Dear students, today we are going to discuss lecture number 43 of the database management system course. In the previous lecture, we started our discussion on the transaction management. I told you transaction management has got two major phases, two major parts. One is crash recovery or database recovery of after a crash and the second part is concurrency control. We started our discussion on the database recovery and we studied that the basic concept, the basic notion behind the transaction management is of transaction and we discussed that transaction is a logical unit of work that is performed on the database and it may consist of one or more operations performed on the database or otherwise in the memory. And I also told you that transactions that are performed on the database, they are generally based on the activities that are performed in the real world system and then we discussed different types of transaction. Then we studied different reasons of the crash and the basic phenomena behind all that is that the improper shutdown of the database in such a way that your hard disk remains safe but the RAM, the memory, the contents of the memory are lost. So, this is the situation that is dealt by the crash recovery mechanism. The crash recovery subsystem of the DBMS log file contains the entries about the transactions, the operations of the transactions. One type of entry that is contained in the log file is the start and the end of transaction that is it marks the point from which a transaction starts and the point at which the transaction ends and apart from that the entries for the right operations on the database. Why? Because I told you right operation is the one that changes the state of the database. So, it means that your log file contains the boundaries of the transaction and all the right operations that are included in the in a particular transaction fine. Now, the type of entries about this right operations there are two types and it depends on how does the DBMS update your database. There are two approaches one is the daffod updates where the updates are daffod means the database on the disk it is not updated right away after the execution of the right statement rather it is daffod it is delayed until the commit statement is executed. And the second thing is second approach is the immediate updates and as the name suggests that the database is updated as soon as the right statement is executed. So, in the immediate update the DBMS does not wait for the commit statement to execute rather as soon as the right statement is executed the contents of the database are updated. So, though entry hothi hai database ke hendar against the right operation in the transaction that depends upon the policy of updating the contents of the database. So, paale hum jupadate that was daffod updates or iss case me jo apki log file hai that is called the incremental log with daffod updates or last lecture ke aakhir me we discussed form of entry that is made in case of the daffod updates and that was the identity or the ID of the transaction then the ID of the variable that is going to be updated and third component is the value that is to be placed for the that is to be placed in the variable. So, these three are the these are the values that are stored in an entry in the log file. So, jihantak we discussed in the previous lecture ap dekhye iss discussion ko hum aage bratein. What is the right sequence? What happens when a right statement is executed? So, for a right operation and tree is made in the log file in RAM in exista raa main ap se kata ki jah se database ke liye there is a buffer in the RAM likewise we have got a buffer for the log file in the RAM. So, sapsa paale when you when a right statement is executed then that statement is entered rather the entry for that statement is made in the buffer of the log file or entry koun si hai they say abhi hum discuss kia that contains the ID of the transaction the ID of the particular variable sapsa attribute kaya de and the new value the value that we want to place in that attribute. So, ye ttein chise sorongi and that entry is made into the buffer of the log file on commit ab ye jitli bhi aapki right operations the aapke in the deferred update situation me jitli bhi aapke right statement thi for all those statements there are entries in the log file ye to ho gya but when you reach the commit statement of the transaction usak kya ho gha ke aap jo aapki log file me buffer me entries pari hui hain on the basis of those entries first of all the buffer of the database is updated ye ne wo particular places RAM me ke jokhe un jagon ko represent kari hain jokhe jitko update kari hain to un key value misal ke dorpe if you want to change the name of let us say some student if you want to change the current semester of a student see here you are trying to update something you are trying to change some value to jis zahira ke I have say ka tha ke database ka bhi buffer hain RAM me to pehle ye ho gha ke log file me to change ho chi kui ye hain the commit ho gha to pehle kya ho gha ke database ke buffer update ho ghe first state first transaction uske ho kya ho gha ke jokhe log file hai that was in the buffer that log file will be moved from RAM to disk ye ne aap abhi tak aapki jo jo ki log file thi wo aapki temporary storage me thi aap you have moved it to the permanent storage disk pe jale gari ye now then write is performed from database buffer and it is moved to disk any way the buffer aap me database ka update ka liye wa tha vahaan si data move kar jaya gha practically disk ke andar to ye to wo sequence hai that is performed for a transaction aur jab write up version ho tne toh kya hote hain aur deferred update ke case me jab aapki commit statement execute hote hai usrat kya hote hai if system crashes pehke ek baat aapko naza ho gaya ke commit me commit ke case me kya ho gha ke commit ho gya aapki jo log file countries thi they move from the RAM to disk fine aap uske baad ye karna ke aapne database ke buffer hai the tables ke buffer attributes ke buffer hai from where you have to move data from the RAM to the disk aap first kane ke aapne you have moved the log file from buffer to disk fine but in the process when you are moving the data of the database tables from buffer to disk during that time the crash happens aap jiswak you will restart the computer next time to the dbms hai aapka crash recovery manager hai aapka subsystem hai dbms ka that handles the crash recovery that detects that there was a failure the previous time ke uske baad ye hai ke the recovery manager aur the recovery subsystem it examines the log file and any transaction for which the recovery manager finds a begin entry in the log file and an and entry for the same transaction in the log file the write operations for that transaction are performed again aur the ke because the recovery manager has detected a crash aap uske baad kane ke jiswak aap ka for the transaction for which it finds a begin and an end unke tamam ke write operations ko it performs again to hosakta hai ke aap ke zain mein svala hai ke hosakta ko peri se hochike bhi ho, peri se likchike bhi ho aur ye iss se us crash se iss ko effect na baad baad ye hai to be on the safe side agar ye dubhara bhi ho jain iss se farkh nahi padayega kyon isk liye ke all those write operations they will be performed in the sequence jini jo pehle write hoi thi wo pehle hogi joske baad thi wo uske and like that to agar first kane pehle wo transaction write ho bhi chuki thi ya wo first kane partly write hoi thi, lakin because now you are performing all the write operations again in the same sequence to agar wo dubhara bhi ho jatiye sare ka sare write operations jaan mein se kuch repeat hoi hai to iss se koye farh nahi padayega, the overall effect will be same to iss se yei ke jini wo iss sara se usko wo recover karta hai ke jitthi transaction jinn ka begin aur end milta hai unke write operations hai aur end se merada jinn ka commit milta hai, end means commit jinn ka begin aur commit mil raha log file ke andar unka unko wo redo kareega, inka unka tamar write operation wo sequence mein dubhara kareega to chahi wo dubhara pehle hoi thi ya nahi hoi thi ya partly hoi thi wo effect usse wo fag nahi padayega, no action for begin and aborted, ab asi transaction for which the recovery manager finds a begin transaction entry and an abort entry, un transaction against the recovery manager want to any action, aap ye kahain ke unko simply ignore kareega ek pad aur ishi tara if there are certain transaction for which the recovery manager finds the begin entry but there is no end entry, na to hape commit hai na unke against abort hai, to unke against koi bhi action nahi hoega, aap iss ka agar aap user point of view se dikhain, iss ka matta bhi hoega ka first kareega, aap aapas hai multiple users wo system ko usthmal kareega, to jinn users ke liye, jinn users ke liye the transaction of those users jinn ke liye aapki jo iss state tak aap ponch ke mein ke log file it has moved from the RAM to disk, you ka commit statement execute hoge thi, to commit ke statement mein they move the log file from buffer to disk, to jinn ke ye statement execute hoge thi those users will be informed ke your transaction has been committed, to agar first kare ke wo practically jasi aapne kata underlying wo aap bhi right kar sakta due to different policies, to agar first kare jon agar crash bhi ho gaya, to all the practically wo abhi changes they have not moved to the disk, but still when the dbms should be started again the recovery manager it would detect and it would perform those operations and it means if the user has been informed that the transaction has been committed, it means it has been committed even in the case of crash or due to the first karega, kuch user aap se hai ke jinn ke transaction they have been started, but they were not reached yet to abort or the commit statement or crash ho gaya. So, the recovery manager it is not doing anything for those transactions, but due to that if you see from the user perspective, so they are not informed about the commit of their transaction, so they will automatically understand ke bhi un ke jab crash ho gaya usat un ke transaction nahi hoi thi, so they would submit their transactions again. So, is thi kase aap ka recovery manager wo kaam kata hai. Abhi tal ka aap kuch is samaj aag hai ke kis tera se jab ka recovery manager aap ye log file ko dekhta hai aur vur tamam transaction jinn mein aap ka begin hai aur commit hai, onko wo redo kare taha hai. Yehansik swaal paida hai hote hai ke log file is being continuously maintained fine. Ab baat yeh ke if there are multiple users, then there are numerous entries in the log file. Now, let us say there is a crash and when you start a system again, the recovery manager detects a crash, aap usne log file se statements ko kuch ko redo kar nahi, kin ko in ke liye there is a begin and there is a commit. But the question is how far back it should go. Dhe ke nahi aap a toh sakta ke, aap aap entries hai. So, kithni aap aap pichhe jaana chahiye, kya shuru se? Maybe it is very far away, toh wo unko tamam ko kar de, agar wo tamam wo kar bhi deta hai, toh prakti karee, uspo gharthi toh koi nahi hai. Yuka mein aap sa kaya kya agar wo tamam operations dubara bhi hujatein because they are being performed in a sequence. Usse koi farkto hi parega, but it is a wastage of effort. Yuka aap, for nothing you are doing maybe tens or hundreds of write operations or maybe in mesi ke yungi surut nah bhi ho, kya wo confirm the. Toh iss cheez ko handle karne ke liye, ke jis fak aap ka system crash ho aur usko recover karne ke liye, kaha se aap ke jo recovery manager hai, it will start redoing the write operations. Toh uske liye jo solution hai that is a checkpoint. Checkpoint kya hai basically checkpoint is also a sort of entry in the log file. Toh jo aap ka checkpoint hai wo it represents certain things. Aap jis fak aap ka jis fak dbms crash hoa toh jis fak aap ko jab aap dbms ko dubara start karenge then checkpoint gives you a sort of starting point ke jaha se aap ka recovery manager hai, it would start recovering the database. Toh ke usse ye jo checkpoint hao it is maintained in such a way that dbms is sure that any statements, any activity that is that has been performed prior to this checkpoint, they are confirmed, they are confirmed transferred on the database. Unko se redo usse pehle ki jo entries hai jo write operations hai, the recovery manager does not need to redo them rather only the entries after the checkpoint, they have to be redone. Aayu dekhye ke checkpoint pe kya operations hote hain aur checkpoint kya wo crash recovery me kya se ussimal hote hain. Repetition no harm. Toh ke aap repeat kar lein. How far in the log file should be redone. Kitna bichche jahin. Checkpoint record is inserted in log file at certain intervals. Aap wo it se ko bhi logic hosakti hai, certain number of operations ke baaj, a certain time interval ke baaj wo usme checkpoints ki entries aajate hain. At a checkpoint, when we say ki this is a checkpoint toh usme hote hain, pehle baat jo aap ke buffers modify hote hain database ke andar, they are moved to the database pehle baat. All log records from buffer to disk. Jo aap ke log file hain uske records hain wo buffer se disk wo move hote hain. Uske baat kya hote hain writing a checkpoint record to log. Now log record mentions all active transactions at that time. Je ne ho ba yeh ke log file aap ko log jo record hoga, checkpoint record hoga kya kya kya kya wo yeh bata aaya kya ish point peh, jiswap ke yeh record enter kya jaara, checkpoint record yeh checkpoint entry ki jaara hi hai, uswap korn korn si transactions on hai, korn korn si iswap chal rahi hai, ne ke jinka begin to ho chuka ho hain. Lekin abit aap commit yeh abort nahi ho hoga. So, wo transactions ka record the checkpoint will store. Now, what is the recovery routine in case of checkpoint? To kya hoga, jiswap crash ke baat, the wire system start hoga aap ko recovery measure it would consult the log file. It checks for the last checkpoint. So, any transaction committed before checkpoint, no action. I am sure that in the log file, checkpoints se pehle aur be checkpoints hoga aur bahos hai ishi tarah begin and end hoga. So, jo checkpoint ki entry hai usse pehle jitani bhi aap ke paas write statements hai ya begin and end hai, un peh koi action nahi hoga. Pehli baat, ish ke bata aap ke usse aap ko aap khaas point dedya ki isse pehle pehle hoga hore nahi karna. Wo transactions, jin ki entries aapki log file me hai, aur jo transaction, jiswap ke wo aapki yehni checkpoint se pehle shuru hi thi. Jab aapne checkpoint entry ki, to zahara usse aap entry aagai ki yeh transaction on hai. Un ke baat ki jo log file entries hai, agar usse ko baat entries hai. Agar un entries me se kisi ka aap ko commit me le jatah hai. Commit entry me le jatah hai. To un transaction ko, ya ishi tarah agar kuch asi bhi transactions hai ki jin ki start bhi aur commit bhi, after that checkpoint wo aap ko mil jatah hi hai. To in dono tarah ki transaction ko aap redo kar denge, dobhara. Jo checkpoints se pehle ki yeh, jin ka start and usse pehle juka hai, start and means ke whether it is commit or abort usse pehle ko usse aap ko ignore kar denge. Jo checkpoint peh on hai aur checkpoints pehle on hi checkpoint pehle on thi aur iske baat agar kuch aapne log file pehle save kiya tha.  Ishi tarah the transaction that started after this transaction aur sathe commit bhi haa unka. To unko bhi aap redo kar denge. In dono tarah ki transaction ko unki ek transaction ko aap ignore kar denge. In dono tarah ki transaction ko aap redo kar denge aur on and abort aur on and no end, no action. Wo transaction that were on at the checkpoint, lekin uske baat jo inki entry thi that was abort. To ashi transaction peh koi action ni hoega ek. To shri baat hai wo transaction jo sath on thi lekin uske baat inka koi end nahi hoa, in peh koi action nahi hoega. Aur wo transaction jo uske baat on hi thi lekin uske wo abort ogi thi uspe bhi koi action hi hoega. Ishtara the transactions that you have declared as commit, but their entries were there. To unko aap you would confirm them by redoing aur jo abort ogi thi unko aap ignore kar denge. To hai hopke jo kabrika procedure hai aur specially using the check point aap ko samaj aaga hoega. Now we summarize the daffered update procedure. Usme hi hai ke so basic idea hi hai ke the write operations are not performed on the database until a commit statement is executed. To jab commit statement hogi ussat kya hoega ke aap ke jo the first thing is ke whenever you execute a whenever you find a write statement to uspe kya hota hai ke aap ke jo entry hai log file mein wo it is made. Aur aap ko pata hai ke in case of this daffered update there is a particular type of entry that is made for the write operation. Yeh kaila kaam ho gaya. To uspe kaam hi hoega ke when you find the commit statement to usat kya hoega ke wo jo aap ne entries ki hui hai log file kya under unki basis pe you will update the database buffers you know jo aap ke database ke guess ram mein aap na jo locations create ki hui hai wo haa pe aap un values ko nahi ko liktenge. Aur uske baaz ek keringe ke aap ki jo log file hai uske buffer ko. You know usse buffer se aap data ko move kar denge disk ke opar jab aap ki log file has been moved to the disk after that aap kya keringe ke jo aap ki jo aap ke database buffer hai wo haan se aap update kar denge database ko.  Aur uske baal hum nahi dekha ke check point ka asme kya roll hai, check point wo ek place determine karta hai, ek point determine karta hai for the recovery mechanism ke aap log file ko jahaan se forward aap iss ko trace kere. Taak ke aap throughout the log file jini bhi aap ki log file hai to maam ko aap redo nahi karein, baal ke aap certain point se sef aage ke jo statements aap onko redo karein. To ye ek summary thi ke how the deffered updates are executed aur kase wo crash recovery mechanism jo hai wo nko istimal karata hai. Deffered until commit for transaction is found, for recovery purposes log file is maintained, log file helps to redo the actions that may be lost due to system crash, log file also contains check point records. That was the summary of the deffered updates. Now jasimine aap se kahaan tha ke dusri approach jo ke updates ke regarding hai aur uske aap ke log file hai maintain hoti hai that is immediate updates. Aur jasimine aap se zahir hai ke jo hampas deffered update tha uske aap ki updates are delayed until a commit statement is found. Japke iss me asya jasimine aap se zahir hai ke immediate updates are made as soon as a right statement is executed. Esme ke samaini jeega ke immediately jo chis hoti hai that is the update of the buffers. Yuki jo disk pe move karna hai that depends upon the DBMS ke wo kis wakth moove karta hai kuki asya nahi hai ki jasimine aap ke buffer update wo ek bhi to saathi moove karta hai kuki wo DBMS has to plan the things efficiently. To wo apne uske koi strategy iss ke basis pe moove karta hai. Lekin from the user point of view, the data is updated as soon as the right statement is executed. To jas ka basic idea hai iss ko hum ab discuss karta hai. Incremental log with immediate updates je us log file ko istaasi aap naam dete hai. Database buffers are updated immediately and files updated when convenient. Jasimine aap se bhi kaha hai. What is the right sequence in case of immediate updates? Start transaction record in the log file. Aap usme wo hi ek jasimine hai T start. It means T is the idea of the transaction. Which is any idea through which you can identify a particular transaction. And start it shows the start of the transaction. On write operation, write a log record of the form T that is the idea of the transaction. X, the particular data item or the variable or the attribute that is being updated. And then in the daffod update, we only stored the new value. But in the immediate update, we are storing two values. One is the old value. Old value means the value that was before this update. Let us say we want to increase the salary of an employee. Let us say by 5000. If the previous salary was 20,000, now when you add 5000, it becomes 25,000. So in this case, the previous value will be 20,000. And the new value that we want to place for this attribute would be 25,000. So in the immediate update case, both these values are stored in the log file. Whereas in the daffod update, you only stored the new value. So there is a difference between these two. Then you move a log record to file at appropriate time file. As I said earlier, update the database when convenient. So what happened is that the database will be updated only after when the log file has moved from buffer to disk. Because Dbms makes it sure that the log record has moved. Because if a crash happens, it will be determined from there and it will be recovered. On commit, write T commit in log file. So when your commit statement is executed, it will be shown in the log file that you will write the commit statement. What will be the recovery sequence in this case? Transaction with commit to redo by copying new values. Before that, let's study that on the one hand, we are saying that write operations are executed immediately. But the thing is that first, our transaction is aborted. Then what will happen? So if at this time, your values have moved from even from database buffer to the disk, the database even. So even in that case, if it is aborted, then what does it do? It can cancel the effect of this transaction execution. How does it cancel? That your right operations are executed in the inverse order. Mind it, in this case in the inverse order. When you have to undo the effect of any statement, especially in the case of abort. So what will you do? You will undo the right operations in the reverse order and by copying the old value. Because you know that in this case, the log file entry that also stores the old value, new value. So now to undo it, to cancel the effect, what will you do? You will start copying the old value in that item and in the inverse order. So when you reach the beginning of it, the effect of this transaction has been canceled. Now what is the recovery sequence in this case? The difference is that the transaction with commit to redo by copying new values. For the transaction in the log file, if you get the begin and commit, you can redo them. How? The new values are added in the forward sequence. You can do it again from the beginning of the commit. And as I told you before, even if it is being repeated, it will not have a difference because the overall effect will be correct. After that, transaction with abort or no end undo by copying the old value. Okay? What you have to undo is that the abort that you get is not the end, commit and abort. You start copying the old value, but mind it in the inverse order. The statement that is present at the end will be executed first, that is, the old value. Then the old value, then the back value. And ultimately, you will cancel the effect of the transaction. Repetition does not matter. And again, in this case also, we can use the check point record. Dear students, that was all about the database recovery. As you might have seen so far, the concern of the database recovery is that when your abruptly or accidentally, suddenly your DBMS functionally ends, it closes without proper shutting it down. In that case, you need to recover the database because maybe your database has gone into an inconsistent state. Or as a database professional or DBMS as a tool, the responsibility is that you both need to ensure the database consistency. So, the recovery mechanism is basically that any situation has such a possibility. And this possibility is right. There are many possibilities. In the crash case, your database is maybe in the inconsistent state. Why? Because I told you that although a transaction transforms a database from one consistent state to another consistent state. But during the transaction, when the transaction is being executed, temporarily, your database may be in the inconsistent state. So, to end that possibility or to check it, the recovery mechanism works. In both the cases, basically the log file is used. Or log file entries, they are almost the same except the right operation against the entry that varies in case of deferred updates and the immediate updates. In deferred updates, you only store the new value of the variable in the log file. Whereas in the case of immediate update, you store both the previous value, the old value and the new value. So, in this way, you use the log file to recover the database after a crash. So, you see what we have written on our slides, this is what we have written about the database recovery. And improper shutdown may damage database consistency. Yes, we have studied that. Has to be detected and database to be brought in a consistent state. Log file contains records of all updates. Updates may be deferred or immediate and record entries in the log file, they vary. Transactions are redone or undone depending on situation. Checkpoints help in efficient database recovery. And that was it about the recovery mechanism or the database recovery. I hope you have clear. If not, then read the references from the lecture notes. And I hope you will understand from there. Another resource that I will tell you is that you are using DbMS. Look at the online documents of it. And still, the contact with us is always an open option. Dear students, after this, we are going to discuss the other part of transaction management. That is basically the concurrency control. We are going to discuss that. The concurrency control is basically related to when the multiple users are accessing database at the same time. And in today's era, this is very frequent. That means single user databases are very less than multiple users. And multiple users are saying that at the same time, your database is stored, your applications are made. And more than one user is saying that there could be thousands of users in the big system. Which are accessing the database at the same time. Now, obviously, every user is doing various kinds of operations. Every user has their own requirements related to the database. Every user is doing their own work. But the thing is that all of them are accessing the database at the same time at the same time. They are reading or writing. Basically, as we studied, during the recovery procedure, there are basically two operations on the database. They are reading or writing. So the concurrency control is objective is to control the concurrent access. The control mechanism is that there are certain problems that can be encountered, that can happen just due to the concurrent access of the database. The concurrency control is only related to those problems that can make the database inconsistent due to the concurrent access. Look, the database that can be inconsistent, obviously, the transactions that you do, the operations, because of that, obviously, the database can be inconsistent. Now, as far as a single transaction is concerned, let's talk about one transaction, any transaction that a user is doing. As far as that transaction is concerned, the database that is inconsistent and not there, that is the responsibility mainly of the programmer, of the designer. That responsibility is mainly one thing. And secondly, DBMS also supports in this case. For example, as a referential integrity constraint, the constraint of the primary key is not null. With the help of that, although DBMS is also helping the designer, that as a single transaction, as a individual transaction, the database that is inconsistent is not there. For example, as I told you, a bank account holder could not get more money than the balance of that account. Now, if you allow this activity, then your database will be inconsistent. But again, as I said earlier, the consistency within a single transaction, within an individual transaction, that is mainly the job of the designer, the programmer, the developer. But the mechanism of your concurrency control, the subsystem of your DBMS, which is related to concurrency control, the responsibility is to monitor that inconsistency that can happen due to the concurrent access of the database. Mind it, your concurrency control mechanism that won't concentrate on the individual transaction. Individual transaction, it won't touch. As soon as you submit an individual transaction, as soon as it means that the sequence of individual transactions, which is the sequence of the operations, the concurrency control mechanism won't touch that sequence. It won't touch it, it won't do anything. But now we are going to study those problems that can happen only due to the concurrent access. The interesting thing is that first, we have two transactions. Those transactions are individually on their own. They are both such that they don't make the database inconsistent. They are both the right transactions. There is no problem. But if they are both execute together, then if their execution is not properly controlled, then in that case, they can make the database inconsistent. So this is the situation that our concurrency control mechanism uses to manage it. So let's see what are the situations and how the concurrency is controlled. This we studied in the very first lecture of our course. And the sharing is one of the basic objectives of the database approach. The database is shared among the multiple users. Multiple users accessing simultaneously is preferred. That is, at the same time, we are accessing the data from multiple users. Especially from your preferences, there are a lot of users in such organizations that this is preferred in that case. For example, there are a lot of users in the bank. If we talk about the transactions inside the banks, if we ignore them, if we take an example of ATMs, where you get money through your debit card, if you look at that case as well, because your data is coming from that database. The ATMs are working on the database. Because the details of your accounts are in the database. So the money you are getting from the ATMs is being confirmed from there. First of all, if there are 30 ATMs from any bank in the city, can you think of such a situation that if you say that our ATMs are 30, but at one time our database will respond to one ATM. This means that you are taking your card and putting it in the machine. You are waiting for 30 ATMs. And from those, you will say that when my ATM is ready, then it will respond to me. You can put your card in the ATM, you can take it back, you can take it back. People outside are waiting for a Qatar. And the first three ATMs from you, that person put it in the card and you are talking to someone else. Then you can imagine what the situation will be and how much people will prefer it. So it means that in general you would prefer, especially in the system where the number of users is large, that you get simultaneously access. Operations of more than one transaction can be performed simultaneously. And we will say that this is the situation in which we will say that they are interleaved transactions. We have said that the transactions consist of operations. There are more than one or more operations in a normal transaction. So interleaved transactions means that some of your transactions are executed, and then you can transfer this control on any other basis. Any basis can be discussed later. So some of your transactions are executed in some operations, then the control transferred to other transactions, some of its operations are executed and like that. So you can do all the transactions. The situation is that if there are 30,000 transactions, then if all of them are operating at the same time, and all of the users are accessing, then everyone will feel that I am being responded directly because the control is being transferred on everyone. So we call this kind of transaction execution as interleaved transactions. There are two factors, two major factors that allow concurrent access. What are they? The first thing is that the processors nowadays computers are very fast. And especially they are very fast as compared to input-output devices. For example, the RAM of your device, even the speed of the processor is much faster than RAM. After that, if your secondary storage is there, if you take a flash or a disk in it, then it is much faster than that. And after that, the other devices that the human responds to, for example, if you call it a keyboard or mouse, then it is much faster than that. Another thing is that the processor you want to use efficiently, you want to maximize it. Now, if you are responding to one user at a time, and for example, you want to input an access point in a transaction where the user has to input some data. If the processor is responding to just a single user and that user starts talking to a friend, then the processor is waiting and the rest of the transactions are waiting. It is not like that. In order to use it efficiently, the time of the processor is shared because the time of the transactions is being transferred from one transaction to the other transaction. The other thing is that the devices that you have, input-output devices, the controller they can control, they can work on their own without needing some support for particular activities from the processor. For example, like you are talking about the keyboard or disk, their controllers are so smart that if they get a statement from the processor, then they can perform the I.O. on their own and then they can transfer the data to the processor or they can use it from there. These are two major reasons on the basis of which the concurrent access of the database is possible. But there are problems due to interleaving or the concurrent access can cause problems in the database. The major problem, the most important problem regarding the execution of the transaction is that the database may become inconsistent. I told you that this should be your prime priority that the database stays in the consistent state. As I told you in the last point, due to this concurrent access due to the interleaving of the transactions, some of the operations are of that transaction and some of the operations are of that transaction. Due to this interleaving, there could be some problems. First of all, we are going to see what are those problems. Then we will look at the solution. What is meant by concurrency control? There are three problems due to interleaved transactions. What are they? First is lost update. Second is uncommitted update. And third is inconsistent analysis. Meaning, if you the concurrent access of the database if you do not properly control it, then you may face these three problems. And these three problems they transform the database into an inconsistent state. And the mechanism of concurrency control is the same responsibility or the same job that these three problems are not allowed or that they should properly control the concurrent access. So, let's see how these three problems make the database inconsistent and incorrect. First is lost update problem.  In this, you can see that during this chapter this type of table will have to be seen again and again. So, first you need to understand how to read this table. How to understand it. Its first column is that shows the point in time. Meaning, if you say that your processor is executing then this particular step is showing. Because we have a single processor then at one time a statement is being executed. Now, let's talk about the concurrent access. I have already said that because the processor executes so fast that it executes all the users at one time but because it is shifting every user feels that the processor is working only so that's why the T1, T2 are the time with respect to the computer, the processor and at this time we will relate it to that at one time a statement is being executed or a transaction is being executed at one time. So, you can see that when we have written T1 or T2 and like that in that case every particular time there is a statement written there is an operation written on it. So, the T A, T B is written on it. So, the first row first is the time then the transaction A and the second is the transaction B and in these columns there are different operations of these transactions. So, if you look at T A then basically the three operations of it are read balance and balance is equal to balance minus 50 and in the same way the T B is the transaction B there are three operations of it and you can see that when you are being shown that a transaction is being executed there is no operation of the second transaction and no operation is being executed or at least no execution is being executed so, these are the transactions and since these two transactions you can say an attribute or a variable you can access it. So, the rightmost column is showing that the attribute which these two transactions are accessing what is the value of that attribute what is the value of that variable what is the difference with the execution of the transactions. Now, look on T1 the transaction A its read operation was executed and it was read any particular row or particular variable its value was read and first of all its value was 1000 so, on T1 transaction A read the balance it got 1000 on time 2 transaction B read the balance because the value of the balance is 1000 then it was said that the balance is equal to balance minus 50 on T3 and on T4 transaction A read the balance when it is read the value of the database is 950 the transaction B added 10 the value of the balance was 1000 when it added 10 it got 1010 and when on T6 transaction B read the balance then it got 1010 now, in this note one thing that the update that was performed by transaction A that update has been lost that update is over because the transaction B that it read that it has over write that it has over write because if you see if we have the initial value 1000 then if we minus 50 if we look at the reference if we minus 50 it becomes 950 and if we add 10 then it should become 960 so, rather than having the 960 we are having 1010 the update of one transaction the effect is lost so, why this problem although individually the two transactions they did not do any such work no such operation that should create the inconsistency but the interleaving the concurrent execution because of that your database is incorrect and that is a form of inconsistency so, this is one problem that you face because you do not properly control the concurrent access Dear students today's lecture we will summarize or finish and in today's lecture we saw that the the second part of the transaction management which is the concurrency control we read that and in this we saw that the concurrency control mechanism its main job is to not create any inconsistency due to the concurrent access this is its main job the concurrent access of the users should be properly controlled and concurrent access is something that is definitely preferred by everyone by the DBMS by the by the organization the concurrent access is required but the concurrency control mechanism it ensures that the database is not inefficient due to the concurrent access the other two problems of the concurrent access and the solution we will discuss in the next lecture Allah Hafiz


The next item of business is a statement by Fergus Ewing on unconventional oil and gas. The minister will take questions at the end of his statements, and there should therefore not be any intervention or interruptions. Come, Fergus Ewing, Minister, 10 minutes. Presiding Officer, the Scottish Government has long been concerned about the approach of the UK Government to the licensing of unconventional oil and gas in Scotland. The Smith commission process and given the licensing powers are coming to Scotland, something that I campaign for and that I welcome, it makes no sense for the UK government to exercise them in Scotland. The Scottish government's policy has been cautious, considered and evidence based. The UK's approach has sought to develop shale gas quickly at any cost. In particular, the Conservative plan to remove landowners' rights to object to fracking under their property is a disgrace. I formally objected to the UK Government plans and I was pleased that the UK will not now remove householders' rights in Scotland. Given the precedent of not acting on a policy area about to be devolved, the UK government should now do the same with onshore licensing and should not issue any further licences. I wrote to Energy Secretary Ed Davie last Friday to make this point. This was also why SNP MPs backed the amendment in the Commons, which called for a UK-wide moratorium on onshore oil and gas. The Scottish Government takes the issue of unconventional oil and gas, including fracking, very seriously. There are a range of views on the issue, and we have tried to listen to all of them as we have developed our policy. We have listened carefully to concerns raised by local communities and environmental campaigners, and we have strengthened planning policy in five key ways, including by the introduction of buffer zones for the first time. However, we need to do more. We recognise that local communities are likely to bear the brunt of any unconventional oil and gas developments, particularly in terms of increased traffic and related emissions and noise impacts. Those are issues that must be more carefully considered and be the subject of further research. We are therefore working to further strengthen planning guidance, and my colleague Alex Neil, as Minister responsible for planning, is taking this forward. We have ensured that strong environmental regulation is in place via the Scottish Environment Protection Agency, and we have made it clear that we wish to tighten it further. Working with my colleague the Minister for the Environment, Dr McLeod, work to take that forward will begin shortly. Last summer, when the independent expert scientific panel published the report, we said that we would look further at the public health aspects of unconventional oil and gas. I can therefore confirm today that we plan to commission a full public health impact assessment. We have listened to legitimate concerns about potential negative impacts, however we must also acknowledge that some take a different view and see opportunities in unconventional oil and gas extraction. The oil and gas industry in particular has a potential interest in this area for a number of reasons, as do the chemical industry. INEOS has indicated that it can use shale gas as both a fuel and a petrochemical feedstock for Grain's Mouth, and I am sure that I do not need to remind members of the economic importance of Grain's Mouth to the Scottish economy. Of course, while much of the debate on oil and gas taxation has been about revenues from our offshore oil fields, onshore extraction could lead to additional public revenues. There is also an international dimension to unconventionals, and we should have due regard to the experience and practice of other countries. If there are lessons to be learned, we must understand what those are and implement them here. We will seek to do that as part of our evidence-gathering activities. I want to ensure that the voices of the communities likely to be most affected are heard and are heard in a more formal and structured way. I am therefore announcing today that, in addition to the technical work that I have referred to on planning, environmental regulation and on assessing the impact of public health, Scottish ministers will also launch a full public consultation on unconventional oil and gas extraction. That will allow everyone, with a view on the issue, to feed it into government, a logical next step in the cautious and evidence-based approach that we have demonstrated to date and an example of this Government's commitment to community engagement. It also means that the longer-terms decisions on unconventional oil and gas will be informed not just by technical assessments but also by a fuller understanding of public opinion. I have set out this Government's cautious, evidence-based approach to date and the work that we will do to build on and further inform that approach. The further work that I have announced today on planning, environmental regulation, health impact assessment and a full consultation process will take time to complete. We will update Parliament on the timescales for that work in due course. Given the importance of this work, it would be inappropriate to allow any planning consent in the meantime. I am therefore announcing today a moratorium on the granting of planning consent for all unconventional oil and gas oil, including cracking. This moratorium will continue until such time as the work that I have referred to today has been completed. I will keep Parliament advised of the progress of that work. A direction will be sent to all Scottish planning authorities today to give effect to that policy. In order to ensure consistency in the regulatory regimes, the Environment Minister, Dr McCloud, will issue a similar direction to SIPA for relevant new controlled activity regulation licences. This Scottish Government has taken a responsible, cautious and evidence-based approach to unconventional oil and gas extraction. My statement today sends the strongest possible message that we will continue to do so. When we assume responsibility for onshore licensing of unconventional oil and gas, rest assured that my colleague Mr Neil and I will deliver a robust, consistent and complementary licensing and planning system that will be developed through the evidence from our consultation and further research that is announced today. We should never close our minds to the potential opportunities of new technologies, but we must also ensure that community, environmental and health concerns are never simply brushed aside. This Government will not allow that to happen, and I hope that the actions that I have announced today will be widely welcomed as proportionate and responsible. The minister will now take questions on issues raised in his statement. I intend to allow around 20 minutes for questions after which we move to next item of business. It would be helpful, members, who wish to ask a question where to press a request to speak, but now and I call Lewis MacDonald. Thank you very much, Presiding Officer. Nobody who knows him will be surprised that Mr Ewing used the word cautious four times in his short statement today. I thank him for an advanced copy of his statement, but the most important words he used today were that we need to do more. Indeed, the Scottish Government needs to do much more if it is to meet public concern about this issue. Labour has pressed for early devolution of licensing powers following the Smith agreement. Order. Order. The response of some of those behind the minister is very revealing indeed and shows how selective they are in the way in which they have followed the issue. We have pressed for that early devolution of licensing powers, but the key issue is how ministers use the planning and environmental consenting powers that they already have. I want to ask the minister today, in spite of his instinct for caution, if he will add some more to what he has to say about those issues this afternoon. Labour, at Westminster, added 13 specific conditions. Members should be as well to listen to this so that they can be a little better informed in dealing with the issues that are raised. Labour has added 13 specific conditions to the infrastructure bill, which must be met before consent can be given to fracking, 10 of which are in devolved areas. Will the Scottish Government now endorse those 13 conditions so that the consensus regime in Scotland will be at least as tough as that in the rest of the United Kingdom? Will the minister today match Scottish Labour's commitment that Scotland will not be first to frack in the UK until lessons have been learned from elsewhere? Will the Scottish Government now agree that no fracking project can proceed without the support of a local community that is expressed in our local referendum? It is the hope of the Scottish Government that we can build the widest consensus and coalition behind the measures that we have announced today. The measures that we have announced today, I believe, are characterised as Lewis MacDonald has recognised on a cautious approach on which the evidence is the central foundation of the decisions that should be taken. I believe, as a lawyer and as an MSP, that that profoundly is the correct approach. Today we have announced that there is now a moratorium in Scotland on unconventional oil and gas extraction. That moratorium will prevent any grant of planning permission until such time as we have completed the work that I have announced today. It is therefore not necessary to hold local referenda on those issues, because no planning permission will be granted whilst the moratorium is in place. Where? Let me say this gently to Mr MacDonald, who is colleagues in Westminster, on one hand say that they wish to stop fracking, but on the other hand, when they have an opportunity to vote to halt fracking, abstain or just do not turn up, that is a very funny way to show their approach. It may be as the former Labour leader in Scotland said that Scottish Labour is a branch office, but under new management it appears that nothing very much has changed. If I could point out, so far as a local referenda is concerned, that the track record on the Labour Party in holding local referenda is not suspicious, because when they held a referenda in Aberdeen on the union terrace proposals, the people said yes, but Labour said no. I thank the minister for the advance copy of his statement, but it looks like his need did not be outflanked by Labour on this issue, which means that he has suffered a humiliating defeat in his war with Joan McAlpine. It must be a source of regret that so much of this debate is characterised by political posturing rather than being evidence-led and science-based, and that the Scottish Government would rather play politics than take decisions in the best interests of the Scottish economy. Yesterday, Tom Crotty from Ineos said that if Scotland does not embrace shale gas, we could see a collapse in manufacturing. It was little more than a year ago that every major party in this Parliament came together to help to secure the future of the Ineos Grangemount plant with the thousands of jobs that rely on it. Now, the Scottish Government has taken a decision to cut off any domestic supply of shale gas to Grangemount, which Ineos says would help to secure jobs for the future. Instead, it will have to continue to import shale gas from the USA. Is it really the Scottish Government's position that fracking is fine, as long as it happens in Pennsylvania, but not in our back yard? It is our position that, in Scotland, we should look at the evidence pertaining to Scotland. That evidence does not exist. That was the conclusion of our independent panel last year, which said that there were considerable gaps as to our knowledge in relation to hydraulic fracturing in Scotland. Let me say, Presiding Officer, and repeat—as I referred to in my original statement—that we engage closely with Ineos, and we meet with him regularly. We want, in the consultation that I have announced today, to hear everyone's views, as I made absolutely clear. That would include the views of Ineos and, of course, the chemical sector, as it includes views of individuals and communities throughout the country. I do think that Murdo will really overstate and exaggerates his case. Mr Crotty made it clear in the newspapers yesterday that the supply of gas that they require to continue their operation is a contract that has been secured for 13 years. We welcomed that. Not only did we welcome that, but Mr Swinney and the former First Minister were fully involved in supporting and helping to facilitate those arrangements. However, if I could turn to the approach that his colleagues in England are taking, I first characterised that approach as Gung Ho. His approach is to carry out fracking any time, any place, any where. It seems to me, Presiding Officer, that one inevitable consequence as we have seen where planning applications have been put down south in England is inevitable conflict and confrontation, leading, I suspect, to challenges in the port. I suggest that the Conservatives, in conclusion, revert to the approach that they advocated in their policy document of January 2013, which was to take an evidence-based approach on those matters. I have many members who wish to ask a question. Can I ask for the questions and the answers to be as brief as possible? I might just get to the end of the list. Angus MacDonald will fall by Liam McArthur. The minister will be aware of my significant constituency interest. Therefore, can he tell me how today's statement affects the live planning application for unconventional gas extraction in airs in my constituency? In addition, I warmly welcome the moratorium, including the commitment to conduct a full public health impact assessment and a full public consultation on UG extraction. Can the minister, given assurance that evidence will be gathered from experiences in other parts of the globe, not just in the UK? Yes, I recognise that Angus MacDonald has consistently in long campaign for his constituents on these matters. I pay tribute to his industry and also the way he has pursued these issues. Therefore, his representations helped to form part of the process that persuaded us that we do need to consider the public health impacts. I am happy to confirm that today. As far as the impacts on existing planning applications, the moratorium cannot apply retroactively to those applications that have already been granted, but it will be, obviously, applicable with immediate effect. The chief planner of Scotland and my colleague Mr Neil, of course, are taking that forward. I thank the minister for his van sight of his statement. It has been fascinating to watch Labour and the SNP try to outdo each other in signing scepticals about fracking, which they both support. To be clear, is Mr Ewing saying that, after all the consultations, assessments and impact studies have been completed, will he, as energy minister, be ruling out signing any contract for fracking in Scotland? Well, the whole point of obtaining evidence, as I have announced today in a whole series of fronts and a variety of issues, which are of genuine concerners—I think that Mr MacArthur would acknowledge, certainly some of his colleagues do—is to consider the evidence once we have it, not to prejudge the evidence before we have obtained it or sought it. Plainly, we will not prejudge the outcome of the process that we have set out today. I hope, however, that the plea that I made to Ed David, his colleague recently, that no further licences should be issued in Scotland following the principle that Amber Rudd set out by disapplying from Scotland the proposal that the Liberals and Conservatives put forward to confiscate rights of householders to object to activities under their households. Now that that precedent has been set, surely Liam MacArthur and the Scottish Liberals will say that no further licences should be granted by their colleagues who are in coalition government with the Conservatives. I very much hope that they will speak out on that issue. Does the minister agree with Friends of the Earth, Scotland head of campaigns, Mary Church, who said, that it was a surprise that Scottish Labour MPs mostly abstained in the vote on a UK-wide moratorium on fracking in a vote in Westminster on Monday, given the party's new commitment over the weekend? Does the minister agree with me that this exposed very clearly Labour's posturing on fracking to be nothing more than a disgraceful, shameless sham? That did not relate to the items in your statement, Jackie Baillie. Let me give the minister another chance to provide clarity on the Government's position. Can I ask the minister for a yes-no response to two elements of Labour's triple-lock system? Does the minister agree that there will be no fracking in Scotland until we learn lessons from the rest of the United Kingdom? I did not hear an answer to that when Lewis MacDonald asked the question. Secondly, by his own statement, the moratorium is not indefinite. Will he agree to local referenda when applications are submitted, or is he denying communities a voice on issues affecting their areas? I have announced today that there will be a moratorium on granting planning permission for the extraction of unconventional on-gas. That means—let me put this absolutely clearly—that no planning permission will be granted for that activity. The Scottish Government position is therefore totally clear. A moratorium applies and there will be no planning permission granted. I am not quite sure what part of that is unclear, but let me turn to Jackie Baillie's second part of her question about the points that she has raised, including local referenda. Local referenda, according to the initial advice that we have had, would be complex, costly and difficult to ascertain the electorate by the nature of fracking activity, where fracking applies beneath the ground in an extended fashion, and therefore it would be impossible to ascertain the electorate. Therefore, it is not a process that is sensible or, indeed, part of planning law at the moment. However, because we have announced today, Presiding Officer, a moratorium, the questions that Jackie Baillie raised do not arise. In conclusion, it seems that the Labour position is not so much a triple lock as a total joke. I warmly welcome the statement, in particular its delivery of a moratorium. Can I ask the minister to set out what steps the Government will take to ensure that the consultation process is as far-reaching as possible so that the voices of the people of Scotland are heard on the issue of unconventional oil and gas extraction? I can all agree in this chamber that it is right that decisions about these matters are taken in Scotland, and we have the opportunity. We opened 216 to take decisions, armed not solely with some of the relevant levers such as planning and environmental regulation, but also licensing, which, of course, is the key lever, and that is why it is so important. Therefore, it is absolutely right, as Mr Day suggests, that we should have a wide consultation of the people of Scotland, because the people of Scotland who we represent are entitled to and should have the opportunity in participating in a debate about a proposal of a technology that, although not new in any sense, will be newly applied in Scotland. Mr Day is absolutely right that we intend to announce the consultation in around about two months. It will last for 12 weeks, the standard period, and I very much look forward to engaging with all the people of Scotland in this debate. Will the minister confirm that he will consider the implications of fracking and cold bed methane in relation to climate change? In particular, will he address the issues of fugitive emissions and the research that is now out there, given that the Scottish Government has failed to meet its own climate targets in the first three years? Yes, I can confirm that that, of course, is one of the relevant issues which myself and Dr McLeod will consider carefully in the course of the evidence-gathering exercise that I have set out today. Will he call for you to follow by Cleelah Behanie? Thank you. Can the minister clarify that the granting of further licences by the UK Government cannot circumvent Scotland's planning system where those applications will be determined? That is the purpose of the moratorium. The moratorium is to use the powers that we have in order to ensure that we can obtain the necessary evidence and have the consultation that I have set out. However, in response to Mr Coffey's question, I would point out—and it is a matter of fact—that planning decisions can be challenged through the courts. They are subject to challenge by judicial review in other ways. The only means that Scotland can take full power, control and decision making and represent the people of Scotland on this matter is by restoration to Scotland of all powers on these matters, including not just planning but licensing as well. Can the minister explain where the Scottish Government moratorium leaves communities such as Cannanby in my region, where permission for cold bed, methane extraction has already been granted? Will the minister agree with me that, however robust any future guidelines were to be if racking was to go ahead, the skills capacity does not exist to assess applications or monitor developments? It is a perfectly valid question, one to which we have given considerable thought. That is why, as I have indicated earlier, Dr McLeod has issued a direction today to SEPA, the Environment Protection Agency in Scotland, to issue a direction to SEPA that no car licence will be issued in respect of any unconventional gas application pending the moratorium. That action has been taken with ministers, myself, Mr Neil and Dr McLeod working together. Of course, the answer is again, if we had full powers in Scotland over all of these matters, if we would power over the licensing, the ability to grant the right to carry out mineral extraction in the first place, then we would be far better able to control those matters in Scotland instead of those matters being in the hands of a Conservative Liberal Government in London. Rob Gibson, by Alison Johnstone. Thank you, Presiding Officer. Can the minister deal with the question of international evidence gathering that needs to be carried out on public health and on methane emissions in a way that separates the worrying facts surrounding unconventional oil and gas extraction from the fixings that are out there about fossil fuel use being acceptable in this day and age? Of course, that is a matter that, as I have already stated, will be the subject of consideration in our evidence-based approach. The member knows that, of course, we are in the transition to a low-carbon economy and we have made great strides forward both in generating green electricity and also in reducing emissions. However, there is more work to do and, therefore, in the course of the evidence-gathering that I have described, we will consider those matters with extreme care. Alison Johnstone, by Clare Baker. Thank you. The Scottish Green Party is pleased that the Scottish Government has finally agreed with our long-standing call for clear opposition to unconventional gas extraction, and the huge public support that we have had for our principle stance has undoubtedly played an important part in today's announcement. However, of course, a moratorium is only— A really good question, Mr Johnstone. It is only a delay or a suspension. Is the minister aware that, if he keeps the storage r, public opposition will continue to grow and greens will continue to engage with those communities across Scotland who want an outright ban now? I hope that, as I said at the outset, we can see a broad consensus emerge that the proposals that I have announced today on behalf of the Scottish Government are a sound, sensible, cautious approach, in which we have a national debate that is characterised by examining the evidence and looking at it with extreme care. Precisely because we do not have, as the member knows, all the relevant evidence relating to Scotland in a whole variety of ways, I believe that that debate should be better informed by the process that I have set out today. Meantime, the moratorium will apply until the process of evidence gathering and consultation has been concluded. I think that that is the right approach, and not to prejudge the outcome of that is also the correct approach. However, of course, everyone in this chamber is perfectly entitled to continue to campaign and make their views known, and I am perfectly sure that that is exactly what they will do. The minister is well aware of my concerns around the UCG proposals for Fife. Will the minister's announcement today on a moratorium apply to the UCG proposals for the first of fourths? The powers that we possess apply to onshore planning activities, as the member will know, they do not apply to offshore activities such as that that I believe would be covered by UCG. Therefore, we would urge the potential developers, in the meantime, to engage closely with the local communities on those matters and also to acknowledge that the highest possible standards in respect of environmental regulation must be pursued. Of course, were we to be in possession of powers in relation to offshore licensing as well, then, as Clare Baker may wish me to do, we could have been in an opposition to make further progress, but sadly, as yet, we are not. In the interests of complete clarity about the Scottish Government's position, is the minister saying that any landowner in Scotland would be in a position to prevent fracking under his property? The applications are considered in accordance with the planning process. Today, I have announced that a moratorium applies in Scotland, and applications will therefore not be granted pending the outcome of the process that I have described. I think that it is widely shared in Scotland that, when on 28 July, Matt Hancock announced that rights to object to activities underneath people's houses would be withdrawn without any consultation of the Scottish Government, far less the Scottish people. We thought that was entirely wrong, and I think that most people in Scotland, Presiding Officer, agree with us. My apologies to Richard Simpson. I'm afraid I need to move on. The next item of business is a debate on motion number 12160, in the name of Kezia Dugdale.


Meanwhile, a chieftain of the Labour Party in Amos State, Professor Protis Ouzoma, has lauded the appeal court judgment recognizing the priorities conducted by the La Media Papalet Labour Party for the November governorship election. Speaking to newsmen in Oweredionostate capital, Shotley, after the judgment in Abuja, Professor Ouzoma described as an illegal the Labour Party flag-barrier in Oweredionostate a few days ago. According to him, the judgment has given Legitimacy to Joseph Ukebu, who will now fly the party's flag for the November governorship election. The court has reaffirmed that the authentic candidate of Labour Party is Joseph Ukebu for the November governorship election. So what that means is that what was done a few days ago in Amos State was an act of charade, we say charade or illegitimate political rally. You know so and I don't think the beautiful egg with a rotten yolk can be classified as a good egg. You must obey the law. You must obey the law. This you see if you are law abiding you can be a citizen of Nigeria and you don't obey the law of the nation.


To be all the way real, like, to sit you out somewhere with Charleston White. It goes to y'all, you get a lot of H-times, do your thing, just for the thrill. You know it's all night, E and G, baby, send them a doll, Charleston White.  Yeah, we on Boss Talk 101, 101. Yeah, we gonna talk.  So, you have a lot of people who'll be watching our show, and I'm sure this happens to everybody, and it'll be like, man, that person lying, that person this, that person that, how you have this lying person on there, da-da-da, all of that sort of stuff. But that's their truth.  It depends. Some people might be just totally lying, but some people might not. They're delusional. Man, listen, man, the one thing I can't tell you is, man, Boss Talk 101 is open to you, man. You can always pull up. Like, that's the one thing about it.  You know what I'm saying?  It's like, you know, I keep saying that we don't charge nobody to be on this show. You can't get on Boss Talk. Shit, that a-honey can't subscribe as long as it needs to tap on. It doesn't need to tap on. I only want who I want. I don't want everybody around me, baby.    Like, I know I ain't going to get on there and see $10, $2, and $21.  You're going to be real people. You open people mind up to people that people don't even know. Correct. I mean, some of the people you be having, I don't know. Like, boom, because they open me up to the Dallas culture for real. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Some of those kids know. I just know a few rappers, you know what I'm saying?  Shout out to the real tune.   See, it wasn't even suspenseful, but it don't matter what it is. As long as it's reality is suspenseful like a motherfucker. Yeah, yeah, yeah. You know what I'm saying? So that's my thing. And we do that for every city, too, because not just Dallas, we do it, you know, we'll go to New Orleans, and then we'll have so many people in New Orleans that we try to put out that information. No, no, no, I'm not, when I say Dallas, it's because a lot of people that I have on there from Dallas, I don't know them, so I open you up to them. And you tap in here, too. A lot of people, I've been thinking of them from other places. Right. Dallas. Like, I think the most important thing this year, man, is to make sure we bring the right people on. Pick the right people, like yourself, like he, like Powell, like Lil' Ronny, like Don Chief. I'm gonna keep certain niggas coming through. And then, you know, sauce it up with a couple of extras, because it's a lot of people like, I had Al Sean, Hey Sean, more than he flew in from New York. He used to be from LA, but moved to New York, stuff like that. Yeah, well, I mean, that's a different conversation. Yeah, yeah, yeah. That's a different conversation. You know what I'm saying? Just coming from the gang-banking culture. Yeah. That's a different conversation. But at the end of the day, like... To be all the way real, like, to sit you out somewhere with Charleston White. Because, yeah, I've been here a lot, each time I do your thing just for a thrill. You know it's all like E and G, baby, saying I'm a dog, Charleston White. Yeah, yeah.   Just being... You got a DP for that? Yeah, it's a DP. It don't matter when, but it took place. You know what I'm saying?   So you didn't even know nothing about his whole situation or nothing? No, as far as me... You haven't seen him on the internet? I watched him talk down on the gang culture. So it was like, when I see him, I'm gonna have to, you know.  Just being there period. You know what I'm saying?  So that's kind of how it went. So it just, you know, DP. Wow. And I get it. We trying to learn about DP's, right? Yeah. So we had, yeah, some people come on that. Crip Mac. It was Crip Mac long time ago. We had Lou.  You know what I'm saying?  Really? Yeah. You go check out Reggie Cole. Yeah. Gumby. Mohamed from Nonduz.  You know what I'm saying? It's crazy because you from Houston down here, but you, I remember you tied in into the LA culture as well. That's what I wanted to know. I'm like, okay, for you to be a native of Houston, and you said he's tied into LA, but what's the difference between LA gang life compared to Houston gang life? Totally different. I think that I've always heard you ask that question about the respect level. Do you think the LA gangs respect like Houston, Houston or Dallas gangs or any other, because a lot of times we feel that they think that we copying or that they copying them and they're not really who they supposed to be. I'ma say this. If you from motherfucking Michigan and you wouldn't play for the LA Lakers, do that mean you're not a LA Laker when you motherfucking the team come get you? Now you with the money?  You know what I'm saying? Now, your understanding on the fundamental of basketball that they playing, you have to learn that game. Right. So you either go over there and play for the LA Sleekers, you feel me? And you may think you're a LA Laker, but that's not actually what's going on. So I'ma just keep it short and simple. When the ball was most so in my hand to figure out, okay, is this shit the right way or the wrong way? I just went and figured it out. Shout out to OG Chim Chim, you know what I'm saying? Big homie, shout out to Chim Chim.   And from there I always go back and forth, you know what I'm saying? Tap into the seat. We'll bring back the coaches.   You just know the right way. Right, because what you asked is the number one reason they were in the bowels in my hand. I didn't want to be one of them cash that was like, man, y'all just woo, woo, woo, woo, woo, but that's not really the truth. So... Can you say it's different, but how is it different LA culture, LA gangs compared to like Houston? The way they living. I'm going to say this, like I was just telling my homies the other day, we can't just hang out outside. You know what I'm saying? LA them can't just hang out outside. For one, it ain't just about the enemies is most about the police to pull up. You know what I'm saying?  See, we can walk down the streets of Houston all day.    They got to, you know what I'm saying? The windows got to be down a little bit. So it's like, it's just a crazy way of living.   You know what I'm saying? It's crazy, but out here you can ride and you never know who they riding on the side of them. So, and then not only that, like see, they really, like they, it's a score, I mean, it's just too much to talk about, but it's real. Just say, just put it like that, it's real. I mean, it's still real in Houston.  It's like seeing the slab culture, right? And then you go on to another state or city and then you're asking them about it. When they come to Houston, how's it different from near to there? What's it that originated to us? So it's everything. You know what I'm saying? So, you know, I just feel like if you don't tap into your originated, your originators, your ancestors of this culture then see what you're doing.


Hello and welcome back to the craft box. My name is Brenton today We are on episode 51 of the completionist crafters series back in aquila And we will be crafting the adepts during toga as always everything you need is on screen and all of the requirements But yeah, let's just go craft this bad boy up real fast real fast We've only got one more left after today, which is so cool Which means is we can go somewhere else and I have already planned where we're going next I'm not going to tell you but if you have any suggestions of where you think we might be going Let me know down in the comments below. It is in wizard city. I will tell you that But right here we go the adepts during toga I mean you need one that's ended this during toga, which as always I farm the first boss and Mount Olympus to get scene tour Fits him sells them and I think a couple of other people will definitely or you can just find them in the bizarre Crystal while you can get from basically any crafting reagent vendor black pearls transmute blood.  I can't even think I've oh, it's been a day Water lily transmute cattails and cattails is a video on the reagent hunters stuff to find them blood moss pink dandelions or There's a video on that pearls They're slightly more difficult. I think I have a video on them, but you can find them around crevalli and stuff I just generally have quite a few of them because they're not really needed too much. But yeah create there. We go Easy peasy. We made it. Let's um quickly look at its stats and compare it to the zoos robe, which will be on screen as always 216 max health 5% power put 10% death resist 5% incoming health Heal sorry 3% life accuracy 10% life damage 6% outgoing heal 10% myth resist life school only level 30 plus no auction and as always Zeus on screen as well And you'll know I don't know which one's better, but you'll know which one's better and you can use either I don't really care, but anyway, thank you for watching Remember to leave a like and subscribe for a subscribe press to a little bell so you know exactly when I post another video And I'm gonna craft outside the box


Hi guys! This is Dr. Ahmed Ergin. I'm an endocrinologist, a diabetes education specialist and a metabolism expert, which means that we help with weight loss as well. Now, today we are going to talk about something called intermittent fasting. If you're one of our fans who have been watching our channel, you have heard a few times about intermittent fasting. And today, we are going to talk about how to do intermittent fasting. Five ways to do intermittent fasting. Let's get started! Guys, by the way, to help us pay for the bills for the production cost of all those videos that we are bringing to you, please do not skip the ads, at least watch more than 30 seconds of it. That's going to help us dramatically. Let's move on to our topic today. Okay guys, so as you know, intermittent fasting is very valuable. It helps the weight loss as for sure if you're watching this for weight loss. If you have diabetes or pre-diabetes or insulin resistance, you name it, whatever you have, it is going to help you dramatically without sacrificing everything you love, right? So you don't have to go into this diet, that diet, stop eating this forever, keep salivating. No, no, you don't want to do that. You want to have a life, but you need to adapt to a condition called intermittent fasting, which is very, very healthy. So, intermittent fasting, which as you know, triggers a lot of things in your body. It triggers ketosis, and when you're in ketosis, when you're in fasting mode, you're not only burning fat, but you are actually repairing your body. So you're giving time for your body to heal from all the environmental damage that is also associated with the damage that comes from the food. So if you think that you're eating food and everything is pinks and roses, that's not true. It is actually damaging your body every time you put food into your body. Especially some of these foods are if they are inflammatory, such as fried food, processed foods and stuff like that, which we don't recommend. But it sometimes happens, you're on the road, you're going to grab something, whatever, it can happen. And how to prevent the damage in the long term. Or you may be overeating, let's say you go to your relatives and you end up binging a little bit, eating the things that you're not supposed to eat. Even if that's not the case, you know, on a daily basis, giving your body to heal, process the food that you have had before is going to have dramatically. But there are different ways. So if you are not able to do it one way, you can do it another way. That's why we are going to talk about five ways of intermittent fasting. Number one, basically you will fast 16 hours and eat eight hours. The most popular is this one. Basically a lot of people don't really eat breakfast. So for them it's easy to skip the breakfast. So the first meal is typically around 11 or 12. Okay. And then you eat and if you're working at work, the good thing is if you're busy enough, you're not going to be keep eating. So we don't recommend really snacking as much. But you can have a meal at noon and you can have a dinner and lay this at seven or eight o'clock. And that's it. And after that, you're not snacking. You're not eating anything else after that. So after seven or eight o'clock, you're not eating anything, which is great because a lot of people end up snacking after dinner.  If you're not burning, your body will store that into fat. So as a result, highly recommended that not to eat anything after seven or eight o'clock and skip the breakfast is going to give you a total of 16 hours of fasting, which is enough time for your body to process what it had before and also clean up the mass and create the fasting that you need to burn fat. Now, number two, not everybody can do 18, 6 diet.  And if I didn't eat well the night before, then I am in trouble because, you know, I will be severely hungry that may defeat the purpose. So for those people, you can do five to which means that you basically eat very little on the day that you did an exercise, for example. So and when you don't exercise, you don't necessarily be hungry, especially for me. So let's say I exercise on Monday and I ate normally on Tuesday. I skipped the exercise, but I'm going to only have 600 to 800 calories. If I am a woman, I am okay to go down to 600 calories for one day. As long as you don't do that every day, that's not necessarily starvation. And there's other types of diet that allow you to do that for a week or two or a couple of weeks or a couple of months, but as long as you don't make it a lifestyle, that's not necessarily a starvation. So you go for one day on a very, very low calorie.  Even if you don't work out, you know, just, you know, you have a sensible diet still paying attention to your diet on another day. And then let's say you do that on Tuesday or one another day of the week, say on a Friday, you do again a very, very low calorie diet and then you're good. Of course, when you're going on a very low calorie diet, you do not just recommend eating anything. You don't just recommend just eating cookies worth 600 calories. You need to have nutritious food and especially, you know, Mediterranean diet that is not inflammatory. Full of omega-3s will definitely help you achieve your weight loss cause. If that didn't do, then we'll try the third one. Well, that's called eat, stop, eat. So basically that's a little bit more intense. That's similar to 5-2, but sometimes people actually don't necessarily feel hungry at all because they eat nothing because your body switches to ketones and once you switch to ketones, your hunger will go away. That severe hunger that kicks in for a lot of people dissipates. If you can stand it, if you can go for an hour or two after that, your appetite will go down because your body will switch to ketones.  And then that we have this eat, stop, eat, which is two days a week.  You can drink non-caloric beverages, coffee, water, crystallite. You name it, that's non-caloric. It's okay as long as you don't have any calories, but you can go 24 hours with no calories. And it sounds like extremely hard to do, but it's not. It's not. I have done it before. Once you hit that 12 to 16 hours actually, you may be feeling like, well, you know what? I'm not really that hungry anyway, so why not go for 24 hours? You can do that too. So if you're not hungry after 16 hours of fasting, you feel good. If you keep drinking water, you can go, you're busy. That's okay. Go for 24 hours. That's okay. So you can do that. And I think that is another way to do it. That can give you that extra few hours. After actually 16 hours, every hour of fasting gives you a dramatic exponential benefit. Exponential means that if you're normally benefiting like in a graphic like this and after 16 hours, you go like this, this, this, and after 16 hours, your benefit goes start going up like this. So try that if you can. Another method I would say that's number four, right? So we call this alternate day fasting. So this is more flexible, but you do have some sort of fasting every other day.  One day you do some sort of fasting. It could be a 16 hour fast. It can be 24 hour fast. Or it can be a 600 to 800 calorie diet type of fast. So you can eat once, very little calories. Or you can eat once, regular food. Or you can just skip the whole entire day without eating.  So that is also another way of fasting, which also helps dramatically. Again, all these options are given to you because everybody is different. I don't want you to get upset. If one thing is not working, try something else. And remember, this is like a exercise routine. The more you do it, the more conditions you're going to be. When you first start, it's going to be hard. But once you start keep doing it, then your body will remember that, okay, we are fasting again. We don't have to be too hungry. I know it. I know how it goes. Your body get used to it, okay? So some people cannot really go long stretches of time because they're very athletic or constantly hungry. They cannot stand it or et cetera, et cetera. Although it's recommended to stand it. But there's something called the number five is called the warrior diet. The warrior diet is basically you can snack on things that are very low calorie, like celery and carrots and stuff like that, just to keep your appetite suppressed, kind of deceive your body as if you're eating with high calorie food. But as long as you do not eat calorie dense food and you stick with low calorie food and you do not snack more frequently than every three to four hours, you can do that and then you can eat a one large meal.  That's not what we recommend. Still a healthy diet that is good for you, that's delicious for you. And especially if you're exercising that large meal and those snacks may not hurt you and can still help you lose weight. Everybody's body is different. So women at different ages respond to diet differently. The main is the same way. Do not get discouraged. One thing that I want you to be sure that you have self confidence. You are confident with yourself. You're not depressed about your weight. You're not stuck. You can weigh yourself if it is not going to damage yourself image. If you're very like goal oriented type A personality, go for weighing yourself every day, that's going to help. But if you have a fragile ego and if you are like low self-esteem and low self-confidence, sometimes weighing yourself every day may be discouraging. And if you are not that warrior type where you can just, you're ready to do whatever it takes, that may really hurt you. Sometimes you have to tell yourself, you're great. The way you are, you're great.  You're not doing that to look cute to people.  So approach can be different from person to person. Don't get stuck on the numbers. Just work on what helps you. As long as you believe what you're doing, helping you in here, it's going to give you the power to do it. So again guys, I hope this helped and if you liked it, like the video, share the video and we will see you in the next one.