Okay, so I'm a little wobbly. I've walked 15 miles today and I just saw this old man with a walker like pushing himself into a busy street. I was so tired and so morally desensitized by life in Los Angeles. I didn't even try to do anything. I'm afraid that I'm a bad man.  I just like walked about five miles without any water. So I stopped, bought three liters of water for about three bucks, drank it all down in a course of about 40 minutes. And the power of situation, like normally the paragon of moral leadership, you'd think that I would be doing the right thing. But the bladder was too full. I was too tired. Okay.  So I deferred, I deferred that moral task to someone else.  I don't think so. Right. I don't think that Kanye and Nick, you know, get up in the morning and think about, you know, what can we do to the Jews today? I think this is really about people who have their own interests and they see their own group interests. And they see that there are secret groups and groups you can't criticize. And Nick Fuentes, he loves Christianity. And so it's a kind of normal natural that he wants a particular type of America. You know, it may have some negative feelings about Jews. Kanye, I'm pretty sure he's had a lot of experiences with Jews. And when you have intense relationships with people, or in the case of Kanye or in the case of Nick Fuentes, when you have clashing group interests, then he express itself with some negative sentiments towards Jews. So I just don't like the label Holocaust denier anti-Semite. Yeah, some of what Nick says is anti-Jewish. He has mocked using religion, using the Holocaust as religion. But what emanates the animates these two guys more than their attitudes towards Jews is that they want to be famous. They want to be the center of attention. They want to be edgy. They want to be exciting. And Nick Fuentes and Milo Yiannopoulos and Kanye, they always like to be on the edge of what's new and exciting. And when you keep looking for that which is new and exciting, you often make some really bad decisions. So Kanye's probably cost himself a billion dollars. Nick Fuentes, his life has become a nightmare in many ways. But I don't think they're getting together to plot genocide. I don't think they're primarily getting together to how can we take down Jewish power. These are two attention-seeking junkies trying to stay relevant, trying to stay cutting edge. And I think that's dominant. Like for some people, the hatred of Jews is dominant. For other people, the hatred of blacks or gays is dominant. But Kanye and Fuentes just love their attention. That's what's dominant. That's what's driving them. This is not the onesie conference.  This is not the end of Western civilization. This is not Donald Trump signing on with Kanye and Nick Fuentes and their evil plans against the Jews. These are people with an essential media disease. They just want to dominate the new cycle, the Twitter cycle. They love to have people talking about them. And they're willing to do absolutely crazy things to maintain that. Now, I think that there are some genuine Jewish skeptical, even anti-Jewish sentiments with Kanye and Nick, absolutely. But I don't think that's what's dominant. Well, people are complicated. So to the degree that the Anti-Defamation League and Jewish organizations have come down like a ton of bricks on Kanye West and Kari Irving, that also provokes a backlash. It's not like my other phone for the directions.  So harder, YDL and Jewish organizations come down on Kanye and Nick Fuentes and Kari Irving. The more of a backlash, you're going to spark. So two people probably never thought about each other, never felt like they had much in common. Well, now you've created a bond between them. So we've got two fundamentally anti-social, social misfits. Tension-hungry blokes are getting together. And why are they so attention-hungry? These are misfits.  But they get fed from social media. They get feeling it's satisfactional from being talked about, being in the news, compelling people's attention. And so the other response to Kari Irving in particular was disproportionate. Now, Kari and Kanye and Nick, they both made their own beds, right? And now there's no big globes. They were just being maligned for no reason whatsoever. Sometimes when you crack down on people, the backlash that you cause, it's going to be even even greater than the original problem. So great job, Adia. The work's up and it's even more intense, what it would have been if your initial reaction had been more sober. So I think a lot of what we attribute to ideology, through anti-semitism, Holocaust, and all these horrible things is really just attention-seeking. It's just, hey, look at me. I'm so edgy. Most people don't have a thought for covering political ideology. People just tend to have reactions. They feel something. They see something. They experience something. They respond. It's times like this that I think that we all need the dulcet tones of our bureau to kind of settle us down. But first of all, what does Richard Spence have to say? This is probably headed for disaster, talking about Kanye and Nick Fuentes. And I'm not on board regardless. That said, there's something I admire about Fuentes, incessantly moving forward, taking risks, pushing things to their conclusion. Too bad everything has led to Kanyeism, but it'll be entertaining. Okay, but what about Mark Shapiro? What does Mr. Shapiro have to say? Now let us let us learn from this great professor of modern Jewish thought, because we try to process. Are you processing with me? All right, let's process together what the hell's going on here with Fuentes and Kanye West. Okay, I'm everybody part three of our... Okay. We'll learn some Torah. We'll wash our souls in the wellsprings of Torah. And then we get it to play. Not so easy doing it all live. But it gave me trouble. 16 miles under my belt. Three liters of water on my stomach. The shirt must go on. Okay. We did this earlier. Let me fast forward. We get to the good stuff. We start spouting some ideas during Torah reading between alias. This is Mark Shapiro talking about how do you handle the heretic? And he quits a rabbi saying, let me say it quick to call people heretics. And he could expand this to say, let me say it quick to call people anti-Semites and holocaustinized. It's not absolutely necessary. It's an inside joke. There's a phrase I will not elaborate on it. Oh, don't let the guy in here. That's what he says here. That means in prophet's speech. That means 11th, 12th century rabbis. In prophet's speech. And he quits a rabbi saying, let me say it quick to call people heretics. You all up on your hikiri and subscriptions? You could imagine, King William G.M.M.O.S. would not give us happiness. Not just that they would cause us problems, but they wouldn't give us happiness. This is a commandment. That's the rush, writing it in medieval times. But now you're in the 18th century. And the 18th century was certainly the mix.   All these sorts of things. So what he's done is he's given the rush. He's had the rush say that in theory, if it ever happens, that the commandments are problematic and you don't get happiness, because it's a touristy journal. But if it ever would happen, God doesn't want you to be upset.  And if it doesn't make you happy, the rush continues at length as it was adopted in the late 18th century. Very concealed here are all the trends that became so prominent in the early reform movement. One, the messianic age, not necessarily one in which the temple will be rebuilt. Theoretically, the americama time when observance in the midst of it may become detrimental to Israel's well-being and it has to be given up. The reason why the Jewish people fail to find the answers to his problems is because it's overlaid, the essential term with the practices it is made of. Later on, the rush in quotes talks about all the superstitions that people have done and then Jacob says, all that is needed to give the game away is for the rush to use the word enlightened. But the enlightened to read the responsive could have no doubts as to its intention. I just think it's hilarious that Jacob said this because I think Jacob was looking at the concentrating on the last section. Because if he looked at the earlier section, he would say, and I marked it, or I guess he saw it but it doesn't indicate it, he uses the word Mosque twice. Now the word Mosque also appears in the earlier time, so Mosque is the Orochial. But he does use the word Mosque, so if you read the word Mosque, not as a medieval usage of it, you can actually read it as Mosque, and everything reads perfectly as proto-reform. You have, as Jacob's son correctly says it, you have all the elements in Mosque to become reformed to use in this very response. Now we have one more responsive to do, but we'll do that next time and then we'll move into... Hey, that's kind of incredible.  I think basically with... I'm not sure whether Schalberg is a reformer or just someone who wants to tear it down. When you see a chivalry like this, it seems like it's not trying to tear it down, it's trying to create like a deist. So, Sha'ul Berlin, 19th century of tax rabbi, who published the major forgeries, and this notion that God just wants us to be happy, so keeping this habit, keeping the commandments that makes us unhappy, then you don't have to do them. That's pretty radical, but to an extent, this is how Judaism works, right? Even most Orthodox Jews don't observe everything, like everybody very extents who is observant in Judaism picks and chooses, and people pick and choose on the basis of how congenial these commandments are, and it ties back into Nick Fuentes' Kanye West thing. These people have come together because it's congenial for them at this time and place, right? Just like a Jew, maybe fairly secular, and then he gets married and has kids, wants to raise his kids within the community, realizes it's a lot easier to do that if we're Sabbath observant, if we're Orthodox, or you decide what kind of family life you want to have, and then you choose religiosity or lack thereof that accords with that. And so people make all sorts of decisions that have ideological ramification, but they often just begin on a practical basis, like Kanye and Nick are coming together on a practical basis, giving each other support, capturing attention, wanting to be in the news, wanting to be edgy, wanting to follow their thinking to its logical conclusions. And so one thing leads to another, just as one mitzvah leads to another mitzvah, so one of error, one sin leads to another sin. So here they are, like two socially ostracized dudes. Okay, Bay Gardens. Very nice. So good stuff here from Mark Shapiro. I'm just trying to do this, and it's observing its vote, but in the other two votes, it seems like it's more underhand, it's more interested in undermining traditional practice. Reform is not interested in undermining traditional practices, we say undermining, that's like in the illicit perspective. So I'm not sure where, I don't know, I wait till next desk, I'll show you where Shull Berlin ends up. So let me ask you the questions. Noah says, anything with a desire to bread is a sudo. Well, you might say that is a desire to bread is a sudo. My question is, what about, can you have a sudo without a desire to bread, that is a desire to bread makes a sudo, what does a sudo need to have? What's the best way to have a sudo? That's officially meal isn't considered a meal in Judaism, unless you eat bread. And you need to have Busser? It's a sing song by Ron Aaron, so you mean sing, sing. But she's, I'm speaking about though, don't worry about so much about me, but I mean the gangsters, but you're right, there's a lot of, these are just the ones that, and Jenna Jocelyn, she's like her real historian, not just interested in good stories, but Sugarman's book, he's spoken at all the Chabaz around the country, he's a character, his son is a, this is all, it's not sacred, if you live in Bolivia, you know, his son's really my buddy's down there, from all the Israeli schools, there's haven't been anything like this, in terms of sales, sure shops, no hustles, so it's not going to be so easy to destroy, because I have to say, he's in a religious Zionist roof, and he's one of the Middle East girls, so I'm worried about his man gone. I just saw it really, I listened to the classes, I misspeak here, I'm speaking quickly, I'm saying a lot of things, you're not going to rise, but then I can tell you, I misspeak over there, and they say you misspeak. I'm talking about Jen's professional or social reasons, that you can't be matame for a non-Jew, that's, I don't know, I don't think I can tell a lot of post-game except this, that's what he says, post-game or rabbis, and the sad Jewish law. The reason why the bushel was because the kids were descendants of Bolivia, I was saying that sometimes you could have great forefathers, and we see what happens to the money, that's the standard view, the standard rabbinic view is that the Son and Rosh is a forgery. This Rabbi Amos, but he doesn't conflict with us, I don't think it's a problem, I don't consider it competition, we each do our own thing, and I've already mentioned his wonderful dissertation on Bolivia, so thank you for that, Mel. For example, trade for business, that I can find all sorts of attended breakfast lunch and dinner, because the winter was dangerous, and it was a huge position and difficulty not to drink this, and yet because of the ritual instinct to change the immutable is that a couple hundred years afterwards, this starts to bring down, you know, that in Moravia and in Italy, otherwise religious Jews, other than Ramon, Ramosha Isserlis justifies, the way he justifies it is the exact same way it would have been justified by the Malay Tosos, but they didn't, and the Ramon, he's not saying you should, but he doesn't want to consider these people sinners. Incidentally, I did a podcast, there's a guy, Drew, I'll be episodes now, all on Jewish wine and Jewish drinking. I don't drink, I don't drink wine, I don't drink liquor, but he has all the things I've got, so we do all the sessions, you can find it on the Ramon Chufa, but you can read about it, you can, if you're into social wine and liquor, you can listen to it. For some reason, I was thinking in my mind, see, I'll sit this way.  The bigger point is that people are complex, situations more complex, people will react differently in different situations. You don't want to overreact, just calling them anti-Semitic, people are more than their labels, and just as they're non-Jews with negative feelings about Jews, there are plenty of Jews with negative feelings about non-Jews. So different groups often have different interests, and some people we think are primarily motivated by ideology. No, they're primarily motivated by social media, getting clicks, getting attention, getting articles written about them. Not all that appears to be so is so. So Mark Shapiro was talking about famous forgeries produced by an Orthodox rabbi. So a lot of the news is fake. It's forgery. What may look like an alliance of dark powers, not necessarily so. You simply can't sustain the public figure. There's a famous person in America who can't sustain consistently an anti-Jewish attitude. He'll be crushed, and Jews are in a pretty safe, secure position in America today. I don't think Kanye and Nick Fuentes are going to start leading some anti-Jewish program. I love listening to Shapiro. Just, I mean, the sophistication, the learning, the grounding of both secular learning and Torah learning. There is wisdom, assessing text, assessing personalities, assessing the news. Just a model for a true seeker, a mensch, fair-minded. And we can all learn from that kind of example. That needs to rush to judgment. And that'll do it for today.


Coming to you from our GIS Studios, I am Anicia Antoine and this is your Midday News Brief. The Castries Market Redevelopment Project is moving ahead with the commencement of Phase 1. Effective Monday 27th of May 2019, the provisions market vendors will be temporarily relocated to the old Fire Service Headquarters site on Jeremy Street. The Castries Market Redevelopment Project will see not only improved conditions but dovetails with government's larger strategy for the tourism industry. In a bid to improve on St Lucia's agricultural productivity, the government of St Lucia was part of the 2015 Caribbean Soil Fertility Mapping Project, which sought to establish a database with updated information regarding the availability of fertile soil in St Lucia along with five other islands. The project is being carried out by the Kingdom of Morocco. Small samples will be collected from agricultural grades which are cultivated and will form part of the soil fertility map. The project is expected to benefit St Lucia in terms of food security, local employment and human resource. While the project was stalled for some time, the coordinator, Luke Immanuel, is happy to report that the project is back on stream. According to Immanuel, it will also enhance the country's chances of exporting food internationally. The Kingdom of Morocco is considered the leading agricultural investor in the world. Emanating from Export St Lucia's recent mission to the United States, it was observed that growing consumer trends around 18 healthy and responsibly has presented an opportunity for dried Seamos from St Lucia. Through the guidance of Export St Lucia, the Poales Seamos Association has capitalised on the opportunity and on the weekend shipped their first export to the USA. Having been put in contact with the buyer from the US, the over 140 farmers belonging to the association have worked expeditiously to facilitate a test shipment of Sun dried Seamos. Export St Lucia's CEO Sunita Daniel expressed her delight with this new venture. Daniel says that the US market is a traditionally difficult market to access and when you get one put in the door, you dare not let the opportunity pass. President of the Poales Seamos Farmers Association, Bonaventure Jabatis, says the main aim of the association is to reduce poverty in the community of Poales and he anticipates that with this potential new market for the export of Sun dried Seamos, it will go a long way in helping the association realise its goal. This has been your midday news brief, thank you for watching.


Hi everyone thank you for sticking around. I would like to thank Exposure for having me here again tonight and I'm really excited to talk to you for the next 10 minutes hopefully about the work that I've been doing for my PhD. So the title of my presentation today is Comparative Gut Hormone and Gut Bacteria Changes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes, Undergoing Sleeve Gastric to Me or Ruin Wide Gastric Bypass. Or in other words what happens in our gut following bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery is currently the recommended treatment for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. There are many different types of bariatric surgery available today. The two most commonly performed surgeries in New Zealand and worldwide are the Ruin Wide Gastric Bypass and the Sleeve Gastric to Me. These procedures are typically performed in about 45 to 49% of each of all procedures. Both of these procedures result in really significant rates of weight loss sometimes up to 75% excess weight and also really really exciting levels of type 2 diabetes remission. So we see roughly 71 to 72% diabetes remission in both of these types of surgery and so really what we want to understand is how does the gut physiology differ between people who do remit and people who don't. So why is there this 30% who don't remit despite surgery type? So apart from the basic anatomical rearrangements to the gut we believe that there are two other mechanisms that contribute to this type 2 diabetes resolution. They are changes to gut hormones and changes to the gut bacteria or the bacteria that resides in our gut. So as far as the gut hormones we already understand that any changes to the stomach or the gut, any anatomical rearrangements is undoubtedly going to have an effect on the hormones, proteins and small molecules that are produced in or active in those areas and so this is fairly well understood with bariatric surgery. Something less well understood is changes to the gut bacteria. There have been 14 small studies to date looking at changes to gut bacteria following bariatric surgery. There are a couple of common themes emerging including things like an increased diversity or richness of the bacteria in the gut following surgery and also a couple of phyla, genera and species specific changes but based on these studies they're looking at different surgery types, different cohorts, different disease states and a different lengths of study period and so it's really hard to understand whether any of these changes are truly causal or truly contributing to Type 2 diabetes resolution and so this is what we want to do. We want to see if we can pull out something that can be used to have a look at why people do and don't remit from Type 2 diabetes. So the first thing that we set out to do was first compare and confirm whether these two types of surgery have similar remission rates. This is what we expect would happen based on the literature but we wanted to confirm in a single cohort. Secondly we wanted to have a look at whether this similarity is further reflected in similarity to how patients adjust to glucose control and then further their gut bacteria. Do these things look similar between the two types of surgery or are they different? And then finally touching on that final point is can we find something, can we pull something out that's going to help us have a look at people who do and don't remit and why this happens. So in 2011 we embarked on a patient assessor blinded trial so we were looking at the treatment of the bypass versus the sleeve for the management of diabetes in obese patients. So obese patients were with Type 2 diabetes, excuse me, were recruited. They were put on a very low calorie optifast diet for two to four weeks prior to surgery and then they were now randomized to surgery. We saw these patients at two days before surgery, one year after surgery and we're now seeing them at five years after surgery. At all of these appointments they had a myriad of body composition data taken including heights and weights. They also had an oral glucose tolerance test which I'll touch on in a minute and they gave a fecal sample for microbial DNA analysis. So firstly I just want to touch on my first two aims which were confirming that these diabetes remission rates are similar and how glucose control looks following surgery. And so what we see in a nutshell with diabetes remission is we see it is similar. There's no difference between the two types of surgery and it's also quite clearly if not maybe a little bit better reflecting what we had seen in the literature. So at one year following surgery we're seeing 72 to 75% of our patients remitting from diabetes. What about glucose control? So this data was obtained from the oral glucose tolerance test. At time zero our participants are given 75 grams of glucose in a drink and then we take bloods for two hours following that. A couple of key things here. The green is representing the bypass group and the blue is representing the sleeve. These two little red lines are indicating thresholds that are telling us about the glucose control of the participant. So typically patients with diabetes will have a fasting glucose or a basal glucose level before eating of over 7 millimole. We also see that after two hours of a glucose drink, the glucose is sitting much higher than 11.1. So these are key indicators of inadequate glucose control and this is what we see in our participants pre-surgery. So what about following surgery? This is what we see. So the first thing to point out is that all of our participants are sitting below 7 millimole at fasting, which is great. We're also seeing at the two hour mark they're sitting below 11.1 millimole. So this is representing the adequate glucose control. So glucose control has been restored. The really exciting thing here is this insulin. So what we see is the insulin is rushing in following the glucose drink. It says quick quick get out of here glucose. So it sends the glucose to different organs, different tissues and gets it out of the blood, which is why you see that the glucose is significantly reduced at two hours in the following surgery in the in the bold lines. And so this is this is exciting. This is telling us that yes, we do see this glucose restoration, but we already knew that we knew this from the literature, we just wanted to see whether the groups are the same and they are. So what about the gut microbiota specifically? Does do they look the same between surgery types? And is there a difference between patients who do and don't remit? And so this graph is all of our participants who did remit from diabetes following each surgery type. So this is the 70% roughly of our patients. On the left, you can see the bypass. On the right, you have the sleeve group. And although you probably can't read all of the words, what you can see is that there are different changes. So the red bars are indicating increased bacterial taxes. So this is either a specific species or a family or something, something specific that's coming out. Green is representing a decrease. And you can see that the two surgery types are both having increases and decreases, but they're a bit different. But what's really exciting is this Rosberia intestinalis. So this is a specific species or group of species that is significantly increased in patients who do remit from diabetes, regardless of surgery type. So we thought this is great. This is interesting. What about participants who don't remit from diabetes? Which brings me to this graph. So it's the same graph. Red is an increase, green is a decrease. And this is everybody who didn't remit from diabetes as a group. We don't see any Rosberia increasing. In fact, what we see is a decrease in Rosberia species following surgery. So this is interesting. This is something that's starkly different between the groups. And so we wanted to know what is Rosberia? Rosberia is a butyrate producing bacteria. It's typical in a healthy gut. So people who have looked at healthy guts have seen a lot of Rosberia. We know that it is associated with weight loss and improved glucose tolerance. And we also know that it has other beneficial roles in the body, such as influencing colonic motility. And so what we want to do now is take this change in Rosberia, this difference in Rosberia that we've observed, and see whether it relates back to any of our other clinical indices that we have. Or can we even use Rosberia as a probiotic for these patients pre, post or during surgery? So in a nutshell, probiotics are live bacterium that taken at large doses infer health benefits. Typically, they include things like bifidobacterium and lactobacillus, which are known to impart various different health health benefits, such as producing vitamins for the body and regulating levels of other bacterium. So can we use Rosberia? Is there is there somewhere that we can slot Rosberia into this? And it turns out there's a lot of hype about this already. So there are several patents filed that are looking at the use of Rosberia for the treatment of obesity and its associated diseases. So this is exciting. So to wrap it all up. Is diabetes remission similar? Yes. Is the similarity also reflected in changes to glucose control? Yes. What about the gut bacteria? We saw some discordant changes, but really, really excitingly, we saw this Rosberia coming up. And specifically, we saw it coming out in patients who did remit from diabetes, regardless of surgery type, but not in patients who didn't. So I just want to wrap up and thank everybody who has participated, especially my, especially my patients. Thank you.


Your passion for the Lord does not have to ebb and flow. I think all too often we buy into church culture myths, cliches, and we say things like, well, I'm in my backsliding phase. Saying I'm in my backsliding phase as a Christian is like saying I'm in my cheating phase as a spouse. There's no such thing as the cheating phase. There's no such thing as a period where you can go and do whatever you want to break that covenant. No, when I'm redeemed by the blood of Jesus, I'm in covenant with him.


update. Good morning, folks. Steve Rhodes coming to live from the shores of what is right now. Very sunny. Delray Beach, Florida. This year, 11-aim update, and currently we've got a slightly mixed bag. The mix is coming from the trainees, which are up 34 points. Otherwise, the other U.S. indices trading to the downside. Dow's down 118 points, about 3-tenths percent. 3-tenths percent for the S&P are 16 points. Two-tenths for the NASDAQ 100. 28-point move. There are six-tenths of a percent for the Russell at 11 points. Seven-tenths for the S&P are down 28 bucks. You've got gold trading down $2. Silver's off 18 pennies. Life's been crude as rallying. It's up $1.15 as is natural gas, which is up eight cents. It's about a three-and-three-tenths percent move. And the 30-year Treasury's down two full points. Trading out at $1.20.09. Let's go take a look at that nine-panel market update chart. As we do, we begin taking a look at the ES mini, upper left-hand side. What do we see here? We see that price is testing support. So the ES mini has got a rosement to indicator top. If price were to close about 46.21.75, we wouldn't get that signal. Short of that, you've got price that is testing support. And it's the support zone. It's between 45.07 and 45.24. That being said, then we're going to take the Trader's Edge show and we'll go look at the ES mini, study that. Because if it is forming a bottom, when price gets back to a support, we shouldn't see those bottom signals on those intraday time periods. Now, Rothbaul Chotex is above its 50-day exponential moving average of 50 days at 14.79. Price right now printing out at 16.81. That really slaps rallies in the face out there. We're going to take a look during the Trader's Edge show the key level that each of these equity future contracts need to close above to suggest that there's any legs to a rally. The NQ is trading below profiles. Its next area of support is all the way down at the bottom of the weekly profile. That's at 14.865. The US dollar index has got no top in place. It does have an A to B equal CD pattern. Its next price projection level will be 103.09. That is short of a bearish reversal candle, which would then confirm a sell the D point pattern. Goldilocks is now trading below both the daily bottom of its daily profile instead of its weekly. Next profile area of support is down at the 1949-60 level. Silver has made a .628 retracement of its leg up. That's at the 23.53 level. If that fails, we're looking at 23.01. Light's been crude and formed a TD9 count top pattern yesterday. Price is now consolidating within its daily profile. That has supported 7.824 resistance 81.23. If you take a look at the 30-year treasury, it has now achieved the 1-to-1 A to B equal CD price tartan 1.1209. This needs a bullish reversal candle to confirm a bottom. Folks, stay tuned for the Trader's Edge Show. But if you're up to start your Thursday, please have a terrific one. Thanks for joining us. We'll look forward to speaking with you again soon. Hey, Karen.


Let's take a look at this simple automaton I made. Its purpose is to check that a given sentence starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop. It may seem a little daunting right now, so let's look through it step by step. First, we can see that this diagram has four circles labeled 1, 2, 3 and 4. These are the different states of our automaton. Between these states are arrows labeled with U for uppercase characters, S for a full stop and L for lowercase characters as well as any other punctuation. These represent transitions from one state to the next. For example, if we are at state 1 then the U arrow will transition us or move us to state 3 while the LS arrow would transition us to state 2. Here LS just means that both L and S result in the same transition. Now note that the arrow on the far left is not labeled and does not transition between states, instead only entering state 1. This tells us that state 1 is the start state. So whenever we run through this automaton we always start from here. Lastly, state 4 on the right is two circles, telling us that this is an accepting state. For this example, acceptable sentences that begin with the capital letter and end with a full stop will result in transitions that end at this state. We can have any number of accepting states. Even the start state can be an accepting one, but we can only have one start state.