So hello everybody Hi to all freedom lovers. My name is Matt Ressenberg. I'm the project manager of open QM and I will now talk about the open QM management platform and how we achieve a pluggable virtualization for a modern data centers So so short to the agenda actually how many people here? Forced them already know open QM or have played with it a bit a few a few So I will still give a short or a basic overview about what open QM is what goals we are trying to achieve and What you can do with it? Big part of the talk is about the pluggable architecture of open QM which allows to Be very flexible with virtualization means plugging in virtualization technologies into your Management framework for your data centers We'll explain the virtualization layer which we implemented in open QM which is to Unify different virtualization technologies. I will also give a few insights about why there is a great benefit of Conforming different virtualization technologies I will after that we have Some more details about the already implemented virtualization plugins for open QM, which is the Emberx and Linux vServe and QEMO and Since this is a developer conference and I want all you to contribute to the open QM project. I will also Have a section in the talk later How to develop a virtualization plugin what is needed inside the open QM? To fit in a new virtualization technology and of course there will be time for questions and hopefully also answers for you so First about open QM. It's derived from a commercial project called QRM this was developed by the clusters company and Luckily, I could convince them or at least I was one Source to Make the whole project an open source project Was quite some efforts which we had to do before going open source means cleaning up Build system the architecture and so on This happened at the end of 2005 and at the beginning of 2000 2006. We are now an open source project We used the MPL license which is very similar to the GPL license So from from now from there on There is an active development development going on the community which mainly concentrates on Writing additional plugins for open QM. So Why plugins? First of all, I start a bit down here When we rewrote or re-architectured open QM before going open source beginning 2006. We thought about That we need to have a pluggable architecture with a defined well-defined API to make it easier for developers to add new functionality or change existing functionality inside the open QM server and Next to that we want to keep the open QM server itself very At least we try to keep it very small and robust So the benefit what we gained from this pluggable architecture we designed for open QM is That we could parallelize our development So we have a few developers sitting on the core and many other developers Developing independent plugins and don't disturb each other with There's no code in this So we can separate the code our developers are working on basically through this pluggable API So basically open QM. What is a management system for data centers and It's It's a deployment system means you can rapidly deploy server to existing physical hardware or also virtual machines There are monitoring tools being built in so that you also can monitor your servers and applications and of course also We thought about high availability In open QM, which basically is a rapid redeployment if something fails So the concept of open QM is the separation of modules of the data center That means the on the one hand the physical hardware the bare metal what we see from open QM side as a kind of resource, this is CPU power memory disk space and so on on the other hand we try to separate the Operation system plus the applications From the physical hardware or virtual machine hardware This is done mainly via a net booting. So all computers managed by open QM are Normally net booting and managed via net booting. They can also start local Means start from the local disk if there's a local disk inside the whole initialization of Being able to manage a remote system over there in the data center is based on that booting so Open QM therefore provides tools to Transform an existing server to a server image from different types. So I come to that in a moment we first when we have an When we transform the server into an image the images Basically, just like with all with other virtualization technologies. It's basically a big file on some storage server the advantages from having Server images instead of local installed servers first. I don't trust local hard disk Recently came back from the Linux Conf Australia and found my hard disk of my workstation Where I still am using hard disk crashing at first boot up with a hardware failure. So it's kind of worse So on the other hand if you have a server image it is on a It is located on a on a storage server Which normally has backup facilities recovering facilities and also snapshot facilities features Which means I can First I have the backup and restore in a central place where it should be on them on the storage server itself and second I can use the Cloning features the snapshotting features of the storage server to just create new images of of my existing server image So basically what what we tried To to implement as a feature is and Integrating open QM with modern storage server windows or with open-source storage server Mechanisms like LVM NFS on top of LVM or high scasi on top of LVM, which basically gives the same flexibility as a Netafiler, but it costs nothing and with the interface from open QM to the storage server we can say Now I have an existing web server template which I which I now need For my new five customers and I can basically just create The configuration inside open QM using the web server template base image and Let open QM clone the server images on deployment Means in the moment. I want to start the server for customer 3 It will go to the storage server clone create a snapshot of the already existing known to work web server image deployed via net booting that means bringing up a new server for my Next customer is actually will actually take just the time the system is going to boot Which is quite fast. I don't have to install anything. I don't have to Touch or change things which I know that they're working so Having this I call it appliance based deployment method via net booting We are using this also as As a partition interface as a virtual machine interface To conform different virtualization technologies later So first this is this was more or less about physical machines, but with the with The virtualization plugins existing for open QM This layer is also this network booting layer is also used to First be able to very easy migrate from a physical machine to virtual machine And then from virtual machine a type a to virtual machine type B so The Let's come Coming back to the goals and concepts So the first is separation between different models modules in the data center. The second is we abstract those modules We with a term called virtual environments. This is your new web server. You need for the next customer Inside this virtual environment configuration You tell open QM which kernel I want to boot which boot image basically which root file system I want to boot. This is the big server image laying on this on a storage server somewhere and How how I want to start this new service. It means a service level agreements It's about high availability. It's about Should this whole thing the web service should be run on a cluster how many nodes the cluster need how many CPU speed the application need our memory all this goes into the virtual environment configuration and The virtual environment Later or basically Represents the service that I want to deploy an open QM So I will then have a web server customer a virtual environment Which I later can start and stop via a single mouse clicks with via the web interface of open QM So When it comes to virtualization This is also this is only then with this abstraction only a Select box inside your virtual environment configuration where the administrator of the box selects Or this today this this server should run on a physical machine or tomorrow It should run inside a VM very virtual machine or the next day It should run into Linux v server partition and after that maybe at the weekend. I need it on a physical box again So this is all about a transparent resource planning, which we also which we integrated into the virtual environment abstraction Okay, I talked about a huge selection of plugins Plugable architecture and they're Already huge selection about 20 Plugins available for open QM, which adds different features to the base server Examples for that is a Nagios plugin for enhanced monitoring. We have integrated Linux CUE as a plugin Which gives you an automatic installation as a as a next form of deployment Method We have the virtualization plugins, which we will talk about a few minutes in more detail So we also integrated LVM storage NFS on top of LVM and ice cousin top of LVM so that users can use this Instead of buying a net up filer for example Last but not least we have Support for different operation system also non-linux Operations system systems can be deployed with open QM Examples for that is free BST solaris and surprisingly also Windows. We can deploy Windows machines for that So this is the basic overview of open QM and This is needed to Understand better the way how we integrated this virtualization layer in open QM Let's start a bit bit at the beginning we heard some Different speakers here today talking about virtualization and So we have not a single technology which with everybody have to use but we have a great choice of different virtualization technologies I'm always try to group them into this three Methods which is full virtualization power virtualization and Kind of isolation or container container based virtualization. So I will not go into detail anymore I expect that everybody from from you guys Know what is full virtualization power virtualization container means so we are not going that deep into that but There is the need for the system administrator to To choose to select a virtualization virtualization technology or virtualization vendor For his needs. So what are the needs the needs are basically the application needs. So what we have lots of different application and Some are more happy with full virtualization some are happy with power virtualization and others are a prefer Lightweight or container base lightweight or container based virtualization a good example is if I would Virtualize an oracle database. I would think about like Xen or VM there something like that if I'm a web host and I want to deploy a thousand or hundreds of Apache web service root service for my for renting to my customers I would definitely go with Solutions like Linux v server or open v set which are much more lightweight so I can start much Many more machines on a single virtualization host than on Xen or VM there So basically this means as a system administrator. I do not have to choose one Virtualization technology and stick with it, but I have to support more than one and Basically at least three to make all my applications and all my users happy so three different virtualization technologies and the Requirement to also manage the physical systems Quite a lot quite a goal. So what we tried or what we implemented is We unify the we unified the deployment layer. We are this net booting Which then also is used to Conform the different types of virtualization technologies when I'm today when I have a Xen Xen virtual machine Moving this to an ASX host to VMware host It's quite some manual work. You have to adapt the configuration file. You have to maybe you have to also Transfer the disk image from one server to another and then to Make from the Xen block device disk image make a VMDK out of it So lots of manual things to do with the for the system administrator With the open QM deployment method via net booting We don't need to do anything. We don't need to change anything on a server image to move it from a physical machine to a virtual machine it's just We just Configure a different resource type not physical machine or bare metal But the virtual machine from type Xen or VMware inside the virtual environment profile and the next next time my virtual environment Starts up. It will use a Xen virtual machine instead of a physical box So this all gives us a transparent support formigrating from physical resources to virtual partition and also Then later if I put my application on Xen Xen virtual machine, and I would just want to try it in Linux v server or in QEMU We can do this on the fly without any changes on the server image So the server image my known to by known to work web server template cloned on deployment time It will never change so Let me quick give Some more details to this cloning on deployment time feature sure We all have templates for our applications and servers and this works quite well still for each customer or for each Resulting virtual appliance or virtual machine. I need to change minor things or major things on the server image itself It's a clone. It has some static entries for etc host. Maybe or my it has a HTTP configuration file which should be adapted for each user or for each resulting server, which I want to bring up We also Have an option in open QM to do this for fully automatically Via the puppet plug-in puppet. I'm not sure how many people know puppet already Quite a lot great. It's It's known to be the next generation of CF engine It's automatic configuration management utility which we integrated and open QMS an additional plug-in So you can just enable and disable it as you like or as you need and What you will gain from it is after open QM automatically clones clone to your web server image and Started it up on a existing on a free available machine The configuration for example of the HTTP conf file can be adapted automatically via the puppet plug-in So I just have to cut and paste HTTP conf received into my puppet configuration also we are the Open QM user interface and The next time I start the server it will automatically Adapt or get a new HTTP configuration file before actually starting the web service on the on the server Okay, so we also cannot omit this so Why using open QM for managing virtualization we have lots of Applications or tools for virtualization nowadays which Which Which are for creating partitions starting stopping them there are GUI applications there are web applications for that But why using open QM? Because open QM is not only a GUI for single virtualization technology like the You have for Xen you have Xen man or Xen Some some GUI utilities which are more or less concentrating just on Xen Xen for VMware You have the the commercial options the ESX VMware Center and stuff like that for Linux V server There's a web GUI available Why not using that? Because what we try with open QM is to Combine all those utilities or to combine useful utilities To create a single management console. I don't want to connect to use loosely tools One for this one for that this for the next Virtualization technology, but I would like to have One Utility which which where which helps me to manage my complete data center and this is what open QM tries to achieve So it's not only a GUI For a single virtualization technology, but it automatically it also cares about the deployment of your virtualization host we always we always Excuse me, we always speaking about bringing up new virtual machines starting them stopping them managing them and so on but actually we are never Really much talking about how to install a virtualization host or how to deploy I would like more or less a deploy because I don't want to install it I don't I want to I want what I want is a virtualization host server image Which I can the same as the web server clone on deployment time. So if I need a new one, I just say start so with open QM Open QM cares also about the deployment of your Xen host or deployment of your Linux V server virtualization host or QM host and It brings all Xen utilities Within the Xen plugin. So you basically then can Use any of your existing server images Without having the need to have Xen installed on this server image But just use this Started and in the virtual environment Configuration tell its Xen virtual host so what will happen the Server image will be cloned on deploy it will be booted on the on a free machine It will boot the hypervisor of course not the Linux kernel, but the hypervisor in which boots the DOM U kernel DOM 0 kernel, excuse me and It will automatically install Xen on your server image during boot up So after that basically just say I need a new Xen virtualization host It's based on my image XYZ. It should be Xen host it's a it's a it's a checkbox which you just enable and You say start and you will have a virtualization host up and running without any Installation without needing to install Xen or configure anything on the on the server image um So the next thing is When it's about virtualization Normally people start with one server with two virtualization hosts and then The needs from the users are going up and then I need a third one a fifth one and so on With open QM we can we support Out of the box clusters of shared virtualization host What does that mean? We can Let our Xen virtual Virtualization host It's a it's a virtual environment inside open QM. It's a configured configurable virtual environment We can make it this cluster We can Select we can configure with how many nodes it should start up with minimum maximum nodes and and Then all the nodes in the all the servers in the cluster will use the same server image root file system, so basically this helps a lot for Updates and security patches because I don't have to maintain like 50 server images, but just one The second what it does is with the virtual environment configuration minimum and maximum numbers of nodes I can make the whole thing scaling up and down automatically that means The cluster will start up with minimum nodes let's say five and we have maximum nodes 15 and When there is load on the cluster Generated by the virtual machines for example Open QM will automatically add new physical servers to this virtualization cluster single system image cluster so that Enables the system and spreader to to move to migrate virtual machines from one virtualization host to another within this single system image cluster so the the thing what is What what I learned from especially pro-force? Oh, this is a conference basically month ago focusing on virtualization is that People want to have Something like a cloud computing so they have a cloud of virtualization hosts where physical systems are being added and removed automatically According to the load of the cluster so the cluster scales up automatically up and down and what they also want is actually Is that the virtual machines inside this cluster are? Being migrated automatically to the hosts inside the cluster with which are less loaded So it's an automatic load balancing of physical machines Which are scaling up and down inside the cluster and within this cluster of physical machines? We have lots of virtual machines which are then also being able to move from one's Virtualization host to another so what we implemented for now is we can have the automatic cluster of shared hosts which scales up and down The next thing on the roadmap is to actually find a good implementation or a good mechanism To decide when a virtual machine should Move from one virtualization host to another So it's a kind of load balancing we have to implement and it just will be an additional plugin in open qrm so The partition management, so we just talked about how to bring up in a virtualization host VMware or Xen or Linux v server q email host with open qrm Basically fully automatically through this server imaging and appliance-based deployment. So now how are the? partitions or the virtual machines are being managed in open qrm with its partition Layer with its partition abstraction layer open qrm maps the commands for example reboot shutdown Administrative commands to the actions on the virtualization host means open qrm when you reboot a server Or one of your virtual environments, which can be run on a physical system or on a virtual machine Open QM knows That it is running on a physical machine or on a virtual machine and if it's running on a virtual machine It will not run Send and reboot to the virtual machine, but a reboot to the virtual machine host Which then runs for example the the the virtualization command for this specific technology for VMware we have VMware cmd Shutdown or a reboot with Xen we We put this on top of the Xen API using Xm Xm reboot So open qm automatically maps the the commands which are going to my server either Executes them on a physical service like the real reboots Command or if it's a partition if it's a virtual machine it goes to the virtual machine host and reboots the The virtual machine from on behalf of the host the administration itself Because of this obstruction layer This net booting obstruction layer. It's just like physical service. They appear in open qm You create some partitions some new partitions They will appear in open qm as free available resources, which then can be used to deploy your server images on so at all the virtual machines can very easily move from One virtualization type to another because the server image itself. It's it's it's disconnected from the virtualization technology so we don't have to move a VMDK to a Xen block device or Extract the root file system of a VMDK to be able to run it on linux v server But we just have server images there and Resources over there and resources can be physical or they can be virtual Open QM just manage the rest Okay, so I'm now telling a bit about the Virtualization plugins the details about your virtualization plugins, which are we already implemented basically it's Xen linux v server Q emu plus the KVM extension and VM there of course with Xen we The Xen plug-in gives you a bunch of features which I now I won't read them for you on the on the slide But of course you have start stop pause on pause We recently added live migration support for for Xen which is the first step To this cloud computing stuff where things are balancing and scaling up automatically We also added a Xen console in the open QM user interface. That means you can insert your open QM inside a web browser With the open QM user interface you can access directly access the console of your virtual machines I should say something about our deployment methods so what I said was that The whole flexibility in open QM is a result of net booting Servers or virtual machines When they are net booted we have different deployment methods the basic the common Deployment method is through NFS route. I don't I know Some people don't like NFS so much for the root file system. It's working quite well. We also have implemented first standard ice-cazi route means you can run you can deploy You can Have your server images on an ice-cazi LAN which will be connected at boot up Which is very cool because on the on the ice-cazi storage You can have a regular file system like extended 3 or a riser FS Which gives the great advantages there not any not everything what? The system reads and writes from a drool file system goes immediately through the wire like it is with NFS But with extended 3 there's a lot of journaling and caching inside the systems run So the system actually will read and write to The network when it has time for it No, no Yes, we manage them This can be done. We have the puppet plug-in for an automatic configuration with when you Create this single system image cluster. You're are currently Limited to NFS route so the We've also mechanisms to have private directories Within each note of the single system image cluster means you can have you can define private areas on an areas Within private areas, which are shared again your configuration file With ice-cazi of course We have a non cluster file system normally on top of it like a second three or riser FS as I just mentioned You can have the single system image based Deployment also with ice-cazi route, but you have to use a cluster file system like OS OCFS to I did test with it with where which were Very promising you could also use GFS for that So these are different deployment methods NFS route ice-cazi route. We also have local local disk dump That's mean local deployment we can Grab an image from an existing service hard disk transfer to a Storage server location and then use this image to dump it back to another service hard disk and This all happens again through net booting But after the image is being done to the to the hard disk again, the node will just reboot local So we also have local deployment with virtualization plugins the Accent plug-in supports NFS and ice-cazi storage deployment We don't really focus on Local hard disks within virtual machines because these are basically just files Which should be not on the virtualization host But somewhere on a modern storage server which automatically cares about backing up and creating snapshots and so and so on so This is a screenshot everybody likes screenshots of the OpenQM user interface, especially the Xen configuration. This is We have different Methods what what plugins can provide for OpenQM? This is the web page integration. So we have the plug-in brings a new web page Which allows you to manage configure and set up your virtual machines. This is the Xen console which we implemented I just I just told it you can access now the The virtual machines console from within open here from within the open QM user interface what we try to manage is what we try with OpenQM is to really Not reinvent the wheel So if this if there is some project which is known to work and a common to use for system administrators We try to integrate this into OpenQM and use OpenQM as a glue To make different components cooperate together and to let them cooperate with the main Management framework. So this opens up a lot for automatism, which you don't have when you just use loosely connected tools Sorry Think I cannot make it really bigger on the fly I'm not sure but Yeah, come to me come to me after the talk I will show you So next is the QEMU plug-in It We have a list of features it also supports NFS and iSCSI deployment it does not require any special boot image because the QEMU as a Has very less requirements on the actually virtualization hosts it only needs a TAN device TAN tap device To run We recently added also support for cake a cake QEMU, which is an acceleration accelerator module Provided by QEMU itself and also for KVM. That means you can also run QEMU in Fulvigization mode with OpenQM So then we have the linux v server plug-in very lightweight container based virtualization It For now it supports only NFS storage means your server root file systems should be on an NFS server Why is this so because we with linux v server? it's a virtualization type with just one running operation system and We don't really have the option now We what we could do is we could connect root file systems on iSCSI targets We are the iSCSI initiator the thing is that This would require To have the iSCSI tools and the initiator module running inside Available inside the linux v server host kernel, which is still kind of tricky I tested it and it does not work stable yet, but I'm in contact with the linux v server guys a bit To see what we can do there So last but not least we also have the VMware plug-in, which is currently maintained or provided by the clusters company It's the professional services company behind OpenQM The only difference between the VMware plug-in and the other virtualization plug-ins is that The VMware plug-in does not care about deployment of your virtualization host which means a GSX or VMware server or ESX Why not? We found out that we we want to support VMware server, which is basically the GSX and we want also to support ESX and to make ESX net booting It's Actually, it's not supported by VMware itself as far as I know so we also based this on the we based this on the VMware API and The VMware plug-in supports NFS and iSCSI deployment type plus local deployment So within VMware you can have your local disk if you want I Recommend not to use local disk at all. So basically this is a common setup from Workmate from me he's Providing also professional services for OpenQM and doing installations and maintenance for Customers this is a web hosting setup. He's using its one OpenQM server with Running the service the server mission is running on NFS and Everything is booted via PXE and Yes, just one Stand-by virtualization hosts so in case one of the DOM zero a B or C or D crashed it OpenQM will automatically Notice that and rapidly redeploy the DOM zero stand-by move the partitions from Server one to the stand-by server. Okay, so this is a bit more advanced setup Yeah, basically it's A big rate system a storage server manage directly interface with OpenQM which provides a lot or lots of Send virtualization hosts Which are then used for the different Departments or from the for the customer its research IT there are a huge number of regular Clients 350 clients using the virtual machines inside this data center setup So since this is a developer conference. I Also would like to give some overview about Is it how what? What we what needs to be done to implement a new virtualization type for OpenQM so in general They're just two classes to implement in Java Quite easy For example now the extent plug-in The code for the plug-in is using the namespace in the line about below the namespace What do you need to what needs to be done is to implement? Send partition bridge this is for every virtualization type you need to implement the generic partition bridge of OpenQM with that specific Features and differences for the virtualization type it means the the the extent partition bridge basically maps the Administrative command of OpenQM to the virtual machine commands via the XM utility and It then runs the virtual machine commands on behalf of the virtualization host the virtual machine is running on so we also thought about Putting in this third-party libraries like libvert which also which tries to achieve the same goals as OpenQM At the point we started with that libvert was not really usable usable except for except for Xen virtualization type so now it's Bit more improving and we will think about reconsidered for the next implementation The second class what you need to implement is the Xen MAC address provider. This basically generates Generates Random and unique MAC addresses For your new partitions because when you create a new partition, you also need to create a new virtual network interface This is basically the only unique part So this is the It's pseudo code so don't compile it It's this is the implementation of the Xen partition bridge bridge it as I mentioned it extends the base partitioning obstruction layer inside OpenQM This is the example of the start start command or start from off command it If it finds the The virtualization host for the virtual machine and then run the start partition command on the node with the With the resource attached So the start partition command I have to Get on a bit faster don't have so much time anymore the start partition command is basically it runs the a script on the virtualization host which then with some Command land options which are then doing the job basically creating a new which is a new Xen configuration file running Xm configuration file start and to bring up the partition So the other class what we need to implement was the Xen MAC address provider. This is basically how Mac addresses are generated in OpenQM from a template so each virtualization type has its Mac address base which is then being used to generate Mac addresses from so as I mentioned This is pseudo code cut and paste it from our source and it may not compile Exactly like this, but this is basically how it how MAC addresses are created. So summary in conclusion We have an open architectured fully pluggable data center management system with OpenQM We have a we made it fully pluggable to Let you easily contribute to it by writing new plugins for it. It's a well-defined plug-in API OpenQM itself conforms to different virtualization technologies First we are net boarding and via the generic partition layer inside the base server What we benefit from is a completely transparent resource management Physical boxes virtual machines on one side server images my root file systems and applications on the other side And I just can deploy on whatever I want either physical or virtual machines Yeah, and as I as I said the plug-in development is Made very easy for you developers We just have to implement two classes to get a new virtualization type into into OpenQM. That's it So the future moment we will of course focus even more on virtualization next on the list of plugins we need to we want to create is open vz virtual box on which also and and What we also Think about is to give more options for the user for each virtualization technology inside the plug-in configuration page so And I would like to announce a major sub project in the OpenQM community We had lots of feedbacks from the community and this helped us to Create focus and evaluate the current state of OpenQM, and we definitely want to port it to your PHP now We want to go away from the Java from the big Java engine. We want to port it to PHP in this actor. This did this Development just started and it's being very active recently So your code and contribution is of course welcome if you are a good PHP or so or if you are interested in Virtualization and have some free time and fun to contribute just contact me and we will of course find some interesting task for you Here how you find the OpenQM project on the on the internet. It's a project on SourceForge and My email address if you want to contact me directly And it's now time for your questions Any questions? The question is how do you how do OpenQM reboot physical machines, right? We have Since everything is deployed through netboot We have an automatic mechanism mechanism which starts two little demons on each server managed by OpenQM one is a small monitoring demon which Sequently sends money in the monitoring statistics to the from this from this system to the OpenQM server and the other is remote execution demon which is based on an IP address Authentication so that the OpenQM server can run Administrative commands on the on all managed servers. So basically we send a reboot command via this Execution team and the the system itself will run reboot Yes, yes, this is one method when the monitoring statistics are not being sent in a Certain interval OpenQM will Get to know that this system is down. Of course for enhanced monitoring System and application monitoring we recommend the Nagios plugin which is basically doing the same but on a much final level and The thing is that the Nagios arrows. I'm out of time. I have to stop with the Nagios arrows are Brought through the OpenQM engine with with then can react to that so If you have any more questions just come to my to me In front of the door and I will be happy to answer them many. Thanks for your attention


Kevin Kent, Cardiovascular Manager, under a new position. He's been promoted recently. Kevin's an active part of our STEMI team and whenever there's anything I ask him to do, it's done immediately and I appreciate that. You good to go? Yes. All right. So Charlie asked me to talk today about and review signs and symptoms of ACS and you know, we all know what they are, but it always helps to review those signs and symptoms because you know as we found that sometimes the symptoms aren't so obvious to us, but you know typical symptoms of ACS obviously are chest pain, shortness of breath, you know dyspnea, maybe arm pain. You know, I've had cases in the cath lab where that's the only thing they complained of, maybe arm heaviness, maybe not so much pain. So we have to pay attention to what is their, what is the description of their symptoms like? You know, it can be heaviness. It can be non-specific symptoms. You know, does the pain radiate anywhere? Does it go to the jaw? Does it go to the back? And I want to step back real quick and talk about chest pain for a second because people say, well, it's not pain. It's pressure. It's heaviness. It's uneasiness. It is just this atypical pain that's there. Not always chest pain. Like I said, does it radiate? Does it go anywhere? Diaphoresis. That is often a very strong clinical indicator that this is a heart problem because they had chest pain and they remember that they got acutely diaphoretic with that. And, of course, indigestion is a non-specific indicator of ACS. We know that there are certain patient populations that don't present the same way. And that's where I go with this slide, in that those not-so-obvious signs and symptoms patients. And obviously, they're diabetics in women. Diabetics have, depending on their degree of diabetes, a significant part peripheral neuropathy that may deaden their ability to perceive pain. And women as well are different patient populations that they don't present the same way. Their symptoms aren't the same. So as clinicians, we need to be able to differentiate those specific patient populations and to be able to decide, is this truly an ACS symptom or is it not? And try to guide your treatment along with that. Of course, you have a certain patient population that's going to present with a silent MI and it kind of goes along with the not-so-obvious signs and symptoms. They may have shoulder blade pain. They may have non-specific back pain. They may have non-specific chest pain. That may not give you a clue that actually they're having a silent MI. In reviewing the literature again in ACS in preparation for this, an acute onset of acute diaphoresis is often a strong clinical indicator that the patient's having an acute coronary syndrome and maybe having an MI. So if you get this acute onset of sudden diaphoresis, you know, maybe they get pale, maybe they get syncopal, you know, they may or may not pass out. But along with that is this sudden feeling, my pointer isn't working, of impending doom that goes along with that. Maybe they feel syncopal. Maybe they feel light-headed like they're going to pass out and they get sweaty and diaphoretic associated with that. So those can be very, those can be clues or indicators that the patient is actually experiencing a heart attack. So STEMI basically this is a broad statement, but any patient presenting with signs and symptoms of ACS that you suspect are suspicious for cardiac problems should have an EKG done within five minutes of patient arrival or first medical contact. First medical contact is EMS. They call EMS. They don't feel good. Maybe they have non-specific complaints or they have chest pain. Ideally, based on STEMI recommendations, we want that EKG within the first five minutes. And we track that through our data collection to see, are we meeting that goal? Because that is the STEMI team. We've decided that that is one of the goals that we want to attain. Now, does that mean that that also goes into play when you come into the emergency department? As Dr. Greger will be talking about in a little bit, we want that EKG within the five minutes of them walking in the front door. So take some rapid assessment to say, is this patient truly a STEMI or truly a patient having ACS symptoms because time is muscle. That being said, patients with symptoms and no EKG changes, so say their EKG is normal on first presentation, should have a repeat EKG within five to ten minutes afterwards. We don't want to wait an hour afterwards. And if they have persistent symptoms, we should be doing that repeat EKG at regular intervals to pick up any changes. Because we know historically that even though they have a normal EKG, that can change to an ST segment elevation MI in the matter of minutes. We're going to talk briefly about the protocol. This is the adult transport cardiac protocol for STEMI patients for Midland Gladwin for this medical control authority. And our goal is to decrease the damage to the myocardium by transporting qualified patients to the cardiac cath lab. Well, this is what the STEMI team set out a number of years ago to put in place. It has been shown as a class 1A recommendation from the American Heart Association that primary PCI or emergent angioplasty in stent places, its placement decreases death and mortality when the patient is taken directly to the lab as opposed to going to the emergency department and being admitted or whatever the case may be. So it's been well established that that is what the STEMI team was originally initiated for to develop this rapid transport to the cardiac cath lab, get the vessel open and stop their heart attack. So we have the pre-medical control protocol, which I'm sure all the paramedics, everyone a paramedic here? Or nurse? Paramedic nurse? So these are field protocols, so we're going to follow our general pre-hospital care protocol in treating chest pain and acute coronary syndrome. Like I said, the goal is to decrease our damage to the myocardium. We do not delay transport. We want to transport to the PCI center within 90 minutes of onset of symptoms. If there's an estimate to be greater than 90 minutes, then that's where it alters a little bit. You need to transport to the nearest emergency department. And actually some of those guidelines have actually been changed out to 120 minutes for respect of transport to our facility. But basically we're trying to meet a door to balloon of 90 minutes. Door to balloon of 90 minutes. Of course we're going to start an IV. We're going to give nitro. We're going to do all those things that we do for the ACS patient. We're going to administer sublingual nitro knowing that we have to keep an eye on the blood pressure. And all this is in your protocol. We can start a nitro drip as well. So we should be very burst on this protocol and also administering morphine and titrated to pain. Where we differ a little bit is down here after we have talked to the emergency department or gotten bypass protocol or whatever bypass permission. But we need to administer 60 units per kilogram bolus of heparin to a maximum dose of 4,000 units. And that is something do you give that order, Dr. Gregg, from the emergency department? Or is that are they okay to do that? They're doing it. So that's what I thought the process was. They call, they say you have a stemmy. We're going to give the heparin bolus. Keep in mind the max dose is 4,000 units. Of course we're going to continue to give morphine as indicated for the pain. Tight trade or nitro drip up. Obviously we're going to increase their drip to pain and don't be afraid if their blood pressure can take it. Don't be afraid to go up to those higher levels because sometimes it takes more nitro than is typical for the patient who maybe has unstable angina. We don't want to delay transport. Obviously we want to get the patient to the PCI center within 90 minutes. Any questions on your protocol? Pretty straightforward protocol. This is the EMS radio report sheet that the ER takes from EMS. So we need to be calling when we activate the stemmy team so we know that the operator activates or the emergency department calls the operator activate the stemmy team. And then EMS calls five minutes out to find out if the lab is ready to accept the patient. At night time is usually when that's an issue. It can be an issue during the day if we have two cases going on. At the same time we have two cardiac cath labs. So if there are two in process on occasion the patient has to go to the emergency department briefly as well as at night there's a 30 minute response time. So those two times that's why that five minute call is important for direction for EMS and where to go. Once they get that call the ER nurse calls the lab says is the lab open. We say yes bring the patient directly to us. If we say no either we have a situation where we can't accept the patient at the time they need to go to the ER briefly and that's what this report kind of indicates. So I can't underestimate the importance of the five minute phone call. On occasion I know the city cars are close. Sometimes it is we'll be there in five minutes. So on occasion you may have to walk through the emergency department especially at night knowing that we're 30 minutes away.  And then of course the PCI worksheet. This is something that's in all the PCI packets. We need to you need to be familiar with this form. What's important information especially to give the emergency department is name date of birth height and weight. Those are four bare minimum criteria that we need to get the patient registered through admitting because now with the advent of electronic medical records it's a little bit harder to do it after the fact or ad hoc. The accurate name we need an accurate name you know spelling there's a lot of people that go by a different name than what their given name is. And then the height and weight that that is the data that we need to get started the rest of the data we can get later. But the best we can fill out this PCI worksheet and it may it may be after the case but we also get a lot of data from this form. And specifically is what time did they get to the cath lab. We can look from the time of the call to the time they arrive at the cath lab. Are we in we use that data to see did we meet the door to balloon. Did we meet the criteria for getting their them here within 60 minutes from our outline areas. Did they get TPA you know did they stop briefly at Claire. All those things going to play what kind of history did they have you know the other important thing is the allergies you know these patients are usually alert and can tell us some of that stuff. But you know from a data collections perspective the top part the patient name those identifiers symptom duration when it started. We know that patients don't call right away. It started three hours ago that can kind of give us some treatment you know ideas that hey this isn't something that started you know right away. What do we have to be worried about. So that's the PCI worksheet that stays as the permanent or should stay as the permanent medical record so there is a place for a sticker on it to be scanned into the medical record. Any questions about the PCI worksheet. There's been a lot of you know tweaking of this form so to speak and I think we've got it down to what Dr. Lauer and Dr. Greg feel is the bare minimum data for our PCI worksheet. We do this form is utilized quite a bit. And that's what I have for mine.


Upload files. There are two ways of adding documents such as presentations or word processed files to your course. One way is dragging and dropping, as we see in another video. This next method uses Moodle's activity chooser and file picker to upload files. Both ways need us to enable edit mode, and in then in the section where we'd like to upload the document, we click add an activity or resource. This brings us to the activity chooser. A document is a resource and we need to select file. Name is important because the name is what the students will see on the page when accessing it. The description is also important, you may or may not want the description, but if you do and you want it displayed on the course page, tick the box. Then from select files, if your browser allows it's possible just to drag the file straight into here. But we are going to click add and this takes us to Moodle's file picker, which we will explore in another video. We just want to upload the document, so let's ignore for now the other options. We choose or browse for a file, we click to find the file we want. We can change its name if we want to, we don't have to. We can change the author name, change the license if we're not happy with the default license, although be aware this won't show on the course main page, and then click to upload the file. It's worth exploring some of the other settings, such as in appearance. We can display the size of the document, useful if your students have poor internet connections, and can also display the type and when it was uploaded, so let's do that. To alert course participants that we've added this file, we tick send content change notification. If we now save and return to course, we can see the file displayed on the course main page with its information.


So, welcome back to today's lecture, we were discussing polarization transfer where we started to discuss steady-state and transient NOE, so we will continue from there. So now what previously we have looked at, what is the origin of NOE and what is the physical principle behind NOE that is nuclear relaxation, so how it is done, so what we are doing, we have a two signal which are somehow coupled through space and we saturate one signal, so by saturation what we mean by we equalize the population across the transition by radiating with a weak field, so that means there are two levels here and we saturate we apply a weak RF pulse here and now this is equalizing the population between those two states and then while we are observing what is happening to other signal, so that is what is NOE, two coupled system one is perturbed and perturbed means equalize the population between these two states of these signal and then we look at the effect of that perturbation on other signal, so what we are observing what is happening on another signal, so NOE is a manifestation of the attempt of the system to come back to the equilibrium, so that means how it comes come back to equilibrium, so because of perturbation the population equalizes and then what is happening actually it is trying to come back by some mechanism called relaxation, so relaxation is trying to equalize that sorry re-store the equilibrium and in attempt to store that there is a signal enhancement that is given by an eta, eta that is a NOE signal, so that is the signal because of perturbation minus the original signal divided by I0 is the original signal that is called NOE enhancement. So essentially NOE is manifestation of the attempt of the system to come back to the equilibrium and that is given by the symbols where I is the signal obtained because of this perturbation minus I0 is original signal that is the ratio that is given as a NOE enhancement. So next what we looked at the two kind of NOE, one was steady state NOE and another was transient NOE, we looked at what is the difference between the steady state and transient NOE and then we looked at the positive NOE and negative NOE, in some case you get a positive enhancement, some case you get a negative enhancement, so we looked at that. So here we looked at there are four states of two spins, so here there are two spin I and spin S and we can notify this as alpha, alpha state, alpha beta state, beta alpha state and beta beta state, so two transitions belongs to I, this and this and two transitions belongs to S, this and this. Now that is what transition we have written, so actually if we perturb one of the spin either S or I because of perturbation the population equalizes and then we are looking at how by different relaxation mechanism it is coming back and what is the effect of that relaxation on the other spin. So we looked at positive and negative NOE and we have seen that actually this double transition and this zero transition probability actually that plays important role in giving the NOE enhancement, so the ratio of this with the omega 0, omega 1 and omega 2 is given as NOE enhancement and then depending upon what kind of NOE signal we get that will be enhancement for that. So we have seen for generally for small molecule it is positive NOE and for large molecule it is negative NOE and we have also looked what is the reason. So for positive NOE it is omega 2 which majorly contributes and for negative NOE omega 0 that majorly contributes. So we have done rigorous analysis of population distribution and we have looked at the effect of the relaxation when it equalizes the population and we have developed a master equation to explain the perturbation in the population. So up to here we have seen in the previous class. Now we go back and do little more rigorous analysis to explain the steady state NOE. So let us see for a steady state NOE what we are doing, we are looking at the spin X. On spin X what is the effect to irradiation of spin A? So we are irradiating say spin A and looking the effect of that irradiation on a spin X. So like MA can be 0 and we are looking at how MX is dealing with time to 0. So we put that in master equation and what we can get the change of population of X spin with time will be given by rho and sigma so MX M0 so that is population of X magnetization of X spin and this initial magnetization of X spin. So this is one rate and there is another rate here so this is called auto relaxation rate and this is called cross relaxation rate. So cross relaxation rate is happening because A and X spin are correlated. So in that case if you do the analysis we get an enhancement of NOE of X that will be given by MX magnetization of X at any time t minus magnetization of X at time 0 divided by magnetization of X at time 0. So we can do the simple algebra to get this relation which will give the magnetization of A at time 0 divided by magnetization of X at time 0 and ratio of these two rates the sigma AX divided by rho X. So that is a kind of steady state enhancement we are getting and that we have seen earlier. So why this is happening because both spins are actually dipole and there is a dipole-dipole interaction because though both spins are connected by the dipolar interaction in space. So suppose this is X A spin and X spin they are both are dipole and connected by dipolar interaction so that is causing relaxation. So when it causes relaxation there is auto relaxation rate and there is a cross relaxation rate and that can be calculated by measuring the transition probability that transition probability we have looked in the previous slides. So that is omega 0, omega 1 and omega 2 if you can calculate this one can find it out what is the omega 0 for this correlation. So that will be given by K divided by 20 to tau c 1 plus omega A that is a frequency of A, omega X that is frequency of X and tau c is the correlation time of this molecule. So we can give for omega 0 similarly we can have for omega 1 for A, omega X for A and that we can get the correlation by doing simple algebraic equation. So we can get omega A, omega X and omega 2 that is transition probability for double quantum transition. So we can get and the K here can be defined as this relation which takes care of the gyromagnetic ratio of A and X and also distance if you look at here distance dependent. So this interaction or transition probability has important term the separation between these two spins. So this is R A X. So R X is the distance between two spins. So if you put it we can get the transition probability of zero quantum transition the single quantum transition and double quantum transition and there is a term correlation time. So if we put everything together now we know that NOE depends upon rate of molecular motion because the tumbling time tau c is important factor here tau c. So that is a molecular motion. So now spectral density are actually dependent upon what is the reorientational time. So if we put up how much time it takes to reorient itself that is reorientational correlation time tau c that is a relation. So here is the enhancement factor of NOE NAX and as you can see for a small molecule we have positive NOE and for large molecule as we go we have a negative NOE all the way up to minus 1. And the correlation time is increasing so that means for shorter molecule which has a faster correlation time you have a positive NOE that is 0.5 and for a smaller molecule you have a negative NOE. So that is a dependence of correlation time with the NOE enhancement factor and for small molecule and larger molecule that is the relation. So what happens in extreme narrowing condition for a small molecule this is the case where extreme narrowing condition comes because they can tumble very fast. So the spectral density becomes equal to the transition probability. So we can write it omega 0 omega a that is 0 quantum transition single quantum transition probability of a spin and the double quantum transition probability is in ratio of 2 to 3 to 12 and that if you get it do the algebra so ratio of this cross relaxation rate and then auto relaxation rate one can get it half and that is what we were saying. So equilibrium magnetization of a spin ma 0 and x spin are proportional to individual nuclear spins and they are guided magnetic ratio. So if we put that all the equation so the magnetization of a is proportional to gamma a which is gyromagnetic ratio similarly this x spin magnetization proportional to gamma x. So for a half spin system suppose it is a proton proton or proton carbon that is a half spin system what we have is NOE enhancement will be half gamma a by gamma x. Now if you take this so for a carbon proton NOE pair the enhancement is 2 why because gamma of proton is 4 times more than the carbon so this will be 4 divided by 2 that is 2 for a nitrogen this will be half 10 by 1 that is 5 and for proton proton because both spins are now proton so 1 divided by 1 and multiplied with half that is 0.5. So if you look at clearly here for proton proton like a small molecules where we are looking the NOE enhancement between 2 proton we have only 50 percent enhancement if it is carbon we have 2 times enhancement if we have nitrogen we have 5 times enhancement. So now this is for fast tumbling molecules small molecules what happens in the throat motion so for a large molecule suppose biological molecule protein the transition probability mostly will be governed by the zero transition and that will be given by K by 10 tau c. So here and the first quantum transition is zero zero quantum transition is also zero. So NOE for such system we will be given by this relation so ultimately it comes gamma a by gamma x. So now if we are taking the for large molecule 2 proton pairs so this will be 1 by 1 so that is 1 enhancement and that is negative and that is what exactly we saw for the large molecule. For large molecule the NOE enhancement in fairly broad correlation time 1 to 100 enhancement is minus 1 so that means 100 percent can remember but it will be negative enhancement. So for large molecule say negative NOE up to 1 so that is what is for slow motion limit so for that enhancement we get for biological molecules. So that is steady state NOE now coming back to transient NOE. Just to refresh your memory what is transient NOE that we have 2 spins like previously I spin and S spin we are applying one selective pulse on a spin here which is inverting the population and then we are waiting for some time which is called mixing time then we apply a 90 degree pulse and we detect what is happening after this that is one dimensional experiment and as we discussed this TM is the mixing time during this spin mixes. So transfer of magnetization occurs during this mixing time the inverted spin to other spin via dipolar coupling so that is what happening here we have 2 spins spin S spin I we are applying a 180 degree pulse and then we are waiting and during this time by dipolar coupling the spin-spin mixing is happening. So we can do the same analysis of change of magnetization of spin with respect to time and that will be given by this master equation. So m is now representing multiple spin in column vector like m1, m2, m3, mn and that mi at any i is the difference of the z magnetization of high spin minus the equilibrium magnetization. So we can write the R is various rates the auto relaxation rate and cross relaxation rate. So if you look at the diagonal element is correlating with self that is auto relaxation rate and then you have a cross relaxation rate. So that is the R matrix and then we have a column vector given by m so if we take this solution for any spin magnetization at any time t will be given by e to the power minus RT and equilibrium magnetization m0. So for any time tm because we are mixing for time tm the magnetization will be given by this series multiplied with equilibrium magnetization. So if you do that we consider the short tm so then second and higher order term can be neglected. So we can find an explicit solution which will look like magnetization of any spin at time t will be given by this and then will be equilibrium magnetization for any spin j not equal to i. So one can give it a simple formula of mi magnetization of any spin at time t will be given by this auto relaxation rate and multiplied with the time ta and summation of cross relaxation rate with tm and mz. So if you do that one can get the contribution of the NOE enhancement and that NOE enhancement at any time tm can be given by this formula. So we can sum over the time that is there and for selective inversion of say we are doing of on jth spin one can find it out what is the NOE enhancement so that will be given by say for eta at time t that will be minus 1 by mi0 minus 2 mj and this is cross correlation rate into time tm. So if you look at we can simplify this and one can get essentially 2 sigma ij tm. So it depends upon the tm NOE enhancement at the end we can conclude that it depends upon tm. So if you have short mixing time the enhancement can be one and if you have long mixing time enhancement can be other. So that means if you keep increasing your NOE can maybe probably increase. So that is how for short mixing time the transient NOE at spin i is due to inversion of spin j and cross correlation rate between 2 spins is also linearly dependent upon mixing time that is what I was saying. So relaxation rate between 2 spins is linearly dependent upon mixing time. So if you increase mixing time the relaxation rate will vary. So cross relaxation rate is inversely proportional to the inverse power of the inter nuclear distance. What it says here we have 2 spins and r to the power 6 that we have seen. So relaxation rate depends upon 1 to the power r6 so that is actually very important factor. So the NOE ability between 2 spins is distance dependent and that depends upon the dipolar interaction between these 2 spins and that dependency is 1 divided by r to the power 6. So if you keep increasing the distance the effect is going to be minimized. So this transient NOE experiment actually provides the powerful tool for estimate the inter nuclear distance in coupled spins. So here suppose these 2 spins there how much NOE enhancement that depends upon r. Shorter you have more enhancement longer you have less enhancement and therefore looking at the cross peaks coming because of cross relaxation rate if you can measure the intensity of that cross peak we can get an estimate of the distance between these 2 spins. So actually this is very important and this actually opens a new avenue for measuring the inter nuclear distance between these 2 spins and that is what essentially was used to develop an experiment which is called nuclear overhouser effect spectroscopy NOG and these actually opened a new avenue in structural biology because we can precisely or maybe up to a great accuracy we can measure the distance between 2 coupled spin. So then what is short mixing time I was saying that here we mentioned for a short mixing time the transient NOE of spin i due to inversion of spin j depends upon cross relaxation rate. So how do we know that what is short and what is long it is a relative term. So short mixing time is essentially it should be much shorter compared to the spin lattice relaxation time of spin j. So you know spin lattice relaxation time it is a inversion recovery if you invert the spin j how much time it takes to come back to equilibrium that is called T1 time or spin lattice relaxation time. So that the short mixing time has to be less compared to the spin lattice relaxation time and then this will hold true. Typically what we have is like a for protein suppose the relaxation time is spin lattice relaxation time is say 1 second. So your short mixing time will be few millisecond that will be compared to less. So therefore for say small molecules you can have a short mixing time up to few 100 millisecond like 500 millisecond or 800 millisecond however protein has relatively short spin lattice relaxation time therefore mixing time which is used in case of protein is generally 100 millisecond to 200 millisecond or 250 millisecond. For a small organic molecule you can go all the way up to 500 millisecond to 800 millisecond. So that is a short mixing time that is a relative for this is for protein biobig biomolecule this is for a small organic molecule. So these concepts are used in NOGIE so what I am going to do in next class I will take you these concept of magnetization transfer or polarization transfer how this is going to use as a measurement of distance by few experiment called NOGIE and NOGIE briefly I will introduce you and then we go to the heteronuclear polarization transfer by an concept called inept transfer. So we will continue with this. Now if you have any questions please write to us or ask us we will try to solve it. Thank you very much.


What were their offense able to do there at the end of the game when you guys couldn't get off the field? You made stops the entire way up until the very end. Yeah. I mean, they executed in situations as an offense. They just beat us.  So that was pretty much the moral of the story the whole day, you know. Yeah. You kept your offense in it for the entire game. You know, they had five field moments on one point game at the very end. Other than the last drive, how do you feel about what you guys were able to do? It's not good enough, you know. I think there was a lot of plays left out on the field, myself included. And I just think that, you know, we have to, as a defense, take over games. You know, it's not enough to be able to stay in them, you know. It's more so we have to take them over. We got to generate as many turnovers as we can. Every opportunity that we get, we got to punch the ball. We got to force foam. We got to do a lot of things better as a defense. And then, ultimately, just play complete team football in every phase. I mean, it's our job to stop guys and it's his job to coach. So we leave that up to him and then we take care of what we have to take on the field. Every time we get on the field, like I said, it's our job, like I said, to take it over and do the things that we have to do to get the ball back to them. Right. Yeah, I mean, it's frustrating to give up any kind of play, especially chunk plays, but at the end of the day, it's football, you know. It's going to be a swing of emotions. It's going to be a swing of plays where they go. It's going to be plays where we, you know, got the advantage. So I think that, like I said, they executed in situations where they needed it and we did not. So next time we're on the field and next time we practice, we need to harp on executing on the situations that we need to execute on. So, obviously, it's a little disappointing for sure. I mean, that's what I said. And then that day, like, they, the offense was counting on us.  And I really was on me that 34, trying to shoot the gap and I just got to make it. We squirted through there and Jamal Williams is a great running back. I don't remember who it was with somebody forced to fumble. And that was great, but we got to try to find a way to recover. So it was just, you know, and that last plays and always the play that, that loses you a game, but each play becomes more crucial as the game goes on because it's obviously less and less time. You know, you kick the field goal to put us out there. That's what I'm saying. They're counting on us. Obviously, when he makes that decision, it's because he knows he believes that we'll get the offense to ball back. So we practice those situations all trying to count. And, you know, we were prepared, but we just got to execute better. They didn't have a very consistent offense, but they were finding chump plays that were enough for them to survive. How frustrating was that? Yeah, obviously you can't give up explosives in his league because, yeah, you can stop in the first second. Third down comes, they get a 20-yard game and now you're back doing the same thing over and over. So just got to find a way to execute, you know, and play better than them.  You know, we got the ball, they got the ball. You know, just got to keep going as hard as we can and keep figuring out where we can be better and just stick together as we win. Like I said, regardless of whether we win or lose, we got to turn the page. So about 24 hours, tomorrow around 3.30, should be 0-2 next. We play the charges, so that's what my focus is going to be after 3 o'clock tomorrow. What's kind of the plan for the kickoffs today?  So I think we did a good job. We got to turn over on one of them, had them at the 12 or so on one. So guys went down there, flying down there, made some good plays. Hopefully we keep it up under 16 games.  How do you sort through that? I've said it a lot. I'll say it again. If I have to kick all field goals, I'll kick field. If I have to kick all extra points, I'll kick extra points. As most important thing is getting to W. And you know, it kind of came up a point short today. So sometimes I wish 50 or 50 are field goals where it's worth four points, but that's my own opinion. They made one more play at the end there than we did, and that's kind of it. It's just a win. But I think we have a lot to build on. I think we did a lot of good things, offensively, defensively, especially team, but we got to build on those things. You just keep going. I mean, I've been in league six years. Nine times out of ten, once you think it's a sack fumble, and then they blood play dead, nine times out of ten, they're going to call it an incomplete pass. But I mean, we just got to keep fighting. Keep going. Running back, chipping, tightening, chipping, running back, chipping inside. So they were chipping all different types of ways. So they did do a better job of trying to contain the pastures in the second half. Yeah, we definitely set the tone as far as the front seven, doing what we do, but we just didn't come out with the win. So we did a lot of good stuff today. We just got to build on it. Definitely, definitely. It's her. Based off what we did today on the field, we got to check the film just to see exactly what we did, but from me, Nico, Jeff, I think we made our plays. We made the plays that came to us today. And we just got to build on those things.


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