Okay, welcome everyone to the worship ministry course trust you all are doing well, and I hope you've been learning something from the course Just to do a quick recap of what we've covered so far We started from the life of Abraham studied about how he was the man of altars and what God expects of us and Then we very briefly saw about how Worship was organized in the temple of Solomon and And prior to the exile and also how worship was organized after the exile and then very briefly So how worship was organized in the New Testament times and synagogues and And what the Psalms have to teach us about worship, right? So with that covered I want us to go back to the Old Testament a little bit and thought we could just Take not too deep a look but in a slightly deeper look at the tabernacle of Moses and how it was organized and why it's crucial For all of us to understand the importance and the significance of it and also the importance of the tabernacle back in their time, right? So can we go ahead? Yeah alright But what are some things that you can Share about the tabernacle of Moses that what are some other things that you know That kind of stands out to you that has stood out to you if you've studied about it before anyone this Yes, Charles, please go ahead Oh, thank you so much About the tabernacle are you I deserve that worship and formal sacrifice was very crucial and It was organized Everyone knew what to do for each particular Sacrifice as they were shipped to God because they knew That they could do not access God the Shekinah glory of This kind of growth could not come down if there was anything In in around the area, so they had it fast glues themselves And then this kind of glory would appear when there is a nursing in the camp. Thank you Yeah, thank you Charles. Yes What else anyone else Thanks, it's the place of sacrifice and worship. Thank you. I sure for sharing that someone was saying something Can I say something sir sure? God for the first time wanted to Well among his he wanted to know them that he wanted to dwell with them with the people of Israel Thank you. Thank you Yeah, thank you You wanted to dwell with them for the first time, okay? Come guys. Oh, what does I mean? whatever you've heard or know about the tabernacle anything anyone Right, okay, I'm still waiting anyone Testimony and communion says Arshab Say one more thing not only the Is it not only Moses and priests everyone had access to approach God in that tabernacle according to Exodus 33 we see where They all come out of the tents when they saw Moses going towards that Tabernacle the tent baby. He met God So everyone access that is a great thing. Thank you sir. Thank you I'm shake says once here high priest went into the holy of all these Yes You know that though it is a note recorded that this people are singing and Doing the worship we are seeing today, but you will be see the order would give me the That part that contains the food the content the furniture Order you find that everything was ordered. So even when we come to the Yes, I think a good old order so I am seeing worship Something that would be orderly Yeah, thank you chance. Yeah order. Yeah, everything was an order obedience and intimacy Forget for the forgiveness of sins of Messiah the obedience and intimacy. Yeah, I think that's Christopher anything Shreya come on whatever to prove his love and faithfulness and as everyone said the intimacy I believe and Also, I believe that He wants he also said in the book of In the Exodus and in the Deuteronomy that When you follow me, you will be the wisest people on the planet earth. So I believe that God just not want us to you know to to to have just a fellowship But because of that fellowship, God wants us to be very peculiar kind of a people on the planet earth like everybody No, God wants us to display his glory through us. That's something. Thank you. Yeah. Yeah. Thank you Shreya. Yeah, I Like the interesting choice of words to display his love and faithfulness Yeah, okay But so let's just I want to start the tabernacle actually from Let's go to Genesis chapter three, okay Let's go to Genesis chapter three Pupus of nose and region. Thank you Genesis chapter three verse eight You know, I want to start the tabernacle from here Genesis chapter three verse eight it says then the man and his wife heard The sound of the Lord God as he was walking in the garden in the cool of the day By now, we know what has happened, right? They heard the Lord as he was walking in the garden in the cool of the day They hid from the Lord God among the trees of the garden In verse 10, he answered I heard you in the garden and I was afraid because I was naked. So I hid So I hid they hid from the Lord For the first time For the first time in their history From fellowship and communion because of sin They hid from the Lord for the first time. There is a disconnect like a dislocated shoulder You know sin separated Right sin separated them from God, right? And so from there on about From somewhere from this time Till about somewhere in exodus chapter 25 exodus chapter 25 There was no abiding place for God. There was no resting place and The historians and scholars say it's the time span is about 2500 years From the time of Adam from the time of fall and somewhere in exodus 25 For about 2500 years, you would know and then between the gap you would see a lot of characters I mean you can think of a lot of characters and stories that has happened, right taking place from Noah, Abraham and Isaac, Jacob Joseph as well And that's when we come so a lot has happened and on then you would see, okay There would be visitations, right? God would visit the people but there was no resting place That's what sin had done is sin basically it separates us, right in Ephesians chapter 2 We see that we were separated. We were dead in sin It says the Bible says And so as soon as sin entered Our spirit man was separated from God's spirit, right? We were set apart. We were separated and there was a disconnect that happened And that's why so when we when we die what happens is our spirit is separated from our body, isn't it? and And when we read John chapter 3 verse 16 the famous verse everybody knows You know whoever believes shall not perish but have eternal life right now eternal life is not uh It's not the longevity of it, but it's I am reconnect my spirit is reconnected with the spirit of God when I accept accepted him as my lord and save it because Regardless of after your physical death, you are going to continue to exist either in hell or in heaven every So eternal life is not about the longevity of your existence. You're going to continue to exist Either of the places, but it's about your spirit being reunited with the spirit of God And but originally that's exactly what happened in Genesis chapter 3 is that our spirit we were separated We hid ourselves. That's what sin makes us want to do and for the longest time Uh, the humanity didn't feel like you know Felt like they were doing okay without his presence being separated from him being without a dwelling place and whatnot And finally after everything that happens in the book of exodus when we come to chapter 25 uh, then we see Uh, and and when you read chapter 24 you see by then, uh, israelites had uh already kind of Made a golden car for themselves. They've broken the command first commandment. Uh, and whatnot Um It says here in exodus chapter 25. I just want to read from verse one Um till verse 22. So so a lot of reading. Okay. I hope you're okay with that. Are you ready guys? I hope you have your bibles with you. Yeah, give me a thumbs up or uh Yeah, okay, so exodus chapter 25 Verse one The lord said to moses Tell the israelites to bring me an offering You are to receive the offering for me From each man Whose heart prompts him to give These are the offerings you are to receive from them gold silver and bronze blue purple and scarlet yarn and fine linen Got hair Ram skins dyed red and hides of sea cows Acacia wood olive oil for the light Spices for the anointing oil and the fragrant for the fragrant incense And onyx stones and other gems to be mounted on the ephod and breast piece Then have them make a sanctuary for me And I will dwell among them Make this tabernacle and all its furnishings exactly like the pattern I will show you Okay, so quick pause there So once they give everything that I've asked them to give uh another Here god is making the same people who gave their precious jewels Gold and whatnot to build that golden calf. He's making them give As well. Okay. You invested something into some into something false Now I want you to reinvest into something that is true Okay, and have them Make a sanctuary for me the same people who made built that golden calf now I want them to make a sanctuary For me. Okay sanctuary a holy place. Uh, we get the word Sanctuary from the greek word a latin word actually sanctus sanctus. It just remains holy, right sanctuary Uh a dwelling place another word. Okay Uh The dwelling place tabernacle. They are used interchangeably. So it simply means the same Um, but we'll see much later the significance of the choice of words there Okay, uh So verse 10 onwards have them make the chest of acacia wood two and a half cubits long and a Cubit and a half wide and a cubit and a half high overlaid with pure gold With both inside and out and make gold molding around it Cast four gold rings for it and fasten them to its four feet with two rings on one side and two rings on the other Then make poles of acacia wood and overlay them with gold Insert the poles into the ring on the sides of the chest to carry it The poles are to remain in the rings of this arc They are not to be removed Then put the arc of the testimony which I will give you Make an atonement cover which is a mercy seat Of pure gold two and a half cubits long And a cubit and a half wide and make two cherubimms. Okay um Just to fast move it fast forward. Okay verse 22. Let's come down to verse 22 Verse 21 place the cover on top of the arc and put in the arc the testimony which I will give you there above the cover Between the two cherubim that are over the arc of the testimony I will meet with you And give you all my commands for the israelites Okay, I will meet With you that's exactly what the tabernacle was. It was a meeting place for the first time in about 2500 years There is a bridge between heaven and earth where divinity is meeting, you know, a humanity Okay, well this like there are two worlds colliding And that's and you can imagine the beauty of that place and how significant how awesome it would be Now finally god has a resting place a dwelling place Okay So In your notes when we see hebrews chapter 8 verse 1 2 and 5. I'm just looking at the pdf in page 16 hebrews chapter 8 Verse 1 2 and 5 it says now this is the main point of the things we are saying We have such a high priest who is seated at the right hand of the throne of the majesty in the A minister of the sanctuary and of the true tabernacle, which the lord erected and not man Who served the copy and shadow of the heavenly things as moses was divinely Instructed when he was about to make the tabernacle for he said See that you will make all things according to the pattern shown you on the mountain Okay, so the instruction that god gave moses Was a shadow of something that was already erected by god in the heavens Right, so it's it's a blueprint. Uh, so to speak right so Um in revelation 11 19 says then the temple of god was opened in heaven and the ark of his covenant was seen in his temple um Right, so therefore the earthly tabernacle will teach us something about the true heavenly tabernacle Okay, so that's one of the reasons why we are learning about this thing is uh, you know the question says Why are we learning about the tabernacle of moses isn't the old covenant? Uh, what's the what's the need for it? What's the you know, uh, we're in the new covenant. There's no outer courts in the courts You know, we don't need all of that But I think it's just the importance of it is The god showed moses what already exists Uh, and when you read those scriptures, uh, it says who serve the copy and a shadow of the heavenly things As moses was divinely instructed Right a minister of the sanctuary and of the true tabernacle, which the lord erected and not man um All right, so that's one of the reasons so we now we have like a uh an understanding of why we needed the tabernacle Because of sin there was no real connection between humanity and divinity God would just god show up. There would be Visitations, uh, but there was no abiding place. There was no resting place Uh, like how it was in the garden that there there was there was communion. There was fellowship They were there were as one That since separated us, uh, that was the price of sin Yes, we come out Thank you pastor pastor, uh, I just want to know as you said, um The tabernacle is a meeting meeting place There the where the god meets, uh, the people So now, uh, as you are as you shared me this revelation 11 19 Yeah, that in that isn't the same thing is in the heaven this there's ark is at the time in the heaven So I just want to know that Why the ark of covenant is in the heaven when we are directly meeting god there the ark Why the ark of covenant is needed there? So that's my question Like in the on the earth, we know that we cannot able to meet him because of our sin Uh, but in the heaven anyway, we are with him Right do we need the ark of covenant there? I just want to know that The why it is the ark of covenant more god showed to most sorry john they are in the book of revelation. Thank you Yeah, so yeah So if you go to revelation revelation chapter 11 now, uh See the ark of the covenant represented the the presence of god the glory of god Manifest presence because that's where uh, it was his throne on earth Okay, so when we look at revelation chapter 11 Okay, I want to just read from verse 15 11 15 it says the angel sound edges trumpet and there was loud voices in heaven Which said the kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our lord and of his christ And he will reign forever and ever And the 24 elders was who were seated on their thrones before god fell on their faces and worshiped god Saying we give thanks to the law to you lord god almighty the one who is who was Because you have taken your great power and have begun to reign Okay, he's talking about a different reign Here the nations were angry and your wrath has come the time has the time has come for judging the dead And for rewarding your servants the prophets and your saints and those who reverence your name both small and great And for destroying those who destroyed the earth So so it's talking about a judgment day there right the time has come Then god's temple in heaven was opened and within his temple was seen the ark of his Covenant okay, and there came flashes of lightning rumblings peels of thunder and the and the earthquake and a great hailed Storm, okay So once again verse 19 that then god's temple in heaven Was opened and within his temple was seen the ark of his covenant Now a lot of things in the book of revelation is also what metaphoric symbolic And imagery that's being used right so as I was saying that the ark of the covenant here in the tabernacle on earth was represented His throne Right his presence so every time is relevant for war For battle and whatnot The the Levites would carry the ark of the covenant And go before them that show that the god that their god is with them Right and so this basically simply means that God is in his temple as in the images we see as was seen the ark of his covenant Within his temple was in the ark of his covenant. It's simply I mean it is the way i'm looking at it is It is his manifest presence. It is him who is there and it is him You know who's reigning from his temples. That's the way I am looking at it because and when you read And why i'm seeing that it is him is because when you read john chapter one It says in the beginning was the word and what was with god and was was called and if you come down to Verse 14 just very quickly bear with me 14 the word became the word became flesh and made his dwelling Among us Word became flesh and made his dwelling that means he dwelt among his he tabernacled Among us We have seen his glory the glory of the one and only who came from the father full of grace and truth. Okay, so The tabernacle Jesus in the new testament is what tabernacle was in the old testament So he is the tabernacle You know and he also goes on to say that among you is the one who stands a one who's greater than the tabernacle right so The ark of the covenant it just comes down to that it's the imagery of god himself being present and like you said that We are going to be with him And so yeah, that's exactly that's what it means at least for me But and if there's anything else that anybody wants to add to it Feel free to Thank you pastor. Thank you. Yeah There is anything else anybody wants to add to that? Sir, shall I just read what is given by david? Music in that the ark of the covenant. Can you hear me, sir? Yes Yes, the ark of the covenant is the symbol of god's faithfulness and bestowing grace on his people And inflicting vengeance on his people's enemies It is called the ark of his covenant in the old testament This was the earthly representation of god's throne to emphasize god's faithfulness The ark refers to god's throne the place where the previously mentioned resolution will come from In my understanding I think God's covenant which he made with man stands forever Even we can see it in eternity also and it is so Gives us so much faith and strength Yeah Remembering his faithfulness. Thank you sir. Yeah, thanks. Yeah, I think it's interesting like also initially is what I think Yeshree kumar itself shared it was a display of his love and faithfulness and One of his I mean he is the god who keeps the covenant and that's you know, that means he keeps he's faithful to what he says he's faithful to who he is because That's who he is and I'm just reminded of this verse in the psalm 85 verse 10 like about the tabernacle as in psalm 85 verse 10, I think if I'm right some memory serves me right Yeah, love and faithfulness meet together righteousness and peace they kiss each other faithfulness springs forth from the earth And righteousness looks down from heaven The lord and the lord will indeed give what is good and our land will yield its harvest Righteousness goes before him and prepares the way for his steps But just that verse 10 love and faithfulness meet together Righteousness and peace to kiss each other is this a beautiful imagery of what is happening in the meeting place And what happened in john chapter 1 verse 14? If he dwelt in the tabernacle amongst us Right Yeah, so thanks rupa. Thanks. I should come up for the question um, so first to move on um, so we we see the description of the tabernacle and we we kind of know how it was, uh, you know um erected and whatnot, but um, so just to begin Every time we mention about the tabernacle we start off with the outer courts inner courts and the holy of holy So the most holy place as we say it Right, uh, but oh we miss out one of the most a very significant part of the tabernacle is the gate Right. Um, so let me just see if I can share this screen. Um, oh Some of the pictures is I'm sure we've already seen it. These are all images just from um Google right, so you you have uh the outer courts And you in the outer courts, you have two firm pieces of furniture, which is uh, the brazen altar The brazen labor. Okay, so this is where the the animals were sacrificed Uh bronze uh altar and this is bronze labor Inside it's like a tub that was uh filled with water Inside it it was filled with uh, it was made of mirrors Okay, so like I said guys, we're not going to go in the details of how it was made and all of that Okay, but uh And then you have the uh inner courts. Um, so it's Separated by a veil and when you go in There's the table of shoe bread and uh the golden lamp stand and uh What's that the altar of incense? Right and before that, uh, and after the altar of incense there was uh, there's another veil that separated the the inner courts from the most holy place or the holy of holies Okay, and this cloud represented uh Glory of god present that his manifest presence and and how many times in the old testament be time and time and see that His glory he manifested himself in the palm of a cloud, you know When the priests worshiped and sang like the cloud filled the temple. We read that last week Uh, let's see if we can get another image This is just another image because I thought it was uh It's pretty cool to see Right, it's a wonderful imagination. Um, I'm sure it's not exactly how it looked. Okay, so It's just a wonderful imagination of people. Um Hey, it must have been um awesome, isn't it? Uh, you see Like there are all these tribes around the tabernacle Right, uh, and you see the tabernacle that uh with white, uh Hand kind of a thing But And everybody in the camp of israel knew that god was present That he wanted them to know that he was holy from every side and and then when and suddenly There seemed to be only one way To enter They couldn't enter from which, you know, any side they wanted to You know, but there was only one way To enter in Okay, um, let me stop sharing that Charles, you have a question Not a question first, but um I'm seeing that every time Every time, uh, worship would be done properly in the way He wanted it God would come And the in your last statement he said that it appears that it was only one way they entered So exactly It brings us to jesus christ that he is the only one way Are worshiping the truth here. Thank you. Yeah, thank you Thanks It is one last image and I'll pause here as we continue So another imagination of the gate, um, okay, so Uh Let's I want to call this as a place of introduction Okay, uh, we every time we talk about the type of night will be directly just talk about the outer courts inner courts and the holy of holies But and leave out the gate Uh, it's crucial. It's very very crucial. Uh, right Uh, some hundred verse four says enter his gates With thanksgiving and praise Right. Thanks is related to god's goodness. We thank and we praise him for who we is and what he has done for us Uh, you know, it is at the gate. We have a revelation of who jesus is Um, and and he says in john 14 six that I am the way The truth and life no one comes to the father except through me John 10 9 says I am the gate Whoever enters through me will be saved He will come out and go out and find pasture Right. Uh, so beautiful significance very symbolic. Uh, and as you can see the the gates were made of four different colors Uh, and initially when we read from exodus chapter 25, we see that god telling Telling them to bring very specific gifts, isn't it? He he didn't say that okay Just go ahead and give me whatever you feel like giving uh and make the sanctuary The way you want to build it uh with any color or with anything that you see it fit And whatnot. So he was very specific. He was very clear, isn't it? Okay, bring me gold. Bring me silver. Bring me bronze Uh, blue purple and scarlet yarn and fine linen gold hair and skin dyed red and the hides of sea cows acacia would uh, so detailed.  They god clearly knew, uh, you know, what he wanted and what he wanted them to bring Um Right. So as you can see the gate was made of four colors. Uh, and very very quickly, uh, you know You can study about colors, uh, as in the biblical meaning behind it. It's it's it's a broader study of, uh, biblical hermeneutics Because hermeneutics is yeah, you you study about the text, uh, you know the different forms of communication, right? So there's about Symbolism is just another form of hermeneutics in a way A non-verbal communications. Uh, and god seems to use that time and time again. We see that in In the language of the bible all the time, isn't it? Uh, we call Jesus as the lamb of god, uh You know the lamb that was crucified.  And every time you see a rainbow god uses rainbow say hey, that's a symbol That means i'm a covenant keeping god and you will remember my faithfulness my goodness uh and and whatnot so Uh, when you can i'm not going to turn this class into a Studying the colors kind of a constant whatnot, but I would encourage you to uh When you find the time to study about the biblical meaning uh interpretation of the colors and hope Oh god you said but so here we see that the gate is made up of four different colors blue purple scarlet uh and fine-tuned linen uh So blue represents heavenly things uh the divinity In ezekiel chapter one verse 26 ezekiel one verse 26. Uh, it says Uh and above the firmament Uh over their heads was like was the likeness of a throne In appearance like a sapphire stone On the likeness of the throne was likeness with the appearance of a man high above it. Okay sapphire stone Uh in other scriptures exodus 24 verse 10 it says and they saw the god of israel There was under his feet As it were a payment of sapphire stone Okay, like the very heaven of clearance so Uh blue represents the divinity divinity heavenly things uh purple is a color of royalty, you know that uh It all these uh white scarlet is the color of blood red uh and white is pure You know, uh perfection Without spot and blemish it's another symbol, right? As you understand the symbols, right? I mean in modern day, you know, what some couples uh When they have to reveal the gender of the kids, uh, at least not in india abroad, you know, I think blue stands for a boy pink circle girl, I think I'll be wrong. Okay, uh But yeah, okay um So that's the thing. Okay, when you say purple was a color is a color of royalty. Uh, You don't see any kings coming up with a pink robe and stuff like that. Everybody comes has a purple robe and whatnot some of the historian scholars refer to these colors for colors of gates to the four gospels And rightly so because in the book of matthews the gospel matthews we see Jesus is presented as the king of the jews, uh, right purple and In luke we see that he is The friend of sinners a suffering and a dying king And mark we see that he is a perfect and a sinless Man and in in john we see that he is a son of god which represents blueies You know divinity So at the gate we are introduced to jesus, uh, you know, we encounter him Uh, and sometimes what happens is it is possible for us to just to get to know him and give him our life And go back and not go deeper. So this whole journey of the tabernacle is Uh, is just going deeper into uh level of intimacy in knowing Our king right so Stop this uh sharing It's so after the gate we are introduced to the outer court And in the outer court, uh, we know there are two pieces of furniture one is the brazen altar It says an exodus 27 Plus one and two you shall make an altar of acacia wood Five cubits long and five cubits wide the altar shall be square and its height shall be three cubits You shall make its horns on its four corners Its horns shall be of one piece with it and you shall overlay it with bronze Okay, so this altar or the brazen altar was the altar of sacrifice right it was When someone had committed a sin and what not they would you know The procedure with the process was that they would come and bring a spotless lamb Who will take their place on the altar? Okay, and uh, it's it's not like, okay, they would come this give this lamb sacrificial lamb and then they go away So they will have to stand there Once it's bled They will have to watch, uh, you know that until the sacrifice is done because it reminds them that I should should have been them On the altar, but an innocent lamb is taking their place Uh, so the altar is a place of sacrifice. It is uh the place of surrender and then It's also a some symbolic of the cross The jesus is our ultimate sacrifice where he laid down. Uh, he you know, he surrendered himself to the will of his father Uh, right and then he doesn't stop there. We are called Uh, and as we read in roman chapter 12 verse one We are called to live our life to offer ourselves as living sacrifices Take up our cross just as jesus did and so This is a symbolic of the cross and it's It's where reconciliation happens Right at the gate. We are introduced, uh to jesus of who he is we encounter him And then we encounter him at the cross, uh as well, you know, it's a place of reconciliation where we know that we are reconciled uh with the father right Uh, he bruised chapter 13 verse 15 and 16 at the bottom of page 17 says therefore By him let us continually offer the sacrifices of praise to god That is the fruit of our lips giving thanks to his name But do not forget to do good and to share For with such sacrifices god is well pleased. Okay, most of the time we stop at this Okay, a praise to god that is the fruit of our lips giving thanks to his name full stop. We stopped there Uh, but what continues, uh, which is also, uh, you know acknowledged as worship is but do not forget to do good and to share For with such sacrifices god is well pleased uh, right so One of the things about sacrifice which we've learned in the first year is Is not just giving up But uh something but it's also taking on something Right, so most of the times when we say sacrifice is oh, I'm giving up something. I'm sacrificing this so I can do this you know, I'm sacrificing uh my time of Just playing football with my friends so I can be with my family You get an idea right so what the sacrifice is But it also it's not just about giving up something but it's also means taking on something When it says do good When someone wants to uh, you know Like go with they want you to go with them for a mile you go an extra mile with them You don't have to But then you do you take you take it on right so that is also Sacrifice as well which we are encouraged to do so The altar the brazen altar is a place of reconciliation. It's uh where we meet jesus at the cross and we are encouraged to To offer up us our bodies as living sacrifices wholly and acceptable to god right so And then uh, okay, so I think we're out of time Right, I'll pause here and we'll resume after the break the second session All right You guys have a good break and I'll see you in 10 minutes


Thanks. So I'm Ben. I'm pretty excited to be here talking today about truck hacking. I'm going to introduce you to commercial transportation, show you why it matters. We're going to be talking about trucking in particular, so trucks and trailers and distribution centers, etc. Then we're going to get into the technical details of the three main vehicle networks that are found on trucks today. In the second half of the talk, I'm going to do a review of some of the public attacks on trucks and I'll highlight areas where you can use some more hacking. So there's definitely room for your own research and I'll give you some ways to get involved. Then we'll wrap up the session by looking at some concrete examples of using tools to interact with the vehicle networks, and I'll also give you a whole list of tools that you can go and get and play with yourself. Just a very little bit about me. I'm a cybersecurity research engineer contractor at the NMFTA. I have some previous experience in embedded systems design and reverse engineering.  So commercial transportation, what is a very broad topic. The whole possible transportation of goods or people for a business purpose, just about anything. It makes up, you know, trailers, trains and ships, which you can see pictured here. Also, card containers, which is called intermodal is a big part and we'll talk about that. Why does commercial transportation security matter. Look around the room you're in right now. I thought it came on a truck. Truck problems are big problems for society. And if you need to be convinced, I encourage you to take a look at a week without truck transport at iru.org. It's amazing just how deep the supply chain of trucking goes. There are some communities that even need to get their drinking water from trucks. And then probably most obviously trucks are the big lumbering giants on the road and safety issues with trucks are all of our issues. If you think about all the modes of transportation and not just trucking, it matters because we're all linked by that global supply chain, but also because all the technologies are shared among the different modes. So a vector of an attack in one mode can actually be an attack across the board. For example, the CAN bus hack research that demonstrates engines, disablement via derate abuse is actually applicable across all the modes because diesel is found in all the modes. We're going to talk with that a little more later. So trucks pictured here in this spaghetti diagram they have a lot of features, a lot of connectivity and they have a lot of variations. Trucks are actually leave the factory today sometimes with three different cellular modems installed. The cellular components and specs of the truck are built to order by the fleets which accounts for all the variation. These trucks actually use multiple different vehicle networks and sometimes multiple segments of the same network to accomplish all the features that are necessary. This diagram you can see is showing three different types of networks three connectors, a whole bunch of different components. One of the things we're not picturing this diagram is components that bridge multiple segments other than that gateway, because doing so would make it a bit more of a spaghetti mess. But those types of components that bridge segments are also present and take note of the connectors here. The J560 connector is the is what's used to make the umbilical connection between the tractor and the trailer. That OBD connector is the regulated onboard diagnostics connector found in all trucks. And then the RP 1226 is a newer connector, but was put there because permanently connecting devices such as telematics or other aftermarket is not recommended for the OBD connector. So the OEMs place that there to give fleets a place to put their permanently or send the permanently installed equipment. And of course it goes without saying these trucks they exist as money makers if they're not rolling then the fleet is losing money. So what about trailers, the other things that roll, they actually outnumber tractors in North America. They have plenty of features. What you see pictured here is a summary of the features you'll find in a trailer based on questionnaires that we put to our fleets. They all have trailer ABS unsurprisingly because that's regulated. There's also other features and the other features are usually integrated with wireless proprietary but there are other proprietary type networks that will enable those features as well. And it seems like there's still quite a bit quite a bit more than just trailer breaks these features aren't stopping there though they're growing every day. This is a conglomerate of future looking features that you might find in a trailer based on a bunch of webinars by Paul Menig and the people that you invited into AT-ATMC task forces. Combined with some of the questionnaires that we put to our members and you can see it's quite a lot of features quite a lot of different bus options. Note that the adoption of these technologies have been pretty slow. A lot of these things that you'll see here have actually been listed as next generation technologies in a report that dates to 1998. So take the marketing with a grain of salt, but these kind of technologies are coming as are the switch to a different bus. You'll see here we're listing canned J-1939 as well as ISO 11992-2, which is also known as TT can. These can buses and trailers are much more common in Europe. In North America today they're pretty rare, but that may very well change in the future. And then an important thing to mention is that if you thought getting testing time on a truck was hard, imagine getting testing time on a trailer. If these trailers aren't rolling or docked, they're actually parked holding cargo. So getting time on a trailer is pretty difficult. And the trailers last a really long time. They stay at a service lifetime of about 30 years in North America. So a lot of the trailers you'll run into are quite old, maybe beaten up in the same better days. So trucking goes without saying, I think I said it before, it's a moneymaker. The vehicles are owned for commercial purposes. Sometimes they're leased for companies, for example, Penske. And they protect their investments with preventative maintenance. So maintenance is a big part. Tractors actually spend more time in a service center connected to diagnostics than any passenger car would. The diagnostic software is quite powerful. You can see that paper reference there that Bill Haas was on the diagnostic software, for example, is capable of disabling engine cylinders and cycling ABS pressure valves. And a lot of this diagnostic software is actually just low quality Windows software. Another big part about trucking is the distribution centers. So fleets actually make extensive use of these. For example, in LTL, less than truckload, where these distribution centers are called terminals and moving freight there is much more like moving passengers in air traffic than it is like packets in a network. Packets in a network is more like truckload. So you can also think of LTL is how the postal service operates and these terminals end up being staging areas for different groups of passengers as they get regrouped into different trailers and sent on to their next destination. These distribution centers actually have a lot of technology and a lot of attack surface themselves, which I'm not prepared to talk about. But it should be unsurprising to you to find that handhelds and tablets and IOT and all the other embedded systems actually pervade the distribution center today. Intermodal briefly a lot of people recognize intermodal as containers. A lot of fleets make extensive use of them transferring them from train to ship to trailer as they're designed to do. We've heard that some intermodal containers actually have their own networking interconnects and many of these containers have their own telematics modems. So just another way that things are all interconnected. I'm not an expert in the other modes here, but it's important to let you know what they are. So ships also use JNT 39 and there it's called NMEA trains also use JNT 39 because they have a diesel engine. Although on the trains, a lot of times the diesel engine is set up as a generator and not as an engine to move the as a motor to move the train. And another thing that all the modes share in common is they're all kind of a creating all of this IOT stuff and adding them on to their business operations. You can see here a picture of a port that has all kinds of handhelds and different sensors and integration with the ships that dock much like the distribution center. So I hope I've convinced you that commercial transportation is important and that the other all the other modes are interrelated. I'd like to move into discussing particulars of truck vehicle networks starting with JNT 39. I think a lot of people here joining the car hacking village are going to be familiar with can networks especially as they relate to passenger cars. So I'd like to introduce you to JNT 39 which is found in heavy vehicles as it relates in analogy to passenger cars. So in both cases, the can buses are encoding time varying signals and packing those time varying signals into bit field locations. In passenger cars, the bit field locations are, you know, signals that are identified by these arbitration IDs and both the arbitration IDs that identify the signals and the locations of the signals as they're packed are proprietary information. In JNT 39 in contrast, PGNs that identify the grouping of signals and the SPNs that identify where they're packed are the standardized parts in fact in JNT 39 for the most part. In passenger cars, diagnostics were standardized. This is mostly for carb and in contrast in heavy vehicles, it's actually the diagnostics that are proprietary. So in passenger cars, you should be familiar with UDS for diagnostics. Trucks have more than one type of diagnostic. UDS is available and is gaining share. It has its own reserve PGN for example. Here's a nice little decode of a can frame that is encoding a JNT 39 seed key exchange. This was put together using Ken Tyndall's can 2 decoder, which is great at looking at extended errors and does a really nice breakdown and build up of the parts of the frame. You can see here that JNT 39 frames use extended 29 bit arbitration IDs, which is the combination of IDA and IDB that you see there. They can have a variable data field, in this case 3, and then have all the normal Ken parts. There's also a diagram below showing you how the PGNs are actually packed into that arbitration ID. So there's both unicast and broadcast PGNs. When we're talking about a broadcast PGN, it uses all of the bits from 23 to 8. And for a unicast, it actually just uses the upper bits and encodes the destination address in an arbitration ID. And in all cases, the arbitration ID also encodes a source address and a priority, as well as one reserve bit and a page that is starting page that's starting to be used more extensively in JNT 39 definitions. JNT 39 has a lot of different features. I told you it has unicast and broadcast. It also has its own transport, fragmentation and reassembly mechanism, address claiming, request to PGN data. And then more importantly to truck hacking, there's proprietary messages that flow over JNT 39 networks, and they have their own reserved range of PGNs, both unicast and broadcast. So when you're dealing with trucks, a lot of the fun stuff that dumping and reconfiguring and reflashing is all protected by authentication and authorization challenge response system called CP exchange. And the UDS is used for CP exchange as a reserve PGN of hex DA00, and you saw some of that encoded in the previous slide. So let's talk about where you might be able to find JNT 39 on a truck. First up is that onboard diagnostics connector. These can be found in either black or green. They're located below the steering wheel just to the left of it. They're usually this Deutsche nine pin, although some OEMs actually use the passenger car style, but we need to connector on the black socket. You'll find that in addition to J708, there's actually two J1939 buses. The second one is optional. And on the black socket, J1939 runs at 250 kilobot. On the green variety, the J708 bus is actually optional, replaced usually by J1939. And the J1930 buses on the green socket run at 500 kilobot. And the OEM specific pins that you see pictured there, those are also probably another J1939 bus on many of the vehicles. Finally, J1939 on the RP 1226 aftermarket connector that should be present on pins two and nine and four and 11. Remember, this is the aftermarket or telematics connector that you might find behind the dash or behind the birth. This is provided by OEMs to give fleets a place to connect things permanently or 70 permanently that wasn't the OBD connector. Notice here that there's also two OEM specific pins. Those are probably also a J1939 bus. In addition, many modern vehicles have lots of different J1939 segments that are not pinned out on the onboard diagnostics connector. This architecture diagram you see here is from a textbook by Duffy and Wright. And it shows no less than six separate CAN segments, only two of which are present on the diagnostics connector. So you'll probably be able to find more J1939 if you poke around in the harnesses of the truck. Last finding J1939 is going to be possible on DB15 connectors. Many of the adapter cables that you'll use on heavy vehicles are pinned out on DB15 connectors. So knowing this pinout is really useful. CAN is present on five and 10 and 12 and 13. So that was J1939. Let's talk about 1708 and 1587. These two standards are pretty much always found together. They predate J1939 by many years. They're sometimes still found in tractors and they are always still found in the trailer as J2497. More on that later. You can see here in this analogy diagram that tries to roughly place where J1587 is relative to where J1939 or say UDP would sit on top of Ethernet. Just so you can get an idea of the place in the stack up of these different standards. So J1708 has a very similar bus arbitration to CAN, the lowest bite first wins. J1708 always runs at 9,600 bod, 8 bits, one stop at no parity, so 8 and 1. At the physical layer it's very much like RS-485, but it has hard real-time constraints for framing and bus arbitration. So if you want to write J1708 you have to actually have hard real-time holdoffs for frame limiting. If you just want to read J1708 and dump it, any RS-485 adapter should do. In J1708 that first bite is called the MID and it's much more like a source address than arbitration IDs are on CAN. And there's many sort of noteworthy MIDs. So J111 is factory test and that's fun. There's also off-board diagnostics, programming, there's a vehicle security reserve number, there's bridges for drivetrain as well as tractor trailer, and then for total J2497 reserve, so there's 10 and 11, which is the lamp on lamp off, that's the whole raison d'etre for J2497. For 128 through 255 those are actually defined by the J1587 standard. So J1587 signals are identified by a PID byte which gets put into the payload of the J1708 frame. It's kind of different than J1939 or passenger cars where maybe the PGN implicitly specifies the bit packing. So these signals are identified by a PID that's put in the frame and then how you decode the data that follows the PID, that's where you have to refer to the J1587 specification. And of course there are tools out there that can take the SAAPDF and do a decode like pretty 1587. We'll talk a bit about that later. J1587 has a lot of features, both broadcast and unicast frames are possible. It includes ways to request data, both requesting broadcast data as well as component specific data. It includes fragmentation or reassembly, both a transport protocol that's unicast and a special multi-section parameter PID 192 for PIDs that are broadcast. There's also a free form data standardized requests that sits on top of the transport protocol where you can ask for interesting things like programmable parameters and calibration and executable code. And there are of course, since it's automotive proprietary messages and the proprietary messages where the fun stuff happens in 1587, this is called data link escape. And these are unicast. So they're made up by PID 254 and 510. The only message you might see is, you know, ACFE80FO17 down here, which is a 254 PID being sent from MIT Hex AC to MIT Hex 80. And the payload FO17 is what gets interpreted by the destination on the other end. You saw this already on a couple of the Deutsche 9 pin connectors, J178 should be present on F and G on that black socket, and it'll be optional on the green socket. If you have an RP 1226 connector, you may very well have access to 1708 bus on pins 6 and 13. And of course, if you have a DB 15 cable adapter, you're probably going to find your 178 bus on pins 14 and 50. So we have reviewed the locations where it's possible to find 1708 or 1587, but the presence of this bus is becoming increasingly uncommon on tractors. The reason why it's relevant why we cover here is because this network does show up on power line carrier form in all tractors since 2001. Let's talk about that form. It's known as J2497. And it's what links tractors and trailer ABS. And speaking, J2497 is J1708 over trailer power lines. It's also known as PLC for trucks. And you can think of it as an alternative transport layer for 1587. The way it works is it's almost exclusively implemented by the Intel on SSCP 45 chip which adds preamble and sync bits around the beginning in the end of J17 late messages. This is a bi-directional switch. You can also see a time domain plot at the bottom of the kind of chirps that it puts together. J2497 has a lot of features itself. The primary purpose is for those MID 10 and 11 frames, you know, OAOO and OBFF are these the default frames for lamp on and lamp off. That's the whole reason why they developed it. But because it is J1708, it has all of those features plus they also had a dynamic address claim to support having road trains. So multiple different trailers connected together. Because this is the data network, the trailer break manufacturers put together a trailer break diagnostics. So all the ABS air pressure valve cycling and ECU reconfiguration should be present over 2497. And some of those break ECUs and trailers actually have their own scripting languages that are programmable over J2497. So one of the interesting things about this network is because of that added preamble that that chip adds to the beginning of the message. There's a duplication of the first byte BDMID byte. You can actually create priority override frames. So for example, you can you can send a maximum priority double zero and a J1708 inside it as a minimum double F. And that double zero frame will override the priority of all the traffic, but it's received as a MID double F. And then finally, because this is a power line character carrier technology and it uses very long conductors. We have been able to receive this using the SDR software from six feet away from the trailer. So where are you going to find J2497? Well, it's always going to be on that power pin, the center pin ox on the J560 connector at the back of the tractor or the front of the trailer, pictured on that green cable on the top right, which means all the adapters in the bottom left are your friend. So you might find some adapters that give you a DB 15 power right out to the J560 is pictured in the bottom left. There are inline adapters next from the left. That's you have to be careful. Some of them actually include an interlon chip. So they will convert from 2497 to 1708. Some of them don't. You can also make your own inline adapter by taking the shell off of J560 cable and inserting your own pigtail. As you can see pictured there second from the left. You might also find J2497 on the power pins of the diagnostics connector that OBD connector, the Deutsche 9 pin. But you have to be careful. Some trucks include filtering so that the diagnostics connector is actually got filtered power relative to what you'd find on the tractor. Same for 2497 on the RP 1226 connector. So the RP 1226 document says that it should be there. All the OEMs that I've ever talked to in meetings say that it probably won't work. It probably is filtered. So you may or may not find it on the RP 1226 connector. 2497 might actually be on the battery terminals of the truck, which makes this adapter useful sometimes, but it may also be filtered. The only place is guaranteed to be found is on that tractor connected to the J560. But I have no fear. You might just be able to set up an active antenna and some SDR software and receive the traffic standing next to the trailer anyways. Of course, there is going to be other vehicle networks in intermodal. We know that J1939 is going to be found anywhere there's a diesel engine. And since J1939 historically replaces J178 and 1587, it stands to reason that there may be installations that also have J1708 on their diesel engines in intermodal. We've also heard that J2497 might be used for power line communications on some containers, but haven't been able to test this yet. In the future, of course, as applications for high speed data keep increasing, the number of buses and types of buses that will be deployed will go up. Some of the ones not listed here, you might find a passenger car is like flexor a most in heavy. It looks like can FD may or may not make it in can HD looks like a good option to to avoid the incompatibilities automotive Ethernet seems pretty clear that it'll find applications on trailers. And of course the proliferation of different wireless technologies is inevitable on these vehicles. Okay, so that was an overview of what trucking is how it works with the technicals. Let's talk about truck hacking. Starting off with the can attack methods so if you actually have access to a can bus what can you do. If you're thinking at the frame level how you create the can messages, you can flood the bus. That's a pretty obvious one and I think there's lots of examples of that in the literature, or you can just send a message that you want and pretend that you were the intended source and that's spoofing but might be known by other names. All of the types of attacks that are going to discuss in this section are all just simple spoofing attacks of sending data pretending that you the ECU that you want to be. So there's more than that. There's a lot of different ways to attack the protocol level, sort of below payloads and the arbitration idea might create using something like socket can. The can hack tool by Ken Nindale, and the can't tool by bit bang and end to it grim are capable of doing things like bus off attacks spoofing immediately after a frame goes by so you can be sure that the receiver buffer will get it as soon as possible and if the receiver uses timed receiving then you can actually replace the message. They're capable of causing double receive messages overload frames. There's a way to force transmitters and error passive and then replace the data or spoof the data. And then this type of an attack that's Janice which exploits the fact that different sampling points can be configured on can receivers so you can create a waveform that is received with different data by different configured sampling points. So these are just things like bus shorting and NAC data replacers so those last three actually require analog switches in hardware, but they are interesting attack that's possible with some of the can't tools. All the ones that are in red are possible attacks to to employ. If you have an SOC that has GPIO is connected to a can transceiver. The SOCs have this configuration where the can controller is embedded in the chip. And then there's an external can transceiver that does the differential pair level shifting. And if the pin mux can be reconfigured so that GPIOs are connected to the transceiver instead of the can controller which is almost all SOCs and all of these red attacks are then possible by software takeover of those nodes. Note that analogs to these attacks, some of them anyways are also possible with J 1708. So a bus flooding and simple spoofing. Yep, that's just by creating the data. Doing bus off and spoofing immediately is definitely possible with real time control as would be an error passive data replacing style attack. So, let's talk about some of the public attacks in literature. We'll talk about 10. The result is true only on a specific model or year of a particular trucks of your mileage may vary, but they're worth testing. If you have access to a truck. First up is vehicle disable or limp by a deaf DF additive message manipulation so the deaf is the the additive that's added to diesel to make it burn cleaner. And Johnston back in 2015 proposed this, the way the trucks are set up by regulation when there's failures in the additive control system, the deaf levels for example, the truck has to actually eventually enter a limp mode, which where it's going very very slow, almost completely useless so by manipulating those deaf levels, if you had access to the segment where they were being sent, you could actually cause a vehicle disable. The denial of ECUs is possible so super sheet et al demonstrated this back in 2016. They were actually able to exploit a weakness in the data link layer protocols of 1939 21. They demonstrated there was actually a practical denial of service attack in these systems they're they're practical because they were actually later demonstrated in real vehicles. They also did require studying the workflow of the data link layer, and identifying points that are suitable for disruption. There were actually three categories of DOS they're identified there was a request overload. There was false RTS is, and there was connection exhaustion. There's more vehicle disables and limps that are possible. This is some research that was performed by can bus hack sponsored by the NFTA. They provide a whole family of message types that can possibly lead to the D rate event, and hence also a lit mode. So what's more they created a very simple fuzzing like attack kind of a search through the proprietary message space that was demonstrated to find and cause D rate events with a known investigation or reverse engineering sorry no reverse engineering required. They also demonstrated that the great events could be caused by reconfiguring the calibrated limits that are stored in the engine components, which underscores the importance of diagnostics security. There's more details on this attack which is pretty recent at our portal CTS RP and MFTA org seen there in the link. So J 178 1587. And this is also in the category of abusing diagnostics haystack and six volts, delivered a talk here at the car hacking village in Defcon 24. And in it they included an example of how you could actually disable a truck ECM by misconfiguring it. And they did this by doing some protocol and software reverse engineering of 17 a traffic. And they did demonstrate that there were no access controls on one needed to be sent from the diagnostics software to create bad engine configuration so in addition to physical access being required. They also highlighted that compromise of the diagnostic software would in fact be sufficient. Remember the diagnostic software is highly privileged is usually just Windows software running on a Windows PC in a maintenance bay. It's possible to override the instrument cluster display. I think lots of people have done this playing with the instrument cluster set up on benches for past cars. The same thing is possible in heavy vehicles as demonstrated by Liza Veracopa bill house, leaving a lot, etc. More by Liza and bills team, you can actually do RPM control and engine brake disabled. Not only were they able to disable the engine braking, but over 1708 they found that they could disable cylinders particular truck they were testing. And this was done via legitimate diagnostics functionality similar to what a stack and six volts presented previously. They also were able to cycle ABS air release. And they noticed that they could do this by replaying diagnostics diagnostic tool traffic those unauthenticated. What's interesting is that the same functionality is also present on J 2497 networks, which maybe isn't surprising since that's just J 1708 over a power lines. So last up is reading remote traffic from J 2497. We mentioned this in the technicals of J 2497. We did find that you could cycle the ABS pressure valves. But when you're just reading traffic, it's possible to get it from six feet away. And this was published as CISA advisory last year and also got a CD. So in summary, there's plenty of things you can do both in 1939, 1708 and 2497. There's more and we would like you to give it a shot. So what actually needs more hacking. Well, abuse of the legitimate stuff is probably a good place to start so no no exploitation needed. Take some diagnostic software and see what can actually be replayed as a good place to start. We have seen several examples of fruitful abuse so far, but there hasn't been much in terms of abusing ADAS features or mobilizer body control. So some things to think about. There's also definitely research needed into vehicle network gateways. So, gateways being the devices that are going to bridge multiple can or J 1939 segments in the vehicle. Sometimes they're being introduced for performance reasons. But whether they're being introduced for performance reasons or not, they're always a security relevant device and so they connect multiple segments and pivoting is possible. So those could use some sunlight as well. What other truck and trailer hacking can you do? Well, just like car hacking, you know, truck hacking is really the Olympics of hacking, which is a quote attributed to will, Karawana. All the usual IOT stuff is there game hacking as well. Telematics is pretty much IOT devices, all the mobile handhelds and head units and logistics devices are all Android. The diagnostics and maintenance tools are usually just, you know, not very high quality Windows software, although that is getting better.  So there's definitely a place for you to get involved. If you're a professional or a student that wants to get involved, definitely recommend the cyber truck challenge. This is an event that's put together specifically to train students. It does get attended both by industry experts as well as the students and OEMs and suppliers. Each student that attends pretty much gets more than $10,000 in free training. There is a stipend for students that are eligible. There's going to be stuff to crawl under and over the form of trucks and boxes. And I do encourage you to participate. Of course, and this shouldn't be surprising when watching the videos, you can definitely get involved through the car hacking village.  If you want to join and try. If you want to get involved, I highly recommend doing a bench setup. This is definitely necessary in this field because getting time on trucks is hard. As we mentioned, if the trucks aren't rolling, the fleets aren't making any money, but you can make a truck in a box looking at haystack and six volts paper that's available on GitHub. And for all the really gory details, you can check Jose's master's thesis, which is available at the University of Tulsa. So we're going to move on to some technical stuff and talk about tools for truck hacking or just vehicle networks in general. So if you're on a January network and you got some traffic flying by. You want to know what it is that you're looking at in a passenger car, you might need to try to get your hands on a dbc file that defines all the bit fields and what they mean, and maybe with the arbitration IDs are supposed to be. The j-39, most of this is standardized and if you had a copy of the j-39 digital annex, you could go and decode it yourself. There is a nice tool that we've developed called pretty j-39 which takes that digital annex converts it into a j-39 Jason file, and is able to use that Jason database to decode the j-39 traffic. The tool is also compatible with lots of previous versions of the j-39 db. Jason format that you may find floating around on the interwebs so if you have one of those Jason files you're in luck you can use it. I remember though that your decode is only as good as the db that you use with so previous versions didn't actually capture all the details of January 9 accurately. So the best quality will be obtained by purchasing the digital annex and converting it. The output that you see here is showing how you can augment the can dump format with commented Jason objects. You can also omit the can dump stuff on the left and just put out a sequence of Jason objects. That format with just Jason is very useful for filtering and beautifying with something like jq, requiring the Jason. The can data you see here is from the Colorado state public can data logs, and so is the VIN of the truck that they own there. What about sending j-39 you can do that using socket can and you can do socket can on a truck duck. So the truck duck was introduced here at the car hacking village Defcon 24 by six volts and haystack it's the blue one pictured on the left. Since then they've put up together some more versions like the 1.5 yeat, which is green, and that mega board which is blue next to it. Also pictured here on the right is my truck cape, which is a truck duck mixed by Dr daily, and it's in my custom monogram laser case which I'm very proud of. You can also see the estimate connector sticking out of it which I use for j 24 97 research. So here is a snippet of some Python. You need to use sock raw in most cases. It won't send frames with transport for longer data so you'll have to do your transport breaking up yourself but there are other tools we'll talk about. And this does let you put together programmatically. We're showing a hexed up here. You have to use you don't have to use struck pack but you can see the struck pack example. There's some patches that are necessary for using other features of j-39 and we'll talk about that a bit in a second. If you want to know more about what's actually happening in this snippet where address claim messages are being put together. I recommend you check out the presentation at our portal by Dr daily, and you can see some of the sample code at Dr dailies get up there. So there's lots of alternatives to sending j 39. Since Linux 5.4, there actually is a new socket can type can j 1939, which can be used since see Python 3.9 so as long as you're above that. You can go direct to can j 1939 for your socket type instead of using can raw like we saw on the snippet. That is how haystack put together the truck duck for pyhp networks. But wasn't actually but I was done in a back port so it isn't available mainline until much more recently. There's a lot of different kind of semi dead or semi active Python things out there, the one that seems to be the most actively developed is Python can j 1939 linked here. That one uses can raw so we'll be workable on more systems than just the most recent patch to the externals. The API that it has there is best suited for developing j-39 EC use but I'm sure it would still be fine if we're putting together messages that you want to send. All that to say that socket can isn't the only way to send j 939 there are other tools such as the can cat and truck devil which are great sending j 1939 taco as well. So let's move to j 1708 and 1587 and 2487. You can decode all these networks using the pretty j 57 tools and this is the tool that will take the essay PDF of j 57 j 1708. It'll convert them into a database. And then if you feed it frames from j 1708 or any other two networks we mentioned here it'll actually do the decoding. This was presented last year by Dan Salam and Thomas Hayes. This was presented last year at the CHP. The data you see here is actually from a couple attempts at launching the nerf darts last year's this was by you locks gave it a shot spoiler, neither of these worked but it was a good idea. We're both sending data. So you can do that using the j 78 send on a truck duck, some hardware modifications are required and for details on that see the see the GitHub as well as the talk last year. Right, and that's not the only tools. We mentioned this earlier, there's non socket can options such as truck devil and can cat which are great tools for putting together your own can frames or even receiving your own can frames from 1939. The can matrix tool is great for converting between different database formats. It actually has a basic j 1939 dbc that's available in it. It's a 2497 developed by Chris poor at a s actually does 2497 decoding on sdr's the pi hv networks library by haystack and six volts does j 1708 sending as well as j 1708 receiving. And of course, USB links and dpa force. The first up is the truck devil by Hannah civil Silva. It actually does decoding and logging and sending works on the Makina M2. And there is a really cool fuzzer that's in development, Hannah put together training videos and these training videos for the truck devil are also available on our portal. The can cat which is developed by Atlas uses a custom firmware for the M2. And it has its own clients, which includes j 1939 sport. The can cat is developed much like a lot of Atlas's stuff which is interactive Python repel. So if you're into programming at a ripple. This might be for you. There's can matrix, don't forget there is a basic j 90 39 dbc in the can matrix by Edward broker. 2497 receiver by Chris poor at a s this is freely licensed if you want to use it. It has flowgrass and custom blocks and it will let you read j 2497 traffic if you have an sdr. This is pretty much the only way to send j 178 1587 traffic using open source software, it works only on the truck duck at this point anyways. So if you need to send j 1708 j 57 traffic you're going to want to head to this. So having open source software and open source hardware isn't your only option. When you're dealing with trucks, you're going to run into oem diagnostic software. It's a really good idea to have what are called vehicle diagnostic adapters. And these are. They also have a standardized programming interface dls in fact, that are specified by rp 1210. So having an rp 1210 VDA really lets you use any of the oem software. The next usb link in particular is cheap and easy to find. There are definitely rip off versions that you can find on less reputable sites, but we of course recommend the buy the real one. The original usb link original not to not the version to actually has a db 15 connector, which we highly recommend because there's a lot of cheap cables and adapters for db 15, as opposed to some of the newer stuff than move to db 25 and other higher density connectors. Similar vein is the dg tech dpa for also rp 1210 compatible also has a db 15 connector which is really useful. dpa 5 does not have the db 15 connector although it's also really great adapter. The drivers for both of these dpa is include a really useful data logging feature that they call it debug file, but when you turn it on, you get a dump of all the traffic going on and all the buses on the diagnostic adapter. So I hope we covered everything we wanted to cover. In review. I hope I convinced you that commercial transportation is important to everybody. And I showed you that trucks have three main types of vehicle networks, two of all of these, two of these vehicle networks are found on all the trucks in North America. We did a survey of all the public hacks of trucks by a host of a bunch of people. Which is definitely room for more. And I showed you how you can get involved in a whole bunch of different ways. So, you know, personal transportation is important. And I think this talk is convinced you. Lastly, our program, the commercial transportation security research program at the nm fta is always open to collaboration. We fund, as well as collaborating directly on a variety of topics including vehicle security office and defense which you saw in this talk. We're also interested in a back end system security distribution service center security and both mainframe and mid so IDMZ and IDMI security. If you are interested in collaborating on a particular project or idea, please do reach out to us. We're always looking for great smart people to work with. So, thank you very much for your time. I'll be available and discord for questions. And I'll see you around the corner. Bye.


The whole perception is that Africa is too risky to invest in, and how can we change that? And I think that that's something, I think we can say Africa specifically, but then maybe even ask about other areas that might be considered too risky as well, and those are kind of the areas where local digital content is clearly a major issue. I feel like, well, Africa is a really investment attractive, it is actually a huge focus for donors currently. I find that this is actually true, particularly because it's getting a lot of attention, especially for famines and natural disasters. However, if you take it to a more startup level, it definitely is a challenge to get investors in general, I guess, for startups, particularly for social startups. So I guess it comes to what someone else was mentioning about sort of making an investment attractive rather than focusing on the location. I guess a quick general thought is that the reason local digital, the reason we're even having the need to have local digital content as a core focus of this upcoming IT World Young Innovators competition is because the fact that a very small number of people actually speak these local languages and work in them basically means that there is no massive market opportunities for people to serve products for these needs. It's not like these languages are Mandarin or English. And so fundamentally, you've got to begin by admitting and believing that the innovation here is trying to figure out how to actually serve local digital content in these languages. So this is the opportunity. The higher the risk, the higher the return. So I don't see that as an entrepreneur or an investor, it's always the battle of how much risky is it and what return would it bring. Again, I don't have experience in that specifically, but I think perhaps Carolina, which have the experience in that part can add a little bit of value in that. But I don't see that there are specific locations, geographical locations where it's quite riskier than anywhere else in the world. Others would say the same about maybe the Middle East region or some other continent, but I don't see it that at all. I see it as an opportunity. I always do.


Hi friends, we're going to be doing a really fun video today, which I think it's gonna be fun anyway I have here seven different lipsticks from Maybelline These are the for me lipsticks from Maybelline that they brought out about a year ago And basically what the concept is is that each of these different shades of lipstick should go on every single skin tone and so It's a pink for me or mauve for me red for me ruby for me that kind of thing plum for me So I'm going to be trying these on and letting you know how I feel about that because you guys know that I have a very cool undertone to my skin and I Lean very much towards blues and pinks and those kinds of things that have a very bluish undertone So to get something that is super neutral is kind of intriguing to me because I want to know whether or not This is for real. So I got naked lips right now, but we're going to remedy that really quickly I'm going to try on each one of these for you if you're new to my channel, please consider Subscribing I would love to have you here as a part of our family. Thank you all so much for spending part of your day with me Today, I hope that you do enjoy the video that we're going to be doing and I hope that it is helpful Please give the video a thumbs up everyone It really does help me a lot if you just take a second and do that Alright, let's get into these color for me lipsticks right now. The first one is called spice for me I picked this to be the first one because honestly, you guys this looks so orange to me And I'm going to have a really hard time with that because I don't wear an orange color I don't wear brown colors very often. I do like a subtle brown with a nude lip if I do a liner But we'll see. Okay. There is spice for me you guys I do feel like it's a little bit warm for me My lips are not going to be perfect because I don't have a liner on and I'm kind of going through this a little bit faster But I do feel like this is too warm for me. I do feel like it is not one that I Universally flatters. This is not something that I could rock every day and go out in but again They're trying to hit a sweet spot. So I think that it's a pretty color. Love these formulas You guys they're so rich and buttery and they are not a matte formula, but they're not a cream So they're a satin. So they're gonna last a little bit longer, but there is spice for me all right, the next one is going to be mauve for me and This is probably the one I'm most curious about because doing a mauve color is hard to do for everyone So we will see how that goes on. Okay, mauve for me Definitely has a warmer undertone than what I normally am used to so it's not that it's a bad color necessarily, but it's still not quite on That tone that I want to know I could wear this one I would feel comfortable wearing this one But when I look at it and I'm just you know looking at it through the you know the light here in the room I don't feel like it is the most flattering color for me. It does have some yellow undertone in there So mauve for me. I'm not sure if it's for me, but yeah, that's the next one I think it's a pretty color again, but I'm not sure if it's one that I would grab on the daily All right, the next one is fuchsia for me and honestly you guys I think this is the one I'm most Worried about trying on because I don't normally wear fuchsia ever It's not a color that I go for it's a color that intimidates me because of that bright bright pink So let's see how it looks on. Okay, you guys this one like I said huge out of my comfort zone. I am Kind of blown away at how bright this is I think that if you're somebody that loves bright colors if you have a deeper skin tone than I do that This would be really pretty on you But again, it's one of those ones that when you look at me. I feel like that's all you see is my lips I feel like they come into the frame before anything else on my face does so this is really bright pretty color kind of Got a little blue undertone to it, but not sure if it's one that I would wear Let me know in the comment section if as I try these on What you guys are thinking about what you might wear and what you might not to all right The next three are gonna be ones that really put me to the test this one is red for me And this is a beautiful red you guys. I do think it's gorgeous But again, I don't wear red, but I think that to try this on is gonna be all kinds of fun So let's see what red for me does for my lips. Okay red for me is bright you guys This is actually reminds me of a Marilyn Monroe lip. I think that this is a really beautiful color But oops, it's down here. Honestly you guys, I don't think that I could wear this I love seeing women in red lipstick. Why is it so hard for me to look at myself and go? Okay? That's alright. I guess it's just cuz I've never really kind of worn red lipstick at all And I've never really gotten used to it, but this is red for me. I think it's pretty. It's definitely a very neutral It's not super blue based, but I think it's a very pretty anyway. Alright next is ruby for me Now this one is going to definitely have a blue base to it I can already tell you and it's going to lean more towards that side and Actually look at it. It's really close to the fuchsia. It's really bright like that fuchsia one, but it's very pretty So let's try on that one and see what we get I feel like these all are really pushing me out of my comfort zone and I think this is really a pretty one I almost think I could get used to this one I think it's so pretty don't judge me for how crooked my lip lines are you guys? But this is a really gorgeous color. It's very pretty. It's very vibrant, but at the same time It's not over the top bright for me Maybe if I were to blot it more, I don't know I just feel like this one might be a good one for me And by the way, like I said, these are really affordable So if you guys have been wanting to step outside your comfort zone for under six dollars to get a lipstick I actually feel like these are luxury type lipsticks. I tried a lot of lipsticks with National Lipstick Day I had just bought a ton of high-end lipsticks I do feel like Maybelline really checks off a lot of those boxes for a luxury lipstick So I kind of really like this one. I don't know what you guys think All right, this next one is called Ruby for me. It's kind of a dark. Oh A wine color a deep dark wine color. So we're gonna see about that one actually When I'm looking at it right here, it looks like it has a lot of blue in it So it's almost like a purplish color. Can you guys see that? Like a really bright vibrant violet purple. So let's try that one on Okay, I thought this was gonna be a lot darker than it is you guys It really is a very pretty lipstick I do feel like I might need to build this up a little bit more to get the actual color payoff But honestly, I think it's very very pretty So I know Maybelline lipsticks wear well when you're you know, you're eating or they cut they're coming off I feel like they wear really well this one. Well, I would question because it's so dark But definitely look at this one if you're somebody that likes these plum lipsticks But you want something just a little bit lighter because I don't feel like this is terribly dark I feel like if they were gonna go for a plum for everybody They might have just gone one shade a little bit darker, but I do think it's pretty so let's move on to the last one All right, the very last one is called pink for me This is probably the one that I would be most drawn to that I would wear the most I think it's really gorgeous color. Let's try it on and see how it looks okay, I feel like pink for me is a really good color as far as Just being one that I could be comfortable wearing every day But I also feel like I had a lot of fun with these other colors as I'm looking at this now after trying on those bright colors I'm like, maybe I need to try a few more bright colors, but pink for me is a very neutral pink. It's not a warm base It's not a blue base. It's like right in the middle So it's like a rose color, but it's a little bit more of a muted rose and I also feel like It's one of those very mid tones So I'm not sure if you're very deep deep skin tone if you'd like wearing this one It would might just get lost But if you have like a medium to very fair like I do you might really like this one I think it's really pretty so that is it for today's video. What did you guys think about these lipsticks? I think they're very beautiful lipsticks I really do and I also think that they have done a really good job on them and that they have brought about Some really beautiful lipsticks that would suit a lot of people and if you're thinking about Stepping out and trying other colors like I did have somebody asked me what the best red was I would say that I really enjoyed that ruby for me one as far as the red one goes So there's the colors one more times seven different ones and I hope that you enjoyed this video Please give it a thumbs up if you did have a great day you guys and I love you very much Stay safe stay sanitized stay healthy. I will catch you all in my next video. Bye. Bye guys