We've finished last week with a few quick examples on transposition techniques, so these classical ciphers are being used to demonstrate concepts that are used in real ciphers. So with the substitution techniques we went through from a very basic Caesar building up to the one-time pad. The one-time pad is the best. It's perfect for security. You can't break it. The only problem with the one-time pad is that the key that we need must be as long as the plain text. I want to encrypt a large file. My key must be the same length of that file. And there's two problems with that. Distributing large keys is hard. How do I get the key to you? We said we need some mechanisms for distributing keys in a secure manner. That's hard. And in fact it turns out generating long sequences of bits which are random is not easy. So we sometimes take for granted how random numbers are generated. Call the RAND function in your programming language, but what's the algorithm for creating random numbers? It's sometimes quite challenging to create a truly random sequence of bits. So one-time pad is what we call unconditionally secure. Under no conditions can you break it. But it's not practical to use. So we need to make a trade-off of maybe less secure, but more practical to use. They were substitution techniques. Transposition is rearranging and we went through quick examples of railfence and rows columns. Railfence, write our plain text and read it, write it in rows, read it in right across three rows in this case and then read row by row to get the ciphertext. So it's just a way to rearrange the the plain text and a second one rows columns. What do we do? We wrote our plain text across a set of columns and then we read the columns, but the order in which we read the columns is determined by the key. The key is that sequence of six digits there. The column ordering. Read the second column first because the one is there. Read this column first, this column second, and third. So E, Y, Y, A, and so on. We get ciphertext. That one is a good one to practice. That is decrypting. I don't show the algorithm for decrypting. You should try to decrypt all of these ciphers. Some are obvious. Some are easy to go backwards. Basically, decryption should be the inverse operation. And the easy way to test if you understand decryption is if you get the original plain text back. So I suggest maybe try decrypting and see if you can work out the algorithm for decrypting in that case. Transposition is not very useful in terms of frequency analysis because the same characters of the plain text exist in the ciphertext. We do not hide any of those statistics of the frequency of letters. If there are 12% E's in the plain text with transposition techniques on their own, there will be 12% of E's in the ciphertext. We don't substitute, we just rearrange. So that's the weakness of these, but they play an important role in real ciphers transposition. So let's summarize with a couple of concepts. This illustrates a concept we use in real ciphers and using the rose columns transposition. What I've done is there was original plain text, attack postponed until 2am, and we padded it out with xyz. So that was our plain text. And we had a key, 4, 3, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7. And we applied the rose column transposition, that is we wrote the plain text across a set of seven columns, row by row, y7, because our key contains the numbers 1 to 7, and then red column by column. And if you encrypt that, you get this ciphertext. You can check later, TTNA, and so on. Now look at the numbers here. The other way to think of that transposition is rearranging letters. So we can think the first letter in the plain text moves to another position in the ciphertext. And that's what these numbers do. We say that the first letter of the plain text, 0, 1, which was an A, after applying our transposition cipher, it moved to where? After the first transposition, it moved to where 0, 1? Why can't I see it? Here it is. Position, what is it? 13. So that cipher takes the letter A in the plain text, the very first letter. And if you map where it ends up, it ends up here as position 13 in the ciphertext. That's what these numbers show. The third letter in the plain text, T, the second T there, ends up as the first letter in the ciphertext. So that's shown here that letter number 3 ends up at position 1 after we encrypt. So this is the original ordering of the letters, 0, 1 through to 28. Just wrapped it across two rows. After we encrypt, we end up with this ordering of those letters. So number 3 is in the first position, number 10 is in the second position, and so on. Look at this set of numbers. Can you see a pattern? Look closer. So know is the wrong answer. Find the pattern. Plus 7. With respect to the numbers, which is just referring to the letter positions in the plain text, 3, 10, 17, 24. 3 plus 7 is 10. 10 plus 7 is 17. 17 plus 7 is 24. Okay? There's some, maybe some pattern and you see, okay, the next four, four, 11, 18, 25. Another pattern of plus 7. Okay? 4 plus 7 is 11 and so on. So we see that there is some pattern in the ciphertext. That's bad. When we encrypt something, the ciphertext should appear random. Random means there is no pattern. Okay? So when we can easily see a pattern, then that suggests that it's not so good at encrypting. The encryption should hide the patterns. It should make it appear random. So the point here is applying this simple cipher produces ciphertext which has some quite easy to recognize pattern. Okay? If we write the letters as numbers as in this case, it's not hard to see that it's plus 7. Why 7? The key goes up to 7 meaning in our cipher there's 7 columns. So there's some relationship there. So you could go and work out the algorithm and see why it's 7 and there's 4 of those entries. So it's not so good there because there is a pattern in the ciphertext. But we take that ciphertext, TTNA, so on. We encrypt it again using the exact same cipher and same key. And we get this output, NSC and so on. And the correspondence of the original plaintext letters and the rearrangement is in the last set of numbers towards the bottom of the slide which means that the very first letter of our plaintext, 01, after one application of our encryption ends up at position 13 but after two ends up here at position number 22. Okay? So it's just rearranging again. What's the pattern in the second output? Anyone see it? Look at that second sequence of numbers and see if you can see some some relationship between subsequent numbers or some form of pattern. I cannot see it. If you see it tell me. Okay? It's applying the encryption operation the second time has started to hide the pattern of the plaintext. So to me it appears more random than the first output ciphertext. And this is a concept commonly used in ciphers today is that repeating simple operations, simple encryption steps, so this transposition cipher is quite simple just rearranged by rows and columns. In the first instance it didn't provide much security because we see that there's some pattern in the output but applying the same simple cipher again improves the security. It mixes things up more making it harder to recognize any pattern in the output. And that's a concept that we use. Applying simple operations multiple times can improve the security of an encryption algorithm. Not just applying transpositions but the same can be said for substitutions. And in fact the general approach is to combine them. Do a substitution cipher maybe like Caesar cipher or vision air. Take the output of that do a transposition like this rows columns and then take the output of that and do another vision air cipher that is apply substitutions and transpositions one after each other and then repeat again. This concept of repeating the encryption starts to produce more random looking ciphertext each time. So real ciphers today are built upon those principles of combining transpositions and substitutions plus repeating that multiple times basically looping through encrypt encrypt the ciphertext encrypt that output and keep going multiple times. And that leads us to the the real ciphers the block ciphers that we'll look at and we'll go through one example of a real cipher and see that those principles in in place. Any questions so far on classical ciphers we've got substitutions and transpositions as the basic operations and that same applies in real ciphers and what we do is we combine them do a substitution operation do a transposition operation and then in fact do it all again and do it again and that builds up the real ciphers you have today. What's the problem of doing it again and again and again? Okay we've done two transpositions what if we do a hundred more secure what's the problem? It takes time okay with security we care about the trade-off between security how secure it is and maybe usability how easy it is to use and one one common measure of usability is how well it performs. If I encrypt a file and it takes me one day to encrypt it then that's not so good for the user not so convenient so we need algorithms that are secure but also fast so there's a trade-off there what else before we move on to the next lectures just returned we've gone through I think seven classical ciphers which one's best common quiz question tell me the best of all the seven one-time pad okay and another concept to always think about is well the idea with ciphers is to produce random output if it's random then there's no structure of the plain text represented in the ciphertext plain text always has structure we don't have random messages we want to send to people who sends random emails to their friends no one because a random message contains no useful information so when we're communicating we have structured messages but what we want is that so that the attacker cannot determine what that message is we want the ciphertext to have no structure to appear random so having a random ciphertext is what we aim for and the one-time pad does that the one-time pad takes our structured plain text and really shifts each letter by a random number of positions based upon the key remember the one-time pad was the vision air cipher but the key is as long as the plain text and random what was the vision air cipher the Caesar cipher but with different keys all right so it's all built on the Caesar cipher we take the letter i in plain text we shift it by s positions where we can think that we can map these letters to numbers and we get the letter a we take the letter n we shift by i positions we get the letter v well one-time pad is exactly the same but instead of using a keyword we use a random sequence of characters here take the letter i shift by a random number of positions we'll get a random output take the letter n shift by a random number of positions and we'll get a random output can we write an equation for the one-time pad try write an equation for the one-time pad common written quiz question maybe even an exam question an equation like the way we wrote an equation for the Caesar cipher go back to the Caesar cipher our very first one write an equation which is for the one-time pad and the hint is well the one-time pad uses the Caesar cipher but it changes the key each plain text letter we encrypt and again we're assuming that letters mapped to numbers that's how we write the equation in this case the p the plain text corresponds to the plain text letter we map that to a number a becomes zero b becomes one and so on that's how we can interpret it as an equation it's actually we can do it in different ways but maybe the simplest way to think of it i'll generalize it i'll say cipher text position i equals the plain text in position i plus the key k of position i all mod 26 that's effectively the one-time pad which what i mean is that the plain text p the string is made up of p1 p2 p3 is made up of letters p i say the length n an n character plain text we can think of just n letters and we denote p1 p2 p3 and similar the key in the one-time pad we have k1 k2 k3 k i and the key is the same length as the plain text k n and to get the cipher text all we do is we take p1 the letter but represent it as a number and similar the first letter of the key and but represented as a number add them together mod by 26 and we get our cipher text c1 so in fact the one-time pad this perfect cipher is really an extension of the Caesar cipher the very first known cipher it's just that k is no longer fixed in the original Caesar cipher for every letter of plain text k was always the same value in the one-time pad k is changing and it's random that is k1 is a random letter k2 is a random letter and so on of course we don't nowadays deal with just English characters we usually when we have encryption on computers we use binary as an input okay so the input is a sequence of bits so if it's an English letter that we want to encrypt a we look at the binary representation maybe use ASCII to encode that as eight bits if it's some other language then again they're encodings to binary if it's an image they're encodings to binary so our real cipher today just operate on binary let's consider the one-time pad in the binary form what would it be what would the equation be if we're using binary this was the form when we're using let's say just English let's say lowercase just one case we were not using both upper and lower case we were just 26 letters what if we use one-time pad but with binary what's the equation the general equation someone tell me how many letters how many characters with binary two so how we change the equation mod two easy it's exactly the same instead of mod by 26 why do we mod by 26 to do that wrap around okay to wrap it around when we shift if we've got zero one it's then the input plain text is either a zero one so we need to mod by two to wrap around so the equation becomes ci equals pi plus ki mod two where the plain text is either is a sequence of zeros and ones let's consider some possible values what if pi what are the values of p potential values pi zero or one okay good what are the potential values of k zero or one so in fact we've got four combinations that is if my plain text letter is zero my key could be zero my plain text letter was one my key could be zero or my key could be one and the plain text could be one of the two values so there are four possible combinations there let's look at the ciphertext we get when we encrypt plug those values into our equation what do we get pi zero zero plus zero is zero zero mod two is zero one plus zero is one one mod two one zero plus one is one one mod two one one plus one is two two mod two zero easy do you recognize what operation that was it's x or that is that's the same as pi exclusive or with ki exclusive or zero exclusive or zero is zero one and zero is one zero and one is one one and x or one is zero so in fact the one-time pad when we're using binary is in fact the same as exclusive or the plain text and the key so the one-time pad in binary is really just c or ci equals p x or k again that's very nice because in hardware implementing exclusive or is very fast it's very easy to do so you have a plain text a sequence of bits a million bits to provide perfect encryption all you need to do is generate a one million bit random number the key and exclusive or with your plain text and you'll get cipher text that is unbreakable so it's a very very simple cipher the problem the key is too long but exclusive or becomes an important operation in encryption one way to encrypt something take your plain text x or with a random sequence okay in this case so in practice we often think of the one-time pad is just x or the plain text with a random key and we'll see that come up later what if the plain text is not a binary number for example like a string of words like some words then convert it to binary okay can't we convert everything to binary nowadays you know ascii encoding converts text to binary all the different encodings utf and so on converts different languages into binary what about images pictures again we can save pictures on our hard disk that is just a binary representation of an image so the algorithms of jpeg and so on specify how to convert colors to binary representations video we can convert to binary voice we can convert to binary everything today we can convert to binary so when we encrypt we're dealing with binary input and binary cipher text so one type pad is x or let's move on to the next topic on block ciphers and see some of these concepts applied in real ciphers ah but wait did I skip some slides earlier I think I did we've done brute force attacks all right we've talked about them I think we've said that this 26 factorial is actually the key space a couple of slides here this one this one's important how do we measure the security of an algorithm how can we say one algorithm is more secure than another well first we can talk about unconditionally secure that is impossible to break if we have cipher text and there's no information in it such that we can find out the plain text or key then we call that cipher that produces produce the cipher text unconditionally secure the only known algorithm that does that the only one is the one time pad it is unconditionally secure but as we've said several times it's not very practical because we need a key so in fact talking about unconditionally secure is not very useful in comparing ciphers because there's only one cipher in the world that is unconditionally secure all the others are conditionally secure secure under certain conditions so in fact we need another way to measure so we talk about computationally secure so we say a cipher is computationally secure if the cost of breaking that cipher it exceeds the value of the information we obtain from breaking it the example of that is that I encrypt the the password for my bank account using some cipher and you get the cipher text so what you want to do is you want to decrypt that cipher text and you'll find my password then you can access my bank account and take all my money okay okay so it's a cipher such that you try and break it and it takes you what you do you know it's a strong cipher you go buy a new computer to try and break it okay to do some operations you spend a hundred thousand baht on some new computers some fancy hardware and you go and you eventually break it you spend a hundred thousand baht and you get the password to my bank account and you steal all my ten thousand baht from my bank account is that cipher computationally secure that would say is computationally secure because the cost for you to break it a hundred thousand baht exceeds the cost of the value of the information ten thousand baht that you can get from my bank account so we if we can value information if we can put a number to the information what it's worth then we can talk about whether the cost of breaking it exceeds that value so we want a cipher such that it's too expensive to break to get the information of value well that sounds easy but it's very hard to put cost to information all right the cost of the value of my password from my bank account corresponds to how much money is my bank account what's the value of the password to your gmail account that's hard to put a number to what's the value of encrypting some confidential information for a company again hard to put numbers to the value of information so it's hard to measure that the other way is that that the time required to break the cipher exceeds the useful lifetime of the encrypted information so say the encrypted information is in is the location of where some military attack is going to occur okay so tomorrow that some military is going to drop a bomb at some location the people who are against that military want to find out where the bomb will be dropped so that they cannot be there where the bomb is dropped or to move okay that's going to be dropped tomorrow we need to know the location so the people who want to find out the location go and find and try and break the cipher of that encrypted information it takes them two weeks to break the cipher is that a good cipher would say that's a good cipher because it takes them two weeks to break it the information is only valid for one day because they dropped the bomb after one day so we need to find we need to break the cipher before one day otherwise the bomb drops on us so here is about time the time required to break the cipher if we call this cipher computationally secure must be longer than the useful lifetime of the information again that's hard to measure you encrypt you encrypt an email how long should that email stay encrypted for it's hard to put numbers to the time for for what's the lifetime of particular information what's the lifetime of an email what's the lifetime of a file you want to encrypt and protect from someone accessing but if we can measure those things we can talk about an algorithm that is computationally secure but it's hard to measure those things so it's hard to put a number this algorithm is more secure than another or this algorithm is computationally secure but we need some way to compare what else do we miss I think just one more slide right we covered all that this one and we may see it later when we see some attacks on a real cipher so far we've said what does the attacker know what do we assume we assume that they know the cipher text somehow they can intercept and find the cipher text that's a given and we assume that they know the algorithms used they know the cipher so if I'm using the vision air cipher and you're trying to attack and find my plain text that I've sent to someone else you're going to assume that you know that I'm using the vision air cipher and that you know the cipher text that I generated so when attackers are applying crypt analysis to try and defeat a cipher we classify the types of attack attacks in different ways and this is one classification based upon what they know in advance the normal approach the normal assumption is called a cipher text only attack the attacker only knows the cipher text and the algorithm and in fact we'll go through the other four in all of these cases we assume that they know the algorithm and the cipher text algorithm and cipher text is always known if the attacker can defeat your cipher using just the encryption algorithm and the cipher text then that is the weakest form of a cipher and we'll compare it with the others in a moment but in some cases the attacker may be more successful at defeating the cipher if they know some more information they don't just know the algorithm and the cipher text maybe they also know some pairs of past plain text cipher text that have been generated using the same key this is called a known plain text attack an example and I think we've mentioned it before but we'll try and write it again so the challenge here is that a is sending data to b and some cipher text was sent let's call that cipher text i and that cipher text was obtained by a encrypting some plain text i with some key i'll just denote k that gave us c i okay so what a did was they had some plain text they encrypted with the key and they got the cipher text they send the cipher text to b now consider the attacker the malicious user what do they know well we always assume they know the algorithm they know e similar the decryption algorithm the out encryption and decryption algorithms usually go together so there's one in one name that refers to both a cipher and so known to the attacker and we assume that they know c i that's the normal information we assume the attacker knows but in some cases they may know more information for example with known plain text they may know in the past a has sent messages to b and they may know the plain text messages maybe plain text one and the corresponding cipher text so a pair and they may know multiple pairs the more the better so in this case we assume the malicious user knows the normal information as well as somehow we don't say how but somehow they've learned one of the old plain text values p1 and the corresponding cipher text which were obtained using the same key k okay so c1 was obtained by a by encrypting p1 with key k and somehow the malicious user has learned both of those values they haven't learned the key they want to find the key the key or p i they want to find but they know some old pairs so the challenge is defined k or p i and a known plain text attack is when the malicious user does know some of the past plain text cipher text pairs the more information the attacker knows generally the easier it is for them to perform some attack and so the more pairs known the easier attacks can be how do they know that without knowing the key maybe the message was released through some other means so maybe plain text p1 of course we intercepted c1 yesterday so today we've intercepted c i as the attacker yesterday i intercepted c1 and c2 so i know c1 and c2 but i don't know p1 or p2 how do i learn them maybe the information was context or time sensitive p1 was important yesterday but today it's been released so c1 is old and the plain text is old so maybe there's a way that i can learn the plain text from the past communications like that issue if if the plain text is exceeded its lifetime then it may be released there may be a way for us to find it so this assumes that the attacker can find past pairs this is called a known plain text because we know some plain text pairs as well there's some variations of that known plain text means that we know about past plain text and cipher text pairs we always know cipher text because we can intercept chosen plain text is the same except those plain text messages were chosen by the attacker so i can't really draw that again it's the same but we know some pairs but p1 i chose that value that can make it easier for the attacker to try and find weaknesses in the algorithm that's easy really that concept maybe the a is some service that encrypts information and sends it to someone so all i need to do is get a to encrypt a message that i choose somehow get a to encrypt p1 although i don't know the key that a used i can then observe that the cipher text that a sends to b c1 so i learn that when a encrypts p1 the value i chose we get c1 again i don't know the key i want to find that this is a chosen plain text in that the attacker chooses the values of p and finds the corresponding values of c chosen cipher text is similar but the attacker gets to choose the cipher text as well as the corresponding plain text so the backwards way okay maybe i choose some cipher text which i know triggers a weakness in the algorithm okay the algorithm doesn't work on a particular cipher text or it's weaker for some cipher text than others so what i try and do is get the attacker to decrypt that cipher text using their secret key and if i can do that and get that plain text from the decryption then that can help me in breaking the cipher so a chosen cipher text attack is usually even better for the attacker's perspective again they know pairs of plain and cipher text but in this case they got to choose the exact cipher text chosen text is a combination of those two the attacker can choose plain text and find the corresponding cipher text and or the attacker can choose cipher text and find the corresponding plain text the first point the more information the attacker knows generally the easier it is it will be for them to defeat the cipher using crypt analysis and even better if they can control that information that is encrypted so they can choose the values of plain text because some ciphers may be weaker for particular values okay so they may be strong for most values but there may be some special case values that those ciphers reveal a weakness so if we can get the users to encrypt or decrypt those values it can be easier for the attacker so when people study ciphers and try to compare which one's stronger than the other they often classify them is the cipher subject to a chosen text attack is it subject to a chosen cipher text attack and so on so a cipher that is where a chosen cipher text attack is possible versus a cipher where a chosen cipher text attack is not possible only chosen uh sorry let's get this correct a cipher where chosen cipher text attack is possible versus a cipher where chosen cipher text only is possible which one's the better cipher one where it's possible to defeat the cipher only with cipher text versus it's possible to defeat the cipher if we have chosen cipher text we would like a cipher that is not subject to cipher text only a cipher that is subject to a cipher text only attack is the weakest of them all because that's the cipher where the attacker only needs the basic information so a cipher that is subject to cipher text only is the weakest a cipher that is subject to chosen cipher text but not cipher text only would be stronger that gets confusing even for me the simplest way to remember the more information the attacker knows the easier it is for the attacker we will see some some real examples of how people compare ciphers with respect to these known information after we go through some real ciphers which we will do now let's look at the next topic


Hey everybody, Dr. O. This is going to be a real short video, so I've already talked about spinal nerves, I've already talked about peripheral nerves, but it's one last thing to talk about. When you take these complex interwoven patterns of these spinal nerves that fuse together, they're going to form these larger structures called nerve plexuses. So you see here on the screen the cervical and brachial plexus, I'll also show you the lumbar and sacral in just a second. So there's often a little bit of disagreement as far as where one stops, where one starts just because of this complex nature. The cervical plexus is generally going to be from C1 to C5, and this cervical plexus is going to innervate the muscles of the neck, the thoracic cavity, and the diaphragm. So that's a very important one. The brachial plexus is probably the one we talk about the most. I generally say it's from C5 to T1, here you see it labeled C6 to T1, but this is going to control your pectoral girdle, excuse me, your pectoral girdle and your upper limb, so that's the brachial plexus. That's one that can be injured when sports injuries fall, those types of things. When you see the lumbar and sacral plexus, oftentimes this is just called the lumbosacral plexus because there is so much connection between the two. But the lumbar plexus, here you see it from L1 to L5. You also might see it from T12 to L4 as far as the spinal segments involved in the lumbar plexus. Then the sacral plexus, here you see it from S1 to S5. I've also seen that from L4 to S4. So as a group, the lumbar and sacral plexuses, they control your pelvic girdle and the entire lower limb. All right, so those are your four nerve plexuses. Just want to make sure you've heard those terms. We generally talk more about peripheral nerves than these plexuses here, though. I hope this helps. Have a wonderful day. Be blessed.


Okay, the next talk is Julius from the Shah conference organisers here that show us behind the scenes of a hacker conference So hi all Normally, I'm not on stage. It's for me. It's my first time actually so be aware For those that don't know anything about Shah just been here for the EMF Still hacking anyway, it's a big large conference 3600 attendees On the scouting land goods in back in Holland We had around The fastest internet on a camp possible at a time. I'm not sure how fast it is here, but it was for us down there It's a five-day festival. It's similar to EMF but it's way bigger and it also requires a lot of experience and well There's I'll tell you about it on What is gonna be? Who am I? My name is Julius. This is my best picture. They could get for me I'm the secretary of if cuts and just joined around the around December 2015 just when they really started to get off and I've been with if got ever since and Basically, I'm gonna tell you a bit about how things were gonna progress what we experienced the good parts the bad parts and everything else Bit of history If basically the Dutch hacker community goes a long way I couldn't find all the pictures of all the events the ones that I do know is her home and Shah at hard that was back in 2009 if I'm correct they had a red event and They wanted to start on 2013 But to start on 2013 the meeting it meant a lot of legal things a lot of Professionalism so eventually with own starting with own 2013. We had a proper foundation Some things did go wrong some things did go right at E at home and Because of that it took us almost five years to get still hacking anyway and the name refers a bit to the fact that No matter what goes in our path. No matter what happens. We're still hacking anyway But to say that organizing an event is easy no it's a lot of Things that will come in your way a lot of by chatting a lot of talking a lot of communication We have a lot of paperwork. You have a lot of things you cannot simply organize an event just like that For the organization we had around 35 teams all working together I Called them here so you can see a bit of what the teams are a bit like we had for example We had the bar food court vendors group together. We had the content decoration design Logistics was basically they split themselves up because they were too big We had the drama we had project lighting we had all kinds of people working on making sharp possible That also meant that some teams were completely filled with people Most of the time knock set. No, we have enough volunteers But it also meant that some teams were understaffed One of the things that I found out lay and just are just doing the event was that we had a Really short understaffing on qualified parking personnel So we either had to grab outside Professionals or I had to stand there 10 day in 10 hours in the full sun just making sure that traffic got directed where they have to be Communication and one of the things that you have to do at the camp is Communication that's basically the cue value if you want to know who is what doing what you need to communicate At show we had a lot of communications We had our own orga Ricky which meant that People knew who was in what team where the ether pads everything That was set on the member. They got written down on the meter pads. Everyone could change it Things a chopping list were put on a nature pads Well, basically all my my paperwork was mostly on ether pads We had an own mumble Because most people were outside the country. We had Germans. We had a Finnish guy who was helping out We had people here from the UK and to communicate with each other Well, we could use Skype but with more than 100 people on Skype. It doesn't work. So we used mumble for that For file sharing Similar issue we use C file some use the old-fashioned telephone some use the Skype if you could not Communicate you through ISE we just use those things A lot of emails. I don't know exactly how many emails that were sent to me and to others, but I believe Info desk got around 1500 emails just sent to them One of the good things was For our search team or basically our security team we used System called fear it's open source and it's basically a lightweight Kenban board where people could quickly put things on and For every incident that we had we could later see what was really going on Besides that we had many more things too many to list We had Kenban boards we had Google Docs There was just so many ways of communicating with each other it's yeah, sometimes it surprised me When you start an event first things first you need to get a field and when I say a field you need a field that gets big enough and And also you need to get the teams to get organized at Shao we Started they started here with own 2016 I know to know even before that they started at the CCC and Basically try to get a people together But getting getting people together doesn't work. You also need to get them out on the field Experience what it is on the field how it would look like where will think things be placed? one of the things we had for As an as an idea was to put an HQ down eventually we stripped it and just went for for basic equipment and tents You have to stick with a team the thing that We had and that will took a really long time was getting a good team together People were thinking then they got a shuffled around. I got five different stickers with five different teams on them And but eventually when you have a team you have a field and then you have a moment where you say well, you know This is the team that we have Will we be able to commit ourselves to actually build an event because you have ideas You have things but you have to have a go or no go moment. I took this picture. This one is for the from the deciding field day was August 2016 like less than a year from the event and By then we said, okay, are we going to do it or are we not we went to the field down there We had a camping where people slept there We measured the whole field out. We said eventually We asked then everyone like yeah, would you like to be on this field and everyone just said yes but When you have when you have all these things always expect the unexpected because You think everything goes smoothly until we have issues or things that just go wrong Later on that When you have a field and you have an agreement you need to go official on the on the right side, that's our That's our lead guy He went to the municipality. He said well, you know, we want to make a fear and we want to make an event Yes, we can All kinds of things and the first thing you had to do was sign a paper and then things get official As soon as you sign a paper, there's a 12-week Marker starting where the municipality will ask you a lot of questions where you have to prove that you can Actually start an event where you can show that you have known about all kinds of things about vendors about About safety plans about tents where they're going to be We send a lot of agreements with vendors We had to send licenses for broadcasting. We had a radio channel down there. So they had to get licenses. We had the Special radios the touch for our phones. They needed to get licenses For the lasers we need to get a no-time. So another organization had to do had to look into it We had sponsors The batches they had to do and you had to pay import taxes. So we had to send the letters to various people basically a lot of Paperwork is just sending stuff to the two municipalities to governments and saying yes, we are doing it. Yes we are official and When they have questions, you have to answer them within three or four weeks else your Stuff doesn't get through and you have to try it again But we got there Also one thing that we had to get was official licenses for the people that were on the parking If you wanted to stand on the public road, you need to get a license And for that you need to speak Dutch and you need to do all kinds of things. So yeah, we had 16 people signed up and Out of the 16 people only three actually went to the whole process of actually being out there and standing around and be happy Well, another thing you have to do besides all the paperwork is a promotion. You want to make people known. So Everyone was basically doing a big sweatshop sending out paperwork We sent I think 100 of these boxes all the way to Germany We send them all the way around the world every hacker camp basically got one of these boxes and We got a lot of feedback from them When you want to promote yourself Make sure that people know where you are when the diet and when you start and Also when the ticket sale starts because I heard people saying yeah, well I know you were doing a ticket sale, but you were already sold out when I heard about it and One time in one moment when everything starts falling together You start to go more and more you start basically start to feel the stress out The thing is You will see that the Event will basically you just get some sort of momentum going The more and you go into that event the more you see The things that you're gonna do the more and the closer you get The more stressful you get because if something goes wrong the deadlines are coming closer and closer I'm we're happy that we got badges all the way from China. They are really great They got them arranged and someone flew all the way to China just to get make sure that they were actually being made The teams were showing results at this one this picture was from the last The last meeting that we had they had a really nice design They had everyone was showing off the badges and the batch prototypes Decoration was showing these lights were eventually later seemed to be working until the the scene and until everything called wets and We also had merchandise coming up So we could have a final check on what's going doing what what has to be done and The good thing about it is the closer you get to the event the more cohesive the teams are gonna be so When you ask it when I asked for example to the info desk well, I want to have a map with all the villages listed on it Within an hour. I got a map with all the villages listed on it when I asked the batch team Can you give me this and this application? They said okay? I will give it and an hour. I got it so the teams were really focused on their specific job their specific task and Things were basically rolling. Well, and we're doing great and Then the bike second is shedding happens We this is one of the many bike sheds that I had to deal with as an if cut team leads This thing is a sauna originally They wanted to import the sauna all the way from Finland with Basically building the whole thing down Tearing the whole thing down in Finland Building it up for Shah and then five days later get it back shipped out Logistic didn't like it so much because that meant too much trouble for them And it also meant that they would have wasted various resources on it so the the thing from Finland got scrapped then they wanted to build a huge tent and basically build Yeah, basically build a sauna out of it Safety didn't like it so much They were like afraid that if the time a tent got on fire Yeah, well, you have people inside the burning tent and they were not fireproof and they had to be registered with the permit so yeah God scrap that one too and then they said well, you know, we're gonna bring We're gonna bring our own sauna, but it has charcoal in it. Well We had an issue with charcoal on the field you're gonna only were allowed to use gas or electricity, so yeah Safety send the message again then came back to project lighting then came back to me And then I had to say sorry guys, you're not gonna do it, but there was an alternative somehow The guys finally managed to get a sauna on the field, which they promised the safety guy You know, here's a sauna you can use it for the night and we don't talk about it this sauna was rented out and Yeah It was rented out. It was on electricity and yeah things still happened anyway Yeah, it doesn't matter how good how many bags that you do still If you want to have it done you will have it done And another thing that we had to do a lot of by chatting with was the coin vendors the coin machine we got a basically our second no our treasure got a message five days before the event That the coin vendor would not supply the coin machines because they feared that someone would enter the machine hack them and then They could not use the machine on other festivals anymore so basically it meant a lot of bike shedding front and back and messages Why are you not supplying we paid for it and and then Then our treasure said well, you know, screw it I cannot deal with with with vendors that that don't want to have a free I can say free test of the sort of the stuff so we can we can just get another supplier and Go link to the email Send it out and yeah, never got a reply of it again So the competitor deliverance And we had one key When we got the machine we got around 25 keys when the machine left Left the the site so apparently someone was really busy with cloning keys Although it was a good machine we had a problem with it originally we wanted to have red and blue coins for the nominations but The machine couldn't handle the red coins and was spitting out basically all its It's tough. So we had suddenly had red coins Distributed everywhere and then we had to change it to another to another coin The vendor didn't like to have All those coins they didn't have those coins they had to made them just just for us we had We wanted 150 K in the end we got 100 K yellow coins and then After the first opening talk, I was sitting behind the machine Constantly refilling the machine because it could only handle two thousand coins and everyone wanted to drink and have food and have happy time So yeah, the mission basically the machine Broke down twice during the day one because it just simply could not handle all the All the coins being true put it through there after that We found out the coins were also static. So they clitted to each other So every three to four hours Someone rang the door and someone rang the doorbell. I had to go out Give it a good knock on the machine a spray some lubricant in there and then the thing would get rolling again and When I was behind the machine people would use the machine and then Stick the hands in because they were afraid that the coins would fall out and then I tickled them and and Yeah, sometimes I got a really Yeah, and then you hear on the front side. He isn't like the machine is live and Yeah, we're pretty well, and then sometimes they came through the back in Security said how you kind of enter because someone busy down there, but and then they're like, oh, yeah That's what happens. It's just not the machine is alive with a lot for Sean No, there's just a human in there refilling the machine When you get to day day There's a lot of things to do and also a lot of things you don't expect For us the thing we didn't expect was our the family village totally under the water We had a lot of thought about it, eventually we set to the orga fields and we put all the family village to the orga fields and Left the family village basically untouched In the end it was a good sign because the order fear and the order people would mingle in with the rest of the villages On the other hand We had to do some, you know shot and shuffling of teams All the way around The pictures I know that I have here their pictures that I took during the build-up phase Which was basically almost day minus Six or day minus seven when we just arrived there and I have to say the picture on the right That's the only one with the full that had basically had the full gear on them the rest were just wearing high-fast suits and steel to steel booth Some other pictures I got from from the safety crew They bought a lot of because we were in a harbor and the harbor team had to supply from the municipality Fast swimming fast or some equipment for those that couldn't swim So they bought like I think they bought the whole store out Just to make sure that That they got enough stock We had need to have special safety vests for during the night When we're directing traffic Every stage needed to have some sort of loudspeaker, so we had a lot of microphones The municipality required that we had 300 meters of fire hose So we bought it We had a special sticker move your car or it will end up in a ditch. I Don't think we did it actually but I know that logistics was very happy to do it to some old cars In the middle police came they saw all the nice funny things on our on our buggies and they wanted some unfortunately it they ran out and This was the only thing they had left During the event itself Wonderful event. I have not seen everything most of the time. I just was behind stage These pictures Are mostly memories that they put on flicker The tune one from what I heard they basically tried to details the machine They tried to details the machine just to get the picture on screen Knock has a nice write-up about it the shower logo They go just did a fantastic job on getting everything on time And especially on some very short time where we Sometimes thought, you know, this is not gonna happen and it still happened anyway The aftermath yeah after you have the event You know you have you have to do the clean up everything. I left when I started When I started walking around First thing I did was go to the pock tent and recover my clicker. I was wondering how many mosquitoes and vermin they actually destroyed in their in the things and they set around four thousand eight hundred Was again four thousand eight hundred wasps that were exterminated through their Yeah, to the electronic disposal units We got a lot of fantastic positive press I Talked with Jenny from hackaday and she said well, you know, I love how you run the event show us this year the MF how you actually did it because People have to know how these camps are actually made. So that's how we got here We had a great event no real difficulties after with people burning out or we had some things people that were like Borderline, but I'm have to be happy that I had a really great team working on that event And for the rest, yeah, well, I haven't seen any talk all I did was just walk around Make sure that things were delivered on time. Make sure that people were going around You don't have any moments during your whole event to watch something. I haven't seen John T's around I've seen Russ running and Screaming and yelling and making sure the things were good delivered and yeah You don't see anything and unless you go on YouTube or something like that I Did meet a lot of people a lot of people when I just walked from A to B or when I had to do something else You meet a lot of crew. You need a lot of people you make some new friends This year for example, I'm running the the postal office with some some people from England After the event basically, yeah You do a lot of things And you think well, you know, you just pack it up a ship it out you tear it down completely and After that the the grass is green and nobody will ever notice that there was an event at all but Things don't always go to plan when especially after an event. You still as a secretary you still got things to do This was a nice picture that I had taken From the logistics team. They said well, you know, we turn everything because After we wanted they kept track of what get went out and what went back in And they said no hoarding because we were limited on equipment and They said we turn everything even duct tape. Well No The still 17 this is the list of things that still got missing around 40 bags of tie wraps 17 walls duct tape which People just ignore the sign and just got rid of it some radios This legal card so basically for the horeca never got returned umbrellas markers lost and found items and One of the thing was my inflatable unicorn That I bought there. It was like a two Gigantic two meter big unicorn and I gave it to they go and later it disappears and most likely they go got rid and got it because I was looking at hackaday and then suddenly I saw this So appear apparently someone found it found it in the deco shat and transferred it to the next Congress and Hackaday might then made a nice picture out of it I don't know where it is now, but I do know that the police actually liked these things so much that Got a picture last I think two or three weeks and this one where they actually Got a hold of 35 Unicorns inflatable unicorns. So next time I'll when we talk with the with the police I'll ask if they still need some more unicorns on their on the car Yeah, besides that After events Things still have to be done by By the by the by the By the foundation We got three speeding tickets all from the same guy who sped around I think was 57 in a place where he was supposed to be driving 50 So we got three tickets of that. Unfortunately, we don't know who it was, but If you know if you have seen yourself in the mirror with the white flash, please do come We'll my will make arrangement for that We got a lot of spammers mostly TP tens Promotion materials I Had to shut I had to ask knock to shut down the infodesk mailing list because it was just getting Totally spanned with all kinds of commercial items that I could think of We had our taxes when you do an event like this you always have to have taxes and Luckily enough Most of the taxes they got back from this year so we made a Bit of Yeah, so let me say we could get some money back out of it And we had lost and found people always lose the stuff Most of the things got returned. There were a couple things that we couldn't find Yeah, fortunately We don't know where where they went and I always say someone dropped in TARDIS and went off with it You always get when you planning an event like this Always get some overstock things that won't get sold We had these t-shirts. We had all kinds of sizes. We thought, you know, we were making a lot of them so that we can supply them I Still still getting some overstock from From people that say well, you know We have an act in batch that's broken or we have something and yeah, we're lucky this year we basically got rid of everything and Also, most of the things were donations to hackerspaces. I know some hackerspaces Especially all hackerspaces in Holland currently have a full You know, I'm gonna say a full back full of Plastic cups so nobody was ever insured it's of cups All the things that we had in logistics We cannot store them. So they went all as donations to all the hackerspaces. We Could fund a whole new hackerspaces with all kind of equipment just to get them up Well, I learned a lot of things with it The main things I put over here Some of the things is like have a good support of family friends and other things Don't try to overdo yourself And communication is key Things I should improve on This was basically a couple of things that people said to me. Yeah, well, I should do it for the next event and I will take that advice that that the teams gave us into consideration for the next event and Yeah, well the question I get asked is would I ever do it again and When I when people are people will ask me that question. I say Yes, and I hope you also do the same thing Thanks The next talk is coming up soon. So questions will be In the bar later. So thank you. Thank you very much


Welcome at the Phytek booth. My name is Axel Berghoff and I'm responsible for key accounts and strategic customers. Our company was founded more than 30 years ago and Phytek has started producing microcontroller modules at that time. And we still are in the business of producing microcontroller modules. What kind of modules were you doing 30 years ago? Well, we started with 8-bit microcontrollers and then the 16-bit microcontrollers like MC167 basically arranged. And interestingly enough, we still produced them until, I think, 2 or 3 years ago. So for more than 10 years, we still produced early modules that we developed. So the life is more than 10 years. On most of the stuff that you do? Yes. Phytek started with a microcontroller module design and we still produced microcontroller modules. But we extended our range of offerings to baseboards, also custom specific baseboards. Here you can see a number of our kits where you can actually check out the performance of a microcontroller. Here you can make your first experiences and we have different forms of offering like Deanrail and like standard systems. And we do custom specific baseboards up to complete developments for our customers. And one of the important offerings of Phytek is we implement operating systems. So Linux is our famous operating system that we offer market and we have about 18 people in our Linux department doing the implementations based on operating system adaptations for the various microcontrollers. So implementation is not just providing a basic Linux? Is more than that? It's more than that. It's taking advantage of the specific design of a baseboard in combination with the module. And also of course for custom specific purposes, we adapt the operating system to the needs of the customers. And you will see during the tour that we also have security. We also have life cycle management that we are talking about right now. And interestingly enough, what our customers are concerned about is the lifespan of a product. And as such products are made for use for five, ten years and even more supporting the operating system during this time and being prepared for any security issues is an important factor. So what we are doing is we run a farm and within this farm we have custom specific baseboards with custom specific ESP adaptations in a test suite that checks a lot of functionalities more than 300 tests are performed and we continuously integrate new Linux versions and also new Yachto versions. The idea is to be prepared for any security issues that arise and that the customer can come out with a new release in a very short time period. And also the second part of software life cycle management is to be prepared for the next release so the next generation of Linux and the next generation of Yachto. So all the security updates are being implemented right? Yes. And like a service you provide every year people pay something to get all these updates? It's a specific service for a specific customer baseboard so it's directly tailored to the customer application but it has a fixed price model. So you pay yearly fee for this service and in addition you pay a one-time installation fee. Alright. And you've been working with the open source and Linux for very long? Not 30 years, no? Not 30 years but we started very early days. And also we are interested in any kind of standards. So FITECH is one of the founding members of OSADL, an organization that works in the area of Linux and the industrial environment. So we are always interested in standards. Being close to mainline is very important for us so that we can take benefit of the development of the community and of course we give back our results to the community. Alright. And are you world leader in doing this? I would not say world leader. We are one of the companies who is doing professional work in that area and our main advantage is being very close to our customers and to their demands and offering a broad range of services so that we can tailor the services that the customer needs specifically to what he wants to have. And is there a high level of quality in the way you deliver all this? Yes. We are in the industrial business and quality reliability of our hardware products and as well our software products is a key factor for us. This is why all this continuous integration work has been done with automated test procedures and everything.


Everybody forced here ripping 2022 bowman draft sapphire 10 bucks full case number one random teams Okay, good luck everybody Plus a more susceptible to getting like pop it up. Oh, yeah, the treads all gone I just got to know I'm probably wait another month or two to get the others at the latest Get done have new tires for them other 50 to 60 thousand miles Here we go y'all full case of sapphire Sean's ready ready Claims this in Miami. No, they're in Arizona It's like Miami to me. Could be either though with the palm trees Good food around here So I think I'm favorite food. Yeah, honestly. Yeah, Valkyro Kassavich Bayez Compos Sapphire Gutierrez brand again, Amador and at Parker Messick Do a recap of the color everybody? color Jason Shorio Joe lamp Nate Savino Jacob Miller. Yeah, but watch a lot of basketball Daniel Vasquez chase my draw Cesar Prieto Dominic Keegan James Wood Michael nor Colton Couser Kumar rocker first Nazir mule true Thorpe Victor Acosta Dylan. Let's go For the double down was back Walter Ford first parallel after Hayden Dunhurst is a Michael nor yellow 48 of 99 first bowman Astros Did you go stroze and a Dylan beavers Anthony Hall first bowman a green Gavin Cross to a 50 Royals Great start for Kansas City Gavin Cross to a 50 first bowman green sapphire That is sweet Carson Williams and our old era. That's how it goes sometime boom. Oh goes Also happens with you with younger teams vanilla, they don't have depth and then like the defense is easier to pick apart especially without death Chandler Simpson, Roger Garry is Judd Fabian and a Jordan Beck Justin Campbell Robert Hassel Sonny Deshara Carson meal brant Perez sometime there he minutes Miguel Cabrera DH is cool Owen Murphy reigned on cone Curtis Mead and calm in Zardo Venezuela super underrated this Gabriel Hughes is equal to bar Luis Mesa. You're nothing classy Guzman Serda Polanco Kobe Mayo Who do I like for the NCAA attorney? I? Don't pay a whole lot of attention. I'll just go with Number one overall so go Obama Harry Ford Michael Kennedy Adam Azure Henry Davis. I don't know a whole lot out of like Houston's the one seed is Kansas the one seed Kansas is really good obviously Ryan Ritter Jonathan Machia a yellow sees our Prieto 86 and 99 Orioles Trevor Martin, so yeah, I can't go in death. I'm like, oh who's hot at the end or whatever. Yeah, I can't Got no hot takes Mason Barnett an aqua first bowman Owen Murphy braves 14 of 20 Raves there Blake Burkhalter and Shawn McLean. Yeah, I'll definitely watch I'll definitely watch the attorney I'll watch a lot of it as much as I possibly can I just up until This weekend. I didn't pay a lot of attention of all but I am pumped for the tourney always fun for it The best like two days in sports Or some of the best days of sports is that first round back to those back-to-back days where it's just like wall-to-wall basketball like 11 a.m. Up until like like 2 a.m. Eastern the next day Hubbard bitters in Montgomery and Sprinkle Dylan Ray Yvonne Melendez, but Hispanic Titanic Lewis and Hello, Cunha and Elijah Green Nice boom nice is Rouski Morabelle Kevin Pirata and Yudi Cappy William Bergoya trace Sweeney Zach v. And sell Stuart Christopher Pasciola Noel Cueva and J. Ritchie got George Valera to Mar Johnson. It's the first to Mar The end of the Andrade Dalton rushing Jace young now with a green L. E. Dela Cruz 7 of 50 nice Ellie yellow Santos and Justin Boyd Landon Sims Eric Hernandez a yellow drew Thorpe now Yankees 8 of 99 first bowman in Brenner Cox box for Purdue yeah, whenever you have a dude that's that big in the NCAA tournament like You have an advantage over so many teams. I remember watching UCF like What was it three years ago or four years ago when they had Taco fall They should have beaten Duke and what was it the sweet 16? They should have beaten them They just blew their chances at the end. They had there. They had the game to like the whole way Cain Wallace first Dustin Harris Averson Artega and Felix Blair. That was Duke was Zion remember that Cuz like as I only couldn't do anything in the paint cuz taco was there the whole time And they were hitting threes and everything and oh man, that was that was a tough watch as a UCF Like the one true chance. They had to like make it deep and I mean sweet 16 is good, but Mason when Brian Acunia Colson Montgomery and Leonardo Balcazar. They also had um Son of son of a NBA player Young Hill Fernandez Tanner Scoble Peyton Palette and William Kempner Yeah Jordan Walker Jay Allen Jake Bennett first and a Kenya Huggins first Saddam Raffaella Willi Vasquez Ignacio Alvarez and Henry Williams Hunter Barco Alex McFarlane Nate Furman and a Yossi Mercedes Juan Benchio Simon Juan a yellow first bowman Gabriel Rincones Phillies 17 of 99 Oscar Colas Lamar King jr. With an orange now first bowman Pete Hanson Cardinals 6 of 25 Lot of first bowmen color, which is good to see Park Elliott. Hopefully we hit a monster here That cross was nice in the first box. I think he's good enough to play in the NBA. I just I don't know There's probably a few reasons he retired obviously he'd be mostly a bench writer and things like that I think he's fine enough to be on an NBA roster. I just don't think he wanted that Plus wouldn't have had a long career anyway at that size full pay Sarah Mack Myer and Gavin Cross Lays Jordan Robbie Snelling Steven Zobac and Chase De Lauder De La Cruz Noah Schultz Jared McKenzie, Samuel Munoz Pedro Panetta Jackson holiday our first Jackson holiday of the break Dehazy San Rincones again Brandon Barrera And in simple, you know Pete Hanson and Cole Phillips I guess in a way just but yet Greg Odin was actually super talented And if you didn't get her it would have been a really good NBA player Cabrera cutter coffee first and manual Rodriguez and Brady house Plus very good. It was super athletic for his size Ryan Wreckley Trey Lipscomb a green Marcello Meyer 48 of 50. It's a nice one Red Sox But De La Cruz and Meyer green non-firsts Daxon Cox Alex Freeland a yellow first woman does your mule 10 of 99 cubs Christian Hernandez Carson Palmquist, all right halfway through First Don Russ break is sold out second one just has the Sun's and Raptors left For sure Joseph. Yeah, absolutely for sure Triantos Hendrick Cooper Sharp and a Andrew Pintar Khalil Watson Drew Baker Zack Nito first and a Samo Zavala Yeah, and then there's 15 to go in the NFL make sure everybody just 15 to go Bryson Mott's Tristan Vreeling Jackson Jobin you're in confidant Jacob Marcy Troy Melton Connor Prilip and Jose Salas as far as injuries go Odin's definitely one of the biggest what ifs and basketball, maybe just in sports As far as injuries are concerned Jimmy Crooks Alexi Hernandez warming Bernabelle Ben Joyce because I mean like At Bo Jackson, but he we knew he was like great like we saw him be great for a few seasons and then Odin barely played like 5060 games or so as like like truly playing minutes, you know Robert Moore Michael Hernandez a yellow Colton Couser 56 and 99 Orioles Trace Gonzalez, ooh gold now after Nick York Yeah, Brandon Roy to same team dude snake bitten blazers and a gold first moment Ignacio Alvarez five of 15 Braves Very nice Good stuff for the Braves Had that uh Murphy Murphy earlier home quiz different team home courses Rockies Leonard and Tanner He was hurt right away, and then I think like a year or two after the draft Like that because it was Kate easier both Diaz and Brooks Lee He goes like oh eight or oh nine Him and Brandon Roy and Lamarcus Aldridge like the big three for the blazers and for like 50 games They were like easily the best team in the league like easily they clear were clear and like the Lakers and stuff Like their record to those three together was just ridiculous and then within two years later like Odin Roy were like either barely hanging on to be in in the league or just gone Matt McClain Eric Brown jr. First Rosamund Perdue go and Cole young 50 and 12 together.  That's like all-time pace. That's like all-time pace Jose Ramos Mikey Romero first Jonathan Cannon drew Gilbert Loller Kate Horton Thomas Harrington and Jackson choreo Luciano jet Williams Kevin Alcantara and Jacob Melton Whoa, what just happened? Is that a Grand Slam? So Venezuela gonna gonna gonna win the whole thing looking good Reggie Crawford yet the injury Rojas on Hill Martinez and Max Muncie What just happened it was For nothing here we go pass to be right Baccaro Kassavich Baez and Campos three-run homer. Okay, so I won't for that still that's huge Jack Branigan Yellow Hayden Dunhurst Royals are killing it 65 at 99 in the Dunhurst a Dale Amador and Parker Messick I couldn't believe it at first. I look at the roster Joseph. It's really really good Really really good Joe lamp Gutierrez and a green Jackson holiday five of 50 What a card Orioles Yo, yeah, but Dabba do is Vaughn would say Wow, I way a while Albert Definitely what you're hoping for right there Jacob Miller The lineup is good. It has like like two of a Arias Their starter today is Pablo Lopez Miguel Cabarras or DH If they got talent all over the field really it's all MLB talent Like some really good ones too probably not quite as deep as the DR, but definitely, you know some dudes Now they're being Puerto Rico who's also a really good team. They're beating up on Jose Brio So you know a better starting pitcher in the baseball chase my draw Jason choreo Dominic Keegan and Nate Savino James Wood Daniel Vasquez Kumar rocker and Cesar Prieto True Thorpe Michael Noor Dylan Lesko Colton Couser Who got hurt? I don't know what's going on. Hayden Dunhurst, Nazir Mule, Dylan Beavers and Victor Alcosta Anthony Hall Walter Ford, Carson Williams and Iroh Vera. Oh, they were sending more pitchers at the bullpen. They're gonna need them now Oh purple after the Arias first bowman It's a purple pinch drive. It's a Rocky Gabriel Hughes six and ten. That's a great color match This card Rocky has been a pretty good case Judd Fabian, Jordan Beck Yeah, Miguel Cabrera is her seven hitter Robert Hassel, Chandler Simpson and Aqua, Carson Williams nine at 20 Tampa Bay Carson Milbrant Justin Campbell, Rain Don Cone, Manzardo and Deshara. Two boxes left. There's a lot of top loading down the morrow There's one team left on Don Russ Guessing it's the Raptors. That was the last team up on the other one It is the Raptors guys. Raptors last team on Don Russ and then 15 to go on the Football mixer Tovar, Owen Murphy, Jonathan Classe and Curtis Mead. Got Serda, Gabriel Hughes, Kobe Mayo, Luis Mesa Yeah, Jackson was sick. Michael Kennedy Guzman, Polanco and Davis Jonathan Mechia, Harry Ford, Trevor Martin first and Adam Azure, Ryan Ritter, Mason Barnett, Blake Burkhalter and Sean McLean Bryce Hubbard, Nick Bittison, Benny Montgomery and Jordan Sprinkle Dylan Ray Yvonne Melendez, the Orange of Blaze Jordan, five of 25 Red Sox As Blaze and an Elijah Green in the same one Mizrowski, a yellow Dylan Lesko, 30 of 99 Padres first bowman Cappy and Luis Nalacuni, the last one everybody. All right, Trey Sweeney, Yesson Morabel, South Stewart, Kevin Perrata That's been a good case boom Pashola, Bergoya, Richie, Veen Tamar Johnson, there we go Noel, Dalton Rushing, Ana Dañer Cueva, Jayce Young George Valera, Justin Boyd and Danny D'Andrade, with Tigers in the middle of their young Well, he walked him. Oh, that's brutal Got three-two, almost got out of the inning Landon Samson back to the top of the order, I think Eric Hernandez, Felix Valerio, D'Andere Los Santos, and Puerto Rico lost their first game too, right? So this is almost like a must win for them Tournament's too short, I think Cain Wallace, Dustin Harris, and a green, Chase DeLauder, 26 of 50, Guardians now Hey, hey, what do you say? Congrats, Guardians Get that one, Mags, Everson, Artega A yellow first bowman, Walter Ford, nice card, Mariners, 41 of 99 Walter Ford, Brenner Cox, Leonardo Balcazar Scoble, Mason Nguyen, William Kempner Colson Montnummery One moment, everybody will do a recap of all the color Looks mostly in order here. So we got yellows of Walter Ford Dylan Lesko, Hayden Dunnhurst, Colton Couser, Nazir Mule, Gabriel Rancones, Drew Thorpe, Cesar Prieto, Michael Norr Greens of Marcelo Meyer, Elie de la Cruz, so nice non-first players there Carson Williams on the Aqua, Owen Murphy as well, Orange Blaise Jordan, Pete Hanson, a gold Ignacio Alvarez, Purple Gabriel Hughes, the color match, I'm gonna chase DeLauder green to 50 first bowman, Guardians He Jackson Holliday, green to 50 for the Orioles first bowman The Gavin Cross to 50 for the Royals Good stuff, very nice, some first-rounders right there Yeah, thanks again everybody. We're on to more baseball


Mr Speaker, I beg to move the following motion standing in my name, whereas it's provided on the section 16 of the Public Finance Management Act Cap 15.0 on the act that the Minister of Finance me by an affirmative resolution of parliament transfer from the consolidated fund a prescribed sum as may be required for the operation of the contingencies fund and whereas it is further provided on the section 191 of the act that the Minister of Finance me in the case of an urgent or unforeseen need for expenditure by contingencies fund warrants in anticipation of the grant of an appropriation by parliament of a rise and advance in the contingency fund where no monies have been appropriated or for which the sum appropriated is insufficient funds cannot be relocated as provided reallocated as provided for on the section 43 public monies cannot be deferred with all serious detriment to the public service and whereas the Minister of Finance consider it necessary to transfer from the consolidated fund to the contingency fund the amount of EC 5.4 million to a support the recovery efforts of the department of education, sustainable development, innovation, science, technology and vocational training due to the passage and damage caused by tropical storm. And be cut off of cater for further emergencies. Be it resolved that parliament of a rise is the Minister of Finance to transfer from the consolidated fund to the contingency fund the amount of EC 5.4 million to support the recovery efforts of the department of education, sustainable development, innovation, science, technology and vocational training due to the passage and damage caused by tropical storm. And be cater for further emergencies. Be it a speaker this resolution is a creature of the public finance the new public finance management act which states that monies to go into the contingency fund for unforeseen circumstances have to be voted from parliament from the consolidated fund. Be the speaker as you know the passage of hurricane breath caused damage to some schools and education establishments in the country. I don't consider necessary because of the urgency of the need to repair these buildings these school buildings that the cabinets and the Ministry of Education thought it necessary to get money from the contingency fund to transfer money from the considered fund into the contingency fund because what was in the contingency fund was not adequate. It was estimated Mr. Speaker that we needed some 2.2 million dollars to effect these immediate repairs particularly in the south of the country where there were schools in view fought that got badly damaged. So we thought it necessary that we had apart from the normal sums of money that usually being used during this time of year to repair schools generally in the country we needed that extra sum to repair particularly the roofs of these schools. So we transferred we needed to transfer 5.4 million dollars from the consolidated fund into the contingency fund to effect these repairs Mr. Speaker. Be the speaker and that comes in line with the educational support that we have given to schools this year and every member parliament got an allowance so could help in the educational education to buy education supplies for students going the constituency and I stress every member parliament Mr. Speaker every member parliament. Every member parliament Mr. Speaker got an allowance for his school Mr. Speaker talking about Hurricane Brett you may know that the government also made available 2 million dollars in income support for the farmers of this country. To help in the damages caused by Hurricane Brett Mr. Speaker. So this is a simple resolution to ensure that we follow the dictates and the rules of the Finance Management Act and we want to start to work on these buildings in view fought at the earliest possible opportunity. Possibly at before the end of this week Mr. Speaker we will begin repairs to these schools so that the children can hopefully the children can get to school in September when the school term begins. Mr. Speaker I ask members to support this resolution I thank you.


Hey, this is Brett, and this 2010 Dodge Challenger SRT8 is stock number 13896Z. I'm here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used Dodge Challenger and sports car headquarters. This 2010 Dodge Challenger has a 6.1 liter V8 Hemi engine, puts out 425 horsepower. It's paired with the 6-speed manual transmission. This car has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop per the state of Wisconsin inspection process. It has a fresh oil and filter change, all the fluids have been checked and topped off, and this car is 100% ready to go. It also has four brand new tires. I'm going to go all the way around in this video inside. Start it up, take a look under the hood, give it the most accurate representation that I can. Tor red is the color, and I shoot all my videos in 4K. If you like the video, you can subscribe to my YouTube channel, youtube.com, slash Summit Auto. Click the bell notifications to get updates on the videos I do each and every day, as well as having to access one of the largest catalogs of vehicle and sports car walk-arounds on YouTube. 8,000 videos and counting. This one comes with the 20-inch painted and polished aluminum wheels. It has the Brembo brakes with these slotted rotors, and it has brand new Waffen S-Fit AS tires. These are 245-45 ZR20s. Still have the little wear knobs on them. We put those on in our safety inspection, so brand new tires on this car all the way around. Front fender is in excellent shape. This one does have a 3M wrap from right here all the way across the hood. Not on the stripes, but it goes all the way around on the front bumper as well. Speaking of that front bumper, it is in fantastic condition. I didn't see any major dents or cracks or scuffs on it. They also have the 3M film in front of them or on top of the glass lenses, so it is pretty much all the way it's on this front bumper piece as well. The stripes are in fantastic shape. My favorite stripes on the Challengers, it's kind of that carbon fiber looking design, kind of a diamond look to it. The hood itself is in nice shape. I didn't see any major dents or dings on there, and the passenger side front fender is in fantastic condition as well. Passenger side front wheel, no major scuffs or scrapes on there, and as you go down this side of this 2010 Dodge Challenger, take note of how clean that body is, how reflective and mirror-like that paint is. I take these HD videos, so if you are far away or even if you're close by, you just cannot make the trip down, but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle. You can see the car here, the car end of confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at. Before you even get here, so when you do get here, there's absolutely no surprises. You can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at. If this video helps you make a buying decision, let your salesman know that you saw the video, that it was helpful, and that brought it to you. Back wheel is in excellent shape, and the back tires are brand new as well. You also get the Brembo brakes back here, and those rotors are slotted as well. Coming around to the back of the vehicle, rear bumper is in great shape. You do get the chrome-tipped dual rear exhaust, deck lid spoiler, and that trunk lid is in fantastic condition as well. Take a look inside the trunk here. This one does have the option group two with the kicker subwoofer, and you get a tire, I'm sorry, your battery is located back here, and the back storage area is very nice and clean. Shocks, we're doing a nice job holding that trunk lid up, and as you go down the driver's side, just as clean as that passenger's side, no major dents or dings on the rear quarter. And for full disclosure, this back wheel is in excellent shape as well. Driver's side door looks really good, and it does come with the heated power mirrors. Inside the SRT-8 package gives you the black leather and alcantara suede interior. You get the red stripe on the backrest of the seats, SRT stitched into that backrest. The bolster is in really nice shape, I didn't see any major wear problems on there. Power driver seat, factory floor mats, you get the bright pedals down there, auto headlamps, power windows, locks, mirrors, and the suede insert on the door. I'll show you the back seats here. I always thought this was the safest thing. Make the backrest power, but I guess most people don't ride back here. Anyways, back seats are in fantastic condition, no rips or tears back there, and it does have the latch child safety system for any child car seats you may want to try and put back there. We'll hop inside, check out the miles, the radio, and everything that this car has to offer on the interior. So you can see this one has 11,174 miles on it.  Looks really good. You get the compass and outside temperature display. Once again, 11,174 miles. You get the leather wrapped steering wheel, navigation and audio controls and cruise controls on the right, information center controls on the left. This one comes with the 430N radio, has the factory navigation system on there. There is highway 41, so that is working nicely. You also have a hard drive on this radio where you can store music and pictures, and it has 16 gigabits worth of storage area. It also has AM, FM, and SiriusXM radio capabilities. You can also play DVDs on there, and that's your CD player, when the vehicles parked.  Six-speed manual transmission, passenger side format, and seat are in fantastic condition. I don't think this car has ever been smoked in, smells very clean inside, and the headliner is in great shape as well. Up here you get map lights and home link buttons for your garage door security systems and lane systems, and an auto dimming rear-view mirror. We'll start it up and take a look under the hood. Starts right up. No check engine lights or anything like that. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today, and hopefully from this HD video, you've been able to verify the quality condition options, and of course, cleanliness of this car all the way around. Inside and out, I think it's in really nice condition considering the age of miles on it. Has the HID headlamps, the LED, or I'm sorry, the factory fog lights, and have LEDs back in 2010. Under the hood we have the 6.1 liter V8, V8 Hemi engine, 425 horsepower engine base, very clean runs, very smooth. Once again, this car has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop. It has a fresh oil and filter chain, shocks are doing a nice job holding the hood up. All the fluids have been checked and topped off, and this car is 100% ready to go. Four brand new tires. There is the emissions sticker, and I would highly recommend this car from a quality and condition standpoint. I think it's in really nice shape for the age of miles once again. And to see more pictures of this car, one of our other 550 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, Challengers, Chargers, Mustangs, GT500s, Camaros, Corvettes. You name it, we got to go to that website right there, summitauto.com. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle, all at summitauto.com. And if you'd like to check out more HD videos, you can go to youtube.com slash summitauto. Click the bell notifications to get updates on the videos I do each and every day as well as having access to one of the largest catalogs of vehicle and sports car walk-arounds on YouTube. In fact, in a second you will see a link to subscribe to my YouTube channel on the upper left. Almost 8,000 videos and more on there in the upper right. A link to more Challenger videos have done. A link to this vehicle on our website on the lower left and a link to one of our latest YouTube videos on the lower right. Click those, check us out. We're super excited to help you with this Ultra Clean 2010 Dodge Challenger SRT8 in Tor Red Clear Coat. Thanks again for checking out the video. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on the YouTube channel. I really appreciate it. Thanks again.


NASA's Saturn V rocket was assembled inside the vehicle assembly building. The launch pad was three miles away. So how do you make a 363-foot rocket travel that distance with the crawler transporter? And that's what we're talking about today on Vintage Space. Figuring out how to get the Saturn V from the VAB to the launch pad felt Kurt debut, Gerg von Teessenhausen, and Theodor Popel. All three men had worked with von Braun on the V2 project in Germany so they had some experience in getting a rocket onto the launch pad. At Penemünde, the Germans had transported their rockets upright on a platform by rail to the launch site. And that's the basic idea they brought to the Saturn V, except that the Saturn V was a little bit bigger. The V2 stood 46 feet tall. The Saturn V was 363 feet. It would have to be a slightly different solution. One of the earliest proposals came from the Martin Company, and that was to use a barge. It would rack the Saturn V on a barge and carry it down some river to the launch pad. The proposal looked great on paper until NASA started digging in and realized that nobody on Martin's team was an optical engineer. Small scale testing said that when the barge moved through a narrow canal, it created a vortex that would make steering through the water basically impossible. And wind tunnel tests said that the gantry next to the rocket would act basically like a sail adding significant drag. It was just not a viable solution. And neither were rails, like the Germans had used in Penemünde. It was just unrealistic to use rigid rails on the softer soil like Cape Canaveral. The solution was to use a tried and true piece of 19th century coal mining technology. A crawler designed to deliver a smooth ride with no vibration. Scaled up, one could theoretically move the Saturn V without disrupting all the delicate systems and machinery. The finished vehicle was a six million pound machine with four crawlers rolling on treads made of a series of one ton links supporting the main deck where the rocket would sit. Powered by two engine rooms with half a dozen locomotive-sized diesel engines each, the vehicle delivered a total of 6,000 horsepower to motors and levers. To keep the rocket perfectly level on its trip down the crawlerway, NASA developed an ingenious sensing solution. A pair of pipes filled with mercury ran diagonally from corner to corner under the platform, bending up at the ends with a wire inserted into the tubes, a hairs width above the mercury. If the platform tilted, the wires contact with the mercury would short it out, sending a signal for hydraulic fluid to lift the appropriate corner to level out the platform. The system worked so well that the launch escape tower at the very top of the Saturn V never moved more than five inches away from perfect vertical. But that precision came with a bit of a speed penalty. The top speed of the crawler was about 1.5 miles per hour. Meaning it took about five hours for the rocket to move from the VAB to the launch pad. And a few people have asked me in previous videos why the gantry next to the Saturn V was painted red. I haven't been able to track down a definitive answer yet, but I suspect it was probably due to visibility. The same way the rocket was painted black and white so they could see it rolling in flight, I imagine the gantry was actually painted red so it would be visible against a daylight sky. But again, that's just conjecture. I am still looking up the proper answer to that one. But I did find that during the shell program, the structure next to the shuttle was given a zinc-based gray coating because of advances to corrosion treatment. Florida may be a great place for a launch, but that salty air isn't exactly great for metals. The same crawler transporter that took the Saturn V rockets also carried the space shuttles to its launch pad. So have any of you ever seen the crawler transporter in action? Let me know in the comments below. And if you want more vintage space content every single day of the week, be sure to follow me on Twitter as AST Vintage Space. And with new episodes going up every Tuesday and Friday, be sure to subscribe right here so you never miss an episode.


Abstract nemenpyxidisease, NPC, is a rare neurovisceral atypical isosomal lipid storage disorder that affects approximately one in 120,000 live births. The clinical spectrum of the disease ranges from a neonatal rapidly fatal disorder to an adult-onset chronic neurodegenerative disease. Neurological involvement is typically preceded by systemic signs such as cholestatic jaundice in the neonatal period or isolated splenor or hepatosplenomegaly in infancy or childhood. The first neurological symptoms vary with age of onset and may include delay in developmental motor milestones, gait problems, falls, clumsiness, cataplexy, school problems, ataxia, and psychiatric disturbances. The most characteristic sign is vertical super-nuclear gaze palsy. NPC is caused by mutations of either the NPC1 or NPC2 genes and is characterized as a cellular cholesterol-trafficking defect in the brain, where the prominently stored lipids are gangliocytes. Clinical examination should include comprehensive neurological and ophthalmological evaluations, and the primary laboratory diagnosis requires living skin fibroblasts to demonstrate accumulation of unesterified cholesterol in perineuclear vesicles, lysosomes, after staining with filipin. Genotyping is useful for confirming the diagnosis and essential for future prenatal diagnosis. The differential diagnosis may include other lipidoses, idiopathic neonatal hepatitis, and... This article was offered by Fonia Marie T. We are article.tv, links in the description below.