered as an afterthought or as an add-on in climate action and in climate packages, whereas our research shows that it needs to go hand in hand and this approach would achieve a dual objective. First, it would help the people who are vulnerable to energy poverty, as well as the workers, their communities, their families, and the SMEs and the regions that need dedicated support. And second, it helps broaden the popular support that are needed for ambitious reforms. In the OECD, for example, we see that trust and government is at a very alarming level of, you know, on average 44%. So you need popular support to be able to implement just transition. And what might help here is looking at the other aspects that are going to improve with the green transition. And one of the things that we are looking at in the Weiss Center this year is on population mental health because as the climate continues, warming, climate anxiety has increased and also extreme temperatures lead to increased rates and suicide. So maybe stressing other benefits in addition to avoiding the most catastrophic impacts of climate change can help in raising support. Just very briefly, the second point I wanted to make in the overall reasons why climate change packages fail is that the just transition consideration sometimes stop at the labor market whereas they need to consider other relevant policies. For instance, to get workers to new jobs which may be located elsewhere, they need rescaling, upscaling, but also adequate housing policy and the continuation of receiving social support and health and education for their children with added complexities, of course, if we look across borders. And the final point that I wanted to make was indeed echoing what Sonya already discussed very eloquently and at length is that we really need to amplify the voices of workers. And I think I have exhausted the time that you have allocated but just wanted to mention briefly example from Germany which phased out coal already starting in 2007. And there workers were included in the decision-making and this helped avoid large employment losses although there was a penalty in what they were able to negotiate in receiving. They received lower earnings but avoided employment losses. So it's a glass half full but at least there is some water in it. And thank you. I'll stop there for my initial remarks and hopefully we can return to some of them. Thank you, Tegan. Thank you so much, Liva. I'm also finding an incredible value in what you're saying and just a couple of points that I'd like to highlight from what you said. Number one, I really appreciated kind of the rundown of how different groups may or may not benefit from the transition. But you also highlighted mental health which I think is a really rare point in this conversation and one that probably deserves quite a bit more thought and emphasis in these conversations not only along the lines of the stresses caused by climate change and the value inherent in feeling as though you're making a difference but also the issues related to rising heat and the association with increased violence probably the stress from thinking about geographic moves in order to follow new labor markets and so on. And then just being able to articulate that this isn't just about a labor transition but it's about a transition of communities and what does this mean for issues like housing, education, health services, all of those things are really critical points, I think, in figuring out how we support workers. Liva, you also mentioned briefly the role of trust in government during these transitions and that sets the stage well for where I'd like to turn next which is the question of what are the roles for government and the private sector in this equation and at least for a few early remarks on that I'd like to turn to you, Elizabeth. I was wondering if you could discuss how the risks of labor transition breakdowns can be exacerbated by wider economic policy and in addition, what is the difference when energy generation is controlled by the government versus the private sector? Thank you very much and thanks for inviting me to be part of this panel and weigh in and listen to the complementary perspectives of the different speakers. So I'm glad you asked about taking this sort of step back about the broader economic policy and it's not only the negative, what can governments do about the negative transition so it's a lot that governments need to do to facilitate a positive productive transition to what? I mean, that's the question, right? What are workers, what is the economy transitioning to and it needs to be this more innovative, green or sustainable space? So there's a lot that governments need to do, part of that though is facilitating laying the groundwork, making sure that the policy framework and the programs and the incentive structures and the institutions are supportive of not only is the private sector to be innovating and creating these alternative jobs but also making sure that the social protection systems and safety nets are in place during a transition that hopefully is a short-term transition to this more vibrant economy. In terms of the positive role of government, there's sort of direct investment and investment policy directions and clearly governments are the ones that are making these climate commitments in the first place to meet the Paris targets and CO2 reductions. And within that framework they're setting then the large investment directions, let's say, in terms of decarbonization, renewable energy, whether they're investing directly themselves or facilitating that investment. They need to be investing upfront in terms of research and development, sort of stimulating innovation, whether that's at the large industry level or at the more smaller producer level and a lot of the focus has been on the energy transition but we know that other sectors are great. Agriculture is one of them. And then the client countries of the World Bank, these are low-income countries. Agriculture still is a very large activity in those economies and transports have been contributed as well. So, and some of the other speakers have already alluded to this, make me sure that the broader framework of policies that go across sectors are complementary and conducive and incentivizing the shift is quite important. I might shift a little bit to the coal transition, just transition discussion where the World Bank has been engaged. I'm on, as many of you know, the World Bank does a lot of project work but we also do a lot of analytical and advisory work and that's the side that I work on. And part of the, and everyone, and some of the speakers have mentioned this already, moving into this space, we all look to the past to see what worked in the past or what didn't work in the past. And a lot of the lessons and a lot of the directions that Liva has mentioned and Sonia is informed by those negative lessons, right? And those lessons really came from a couple of different sources but the focus on closing and we'll stick with, we'll keep with coal mines but you can broaden this to fossil fuel as well. When the coal mines were closed, a lot of these coal communities are remotely located and they're dependent on coal and because, you know, coal is an extractive activity, it tends to distort the labor market. The labor markets are then not very diversified. So when you close a mine, where can the workers go? And this is why we need the transition to what is just creating these alternatives. There's a local versus national tension here as well and some of the other speakers have alluded to it and part of our work, I wanna say two things. So one is we're very much looking at the measurement side. So who are the workers and communities that are affected? So it's the coal workers in the case of coal but it's also workers in the coal value chain, the SME in the coal value chain but it's also workers who are in the local, the small media enterprises, the micro enterprises, the those that are providing the goods and services to coal miners and their families. So informed by this sort of negative experience and or negative experience from the past but also the over-concentration or lack of diversification in these local economies, the World Bank approach now is much broader and it's using this sort of three pillars, institutional and governance that's sort of laying the framework for making decisions and bringing multiple stakeholders in. There's the people in communities. So that's the labor market, local, national but also the communities, right? And then the land repurposing which is sort of remediation, repurposing, crowding in positive activities and reducing pollution, methane emissions, things like that. I think I wanna make a comment that was raised by some of the other speakers of, so in addition to the directly affected workers, a lot of our work then measures how many who are, what are the characteristics of the indirectly affected workers and then what are the policies that can help this labor transition? And indeed it needs to be social protection policies, it needs to be active labor market policies like retraining and things like that. One of the real challenges that comes from these coal dependent communities is there aren't a lot of other jobs to move to and it depends on the country and obviously that we have a whole range of countries from sort of advanced economies and also low income economies and high degrees of informality. So one of the challenges is finding out who those indirectly affected workers are because many of them are informal. And this goes to Sonia's point, how do we consult them in a meaningful way when they don't have voice? They're not members of unions. So a big part of our focus, the World Bank approach has been much broader stakeholder mapping. So who are the various different stakeholders and then consultation? But it's a challenge having this meaningful consultation or negotiation when you have a framework where they don't have a voice. So that's a real challenge for all of us to think about how to give these indirectly affected workers, communities, families a voice. And just to maybe share a final point is to some of our project engagement or say project design makes specific upstream analysis and advice and policy framework work. So laying the foundations for, well before the mine is closed or whatever the big transition is. And then I was gonna say something else. I went straight out of my head, darn. Oh, in terms of then having specific mechanisms and allocating specific resources to invest in the community in a way that the community wants the investment. So that might be social infrastructure. That might be some other kind of local infrastructure but giving the communities a voice of how, what they want, what their priorities are. And in that way, it's trying to bring them into the conversation, create buy into the transition process but also sort of stimulate this kind of, ideally a very dynamic economy where workers and their families have lots of options. I'll stop there, thanks. Thank you so much, Elizabeth. Number one, I really appreciated your reminder to all of us that a sustainable economic transition in the context of climate change is not just about energy, it's also about agriculture. And we probably ought to be having discussions about what this means for agricultural workers as well. But I also appreciated you talking through the World Bank way of thinking about the role of government in making decisions and then the importance of community but also the importance of thinking about how to repurpose the land that has been used for certain enterprises. And the recognition that there are so many secondary workers who are really dependent upon energy production but are not necessarily directly workers in the energy sphere but are often working in the informal economy who don't necessarily have established ways to provide input into decision-making, especially government decision-making, that is also a really critical issue to remember. How do we develop decision-making processes that are often led by government that really engage all the members of the community and not just the workers who have access to groups that will help advocate for their interests and participate in negotiations? Just a note to everybody. Soon we will be moving to questions and I'm already seeing a couple of questions coming in. Please feel free to start. If you have questions, start sending them our direction and we'll get to those in about five minutes. But first, before we do audience questions, I'd like to turn to our last speaker. Mustafa, you have such rich experience in the international policy realm, both through the ILO currently but also you've worked in international climate change, negotiations and discussions as well. I'm really curious what that space contributes and what you think international policy development can really achieve in terms of helping support peaceful energy transitions. Thank you very much, Tegan. Obviously, as you said, international policy development has an important role. First of all, because the questions that governments and member states and society in general are trying to address are of global nature. They require global policy responses and those frameworks are critical. They cannot be addressed through action by single nations. Now, having said that, I see three possible ways through which international policy development has a critical role. One is first to set the narrative right. To understand very well what is the nature and scale of changes that could happen in the economies and societies in the context of the ecological transition. And I think Elizabeth, Liva and Kuwis have spoken about that role of research and understanding. And I think what is clear now from most studies, those by the ILO and others, is that globally speaking, we can be on a positive narrative. Ambitious decarbonization can lead to more and better job. It can increase social equity. It can advance social justice. But this has to be conditional to the right policy frameworks. So first that narrative, I think when set right, it's going to help us a lot. And I want to say that here in the International Labor Organization, when I came to the ILO 10 years ago from UNED, I was surprised to see that the constituents at the forefront of the environmental sustainability agenda were the threat unions. I was thinking that unions would be worried about losing jobs in the green transition. And they want to stop it and not fast track it, but not that. That was the opposite. And gradually I realized that the threat unions understand that this is a direction of travel, but it has to be done in a way when like Sonya said, listening to those that are going to be impacted and they had solutions at the table. So therefore that narrative, I think is critical. The second is about the policy development. Obviously we are not on a climate and an environmental agenda. I think everyone understand that the process of decarbonization is a deep economic and social transformation. That's what is required. And we cannot achieve that simply by sitting in climate negotiations with representatives of ministers of environment and climate. Increasingly countries are having representatives in the climate negotiations coming from economic planning, development ministries of finance, industry and labor. So that policy framework that is current is going to be critical. And another element of that policy framework is that the focus has been on ambition. And ambition has focused in my view on the numbers, 1.5 degree, 2.5 degree, but we're saying that ambition is not just about numbers. Ambition is about people. It is people able to transform the way they work, having the right skills and capabilities to transform the way society operates, enterprises that are able to innovate and have different business models. So that human dimension has not been given, in my view, the attention that it requires.  And when it comes to that policy, the same colleagues have spoken about policy content, but policy process matters as much as content. And this is where social dialogues take hold and engagement is going to be critical. Unfortunately, we have reviewed the International Tritonian Confederation as reviewed the nationally determined contributions. And they found that only one out of nine out of 10 NDCs involve effective social dialogue. So there is a deficit of social dialogue in the climate process, climate making process. We have studied collective bargaining agreements at the enterprise level. And we find that 23% only of the collective agreements we examine address environmental sustainability issues. So therefore there's a deficit of engagement and dialogue both at the national level, but also within enterprises. And then finally, I think international cooperation. So we must recognize that all countries face the same challenges, but they do not have the same capacity to respond. So this is why international cooperation, solidarity is going to be critical. And these are important element of the UNFCC, but that also brings the important agenda of the just transition. So there needs to be policies recognizing that we have opportunity for social and economic gains, but there is going to be unavoidable damage. Some will lose jobs, income, some enterprises will face difficulties. So there is an important role for social protection, but also government support, especially for small and micro enterprises and those workers in the informal economy. So I think to end the international policy framework has to be comprehensive and clear and recognizing that we are not dealing with an environmental agenda. We are addressing a matter of economic and social transformation that the gains and losses are sometimes geographically concentrated. They don't happen at the same time and policy makers must address those disconnections in terms of location and time. And finally have the means for action for all countries and making sure that international cooperation and sharing of experiences can make the collective action possible for all countries, whatever their levels of developments are. Thank you so much, Mustafa. I really appreciate your insights here. It was really wonderful to hear you pick up on a point that Sanya made at the beginning of this discussion about unions actually very much being on board with this transition and just want it to be well planned for and thoughtful, but they are ready to be in the forefront of thinking about creative solutions. But I think your point about how, at least within the climate change negotiations, we've focused so much on targets and we've lost the centering of populations, of humans in this equation is so important. I was already aware that a lot of the nationally determined contributions under the UNFCCC don't bring up issues related to social dialogue and how we effectively engage communities in this kind of transition, but the numbers that you bring up are quite stark. And thinking about how we as a global community do that better is just so important when we're dealing with this kind of absolute transformational change across economic and social systems. So thank you very much for your insights. We're beginning to get a few questions from the audience and I'd like to start with one about efforts to open new green jobs facilities close to areas where coal plants are closing. I'm wondering, Elizabeth, whether this is something that you'd be willing to talk about first, about the repurposing of land that was traditionally used for coal, is it possible, are there good examples of that being transitioned to new green jobs facilities? What are the things is that land being transitioned to that provides jobs for communities? Thank you very much. It's a great question. I'd be happy to share a few comments. So as I mentioned, one, so a lot of the repurposing, if it's a coal mine closure or a coal power plant, we need alternative sources of energy, right? So that's sort of the obvious repurposing would be for renewable energy. And in sort of World Bank engagement, we've been trying to promote that generally, but if we're doing land use repurposing assessment, we have a new tool that looks at the physical attributes of the mining lands to see what they would be conducive to. So some of those are renewable energy, but sometimes it's not, you know, in Bosnia, not a lot of sun. So yes, you could do some renewable energy there, that would be solar PV, some places wind might be a better option, but it might not be in the coal communities themselves. So one of the real challenges is generating local jobs and the renewable energy activity tends to be less labor intensive than coal mines. So even if you repurpose the land entirely, it would not create as many jobs as probably the displaced miners and non coal sector workers. So it's a real challenge, attracting new private investment. They're sort of repurposing for tourism. There's a famous example in Germany where they converted that area to a, and it was near a large city. So it became a tourism amenity that can work in some settings as well. I think the key is the economic diversification because there's no silver bullet. And precisely because many of these coal regions are not very close to urban centers, a green jobs center, which sounds nice in theory, is mostly not very practical because it sounds like a large scale thing. And if these mines have 800 workers, 2,000 workers, just setting up a new business to absorb them is simply not feasible, especially you have to attract that private investment. And then private investment might say, well, I don't really want to be in this remote community. I much rather be in this suburban area that has better urban links. So it is a challenge. The other way to be that governments should be and can be thinking about it and we're thinking about it as whether there are sort of mobility incentives, mobility grants to help workers move to where they're more dynamic areas of green job or sustainable job creation. And one of the interesting things that's coming out of our research in Poland, we're going to do a similar thing in Bosnia as well, is looking at workers' skill profiles to sort of understand how that fits with the broader demand in the labor market, brought nationally as well as locally, but then also workers' preferences. And a very strong finding coming out of Poland is that people don't want to move. So this is a real challenge. And I mean, I understand that. I don't want to, I own my house. It would be difficult to move. My husband has a job. My kids are in this school. It's very hard to pick up sticks and move. So finding that balance of creating local opportunities that some people will say, great, that's good enough. This is fantastic. I get to stay here. That meets my needs. Whereas other people who might be younger, maybe they're in their 20s, they say, oh, actually I'm going to look for my green dynamic digital opportunity elsewhere. So it's a challenge. It's something that we all need to sort of get our heads around stimulating. Thanks. Thank you, Elizabeth. That's really, really useful. We have another question that's come in about specific groups that are at more at risk of being left behind than others. And Liva, I know that you initially made some comments about that and I'm going to return to you in a moment. But first, Mustafa, you had referenced how certain geographies may get left or more at risk than others. And I'm wondering from a bigger picture, do you see certain types of countries, for example, being left behind more easily in this transition that we really need to pay more attention to? And then I'll turn to Liva to ask you as well to give us a little bit more insight into specific groups being left behind. Well, I would say that the countries that depend more and so heavily on fossil fuels would be most challenged than others because as colleagues have said, when there is a coal mine or a coal plant somewhere, it is not just one single isolated business. Often they drive a whole ecosystem of that community with upstream and downstream. So therefore, closing down a coal mine or coal power plant is impacting a whole ecosystem of a community. Now, how do you help with that economic transformation and diversification is where the challenge is. And so many of the countries that are going to be needed to decarbonize are also countries that have less capacity in Africa, in Nigeria. The many countries where already development challenges are there at the center, but those are the ones that are needed to make a bigger step forward in the decarbonization. So I think those communities where the whole economy is so heavily dependent on fossil fuels, where there are many informal workers require particular attention. And I think the just energy transition partnerships that are being promoted by the UN and a range of partners is going to be important because that could target countries that are needed for high ambitions, but where the social and social economic consequences are critical and where again, as we mentioned earlier, international collaboration and solidarity is going to be indispensable. Great point. I really appreciate that, especially bringing in some of these development issues that are related to economies that are highly dependent on fossil fuels. Levi, is there anything more that you'd like to say about at the community level and the types of groups that are more at risk of being left behind than others? Thank you, Tegan. Excellent question. And I think I want to mention a few groups that are going to be affected by the green transition, but looking beyond the workers. And I think what we are already seeing in the OECD countries in the context of the ongoing crisis of living costs is that many vulnerable households are more prone to energy poverty than we saw before the COVID crisis and before Russia's war in Ukraine. And I think that we will see similar effects from the transition to renewable energy sources where we could see that energy prices are likely to go up with impacts not only on energy prices per se, but also, of course, ripple effects across consumption baskets. And we are currently finalizing a project where we're looking at the living costs and we see that different households are affected differently. For example, those households that pay more for energy are going to feel the impacts in a more serious way. And these tend to be either low income households or households that are more in a rural setting and also in the green transition where some of the policy action is going to be towards more efficient energy use in housing, for example, through insulation or such. This is going to increase the value of houses and apartments. But it's probably going to get more expensive for those who rent. So we're looking at various impacts beyond the labor market and energy poverty and the risks of such are in the forefront of that. Thank you. Thanks so much, Levi. I think that really adds to what you had said before. Sonya, I think we have a question for you and it ties into something that I had wanted to ask anyway, which was about tripartite negotiations. But the question is as follows. Are there examples of trade or labor unions that have succeeded in using their collective power to gain a seat at the table to really be involved in negotiating what these transitions look like? Yep, that's a great question especially because it's so important to have good examples to point to to find out where is it working well. I'll say that in South Africa, there are tripartite mechanisms where the trade unions are very, very engaged. And I'll not say that it always works perfectly, but they do have a really good example of this. The unions are also engaged in the PCC, the Presidential Climate Commission, which really is a multi-stakeholder platform to engage in really thinking through what sort of climate policy and climate action is needed and how it's going to roll out in South Africa. But there are multiples kinds of social dialogue mechanisms that do exist in the country, which to Mustafa's point about these just energy transition partnerships, South Africa was the first place where this was rolled out. And because of these social dialogue mechanisms, labor had a proper seat at the table. And again, there are still challenges with access to timely and accurate information and always being able to be fully engaged. But at least those mechanisms exist and labor has a proper seat at the table. Where these kinds of jet peas are rolling out in other countries that don't have social dialogue mechanisms, then automatically you're starting several steps back where labor has to first get that access to information, get a seat at the table, and now we're talking about a much further distance that we have to go to actually be able to engage in those kinds of tripartite discussions and negotiations. So I think South Africa is really a great example of this. Thank you so much, Sonia. I had really wanted to slip in a question about private sector finance and the responsibilities of private sector companies in this space. However, we only have about 10 minutes left and I wanted to give each of you a chance to make a couple of closing comments. And so if any of you have any thoughts about the roles of the private sector, please feel free to slip that in in your closing remarks. But in terms of the last question for all of you, I just wanted to invite all of you to offer a couple of closing comments on what we've learned in this space. What is one thing we should do less of and one thing we should do more? Who would like to start? I'll go. Thank you. So the void. So thank you very much. This has been a really interesting panel. Couple final points. So one of the things that it's doing more of is crowding in this stakeholder space, just recognizing and trying to figure out what the different stakeholders are. It's a difficult exercise and when we do a stakeholder mapping, but even there, how do you get the, you've identified the group, but how do you get the voice? How do you get the person to participate and speak and represent those interests? So that's one sort of call to focus. The other point I might make is that I think there's, private sector obviously needs to be the engine and it might need help to be the engine. Hopefully that's just through policies and not direct subsidy, but there are incentives. So that's a complicated space, but it all needs to be part of it. And one thing that's coming out very much out of the cops and within the World Bank is how much can the World Bank or other development institutions finance directly? It's a small share. So we have to mobilize private finance, otherwise we're not going to achieve the objectives. But I just want to make me one point about the sort of attitude, shifting to the low or focusing on the low income country context, there are stimulating programs that the governments can roll out in terms of directly supporting adaptation activities. And I'm thinking of things like reforestation or payment for environmental services that can target a vulnerable area, a vulnerable community or vulnerable workers, the workers who are in the marginal, informal jobs in a particular setting, target these kinds of programs to them, which is has both a climate, it's meeting a climate objective, it's increasing adaptation and mitigating if you're increasing your carbon capture, for example, but at the same time providing a decent sustainable income that then has that all those positive spillover economic development effects. And that's in my view, and I'm not speaking for the World Bank at this point, but in my view that is, it's an expenditure of the government that has a very high return because it will reduce social costs and social spending ultimately. So I see that as an important space for all countries to be getting into in the early stage without maybe, while they're thinking about how to tackle the gigantic energy transition, start doing these smaller scale adaptation activities. Thanks. Thanks so much, Elizabeth. Liva, Mustafa, Sanya, any last concluding comments, one or two minutes each? Sure, I'm happy to go. And I think, Tegan, that you won't find any of this surprising for me, but what we need to do less of is push climate action without meaningfully engaging workers and their organizations. It's not a success to train 100 people for jobs and renewables when you've also pushed 1,000 people to the brink of destitution. So we need to do less of that, making the people who contributed the least to the climate crisis be the ones who are paying the highest price for climate solutions. So what we should be doing more of is negotiating with workers and their unions, which requires planning and it will probably feel very challenging for decision makers and power holders who aren't actually used to doing this, but the end result will be so much better and not only for workers, but also their families and entire communities. A well-planned negotiated transition actually builds resilience and promotes much greater well-being to, again, to Mustafa's point about moving beyond the numbers. This would actually build much greater well-being, which would magnify the impact of climate policies. Thank you so much, Sonia.  Should I invite you next and then leave the final word to Mustafa? Thank you, Tegan. I do not have a response to what we should do less, but I think one of the things that I want to return to is the multidimensional impact that the just transition will have and maybe one way that I would go about it is think through the various aspects it's going to affect. For example, take your pick in a multidimensional framework, be it the SDGs or be it the OECD well-being framework or be it your national multidimensional development strategy and how are the various dimensions, be it income, housing, education, health, safety, social connections, how are each of these going to be affected by the green transition? And then see if your priorities are still there or whether they need to be reexamined. So I would just say more of a comprehensive multidimensional lens to the green transition so that it's fair for different population groups who are feeling asymmetrical effects going through it. So thank you so much. Thank you, Lifa. And Mustafa, any final insights you'd like to share? Well, thank you, Tegan. First of all, I really wanted to appreciate this opportunity. It was very insightful and lots of learning from colleagues. So I would say what I think needs to be given, less focus, not because it's not important, but as Sonya said, this focus and obsession, if you like, on ambition, 1.5, we're losing. I think refocusing the action on people, we have to make sure that enterprises, communities, people are able to transform themselves. That is what is going to lead us to ambition with numbers. And to do that with a comprehensive approach where the social policies, the industrial policies that are required are all part of the package. And to bring that at the local and context of countries. So we have a lot of opportunity and I'm happy that Elizabeth brought the adaptation, Angle as well. There's been a lot of focus on mitigation, but there's an important opportunity for adaptation. We've done just last year with UNEP and IUCN, an assessment of jobs who work in nature-based solutions. We find that today, 70 million people work in nature-based solutions and there's a potential for 20 million more jobs. So there's a lot of opportunity, but it has to come in a comprehensive approach to addressing the ecological transition, not only with climate and environmental policies alone, but with social, industrial, economic policies and bring that in the context of individual countries and communities. So I think this is a positive narrative, as we said, but it is just conditional to the right policies being in place with the policies and the processes involving all those that are impacted. Thank you, Mustafa, a great way to conclude this seminar. I am really struck by the fact that during this entire hour, we did not talk much about ambition and we did not talk about technologies. We talked about communities and the impact on human beings and how what we're facing is a huge transformational, economic and social change that really means very different lives for many, many people in the communities in which they live. I wanna thank all of you for your time and insightful contributions to this conversation. I hope that it was a productive exchange of views, both for all of you as speakers, but also for our viewers and people who contributed questions today. Overall, USIP is committed to creating spaces to discuss how we strive for peaceful and just transitions to more sustainable economies. Today was a wonderful opportunity to bring together our policy and practitioner communities for an evidence-based dialogue on just transitions. Many, many thanks to the four of you who served as speakers in discussions today. I appreciate what every single one of you brought to this conversation. And already, I think we've uncovered quite a few topics that might be worthy of seminars and their own rights and further conversation to dig into some of the details of some of what was discussed today. Thank you very much to all of our viewers and to the people in the background making this seminar happen, but most of all, thank you to all four of you as speakers and contributors today. Have a wonderful day, everybody.


Hi guys and welcome back to my latest video. Today I want to talk about multi-disciplinary rounding and I've actually had quite a few questions come up recently about this and I kind of just didn't realize that people actually cared to know about this but obviously you guys do and so I want to talk about rounding at the hospital what that means and what it involves and kind of explain my two cents on it so at the hospital at in my unit at 10 a.m. every day all the people that are kind of at the ancillary people so to speak involved in patient the patients care come and round on each patient so they start at one room they kind of just walk through every room and as a nurse you at 10 around 10 you know they're going to be coming by so you kind of look out for them and when they come by you kind of do a mini report so in my round team there's always ICU physician social work dietary sometimes the chaplain the charge nurse pharmacist sometimes there are more or less other people but that's kind of like the main people that come just people that are involved in the patients care but not necessarily like at the bedside bedside but just outside services it's still equally as important and so they all come by and as a nurse it's your job to kind of give a little snapshot of what this patient's day is supposed to look like it's kind of a good way to set goals for that day and also communicate any like immediate needs or concerns that a patient or family might have so for me personally when the round team comes by i like to just give a mini snapshot of snapshot is that right where i'm looking for almost a snapchat a mini snapchat of what this patient is here for and what's currently going on now if they've been there for weeks and weeks the people in the round team might already kind of know and have an adjust and sometimes like if nutrition or dietary is like not in the rounds for whatever reason that day i might not even really touch base on that unless it's important so i kind of like um why do i always want to say titrate not titrate i kind of develop my rounding um little snapshot based on who's in the round team like if we're not if we don't have as many people then i'm not going i i don't want to i basically tell them what i know they want to hear if that person's not in the round team then i just don't really touch base on that unless it's relevant or important i hope that makes sense um so i'll kind of explain so usually i'll start with like just a mini history of what brought the patient in and maybe how they got up into the ICU and then i will go through just briefly like if they're on a ventilator on any drips um any pending tests of things that we're waiting for maybe the patient status maybe we have a family issue maybe there's a care conference that day um have we started to feed debt have we not is the patient eating are they not um are there any spiritual needs are there not so whoever's in the group is kind of what i um i don't want to say titrate i can't think of the word whatever i developed my little uh spiel to i think the important thing is to know that like depending on what hospital you're at these people are rounding on a lot of people and like on our unit we have 24 beds so potentially they can be rounding on 24 beds in our ICU but then they also go over to the other ICU which has 20 beds so if every nurse is communicating something for five minutes that's like that's a long time to be rounding so keep it short keep it concise um and base your report on what the people in the group want to hear a lot of times i hear nurses um giving this long detailed report about what's going on and the round teams kind of like okay like i really don't care like they just want to hear certain things dietary wants to know you know have we started two feeds yet are we at goal with the two fees are they tolerating them if not are they what are we going to do and if you have any immediate concerns it's a great time to talk to the physician about it like this is the medication that they're on and i'd like to get it converted to p o or i v is that okay like kind of a good time to get many orders or hey like their kidney labs didn't look so good this morning do you want to consult renal and it's a good way to like ask those questions without having to like go bother the physician for one thing unless it's obviously urgent i hope this gives you guys kind of a little idea of what rounds look like and it's obviously going to be different at every hospital um and i've only done rounds at in the ICU i don't know if they do them everywhere but i know a lot of places do do rounds if you do do them and you have any words of advice leave them down below if you have any questions leave that down below as well and i will see you guys in my next video bye


This study found that trekkers in the remote Nepalese Himalayas lacked basic knowledge of first aid and emergency situations. Only 20.8% of the participants had any occupational medical training and only 5.4% of the questions were answered correctly. The most common areas of deficiency included hypothermia slash resuscitation, rescue strategies, rip fractures, and angina pectoris slash heart attacks. Additionally, the majority of participants had little to no experience in mountain climbing, rock climbing, or ice climbing. Therefore, it is clear that there is a need to develop more accessible first aid curriculum specifically tailored to trekkers, as well as improving their knowledge of medical care of trekking injuries and emergencies. This article was authored by C. Scharfenberg, K. Lechner, S. V. D. Jayat, and others.


tonight they get to jump on the coal train they have their ace and of course flash we we all know that they've lost four straight games when you have your ace going you know things could turn around on a dime what do you think about Cole since he came back from the COVID IL. Well I think you have to like everything that you've seen and you can see the graphic the numbers are there obviously missing some time he's building himself back up his last outing six innings shutout innings picked up strikeout number 200 for the year but you're 100% right when when you've lost four in a row and have your number one guy on the mound tonight there's a responsibility there for Garrett Cole not only to go out and win the game but to get deep to save your bullpen now obviously with the Yankees having a day off tomorrow and their big boys at the back end not throwing for a few days low Isaac a green and Chapman this should be a game that the ball goes from Garrett Cole to one of the big guys at the end of the game hopefully to Chapman if you need to save situations so there's responsibility when you sign that contract there's responsibility when you're the number one guy in a rotation you have to win games like this you have to stop losing streaks the way he's throwing the baseball the Yankees feel really good about that


This study used solexa sequencing to identify and characterize micro-ionase, myrnase, in soybean plants undergoing water deficit and rust stress. The authors found 256 myrnase, including 24 families of novel myrnase, six families of conserved myrnase, and 22 families previously reported in soybean. They also observed the presence of several isomyionase during their analyses. Furthermore, they validated the expression patterns of these myrnase by performing quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, a TQPCR. Their results suggest that myrnase may be involved in the processes of water deficit and rust stress responses in soybean. This article was authored by Nassumento Leandroci, Abdel Norocadovi, Mussolino-Gemorez, Francis Marci, and others.