It could have been a falling tool. It could have been a breaking electric light bulb, a spark from a telephone, or a semen, smoking. It was. It ignited vapor hanging over the afterdeck of the SS Sancenina in Los Angeles Harbor. The explosion took lives, destroyed the ship, and caused heavy damage to the port facilities. Ballasting was going on. There were holes concealed by paint in vent piping. Shelter deck doors and ullage holes were open. The Elias said port Mifflin, Pennsylvania. Three massive explosions took place while the ship was discharging its cargo of crude oil. The Elias burned and sank with heavy loss of life. Crude oil vapors found a path from a cargo tank to the midship house through holes in vent systems, bulkheads, and drain pipes. Possible ignition sources included gyro equipment, a hot plate, lights, and smoking in areas normally considered safe. The Chevron, Hawaii, Houston, Texas. Fire, explosion, loss of life. Lightning may have ignited vapors that led a trail of flame into a cargo tank. The Elsa Asperger, Delaware Bay. Fire, explosion, loss of life. Vapors in the pump room exploded when an electric light was turned off. The pump room fan was inoperative. All of these disasters have two things in common. All of them occurred aboard crude oil tankers. And all of them might have been prevented if enough people had understood one simple fact. Tanker safety depends on you. Transport of oil by tanker is one of the largest and most important enterprises in the world today. In a year's time, more than 3,000 tank ships carry 1 and 1 half billion tons of crude oil to nearly 400 ports in 100 nations. This all-important task provides irreplaceable fuel for business, transportation, and home heating. It is performed with remarkable efficiency in all ways but one, safety. The sad fact is that loss of life on tankers worldwide has risen 10-fold in recent years. There are two reasons. Inadequate shipboard maintenance and failure to take normal safety precautions. Experts agree that both have one origin. Too few people recognize the many dangers of transporting crude oil. Many people think of crude oil as they would think of tar or asphalt, a thick, heavy substance that normally has to be heated to be pumped. Hardly a substance to be feared. They are dangerously wrong. All oil is basically the same thing, a compound of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons such as gasoline, kerosene, and propane have differing flash points. The term flash point is easily defined. Liquids don't burn, but vapors do. As the liquid is heated, it gives off vapors. Eventually, it gives off enough vapor when mixed with air to support combustion. The temperature of the liquid at that point is called the flash point. Three things are necessary for fire. Fuel like this crude oil, oxygen, and an ignition source, something to start it. Remove the concentration of vapor by ventilation, and there can be no fire. Remove oxygen, as you see here, and the fire goes out. Remove the ignition source, and no fire is possible. But combine all three, and you get fire. If the fire is contained in an enclosed space, such as a pump room or cargo tank, the fire can become an explosion. There are many possible ignition sources, a spark from a hand tool, a broken light bulb, a defective switch, a faulty hot plate, or an open flame from a match or torch. Safety precautions and shipboard maintenance are interdependent. If an accident causes ignition, an defective flame screen may prevent flames from penetrating into a cargo tank. But a hole the size of a pin can render the flame screen useless. So we need to eliminate the ignition source and employ good maintenance to protect ourselves against accidental ignition. It brought 200,000 barrels of oil to an amicote terminal and refinery. A Coast Guard officer arrives to make a routine safety inspection. Care for routine tank vessel safety inspection? May I see your decoration of inspection? All right, mate. The chief mate and terminal officer have gone through their safety checklist before starting transfer of the cargo. Coast Guard inspector verifies that the proper procedures have been followed. The ship is securely moored and ready to move under its own power if necessary. A bonding cable has been secured ship to shore to eliminate arcing when the hoses are hooked up. Warning signs have been posted ashore and on the ship. Radar and radio equipment have been shut down. Doors, windows, and ports are closed. Ventilators are trimmed to prevent the entry of vapor. Flame screens are inspected. When a faulty one is found, it is replaced on the spot. Smoking on deck is prohibited. There is danger of vapors accumulating on deck or becoming trapped in pockets near the superstructure. Small details cannot be overlooked, nor can larger problems, holes, and vent systems. Loose connections and piping, inoperative ventilator fans, all must be put in order. All of these safety measures are important, whether the ship is loading, unloading, or ballasting. The pump room is the most dangerous place in the ship, since it is there that vapors tend most to concentrate. It must be kept clean and free of flammable liquids in the bilges. Seals and glands must be tight and well maintained. There must be a powerful ventilating system. How long has your pump room ventilation been operating? The blower has been running about 30 minutes now. The inspection is complete and unloading begins. Loading and ballasting are even more hazardous than unloading because they drive large volumes of vapor out of the cargo tanks. Some ship crews try to speed up the process by opening lids and ulages to relieve pressure in the tanks. This allows vapors to accumulate on deck and creates a major safety hazard. Tanks should be vented through the established venting system only. Following these procedures may seem unnecessary when no danger seems to be visible or present, but the need for them has been established by hard experience. Remember the Sancenina, remember the Elsa S. Berger, remember the experience of the United States Coast Guard. Our duty is to enforce all federal laws and international treaties in the navigable waters of the United States and to conduct the inspections necessary to carry out that duty. Our mission is safety. The rules we ask you to observe and the advice we offer and exchange with you are based on years of mutual experience in the design, maintenance, and handling of seagoing vessels. Tanker safety requires a unique kind of democracy in which every man's life depends on the efficiency of every other man aboard. No matter how careful others may be, any man from master to seaman can destroy a ship simply by lighting a cigarette or failing to repair a vent or close a lid. And any man from seaman to master can take that one step that protects his ship, his shipmates, and himself from disaster. You will be safe only when you realize one simple fact. Tanker safety depends on you.


Facial and head muscles in action. There are over 30 muscles in the head and face. Let's go over 8 of these facial and head muscles and see them in action. The frontalis muscle of the scalp raises the eyebrows and causes wrinkles on the forehead. The corrugator draws the eyebrow downward and wrinkles the forehead vertically. The orbicularis oculi surrounds the eye socket and closes the eye. The prosiris lowers the bridge of the nose and causes wrinkles on the bridge of the nose. The orbicularis auris surrounds the upper and lower lips. It puckers the lips for a kiss or a whistle. The mantalis or mantalis raises the lower lip and wrinkles the skin on the chin. Now let's take a look at two muscles on the back of the head. The occipitalis draws the scalp backward. The orbicularis posterior is located behind the ear. It draws the ear backward. You have completed this learning activity on facial and head muscles in action.


Hi everybody, Joe for jaspyscasebrakes.com coming at you in 2022, Panini 3 and 2 baseball. 10 box, pick your team number eight from jaspyscasebrakes.com and someone's gonna get an entry, someone's gonna get a ticket to Jaspy Fest. No, Jersey Fest, I keep saying Jaspy Fest, I want a Jaspy Fest, but a ticket to Jersey Fest at the end of this break. So we'll re-randomize everybody's names, but first let's do the 10 box break. So big thanks everybody here for making it happen. Thanks to the people who joined the filler. Got some teams there, thanks everybody. And it was Daniel with that last spot mojo Royals right there before we pulled the remaining teams out of there. Fresh case of three and two, so fresh and so clean. Thanks everyone for getting in. What's up TC? Yeah, great day so far. We got new releases happening, people are in orders are flying in, breaks are filling up. We watched the end of a car chase. Pretty exciting day thus far. And this is the, it's upside down, but it is the debut edition. I think these cards are out in the open, so I wanna slide, I think that's the, oh, the back card is the non-auto. I'm gonna slide this out first. All right, good luck. We got Max Scherzer to 32, we got Christian Hernandez to 99, and we've got to 150, Rogers Hornsby. Yeah, this is a pretty cool product, I think. All right, now the relic on top is gonna be Camilo Duvall. 28 out of 60, that will be for my rivals, the Giants. That's gonna go to Chad Cromwell. And the auto is gonna be Kumar Rocker. It's a nice patch, nice green ink autograph. Three out of three. And I wanna say, I need a checklist up for this. I wanna say he's a ranger, right? Let's go to groupbreakchecklist.com. There's three and two baseball, let's pull that up. Team checklist, Rocker. Yes, Texas Rangers. So who's that's gonna be for Dustin? Dustin Kemp with Texas, congrats. And it's a three out of three, and you know what that means. All aboard the Big Hit Express. All right, good start. Next box. You're reading a Senate legislative, the Parliaments of the California Patrol. In 2019 alone, there was 8,822 police car faces. Well, yeah, that probably makes sense. There's probably only 8,882 cars in your county, Rex. Just think about that. 53 out of 99, Francisco Lindore, Emmanuel Rodriguez to 99, and Mookie Betts to 150. Now, divide that number, Rex, with the number of cars that are in California. And then take the number of car chases in your state and divide it by the number of cars, and then we'll see what the percentages look like. You can't just go by counting stats alone. That doesn't make sense. All right, Boba Chet, Jumbo Swatches. 21 out of 49, that will be for Toronto. That's gonna go to Dustin and the Blue Jays. And then the auto is dual relic and autograph. David Ortiz, Big Boppy. Hall of Fame signature Swatches. Boston Chris Parent with Boston, 16 out of 25. Don Larson, 10 out of 12. Cole Wynne, two out of three. Another out of three for Dustin. And so Dustin, all aboard the Big Hit Express. Woo-hoo! We got Tyler McGill, 11 out of 99. For the Mets, that's gonna be for Ed. And the autograph is also for Ed. Timeless moments. Peter Alonzo, 14 out of 20. That's a sharp-looking card there. Much like that 52 that soared before it, Alonzo's 53rd home run of 2019 was a no-doubter. Unlike its predecessors, however, this one was a record breaker as well. The youngsters dingered a center against Atlanta on September 28th. Eclipse Aaron Judge, rookie long ball mark set two years earlier in the Bronx. It's true Rex, we do have a lot more roads in Los Angeles County. A lot of places for people to run around. You know, in other parts of the country, might be easier to stop a car chase. 68 out of 99, Cal Ripken, Gavin Sheets in 99, and Seya Suzuki to 150.  Not a cable TV, but it was like the same kind of van, like a big like a Connellage van or something like that. And he stole a pickup truck after that. We got three and two full count swatches. Jordan Alvarez, 14 out of 25. Astros, that's for Nathan. And the auto is Jersey and Autograph, Jordan Walker. 20 out of 35 for the Cardinals. Raymond with St. Louis. Meet me in St. Louis. Guys remember that one? Can you meet me in St. Louis fans? Got Raphael Devers, 31 out of 99, Tyler McGill to 15, and Craig Vigio to 150. All right, the Relic is Chas McCormick, Astros. Nine out of 60. And the Autograph is day one auto, Hunter Green. The Flamethrower and Hunter Green, two out of 20. We're on Cincinnati, Dustin. And a two out of three, Nolan Ryan. The same bill claims the majority of all car crashes, the driver ends up with life in prison or death, yeah, not much in between. I don't think there is much in between. I think that's it. Very few ever just get away. I guess that's the third option, right? That's Nolan Ryan Rangers Edition. That's another train whistle for Dustin Dustin. All aboard the Big Hit Express, whoop whoop. There's a Wander Franco, 24 out of 25. Rookie card for the Rays, that's gonna go to Matthew. And we've got a Julio Rodriguez, all rookie team card for Seattle. Some nice base, nice cards there. Nice non-hit cards there. That's gonna go to Chad Cromwell and the Mariners. Yeah, why do you think you can, I mean, if you're trying to escape, what you should do is you should just go to the airport, but no one ever does that. Because I don't think that, dude, because of all the airspace stuff, rules, there's Julio Rodriguez, a piece of his jersey for Chad. 2799, you can't really have those helicopters go into flight paths and stuff like that. There's Josiah Gray, dual relic and autograph. 26 out of 32. Dustin and the Nationals. What ends up happening, though, is that a lot of times these drivers will just ultimately get, will go back to a familiar area, either where they live or where family or members or friends live or something like that. If you go to the airport, you can't really get too many, but LAX, it's kind of hard to navigate around LAX.  But there's a lot of obstacles. If you're not familiar with that area, then you're not gonna be able to really get too far. Ooh, swag, Mike Trout, that might be a short print, or a case hit-ish sort of thing. Whatever it is, it looks cool. Chad Cromwell, there you go, get that swag. I thought about it, I think I saw it in the movie. And I think someone did try it. There's Shoei Otani, Jumbo Swatches, Trout's teammate, 52S75, another one for Chad. And the auto is a dual relic and autographed Josh Lowe. RPA for Tampa Bay, Matthew, a few more to go. I think when taxis were more prevalent, I think you would, in Los Angeles, you would steal a taxi and then go to the airport. All right, there's Don Larson, perfect, to 99. There's Heliot Ramos, 30 out of 99. And another orange team, Cedric Mullins, Orioles, to 150. All right, here it hits. The relic, it's Spencer Strider, two-color patch. Dustin with the Braves, four out of seven, nice low number there, it's a possible NL, not Sayang, but NL Roy, right there. The auto is, that's Edward Cabrera, three-color dual relic and autographed, that's Greenfoil, that's out of five, one out of five, who's got the fish? Ivan, won the Marlins and the Filler, gets the Edward Cabrera and the, all aboard the Big Hit Express, whoop whoop. All right, two more to go, good luck. The big unit, Randy Johnson, that's Diamondbacks edition, Chad Cromwell with the Snakes, won that in the Filler.  There's Luis Matos, to 15. And we got Clayton Kershaw to 150, who's technically a free agent right now. A lot of things the Dodgers have to think about in the offseason. The relic, and it looks like a redemption. The relic is Trey Turner, they gotta think about what to do with this guy, 17 out of 49. There's a lot of short stops, though, on the market. And then, the redemption, it's Yohan Moncada, Superstar signatures hollow gold for the White Sox. White Sox, right? He didn't go anywhere. Now, Shy Sox, and that's gonna be for Nestor and the White Sox. And, final box, good luck everybody. Just keep an eye on the website for more baseball, jaspyscasebrakes.com, more three and two. On jaspyscasebrakes.com, keep your eyes peeled for more. Oh, another redemption. Corbin Burns, 99, Wander Franco to 25, and that is O'Neill Cruz to 150. Another Wander Franco rookie card for Matthew Linder, and the Rays. O'Neill Cruz for the Pirates, that'll be for Chad, and the Corbin Burns will go to the Brewers. All right, final two hits. Good luck. The Relic is a Quad Relic, Jaren Duran-Duran. Her name is Ria, and she... Chris Parent with the Red Sox, 19 out of 60. And the redemption is... It's Aaron Judge, nice. Quad, Jersey, autographs, hollow gold. That's nice. Where does he, man, where does he end up? Chad Cromwell with the Yankees, got the Yankees straight up, gets the Aaron Judge. Thanks for watching, everybody. I'm Joe for jaspeaskasebricks.com. No, I'm not done yet. I gotta give away a ticket to Jersey Fest. All right, let's gather everybody's names, one through 30, new dice, new list. Name on top, get to ticket to Jersey Fest, you get a, you win a Jersey. Fanatics, autographed, authentic Jersey. Let's roll it, randomize it, four out of four. Eight the hard way, name on top after eight. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, and eighth and final time. A lot of sad faces here, but the name on top's gonna be really, really, really, really happy. Very close, Dustin. Thanks for trying, man. Name on top, though, is the happiest, Dustin. No, there was no doubt about it, Dustin. I wasn't worried at all. Dustin Kemp, congrats. Got some nice hits, and now you are also in Jersey Fest. I'm Joe for jaspeaskasebricks.com. Thanks for watching and breaking with us. I'll see you next time for the next one, bye-bye.


Attention Goldsmith residents. This is a community notification of a new sexually violent predator in your area. Please stay tuned to the following short program for more information. Hi I'm Technician Ron Hackett with the Denver Police Department. The sex offender registration and compliance unit at DPD is responsible for the registration monitoring and tracking of all registered sex offenders and sexually violent predators who live in the city and County of Denver. Here's a brief history of sex offender legislation in Colorado. Our state laws trickle down from federal government mandates. In 1994 we had the Jacob Wetterling Act which mandated that states would establish a sex offender list. Megan's law of 1996 said that the public would have access to those sex offender registration lists. The Pam Litchner Act of 1996 stated that some offenders might have to have lifetime registrations. In the Adam Walsh Act of 2006 unified sex offender laws across the country. In Colorado the legislature has determined that sexually violent predators by definition pose a higher risk to the community at large and therefore mandated that upon their release from the Department of Corrections the community must be notified. Sex offender notification in Colorado happens in two ways. The first is passive and ongoing through the sex offender registration process which is a list maintained by local police department. The second way is active via community notification for those offenders determined to be sexually violent predators by the courts or by the parole board. Most sex offenders in Colorado are supervised by the criminal justice system in our communities. Most sex offenders engage in crossover behavior which means they may have been arrested for one type of crime but be apt to commit another.  There is no typical sex offender but all tend to be deceptive manipulative and secretive. 80 to 93% of sex offenses are committed by someone known to the victim. Sexual deviancy begins in mid to late adolescence. Sex offenses are not impulsive.  The community has a vested interest in helping offenders to be successfully managed in the community. Sex offenders have the same need for housing and employment as any other citizen.  There are approximately 16,500 registered sex offenders in the state of Colorado. About 65% of convicted sex offenders are placed in the community on probation. The remainder are in the Department of Corrections or Community Corrections. Offenders may be caught for one type of offense but be at a high risk to commit another type. Crime of conviction is only one indicator of risk.  The offender's residence must be verified quarterly by the Denver Police Department. The full sex offender registration list is available by calling the Denver Police Department Identification Bureau at<PHONE_NUMBER>. Convicted felons and those with multiple convictions are posted online at denvergov.org slash police.   Now, here's a look at the newest sexually violent predator living in Denver. Here's an overview of the registered sex offenders currently living in Denver. There are 2,332 total living within city limits. In Denver Police District 3, there are 389. Precinct 322 has 82 registered sex offenders. Of those, 54 have felony convictions and 28 have misdemeanor convictions. David Dwight Webster is a sexually violent predator currently living in Denver. He's 35 years old and was born on June 27, 1980.  He's currently living at 2306 South Linden Court Unit C in the Goldsmith neighborhood of Denver. Schools located within one mile of this offender include Calvary Apostolic Academy at 5900 East Yale Avenue, Holly Hills Elementary at 6161 East Cornell Avenue, Rocky Mountain School of Expeditionary Learning at 1700 South Holly Street, Highline Academy at 2170 South Dahlia Street, Place Bridge Academy at 7125 Cherry Creek North Drive. Parks located within one mile of this offender include Cook Park at 7100 Cherry Creek Drive South, James A Bible Park at 6850 East Yale Avenue. Recreation centers located within one mile of this offender include Cook Park Rec Center at 7100 Cherry Creek Drive South. Bus routes located within one mile of this offender include Route 65 South Monaco Parkway and East Isle of Avenue, Route 21 East Evans Avenue and South Oneida Street. A brief history of charges against this offender. Attempted sex assault, overcome victims will and second degree assault cause injury with deadly weapon. He's not currently on parole or probation and registered with the Denver Police Department on March 17, 2016 to 2306 South Linden Court Unit C in the Goldsmith neighborhood of Denver. Passed charges against this offender include assault, disturbing the peace, possession of drug paraphernalia, shoplifting, distribution, manufacture, dispensing sale or possession of a controlled substance felony. David Dwight Webster has been determined a sexually violent predator after meeting the following criteria. Criteria one age 18 or older on the date of the offense or under 18 and tried as an adult. The offender was 23 years old at the time of the offense. Criteria two, the crime must have been committed on or after July 1, 1997 and convicted on or after July 1, 1999.  The offender was convicted on March 8, 2005 for attempted sex assault, overcome victims will and second degree assault cause injury with deadly weapon. Criteria three, the relationship to the victim was one of the following. Victim was a stranger to the offender or the offender established or promoted a relationship with the victim primarily for the purpose of sexual victimization. The victim was an adult female. The offender was not known to the victim. Criteria four, positive results are the passing of a risk assessment instrument administered by probation parole staff and a qualified treatment evaluator. Positive results include an assessment for the presence of a mental abnormality, a level of denial regarding the offense, treatment appropriateness and motivation, presence of sexual deviant interests. The offender was evaluated by the Colorado State Board of Parole with positive results determining him to be a sexually violent predator.


Small scale fisheries are vital to millions of people along the coasts of Asia, Latin America and West Africa, where delicate ecosystems such as mangroves provide food and income to myriad small communities. In such communities, women often work long hours to support their families, harvesting shellfish, processing fish and other sea creatures, and selling these products in local markets, often while also juggling care responsibilities for family members. Her job as a shellfish harvester provides her family with food and pays for basic expenses. The FAO Coastal Fisheries Initiative is at the women's side in a number of ways, providing technology to reduce health hazards and environmental impact, facilitating access to micro-credit so the women can invest in their businesses, holding workshops to improve sanitary conditions and share new skills than fostering their role as decision makers. Since March, there has been good production. We have four shellfish harvests that are very important, because we are at conservation, because that is the only thing that remains. We have really accumulated a lot of disease using traditional food. I would do it by myself, and I will also show you what we have learned. We have a lot of things, we go and see the microfinances. They have also taught us how to manage, how to finance to receive. You have to give to receive. Women in coastal fisheries work tirelessly in a crisis sector with scarce resources and risky conditions. Their heavy workload is underestimated and underpaid, without recognition at fair value of their central role in the post-harvest sector. They also face limited access to decision-making venues, to financing and to capacity building. SAFE is working to change that. Empowering women in fisheries value chains, plus sustainable mangrove management, plus an ecosystem approach to fisheries that lets organisms replenish themselves and nature do its job, equals thriving coastal communities.


Hi everyone, I'm Marco Lorini and I'm working the Distributor Computing and Storage Department of GAR. And today I'll show you the work that I have done with my colleagues, Alex Barcazzi and Matteo DiFazio. The work is about an declarative chain to multi-cubernities cluster for automation of the multi-region high availability for the workload. We can start with a brief introduction of the GAR Cloud architecture. It's composed to several layers. We have a physical layer in which we have installed the mask tool to configuring the hardware of the cloud. After we have an operating system and virtualization layers. On this we use the juju tools to deploy the open stack inside the application layers. We use the open stack to provide YAS services for the GAR Cloud users. In the last year we want to create a Kubernetes cluster on OpenStack. And for this we have created juju bundles that we have published in the juju store that allow to create an easy and in-pass way and Kubernetes cluster. So in this way we have the possibility to create a multi-cubernities cluster in different regions of the GAR Cloud. And this representing the declarative part of the project. So the Kubernetes ensure the high availability inside a single cluster for application and services. But we want to ensure the same high availability outside a single Kubernetes cluster. And for this we ask ourselves, can we have an infrastructure that tolls to freeze the user of the multi-region HA? And we find the answer in KubeFed and the external DNS. The KubeFed, the completed name of the KubeFed is the Kubernetes cluster federation. In fact when we talk about Unchained or Kubernetes cluster we talk about to the federation. And in this presentation I show you what is KubeFed and how it works. And after I show you the external DNS and how it works with the KubeFed. So a KubeFed is a tool that allows to coordinate and configuration a multiple Kubernetes cluster from a single set of the API. And it provides a mechanism for managing a multi-region application to ensure a disaster recovery system. The KubeFed is composed of two control plane server side and KubeFed CTL client side. The control plane is a core and it's the manager of the federation. It's a tool to coordinate all Kubernetes cluster in the federation. And the KubeFed CTL is a client similar to KubeFed CTL but it's used to configuring the control plane. In the KubeFed we have two actual, the OS cluster and the member cluster. The OS cluster have the managing role inside the federation. In this cluster we can install and configuring the control plane. And for the single federation we have one OS cluster. The member cluster is the cluster with the executive role. In fact, when we deploy a resource, the resource is instances in the member cluster. And we can have many member clusters created also in different regions of the cloud. But how the OS cluster can be managing the member cluster through an important mechanism in the KubeFed, the propagation. To create on federation it's necessary that in the control plane are injected the config file of the member cluster. In this way the control plane have the possibility to know who is the member in the federation and how it can access to them. To start the propagation mechanism it's necessary that the user define the federated resources in the cluster post. In this way the control plane create an object that describe and representing this federated resource. And after the control plane propagate this information inside the member cluster. And it can create an instance of this resource in the member cluster. For example, it create a deployment on service, on namespace and so on. The federated resource is composed to three important components, the template, the placement and the overrides. The templates is the classic definition of the Kubernetes resources. In the placement we can add a list or set of the member cluster in which we want to create the resource. And the overrides that is an optional field, it's representing a set of the change that we want to apply for the resource in the specific member cluster. This is a general schema of federated resources. In the kind we can define the type of the federated resource. And for example, we can have a federated namespace, federated deployment and federated services and so on. After we define the name of the resource and the namespace in which we want to create the federated resource inside the member cluster. And after we define the three components, template, placement and overrides. This is a simple example of federated deployment that we have used to test the Kubernetes. You can see that in the template we have the configuration, the definition of a classic deployment in the Kubernetes. Inside we have defined the number of the replicas that we want for this deployment. And we define a specific Docker image that we want to use for this deployment and so on. In the placement we add the list of the member cluster in which we want to create these resources. For example, in member cluster one and in the member cluster two. And in the overrides we have a change for this deployment for the member cluster two. In this case, we want to add a replica to the member cluster two. In fact, when these federated deployments are created, we have two replicas in the member cluster one and three replicas in the member cluster two. So this is an architecture of the kubefet. We have a single cluster host in which we have installed the control plane and we are injected the config file for the member cluster one and for the member cluster two. And then we can see that there are the definition and object for the federated resource, for example, federated namespace and federated deployment, and the hard road representing the propagation mechanism to create the Kubernetes resource inside the member clusters. So now we have an infrastructure that hollow the to create the in different Kubernetes cluster, creating in different cloud region, the resources that we want, for example, on deployment and services. And now we want to try a mechanism that unifies the services under the same domain name. And now we asked ourselves, how can we automate the management of the DNS records. And the answer is in the external DNS. It's a tool that makes makes the Kubernetes resources usable through the DNS provider. We can retrieve a list of the results present in the member cluster such as service or ingress and configuring on specific DNS provider. But how these two can be retrieved these results and this information through the multi cluster ingress DNS. This is a tool that implements the mechanism to retrieve in the member cluster the information about on service and ingress. And for information we intend the IP address of the services.  Ensure to retrieve this resource and information inside the multiple Kubernetes cluster. This tool is used in the federation context and it's in integrates very well with the external DNS. So this is some simple schema of the multi cluster ingress DNS mechanism to start the map this mechanism it's necessary that the user define a single object, the ingress DNS record object. The user define the name of the results that he want to retrieve in the member cluster and the domain for which we want to retrieve the IP address. One this object is defined by the user on in automatically will be created on the ingress DNS controller that have the possibility to retrieve on specific ingress and on specific domain in the member cluster in the member cluster of the federation. And one this controller retrieved the information configuring the ingress DNS record. Now, one this object is configured them another controller the color the DNS and point controller can be start and retrieve the information inside the ingress DNS record and translate it in another Kubernetes object, the DNS and point object. This is important because the external DNS is configured to retrieve the information about the services at ingress inside the DNS and points object. And when this object is created the external DNS can be retrieved this information and configuring on specific DNS provider. So, this is an schema of an ingress DNS record. It's important that the name of this object it's the same name of the resource ingress that we want to retrieve. And in the old field, we define the domain name for which we want to retrieve the IP address of the services. This is on screenshot of the describe command for the ingress DNS record. And in the red section, we can see that we have a single domain in the host. In this case, for example, we have an L word test global your services it and for this domain we have two sets of IP address one set for one single member cluster in the federation. For example, we have fed cluster city one and the fed cluster and a that representing the member cluster in our federation. And the IP address present in this set corresponding to the IP address of the worker node inside the member cluster. Now, this information is translated in the DNS and points object and this is a screenshot of the describe command. In the red section we can see that we have the same domain name, but for this domain we have a single set of the IP address. Now, the external DNS can be retrieved is this information and can configuring the DNS provider. In this example, we have used the power DNS and this is a screenshot of the dashboard and you can see that the external DNS for each IP address have created a single DNS record. Okay, so this is our architecture that we have created for testing the cube of that. You can see that we have a single class that of course, in which we have installed and configuring the control plane, and we have deployed and then configuring external DNS to communicate with our power DNS. So, we have created the also to member cluster. And you can see that this member cluster is created inside the two different region of the guard cloud. This because we want to create a read and dancy and I got the ability multi region for the hard application and services. So, in the future, we ensure and find a read and dancy system for the host cluster, because when the whole host cluster is down, we don't have the possibility to coordinate the federation. But for the cube of the developers, it's a not problem, because it say that when your host clusters is down, the member cluster in your federation will continue to work again. But we want to try and find the mechanism to create a read and dancy for the host cluster. And another work, it's a multi region storage, read and dancy for the Kubernetes storage and persistence, because for the moment we work at only for the application services layer, but we want to try mechanism to create the same high availability for the storage layer. This is on some link about the cube of that external DNS documentation. And it's, it's a github repository that we have defined and configuring some file for create and for testing the cube of that. That's all and thanks for your attention and I'm available live to answer your questions.


Of course, I have opportunity to say thank you for the journalists who voted on me. It was a fantastic season, as I said before. I have to say thank you to Real Madrid, the players, all the structure in Portugal National Team 2, because we did unbelievable season 2, unbelievable tournament, and great year, great year. My teammates was the key, they are the key every year, so it's great. Of course, I make hard work in myself, but without the help of my teammates, this is not possible. I'm very glad and I have to say thank you to my teammates from Real Madrid and the National Team 2. I feel proud for both trophies, but I have to mention the Portugal National Team, because it was the first time in Eastern Portugal. Of course, the feeling was a little bit different, because the Champions League went three times. Of course, I was so proud and I cried too, but to win for the National Team was the peak of my career, because I have to win something for the Portugal National Team, and we did, so I'm really glad for this season.


Thanks for checking out this unboxing video. This is for the January snack who and I do have to apologize off the bat This is late. So to anyone who really looks forward to these videos. I'm really really sorry I've had this for a few weeks and I've just been dealing with some stuff. So Yeah, I'm dealing with some stuff. It's been all rough lately. So Sorry for that. Got my plate that I put my leftovers on Hopefully This is a good box. I don't I'm not very prepared for it. It was just kind of like oh, I feel like I have some time right now So once again, sorry So the January one is focused on Kyushu Japan's third largest island Very pretty as usual very very cool looking and if you want to see it. Here's the Card if you want to freeze on it And what does it look like inside? Looks like a nice treasure trove of Japanese snacks as usual. Let's do it One of the other things that's good is like when I've been going through some stuff or like rough times or whatever When I do unboxings or I do like movie reviews or anything It has a tendency to kind of increase my spirits. So this should actually help me out, which was really good All right, so let's go to the first item first item gonna go with is This one this has got to be am I gonna like this or not? Is this shrimp senpai? It might be airy senpai made with now. No, it's not airy. What is this one? And you hear my cat yelling. Oh, this is the katsuo Men by sorry. This is part of the featured snacks. Let me show you Sorry, sorry if you're hearing kids playing outside my wife taking a shower and my cat yelling in the background It's a mess. I'm sorry once again So men by a portman 2 of mentaiko and senpai is made by the 100-year-old Abrea Fukutaro in the city of hakata The city has historically been a merchant town and Fukutaro got its start as an oil merchant Abrea means oil merchant. They soon expanded to other food items including hakata's regional specialty the mentaiko Spiced cod roe and katsuo dried bonito, which is infused into the senpai So it's probably gonna be fishy Yeah, fishy, I don't know like I can do like a low-level fishiness, but when it gets higher like this smells pretty fishy That's probably gonna be a little rough for me.  That's almost kind of like cornmeal ish And there's a decent saltiness. I don't want all that much Hmm, okay actually That fishiness is very very low Very low and it's more of that kind of like corn mealy texture. It's a little crunchy It's got that saltiness to it as well Not very sweet and I said there was a little bit of sweetness on it that smelled corn mealy Oh, it did kind of taste cornmeal ish, but not sweet. Oh Very good Actually, how about okay.  She just needs to be talked to sometimes. This is the weirdest thing so Next thing I'm just gonna go with what's on top So it's interesting So this should be Actually, what is this? Is this the not a saga and Nishiki? It might be but I'm gonna have to open it to totally figure that out, but I'll do that.  There we go. I'm getting it. I'm getting it Oh Yeah, okay, so that's what it is. Yeah. Yeah, it's definitely what it is Saga Nishiki I'll show it to you and then I'll read it Looks cool. Looks really interesting actually Saga is located in Northwestern Kyushu It's one of the most least populist prefectures in Japan But has a rich history and is considered to be birthplace of green tea in Japan when the monk Isai Isai Brought tea leaves back from China because of this saga is also home to some of Japan's most famous potters as pottery making flourishing Flourished along with the rise of Japanese green tea cultivation Saga Nishiki is a famous snack made by Murau Muroka a popular local snack shop that's been making snacks since 1923 a soft dough made from yam is filled with red beans and chestnuts and then sandwiched between delicate Bumpkuchen cakes that were folded into hundreds of layers by hand Okay, the recipe for the snack is said to have been passed down from the personal chefs of the darn Dymio that ruled the area. Wow. Okay, so a lot goes into this We'll see how it is. I like the red bean aspect of it. I don't like the chestnut and the yam We'll see. I don't know It smells it smells very bready a little bit sweet, but not too sweet. That's about it It's very soft very cakey. It's very light too a Little bit sweetness to it, but it's not super sugary or anything. I like it. Okay, so it's just like this nice light Cake basically that's not super sweet. It just kind of tastes like a straight-up cake. There's not a ton of different flavors going on Just like a low sweetness But then when I hit like you can see that there's just kind of like peppered in there those little red beans You just like you hit one of those red beans and you know, it's a red bean So that adds like a little extra sweetness to it and that flavor when you see there's like like here And if you can see it, there's like chest chestnut piece there That's actually pretty good looking at it. I was like, I don't know how this is gonna go, but tasting it. That's good That's solid Hmm Yeah, I dig on that one and that's one of the featured snacks as well. Okay next They gave us two of these. Okay. They usually don't so it's in a bigger bag So usually they only give us one of these so this time we have two This is no ague This is from the popular snack side Fun potato ring snacks sprinkled with seasoning and sea salt Must be a secret seasoning because they're not saying what it is specifically Okay, so those are potatoes smells salty. That's pretty much all it smells like smells like Salty potatoes and it looks like basically the potato chip form of calamari. That's good. Do you like potato chips? But do you it's more like um Like the baked potato chips that you get it's that kind of consistency. It's that kind of crunch and flavor This is good. I really like this this I know I've said this before but like this snack was up with a beer I might do that tonight Don't judge All right moving on This one looks interesting. This is also from the popular snacks. Oh, we've had one of these before I remembered I remember this specifically. I'm sorry now the lights getting out of control. Come on like pick a mode Jesus I'm sorry everyone Trying to move the light a little bit. Sorry about that Bourbon bomb rolls delicious vanilla glazed mini bumkuchen rolls We've had this before in one of the previous boxes and I Remember it being amazing. Let's say that Or maybe not amazing but quite good at the least Oh This was like lemon actually Which is why it makes sense that it looks like yellow on the outside. It's like a roll. Oh It's very cakey once you get in there. It's almost like a It's like a white chocolate on the outside is what it seems like but it's with lemony and then you get into the cake Yeah, it's like a really nice zing Zesty lemon flavor That's really like light and kind of sweet and refreshing That's really good That's really good actually. I'm usually not big into like citrus snacks like that Especially if it's in cake form, but that one's tasty. I quite quite enjoy that one. Very nice mmm That's a winner So we eat. Okay. Now this is the shrimp thing That I thought I was getting it first and this is also from the popular snack side This is ebi shrimp senpai airy senpai made with baby shrimp caught off the coast of the sea of Japan I have a feeling that this one is gonna taste pretty Pretty fishy. That's my guess you see all the little like prawns on there Shrimp prawns whatever. Oh So fishy and it's orange It's pretty salty Which is really helping it because I feel like that's kind of downplaying the fishiness of it So the fishiness is actually a little bit low It's a little like I mean it's more like senpai It's more on the senpai side with like a touch of shrimp flavor with a good saltiness. These are actually good. I'm surprised Okay, that's two things. I thought we're just gonna be too fishy for me and they weren't they end up being good So I'm pretty surprised Sorry the lighting keeps I don't know what's up with that. I'm gonna have to look into that for next time I don't have time to deal with that now, but My apologies. All right, I'm gonna have to open this one up to find out what it is. So I'll show it to you first nice packaging Quite like the packaging. I have a feeling it's You know, I don't know which I was gonna guess Is this the Dandan yaki? I think it's a Dandan yaki An old-fashioned snack from one of Japan's most popular on-sen hot spring towns Yufun this snack is made from slow-baked wheat cookies and Mortar crushed local red bean paste. I'm a fan of the red bean paste Yufun is in northeastern Kyushu in the Oida prefecture The picturesque town surrounds Mount Yufu and is home to many historic shrines upscale ryokans and Natural hot springs. I've heard good things about the hot spring experience.  Yeah, that's red bean paste yeah But it's interesting because usually the red bean paste is just like like it's a little bit like Kind of like a grainy paste But this is almost a little Like fig Newton like the the the texture of like the insides of a fig Newton It's got that typical red bean paste flavor. It's a little bit sweet. It does have that little bit of a graininess to it To be honest The cookie portion on the outside isn't doing a whole lot just adding something texturally The flavor is mainly just from the red bean paste which is pretty solid, but you have to like red bean paste So that's decent. It's not you know, I don't need more of that. It's like whatever We've had much better things Okay, yeah Okay, this one looks interesting. Oh my gosh. I have crumbs all over me I Hate I'm the one who vacuums down here anyway, so I'll clean it up More borrow Kichijima was established in 1696 by selling this snack which was originally made as bite-sized preserved food for Portuguese sailors in the saga ports However, as the store started to improve the recipe the snack became a huge hit with the locals to this day The cookies are still made by hand using only the best local ingredients We recommend either dipping in a milk eating with ice cream or spreading cream cheese on it It looks cool It just looks like a fat cookie that's Like fluffy, but I don't think the consistency is gonna be fluffy really Okay, so this is what I've not been doing that I should be doing. It's putting my hand under it Smells really bread-y to be honest.  It's very bread-like Oh Like it's kind of hard on the it's like a little like it's like a crust texture on the outside But once you get in your teeth just cut right through it. It's relatively soft Slightly sweet not super sweet. I see what they mean about dipping in a milk Like getting this a little bit soggy and some milk and having that kind of dairy with it Would make even better because it just tastes like Slightly sugary a little vanilla-y a slight buttery note It's decent, but yeah, I definitely like do something with it or the ice cream ice cream idea is great one because you know We talk about milk ice cream is just a better version of milk a much better version of milk Let's be honest Make myself look a little bit better trying to not get as much shine off my forehead and my balding portion. So You know Okay, next this that was from the future snacks. This is a popular snack This is the onigiri senpai onigiri rice ball shaped baked rice crackers glazed with soy sauce and sprinkled with seaweed If the seaweed flavor isn't too pronounced. I'm gonna quite like these I'm sure Mess today oh Smells like soy sauce.  Oh Mmm, this is this is a nice smell. I've got a great crunch Chase that soy sauce sweet tangy There's a nice saltiness and that great crunch and a nice rice senpai flavor Yes, I love getting things like this always. I love things like this once again, just like this little potato rings Great with a beer Now I'm gonna have to have a beer tonight because I have more of these snacks just sitting here And I don't think my wife's gonna want them. She doesn't feel well, so Okay, what else we have we've got two more things. It looks like Give us one of these. Okay so this it must be the Aoshima Senpai Aoshima Senpai Miyazaki is located in the southeastern coast of Kyushu and has one of the warmest tropical climates in Japan There used to be the top honeymoon destination in Japan because of its plentiful beaches and resorts this particular snack crispy wafer Sandwich filled with either strawberry Hyuga citrus or mango cream. Oh, that all sounds good is from Aoshima a small island off the coast of Miyazaki The island is ringed by white sand beaches and has a pristine jungle in the middle of the island where you can find an ancient Shinto shrine cool Now I'm pretty excited about this knowing what the fillings are. What do I want? The mango cream sounds really awesome, but I think I want the strawberry Because typically when I've had the snacks these Japanese snacks that have the strawberry in it They've been pretty awesome. It doesn't look like that's what's gonna be though. It looks like maybe it's the mango cream or the citrus thing Smells mango-y Yeah, slightly sweet mango type smell. Oh Yeah It starts off with like obviously it's nice and crunchy, but then it starts off with like a Low-level sweetness a little bit buttery and then you get this kick that comes in of that citrusy like tropical mango Not good Yeah Mm-hmm this This along with that Bourbon bomb roll the one that I was saying was very lemony Very good. Yeah, those are awesome Mm-hmm. I'm surprised with that one. I didn't really know what to expect so much, but Okay, then the last thing What the oh, was this some like yuzu or something? This is also from the popular snack side a soothing candy made with 100% organic squeezed pear juice It is Marigato Nashi There we go I'm sorry guys About that and there's a dog going in the background. Sorry about that. Oh my gosh This has a thing to open it and I can't Okay, are these like chews or it might be hard candies. I'm gonna find out I don't find out the hard way Okay, it looks like hard candy. Yeah. Yeah, they're very smooth. We're gonna smooth that is I Mean like when I get hard canes in the United States a lot of time like it's smooth for the most part, but I'm smooth like this. Hmm. Wow. Oh, wow Oh my gosh That flavor is like it's intense, but it's not too intense It's like very bright and fresh and vibrant and just tastes like that's like the most beautiful pear flavor I've ever had I think that's excellent. Oh My gosh Oh my gosh That's awesome. And once again like with these types of snacks from Japan in comparison to the United States It's not super sugary. It's like it's sweet, but it's not like really sweet It's just this low-level sweetness and it really lets the fruit flavor just shine like crazy This is really good Like I feel like this would be a good substitute where you're like I feel like I want some sort of like fruity drink like a juice or like a kombucha or you know, whatever you're into Like a flavored seltzer water or whatever But instead just be like, oh, you know, I'll just grab one of these that flavors outstanding. I was not expecting that Okay, cool. Well, that's it for the box Once again, sorry this is so late and sorry things are weird like the light the lighting the noises in the background my cat yelling like I Apologize February will be better. I promise you this it'll be more on time and it will be better We always have that to look forward to so of the snacks. Honestly, this has been a really good box My favorites in here obviously that that that's Senpai right there like I'm always gonna love those But these potato rings are super awesome that pear that hard candy pear thing is really awesome that um like zesty citrus Roll was really good And Do-do-do other favorites. Oh, yeah that don don don yaki was awesome Yeah, and those are my favorites and then I was also surprised with the saga and shiki this one though that big one Whoa, okay We need a lot of things real quick that are weird Get some air bubbles Anyway, thanks everyone for checking this one out.  Also? Do you get snacku? I don't have any like partnership with them or anything But I'm just curious like are other people getting snacku who watch this put some comments down there I think there's been at least one person who's commented about that Before how they saw my video and then they were excited to get into theirs So I like to hear that stuff, but let's talk about Japanese stuff Japanese snacks, whatever Hit that subscribe if you like any of the videos I do that's your way to repay me because I don't make money or anything I'm just spending my money and time doing this for for fun But thanks everyone for checking this out and until next time keep it brutal


The scenes open up at Santila's house. Arena, her mother is busy with her board making. Santila is busy doing some cleaning and at the same time, she is also keeping a close watch over her mother's work. Just pots. Santila. Teacher, what exactly? So much to do, so much work. I'm so tired. No, I was thinking of selling them to her. We both in exchange of... How many pots are left? Four. Some, bro, because of the chickens. And maybe you should start making more. I will do that. Ask for her help. And she cannot even pass me the yarn mold properly. She does not know weaving. Teach her pottery. Activity to our daughter. I have to walk 16 kilometers up and down the river just together. I'm not going to let my daughter go through the same. Ask me to teach her pottery again. It's our final discussion. Santila is musing by the burning fire. While she's at it, the conversation she overheard between her parents runs around her head over and over again. I couldn't understand my emotions and interest towards making pots. What if she never understands? We'll solve it, pay it. I'll teach myself or I'll learn from someone else. What could you possibly call? Actually, me that you won't tell anybody. Promise. Okay. The thing is, I'm really interested in pot-making and I want to learn pot-making. And I thought it was a big secret. No, listen. Actually, I want to learn, but my mother just won't teach me. I have a solution for you. If you really want to learn pot-making, I'll tell you a way. What is it? You know well, I heard there are old women who are expert at pottery, so they seem to be in another part of the village. So if you really want to learn, you can catch them up during your working hours. You can learn a lot. Yes, thank you so much for the information. I'll make sure to wake up early tomorrow morning and I'll catch a glimpse of them working. Thank you. Sandila woke up with a spring in her step and set off the other side of the village, which was a few kilometers away. The pot-makers were busy making pots when Sandila reached. It was like her dream, which became a reality. She was just taking the liberty to enjoy this moment as slowly as possible. I'll make sure to visit you all again. Sandila leaves the expert potters to their craft with a cheerful heart, full of happiness and hope. Unaware to Sandila, Amun, one of the following village aunties had seen her with the pot-makers. The next morning, Amun went out to fetch some water from the pond and gossiped about the scene she saw yesterday with Toshina, one of the gossipers. The potters, did you send her? No, I did not. I saw her watching them very carefully. But potter, right? Then why does Sandila have to go there? It's a potentialized ride. What happened?  Will not get anything good in return. Personally, I think that she should learn weaving. It is more beneficial. Yes, you are right. But you know, people will talk. And you know how fast the world spreads. You should look after your daughter. And spy on Sandila. But make sure to return before it's dark. I'll make sure to get some firewood while returning. Here's what you were. I'll be living for now. And by the gossip, began an open depth, deepened at the village gossip, decided to have a meeting with Mesobot, the father of Sandila. Do you receive the pot-making? Why? The situation is different than what you think.  We just want Sandi to grow big and strong, so she will learn it eventually. Okay, rumors are spreading out. Tell us the reason and what's wrong with your daughter. Brother, yesterday, I sent my daughter to the blacksmith to get a dow, a small digging dow. So that I can use and it's for Sandi. Okay, Mesobot, if that is what you see, we will believe it. But you must make your wife, teach Sandila the art of pot-making. Because you know how important it is for our village and how it saved us during the war. I hope you will do what is necessary. Yes, I will do that. I will not let you, someone, me or my daughter again. Okay, Mesobot, you can leave. What happened? What are you thinking? What did the council say? You are not teaching Sandila the art of pot-making. If you don't teach her, we will be in trouble and we will be cold again. Okay then. I don't want our family to be in further trouble. I've decided to teach her pot-making. Sandi, because I've decided to teach her pot-making.  Sandila teaches Sandila to take clay and put it in a bamboo cylinder and pound it. Both are working. Sandila is focused and very happy to learn from her mother. The following days, Sandila learned pottery but had to face the same problem again and again. A year passed and finally Sandila attained puberty. The scene opens up with the door opening on the last Sandila and the other girls. My friends all have to pass it on. Sandila takes out clay and starts working. She hands over me the work on my own. Every time she tries to make the pot, she fails but she tries again and again while on the other hand, Anela is watching her from the corner. What are you up to, little girl? Don't worry, I'll teach you how to make a perfect pot. The thing is wrong here. What is wrong? The mouth of the pot is tragic. That's not for this evening. The other girls will be coming very soon and no one should know what happened here, okay? Okay. Sandila, you should learn pot making from your mother and not me. Come, let's make as many pot. Yes, I thought. Let me check on her. The body is taken outside while Sandila runs shorting. Who could have made this? It could not be Anela because the pot are still not yet dried and it could not be Sandila because she's too young and inexperienced. Hmm... See, it has been passed on. Anela is finally told her daughter the art of pottery. Sandila will carry on the legacy.


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Welcome to class 39 of topics in power electronics and distributed generation. We have been discussing filter design and we have been looking at an LCL filter and the constraints that we have been looking at in the LCL filter are the ripple injection into the grid, the amount of reactive power that is drawn by the filter and the DC bus voltage that is required. If you have very large value of the filter inductance, the amount of reactive power required would be more. You also have consideration of what is the pass band and stop band frequencies that you would like for the filter. Then you are also looking at what would lead to a very efficient filter in terms of what value of parameters for L would reduce the power loss in the filter and based on this one can come up with the preliminary values for L, L 1, L 2 and C and we saw that L 1 is equal to L 2 is equal to the total L divided by 2 would be a suitable design and the C would then be related to the resonant frequency and the value of the inductance that is used. So, what is shown over here is a 3 phase power converter with a LCL filter. In the solid line you have the configuration for a 3 phase 3 wire system and if you add the dotted lines where you have the connection to the DC bus midpoint and to the output to the neutral, then you have a filter for a 3 phase 4 wire system. So, just if you look at the ideal LCL filter there are possibilities of resonances that can happen in such an LCL filter. Now, one possibility might be when say your inverter is not switching. So, you could consider your L 1 side to be open and you could have a resonance between your L 2 and C and if the filter is still connected to the grid. So, in that particular situation essentially the resonant frequency in this particular case would be 1 by square root of L 2 C and at the resonance you have this particular condition for the impedance in the circuit. But this particular scenario might to some extent can lead to over voltages on the capacitor, but you have the anti-parallel diodes of the switch which can actually absorb some of the energy. Also you have the possibility that if you have such a resonance, if you have a upstream contactor or a circuit breaker, if that is open then the excitation to such a circuit would be prevented. So, it depends on how you are operating the power converter. Another possibility for resonance is when the power converter is operating as a voltage source inverter in which case what you would have is your L p which is essentially the parallel combination of L 1 and L 2 and this particular impedance condition being infinite would lead to operation of this filter at resonance. This resonance can be excited both from your inverter side and also from the grid side and you can have over currents in the filter and you could have say o voltages across the capacitors or the filter components. This particular configuration cannot be prevented cannot be mitigated by opening of a upstream breaker because you are actually operating the power converter and you are interested in sending power exchange between your converter and the grid. So, you need to actually damp this particular resonance effectively. So, if you consider the excitations that can happen for the resonance, it can be both from the power converter side or it can be from the grid side. If you look at the power converter side, the primary excitation is at the fundamental frequency and the switching frequency. However, you have non-idealities of the inverter such as dead time, the on state voltage drops, the turn on, turn off delays etcetera which introduce additional frequencies in the output of the inverter. You also have jitter in the control timings, you have quantization of the in the control. So, many such factors can introduce noise at the output of the power converter which can actually lead to excitation. However, whatever comes from the power converter is to a large extent controlled by the designer. If you have excitations from the grid side, it could be because of harmonics from connected loads, it could be from operation of neighboring converters which are injecting voltages at the input of the filter. You could have non-idealities of the equipment. For example, you could have a transformer over here and the non-idealities of the non-linear BH loops or further resonance in the transformer can actually introduce harmonics from the grid side. You could also have upstream contactors or breakers which are cycling and introduce frequencies which can excite the filter. These external excitations from the grid side is not under our control, it depends on what is connected to the external side and it is important to address the resonance and ensure that you do not lead have a overloading of the filter because of over currents or higher voltages appearing across the components which can actually lead to damage of inverter components or tripping of the inverter. So, if you look at the resonance in such a LCL filter, one way of addressing the resonance is by introducing a resistor into the network. So, as soon as you introduce a resistor in the network, your power dissipation goes up and objective of a passive damping is to reduce the quality factor or QF with minimum power loss. So, in this particular case where you have the resistive damping, we are considering adding a single resistor to the LCL filter and a single resistor can be introduced in multiple ways. So, if you have an LCL filter, you could think about say adding a resistor in series with the inductor. So, this could be one possibility. So, in this particular case whatever power flow is happening between your power converter and the grid will introduce power loss in this resistor. So, you would have increase in losses in this particular resistor. So, another possibility of introducing a damping element could be say in series with the capacitor in which case the fundamental power flow which is between the inverter and the grid will not affect the power loss in the resistor to a large extent. You would of course, have your ripple current flowing through your capacitive branch and the ripple current would now introduce losses in the damping resistor. Also, the capacitor would draw some fundamental reactive current which would also cause losses in the resistor. So, if you look at the configuration between putting a resistor in series with the inductor or a resistor in series with the capacitor, the one with the resistor in series with the capacitor would lead to lower losses for a given level of damping. And you can see that in this particular case you have your LCL filter plus one component which is essentially the damping resistor. If you now think about one way in which you could reduce the losses in the damping resistor is to provide a path for your ripple current to flow which is in parallel with the damping resistor. So, by connecting say a resistor C 1 in parallel with the damping branch or essentially what you have done is you have split your capacitor C into two branches C 1 and C D and you connect your resistor in series with one branch and the capacitor C 1 is directly connected across your as the LCL filter. So, your ripple current essentially would primarily flow through L 1 which reduces the power loss in the damping resistor.   So, you would expect the power loss to come down, but the number of components have actually gone up. If you look at then the case of the SCRL damping you have your LCL filter plus three components you have L 1, L 2 and C 1 then you have three components C D, R D and L D. So, you can see that the complexity is increasing as you go from a simple resistive damping to the split capacitor resistive damping to the split capacitor RL damping. So, if you look at the as you increase the number of components your complexity of the circuit goes up also often the cost of your circuit would go up if you have more components. So, your it does not mean that for all situations you have to go in for the most complex network for lower power levels where say for example, you may be operating at power levels of less than a kilowatt then you might go in for essentially the direct resistive damping and as a power level increases you would go in for say for example, if you are looking at power levels of the order of 10 kilowatts maybe you would go for split capacitor resistive damping and if you are talking about hundreds of kilowatts to megawatt power levels then the added complexity would not matter that much, but the reduction in power loss would be significant. So, you would go for the more complex forms of damping. So, in each of these situations you will have to look at how to select your R D, L D etcetera. So, we will start off with the simple resistive damping in which case if you do a transfer function analysis you will see that the transfer function is relatively straightforward. If you look at your capacitor voltage to your inverter voltage transfer function essentially you would have S L 2 divided by 1 plus R D C S divided by S L 1 plus L 2 1 plus R D C S plus L P C S square. In this particular case L P is a parallel combination of L 1 and L 2. The natural resonant frequency of this particular transfer function can be obtained in a straightforward manner. The numerator is second order 1 0 at the origin and another based on the R D C time constant. The denominator again you have a pole at the origin and then you have a second order transfer function from which one can easily find out the location of the poles. The undamped natural resonant frequency of this filter is omega R is 1 by square root of L P C and we could obtain an approximate expression for the quality factor at this particular frequency omega R. So, you could define your quality factor Q F for this particular circuit as V C of S divided by V I of S at S is equal to j omega R divided by V C of S divided by V I of S at S going to the origin. So, you could evaluate this in a straightforward manner and you get an expression where you have 1 plus square root of L P by C divided by R D the whole square. So, you can see that when R D is extremely small you have very high quality factor which means that your filter can oscillate very easily and when your R D value takes on a larger number then your quality factor comes down essentially it damping out the resonance. So, if you have a more complex passive damping circuit such as this split capacitor R L damping or a split capacitor R damping one can actually do a analysis by looking at the model of the filter and one particular model might be a we look at is a state space model of such a filter and for the state space model we will consider one possible set of state variables might be the inverter side current, the grid side current, the voltage across the capacitor C 1, the voltage across the capacitor C D and the current through the inductor L D. The inputs to this particular model could be the excitation from the inverter side and the excitation from the grid side. So, if you take the inverter side excitation it is essentially your PWM voltage if you are considering the line to DC bus bit by voltage you are looking at excitation of either plus V DC by 2 or minus V DC by 2. From the grid side if you are assuming the grid voltage is a pure sine wave at the fundamental frequency. So, you have that particular frequency component at say 50 hertz for all other frequencies essentially the voltage source can be considered a short circuit for analysis. Looking back at the inverter again we assume the inverter to be a voltage source again assuming that this is a voltage source you are ignoring the control related impedances that can be seen in inverter. But often the control bandwidths of the inverter is lower than the resonant frequency and approximating it as a voltage source is good approximation. So, if you look at the state space model of this split capacitor RL dammed LCL filter you have equations state equations of the form x dot is equal to A x plus B u y is equal to C x plus D u your A matrix is 5 into 5 matrix the 5 states in this particular model you have 2 inputs. So, your B matrix is of this particular form your inputs are your inverter voltage and the grid voltage and your state variables are given by selected to be these 5 variables. One particular output of interest is essentially your current in the damping resistor the current in the damping resistor is good information because essentially the power loss in the damping resistor is given by your i Rd square Rd gives you your power loss in Rd. So, again keep in mind that the objective of your passive damping network is to reduce your power minimize your power loss and achieve the lowest possible lowest quality factor in your circuit. Again the definition of the quality factor will take it as the peak value of your transfer function. So, here the transfer function that is plotted is the capacitor voltage by the input voltage inverter voltage. So, you are looking at essentially this particular ratio of the peak value at the resonant frequency to the peak value at d c to be your quality factor. And if your quality factor is close to 1 it means that you are not having any peaks over there exciting your resonance or essentially you are you are not amplifying any input when you are at the particular resonant frequency. So, there are actually again a couple of ways in which you could look at the quality factor of such a of such a SCRL damped passive damping network. And one is to again use this particular definition of the quality factor being this particular ratio again the assumption that your resonant frequency stays at omega r where omega r is equal to 1 by root LPC is actually not exact because you know that adding passive damping components to the circuit will actually shift your resonant frequency to some extent. So, this is an approximation, but still you could you make use of that to evaluate what your quality factor is and keeping that in mind one can define the quality factor in this particular manner the transfer function V c of s by V i is actually now a ratio of a polynomial it is third order in the numerator it is fifth order in the denominator. So, it is not easy to directly simplify it to get the roots of such a of a polynomial. So, these approximations help in giving you comparatively simple insights into what the quality factor is. So, assuming we will make a couple of assumptions, one is we will define the term K to be the ratio of R D by L D, R D by L D is actually if you look at the passive damping network is the corner frequency of essentially this R D L D branch and if you look at the ratio of that particular corner frequency to the fundamental frequency you have the term K which gives you a feel for what the how the R D L D filter time constant should be placed with respect to your fundamental frequency. We also saw in a filter design that taking L 1 is equal to L 2 to be equal to L by 2 would be a suitable design guideline. Also, we will see that taking C 1 to be equal to C D to be which would be C by 2 would actually also lead to a fairly good design and we will also see that selecting R D to be square root of L by C would actually also be a good design choice. So, with these assumptions in this particular transfer function we could plug in and then take this particular ratio and simplify the quality factor and it comes out to be a fairly simple expression twice the square root of this term this quadratic term plus 1 and again we are assuming that the resonant frequency has not shifted it is still at square root of L P C. So, from this particular expression we can see that a couple of things are possible one is by appropriate selection of the R D by L D term it might be possible to make this particular term be equal to 1 which means that your quality factor would have a value close to 2. So, by suitably selecting this particular L D you might be able to make your quality factor get close to 2. Another thing that it shows is there is a selection of k which can be related to your omega r and your fundamental frequency which is your main frequency at which you are trying to reduce the excitation that flows through the R D branch to actually reduce your quality factor. And this normalization term k is given as R D by L D into 1 by your fundamental frequency. Note that this is an approximate way of looking at the quality factor you can have a alternate method of looking at the quality factor which would be by directly going to numerical approach you plot the Bode plot gain plot of this particular transfer function see where your peak of your resonant peak of this transfer function is and evaluate this particular peak value to your DC value ratio that would give you a exact value for your quality factor. So, that would be numerical whereas, this gives you an approximate field for what the quality factor is. So, now that we have a framework for evaluating the quality factor the next thing item of importance is to evaluate the power loss in this damping filter network. And the power loss in the damping filter again primarily involves the excitation the main excitation of the filter is at two frequencies which would be the fundamental frequency and the resonant frequency. So, your fundamental frequency excitation can then be evaluated by assuming that in your LCL filter we can assume that at fundamental frequency the inverter voltage is close to 1 per unit also your grid voltage is close to 1 per unit. And we can actually find out what would be the current that flows through this particular resistor in this R D at the fundamental frequency from a direct phasor analysis. And using your phasor analysis you could actually then get an expression for your fundamental current flowing through that branch and we have your power which is equal to the real of V i conjugate and V is 1 per unit and evaluating your i conjugate in terms of the expressions of that particular branch. You can get a simplified expression as power at the fundamental frequency on a per unit basis is C D R D C D square R D divided by k minus C D R D the whole square plus 1 where these terms are again in a per unitized form. So, one can see from this expression that as k takes on large values your power loss through the at fundamental frequency can actually come down because you have a quadratic term in the denominator. So, as this particular term increases your power loss can actually come down. So, the second component that is to be evaluated is essentially the power loss because of your ripple frequency. So, what P R i is indicating the power loss in the damping network due to the ripple component due to the switching action of the power converter and this can be evaluated using the state space model of the power converter. So, if you look at the state space model the model of the power converter of the filter is essentially x dot is equal to A x plus B u and y is equal to i R D and this is essentially equal to V C minus V D by R D. So, in this particular case if we include the winding resistance you could generate a matrix is invertible and your inputs are u is essentially V i and V G and we have V i is equal to plus V D C by 2 for t belonging to the duration 0 comma t on where t on is your duty cycle times your switching interval and V i is equal to minus V D C by 2 where t belongs to t on comma t SW. So, this particular duration is your t off and if you look at your grid side voltage we will take our grid voltage to be equal to V D C into D minus 0.5 where D belongs to the range from 0 to 1. So, this means that you are assuming that your inverter voltage is exactly balanced by your grid side voltage. So, you are assuming a quasi steady state at each duty cycle of operation of the power converter with the LCL filter. So, you could then obtain a solution for the state equations. So, you would have you could write your x at your switching interval this e to the power of A T SW times your x naught plus integral 0 to D T SW which is your t on e to the power of A T SW minus tau B U 1 of tau D tau plus D T SW to T SW e to the power of A T SW minus tau B U 2 of tau D tau again U 1 is essentially your plus V D C by 2 comma V G and U 2 is essentially minus V D C by 2 comma V G. And if the system is in steady state it means that at the end of the switching interval at T SW you get back to the same point where you started. So, this would be equal to your x naught and given that your A matrix is invertible you can actually solve this particular equation to obtain what your x naught is. So, once you know your x naught once you know your x naught your initial condition then you could use that to evaluate your current in your damping branch numerically at points at end points between 0 and T SW and this is this is then used to evaluate your current RMS current ripple during the duration T SW. So, essentially what you are doing is if your time is proceeding like this 0 T SW 2 T SW would be further down essentially you are dividing it into end points and using the state evolution equation you know your value of x naught at. So, you know your x naught at this particular point you can use that to evaluate your state variables at all these subsequent points because you know your excitation you know your initial conditions you can solve your dynamic equation of the filter and essentially the output that is evaluated is your I R D. So, once you have your I R D evaluated at these points you could then generate your RMS currents over a switching interval T SW using n sub-intervals T SW and you have I R D RMS over T SW is summation over the end points of the square and you average it and this is for a given duty cycle. So, as your duty cycle is varying between 0 and 1 this particular I R D RMS would vary over the different switching periods different T SWs as one goes over the fundamental cycle. So, you so if you look at a fundamental cycle you have I R D RMS over fundamental cycle to be equal to the square root of 1 by T where T is 20 milliseconds of J is equal to 0 to P I R D RMS square over the duration switching durations T SW over all the P points times T SW. So, essentially your P is equal to T divided by T SW where T is 20 milliseconds for 50 hertz and T SW depends on your switching frequency that you are using for your particular filter and essentially once you have your I R D RMS your power loss at your ripple frequency is I R D RMS square times R D. So, you could actually look at this particular evaluation. So, essentially what you are doing is now that you know your RMS current over a duty of over a switching interval what you are doing is you are now looking at 0 T SW 2 T SW over the overall fundamental cycle T and looking at the RMS the power loss at the ripple frequency from the RMS loss through this particular damping branch and the total loss power loss in this damping resistor is because of your fundamental frequency power loss and the ripple frequency power loss. So, essentially what you are trying to do is to minimize your quality factor while keeping your power loss in this particular total power loss to be a small value. So, that is essentially the overall framework and now we have now a method for evaluating both the quality factor and the power loss we could actually go about looking at how to actually select the components of the LCL filter. So, what is shown over here is if you look at the power loss over the different switching durations over T different switching T SW's and as a function of your duty cycle D what is plotted over here is I R D RMS. So, you can see that the losses in the damping branch is maximum for a duty ratio D, but because your as you are going over your fundamental sine wave your duty cycle is sweeping a value depending on your modulation depth it may be between say 0.1 to 0.9 or 0.2 to 0.8 depending on your modulation depth of the inverter and then you evaluate the RMS components of over the different switching durations and that particular value is what is plotted over here I RMS in R D over the fundamental cycle. So, this is over the switching duration T SW which now is a function of D. So, if you then take the overall RMS you will then get a value of the current which is lower than the peak the worst case being at a duty cycle 0.5 for a 3 phase 4 wire system. If you do again a RMS evaluation for a 3 phase 3 wire system the power loss in the damping branch is further reduced. So, if you are doing a 3 phase 3 wire design adopting this particular approach will give conservative value for the design in the sense that your actual losses would be lower than what you would have if you are thinking analyzing it as a 3 phase 4 wire power converter. So, to actually then proceed with the design we will look at an example design the example that we would choose is at 40 kilowatt power converter with a line to neutral voltage of 240 volts. So, given the power level and the voltage you can then calculate your base current from which now you have the base voltage and base current you know what your impedance base is and then you can calculate your base inductance and base capacitance and your base frequency is essentially 50 hertz or in radiance 2 pi 50 radiance per second. Now, the use of the base per unitized notation for your power filter is actually useful because you want to compare different filtering approach and just looking at it in millihenries and microfarers would not make the comparison directly easy to compare whereas doing a comparison on a per unit basis can lead to a simpler and easier comparison. So, for the design that we are considering we are looking at a switching frequency of close to 10 kilohertz and resonant frequency of 1 kilohertz. We are taking considering the 3 possible damping options of just the R damping then the split capacitor resistive damping and the split capacitor RL damping and we will take the value of C to be 0.25 per unit and in case it is split we will consider C 1 is equal to C d is equal to C by 2. So, it is 1.25 the value of R D is selected to get a quality factor of close to 3 and the we will see that under this particular condition both the SCR damping and the SCR L damping it is possible to meet the given attenuation requirement of in this case minus 65 dB whereas in the R damping because of the damping resistor position you are not able to get that level of attenuation. And we will see that from the transfer function why that is the case you can also see that in case of the R damping the power loss is about 1.5 per unit. So, if you are talking about a 1 kilowatt per converter you are talking about a power dissipation of about 15 watts which might be reasonable to handle whereas if you are not now talking about a megawatt converter you this loss would be much higher you are talking about 15 watts you are talking about 15 kilowatts. So, going to higher more complex damping network would lead to a now a much lower power loss of 0.7 percent. So, you can see that as the complexity of the damping network is increased your power dissipation in your damping circuit is actually coming down. So, to look at the reason why your one when you have your SCR damping what is shown over here is a plot of the ideal LCL filter. So, this is your ideal LCL filter and what is shown over here is your resistive damping. So, at low frequencies the transfer function between your grid current to your inverter voltage is falling off at 20 dB per decade. For the resistive damping at the higher frequencies the roll off is at minus 40 dB per decade whereas for the ideal LCL filter it is actually minus 60 dB per decade. So, if you are switching frequencies 10 kilo Hertz you are talking about lower attenuation of this particular SCR damping network compared to the ideal LCL filter. If you look at the case of your SCRL SCR and SCRL type of damping network they both give a similar level slightly lesser damping than your ideal LCL filter, but the attenuation at high frequencies is actually at minus 60 dB per decade. So, that is the reason why in this particular case you are not able to achieve the desired damp level of attenuation with the odd damping, but you could get a higher attenuation with the SCR and the SCRL damping. So, one approach to look at the selection of the parameters of the damping SCRL damped say LCL filter is to look at a multi parameter optimization. So, the objectives of the optimization would be the same to minimize your quality factor and to minimize your power loss. So, you can then look at a multi parameter optimization approach what gives you the minimum values gives you the range of L D, R D, C D etcetera that gives you puts you at the minimum, but often the output of such an optimization engine may not be intuitive it is the optimization engine will give you a particular design, but it may not give you the intuition behind why that particular design gives you lower value of losses. So, the approach that we would take is actually to think of the more complex SCRL damping as adding one complexity at a time to the ideal LCL filter and use that to get a insight into what exactly one is trying to achieve by the passive damping network. So, essentially you are adding one component to and simultaneously looking at your factor performance factors such as your quality factor and your power loss and the implication of adding one component at a time. So, you take your LCL filter convert it to into a SCR damped circuit and then convert that into a SCRL damped LCL filter. So, the again the filter values that we are starting off with is with L 1 is equal to L 2 and 0.02 per unit in our particular design example and C to be 0.25 per unit again based on the resonant frequency constraints that we have chosen in our design example. So, a starting point for the design would be to consider how to split C into C 1 and C D and one could consider C 1 and C D to be in a ratio of C D is equal to A C times C 1 and also C 1 plus C D to be equal to C. So, the total value of the capacitance is kept at C and it is split between C 1 and C D in the ratio of C D is equal to C D by C 1 is equal to A C. So, for example, if your value of. So, if your A C is equal to 0 it means that C is equal to C 1 because your C D would be equal to 0. So, C is equal to C 1 which again would correspond to the condition where you have no damping because if C D is 0 and C is equal to C 1 your essentially your damping circuit is open damping branch is open circuit. So, if you look at the other end of this extreme case A C if it takes on a very large value this implies that C D is tending to 0 this implies that your circuit would simplify to essentially your damping. So, when A C takes on a very large value essentially your C 1 would be 0. So, essentially your circuit would simplify to R damping. So, what it means is if you look at the tradeoff in this particular case essentially A C having a small value would mean that essentially you do not have any damping your quality factor is very large and A C taking on a large value essentially you have resistive damping. So, your quality factor actually comes down if you look at the knee of this curve at a value greater than 1 you do not have a significant decrement in the value of A C. So, a region of A C greater than 1 might be considered as suitable design such that you would get a quality factor which is less than 3. So, selecting a value of A C greater than or equal to 1 would give a quality factor less than 3 the other thing that you could see is as your A C value is increased essentially the losses in the damping circuit goes up because as A C is increased essentially the capacitor C D is being increased. So, your losses in the damping branch goes up also you can see that as your switching frequency is reduced you have essentially increased losses in your damping resistor branch which is to be expected because your switching frequency is getting closer and closer to your resonant frequency.  So, this is looking at your power loss as a function of A C for different switching frequencies what is interesting to notice if you plot your minimum quality factor versus your factor A C the minimum quality factor actually all the minimum quality factor curves lie one on top of the other which means that your quality factor is independent of your switching frequency if R D is selected to actually in such a manner that minimizes your quality factor term. This also implies that a design point of say if you say a guideline that A C is equal to 1. So, selecting A C is equal to 1 which means that C 1 is equal to C D is equal to C by 2 would be a good design selection irrespective of your switching frequency whether it is 2.5 kilohertz or 9.10 kilohertz or what would be in a range of switching frequencies that are commonly used in power converter design this particular selection of dividing C 1 to C D would actually lead to a good design. So, the next thing that one can look at is you could once you have actually plotted your taken your C 1 is equal to C D then you could actually try varying your R D we initially saw that R D is equal to square root of L by C might be a reasonable design choice to validate that we could vary R D in a neighborhood from 0.5 or in this particular case 0.6 root L by C to twice root L by C and you can look at the variation of the pole locations as your R D is varied from a small value to a large value and you can see that the point at which you get most damping because lines of constant damping is in this particular orientation and as your damping is improved you will get closer and closer to your real axis. So, you can see that the point at which your you get best damping is when R D is equal to square root of L by C when your AC takes a value of 1. So, making use of your state space model of the system you can actually look at your pole locations and see what value of R D gives you your best damping and this confirms that selecting an R D of L by C gives you a good value of damping of your ACR damped network. So, if you look at then a good starting point for your design choosing C 1 is equal to C D is equal to C by 2 and L 1 is equal to L 2 would be a good starting point. So, here the values are given in physical a per unit values and physical values the resonant frequency is taken as 20 which 20 times your 50 which is your fundamental frequency would be your 1 kilo hertz and your switching frequency in this particular case is 10 kilo hertz. So, this gives you a initial design point for the LCL damped split capacitor resistive damped LCL filter. So, in the next class we will look at how we could then add the term L D to such a ACR damped passive network in again in a manner which gives you a design that minimizes your quality factor and reduces the power loss in the damping filter branch simultaneously. Thank you.