Hello and welcome to this new course on human anatomy. My name is Jean-Clape and I'm here in the Medical Simulation Laboratory at the University of Cape Town. I'm also an attending surgeon at Krotoskyr Hospital, home of the first human heart transplant. Now, other than my work as an attending surgeon, I have two very important jobs. Number one in medical education and number two in surgical research. And I want to combine those two to tell you about this course on anatomy. Now, let's start off with education. Education is so important to me and is really one of my passions. I have more than a thousand 400 lectures right here on YouTube. I have two courses on the Coursera Massive Open Online Course Web Platform. And my course on biostatistics has now been rated in Class Central's top 50 of all times for two years going. In 2014, I was the Open Education Consortium's Educator of the Year and I tell you these things just to tell you how important education is to me and why I want to do the series on human anatomy. On the research side, I support many of our students in their dissertations and theses both on masters and doctoral level. And part of that is to do the statistical analysis, biostatistics. And to do that, I use computer code. Now, I code in Julia and Python and R, but I want to bring it all together in a language called the Wilfram language. And that is what this course is going to be all about. Now, no matter what form of health care you are studying, the ability to write some computer code is going to become more and more important. And it's really going to mean so much to you in your career. Now, before we go any further, I'd want to give you a sneak peek. Have a look at this. Now, I think you would agree that this is quite phenomenal. And at the end of this video, you're going to be able to create this. You're going to be able just with a single line of code that's going to run over more lines. But in the end, it's a single line of code which produced that beautiful anatomical representation. Now, I'm an examiner, both internal and external examiner in undergraduate medicine and in postgraduate surgery. And one of the stumbling blocks we see in students is just the lack of the knowledge of anatomy. Now, for postgraduate students, they've just done an exam, a primary exam. And a large part of that exam is anatomy. And of course, they are training to be surgeons. One would expect them to understand and know their anatomy. And for the undergraduate students, they come into the clinical years having done at least a year of anatomy. But somehow that anatomy just doesn't stick. So what I want to provide you is just another tool.  You've got beautiful textbooks. You've probably got a beautiful lab and you can really get yourself immersed in anatomy. But with this tool, I want you to get even closer to anatomy. The added benefit, of course, is that you can learn how to use a computer language. And it really is not that difficult. It is an easy thing to do. And it's easy and beautiful because of the Wolfram language. It is such a powerful language. It has knowledge built right into the language. It really is unique. And that knowledge just makes it so special. So I'm going to show you how to write code. And I'm going to show you how to get these ideas of anatomy. And that's just another tool I want you to have. And the benefit of that, as I mentioned, just to be able to write some computer code as well. Now, why is this so important? Let me just give you a let's start this course and let me show you. So we're at the computer and we're going to just answer this question. Why the Wolfram language for anatomy? Just as a short reminder, small reminder, this is going to be a course about anatomy. And I'm just going to teach you how to use code to visualize anatomy just to make it your own. Another tool for you to learn anatomy. So why the Wolfram language? Well, as you can see here, I'm just going to scroll up and down. Let's have a look. Look at this beautiful notebook. This is the coding environment in which you write code. But but look at this at first glance, it looks almost like a word document because I can have titles, subtitles. I have a large graphic here. It's just something that I dragged and dropped from my hard drive. Nice bullet points here. We can have results here. So this notebook format in which we do our coding is such a rich document. If you study medicine, you might be asked to to write a small paper or to create a document of some kind. You can do it all here. You can demonstrate your results. You can bring in anything that you could really in a word document, but it's so much richer. So I just love this notebook environment. Let's move to biostatistics. I mentioned my research unit and let's have a look at this. Simple line of code here. So we're not going to get into the code here, so don't fret about this. But this is the way most computer languages work. I have a function here. It's called the normal distribution. It's the name of the function that's built into the language. The language knows what to do with it. So I say the normal distribution and we get these square brackets after that.  So it says to the normal distribution, I'm going to pass you some information. Those are called arguments and we see 120 comma 10. All arguments are separated by commas and the normal distribution takes two arguments. And the first one is the mean and the second one is the standard deviation. So I'm saying here's a normal distribution with a mean of 120 and a standard deviation of 10. But we see all in all, it is the first argument of this bigger function on the outside called random variate, which takes a distribution with its arguments. And its second argument is how many do you want. So that line of code very simply says, give me 100 random values from a normal distribution, such that the numbers have a mean of around about 120 and the standard deviation of around about 10. And I'm going to store that inside of my computer's memory. And I do that by giving it a name. And I'm calling it group A. That is the name of this object. And this object is a list of 100 values from this distribution. And I can just store that inside my computer's memory group A and it'll live there. And if I call it back up again later group A, as we do down here, the computer knows when the memory to go to find these 100 numbers. There's a second one. This one is slightly different. It has a mean of 130 and it has a standard deviation of 20. And then I can just ask for something like a smooth histogram. I pass as a list these two objects. And add some eye candy by saying the filling must be an axis. And look at the beautiful graph I get there. I might be more conservative and just create a normal standard box and whisker chart. And we see group A and group B. I can hover over them. It gives me some information, the minimum, the maximum, medium. We see the quartile values there. I can decide that am I going to compare these with a parametric test to do that. I want to know these outliers. We see there's a single outlier there in the box plot. Not to worry. I can do a QQ plot. And it seems for both a sort of follow a normal distribution. So that's fine. I can be very specific and do a Shapiro-Wilke test. And for both of those, we see non-significant p-values. Meaning I can use a standard normal students t-test. And I do that there. And I say I suggest that there's no difference between the two. And I want a test data table and a test conclusion. And very nicely it says, here's your t-test. Here's your t-statistic. And there's your p-value. And it even says, the null hypothesis that the mean difference is zero is rejected at the 5% level based on the t-test. So what a wonderful, rich environment to do your statistical analysis in. Now I'm going to show you all of these things that are to come before we get to that line of code to create that nice graphic. But before we do that, I'm going to actually take this away because I want to type these in right in front of your eyes so you can see what it's all about. So let me move this away. And we see I've recreated it here, but it's blank. So let's start with that first one.  That's the coding environment for the Wolfram language. Now you can go online and in later videos we'll get onto that. And you can do this free of charge. It actually runs inside of your browser. I would advise strongly though that you look at getting a copy of Mathematica for yourself. Now if you are at a tertiary educational unit, a university or college, chances are that you have Mathematica at your university. They might have a site license, which means anyone who's a student or works at the college or university can get a copy of that. So many universities have. Unfortunately, mine doesn't. So I had to purchase a copy and that's what you see in front of here. If you break down the cost as to a couple of things that you do on a daily basis over a couple of weeks or months, that's all it's going to cost you. You can really break this down to a couple of cups of coffee over a period of time. And if you save that, you can buy yourself a copy of Mathematica and that's exactly what I did. So even though I'm at a large university with a big research component, unfortunately, we don't have a site license down here. And some of us are trying dearly to get you and push the university a bit to get one for us. But it's not expensive to buy. And as I said, when you start out, you can do this in a browser free of charge. And in later videos, I'll show you what to do. But let me just give you a demonstration. This one's all about a demonstration. I certainly don't expect you to follow the code. But let's use one of the more than 5000 inbuilt functions. And it's called entity value. So entity, now one thing you must excuse, I am not the world's best typist. It really is difficult for me. Anyway, so bear with me. So you see their entity value. Let's also just increase the size a little bit so that you don't struggle to see this on your screen. Now you could see these little pop-ups come up here.  And I can actually, later on, you'll see paste any of these in with these placeholders. But I also want to show you this little eye. If I click on the eye and just give it a second or two. I'm going to move it from my other screen onto here. This is what pops up a whole page full of information about this function. And that's how you teach yourself mathematically. You just click on that eye button and everything is there. There's even beautiful examples for you and suggestions of other functions which are quite similar. There's Wikipedia data, entity properties, entity groups and related guides, guides that will tell you in what context to use this function. It is everything is there for you in the Wolfram language. It is just absolutely phenomenal. So what I'm going to do here is always, always with Mathematica in the Wolfram language, all the arguments go inside of square brackets. You've got to become familiar with square brackets. Now I might be in a situation where I can't actually remember what I should type here for my arguments. I'm going to hold down control since this is a PC. If you're on a Mac, hold down option. I should say command key. I'm not an Apple person. Anyway, I'm only down control and I'm hitting the equal sign. And this little equal sign box pops up and I can type in a normal English sentence here. Have a look at this. I'm just going to type pancreas because I'm not quite sure what to put in there, but I know I want something about the pancreas. So and I'm just going to hit the tab key and within a few seconds this pops up. Mathematica thinks that you are referring to the anatomical structure.  You might just want to consider it as a word, but no, no, I'm okay. I agree with the fact that this should be an anatomical structure. So I'm just going to click on this, accept this interpretation. That's phenomenal. And there are a lot of arguments that I can put in here. The one that I want, and you see if I start my inverted commas and I do the drop down, those are most of the things that I can ask for as far as the pancreas is concerned. What I want here is the function and I'm going to close my square brackets. I'm going to hold down shift and hit enter. If you're on a Mac, hold down shift and hit return. And it's going to go to the Wolfram servers and it's going to get that answer for me. And there we see in pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to control blood sugar levels and secretes pancreatic enzymes into the small intestine to break down ingested materials for absorption. Nice succinct short little description of the function of the pancreas. Now other computer languages are not going to do this for you. Let me amaze you even more. There's a little plus sign that you can click on here and that gives you some of the most common things that you can enter. And that is how we got to entering plain text or titles. Although there's keyboard shortcuts for many of these things. I want to take you here to the Wolfram Alpha query. You can download Wolfram Alpha as a very cheap, it's not very expensive app on your cell phone and play with that. But let's use it here. So I'm going to just ask a normal English sentence because I can't remember how to express this in the Wolfram language in computer code. So I'm going to ask for the nutritional content of a banana. I'm going to enter or return and I'm going to sit back and look at what is happening before our eyes. Now I dare you to find a computer language that can do this for you. So there's the average values, total calories for 118 gram banana, the cholesterol level, sodium, the vitamins inside of there. I get a little image. I get the vitamin B6, vitamin C, potassium content. I can see compared to other foods on this distribution, as far as fructose is concerned, where a banana falls, where glucose falls, where the vitamin C, I can see the calories then the fat content, etc, etc. And I can even click on these and ask for more. And if more information is available on the Wolfram service, that is going to be served up and lo and behold, there's more information. Of course, you can go out and search for all of this on Google, but that is in a normal English sentence in a line of code as a line of code. That is absolutely, absolutely phenomenal. And there is so much more. You think of a domain and that information is there. Once you learn how to use this phenomenal language, really a world of computation opens up to you. It is absolutely phenomenal. So let's carry on. Oh, I think in my mind, I had another little example for you. So let's go plus here. And I'm just going to do the Wolfram alpha query. And I'm going to ask for the population, the population of the United States States. And I'm going to say, well, let's say of America, just so there's no ambiguity since the year 2000. What about that one? I've got to wow you before we get to the to the anatomy. So it says at the moment, there's 304 million people in the US. It was 282 million 2000. And we can see this projection into the future there. And look at this lovely breakdown we see of the ages. And we have males on the left and females on the right as a binary classification of gender just to keep things simple. And I won't tell you where my age group is, but certainly I'm in that group where there's a lot of people. Anyway, larger cities. I can click on more. It's going to give me more. And that's just built into the language. And I didn't even have to write a line of code. I wrote an English sentence. Later on, I'll show you how you can convert that into actual code. It's not what this is all about. Let's carry on. What else did I have in mind? Let's do some anatomical data. This is going to be a course on anatomy. So let's have a look. I'm going to type in the function anatomy. And you can see there I can do some auto-completion. So I can use up and down, up and down. It's that first one I want, anatomy data. Now I can't remember how to write the code for the biceps muscle. So again, I'm going to hold down controller command equal. And I'm just going to type in biceps and hit the tab key. And the Wolfram language things. I meant the biceps brachy muscle and atomical structure. Indeed, that's the one I want. I'm going to accept that. And what do I want? Let's see I want the muscle action. The muscle action. Let's choose that one. Let's have a look. And there we go. We see this flexion at the elbow. See these curly braces. It's a list. Anything inside of curly braces is a list. So there's a couple of curly braces within this outside set of curly braces. So that's a nested list, a list of lists. So in the first one, flexion of the elbow, supination of the forearm, and flexion at the shoulder. That's fantastic. Let's do this again. Anatomy data. Let's do our shortcut control equals command equals. I'm going to type in biceps again, hit the tab key and I misspelled. But that was fine. Did I misspell it? That was too quick. I couldn't see. I'm going to accept it though. And let's put a list of things. Remember we said lists go inside of curly braces. So let's ask for muscle action. We can ask for that one comma. I can add more. Let's have muscle antagonist. Muscle antagonist. That's a great one. Let's have the muscle origin. Let's scroll down to origin. Let's have muscle insertions. That's a great one. We're going to close our curly braces because that's a list of arguments we passed. Close the square brackets. We always have to close the square brackets. Shift and enter. Shift and return. Let's see. And we can see what we had before. Flexion at the elbow. Supination at the forearm. Flexion at the shoulder. And the muscle antagonist was the next one. Look, it's outside of this set of curly braces. The triceps is the muscle antagonist to the biceps. That's fair. Let's look at the origin. It says it's from the caracoid process, the supraglenoid tubercle, and the apical part of the caracoid process. And muscle insertions at the radial tuberosity and the anti-brachial fascia. I find this absolutely fantastic. For me as a tool to remind myself, to teach myself the anatomy, this is absolutely fantastic. Now we were here to do one thing. We were here to create this beautiful image of the medial stynum. So to do that, I'm going to use anatomy plot 3D. So anatomy plot 3D is my function. And I want a list of things. We're going to build it up. And I'm going to add colors to it. So which you don't necessarily have to do, but it just makes it easy. Now in the language, the off-ramp language, the color orange is just orange. I don't have to type anything else. I don't have to type RGB values, although I can if I wanted to. I can just type orange. Comma. I'm going to hit the old control or command and equal. And let's do the right atrium. Right atrium. It's going to include the oracle probably. And it states there it's the anatomical structure. I'm quite happy with that. It's the first thing I want. I'm going to close my curly braces as my list. Close my square brackets. Shift enter, shift return. And it's going to download this plot from the Wolfram servers. And there we go. We can see and I can move it around. We can look at it. Superior vena keva comes in. Inferior vena keva comes in. We can see the right oracle on the side. I can move it around. We can see the valve going to the right ventricle there. Can you remember what that valve is called? Let's carry on. I'm going to go back to where I was. And I'm just going to put another comma. And I'm going to say in blue this time for me, comma, control equals, command equals. Let's add the left atrium. Left atrium tab key. I'm going to accept that as an atomical structure. Go to the end, shift enter, shift return. It's going to download this representation, this diagram for me. Let's have a look. And there we go. We can now see the left atrium. We can see the pulmonary vessels coming in there. We can see the structure. I can move it around. It really is fantastic if I hover over there. I can swivel it upside down side to side. I can say I can hold it there and I can really manipulate it. Let's bolt on to this. I'm going to go for yellow. So let's go for yellow. And this time I want the right ventricle. Let's add the right ventricle to that. I'm going to accept that as an atomical structure. Shift enter, shift return. And we see when we do Dania in South Africa, we unfortunately have a lot of penetrating trauma, trauma to the mediastinum, to the heart. And we see a lot of stab wounds. And the majority of them here is to fortunately, never that this is fortunate enough. But fortunately, most of them are in the low pressure right ventricle here, which is what is presented on the anterior side. So we see those stab wounds. But we can see the valves there. Lovely. Let's keep on playing. This is not an anatomy lecture. We're going to get into all of those. But let's make the next one red. And you guessed it, let's do the left ventricle. And now we can really start seeing things starting to come together. We can see all of our four chambers there. We can see the left oracle here on this side. But let's not stop there. Let's carry on. Now I needn't put a color. We can omit the color and it'll just do the color that is at default. So let's do that and just say coronary artery. I'll accept that.  Later on, we'll have a look at how to annotate these. I can also make it quite a bit bigger. And look at that fantastic, fantastic view. And I can really use this as a study guide. I'll add one more, but I think you can see where this is going. So let's add the left inferior pulmonary vein. Let's do that. And we'll do that in blue. Blue comma. And let's add to that the left. Let's do left inferior pulmonary vein. And there you can see the vein being added there. So I'm just going to add all the others that I had in the original image. And there we go. The full structure of all of those things that I added. I can really use this even as a surgeon to remind myself where the structure goes. For instance, if we do an esophagostomy after injury to the esophagus, and we might want to do that for esophagectomy and a colonic interposition, etc. So many things I can remind myself of. But really as a tool to study anatomy, it's such a visual thing. It is not perfect. I'll be the first to say that not everything is implemented yet. It is a fairly new part of Mathematica, which is at version 11.3 at the time that I am recording this. But you can see this. You can see the potential that there is in learning anatomy. And also getting to grips with a modern, fantastic, phenomenal programming language. I hope to see you in the next set of lectures. I'm going to try and make as many of these and as rapidly as I can. It's not going to come out too regularly though. I'm really too swamped with work. But I really love this and I really think it's an excellent additional tool for you to get involved with, as I mentioned, with anatomy and with the coding.


hey do you like my shirt that's fantastic did you see his shirt that is fantastic that's her case lips are a little wonky but i'm not surprised wait a minute that's cajol i know it's cajol but her eyebrow doesn't impress me there that's not her real eyebrows you need a sharpie and i need some unibrow there but really appreciate it because i like oh my gosh all right girls stupid rags you need some Corbin that is iconic unibrowage i'm rick probably the most icon well there's been a lot of iconic unibrow's in the uh in the world in the world but i would say in entertainment unquestionably and here's the thing that's iconic about it it actually looks good on her most unibrow's don't look good it's just a look they go with the hers looks actually looks good anyways today we're doing something a little different um we're in a while yeah well we're opening some mail uh and we don't have here he comes strippers yeah uh it's okay opening a mail it's okay massive schlong massive schlong and salami nips followed by big bees tasting out anyways but we got some gifts uh that i think people sent for the wally specifically one of them i know has i think they're homemade but if not they're just sweets for the wally uh and or snacks and then others i think are uh they're like three massive packages big big packages so um it's it's not a ton but this is going to take up a lot of space because there's a lot in each of them um so once again if you'd like to send us anything not asking you to just people like you why are you asking me i'm not asking you to send us anything because we see these boxes come oftentimes from india we know what it costs to ship that stuff but if you do the the uh peel box is always in the description of correct every single video i will pin it in this comment if you'd like to send us anything 54 16 but anyway the west hill nine one three oh eight and i'm not sure i'm gonna say who either any of them from because i don't know if they may not want to yeah a lot of time people say please don't mention me so if you wanted us to mention you and we didn't sorry um but first thing we got in this massive box i don't is that in hindi i don't uh it's in hindi i will say this we were is it like a yearly calendar for okay we went to the grocery store and sure enough on the wall was was going to welcome bienvenidos all of that it said welcome in bengali in bengali and hindi i didn't notice yeah it was like canada malayalam awesomes punjabi anyways but you're so cute this is the this is the fun stuff here so these are la dues which i believe we've had we have i think yeah i have made a ladoo on the channel and my son's nickname a lot of people we had him here and then we had him when we were in uh india they're they're almost like a peanut butter i think what i feel like but you and i know it's not actually peanut butter but you're gonna actually we're gonna eat it up it's joking no oh okay fine i don't want it now it was in your nasty ass hands dirtyest part of your freaking body yeah those are really good you want to taste anything it tastes really fresh actually she knows it is this peanut butter no it it's similar to peanut butter but it's actually made out of what does it mean thank you it's similar though to the flavor that you thank you i appreciate you killing him that's really good but and then there's a whole bunch of stuff in it this looks like almost there's no peanut butter in that no it tastes like it though right what kind of sorcery is this um yeah it's we've made them on the channel what is it there's gotta be a nut ground flour really but it's not peanut butter there's no peanuts there any no it's crazy right weird right yeah um this almost looks like um uh shrapnel no um wonton chips from chinese restaurants you put in your soup um the poop in your son cinnamon toast crunch nothing like cinnamon toast crunch it looks like cinnamon toast crunch i don't know what kind of cinnamon toast crunch you're buying this are you buying the generic crap say this is the actual uh curry shankar pali i've never i i it's nimky nimky is what we're being told rick do you have a i do okay do i have a what penis yes oh really i do you know use it my wife can vouch for it oh really yeah gross i have no idea if i hate any of this i'm sorry oh and um once again come come baby and drani is here in case anybody comes out she's usually behind the camera now hello hello came to eat the food as always yeah it actually almost tastes like the one time from a chinese restaurant all about yeah but it's got yeah she's dancing around the room right now oh there's a little indian player there too it absolutely has that undeniable unmistakable indian seasoning she's literally dancing all around the room right now you can come sit here with us babe you can sit on the chair with me on my lap come on okay so just pop in you'll you'll find more food and you'll be like yeah i'm gonna she'll pop into ed eat each take this home yeah absolutely take it look quite delicious some of it one look some of it you come on you just rejoiced in the indian taste it's a great snack with chaa and we're gonna have that later that is a nice snack actually i'm now drinking chaa like twice a day because of this beautiful is that what you call chai yeah it's bengali same thing some people were oh she just got it how do you say it just get over here lady how do you say um yeah so what is this called special pohe chiura or chiri is this kind of like poha is this poha yes dried poha because i've cooked with it before poha but i don't know what i mean what do i mean poha poha poha and what you don't remember what you made with it i don't but it was like almost like used in the dish i think was a breakfast was it breakfast is it a breakfast a lot of people have it for breakfast but you can have it any time so this is kind of like similar kind of thing you kind of just snack on it this one okay at least we have an expert here now to uh tell us get another snack for that make sure you snip it partially oh we're getting indians to sniff stuff now she always sniffs stuff sorry ma she doesn't like it either one well that has a that has a little kick to it oh it sure does sorry corbin whoa no it's good don't you remember when we did the osr trip there was some stuff that would he was constantly it's not bad but it's like in the back of the throat right now the jalapeno you had in vegas i will not she had a jalapeno vegas that destroyed her for about an hour i don't i felt so bad i don't need jalapeno that's hot oh it's getting worse it's nice yeah it's nice it tastes good like it's like an easy like snack but it does for your heat index this is pretty bad for our heat index oh yeah that's good though i don't know yeah is this like considered what region do you know it's all over everywhere everywhere there's like everybody makes it differently okay i love it for sure i love it and yeah the more you eat the more the heat builds up oh we get is this the same mic is going to be mad yeah no no one is so this is savory this is sweet it has okay so this will be like a cinnamon toast crunch probably not bad have you heard and i'm sorry michael we did not know that we're gonna be this when he proved items he was like next time you do food oh we'll give you another food video that's his favorite thing to do there's still a bunch that we haven't tried this is actually way more spicy than i thought was it you need some chocolate here here here it's actually kind of smells a little sweet kind of like a cinnamon toast crunch actually mild sweetness you know i like the savory i think i like the savory a little better it's almost like it's not sweet enough i feel like because you were you wanted to be cinnamon toast crunch and that's really really sweet and really delicious by the way i'm not a big cereal fan but that one is great it's good but i if i had the choice i would probably do the other one do you eat your cereals for breakfast or dessert at night oh i actually uh sure very much anymore yeah if i ever eat it it and it's been midnight snack a couple years yeah midnight snack the heat from that i get into like a small chili pepper oh i'm so sorry oh wow the indians are freaking out haha not me i've already gotten over it just the traditional aromatic herbal body scrub you want somebody to scrub your butt what is this traditional i really horrible body scrub what does that mean you need more of this scrub that you um apply on your body while taking a bath yeah whoa ayurvedic is like a whole branch of medicinal smell stuff and lifestyle and it's arsenic it smells like arsenic small box yeah small box so yeah you don't have to get from so oh it's like a whoa so it's like a smoke map how did this get past customs uh wow we got a lot man here we open that one this is also delicious and i think it's mostly very spicy might have some spice now we'll try it anyway let's go it expires on christmas eve oh thank you jesus you want me to test out the heat index here kids yeah i'll do it i don't care makes for a funnier video it's true here we go her tongue is on fire what's it called again mom's cues crunchy is unusual no it's not spicy it's been in the sun oh thanks no spice no it's no spice that's good tasty oh yeah you could you could eat that like you just sit that and oh wait there's a little heat on the back end yeah a little bit there's not a ton though not like the other one but it's kind of creamy no joke no i get i know what you're talking about yeah it's got a it's got a creaminess to it without i'm not talking texture i'm talking flavor almost like cream was involved in the flavor a little heat there yeah the back end's got heat really good though i could eat that okay what is called again talk talk hot this is great stuff to just get the shape i don't know about that but i call them who gia who gia in case anybody actually wants to know what they had some heat it does a little bit tea water earlier one still there was a chili pepper why are peppers attacking you these days i don't know what is this called chocolate okay so it's called two of the same yeah this will be sweet they look sweet or the savory i think they're savory they're oily and savory i don't think i've made this because we've made jaleebies which is the very sweet version which you've had yes and then the i have i made this guys let me know i can i don't remember what i've made did you make the jaleebies yes you made some yeah wow it was fun they were delicious i don't know how much that much i bet lilin loved it much better um hot right out of the uh the fire oh i bet then when they sit around for hours it's extra reminiscent but uh not as oily and a little bit harder that tastes fresh actually oh there's a little for wally wally light holder all these are beautiful this has a little heat on the back end a little bit it's not bad it's not terrible oh this is great yeah this has some very particular indian seasonings in it that is fantastic we've had one of these snack video before but they were much harder than this because they weren't fresh these are much more fresh than um yeah a little bit heat there on the back end thank you so much looks like india oh you like that a lot well you got a whole bag of it a lot and i think that's all these are like movie and tv watching snacks you just sit and nibble on them for the giant and i don't let me see yes the majority of this with giant would be spectacular if you did send us this box because it doesn't tell me i don't have a note in here anything from india yes uh this one's from india please please message us find a way to so we can thank you we can say thank you um obviously we don't know who it is so we can't even say on here who it is thank you so much that was wonderful uh a little diwali and i don't know there was a stupid baby who dm'd me on instagram about a package that they said they it was there and needed to be picked up oh yes i'm sure it's one of these but i don't remember which one and i get a lot of messages so thank you so much yes for that and we are on to the next one and he's speaking of which there's a video i want because there's a popular thing on the how people americans try indian food and all that kind of stuff there's one that's actually indians or whatever um culture and americans swap snacks so like she would pick out snacks that we haven't had and then we've like american snacks like gushers or whatever yeah stuff like that and you kind of sour patch kids uh could do that so maybe we'll do that chocolate ronnie wants to i haven't yet i haven't had you taste the chocolate malt yet look at this massive schlong of a box look at the size of that thing that's what she says great here it says coffee with crayons here's your opportunity to win a fabulous hamper full of fine edibles and collectibles edibles sweet to determine the lucky winner of this marvelous mass of memorabilia and munchies there are two packets of four questions oh this is awesome a packet for rick and one for corbin the answers to the questions are inside the envelopes in case of a tie there's a separate tiebreaker question good luck coffee with carlin was pirated by patricia mary do not sue i'm old and free this is awesome this is great hold on let me find it and if you didn't want to be named you didn't say it so i'm so sorry i've already dropped your name there thank you questions for questions okay let me read these ones and then you can read all right here's the tiebreaker you hold that one questions for corbin you have that one i don't know and this is the hamper i didn't know this was a hamper this is exciting here actually how about you read these what questions yeah okay and then yeah so she'll be it'll be the never be this will be so these are ricks coffee with and right yeah these are ricks these are ricks so should we do one one probably yeah one of them here we go the tiebreaker i'll hold the tiebreaker okay yes i will marry you oh too late questions for rick okay who is the most charismatic actor in indian cinema oh jeez that's objective right yeah um who do i think is the most charismatic actor is it opinionated check the answers opinionated or is it like a yeah like i have to give the answer they gave or is this just a question they gave an answer okay i'm gonna say they said ron veer that's not who i would say necessarily the right one is that what it says charismatic actor in india i guess this is this person's opinion this is vj ross you are incorrect oh okay i mean i love vj i guess these are like i could thought i could have thought of 10 actors that someone else might consider to be charismatic i do love these little envelopes so these are really pretty they're very so okay okay i get i okay go ahead yeah yeah we'll just keep here i'll keep mine here and i'll hand them to you okay actor in indian these are all objective according hold on according to patricia hold on i'm gonna go out of the limb here vj ross you are good it's a theme here uh what indian actor can do comedy and drama would equal okay a plum a plum yeah which means okay now patricia you're either insane and then you're just gonna give everything vj ross which i kind of like or you're gonna go with what we've talked about and what we think i'm gonna go with the fact that you're not as nuts as you seem to be at the outset and what corbin and i would say was that would be punk i'd be vj ross patricia you're nuts no he can he's so good at comedy and drama well yeah but come on everything's gonna be vj ross i know now i know the answer here we go who is the greatest scene stealer in indian cinema vj ross vj ross vj ross that's funny uh what's superb superb what superb indian actor has a dragon tattoo on his right forearm um oh man i'm just gonna go with vj ross you are correct oh my wow what are the odds this is the same person sent us all the vj probably the dvds probably one for corbin who was the real star of the movie deli belly vj ross vj ross that's true that's true that's an accurate 100 accurate these are great envelopes one for corbin okay what criminally underused actor should star in all the indian movies vj ross do a yes who is the scrawny is tati an indian cinema scrawny is tati that's gotta be it's gotta be well the new no it's vj ross hold on there's a tiebreaker i think we i think we tied we did we surely did tie don't you think who is the most handsome actor in indian cinema i agree with that it's his actor though so uh i think you're making a male okay what do you think yeah that's true she can play both male and female it's true it's true if it's not her it's probably vj ross what do you think i think it's vj ross but what if they go with something different here though like what if like they're just like going the old rope a dope you don't think i i i think if there's anything we've learned about patricia she's consistent it's vj ross what if it's renvir maybe he'll come on the show most handsome massive slung gotta be renvir salami nips that's okay tasty nuts what about rithik voted it's true sexiest international man no it's clearly paul redd because he's clearly the sec did you hear about that i know it's so good wow i love it wow hey it's way better than that country guy they gave it to anyways uh i'm gonna go renvir can i check the answer there is love you that's fantastic that was absolutely fantastic well there's a bunch of sneaking away yeah oh it's a literal hamper that's awesome and there's a letter in it what does it say what does a fine coffee with crayons hamper contain number one coffee a classic good to the last drop must be maxwell house number two tea chai maybe three the finest chocolate assortment in a share me package for fancy fruit delicately rolled to enhance the flavor five a little touch of heaven with maple syrup and raw honey six hot chocolate delightfully flavored with maple seven gourmet cookies with fine artistic animal etchings eight stickers and other images of your favorites nine booklets to help your imaginations run wild ten and of course crayons just a note the brits think that this is a monogram for victoria regina no that's the stolen crown of india silly brits it's obviously a monogram for vj ross this is the fan club cheer for our hero i'm working on an anthem but i just can't get achy breaky heart out of my head then there's an acronym for vj ross v venerable i imaginative j juicy a and y yummy are remarkable a astounding a and z zippy wow look at all this stuff taping exquisite jewelry such as the enclosed can be worn by a man or a woman wear these with pride compliments of the end well new york vj ross fan club patricia you were freaking maniac i love it uh this is mine this one's yours let's see mine's better it's awesome it was pride it's a killer i'm gonna wear that with pride oh that's spectacular him and deli belly wow i'm gonna put mine on don't you worry don't you worry and then we got a rithic roshan confidence coloring book what what what do you do drop uh rithic stickers rithic stickers i love you run veersing give me that just a boy who loves shower con this is spectacular what about what what akshay kumar do it's like a notebook there's hot sauce there's hot chocolate oh my goodness shower con calm coloring book look at this what is this uh art board print of okay wait i'm what does that say no that's awesome what is that it's set i was a little good but i know look at the front but when you open it it actually is priyanka i feel like there's gotta be a vj ross picture of me that's awesome this is here you go we've got a 2022 calendar with priyanka who clearly this is a sign that she's gonna come on osr and talk to us right this is great patricia thank you so much this is like excessive and amazing is that that is not priyanka okay got it oh and a bunch of delicious snacks this is spectacular wow thank you so much yeah really hold on aside from the comedic hilarity that was very worthy and it was good to the last drop max will house see i feel you patricia we also got a d a dvd it's it's duwani duwani hi duwani and it has i believe that shakid akshay and predi well that's remi shen remi shen oh what the crap the priyanka chopra intimate coloring book intimate let's see man let's see is she naked i don't know uh it's all pixelated it's just all pixel well wait hey maybe you should take this yeah you should take that i just saw the last one patricia could you put you naughty girl oh and this one says for lilin right there's a couple in there that are a bit uh no no it's just pixelated it's just pixelated this one and this is for lilin this is incredible thank you so much patricia that is so nice of you really amazing that is super super awesome thank you so much this this this into a fun thing thank you so much it's so sweet of you yeah this is i'm putting on a vj rosa animal crackers in my soup when they come out in the morning as poop they make noises that are fun frolicking everyone one by one thank you so much thank you that is so cool incredible thank you and we got one last one maple syrup and it was held at customs yeah it was held at customs customs hold this thing is massive look at this i hope it doesn't explode it probably is worse than they get it and he's cutting towards himself as always kids do not do what corbin does unless you want to die some of us you cut towards himself yes because i'm just gonna mess what i'm doing and go five feet to the left of me says the guy who went to do a background and wound up screaming that's nothing to do with a knife holy shit balls oh okay so hold on are these CDs are these not only was this an expensive thing by reason of the weight but this this box is loaded with what looks like at least i think that these are d these are dvds i believe it is what is this no this is an audio cd this one i think they're a mix these are chicken stock cubes well that always comes in handy especially for those late night romantic moments when you're not sure what to do get out those chicken bouillons my friend add a little saliva things are gonna get spicy i have no idea i've never heard of chicken stock cubes well yeah that's bouillon like you know beef bouillon chicken bouillon look on for those moments you want to spend five hours in the desert look this is just look at this yeah there's like 50 of them look at this look just wow and it does there's no note oh dang look at this i got the american section here yeah i think it's a mix of um here's our cd and dvd dev dos dev dos we can we'll keep that k3g kaho naho movie cd yeah this is a movie cd so it's i think it's just a cd right or is it i can't tell if it's actually a dvd or not no it's a cd okay score so like this is the score to dev dos so it's not a movie not this one no there's like mission cashmere there's a bunch of fiza there's rithik ones best of rithik roshan this best of rithik roshan there's so many and chicken stock cubes i think there's something in the chicken stock cubes i think it's a chicken stock maybe just to fill it out i did because it was right here ben it's sincerely it may have been one of those moments where this doesn't fit perfectly i don't want them to bounce around what do i have chicken cubes if you sent this to us once again there's no note if you sent this to us please get a hold of us somehow uh otherwise you'll forever be known as chicken stock king that's dang that is so many cds believable i think somebody was just like i don't need these anymore here guys who should i give them to yeah some of those morons thank you so much that's so awesome no sincerely that wow probably was extraordinarily thought out for being for being three packages this was a lot this is a long video this was a long video for being three packages thank you guys so much um there's even though it's belated duale yes it still counts that's so good this was so good i'm sure this was motivated by not specifically our friend uh stupid baby patricia i think she was sick of us missing vj ross in the in the trailers when we saw things we completely missed the vj ross was in it well now we're part of the fan club yeah we're not going to miss it again did you put that right through the nipple yeah you're good i wanted to feel something yeah vj thank you guys so much uh if you would like to send us anything once again our p.o box is always in the description of every single video and in this video i will pin it his biopic should be called vj ross through the nipple what thank you guys so much


Sheikha toxin-producing Escherichia coli is a contaminant of food and water that in humans causes a diarrheal prodrome followed by more severe disease of the kidneys. D-plus HUS is characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and acute renal failure. This article was authored by Tom Gea Brigg.


Mike, great to talk with you today. We've got lots of interest now in the G20 and Australia's hosting the G20 in 2014. But why is the G20 important? Well, the G20 provides the forum that brings together the leaders from the advance in the emerging markets. And we're in a world now, we're in a multi-polar world as many people say, where no longer one country or group of countries can dominate. We have now emerging markets developing countries contributing over 50% of GDP. We need a forum that brings the leaders of emerging markets and the advanced economies together. The G20 was established to do that. The G20 is what we need to be effective to be able to do it. A lot of people talk about a G0 world. If we want to avoid a G0 world, we have to have an effective G20. And you've just launched a new paper where you talk about re-launching the G20. Why is it you say it? What's the problem with the G20? Well, the G20, it's had a promising start, particularly the leaders process in the sense that it helped the world going into a deeper recession. It provided combined fiscal stimulus, it provided resources to the international financial institutions, it helped restore confidence, it helped launch better financial regulation. But since then, and it's the process of the G20, it's built up a degree of institutional procedural baggage. It's the way the agendas have developed. Each chair takes its priorities, puts it on the agenda, then the next chair inherits those, it adds to them. And we end up with a very wide ranging and to some degree not related agenda. So it's starting to lose its way and starting to lose what is the most relevant, most important aspect of this. It's the ability of the leaders to come together and focus and solve some very significant global economic issues. Now, in the sense of the relaunching it, my paper is based on looking at the experience of the G20 process over the last few years and identifying what's worked, what hasn't. We identify nine key lessons and we think that drawing those on those lessons is the opportunity to try and revitalise it, rejuvenate it, relaunch it, have it more effective, more focused. So for Australia being the G20 chair in 2014, any particular advice for Australia or what's in it for Australia? Australia, this is the opportunity. Australia can make its mark on the world scene. It can make its mark by the way it approaches its chairing of the G20, its selection of the agenda topics, the way it actually conducts the procedures to try and introduce a more effective and more focused G20. Preparation is going to be one of the most important things to do this. What we're suggesting is that we have in effect a two track G20, one where the leaders just focus on some very key issues, ones where they can make a real difference and the rest of the valuable work that goes on the G20 continues between officials and with ministers. But in order to make the leaders processes as effective as possible, Australia should be trying to focus on what are those ones that it can make a difference, putting in the hard yards beforehand, starting the preparation and also signalling that the way that the G20 will be conducted in 2014 will be different.  But it's going to take a lot of hard work, it's going to take a lot of preparation and I think this is something Australia should be starting to do now. Mike, thanks for chatting with me. Thank you.


Good morning. In today's class we will discuss a few case histories of explosions which involve detonation. Let me get started with the first one which is supposed to be the worst case history ever. This involves an accidental leak of liquid propane from a pipeline. Before getting into the details, let me first tell you when it occurred and what happened. The pipeline ruptured at a place known as Port Hudson. It was in the Franklin County. This is in Missouri and the leak happened on December 9, 1970. You know it so happened when liquid propane was being transported in a pipeline. This pipeline was of diameter something like 0.2 meter diameter at a pressure of something like 65 bar. From the site of the place where it was being transported, this particular accident happened at Port Hudson. This particular place was in a valley like for instance you had the topography of the place something like a valley. Something along the slope of the hill you have the pipeline which is sort of buried pipeline and it is transporting liquid propane at a high pressure. Why it is transported at high pressure is you know you propane is a gas normally it liquefies or it becomes a liquid at minus 42 degree centigrade. However at high pressure you can still transport it as a liquid. In this particular pipeline which was somewhat old something like 40 years old a small at the weld fracture at the weld sort of a leak developed and liquid propane started gushing out from this particular pipeline. Let me put it in a buried context and then let us go ahead and see what happens. You have the buried pipeline over here leak develops and liquid propane gushes out of the particular hole or the weldment wherein the failure has happened. The movement the liquid propane starts to gush out you know upstream of the particular leak people stop the supply but then there is lot of propane here and something like 2300 kg of propane got spilled from this particular leak. You know when liquid propane comes out you know the liquid propane is initially at the ambient temperature mind you it is a December month. The ambient temperature was something like 1 degree centigrade being a winter month and there was this wind along the valley along the slope of the mountain at around 2.5 meter per second this is the wind speed. You have the propane gushing out and the movement it gushes out you know from the high pressure region it sees the atmospheric pressure and because of the atmospheric pressure it flashes into vapor. The movement it flashes into vapor it absorbs that means the liquid flashes into vapor and therefore it absorbs the heat and therefore what happens is even though you have gas which is which should be there at atmospheric pressure because of the removal of latent heat you have liquid droplets which are being formed you have something like a fog of droplets which are being formed and you have a spray and the nearest place from which people could observe was something you have a highway which is something at a distance of around 800 meters away from this particular place where the leak develops. Therefore a few witnesses observed this this particular spray and this spray was something like almost like 15 to 20 meters high that means you have a huge spray of the the gaseous vapor you have the droplets of vapor which are being formed. Well this is what happened and as I said the nearest place was the highway and then because of the wind conditions you know this particular cloud now you have something like a whitish cloud which is being formed this cloud moves along the wind speed and the wind speed drags it along the ground and therefore you know the atmosphere transports this cloud and we will be studying about atmospheric dispersion at that point we will again revisit this example but this this cloud gets transported along along the valley at a place something like a 600 to 700 meters away you had a concrete warehouse you know you had this building and this was a two-story building in the bottom you had something like four or five rooms which housed a deep freeze unit you know in this deep freeze unit you had something like four deep freeze units in this thing and as the cloud moved you know you it was a winter month everything was closed and through the sliding doors of this concrete warehouse what happened is through this concrete through the sliding doors the cloud sort of diffused in and you had a mixture of propane with air being formed over here I will revisit it of the mixture gets formed therefore you have the cloud which comes in here maybe at the point of spill itself the gushing was so heavy because of the high pressure that a pit of width around three meter diameter and a depth of something like two meter diameter got formed that means that is the speed and because of the high velocity it also entrained air and therefore you have in this sort of spray which is being formed here air and propane available and this air propane blew into this particular warehouse and you had conditions wherein you could have a flammable mixture or even a detonable mixture but let us revisit this problem the leak happened when the time was around 10 25 p.m. it is at night you know the place is not heavily habited and therefore you have just a few houses and and maybe it is essentially a wooded area and for sometime like 20 minutes nothing really happened the cloud gets drifted along the valley and and what happened is it did not see any any sort of a ignition source or any spark or anything which could ignite it and it just entered this warehouse wherein these refrigeration units were there in the refrigeration units you have these control motors of the refrigeration system that is in the defreeze units control motors let us say and the heat source in these motors plus the spark from these motors it it ignited a flame in this particular warehouse therefore you know you know to ignite a propane air mixture you need something like like 0.2 milli joules of energy whereas to cause detonation in propane air you need something like 100 kilo joules of energy therefore to have a detonation being initiated in this place is just about impossible and therefore let us say a flame gets started because of the blockages which are available in this particular room which is housing these defreeze units the flame develops into a fast deflagration and then probably into a detonation and when you have a detonation or a very something like a quasi detonation I will again discuss this a little later what happens is the pressure behind it ruptures the the the the the warehouse which means it should have been a detonation to have ruptured this and you have the cloud which is available and this this shock wave created ignites this particular cloud over here and what people observe is up till around 10.45 pm nothing really happens when at 10.45 pm 20 meters after the leak originated you see a lightning in in the in in the leakage area just a brilliant flash as it were saying that something all of a sudden has happened followed by the loud bang mind you before this loud bang from this lightning of the propane air cloud which is formed over here prior to that a bang was heard when this thing got initiated a detonation got formed here therefore you have a detonation which occurred here due to blockages flame to detonation transition which creates a blast wave and or a shock wave and the shock wave ignites it that is when people observed a lightning in the sky in in in the valley and this caused the detonation and therefore you have something like a waiting period of something like 20 minutes after which you create a detonation and this detonation was so strong that maybe people who are witness to this particular accident from the highway when when they were just toppled down and even at a distance of something like almost like 20 kilometers away it is reported that one of the cops who are driving his vehicle he lost balance because of the wind effect and that was the powerfulness of this particular explosion therefore you find that in this case the accidental leak of something like liquid propane forms something like a cloud of fog of cloud which which has something like 2300 kilograms of propane apparently nothing really happens because of atmospheric dispersion and because of the intense velocity and turbulence with which the liquid propane is gushing forward it entrains the the air mixes with air you have a flammable cloud formed right here but this cloud keeps drifting gets into the warehouse gets ignited in the warehouse where it meets its first ignition source forms a flame it becomes a detonation knocks out the warehouse and the shock from this warehouse is what causes the particular detonation the detonation was so strong let us put some numbers into it like 10 kilometers of wooded area around the site that is got got got damaged buildings around 10 kilometers got damaged and we if we if you look at it you know we are seeing that the sky got lit up or lightning sort of thing happened 20 minutes afterwards that means you waited for 20 minutes and therefore whenever you have a leak you know the longer it takes longer it takes to ignite the more and more of the of the of the combustible cloud gets formed and you run into the danger of forming a large explosion and this is what happened which means you know for an explosion to occur again redraw what what we are learning what we have you need a fuel in this case it is C3H8 propane you need air to mix together and in this particular case there is no doubt that because of the high level of turbulence with which the spray is getting formed that it get mixed over here you have a mixable cloud and once the the the the valley gets lit then what happens is the heat from this sort of divorce you know it it it it feeds into the fuel rich propane which is still available and you see a red glow of fire which happens afterwards it consumes the the the remnant of the propane air or propane rich mixture which is formed therefore you have something like a fuel you have air you have an ignition source within the air warehouse which starts a blast wave or which starts a detonation this detonation breaks through the door and windows of this warehouse and ignites the cloud and this is what happened in this particular case well this is a well recorded case and the atmospheric dispersion has been done we will do the atmospheric dispersion a little later but this is one of the instances of an of an practical explosion of an accidental explosion having said that let's come to the next example we will we will look at some other gas let's take a look at let's say natural gas you know natural gas is widely used nowadays and the reason is you have the gas fields from which the natural gas is taken and is transported in pipelines and one such pipeline in in the in Ural mountains had massively let's let's take a look at it this pipeline was something like almost like 0.8 meters in diameter it was conveying natural gas natural gas is mainly methane CH4 compared to propane which we just now talked of mind you in this case it was liquid propane we are talking of gaseous methane over here which is being transported this was being transported at a pressure of something like 25 atmospheres and the pipeline was designed for 50 atmospheres the reason I give this is the following in a over a length of something like 1 to 2 kilometers may be the pipeline got ruptured and that means it's a massive massive leak and the operators who are supplying this pipeline this was from the gas field in western Siberia they found that well the pressure has gone down they pump more and more thing therefore you had a huge spill of me of natural gas which was being formed now why did this accident happen let's let's put some dates into it this happened on June 4th 1989 in the Ural Mountains and the the the leakage was something like 1400 1400 kilometers downstream of the gas supply station and the I'm sorry the the diameter of the pipeline was 0.7 million 7 meters not 0.8 meters and it cracked as I said over a distance of 1 to 2 kilometers giving a massive leak therefore what happened you have a massive leak of methane taking place a huge cloud of methane and during the leak because of the large thing it does not enter in too much of air unlike in the in the previous case wherein you had liquid methane flashing into vapor drawing lot of because of the high turbulence with which it's getting out it is turbulently entraining lot of air and forming a cloud at the exit itself at the exit of the leak itself in this case you know it is not entraining it's not able to entrain so much of air you have a cloud of methane plus a little bit of air which is being formed now this particular place where this leak happened was at a place known as near to us to a place known as Eufa and it was this it was between Eufa a place and the other place is Asma in Siberia and at a distance of around 500 kilometers from Eufa this is where the the the spill took place in this part of the of the terrain you have the Trans-Siberian railway you know in in USSR in in Russia you have this Trans-Siberian railway railway line running between Ladivostok in the east that is near to Japan to Moscow and this is a double track railway line that means you you have two railway lines two trains can go up and down and at this particular place near Eufa you have this Trans-Siberian railway and as luck would have it just after this leak got developed you know you had the leak taking place in this particular region you have a cloud of of natural gas that is methane and mix partly with air and at this point two trains were traveling simultaneously in the opposite directions that means you have a train going from east to west the other going from west to east and whenever the trains are traveling you have intense turbulence in the region between the trains and this turbulence help to mix the methane that is you should have put a CH4 the methane and air together you form a good combustible or a detonable mixture and these are electric trains and you have these electric trains that means you you have overhead electrical line you have sparks available always available here and this spark ignited the cloud here and when this ignited you know the force of the detonation was so large it formed a detonation it could not have formed a directly a detonation because spark does not have an energy we saw that to be able to directly form a detonation in methane air mixture which is stoichiometry requires something like 10 to the power of almost 3 kilo joules apparently a flame got formed you have the blockages due to the railway carriages over here wagons and in this wagons may be some 500 people were traveling essentially school children and you know when these wagons are there it creates turbulence it creates blockages the flame becomes a detonation and in the detonation because of the force of the shock wave in the detonation something like 28 carriages were just blown off from the track and also that the track of the two railway lines also blew away that was the force of this explosion and all the 500 people who were in these carriages got got killed and that was the force of this particular explosion therefore to sum up we can say that this particular explosion which not not only blew off the carriages but also demolished the railway line and over any area of something like 3 kilometers square what happened is that the trees were uprooted the buildings were decimated and this is the force of this particular explosion therefore what do we learn from this particular example this is known as the the largest ever man-made explosion and as I said this happened in the Ural mountains and the it happened on June 4 1989 well there have been case studies of this particular explosion including the dispersion of methane gas we will look at the atmospheric dispersion later but what really formed is the is the turbulence created when the two trains were moving as fate would have it we had two trains moving through the particular cloud of methane at the same time created turbulence mixed with air you had the electrical spark and we had the fire triangle wherein in this case you have methane gas you have air over here you have the spark which creates a flame the blockages of the train cause it to become a detonation and the wagons just just get blown off and this is the case of a natural gas explosion which happened in Ural mountains on June 4 1989 since we are with natural gas let's take one one more example of a case study of an explosion this happened in Cleveland in Ohio this this was on October 20 1944 you know this involved the the same natural gas but a liquid natural gas you know when when we talk of natural gas which is methane you know people prefer to transport it as a liquid because it's denser and it is the the temperature of the liquid natural gas is something like minus 161 degrees centigrade at atmospheric pressure we have LNG which is liquid natural gas maybe it's it's non-corrosive it is it is a harmless liquid non-corrosive it doesn't have a particular smell and this is being this is transported from all over the world in tankers maybe through pipelines and and through through wagons and the reason being you know you have an insulated container which can hold this particular low-temperature thing and or in the hull of a ship and you transport it in this case it was a storage area wherein you had tanks something like four four four storage vessels in which liquid natural gas was being stored as I said liquid natural gas is stored at cryogenic temperatures 161 it is formed by the mixed refrigeration cascades cascade process at these low temperatures and stored over here you know it so happened one of the containers developed a leak and the liquid natural gas escaped from this case from from the from the storage bin or from the storage vessel now we said well liquid natural gas is at low temperature let's put it in terms of Kelvin you have 273 minus 161 which is equal to 2 over here 1 might be something like we are talking of 112 Kelvin which is the temperature of your your liquid natural gas and you know at this particular temperature since the temperature is low liquid methane let's say what is the molecular mass whether it is denser or heavier you know if you talk of CH4 the molecular mass is 12 plus 4 16 grams per mole when we talk of therefore it compared to air whose molecular mass is something like 28.8 let's say 8 gram per mole it is lighter and therefore whenever let's say in the in the previous example when we say LNG leaks now it tends to diffuse into the atmosphere being a light gas but in this case you have the liquid methane which is at low temperature the gas coming out is at low temperature of the order of this low temperature and because of this low temperature it is much much heavier than air we can have an expression we can find out what its density is because the in proportion to the molecular mass therefore you have 16 divided by 288 you have the temperature in Kelvin which is equal to something like 112 that means the we are looking at the density therefore it is 112 divided by we are we are talking of 28.8 here 16 by 28.8 the ambient temperature let's say is 27 degrees centigrade that is 300 Kelvin well this becomes heavier than air and this becomes around 1.5 and therefore the leak from this of the low temperature natural gas sort of hugs the particular ground in other words let's let's let's draw this again we have the natural gas at the low temperature escaping from the storage vessel and being a low temperature gas it sort of hugs the ground it is on the ground the conditions of the air they are not specified but perhaps you know it would have been a low wind and the and the low wind speed and therefore the the liquid natural gas or the natural gas hugs the ground and travels forward there was a sewage plant at some distance from the storage area and in a sewage plant you know you have these perforations on the ground you have the sewage gas coming over here you have these process and when this heavy gas goes here it enters the sewage sewage area and enters the sewage area and enters the sewage pipeline and therefore you have natural gas that is methane gas you have sewage gas you have air in it all these things get mixed in this particular sewage line and when the when the mixture of sewage gas the the natural gas and air are mixed together you know because of the velocity apparently some spark occurs inside and there is a flame being formed well I cannot expect to directly initiate a detonation a flame gets formed because of the blockages which are available surface roughness of the pipelines etc this flame becomes a detonation and what happens you know whenever you have the sewage lines which are laid you have the man man manhole covers which are kept on the on the roadside and the sewage line is over here the manhole covers sort of sky rocket because of the detonation which occurs in this particular sewage line they sort of skyrocket up and it enters the houses causes fire in the houses and causes a lot of discomfort and this is the case of we say an LNG getting into an explosion in this particular case also we talk in terms of a low temperature methane mixing with air also mixing with sewage gas in the sewage line and how does it go it is transported by atmospheric dispersion the low temperature gas which is heavier gets into the sewage line and that's where the the explosion occurs and well the incidents occur later on and therefore you have a spark in the particular sewage line which causes the explosion well this is the case of the Cleveland explosion which happened on October 20th 1944 and in this particular case in addition to to blowing up homes in blowing skyrocketing of the of the manhole covers you know you you sort of destroyed the the it destroys the township as it were therefore whenever we talk in terms of LNG and you know LNG is an important fuel as on today it is being transported as I said by ship and you know whenever we talk of LNG leak on the ground let us say I have the ground over here LNG is let's say leaking from from a reservoir here it falls on the ground cools the ground and therefore when the ground gets cold the the liquid natural gas does not increase in temperature and mix with air but supposing the same leakage happens from the ship and there are special ships available for LNG transport we have all all over the world including the Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean we have births for ship even in India and therefore whenever you have LNG spill over water the turbulence in the water may sort of allow the mixing with air and therefore the transport of LNG has to be done with caution based on this particular example and the possibility of an LNG explosion in all these three case studies which I have done which I have just now gone through what is it we find let us quickly put things together in proper perspective we talked of the case over Port Hudson where in you had liquid propane from a pipeline we talked in terms of the UL mountains at Ufa wherein you had the natural gas C3H8 as a liquid you have natural gas and in Cleveland Ohio wherein we talk of liquid natural gas and all all these three apparently caused a detonation which caused caused lot of damage around including even to the extent of pushing up the manhole covers making them fly like rockets as it were therefore having seen these three cases it's now time we we focus on one or two let's let's take one more example let's take the example of a hydrogen air explosion you know I deliberately take this example because it's not very sure whether in this particular case we had a detonation or just something like a pseudo detonation or a fast deflagration therefore let's take a look at this hydrogen air explosion this happened in downtown Stockholm in Sweden this happened on March 3, 1983 the incident was the following there was this particular truck which was carrying the cylinders different cylinders containing different gases and in this particular accident the truck was was parked in downtown area or downtown in Stockholm and you know the this truck you know was stopped there to supply gas to different establishments around the particular place and what was there you had in the truck in addition to other gases you had something like 18 cylinders of hydrogen at 200 bar and all these things were interconnected together something like 18 of them and along with hydrogen gas in the cylinder there were other gases and the operator was shifting the other cylinders for supply he found that there is something like a hissing noise which he hears coming from the from the from from the cylinders therefore he wants to investigate it the moment he hears it he goes down but within 10 seconds he hears some there is an explosion and what happens is maybe at a distance of something like 90 meters away based on the breakages of glass from a building we say as 5 kPa over pressure was created we have studied different over pressures what causes glass to break we say 5 kPa over pressure can cause it apparently what has happened is there has been a leakage and the amount of leakage was something like totally 13.5 kg of hydrogen got leaked out of which when the explosion started at 10 seconds apparently something like 4.5 kilogram of hydrogen was was available in a cloud of something like 600 meter cube you know let's let's take a scenario you have something like several cylinders which are available a leakage of hydrogen takes place something like over an area of 600 meter cube it it it is possible this cloud gets ignited perhaps a flame got formed when the flame gets formed it meets the blockages it accelerates because we saw whenever you have a high speed flow interaction of the high speed flow with blockages creates shock waves or creates expansion and compression waves which are weak shock waves and in that presence because of the turbulence associated with these wave processes may be the flame becomes turbulent the acceleration of the turbulent flame leads to something like a turbulent flame brush which is severe turbulence and it's quite possible that this turbulent flame brush traveling with high speeds could could also result in 5 kPa over pressure therefore the accidental leak of hydrogen from these cylinders in Stockholm does not necessarily say a detonation is formed therefore but it is also possible that a detonation of this cloud could have could have resulted in this over pressure but it is also quite probable that even if it was not a pure detonation it was a high speed flame we could still expect to get this type of over pressure therefore I think before we we put this example through we must be a little more clear what we mean by this let's say turbulent brush of flame highly moving at high velocity and what we mean by a detonation is a detonation formed in this case or not you know to be able to do that we should be able to understand the the acceleration of a flame to high speed and therefore let's let's spend some two or three minutes on on interaction of a flame with blockages all what I am trying to say is it is not necessary that you have these pressure waves and damages coming only from a detonation but we could also have the pressure waves and damages in this case you know what happened buildings got damaged and people were thrown off because of the waves created by the particular flame brush or a detonation therefore it is not that only a detonation can cause damage whereas in the other three case studies which we just now saw in all the cases a detonation was formed in this particular case even a turbulent brush or a flame brush could have caused such a problem therefore what is this turbulent flame brush under what conditions does it get formed let's spend a couple of minutes on this particular problem you have blockages which are there maybe in the truck in terms of cylinders maybe outside you have the blockages from buildings and all that and what happens if a flame is being if a flame is traveling well it initially travels at laminar velocity of flame is formed here depending on the conditions and this when it interacts over here maybe this is the zone of higher turbulence and whenever you have zone of turbulence the flame becomes wrinkled and when it wrinkles well it engulfs more gas it becomes more and more wrinkled if the status is such that you have the shock waves and or weak shock waves which are being formed in all particular direction you have slip streams you have vortex and all that therefore you have something like an intense turbulence over here you have something like a flame which is formed which is highly turbulent well we have seen we have distinguished between a detonation and a flame in the reaction hugonium let's plot that figure again we said well pressure versus 1 over density the initial pressure is let's say p1 the initial density is 1 over rho 1 therefore this is my initial point well I have the reaction hugonium over here and therefore we talk in terms of the upper the Chapman Juge points in the in the particular plot which I show over here we say well the Chapman Juge point is the tangent point from the initial point to the reaction hugonium over here therefore this is my Chapman Juge point which we say is upper Chapman Juge point this corresponds to a detonation if I were to extend my my hugonium and then I plot the tangent to it that is the Rayleigh line from here I get the lower point well we said you know the the region between this to this is somewhat stable is somewhat can be met in practice you have the lower Chapman Juge point here the velocity behind the flame is equal to the sound speed just like we have u is equal to a such that we had u1 is equal to a1 here therefore this corresponds to the lower Chapman Juge point but what was the characteristics of a flame the flame is always such that you have an expansion solution we cannot get compression solution if we talk in terms of a of a flame even if it is moving at high velocities when you have these blockages and you have the flame accelerating it has been observed that sometimes the flame is so turbulent that it almost travels at something like the sonic speed that means it travels at a speed corresponding to the to the sonic conditions behind it you know therefore you are having something like a choked flame or rather the chemical energy supplied to the flame is such that it almost choked chokes it and it travels at the sonic speed but how is it possible that is one question we have to ask but since we are talking of flame has an expansion solution how do we get pressure over here now when we say you know we are saying there are shocks ahead of it if there are shocks ahead of it the pressure increases and therefore in this high zone of pressure that means the pressure is no longer atmospheric pressure here it is high pressure and in this zone of pressure if a flame is traveling and it is traveling at the sonic speed well we still call it as something which is a turbulent flame brush but since a turbulent flame the common notion is the pressure should be less than the ambient pressure we also call this as something like a pseudo detonation in other words a pseudo detonation is a shock front behind which may be chemical reactions are taking place but the chemical reactions are such that it is not able to drive the shock front effectively to form a cj detonation and what happens is the net flame that is the net shock now travels at a speed which is around which is such that the speed corresponds to the sonic speed behind it which in effect corresponds to the velocity of cj detonation divided by 2 this is the typically the velocity of a pseudo detonation that means you whenever you have a shock which forms chemical reactions but these chemical reactions are decoupled from the shock you say well it is a it is a pseudo detonation you still have a compression solution over it and the compression solution corresponds to this particular l point and you call that as a pseudo detonation and whenever you have blockages what happens let us assume I have blockages and in these blockages let us say Chapman-Jugay detonation at vcj is traveling and when the diffraction takes place at the at the blockages well you know the gas expands and when the gas expands well I have the shock here well the the chemical reactions now the shock expands and therefore its velocity decreases when its velocity decreases the chemical reaction gets decoupled and therefore the effect of losses from the blockage are such that well I can have a pseudo detonation but we must also remember we had developed an equation for cj velocity vcj square is equal to 2 into gamma square minus 1 into the heat release therefore you know we cannot imagine that the heat loss due to blockages essentially cause the cj velocities to drop in drop to a value around half the value but it is effectively what is happening is the decoupling behind the shock and this decoupled chemical reactions from the shock is what we call as a pseudo detonation well it is also something like a highly turbulent flame brush which is being formed and the initiation of a detonation if we go back to what we discussed about initiation we always formed a shock wave and under critical conditions of initiation well the flame lagged behind or the zone of chemical reactions lagged behind the shock by a by a particular small distance which means in practice I could have a pseudo detonation if I have plot the distance over here I say I have something like a like the shock over here rs dot over here it it it decays in strength travels as a pseudo detonation and then becomes a detonation and we did discuss this earlier this is equal to rs dot as a function of distance therefore you know in in the case at Sweden perhaps in the example of Stockholm where in hydrogen league you form something like a highly turbulent flame brush or a pseudo detonation which created the waveform therefore it is not essential that you always get a get something like a like a detonation to damage buildings you could also get a highly turbulent flame brush which could cause havoc having said that let us take one or two small examples which relate to other substances let us take let us say solid substances solid fuels I will just concentrate on two typical examples the first example I take is terrorist attack and this terrorist attack happened at Oklahoma city you know in this Oklahoma city a nice posh building a nine-story building a federal building known known as Murray building nicely done with lot of glass front and all that was ever was there it was the pride of Oklahoma city and some disgruntled elements in society they they wanted to attack this building and what what they did was they got together on on April 16 1995 I take this example because we have lot of articles on the terrorist attack and Murray building it came in readers digest also a few years ago you know the what what was done was they took something like 2500 kg of ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 crystals ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 and mixed it with diesel oil and some nitromethane see nitromethane is a cleansing fluid it is also used as a fuel for sports car this is a fuel this is a fuel this is an oxidizer they mixed 2500 kilograms of this parked the truck just outside the Murray building and they made sure that it gets initiated into a detonation by by forming a strong shock using some other initiator that means they directly initiated a detonation initiated a detonation in the in the 2500 kg and this particular the detonation was so strong that it blew off about more than half of the Murray building totally it damaged something like 89 cars it killed something like 280 people who were in the building and around and it was the worst ever tragedy one could think of you know these are the type of things which have up which a detonation can do and we must remember that maybe we should we should take these things a little seriously and make sure that such terrorist strikes do not happen but getting getting back to this particular example this is a case of direct initiation of a detonation in this particular mixture of 2500 kg and the amount of substance was so large that it just blows off the the source was the source of this namely ammonium nitrate diesel oil and nitromethane was kept in a truck and it created it was forced to create a detonation by a by a strong initiator and that caused the damage as it were well we have such a number of explosions taking place and one of the recent ones which I want to just highlight before I stop here such that we can get started with confined explosions in the next class or confined and unconfined relates to the example at which happened last year namely the boston marathon this is on april 15 2013 you know here what happened is you had these pressure cookers that means you had cookers which can hold pressure and that is how we cook off hold in two pressure cookers combustible substances were kept and maybe some some energetic substances combustion or detonation was initiated and when high pressure gets developed in the cooker well the cooker just ruptures a blast wave is formed and this blast wave disrupted the the boston marathon last year and it result resulted in fatality being three but more than the fatality the type of damage and the type of people getting injured is something which is which which is very very undesirable therefore in this particular case you have a confined vessel of a given volume in which we start an explosion and in the next class what we do is we take a look at explosions in confined and also in unconfined geometries well thank you an announcement please we covered the subject of flames and detonations in as much as they influence the explosions in the lectures 20 to 27 additional reading material and a set of homework problems pertaining to these lectures are given in the downloads of this video course


That's it, I quit. This book is so boring and I can't learn it. Why is this so hard? What if we told you that studying doesn't have to be this hard? There's a better way. Would you believe us? Give us five minutes and we'll prove it. SQ5R helps you read to succeed. It untangles your study process and makes learning new material easier. Instead of trying to memorize content, the SQ5R technique focuses on understanding concepts and new ideas. It uses set strategies for reading, taking notes, and organizing the content to help you understand the what and why of your classwork. SQ5R has seven steps. Survey, question, read, respond, record, recite, and review. Let's explore each one to see how they can make studying easier and more effective. We'll start with survey. Open your book to your homework assignment and don't read from start to finish. Instead, read the introduction and the conclusion, then skim the material in the middle. Look for bolded text, definitions, drawings, and graphs. During the survey step, the goal is to understand the main ideas and themes in the chapter, not to absorb everything. After skimming, write down questions you have about the chapter. These may include what you want to learn from the reading, what was unclear from the headings or subheadings, and what the overall themes are. It's okay if you don't have too many questions. Depending on your familiarity with the material, you may not be able to ask specific questions. In this case, use questions like who, what, where, when, and why to get started. Now you can move on to actually reading the material. This is where you'll read the chapter in sections or small chunks. Read a section, then stop and think about what you've read. Take a small break in between each section or chunk. This helps you focus on the content one section at a time. Along with read is respond. For each section or chunk you read, consider the questions you had and apply them to what you just learned. Does the material answer your questions? This is part of reflecting on material and deepening your understanding of it. The next step is record. In this step, use whatever note-taking method you like to make note of the key points. You can highlight the keywords or phrases in your book. Rewrite your thoughts in a notebook, type notes with your computer, or use a speech-to-text program. You'll be using these later, so be sure you can read what you've written. Now we come to recite. In this step, talk to yourself, someone else, or even your pet. Put what you've just learned into your own words. Can you clearly explain the key content without looking at your notes? During this step, you're building your understanding and reinforcing what you just learned. Review is the final step in the process. It's where everything comes together. Review the text and your notes one final time. Think about how the content and ideas are linked and look for major themes. Consider how all this information fits together. Review the main points and sub points again, and explain each one to yourself using your own words. This is where you cement your understanding.  So that's it. Those are the SQ5R reading steps that can make learning easier, faster, and more effective. It's not complicated. It's a great way to read a textbook and to complete your homework. Keep in mind that just like with any new skill, the more you practice and use this skill, the faster you'll get. SQ5R can untangle your reading process, ensure you understand the material, and have you mastering new content in no time. You are now ready to use a SQ5R technique on your own. You've finished the SQ5R study technique.


Bemidji Legion hosting Moorhead for a double header. Bemidji down 6-2, fifth inning game one. Caleb Carlson with two on, hits one of the second baseman, can't get up and make the throw in time. That will score both runs. It's 6-4. 6-5 now, bottom seven. Carlson again delivers with a single to center field. That scores Hunter Olsen. We're headed to extras. But in the top half, Carter Howell, the single to left. That scores a run. They get another to win 8-6. And then not as close in game two, Moorhead with a 12-2 victory. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.