Today we're opening the first Yu-Gi-Oh! sets ever made. What's up guys, we're back with another old school opening. In this one we have not only the first couple sets, but we have the first 15 sets ever made minus Rise of Destiny because unfortunately we just don't have that one, but it's Rise of Destiny, we've opened a lot of it. It's not really a big deal. We got Magician's Force, we got Invasion of Chaos, we got Blue Eyes, White Dragon, Pharaoh's Servant, all the good stuff. Rise of Destiny, who cares about it? But before we get into it, we have a giveaway. I'll be giving away these two secret wares that we pulled in a recent video. Simply like the video, be subscribed, turn on notifications, and let me know in the comments which you think will have the best pull out of all of these packs and what your favorite is. So to spice this video up, I brought in another 12 packs. We've got 25 total packs to open today. These are the big ones, but we also have some cool stuff like Battles of Chaos. Let's see if we can pull something out of here. Let's get this video started off with a bang by pulling... Oh, this is being weird. The Dark Magician, here we go. We have End of the Line with Pot of Greed on the artwork. Skill Brown Magician, the Rock Scales, Doll Happiness, Dynamorphy Reversion. That's a super rare, but don't worry. We could still get the Dark Magician at the end. Here we go. We've got Mad Hacker, Doll Monster, Miss Maiden, and that's not a Dark Magician. That's a trap card, but that's okay. Not a great start, but we'll get there. All right, we are going to be alternating back and forth. We're going in reverse chronological order. So this is the first GX set. If you don't include like Flaming Eternity, Soul of the Duelist, Rise of Destiny as GX, they're kind of like the middle ground, but this is the first like GX GX set. So Lost Millennium. Here we go. Let's see if we can get Ancient Gear Golem in here, maybe Flaming Wingman, something crazy like that. 3, 4, really anything at all would be pretty awesome, especially in Ultimate Rare. We have Shifting Shadows starting it off, Battery Man Double A, Lone Wolf, pretty crazy card actually. Medusa Wyrm, Gift of the Martyr, Battery Charger, Elemental Hero Sparkman, the Elemental Hero Vanillas originally came in this set, which is pretty crazy. And we have... Oh, the next card, Mindfield Eruption, and... Oh, it is in Ultimate Rare! And it's a Hero Signal, speaking of heroes. Here they are, the OG Hero Set with Hero Signal Ultimate Rare. Wow, that is awesome! That is a way to start this opening. The first old school car or pack is an old school Ultimate Rare. And not only is it like an Ultimate Rare, it's a pretty good one. Like, Hero Signal is really, really cool. The Bat Signal for Heroes, that is pretty awesome. All right, that is what we call a good start in the opening business. Here we go. We have an Ultimate Rare Hero Signal. That is wild. I was not expecting to start like that. What's that in my opening again? I probably don't need to... Oh, wait, this is Tactical Masters. We do two from the back. We have a... Actually... No, we don't do it on this. Labyrinth Barrage. Okay, yeah. Not on that one because that might be a hero pack, or maybe actually somebody said in the comments that's how they used to be, but I can't really remember. I can't keep up. All right, so if we were doing a battle, and it's the new versus the old right now, I think the old would be winning. It's just pretty funny because they've opened one pack and got an Ultimate Rare, and the new has sold nothing. So we have Flaming Eternity. This is also a first edition pack. So was the Lost Millennium, by the way. So not all of these are first-ed. Some are just original print. The LOB is a reprint. One, two, three, four. But there's some really cool stuff in here. Oh, pole position, crazy card. Pretty cool artwork. I like the only tank rucks in 34, of course, because, you know, the namesake. The Earth, Hexel Fusion. We got the Ragnarok, Poison Fangs, Fulfillment of the Contract, Flame Ruler. There's some amazing cards in Ultimate Rare in here. So if we get any Ultis, we're going to go crazy. Insect Knight! Oh, of all insect fighters, he is the Paragon of the Indestructible Insect Invaders, which only the elite of the elite can join. We can no longer ignore the unmatched battle prowess. Unmatched battle prowess. There we go. We got it. Good goblin housekeeping. Pretty amazing flavor text. And we have... Ultimate Insects. So we got an Ultimate. It's not an Ultimate Rare. It's an Ultimate Insect. Okay, pretty cool. Next pack, we have a Photon Hypernova. If you guys are enjoying this old-school opening, make sure to let me know in the comments and we'll try to do more because these are hard packs to find, but you guys know this is like, this is where the channel started, you know, these old-school packs. So I'm always trying to grab more if we can. Ice Shade Manifestation. I really like opening the newer stuff too because there's been a lot of really amazing cards to pull in the newer sets, but of course, old sets, they just can't be beaten. They're the best. Diablantis. We have the Core of Chaos and we have a Galactic Caribo. It's not called old-school, so this is a new Caribo, but Caribo is from the second set in the anime. So he's an old-school card. So a little bit of a throwback there. All right, we are onto the first-ever Midset. So after Ancient Sanctuary came out, Soul of the Duelists, which had the first set with Ultimate Rares in it in the U.S., but it's like, is this really a GX set? Has Yu-Gi on it? Let me know in the comments your opinion on if this is a GX set or if it's not. There's a lot of different debate on like, oh, is Yu-Gi on it? Can't be a GX set. Oh, but it has Ultimate Rares. So that's where GX starts. So it's kind of an interesting one. This and Flaming Eternity and Rise of the Duelist or Rise of Destiny, sorry, are the three that were kind of thrown in that middle ground. So let me know what you guys think. Horus could be pulled in here. Levels 4, 6, and 8. So let's pull any of them in Ultimate Rares. We have Big Way Small Wave, Mass Dragon, the original print. Neo Aquamador. It got a retrain that early. Neo Aquamador. For some reason, it's just a trippy version though. They like to do that. Howling insects actually a pretty good card. Ninjutsu Art of Decoy. We have Hade Hain. Same thing. Hain Hain got a retrain. It's so strange. This one's actually decent though. I mean, you at least have an effect. Fusion Weapon. And finally, what will we get? Will it be an Ulti? It is an Ulti! Hammer Shot, Ultimate Rare! What is going on? Two Ultimate Rares! From three packs that could have Ultimate Rares. Two of them are Ultis. So this is not as cool or collectible of a card, but what this does remind me of is like a Kirby game, you know, the giant tree or like some sort of old school Nintendo game. That's what this reminds me of, this artwork. Cause it like, if it had the eyeballs in the mouth, it'd be, it'd be a Kirby game. If you guys know what I mean. So, Hammer Shot, Ultimate Rare. Wow! These old packs are crazy. All right, new packs. These old packs are schooling you up a little bit. I'm just saying. So let's see what we can pull here. Wow. Okay. That is amazing. I think you can do two on Amazing Defenders. We're about to find out. We got the McConcho, the Info Noble Arms Durandal, Rescue ACHQ, Pearly Delicious Memories. Wait, did we get something? Oh wait, did we get something? Oh, this is actually a great card. This set, it started off really bad. People were like, it's really awful. Atrocious Defenders or whatever they called it, but I mean Pearly Stuff has actually gone up quite a bit. And it's kind of salvaged the set. So the Eevee of Yu-Gi-Oh is doing really well. It's funny because it's basically just an Eevee, but pretty cool. All right, these have been crazy packs. So this pack's all jumbled up. So let's see, you know, is there something inside? I don't know, we're going to find out. But wow, we've already pulled an Ultra Rare from the Collector Rare set, two Ultimate Rares, which is amazing from old school sets, single packs. Wow, these kind of got waxed somehow. One, two, three, four. A lot of stuff on the back of these cards. We have Ninjutsu Art of Transformation. We'd like to transform these cards into near-met. Here we go. Arcane Arch of the Force. That is a Ruxen Special Dust Barrier. No excuse on the old cards. You shouldn't have to Ruxen Special, though. Sonic Jammer, Emissary of the Oasis, Microray. The new ones, it's a lot easier to Ruxen Special, but not this. Disc Fighter, we have Soul Reversal, and we have an Angel of Wisdom Mercury. Okay, that is an old school card, but it's just a rare. It's no big deal. All right, OTS Tournament Pack 21. Can we pull an Ultimate Rare out of here? That would be pretty epic. Let's do it. Let's pull Sprite Blue. We have Photon Sanctuary, Time Space Trapole. Hey, I knew I had some of these somewhere. I've been looking for these. Okay, cool. And we have a Light of the Branded. So there's a branded card. I think I actually already bought them, unfortunately, but hey, I knew I had some somewhere. All right, Reverse Chronological Order has brought us to Invasion of Chaos as a red banner logo. That's all they really came out in, but obviously First Edition has an option as well. But once we get later and later into like Yu-Gi-Oh's history, then there's like the old logo. Well, even Invasion of Chaos wasn't old enough for that. One, two, three. I think we can do four, but depends on when this was printed. We have Skull Mark Ladybug. Can we get one of the big three? Chaos Emperor Dragon. The, what's he called? Magician of Black Kettin' Owl? The Black Chaos Magician? Magician of Chaos? Black House of Soldier and the other guy. Okay, I always get these mixed up. I didn't for a long time and now I've started to get them mixed up again. Dark Magician of Chaos. I got it. Oh, John with Delta Hurricane and Gigantus. We are struggling big time. If it's in here, it's gonna be funny. Giant Insect Wasil Chaos Sorcerer. It's a great Chaos card. Ultra Rare Levia Dragon Daedalus. Not Dagon. It's a dragon. Oh my goodness. So this is one of the ones that has a rare and an Ultra Rare. So I'm guessing that these are the ones that came in those special editions with Force of the Breaker. Based on the, the coloring of them, I think that's actually right. I think by the time Force of the Breaker came out, they actually, actually, you know what? No, this could be, this could be from Legendary Collection, Binder Edition actually, 2010. I think that might be it. So I don't know if 2007 had rares and hollows. I can't remember exactly. So we're somewhere between 2007 and 2010 with that print, but we'll take that pull. I've pulled so many Daedalus. I pull that all the time. All right, Maze of Memories, the newest Yu-Gi-Oh set. Here we go. One, two, I think you can do two. Yeah, you can do two here. We have Royal Decree, Rika Petal, Overload Fusion. I kind of forgot that was a rare and a Treacherous Crazy Dueling Scar. And then Super Ancient Deep Sea King Cole Canth, another Super Rare, and then more Gate Guardian support. Okay, pretty normal stuff from Maze of Memories. We have Retraced Our Steps All the Way Back to Dark Crisis, which is a December 2003 release for first edition. This is an unlimited print. So they did have a reprint of this in, but was it Gladiators Assault Special Editions, I think? I don't know if this is that one or if it's just regular unlimited. Well, I guess we'll maybe find out. Who knows? Gravity Axe Grawl. I don't, does it feel like it's that, but maybe it is Ultra for Tribute, Iron Black, Smith, Kotetsu, Panemonium, Watchbear, Shooting Star, Bo Seal, Frozen Soul, Stanch Defender, Arch Fiends, or a lot of traps in a row right there. And finally we have a Dark Scorpion Combination. Speaking of traps, that is four in a row in that bag. All right, so far, pretty amazing opening. We've had a lot of good pulls from the Old School Packs. Three good pulls of the Old School Packs, only one from the New Packs, which is interesting. What pack am I opening again? Oh yeah, we're back to Battles of Chaos. I didn't have to do this because of Dark Magician, but we'll just keep going. If it's Dark Magician, I think it'll be next. Nope, not Dark Magician. Dynamorphous Sonic, Silver Vine, scenery, the Doll Monster, we got Swords of Strife, and we have Alice, Lady of Lament, the Super Rare. So not too crazy there, but that's okay because the next pack is Magician's Force. Now, if you've been watching our Old School Openings recently, we have had some luck with Magician's Force. Very good luck. So I wouldn't mind having that same luck for a third time, I'm just saying. So let's see if it will happen. Here we go, guys. This is a 2003 set, one, two, three, four. We have had a lot of crazy luck here. Hopefully not a damaged Dark Magician girl this time, just a regular one. Poison of the Old Man. We got Aitsu, Dark Hat with White Tail, exhausting spell, hidden Book of Spell. I think, is this worth something for some reason? I feel like it is. Royal Magical Library. We have a rare gold armor. Magical Merchant, Decent Card, and finally, will it be another Dark Magician girl, Dark Paladin, something like that? Let's go. Oh, it isn't, but it's a skilled Dark Magician. That's not bad either, a Super Rare from Magician's Force, and I am out of sleeves. Okay, we're gonna have to grab more of this. All right, we got our sleeves back. Very nice.  We are doing really nice so far. Back to our Tactical Masters, which has had great luck for us recently. We've been opening a lot of this and have pulled some insane stuff. Let's see if we can continue it right now. We got a Drone Lockbird. That's good, scapegoat, Absolute King Backjack, Pendulum Switch, Malice Lady of Lament. I knew I'd seen that recently, and Arch Fiends, Gasly Glitch. This is the one we've pulled many, many times, but okay, not bad. Drone Lockbird's pretty decent. I think it's like 80 cents, which is not that crazy, but decent. All right, seventh set ever made. By the way, we're talking about core sets. I think Dark Beginning may have come out between some of these, but we're talking about core sets here. So, Ferran and Guardian is definitely the seventh set, even if you include Dark Beginning. I don't think Dark Beginning came out till later after this. Maybe 2004, one, two, three. Speaking of four, let's do four from the back. Can we get some amazing comments here? Because there's some awesome ones. This is also first dead. Here we go, Dark's next syndrome, timidity. Non-aggression area.  Right of spirit. Metamorphosis, I asked for it and I received. This is one of the best comments in the set. Look at the cutting. Ferran and Guardian has the most uneven borders. It's amazing. It's very bad print quality. Servant of Catabolism. And a new Doria from My Hero Academia. So nothing big, but we did get a nice comment, which I think is around like five, six bucks, which is, I mean, that's not nothing. All right, Photon, Hypernova. Let's see what you can do. Can you bless us with something amazing like Starlight? One, two, three, four. Here we go. Tenshi Kamei. Manicore Smashing. Chaos Phantasm. That's a ruxen special. Giski Necromir. The bestial Baldrake. XC's Align. Landflipping and... Numeron Creation. And... Green Ninja. The Ninja is green. All right, Legacy of Darkness. Here we go. The Legacy of the Darkness. Sixth set ever made. Yada inside. Injection Fairly. I don't know if this is a hobby pack or not, but either way, I'd be very happy. This is a first edition pack as well. Let's do this. Let's pull a centered one too. That'd be crazy. Wolf Axe Wielder. Secret of the Bandit. Burst Breath. Frontier Wiseman. Possessed Dark Soul. Super Juvenation. And we have... Is it a foil? Shadow Tamer. So just a Shadow Tamer. Regular Rare. No foil that time. That's okay. Next packs are gonna be crazy. All right, Amazing Defenders. First edition already pulled us a Pearly. So let's see what this pack can do for us. Nice, you know, Pearly Collector Rare would be good to go along with that. We got Tribe Arrivals. We got Card Trooper. All the Tide Flowsion. Stay Pearly Stream. We got the Makanko Fire Dance. That's a super rare. Okay, couple of rares there. Nothing crazy. That's okay. We're back to the old school, which has been on fire recently. First edition, Labyrinth of Nightmare. Can we get a Dark Necro Fear? Masked Beast. Last Warrior from another planet. I do all have the... I have all those in PSA 10. So maybe a Gemini Elf. I don't have it in a PSA 10. One, two, three, four. Let's see if we can pull one right here. We have Soul of Purity and Light. Diella Phantom. The Fish. That's flying.  If you see this flying fish. Crimson Century. That rhymed, by the way. The Dark Door. Dream Sprite. Grave Robbers Retribution. Feels like it should be in front of Garnium, but it's not. Is this next card? No, it's the next one. Gadget Soldier and... Jowgen the Spiritualist. A crazy rare that was using an FTK at one point. Or maybe not an FTK, but an OTK with Last Turn. But still cool to see. All right. OTS, Turn of the Back 21. Will you give us some Ultimate Rare out of this pack? Let's go. We have a Trap Hole of Spikes. That's a card. Numer... Or Network Trap Hole. They knew about the trap joist coming out. I mean, obviously they designed it, but okay. Oh, and a Sprite Red. So we got Sprite stuff going on. That's a nice card. Back to our old school packs, which is Ferran and Guardian Original Logo. So this is not first edition, but it has the original Konami logo right there. Pretty amazing. So old school, you know this is from 2002, because of that logo. Can we get that Genzo? It'd be pretty amazing. We have Agust. It's gusting. The Barrier for Insects. No Weevil Underwood. Spike Butt. Regulation of the Tribe. We have the Solomon's Law Book. Or Solomon, if you guys watched... What was it? What's it called? The Flash Knockoff Guy? The new Marvel movie. Oni-Tek Ruckson 34. There we go. Jokuro Yaiba. Okay, pretty cool. And oh, is this a foil? No, it's a Novelman of Extermination. Oh, we're on a rare street.  Let's go. All right, we got the top three, and then we got one Maze of Memories pack. So we'll do the top three right in a row. Let's do Maze of Memories real quick. See if we can pull a collector or a gate guardian again. We have Labyrinth Wall Shadow. The Baryon Ut- Unitopian? Unitopia. Okay. The creepy little punk. We have the prey of the Jirai Gumo. Labyrinth Heavy Tank. So nothing out of those Maze of Memories packs. That's okay, because we're ending it off with the top three. The big three, Blue Eyes, White Dragon, Metal Raiders, and Magic Ruler. Let's start off with the original print magic ruler. Will we pull the Blue Eyes, Tune Dragon? We've been searching for one recently. It's been a little bit since we pulled one. We did pull a first-ed one, like, somewhat recently out of a random first-ed pack, which was pretty amazing. I think it was definitely last year. So it's been a while. Hungry Burger, not quite a dollar yet, but when that support comes out, just watch. Commencement Dance, Metal Fish, the Darth Maul into one of the deforest, Firecrackin', Dark Witch, Molten Destruction, and finally, will it be the Blue Eyes, Tune Dragon? No, but it is the Heel Zanru, one of the most fun Yu-Gi-Oh! names to say ever. All right, the top two packs that we have left in the opening. I hope you guys have enjoyed opening all of these original packs, like, old school we're talking. I mean, I'm excited. I've had fun opening these. Hope you guys have enjoyed it. First up, a skull knight. Guardian of the Labyrinth. This is a red logo, so this could be a legendary collection. Could be, you know, 2003, 2004. Not really sure. Harpy Lady, upside down. Okay, we've got a big eye upside down. Harpy Lady, actually, you could probably tell what this is based on this. I think that's the Arata. So this might be 2010. Gazelle, the King of Mythical Beasts. Musician King. And we have a Protector of the Throne and, oh, Princess of Surugi upside down, like the Cyberdog Dragon. All right, our final pack, Legend of Blue Eyes, White Dragon. So we started off really hot. We pulled a lot of stuff and we have cooled down on the old school since. It's kind of averaged out. Let's see if we can end here. This is a reprint pack, by the way, which you can tell from the logo on the pack. Let me show you guys. You can also tell from all the cards, like, but that logo right there is the newer logo, which you guys have heard a lot of times on the channel. But for newer viewers, I know there's always different viewers watching different videos, so I want to help out. Dark Energy, got Fiend Reflection number two. Violet Crystal, let's see if we can get something. Terra, he's terrible. Tyone. Skull Servant, very amazing. Is it the next card? No, it's a rare troop in the Fire Knight. And there could be a foil, because this is a reprint. A mountain! That's not a foil. That is a mountain. If you guys enjoyed the video, make sure to subscribe to the channel for more epic content like this. Shout out to Tonefo Show, Daxter JTChill, Puffins of Doom, Ernesto Dand, Dizzy Hoppus, Choice 333, Miss Like Old James Jantz, TCG Trust to Cards, America Doitzer, Supreme Sage 21, and on the TIE Show, Ian Musa, Junior Barting, Mimic Gecko, and Thomas McClain. Thank you guys for supporting the channel. I'll see you guys in the next one. Peace.


Hello and welcome to NewsClick. Today we have with us Dr. Amit Sengupta from Delhi Science Forum who has also been associated with Jan Swasti Abhyan. Welcome to our show, Amit. So Novartis, the Swiss pharmaceutical multinational, has challenged Indian patents law in the Supreme Court. What are the grounds for this challenge? Actually, Novartis has been pursuing this case for the last more than five years and it started with their having applied for a patent for their anti-leukemia drug, that's a drug for blood cancer, which they sell as Gleevec. The drug is called imatinib mesolate. And their patent was rejected by the patent office first and then again by the patent appellate board and then again by the Chennai High Court. So there has been a long sequence of legal battle that Novartis has been fighting. And the Indian patent office as well as the court has given an opinion that the Novartis' drug Gleevec should not be given a patent because under the Indian Patent Act, there is a provision that if you make minor modifications to an existing molecule, then that does not mean that it is a true innovation, that it is a true patent that can be granted. And the section of the Indian Patent Act, which says this is the section 3D. So what Novartis is now doing in the Supreme Court of India is challenging the Indian Patent Act and specifically section 3D of the Indian Patent Act, saying that that provision was not properly applied in the case of its drug Gleevec by the patent office as well as by the High Court and that that decision should be overturned and they should be given a patent for Gleevec. Novartis claims that through its Gleevec International Patients Assistance Program, it provides drugs for free to poor people. So what is the harm if they get this patent? Actually there are several issues. The first issue if you specifically look at Gleevec itself, it is true that Novartis is providing to Indian patients who cannot afford it free of cost the medicine. But this is part of an international program called GPAP and the whole program actually has been criticized for example the New York Times first carried a story on this in 2003 where they analyze the GPAP program and see this as an attempt by Novartis to create a demand for the drug and subsequently to mobilize patients to ask the government that they should reimburse the patients for the drug that they get from Novartis. Now there are clear examples in the New York Times story for example talked about this in Argentina, in Korea and many other places where Novartis is playing is doing this. Now you have to also understand that Gleevec, the global turnover of Gleevec is about 4.3 billion dollars which is about 20,000 crores in Indian rupees which is something like half of the Indian market. So that is the kind of revenue that Novartis gets globally. So they can play a waiting role in India in anticipation that they will be able to drum up a situation where the government actually reimburses them. The second point is that again global experience has shown that the charity model with the GPAP basically is not the best way to ensure access because the control is always with the company and Novartis for example in a few years back had threatened and actually had stopped the free supply of Gleevec in India saying that their patent application was being rejected. Second point is that Novartis is fighting this case not only for its drug Gleevec. It is a larger case which involves the whole issue of section 3D which has been instrumental in denying patents to a whole range of medicines which the Indian law believes are not true innovations. So the problem is not only about Gleevec and the third issue is that if Novartis gets a patent for this drug then there is we do not have any evidence that they will continue the patient's assistance program. You said that it is a section 3D which is being actually challenged by Novartis.  Section 3D is a key provision in the Indian Patent Act that prevents the patenting of trivial innovations. Now the whole understanding of a patent system is that you should provide patents, you should give a monopoly for a limited period of time. In case the inventor is able to show that he has made an effort to create something new that is called the novelty criteria. Now section 3D lays down clearly what we mean by the novelty criteria in India and what it says is that you cannot patent a combination of two existing drugs. You cannot patent an existing drug for a new use. You cannot patent an existing drug which is made into a different form for example a tablet into a syrup and you cannot patent different salt forms of the same molecule. So there are these various definitions that are provided in section 3D. Now this section has been used by the patent office not only to deny patent to GLEVAC but for a whole range of anti-retroviral medicines used for HIV AIDS. Many companies actually have not filed patents for this kind of innovations because of section 3D. Now if section 3D gets overturned then the situation changes entirely and a whole new sort of situation would arise where a number of patent claims would be made which were earlier rejected or which were earlier withdrawn or which were not even made in the first place. So you have drugs for TB, you have drugs for HIV AIDS in addition to GLEVAC that again would be opened up for scrutiny by the patent office. An interesting turn of events just as Dalveer Bandari was hearing the case, he has recused himself from this case. What has caused this thing to happen? Actually it came about because there were concerns in different quarters especially among health activists who have been following this case that Justice Bandari as part of a much larger program that drug companies have been now conducting across the world has attended conferences which are supported by the IP Owners Association and he has had occasion to also present a paper on patent law which takes a very clear position that the patent system is something that needs to be strengthened. Now the apprehension that was raised is that perhaps because of the clear views that Justice Bandari has expressed, he may not be an appropriate person to hear the case and this was this position was actually communicated to the minister to the law ministry and Justice Bandari himself decided to recuse himself on the case. Now we have Justice Markandey actually five years back in a similar situation on a patent dispute also had recused himself from a case but for an opposite reason where he had said that he had written in a journal saying that drugs should be made more affordable and the patent system actually prevents affordable drugs from getting to patients. So that was also a kind of a precedence that existed based on that. So the judgment in this case how will it impact the medicine access in other countries as well? You see India has been called the pharmacy of the south which means that Indian medicines are going not just to Indian patients but to a whole range of African, Latin American, the nation countries especially poor patients in poor countries. For example if you look at HIV medicines about 80 percent of people residing in developing countries who get HIV medicines get it from Indian companies. Now 3D is a key what is called a health safeguard in the Indian Patents Act which allows the continuing manufacture of a large number of new medicines. So if 3D is overturned it compromises the ability of Indian companies to be able to supply not just Indian patients but patients across the world and you have to understand that the challenge that Novartis has now placed on the Indian Patents Act is not just about getting into the Indian market. It is about preventing Indian manufacturers from manufacturing not just for the Indian market but for a whole range of countries across the world. So that is the kind of impact that we are talking about not just in the case of cancer medicine like GLIVAC but whole range of HIV AIDS medicines and a large number of other medicines that Indian generic manufacturers are making. So this is a case that is actually being watched by health activists, by patients associations across the world in many different countries because it has implications not just for India but a much larger global implication. Thank you Amit. Hopefully we get a judgment which takes care of access of health care not just to people of India but elsewhere as well. Thank you. Thank you. Pleasure.


History of Fireside Chap, the Jats, which are a program of the Leather Archives and Museum. I'm in Fort Lauderdale, Florida today. You can see it's a beautiful day out here, and I'm at the iconic Grand Guest, is the Edge. He is a Fort Lauderdale community educator and has graciously joined us very early on a Saturday morning to do a wonderful chat with us. So Edge, tell me a little bit about where you're from, about your family? Well, I grew up in Harahann, which is a tiny little city in the suburbs of New Orleans. No one even knows where it is unless you're actually from New Orleans. So basically, I grew up in the whole cultural milieu of New Orleans. Fairly small, upper-mote class family, mom, dad, sister. Pretty typical. Okay.  I mean, when I was growing up, I had a lot of fantasies of men in leather from as far back as I can remember. Often manifested in the Sears catalog and looking at the guys in leather jackets. That was my first leather ploring.  So as soon as I came out, I sort of came out rapidly in the city. Tell us about your coming up. Goodness. So when I was 17, I was walking along the levee along the Mississippi River, and there's an area between the levee and the river itself was called the Bat Shore. And it's usually this sort of fertile rich ground because it's where the river floods. And there are all these trails back there. So I was walking these trails. Super hot guy was walking his two dogs without a shirt on, and I just kind of followed him. And then he looked at me and I looked at him. And the next thing I know, you were kissing. And I remember thinking, this, this, this is what I was waiting for my entire life. And I went back to this place and I insisted he tie me up before we do anything else. Not recommended procedure. Not recommended. But yeah. Yeah. Yeah. And then probably about a year after that, I was on a date with someone. He was getting me drunk. I asked him to leave me at the leather bar. And I was quickly adopted by his two leather men. He sort of became my gay parents and leather parents. Tell me about that leather bar. Oh, God, it was called Jewels.  But like all good leather bars, it had really good flow. You need to be able to circulate in a leather bar. And it had wonderful tea on Sunday with amazing music. And it very much felt like my home. When was this? 1990, between 1990 and 1990. What did you see there that was new to you? Or that fascinating? There was this guy who thought it was really hot. And he had a red handkerchief in his pocket.  So this people, there's no interwebs. There's no smart apps. This is like with my princess rotary dial phone, right? Like this is the before time the long log.  And in the back, there was something about like red handkerchief social. So I email or I mailed off to get information. And that's how I discovered what fisting was. What did you learn about it though? What I learned is not for me. Not at that age. But the sort of revelation that there was this whole special signaling within this community. I learned that. And I also there was a man who saw me told me sites that you're in. So you're into guys with leather. You have to start wearing some and that was a really revelation as well that that you need to sort of be able to signal to the community in a way that they can recognize. So which do you see? These days, I'm doing country green on the left. But I'm also signaling with my gloves with my cigar with my West Coast, my language. What I wear, how I wear communicates as much as anything else. Leathers are sort of language. Yes. What does this language say? No, I mean, it obviously indicates I'm into cigars. I'm into gloves. I'm into boots. And then the way I wear my leather, I like to think conveys a certain amount of presence that I like to carry when I'm in a leather space or queer space or in a play space. I hope that it's projecting something. You know, I like to say that leather is an outer manifestation of an inner truth. We are born leather. It is inherent in our souls. And when we put on the leather, that is simply letting other people see what's already on the inside. Let's take us to back to the back to the bar back to the men that had talked to you in the bar. Tell us about them. Tell us what they did for you. Mark and Wally. They put me in chaps for the first time. They had a little playroom in their basement, which is weird if you know New Orleans, but they actually had a basement because their house is on the second floor. They had a playroom. There were a lot of play parties. They had small circle of friends. So I was exposed to slings and classic poppers. So you actually have to pop and bondage and whipping and piercing and drugs that as well. But then they also taught me like, which fork to use at dinner, you know, like you go from the outside in. And they were also part of the New Orleans Mardi Gras Gae Ball culture. So they helped me get my first tuxedo. We went to balls. So there was kind of gay cultural upbringing and a leather upbringing as well. You were young then, though. I was super young, man. I was barely legal. So how were they comfortable being able to bring someone of that age into the situation? Older men like 21 year old boys. They were very, you know, they were just, they were both, well, I think they were both from Mississippi, but they were just sort of classic Southern guys. And I think, I think at our core, our community is really good at adopting and bringing people in. When we were at our best, we find people who are just at the threshold and say, come on over and we, and we mentor. That's what we do. How long did that go on? That went on for probably three or four years, until I moved from New Orleans to New Jersey. Okay. What has become of them now? I lost touch with Mark while we passed away a brain cancer goodness, probably 10 years ago. It is, it is. Now tell me more about the things you learned and the things that fascinated you. Specifically, what do you enjoy now that you learned at that time in the community? Probably the only thing I carried forward was just a love of your self and a love of leather. There are a lot of, but you know, you've got to figure out always exactly what you want. And so you kind of taste everything at the shortest board. So and then the other thing I think I carried forward is this idea of mentoring others. Like, you know, I was really, really blessed.  When I developed an interest in bondage, I found a bondage expert just sort of accidentally, when I had an interest in boots, I found some guy crazy and went to boots. I've always been blessed with these extraordinary mentors. And so that's something I definitely carry forward. Like if we want the community to continue, we've got to mentor, teach, educate, bring people in. You said you moved on to New Jersey. What took you there? Graduate school. Okay. Yeah. English. Okay. At Rutgers. All right. In New Brunswick. What did you discover when you went up into New Jersey? I discovered that New Jersey is a suburb of New York. Actually, New Jersey is interesting. Because half of New Jersey is a suburb of New York, and the other half is a suburb of Philly. Yes. Like, you know, there's no New Jersey television station, or even getting New York stations or Philly stations. So I discovered New York. And this is early to mid 90s. It was when I went there, the old spike in the old eagle were still open. I was there when the lure opened. I was there when the lure closed. I was there for port night at the lure. I remember when DVA opened, I shopped at the Leatherman NYC. GMSMA was still really active. I did a lot of programs with them. The bondage club was active. Hot Ash was active. So I really, you know, if I was born into Leather in New Orleans, I feel like I grew up in the New York community. Tell me more about that. What sorts of things did you experience there, learn there, do that? I learned a lot about, this obviously is impressed, because you just stumped me on that one. I learned more about the depth of community. And I learned about our interrelations with other communities, because there were a lot of ties between the New York community and the straight, heterosexual Leather community through things like the Boyd Lynch People Society and Leather Pride Night. So my notion of community expanded. I discovered a really wonderful mentor in New York, whose name is Thor, and I believe he's on your TV interview list. Yes. Yes. Coming up. And through him, I learned a lot about power and presence. Like a lot of what I do now when I'm in a dominant mode, I just sort of absorb from being at his boots. He just had, like the first time I met him, you know, this, we met on IRC. That's how old I am. To IRC. Tell the audience what IRC. IRC stands for Internet Relay Chat, and it was like this command line, weird chat place. We met on IRC, and so I met him at a hot-ash party, and I saw him come in, and I just kneeled at his boots, and we had his whole scene without saying a single word, because he had such a presence and such an ability to communicate what he wanted to me. I studied at his boots for many years, and feel like I carried that forward today. That's a very strong statement, because in that kind of an environment, it would have been a little overwhelming, I think. How were you able to pinpoint specifics from that? You know, so much to be communicated by eye contact. In fact, you know, one of the reasons I think leather men wear a cover, leather people wear a cover, is because it's a really good way of controlling eye contact, and whether or not they can make eye contact. So, I could look at him, and with a glance down at his boots, I was able to understand, get on his boots, right? And there was some more physical communication. He pulled me in for a kiss, a DMC bar smoke, or whatever. But so much to be communicated by really good eye contact. And that's why controlling that and nuancing it is so critical. Where do you feel that that experience in New York can carry you? Where does it even carry you now? You know, in many ways formed the leather man I am today, because I was exposed to a kind of historical continuity.  That's where the mineshaft was. I was meeting people who had been at the mineshaft. I knew more about our history because of that. It shaped me as the kind of person I want to be as a leather man, not only in terms of representing a power or presence, a particular leather aesthetic, but also in terms of mentorship and education. And it exposed me to some extraordinary players. Through that whole milieu, I learned I joined Delta, which is a sort of weird kinky camp, and met like these extraordinary men. I actually went to Inferno, another weird camp, kinky camp, and meet these extraordinary players. And sometimes just watching what they do and how they do it, you just get so much. What do you enjoy that you learned from all of that? I still enjoy cigar sacks, and everything I know about cigar sacks I learned from before.  I kind of still enjoy bondage. My interest in bondage is shifting, but certainly through my experience with the bondage club, I learned a lot there. And some of the more intense power play I do, whether that's really getting deep into someone's head, or doing a mindfuck, or really strong power exchange, humiliation, degradation, that's stuff I'll kind of abide there as well. That's a very strong statement. How do you find people responding when you do that? Let's go with the more extreme things, the mindfuck and the humiliation, things like that. Well, they're not for everyone, are they? No. But mindfuck's really interesting because the activating energy of the scene is fear. And so, you know, people who are really into flogging, there are a lot of pain pits, and what they really are, endorphin pits. They like to get high on the endorphins. Well, fear activates adrenaline, which is chemically related to methamphetamine. So fear based scenes are different kind of high. It's a really high high. So there are a lot of men who tune into that, and talking about eye contact, I can look at a man's eyes and sometimes just see this man wants to hurt for me, this man wants me to take him into the darkness and bring him back, and in ways that I can't even fully articulate how I know it. And that for me is the really spiritual element of the work we do, is that sometimes you can intuit things between people that are never stated, never spoken, or never signaled. Wow, that's very strong statement. Yeah, very true. Yes. Now, what brought you to South Florida? I came down here for work, and I moved down here in 2005. Okay, how did you find the community here? You know, in general I find like when I moved to a new town, it takes at least a year or many more to find my community, and for it I'm introvert. So, you know, I generally don't like people, like I don't like making small talk, I don't like parties, I don't like mingling, I don't like when random people at the bar start talking to me, I just don't like that. So for me to even find people who I connect with is a challenge, and then it takes time to kind of learn the local landscape and who the people are who are the real respected people versus the ones who are a little shady, and to learn the landscape in terms of spaces available, the events available. So it took me a little while, but then I really, I really keen to love this city for its community as well. I want to take a quick side step here, because you said something very fascinating just a moment ago, in that you don't like people, and especially strangers that want to check. That is correct. Why did you agree to this interview? Well, as an introvert, first of all, you're not people. I'm not? You're juggles. All right. I'm happy to know this. People are an undifferentiated mass, like a group of strangers I can't stand. But as an introvert, you know what? I feel like people don't really understand what it means to be an introvert. It doesn't mean I'm shy. It doesn't mean I have social anxiety. It means I have a limited amount of social energy and I can be seemingly on and extroverted if I have properly budgeted my energy. This is early in the day. You're getting the whole stockpile of today's social energy. Okay. I'm happy to have it. God! But coming back to how you view this community and how you really got your footing here in the community, tell me about some of your first impressions, some of your thoughts when you were finding your way here in Fort Lauderdale. Oh, God. You know, when I moved down here, I was a leather person of a certain time. I wore boots every single day to work, to publics, and I was very, I felt very invisible in leather spaces here for a long time. Because if you go to the ramrod, it's got a lot of people in flip flops and beach shorts and a tank top. And I felt like people couldn't read, again, leather being a kind of language. There weren't people here who were fluent in leather and that was extremely alienating and frustrating for a long, long time. You know, I eventually did find those people and I did find those places. And you know, we're really blessed here because of Leatherworks. I believe you're interviewing there, Matt. Yes, tomorrow. That's what you watch. Which not every city has a leather store. And it's a leather store that does classes. They have a dungeon you can rent out. They do parties that are both social, part play. They host like the red hanky social. You know, part of what makes community possible is there have to be spaces where it's visible for people to see each other. Yeah, this would be very different from what you knew in New York. So how do you see the differences between basically really old school and what you're finding here? Well, I gotta say by the time I left New York, things were already trending in a strange direction. The eagle would close, the lure would close. I think the new eagle might have been about to open up. Probably. So Leather spaces historically thrive in marginal locations, which to be honest also means neighborhoods of color, right? Like the bad neighborhoods.  Once they redid the West Side Highway, ah, real estate values rise, Leather people get priced out. And so New York was already shifting. It was losing a lot of Leather spaces. Once I came down here and really connected to some of the people I felt were really poor, it was really consistent with a lot of the experience I had in New York in terms of mentorship, education, camaraderie, community, support. Now what do you like best about the South Florida community? It exists. Not every city can claim that. You know, I like to think, uh, you know, to use really about both being seen so that we can see each other, recognize each other, but it's also about having multiple entry points. Like, you may live in a city where there's one club, one Leather club. And if you don't like the people in that club, you're kind of fucked. Clubs have politics. Sorry, that's true. Here in Fort Lauderdale, if you're really into sort of strict Leather, you can come to Fort Stress Code Night at the Ramrod. If you want to wear a harness and a jog strap and dance with sweaty men, you can go to Dance Party at the Eagle. If you want to learn something, go to class at Leather Works. If you want, if you want to connect with other fisters, you go to the Red Hankees Social. You know, there are so many different ways for people to enter the community, and I think that's part of what makes this a strong community, is that there's space for a lot of people and there are many ways in. So for example, what advice would you offer somebody moving here, wanting to get involved in the Leather community, what would be the first couple of things you'd suggest? I always point people to Leather Works, particularly their classes, which have been suspended because of the pandemic, but I'm sure they won't return. Because if education is a good thing, we like that. But it also, not only do you get to explore a fetish you might have in a safe space, versus with some random guy you hooked up with on Scruff, you get to explore it in a safe space and then find others who are also starting that journey, so you have a chance to make connections and to build friendships around a fetish as you're both sort of starting on the journey. So I always direct people to Leather Works and their newsletter sign up as well, because sometimes they have parties, and the parties are part social, in the back parking lot, and then part in the dungeon, so everybody has fun. Okay, now you told me when we prepared for this, that you grew up in the digital age. So tell us about that. You had a website. I did. I was part of this strange pitted generation of Leather people where I came out in a really sort of analog Leather environment, and I saw the digital age coming to me. And around 1995, I was on AOL, America Online, that's how old I am. We paid by the effing hour. By the effing hour. And just so you all know, he's younger than me. And you have to take, you have to plug your phone into the modem, and it would go eeeaaYeah-e yeah-e, anyway. So I made a website. At the time, like HTML was a collection of maybe seven tabs, so it wasn't hard to learn. And I was there as the webbrew. When I went on to the web, it was a tiny little place. And I just made a homepage because I wanted to fly people to have sex with. But as the webbrew, every time I updated my site, I added more information, more links, more photos of me, but but also more thoughts, essays, stories, leads to other leather people on the web. And so, yeah, I was really able to see leather move into online digital spaces. Tell us more about that, how did that impact the community? Oh my God. You know, I like to think it was as radical a shift as the 70s, you know, in the 70s, like post-stonewall, post-sexual revolution, some of you've got places like the mine shaft and you've got the same Marx baths and so there's this radical openness that led a lot of people into the community, into the leather community that would not have been able to access it before because in the old guard, question that term too, but anyway, it used to be very closed off, had to kind of know someone to get in. Well, the 70s kind of opened that up. Well, the internet opened it up like crazy, right? Like anyone can be a master on the internet by saying, hi, I'm a master. And so, something that had this rapid, rapid horizontal expansion of who can access the community which created, I feel, a kind of problematic crisis in mentorship and education because there's so many people, there's so many more people, it's hard to find the ones who know what they're doing, who are not just in a cyber environment but in the real world, unlike here as well. It became really challenging. I feel some people would argue that the advent of the internet really decimated some of the scenes that we had because a lot of the bars are closed now, a lot of places just aren't doing what they used to do. What have you to say about that? Well, first of all, I'm not sure it was ever a great idea for us to center our community on drinking. The bars were great when we had them, and I love leather bars. I definitely love going to a leather bar in here, having a cigar, being in that space. But that was never a really great place to center a community. What the internet has done that real world spaces never could is allow for niche kinds of communities. If you were the only furry in town, you were effed. But now you can connect to other furries around the country. If you were the only little, how many littles are in any given town? And how isolated would you feel if you had a fetish that no one else in town seemed to share? But if you can go online and talk to others who understand you and get you, then you suddenly have these virtual communities. And I think what happens is, the bars are declining, but events are doing great. And the recent events are doing great because that's where you meet all the people you'd have been chatting with online. Like that hot German adult baby is going to be at IML. And then suddenly you continue to connect to the real world space as well. Tell us more about your website because eventually didn't that go on to become something very, very successful? I mean, it did. It's strange in that I still run across people who remember the site, that was their first instruction to Leather when they found the site. It became a significant resource in the early days of the Leather web. And it was up for 10 years. What was the name of it? Leatheredge.com, okay. Typical, actual name was On The Edge. It was Leatheredge.com. L-T-H-R-E-D-G-E.com. And still what's there is something I call the Book of Edge because I like to be narcissistic. And it's a collection of the best parts of the site, the stories, the essays about Leather culture, some thoughts and reflections. That's all still sitting there. And people still find it. And they contact it like, oh my God, I read the Book of Edge. They met so much, you know, like that's amazing that something I wrote, I mean, some of that content is 30 years old now, but it still means something to people. They still find value in it. That's fascinating. Now, of course it grew from there. What else did you do regarding online teaching, online work? Well, you know, so the site was up for about 10 years. And somewhere in the middle of those 10 years, I started doing in-person education, starting in New York, starting with the Orlean-Schweigel Society's group called TNG, The Next Generation, which were the younger hetero kinksters. And so that started me on this national circuit of education. But the site went down. I stepped away from education, but I've come back to social media. Because you know, it's not about the internet anymore. It's about apps and social media. And Twitter in particular, I discovered people really liked the sort of educational content I would do in these videos on Twitter. So it sort of shifted. And I've probably now more popular on social media than the site ever was. I can't document that, but I feel it. Well, tell us more about that. What kind of videos do you have on there? What do you try to say to each dude?  You deserve to be loved exactly as you are. And I put it, for some reason, on Twitter and it went, it was very popular. I'm not gonna say viral, that's a strong word. But it was very popular. And I realized like, oh my God.   Like that has such impact. There's so many, I find Twitter is filled with 19 year old pub gamers, right? And they are so hungry for knowledge, recognition, to know that they have a place in this community. And simply because of the huge backpack of privilege I carry, for me to say simple things like, I see you, is enormously affirming an impact. You just said a very powerful statement. The backpack that you carry, and privileges that you carry, tell us more about that, what does that mean? I've become so much more aware of this in a post-Floy riot protest era. Not only the fact that I'm white, not only the fact that I am cis, not only the fact, but also the fact that I'm, for example, Western. I have a lot of people in Arab countries who contact me, where it's illegal even to be gay, let alone into leather. The fact that I live in an urban environment, because if you're stuck in a rural place, you probably don't have a leather bar. The fact that I have economically advantaged enough to afford leather, because leather is not cheap. The fact that I have a fairly nice looking body, like all of these, I'm able body. Let me just put it that way. All of these sets of privileges allow me to speak in a way where my words have a gravitas that can make a difference, but I'm super aware that it's about a set of systemic privileges I've been able to benefit from, that not everyone gets to benefit from. So reading between the lines on this, are you indicating that you feel you need to share that with other people? Yeah, right, so it's really hard to get rid of all your privileges, but what you can do is listen to other voices and then open up spaces for them to be heard. Part of what I try to do is let people know that there's room, I like to sit in this room for every one of my leather bar, right?  If you wanna wear a tutu, if you're in full drag, if you wanna come with your straight, best friend, girl, roommate from come, come to my bar. Here's why, okay? I don't drink a lot and my bar needs to stay in business. So I need all the people, all the people to come drink at my bar and keep it open. The other reason is that I do a leather a very specific way and frankly, I think it's the right way to do leather. I don't judge anyone else for doing a different list, but no matter how many people are at the bar, the people who want leather the way I want leather will always find me because I may be the only one at the bar doing leather this way. So I try to create very inclusive spaces, not just virtually, I want them to be physically because other people's presence at the bar does not impact my build etiquette sense. All righty then, that's a strong statement. And it's true. You're actually a title holder. What is your opinion on title holding? Oh goodness. I was a title holder. Yes. I was Fordale Leather Sir 2020. I was appointed to NAPA because there was no contest, there was a pandemic and the motor kind of wanted the title to be going. Title holders are an important, unique subculture. In the same way that good blacks are a unique subculture, right, they have their own apprenticeships, their own lore, their own knowledge, their own community connections. Same thing with title holders. They have their own lore, their own knowledge, their own inside circles, which can seem very clicky, but it's really just the fact that they're sub-community. Most of the title holders I know do good. They have some sort of presence and visibility in the community and just being visible to let other people realize that they have a lot of title holders of color. It's great for young people of color to see like, oh my God, there's another person of color. I can do that, right? That being said, most title holders are not introverts. There's a particular title holder personality. It is because you have to go up to everyone. You have to like people. If you're a title holder, you have to like people. So I have this kind of feeling about title holding, not because of title holders, because they're clicky or they're egotistical or they're frivolous, but because they're extroverts. And extroverts just sort of rub me wrong because they have too much energy. It's wrong. Oh, righty there. Sorry, extroverts. All righty there. How do you see the future of title holding? What's your opinion on that? That's really hard to predict because no one controls the shape of the community. It is formed through this numerous one-on-one interactions and a kind of chaotic system with this element of emergence where order emerges out of chaos, right? We go to chaos theory. I will say, I don't know that in the short term, title holders are going away, but I will tell you like the young people moving into this community will be able to shift it in ways that we never predicted. You know, I recently watched this YouTube, it was a YouTuber who was comparing MAL to MIR and talking about how boring the contest was at MAL and how exciting, and if we want more Gen-Z people, we need more exciting contests. And my reaction was, I've never been to an FN contest at MAL. I don't go to IML for the contest, I go for the people. So the fact that they were even thinking about how to make contests more interesting, I was fascinated. So like contests are not the point of big events for me. But it does tell me that these younger people are already thinking about like, God, what would be an engaging title contest for us? And that means that it will probably persist for a while. It's okay, very good. Now, you just mentioned younger people. I'm gonna build on that a little bit. Okay. What advice can you offer someone watching this video, someone who thinks the grass is greener by coming into the community, particularly here in South Florida? What advice can you give that person? If you want to be a member of the leather community as I envision it, as I participate in it, my first piece of advice is get a pair of boots. Short lace-up boots. Pair of Carolina loggers should cost you about 100 bucks, right? So not a huge threshold financial investment for entry. Boots, like if I see a man in boots and a pair of shorts, I recognize him as a leather person. If I see a man in jeans and boots, I recognize him as a leather person. If I see someone in full leather and tennis shoes, that is a little bit more dissonant for me, right? So, number one, get a pair of boots. Number two, because boots make you recognizable to others. It's all about people being able to see you as part of the community, as much as you being able to see the community. So number two is form networks of friends. You know, I have so many boys who are looking for a daddy or a master, but I like to think that boys need networks of boys to connect with, because they need someone who understands the struggle and the frustration and the disappointment and the excitement of meeting someone new. They need that support system.  Find others like you, because the community exists. You like to think of community, you really need to see the trees, not the forts. Community is about the friendships I have with individual people that enable me to do things. Meet me in these public spaces, and then we look like a community. So get boots, find friends, and the third thing would be to pursue education. There's a lot of great education online. There's some great events with education. Go to Plaw. It has a wonderful educational track, but also check out, if you're coming to South Florida, check out Leatherworths for their education. And then finally, claim your birthright. If you consider yourself a leather person, the bar is your birthright. You belong here. No matter who else is here, whether they're kind of prankety old leather person or they want to judge you, they have no right to judge you, because this space belongs to you. So you come here and you own it. Even if it's just sitting in a corner watching people, this is your space and you're home, and you have a right to be here. And you can learn a lot just from being in a leather bar and watching people. Any dangers, pitfalls? Of course, there are a lot of, I hear a lot of stories of bad tucks, bad dominant studies, serves. And so you want to be a little cautious. However, I don't think that they're bad because they're bad people. I think they're bad because the community has failed to provide good mentoring to dominant people of all flavors.  They're watching porn. Porn is not a great educational activity. It's a great recreational activity, but it's not a great place to learn how to be a leather person. And so yeah, be cautious. That's part of why you have this network of other boys or other friends because the community is small and everyone knows everyone and you can ask, who's this guy? Do I have to be concerned about him? Be cautious because there are people who will willfully or accidentally hurt you. And I find so many people in life who have bad experiences and they have trauma and they've been hurt. And that makes me very sad. What do you like best about living in Fort Lauderdale? Well, it's hard to eat the weather. It is February 5th. It is 79 degrees. My air conditioner is on her home. So I like that. And I love that it's very easy to access other places, right? So there are a lot of cheap flights to and from Fort Lauderdale because we're a vacation destination. But I can also fly out of Miami. I can also fly out of West Palm. So I have three airports to choose from, every airline, I can get to lots of places. And then I don't think there are a lot of cities who have as many entry points into the community. We have two leather bars. We have Leatherworks. We have Stompers, which is the only sort of queer oriented food store in the world that I know of. And if you're into gloves, we have the world's entire supply of tough gloves sitting at a warehouse down the street. We have a leather store. We have a fetish store. If you think about the fetish factory you're into rubber. We have a lot of good groups and communities and there are a lot of ways to get in. What do you like least? This can be a very transient place to live because snowbirds, tourists, people come here they don't like it, they leave. And that means it can be really hard to form really good friendships. That's the one, a lot of people come down here and they don't like it and they leave. And the number one thing I hear is that it's too hard to make friends and I think there's a lot to do with the transience. I've heard that too. In fact, I've had leather family that moved here. We're not happy and ultimately left. So, when we prepared for this, you mentioned you're in sobriety. Do you mind telling us a little bit about that? What's going on with you regarding that? Yeah, so I'm an addict and an alcoholic and I discovered that really when I moved here I've been using crystal meth. Increasingly towards the end of my time in New Jersey and when I came down here I was using it a lot more than I wanted to and I had an experience that sort of brought me to my bottom. And I entered recovery. Fort Lauderdale also has an amazing queer recovery community plus the amazing straight recovery community. Tons of fellowships, a clubhouse, plus meetings at our community center. So, I entered a 12 step recovery program and then most recently I restarted, I had about 15 years, well right now I have 16 years free of crystal meth. But I started because of some of my fetishes, I had started doing G in relation to some scenes I was doing and I decided that wasn't really on it. So at the start of this year I completely restarted my day count. I'm on day 36 and it feels good. I do think meth in particular is this kind of, if we think about AIDS as the pandemic, it's not really infected our community. Meth and opioids is the second pandemic in some ways isn't quite as visible but it certainly is quite as deadly to the leather community. How are you seeing that impact for community? What's going on? A lot of people are only able to get into leather when they're high, they start coping with fear and shame. A lot of people who were already leather people get wrapped up in drugs and find their lives falling apart and a lot of people die. Addiction is a fatal disease particularly with the introduction of fentanyl which isn't only contaminating opioids and causing death but now it's being cut with crystal meth because it's so highly addictive that it'll be even more addictive, right?  So we are losing people, people are dying from this and we just can't afford to let our marketing members die because we're not that new guys. We don't have any to spare. How do you want to be remembered by the community? That's only up to you to say that. But in, for example, someone watching this video in 30 years, what do you want them to know about you? I want them to remember me as a really good example of a leather person of a certain type, of a certain aesthetic. Someone who was passionate about this community, who thought about it, reflected on it, lived it but did his best to pass it on so that it can continue on past it.  Can I say fucking? Sorry, YouTube. Why am I doing all these effin' videos on Twitter? It's because I am not always gonna be here. If I don't teach other people the kind of leather I love and it's so important that it may not exist past me and so it's critical that I teach and I hope that people remember me as someone like it was not the best leather person of all time so really good example, really good example of the time. Anything you wish you'd done differently or you still maybe want to do? I would really, really like to find a man that I can wake up to every morning and that's been a journey for a while. I've had some really wonderful relationships that have ended sometimes for really tragic reasons but that's, I feel like it's the only thing left on my bucket list. I've done every sexual fantasy I have, sometimes multiple times and some of these were really complex and required specialized equipment. I've lived them. That's something not a lot of people can say. True.  I just, that's what's left on my bucket list. Why do you think you haven't found that? Oh, we need to talk about Alan on if you want to get into that. Oh, all right, well. You know, it's also a box ticking. Like if, you know, the more boxes you have to tick, the harder it is to find a partner. So, okay, I need someone who's gay, I need someone who's single, I need someone close to my age range, I need someone who's not just single but emotionally available looking for a relationship and then I need someone into leather and I need someone into cigars and I need someone into bondage and I need someone who's going to be submissive and the more boxes you have, the more impossible it is to find a partner. So a lot of my relationships have been long-distance which is fantastic but frustrating because I don't get to wake up with them every morning. So, I try compromising and ticking fewer of the boxes and that didn't work. So it's really going to have to be about finding that one and building a life. What's the biggest misconception about you? Um, goodness. So, I've heard that I'm scary. And I said, what? And then I have a friend, one of my, I have two friends in town so I'm an introvert, I don't like people and like people come off and be like, I don't think Barkley likes me. And he's like, no, it's not that. I said, my name is okay. I don't think Barkley likes me. He's like, no, it's not that, it's just that I'm an introvert. So people, because when I'm at the park, I'm just standing by myself enjoying a cigar and I'm standing in the crowd and looking at me and Terry and intimidating. And also that aloof and alitas and I'm not really any of those things. I'm just an introvert that as friendly as I want to be, I only defend certain people. And unless you really understand that, I will always, I think, come off differently too. Well, Edge, I would like to thank you for an amazing fireside chat. And for Lauderdale at the Ramrod Park. It was amazing. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you for watching.


Experiment. An experiment is an experiment. An experiment is an experiment, no shit, right? An experiment is a carefully controlled comparison, right? So you're going to make a comparison between one condition and another condition. So at the very least you need two types of conditions, often called independent variables, or the difference between those conditions would be your independent variable, and you're going to measure something of interest. That thing that you're measuring of interest is your dependent variable. So some phenomenon of interest, whatever. So if I'm trying to decrease nose picking, nose picking is your dependent variable, and the methods by which you do that is your independent variable to decrease it, right? So we're going to make comparisons between those in particular ways to allow us to draw logical conclusions about what had the effect. While we're ruling out confounds. Confounds are known as extraneous variables, concomitant variables, all sorts of things, but we're going to rule the confounds out by designing an experiment. In other words, designing a series of conditions that allow us to make the comparisons to decide whether or not the independent variable or variables is having an actual effect on the dependent variable. That's an experiment. There's lots of things that are pseudo-experimental, and we'll come to that later. Bye.


Roma Wines present suspense. Roma Wines made in California for enjoyment throughout the world. Roma Wines toast the world. The wine for your table is Roma Wine made in California for enjoyment throughout the world. This is the man in black here for the Roma Wine Company of Fresno, California to introduce this weekly half-hour of suspense.  The suspense play which stars these ladies and which is produced and directed by William Spear is called Finishing School. Despite the absence of male participants in Ethel Lino White's story we can promise you there is nothing dainty about proceedings. And so with Finishing School and with the performances in the order of their appearance of Margo is Caroline Watts of Janet Beecher as Melody and of Elsa Lanchester as Dean Sterling, Roma Wines again hope to keep you in suspense. I can see them so vividly now just as I saw them the very first time. Those high stone ivy draped walls of Miss Nash's school for girls and the first person who greeted me that amiable soul Miss Melody. I can see her too. It was she in fact who showed me into my new room and who stood there watching me a moment smiling. This is your first teaching job isn't it? How did you know? Well if you've been around nothing but teachers for 30 years you'd know too. Let me guess now your subject is either French or no. No it's sport. On the nose. What's your subject Miss Melody? Mine. Come in. Yes. I'm Miss Sterling, Madine. Welcome to the Nash school. Oh how do you do Miss Sterling? I've been looking forward to meeting you. Thank you. I wanted you to know about the general faculty meeting in my office at 3 this afternoon. I'll see you then. At 3 o'clock. Yes. Melody. Yes Sterling. Miss Nash is a little concerned about the new students. You might just check up on supplies for the third floor. It's already taken care of. Very well. If you'd answer your questions what? You see my subject is house keeping. Oh I didn't know. I just suppose that you were one of the teachers. I was up until a year ago when Miss Penelope passed away. Oh yes that was Miss Nash's sister. No changes like that are inevitable I suppose. As inevitable as well that ugly rumor. Out of that rumor? About Miss Penelope's death. But I hadn't heard any rumor or anything about her death. Oh then I'm sorry Miss Watt. I assumed you were that familiar with the school. What was the rumor Miss Melody? Oh it was nothing really not even worth repeating. Wait Miss Melody. Look I'll hear about it sooner or later.  This then was Caroline Watt's introduction to the Nash institution. A place which future events proved to be with a vengeance of finishing school. Thus the prologue brought a night's tale of suspense. The narrative will be resumed in a moment. But first let's take a little journey. We'll journey to a capital in Latin America. Here at a gay allegation party on a lantern hung carols beside a garden pool. Listen everything is perfect at your wonderful party including this exquisite wine. It is a wine that helps to bring back pleasant memories. I of course agree. It helps good friends such as us to appreciate good food too. And this sherry has come far to add enjoyment to our allegation party. It is of the famous vineyards of California in the faraway United States. See? It is the celebrated Roma wine. Yes Roma wines are prized in other countries for the great enjoyment their superb quality affords. They are esteemed as something rare a luxury. But you in America may enjoy Roma fine wines in all the variety of types as an inexpensive everyday delight. So trifling in cost are these fine Roma wines here in America that you can be a most generous host offering to each of your guests his or her favorite. A delicious tangy California sherry, a fine California Claret or Burgundy or a heavier sweeter California port. You'll be delighted to learn from your dealer at what small cost you can get an assortment of several types permitting you now to boast of your private wine cellar. As for Roma, R-O-M-A America's largest selling wine. Roma wine made in California for enjoyment throughout the world. And now it is with pleasure that Roma wines bring back to our sound stage Margo, Elsa Lanchester and Janet Beecher in finishing school. A tale well calculated to keep you in suspense. Frightened to death Miss Nash's sister. Well, if I had known then what I know now, I would have been able to judge with real accuracy the importance of Miss Melody's remark. But the excitement of my first classes left little room for other thoughts. A week or so later out on the athletic field, one of my students, Flora Nash, the niece of the owner, became quite ill. I said it to the infirmary but within ten minutes she had returned. Miss Sterling, she said, had ordered her back. I was furious and well I told her I was going to have it out with that woman. Miss Watts, wait, I know it isn't my place to say this but please for your own sake don't antagonize Sterling. Oh now really? I tell you I know what I'm talking about. Listen, you know Miss Melody don't you? Of course. Miss Watts, she practically started this school with my two aunts. When Miss Penelope died everybody thought she'd move up to take a place. But she didn't. Somehow or other Sterling saw to it she was left with the job of housekeeper. Miss Watts, don't have any trouble with that woman. Please. All right Flora. I'll go see Miss Nash. Oh no. Why Flora, Miss Nash is your owner. But Sterling would find out. Please you mustn't. I never heard such nonsense in all my life. Hurry straight to bed. I went to the top floor of my building and entered the small waiting room of Miss Nash's quarters. It was empty but just opposite was the door to the private apartment. Almost halfway open and I walked over to it ready to announce myself. Then I stopped, fed still. Penelope. But it was then that I heard. Are you there, Miss Penelope? Sterling's voice. Almost in touch. Yes. I hear her now. Very faint but nearer. It was an incredible sight. Seated at a table wholly unlikely. Elderly but austere white haired lady I'd seen before was Miss Nash. Her eyes were closed and swaying gently. She seemed utterly transfixed as she listened to Dean Sterling's low mama. We are here Miss Penelope. We are waiting. Speak to her, Miss Nash. Speak to her now. No. Can you hear us Penelope? Miss Sterling says you have predicted some tragic accident for another of our loved ones. And then Sterling turned toward me. What? What are you doing here? I'm sorry. I wanted to speak with Miss Nash. This is not the time or the place for that. Miss what? Miss Nash. It's about your niece. I'm familiar with Miss Nash. We got Flora and Miss Nash. And at the moment I don't want you to be disturbed by anything so trivial. Trivial? But I... I don't have anything to Flora. Flora was ill today. Why did you send her back to the field? Because she was no more ill than you are. She was simply up to her old trick. Playing on the sympathy of a new teacher. Come. We'll talk about this outside. No, I... Miss Nash, your niece... Miss Sterling. She handled it. Miss Sterling knows best. Yes, Miss Nash. Good night. If you'll just step out here. No. Miss Sterling. You evidently don't realize that Flora Nash suffers from a slight heart condition. It's entered on her card. I'm sure it is because I entered it. I'm a fairly competent judge of her state of health, Miss Watts. For the simple reason that I happened to be a registered nurse. Can you say the same? Well, no, I... After this, please be assured that I don't make a practice of deliberately murdering my students. Especially the niece of my employer. I'm very sorry, Miss Sterling. Very well, Miss Watts. That will be all. But it wasn't all. I was bewildered. Even alarmed, I suppose, of the recollection of that voice calling out Miss Penelope. And I went to the one person that I felt must be told. For quite a while, the housekeeper said nothing, then she motioned me to a chair. You might as well know this, Miss Watts. Sterling, you see, has devouted Miss Nash into believing she can actually hear Miss Nash's sister. She then reports, relays, messages, which are supposed to come from Miss Penelope. But, Melody, I'm afraid I don't understand. My dear, these messages direct Miss Nash to delegate more and more power to Sterling. That's her grip on Miss Nash. That's the instrument she's using to get the whole school away from her. I can't understand. Miss Melody, how could she ever dilute Miss Nash that way, the head of a school and in order to... Tell it to an old grief-stricken woman, Miss Watts, more important. She's a woman who's been thoroughly sold on Sterling's clairvoyant power. You see, Sterling's made quite a number of predictions, and always they've come true. They've come true because she makes them come true. Miss Watts, there's a reason why I've told you this. I have the feeling that rather soon, there'll be another prediction. And somehow, some way, it mustn't be allowed to come true. I want your help. Miss Melody, what could we do? Yes, Sterling. Watts, I'm perfectly aware that you regard me as a very ominous creature, a sort of Lady Macbeth. No doubt your special charge, Flora Nash, shares the same view.  Your cottage? Yes, there'll be some other girls. I'm having a little party. Well, I hadn't... What's the matter? Don't you want to? What? Oh, yes. Yes, of course I do, Miss Sterling. I'd love to come, thank you. Good. And you can come too, Melody. Eight o'clock sharp. We were prompt, Flora and I, and the sharp tenseness and alertness we carried with us into that cottage vanished almost at once. To my surprise, I discovered that when Sterling chose to be, she was one of the most compellingly charming women in the world. And that night, she chose to be. Flora, since you're the one student in the whole pack of teachers, we'll make you the guest of honor. Now, what would you like to do? Gee, I don't know, Miss Sterling. Anything, I guess. Have you any ideas, Miss White? Well, we can always play cards. That, of course, is exactly why we shouldn't. Sterling, I've got it. Remember last spring, that seance you gave us? Oh, no. No, I don't think so, Helen. In the first place, I haven't picked up a single new trick code. That's all right. It'll all be new to Watson, Flora. Come on, give them a chance to see you demonstrate your real powers. All right then. Oh, no, I'd rather not. Flora, you're not scared, are you? A little, maybe? Don't be. It's all in fun, like watching card tricks. Need any help in here? Oh, thank you. Yes, we'll use this large table. Come on, Flora. You stick with me. All right, Miss White. So presently, in a room quite dark, we ranged ourselves about a large, bare table at the very head of which sat the dean. And then, for several long moments, there was quiet, broken at last by the low drone of Sterling's voice. Yes, I hear you. Yes, yes, but you must announce your presence. Let us know you're here. Louder. Louder. It's my great uncle. And you're trying to call him somebody, the phones in the bedroom, and tell him. Yes. I want some digitalis. You'll find it in the medicine chest in the infirmary. Here are the keys, and hurry. I'll be right back, Sterling. Here, Watson. Here, let's pick her up. We'll put her on the sofa. That's it. Must have been frightened. Yes, frightened nearly to death. There. Miss Sterling, you did this deliberately. You knew that girl's heart condition. Why, Watson? You can't anticipate a thing like that. I was simply going to tease her, warn her not to fake any more illnesses. Yes, well, you see how she's faking this one. You planned this, Miss Sterling, the party, having her here, fighting out her uncle's name. I happened to know her uncle's name. It was a joke, a game. Everybody knows that, a game. She's coming to us. You tell these women it was a game, but will you tell that to Miss Nash? Don't know what you're saying. No, yes, she does. You'll show Miss Nash the proof of another successful prediction. Melody. You will have her completely at your mercy. Flora is the only remaining heir to this school. The only person who stands in your way. Caroline, don't leave. Oh, it's all right, Flora. I'm only going to get my coat. We'll be right back. Please, don't worry about it. Okay. Come along, Miss Melody. It was five minutes later that Melody and I crossed the campus to Sterling's cottage and found it empty. We learned that the doctor had arrived, had prescribed for Flora, and ordered her to the infirmary. Sterling. Sterling alone was left in charge of the girl. That's where Melody and I found her, directly before Flora's room at the infirmary. We wasted no time. Literally, we pushed her aside and hurried into Flora. Can't you see she's asleep? The doctor gave her something to make her sleep. Is that what this is? What? This bottle, a night's pen. You can see from the label what it is. Digitalis. A heart stimulant, Miss Melody. And not oddly enough, a deadly poison. The doctor left it here, and it's been given to Flora every two hours. Now, will you please be good enough to leave? Yes, I'll leave. But I shan't go far. I expect to stay very close to this girl until she's safely under someone else's care. You're completely mad, aren't you? That's an odd remark, Sterling. Coming from you. We maintained a watching post not far from the room. And from there, first Melody, then I made regular trips to the bedside. Flora was better. There was no doubt of that. And so at last, I dropped off to sleep. A sleep that lasted for an hour or more. For Dawn was filtering into the long infirmary corridor when I awoke. Suddenly, Melody was shaking. Caroline. It's happened. What, what, what do you say? Caroline, it's happened. What, what do you say? She's dead. Flora's dead. Sterling, just tell us what... It was only a few minutes ago. It was time for her medicine, and I went over to wake her up for it. Her heart could just stop beating. The medicine? The digitalis, you mean? That's right, Melody. Where is it? What? Where is it? Where's the bottle of medicine? Right. Well, what? It used to be on that nightstand there. But it isn't now. Where is it, Sterling? What have you done with it? I don't know. Let's see. Under the bed. It might have rolled under... But it didn't. Nor under the chest of drawers. I have a... Perhaps you should look out of the window. Maybe Sterling decided not to give her any medicine at all. Miss Melody, this medicine chest, it's locked. Locked? Yes. Do you happen to know where the key is? One of a housekeeper's major duties. See if this will work, Caroline. Being keeper of the keys. It works. Melody! Miss Nash, look! What is it? It's Sterling's bottle of medicine. Unopened. Unopened? And unused. I was right, Sterling.  That's not true. Helen, you saw me give Floris and Metson early tonight. Right after the doctor left. Helen, you remember that? Don't you, Helen?  A different bottle. Yes. And I can guess what was in it. A sleeping draft. That's what you gave us, Sterling. You knew that even a slight overdose would stop a weakened heart. All right, Sterling. We found one bottle. The one that would have saved Floris' life. Where's the one that took it? You should know that, Melody. What? You should know where that bottle is because you took it out of this room. Just a little while ago when I was calling Miss Nash.  What's more, you brought it into this room tonight in one of your countless visits. You bought in a bottle of heavy sleeping draft and exchanged it for the digitalis. You were hoping I couldn't tell the difference and that I'd give that to Floris instead of the heart stimulant, and that's what I did. You did it all right, but without any help. Sterling, just how, for example, could I produce a bottle of sleeping draft so exactly like the digitalis that you couldn't tell the difference? You had a whole medicine chest to work with. That's how you did it, and that's how I knew you did it. Helen? Yes, Sterling. I know what you're thinking. It just came to me. Go on. When we were at the cottage, when you set me over here for the bottle of digitalis, that said, there wasn't any. There wasn't any in that chest. Of course not. Sterling didn't put it there until tonight. Well, that's not the point, Melody. She couldn't have put it there at all because she had no way to get into the chest. You see, when Sterling set me over here, she gave me her keys. Well, well, well, I forgot to give them back to her. Here they are. I still have them. In other words, Melody, you were the only one who put the digitalis bottle there in the chest. But it's true what you said before. One of a housekeeper's major duties is being keeper of the keys. Miss Melody, that isn't true, is it? Miss Melody, it isn't true. No, of course it isn't. Don't listen to them, Caroline. They- No, Caroline, don't listen to us. Listen to Melody.  That's what she did to Flora, you know. She flooded that poor girl's imagination with absolute terror. And then she killed her.  Why should I? Why would I want to? Why? So you could get Flora out of your way.  So you could have a clear path from this match. Well, Melody, your plan backfired. But you're not getting me out of this school. Helen, what? Go phone the police. I'll never leave. Do you hear that? I'll never leave. Never. Oh, yes, you will, Melody. Yes, you will. And Sterling was right, too. For within the month, Melody was an inmate of a quite different kind of institution than the Nash School. Life settled down then into a state of normalcy that lasted through the rest of the year lasted, in fact, up to just four hours ago. When I was crossing the grounds toward the main gate, all of the teachers had gone into town and I was on my way to join them. When I saw it there on the grass, a tiny object glistening dally in the late afternoon sun. What made me pick it up? I don't know. But when I did it, it was as though a rocket exploded in my brain. It was a small, empty bottle and its label bore the slightly faded letters of the word digitalis. Then in the next instant... And something? Sterling! Yes, I have found something, Sterling. This bottle labeled digitalis. You know, I bet anything in the world a good chemist can find traces of a sleeping drug in it. You mean? Then you've found it, Melody's bottle. Melody's bottle. Melody's bottle? My guess is that Melody's bottle, as you put it, never will be found because it never existed, except in your mind. What? I picked this bottle up right here, Sterling, right where I'm standing, just three feet from the trash bin behind your cottage. That was careless of me, wasn't it? You used this bottle. You used it to get Flora Nash out of your way to kill her and make good on your warning. You're taking the police, I suppose? I want to see if they can find your fingerprints on it, Sterling. Yes, I'm going to take it to the police as fast as I can get there. Certainly, Watts. And the best of luck! She went on inside her cottage and I struck out across the grounds for the main gate and the road into town. I reached the gate just in time to hear the school caretaker playing a shut. Miss Sterling, he explained, had just telephoned the order and early closing hour. I remembered the service driveway then, the other passageway through those high stone walls which encompassed the grounds and I found that it, too, was locked. And then it was right then that the solution came to me. I should have thought of it before. Miss Nash herself was in those grounds right on the top floor of my own building. I would take the bottle to her. I would show her the proof. I flew up the stairs down the corridor, entered her small waiting room and then stopped just beyond me through the open doorway of the dark and sweet with Sterling and Miss Nash. Tragedy. The warning I hear from your niece. There will be more tragedy. Oh no. Before this school year ends. Tragedy. One more woman. My strength left me completely then. I don't know whether I fainted or not or how I got back to my room but I'm here in it now and it is just 10 minutes before midnight. 10 minutes before this school year ends. My door is locked. She has locked it from the outside but now that door is going to open and she's coming in. What are you going to do with it? This revolver. I'm going to use it to fulfill a predictor. Please don't please. Laura made a prediction to Miss Nash tonight. Laura made it through me. Do you understand that? Laura made it. I heard her. Shot herself dead. Please tell Miss Melody. Miss Melody that she'll be out soon. Tell her that Lady Macbeth. Who closes finishing school starring Margot, Elsa Lanchester and Janet Beecher. Tonight's tale of suspense. Before we tell you about our star and story for next week a word about an American anniversary of 173 years this week. Still standing in California is a little winery founded in 1771. Settlers from foreign countries discovered early that California vineyards were among the world's finest. That in the rare combination of climate and soil which produces perfect wine grapes California surpasses some of the most famous old world vineyards. Take Roma California's sherry or port. They are magnificent wines. Truly delightful. Yet like all Roma wines priced astonishingly low because you pay no duty no costly shipping charges. Toast the new year with Roma wines. America's largest selling wine. And let us hope that next new years we'll all be together our sons and daughters our husbands and fathers in a world at peace. We help make this more certain with the war bonds and stamps we buy. So for 1944 increase your purchases of United States war bonds. Good luck and help to you one and all from the makers of Roma wine. Made in California for enjoyment throughout the world. Next week Roma wines take great pleasure in bringing to you in his first radio appearance of the year Mr. Alan Ladd. Mr. Ladd will be heard in a swift moving action drama played against the colorful background of the midway in an amusement park and called the one way ride to nowhere. Don't forget then next Thursday same time for Alan Ladd in Suspense. Presented by Roma wines. R-O-M-A. Made in California for enjoyment throughout the world. This is the Columbia Broadcasting System.


Chief of Naval personnel, Vice Admiral Bill Moran visited NSS Naples to address base personnel on critical Navy topics. It's very helpful to get out and talk to sailors and see what their perspectives are and to thank them for what they're doing because they're working harder and harder in an area of responsibility that is busier and busier. So really good feedback from sailors over the course of this trip and I look forward to taking that back with me and sharing that perspective with folks in Washington. As the Chief of Naval Personnel, Vice Admiral Moran is responsible to the Chief of Naval Operations for the Navy's manpower readiness, specialists Raul Pacheco, Naples, Italy.