presentation is also about aid and growth and it's in a way related to the previous presentations in the sense that I'm also going to talk about the impact of aid on growth, but unlike the two presentations, my focus will be like in analyzing the accumulated evidence of aid on growth in the past three or four decades using data analysis. So before I move on to the main discussion regarding aid and growth, let me just try to give you a brief highlight of what meta-analysis is about. Meta-analysis is a method which is commonly applied in medical science research, but nowadays it's becoming very common to apply meta-analysis in the field of social science like economics as well. The main idea here is to quantitatively combine empirical results from range of independent studies that have been accumulated over the years and to get or calculate a single estimate of the effect of interest. For instance, in our case, the effect of interest is the impact of aid on growth and this single effect estimate is calculated as a weighted average from the existing empirical evidence. So in doing so, one can either allow for or ignore the heterogeneity or difference between the studies under consideration depending on the assumption that the meta-analysis makes regarding the true impact of aid on growth, for instance, in this case. If the meta-analysis decides to ignore the heterogeneity between the studies, then the underlying assumption is that there's only one single true effect, in our case, effect of aid on growth, that all papers are targeting to estimate. And in this case, any variation in the reported effect estimates is only due to chance or only due to sampling error. The idea here is that, let's say, if all studies have got infinitely large sample size, then this assumption implies that all of the studies will converge to a single true effect. In the language of meta-analysis, this is what's termed as fixed effect model. By way of contrast, if the meta-analysis decides to allow for heterogeneity, then this means that, or the underlying assumption is that each paper targets to estimate a different true effect. In this case, the variation is due to chance or sampling error, just like above. But in addition, there's also a true variation between the studies. So in the language of meta-analysis again, this is what's termed as random effects model. Having said this, let me try to give you some idea or information about our motivation and objective of the paper. Over the last decades, the empirical evidence on aid and gross has been accumulated. But the results are very mixed. Some say that aid works, and others claim that aid doesn't work. While others argue that aid works, but its effectiveness depends on various factors. For instance, the level of aid or institutional quality or policy. And there are also other scholars who take a middle ground and argue that aid works, but the effect is modest. In recent years, we've positive yet modest and significant impacts are emerging. Despite this, the debate is still on. And at times, we also hear very pessimistic views about the ability of aid in buying gross. So against this background, it's interesting to ask what the accumulated empirical evidence on average has to say about the impact of aid on gross. And this is the question that we have addressed in our meta-analysis paper. In particular, we try to address two specific questions that are standard to every meta-analysis. The first question is whether the overall empirical effects of aid on gross, in this case, is different from zero when one combines all the existing empirical evidence. Then if the answer to this question turns out to be to the positive, then the next interesting question is whether this observed effect is genuine or is it an artifact of publication selection, which is also known as a file drawer problem. Let me try to define what publication bias is. This is basically a phenomenon which arises when researchers, reviewers, or editors tend to favor statistically significant results, causing other studies with small effect or insignificant effect to remain in the file drawer or to remain unpublished. Whether this is really a case in the aid gross literature is something that we're going to see in a while. In order to answer the above two questions, we rely on a database of six state aid gross empirical studies that are identified by the Suliagos end pile down 2008. Henceforth, I'll refer some DP08. And since each paper reports one or more regressions, at the end, we got 541 observations for our meta-analysis. These authors, using a meta-analysis of the above six state studies, reach out a pessimistic conclusion. In particular, they point out that the impact of aid on gross is nonexistent when one calculates the accumulated evidence from the existing literature. And they also add that any positive impact that one sees in the literature is a result of publication selection or publication bias. So we decide to make a careful assessment of their analysis and we fully replicate their results. In due course of our work, we identify three major concerns in the DP08 analysis. The first relates to problems with econometric model choice. This is basically a decision between the choice between random effect and fixed effects model that I mentioned in my introduction. DP08 rely on fixed effects model. That means they assume that all studies estimate a single true effect of aid on gross. So we believe that this is an unrealistic assumption. And as we clearly show in our paper that this assumption is rejected based on theoretical and empirical grounds. The second concern that we came across is the inappropriate statistical choice that DP08 made. One problem here is a miscalculation of the partial effect of aid on gross for papers that include terms like aid square, aid policy interaction terms, and aid institution interaction terms. And these papers include these terms with the aim of capturing the nonlinear relationship between aid and gross. So we took this into account when we calculate the weighted average effect of gross in the empirical literature. And the second problem is the reliance of DP08 analysts on sample size as a measure of study precision. Whereas the preferred estimate of the precision is the precision estimate is the inverse of standard error. And certainly we also came across errors in data entry and coding and we try to rectify these errors in the data. In general, we have to keep in mind that the conclusions of any meta-analysts are only as valid as the methods used to code and analyze the data. So cognizant of this fact, we try to follow more appropriate methods that reflect the econometric statistical and data challenge at hand and also which are in line with the best practice and guidelines and meta-analysis. So what did we find? Our assumption of heterogeneity in the true effect of aid on gross across the six state studies gets clearly confirmed both with statistical tests and graphical tools. So while we calculate the weighted average effect from the existing empirical literature, we control for the heterogeneity across the studies and our weighted average effect result clearly shows a positive impact of aid on gross from the existing aid gross literature. At this point, it's worth noting that our results are quite in contrast to DP08. As I just mentioned, the authors assume a homogeneous or a single true effect of aid on gross, but as we show in our paper, this is clearly unfounded in the data. And their claim of the nonexistent impact of aid on gross from the existing aid gross literature is also not supported by the evidence as I just mentioned. Having said this, the next important question is, is the effect which I just mentioned, is it genuine or an artifact of publication selection? In meta-analysts, one can assess the presence or absence of publication selection using a visual inspection of a simple graph called a funnel plot, which is very common in meta-analysts. And this simply plots a measure of study precision and the effect size. The main idea is that if there's no publication bias, then we should be able to see an inverted funnel shape. So do we have that in the aid gross literature? This is the graph we got while we do the funnel plot of the aid gross literature. As you can see, it's pretty much similar to an inverted funnel shape. And the intuition here is that the vertical line in the middle of the graph is the estimate of the true effects from the literature. So as you can see, the estimates are distributed on both sides of the true effect. The idea is the effect estimate of less precise studies will be widely distributed across the true effect. And then as precision of the estimates increases, then they start to converge to the true effect. So this will give us an inverted funnel shape. And that's what we got from the aid gross literature, suggesting that there is no publication or directional bias. But we don't make a firm conclusion out of this graph because this is based on visual inspection. So in order to make a firm conclusion regarding absence of publication bias, we also run regression-based tests which are available in metanalysts. In particular, we run a multivariate regression for publication bias by including all the important study characteristics, like the methods that are used in the papers, the data, and the sample and things like that. And the evidence from all multivariate regression clearly shows the absence of publication bias in the aid gross literature. Moreover, our multivariate regression analysis also confirm or corroborate the authenticity of the positive impact of aid on gross in the literature. Again, our conclusions are in stark contrast with DP08, but this shouldn't come as a surprise because as we clearly indicate in our paper, their analysis is exclusively based on a bivariate regression which fails to control important study characteristics. So in conclusion, if one considers economic gross as an outcome indicator, then the existing aid gross literature on average shows a positive and statistically significant impact of aid on gross. And above all, the meta-analysis clearly shows that this effect is genuine and it's not an artifact of publication selection. But we don't believe that this is the whole story about ed effectiveness. As some rightly mentioned, aid has multifaceted objectives and it's given for various reasons. And economic gross is only one of the objectives. In fact, perverted reduction and improvement in quality of life is among the main targets of foreign aid programs, particularly following the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals. So we need to keep those important outcomes in mind while we make assessment of ed effectiveness. And last but not least, even if we see a positive and significant impact of aid on gross from the literature, there is still a need to further improve the design and the implementation of foreign aid programs in order to further maximize the benefits out of them. So thank you for your attention.


Hello boys and girls, welcome to part of the, what do we call it? Low budget... Hack job. Ice. We're gonna hack up the crush bar, the crush bar slash bumper beam because it doesn't fit as you saw in the last episode. We need to bend it inward a little bit more so we decided to cut it like this but not all the way so we're only bending the bottom piece of it so we're basically bringing down the both ends down this needs to go the middle needs to go up just to make it easier for us and then we're gonna weld it back there's obviously going to be a bit more space in here probably an inch we are probably well probably not we'll see I'm gonna cut a new piece of steel and just weld over it and call it a day then clean this up the rusty bits here and there paint it alrighty a little update so this is this is what we are missing that big of a gap so now I'm thinking just cut a little piece right over here done not not even bother with the top and bottom just cut a piece for here or maybe just a little longer one because we could just kind of fill this in should be okay maybe less what what about this this gap here it's supposed to be like that yeah yeah look at the look see it was only touching the middle because it was pressed again against the much harder in the middle so yeah this is good all right this is what this fender looks like now as you can see there is a there's a big old crack here there's one more here and there is one more here there's a hole here another one here yeah so I did fix a few dents here and there there was a dent right here on the rust spot there were dents right over here anyways this guy whenever you I'm gonna weld this together but before I'm gonna weld it I'm gonna drill a little hole right where the crack ends the tiny hole will actually stop from cracking it even more then I'm gonna weld it on the inside and then grind the outside Banda will fix that we are not gonna worry about this area too much because this starting here this is under the car just to you know throw some welds on the inside just to make it a bit stronger let's see what look is doing all right so this is what it looks like now all these were all welds were done on the inside you don't want to see how it looks on the inside trust me so I was cleaning it and cleaning it and cleaning it but we only have one month left so this will have to do look is still working on the bumper beam so now I'm gonna since this behind your pants oh shit hot welds hot welds under his pants all right so I burned through a few spots here and there that's why I decided not to go any further welded up over here here some of this actually came out okay but from here and down that's underneath the car and we're gonna probably put a little bundle on this area as we bundle this area here so now I'm gonna apply this stuff yeah we are straight this will be good all right so now we're gonna clean it up paint it and put it on the very last time hopefully we still need this plastic over here so we have something to attach the fender to and now this stuff is at work this needs to turn black all the way this is good stuff I used it on a different car so this is the inside of the fender and this will convert rust to primer put it on as thick as possible you know two three four coats even sometimes as long as it turns black and then it will be fine I did say I'm gonna show you where the fenders well the one we had the original one on the car is starting to rust here and here I guess your typical area this area that's also a typical cancer area that's good so what we're gonna do we're gonna as you can see it's already sanded I'm gonna give it a paint just this area just to cover up the bare bare metal and install this one and look how this turned out this is the outside that's that convert rust converter stuff so when it turns black it's good that means that it's working and it turned out good if it's gonna turn brown like like this area a little bit this is kind of brownish that's because it's not rust it's either paint or it's dirt a little bit here and here you can see a little bit of brown I'm gonna worry about it so this is gonna get a coat of primer and one more area here and yeah just just overall clean then I'm gonna install both fenders align them we got the bumper the bumper beam is already done so that's primer white bumper beam so we still need to probably zip tie that plastic piece foam stuff thing whatever that goes in between the bumper beam and the actual bumper cover so that's what we're gonna do install all this stuff we have this plastic I actually took it off somewhere but bolts down to the fender and that clips on the bumper cover yeah we got to actually look as I took it off his 07 STI which has been a part for probably 10 years now okay nine and a half nine and a half nine yeah right guys a quick update Lucas is working on the struts now we're trying to re-grease them re-greasing the struts cleaning yeah let me see yeah just getting the old grease out we're gonna put the new grease in and we got a lot four times here we got dry and fenders came out good now it's time to put this on the list mm-hmm sticking to do for what we need I don't know if you're seeing this guys but this one is kind of yeah you do see it a little bit it's polished here yeah it's polished and which means it's a rubbing but we're gonna sell that I was rubbing on the different strut oh yeah different strut yeah so it may be different so all right let's see what's going on over here started to fix these dents this is aluminum probably gonna leave it like that this guy is zip tied fender is in that's the original one lines up nicely fix this dent when I put Bando on this in this area and right here so this lines up this then we can't fix from the inside because there's it's obstructed by some metal bracing whatever so we're gonna put Bando on this one so still working on this basically what I'm doing is I'm using a black putting it underneath the hood and mean I'm on this side look is on the other or gently bending it down to where it's supposed to be not sure why it's like that this is it was up half an inch now we're down to a quarter so not gonna do it anymore I'm gonna install this one and see what the difference is see how this one will line up getting somewhere we know that this is all messed up over here I mean here this hole is in a different zip code than where it's supposed to go it's okay because of a race car so yeah yeah race on the race cars doesn't matter so I'm gonna try close the hood okay do porches no way no wow wow white body that's a white bite right there that's a huge gap check it check out the semi-good side okay we gotta move some things around yes hood this way that's where you need to bring out the hammer it's gotta go back to the body shop okay guys I'm working on a second strut housing and as you can see this old grease needs to come out and after I remove that I'll repack it with mobile mobile one centering grease there you go mobile had to do it what to go look up look I mean we had an inch before yeah can we move the hood this way because did that that's pretty tough better what no not better just notice something I know it's finished but it looks like we got a white body thing going on on this side see how the wheel is in inside the fender and this I mean this one's also in but let me straighten on the what that's right okay so this one it's in all also but not as much you can kind of tell by the bumper here yeah we got some towing going on all right so we're gonna exhaust we do have a gasket from from what car is it universal one we have a I think we have a Honda yeah some not even it's so hard to get an actual exhaust gasket for this car I don't know no no not even out as on no Napa I don't know so I'm gonna do a bit more massaging and show you the results alright guys last touch zip ties to hold the brake hoses got a beautiful freshly painted strut replace you you won't be able to see it but we will replace the strut here too I told you now on that side you want to remind me oh yeah we were definitely good enough okay I bet you it's gonna be like this way and that way when we drop it all right so we are basically done with the mechanicals in the front all you gotta lose the fender liner here the fender is somewhat adjusted still need some adjusting the hood we got a bigger gap on this side than the other we glued up here we'll see this oh it's a glue this bracket was broken we use the epoxy gorilla glue yeah that's what we use so this is gonna stay overnight this is ready to go well tomorrow we'll be gonna mount it it's not gonna be perfect next day taking off the fender again I think for the fifth time because we actually cut this then we welded it more or less in the same spot and then we attach the light which is already glued so now what we got to do is cut this again move just this piece from here to here move it back so we can line up this hole to the light and the fender that's the fender light right yeah that's the fender hole and install the light and then mark it and weld it again I think this piece you see this this is the piece of the radiator core support yeah so now if we cut this and we can line it up we should be fine okay yeah we're right yeah we are way off and we have a do an issue what yeah it's not that's not done what you thought are you so that's done I was just joking I'm glad we didn't take it for a test ride yesterday okay so I took out the spark plug cables wires or coils and you can see yeah we have we have oil see that one there yeah but we're just you know it's just for a little extra lubrication so I'm just gonna replace the spark plugs and that's gonna be it today call it a day guys check out these spark plugs this is your ideal little bit brownish colored spark plug it is worn this camera doesn't do well at close-ups anyways this part of the spark plug where the actual spark happens is a little bit worn it's not ideal it's not bad this I mean might as well replace them they are they seem original NGK original spark plugs so the gap is probably bigger than it should be but it's not too bad but the coloring is good this one though looks like it's burning a bit of oil which is nothing major to it's not too bad and it's also a tiny bit worn so the ones I bought Bosch spark plugs simply because NGKs were not available and we wanted to get it done today so Bosch double platinum that's what's going in they were like five boxy piece so you know might as well this is a cylinder 2 and 4


Namaskaram. Oh, the black dragon, look at him. Who's he? Timberquio. Am I getting your second name right? You got it perfectly right. Thank you. Wonderful seeing you. I'm so humbled to finally meet you and to connect with you. I've been a huge fan of follow-up of your work, reader of the book for a very, very long time. So this is a big moment for me. Thank you. Thank you for this. Namaskaram. See, it's wonderful to see that you are making a difference in the economic condition of Africa more than your business ventures, the inspiration you are giving to the youth to take to entrepreneurship. I think it's most vital because the African tribes, right from thousands of years, they are not tribes of systemic excellence but more of their own enterprise. Well, maybe the past enterprise cannot be compared to today's form of enterprise but tribes were very mercurially enterprising in their own way. Today's enterprise has shifted to a different mode of operation. It's more, it's not tribal or inter-tribal, it is more international. That's a difference but fundamentally the instinct and the wisdom of enterprise remains the same. Scale has changed, the geographical reach has changed but fundamentally it's the same. So it's wonderful that you're doing this for your country and for the continent. Africa is very dear to me. It's interesting that you, I mean, I love the comment and the way that you discern kind of over time how things have changed, right? And I hope, what I hope really is that we as Africans ourselves are able to understand that and are able to bring a different way of doing things into the environment we're operating in today without necessarily losing ourselves because I suppose the hard part about discovery of the new is which part of the old feels authentic and which part of the old do you keep?  And I suppose there are no correct answers to that, only the question. You should never hold on to the past. You should only stand upon the wisdom of the past. You should not hold on to it because activities of yesterday, what was wisdom yesterday could be foolish today. So we should never hold on to it. I know this has become a fad. Wherever I go, people say, Sadguru will bring ancient wisdom. I say this is contemporary wisdom because wisdom should work. Ancient wisdom means it must be chronicle, it must be archived, not practiced. Well, the ancients also might have seen something relevant to their times. Some things of the past could be relevant to us because fundamentally we are still human. We have not evolved into something else, all right? So we're still human. Situations have changed. So wisdom is a combination of our own realizations and situational practical action put together. Realization may be idealistic, absolute truth, but wisdom is a kind of integration between present-day realities and the ultimate truth. If these two things don't integrate, you can only sit in a cave, be blissful and bless people. If you want to be active in the world, you need to integrate absolute truth with today's reality, otherwise you cannot function in the world. Sadguru, can the truth ever be absolute? Truth is always absolute. Reality keeps changing. What's the difference? The difference is you can paint your house whichever color you want today, but the foundation remains the same. Okay, okay. And I mean, one of the questions I... Just considering this conversation is one of the questions I was really thinking about and it's interesting you mentioned this idea of absolute truth. I wonder if the world today is ready for the truth, whatever that truth might be. And I'm not sure that the world is. And the reason I ask that question is because I'm not sure how well each human being is versed in their own truth and how ready they are to receive that truth. There's an old expression that says, the only thing people hate more than the truth is the person who dares to speak it. You're telling the wrong guy, I faced all of it. That's why I was going with this. I mean, one of the... Yeah, just at a personal level, one of the things that I... It's watching you from a distance, one of the things I love about how you traverse the space is you have this incredible ability, it appears to float over the ephemeral. The stuff that's trendy and poppy and mixed. You float over it, but it's seamless. And then when you release a book, the book lands and it captures the zeitgeist a moment. And it immediately goes to number one best seller. And one of the things I was wondering, and I wanted to ask you this question, the person who battles with their own truth, by the way, and that's where this question is coming from, it's me musing to myself because there are truths to myself, about myself, about which I'm not sure I'm necessarily willing to confront. Let me correct that question first, we'll see. The thing is, you said the world is the world ready for truth. There is... the world will never be ready for truth because the word world is not true because only the individual experience is true.  The world is just a world. That is because you don't have... See, do you call your children the world? No, you call them by name because you have the time and attention for those individual lives. So you call them by name, they are people, all right? They're individual people. When we use the world, we don't have the necessary span of attention nor intention to pay attention to that. So they are just one world, all right? So world is a psychological manifestation in our minds. Actually there are only people. People are people because of individual experiences. Are individual experiences truth? No. Individual experiences is psychological realities in which they live, social realities in which they live. So that is not the truth. An individual is capable of experiencing truth, but individual... individual as a person is not truth. The world is not capable of experiencing truth, but it is the truth. Why did I say something so funny? That answer did not end the way I expected it. So let me then ask this question quite simply. What is the truth? If I am myself trying to confront the truth about myself, what is the truth then? See, when I said something is absolute, that means you cannot define it, obviously.  You can define something which has physical boundaries. You cannot define something which has no physicality to it, no boundaries to it. So truth is not something that you try to define and philosophize. Truth is something that you experience. How do you experience truth? The important thing is if an individual human being, instead of busy making conclusions about everything in the world, if they just sit here looking at what is it that is making you make the conclusions. What is it that causes joy in you? What is it that causes misery in you? What is it that you like? What is it that you dislike? If you look at these things carefully, you will understand in how many ways you have set up prisms of confusion in your mind. You set up a prism.  You will look somehow distorted. So I hold a prism and I think Usi is a funny looking guy. Well, this is my problem, not yours, isn't it? So like this, we have set up multiple prisms, multiple prisms in the vision of our mind where everything is confusing. And now we are thinking how to find the truth, how to find the truth.  Truth is not something that you try to see. You just clear your vision, then you will see. I'm not sure how much you know about my country, South Africa, but we've had phenomenal times since Nelson Mandela was released from prison 27 years ago. Both highs and lows, I mean really high highs. We've had people coming together, the spirit of what we as African people call Ubuntu, which is the idea that I am because you are. So whereas, you know, in some European cultures, they say I think therefore I am. In the African culture, we say I am because you are. So my definition of self is an expression of your existence. But even in this incredible time, one of the things I've noticed happen over time, is because we are a young country, a young demographic, a young population, we're constantly trying to find our identity. And in the quest to find our identity is the battle for whose identity is more true than whose. So what is the archetypal man? What is the archetypal African man? What is the archetypal African Zulu man? What is the archetypal woman? And in the midst of all of this, what we have done is we've created very unrealistic archetypes. And people are trying to live up to an idea that doesn't exist. And this is the question I wanted to ask you. If you dare step outside the ideas that have been created and it becomes socially acceptable, you become a pariah. I mean, I'm talking to the choir here, but you know that once society has created an idea, if you step outside of it, society is going to punish you for it. And of course, there are kind of two responses. The first is, you know, disappear. But the second is to step into yourself and understand who you are and understand your truth, as I want to give the point I was coming to. So the question I have for you is, once you have defined what the truth is, once you're clear on what the world is to you, where do you find the courage to stand in the silence of your own presence? Because you're the only one that's there, really. The minute you step into it, step outside of society, it's a very lonely place. Should I answer the question or should I clear up the question? So let me start with the question before I answer. You talked about the European idea of, I think so, I am. A simple question.  Which is true? You know the answer. What do you mean? Because… No, no, only because you can exist, you exist, you can think, right? Not because you think you can exist. So I'm saying if you are so lost in your own psychological realities that you fancifully start believing that your psychological reality is real, your psychological reality is just your drama. There's nothing concerned with reality there, okay? It is your psychological drama and you start thinking, right now human suffering is all invested in this, that people think their psychological creations are bigger than the creator's creation. That is the problem, essentially. That's all they're suffering. That's the only thing human beings are suffering. Their psychological creations are larger and more significant than the cosmos. That's all their problem is. One knock on their head, their psychological reality will evaporate, all right? I'm saying that this is not truth, this is just your drama.  Now about what you said about the African people, you are so I am. Well, this is a very social reality. This is a way of acknowledging another human being. How we as human beings are not designed in such a way that our individuality is absolute. We have to interact, we have to be together. This is a more peacemaking in the society. This is a more, I would say, social wisdom. Nothing to do with truth, per se. It's a social wisdom. You recognize, acknowledge that everybody around you is important. Without them, you really are nothing. And it is also a way of engaging and involving yourself with other lives, because this is not only to human beings. You may say this to a lion or a giraffe or a tree, saying, because you are, I am. It's a wonderful way of recognizing the contribution of every other life to our lives. But that's a social reality. So having said that about African man trying to create his own image of himself, but see, Africa is a word. It is a geographical piece called a continent today. But in reality, as historical reality, if you look at it, Africa must have been ten thousand tribes or more. I don't know the number, but I'm just saying. Because I discovered in America, there were, oh, there still are five hundred nations within United States of America, native American nations. So in Africa, it must be at least ten thousand. I'm just imagining. I do not know the exact number. It could be anywhere, five thousand, ten thousand tribes. So they all lived in their own realities, their own practices, probably their own languages, their own rituals, their own identity, essentially. So today, this, because certain forces from outside came and whatever the boundaries of tribal identities were just wiped out, it did not happen with war between two tribes. Somebody else came and wiped out and it all got mixed up. Maybe even Azulu doesn't look like Azulu anymore. Or, you know, in the Masaimara, the tall people, a lot of them are short and fat these days. All this happening. Now that is because I'm saying genetic mixture has happened, which was not happening earlier. Social mixture has happened and all kinds of mixtures and porosity has come. What was guarded as a very sacred identity has gotten mixed up over a period of time in the last two hundred years. So much has happened. Some of it is absolutely painful and disastrous. But this is the way, unfortunately, we have shaped the world. Okay, let's come to that reality. This is the way it's happened. We cannot change yesterday, all right? It is just that today what we do will determine our future. That we must understand. Yesterday we cannot change. It might have been beautiful. It might have been ugly. It doesn't matter. But we cannot change that. We can only experience today and see and strive how to create a tomorrow. In this effort, if you are a Zulu, it's wonderful. As a culture, you keep that as sacred. You keep that going because it's important. Otherwise all of us will become one kind of people.  It's so wonderful that cultures evolve like this. If you come to India, there are over thirteen hundred languages. Even today people speaking these kind of languages. So all this cultural color, this kaleidoscope of humanity is wonderful. At the same time, we have moved towards a world today where there is technology, there is kind of interconnectivity that you could have never imagined possible even fifty years ago, which you cannot deny, which you cannot grow without using and becoming a part of it. So this need not become a struggle.  So, see, it's wonderful to keep that memory because a human being's life is rich only because of a vivid sense of memory. If we did not have that memory, our lives would not be rich. So I'm saying keep the culture. Keeps… I don't think you can keep… Let's say if you are… are you a Zulu? I'm 20. Okay. Very close to the relationship. Okay. So let us say whatever the proud moments of your culture is in your memory. It remains an inspiration. But don't try to practice all of it today because those things were practiced at a certain time in a certain atmosphere where it was relevant. They were doing what was relevant. If you do the same things now, you will be doing something that's irrelevant. So all those practices of life, we must make it into practices of what to say, ceremony. Ceremonially, you must keep them alive. You should not try to keep them alive in your life, in your daily practice. I'm not saying every bit of it, many parts of it, many large parts of it may not be relevant today. Such things, we must make them into ceremonial practices. Let's say what they were doing every day, once a year we come together and do that just to remind us ourselves what roots we come from. This is important to keep the pride and integrity of people to move forward. Otherwise, if somebody looks back and sees there is nothing behind them, there is a vacancy in our memory, then very few people, that is actually a great liberation if there is absolutely past is wiped out. But that is not the way most human beings are made. They will suffer, they will not know how to use it as a springboard. So if you convert what was day-to-day practices of your tribe into a ceremonial practice in your life, it will be like a springboard for you to walk strong into tomorrow. Got you. So if I'm hearing you then what you're saying is that even the idea of identity itself is not fixed. That identity is a contemporary construct. No, it is not always identities have been there. But what was a tribal identity? Today you're trying to make it into a national identity or now Africa means a continental identity or we are pushing towards a global identity. Global identity does not mean all of us should paint ourselves white or black. We are different colors, we are different. This thing is fine. It's essentially that we make these things the color of our life, not the core of our life. This is the important thing. The core of our life is we are human. The core of our life is we are life on this planet, which is the most important thing. The color of our life may be black, white. I am brown, okay? That's good. I wanted to ask you something. I watched one of your, I thought it was a fascinating episode. You were cycling, you were on a motorbike through the United States and you stopped at what appeared to be this outback, beautiful Native American. You were on a motorbike through the United States. You stopped at what appeared to be this outback, beautiful Native American. Outback, beautiful Native American town.  And it touched me because where I'm from, we have a very strong connection to our past. We believe that those who passed before us leave with us a body of wisdom that never ages. And in each community, some of us are selected to access that wisdom, right? We call it, you know, ancestors and it's a form of spiritual wisdom really. And what I wanted to understand from you, because I found that episode absolutely fascinating, because what is that bridge between what the old people knew and what the young people are trying to learn? It appears to me as if there is a set of lessons we are yet to go through that those who've been before us have been through.  I thought it was just such a powerful idea. What do you think? See, in this effort, one important thing is that we don't simply flatly glorify everything that is past and simply put down everything that is present, keeping that in mind. See, for example, if you say anywhere, as you said in Africa, especially in India if you speak, we… a whole lot of people always believe a few thousand years ago, five thousand, ten thousand years ago, the whole society was so wise and so fantastic and whatever.  So you start thinking ten thousand years ago, everybody was wise. Everybody was not wise. Even then a handful were, maybe percentages might vary from then to now. I doubt that anyway. Even then a handful of people were wise in a generation. They are remembered. So it looks like that generation was a wise generation. Today also it's the same reality. A handful of people may be seeing things the way it is. Rest of the people, their wisdom comes from Google. It's not bad, it's informative. I'm saying they might have forgotten their grandfather because the grandfather might not have exhibited too much wisdom. You might have loved him, that's different. He might have been nice to you, that's different. But may not have, you know, exhibited too much wisdom. So not that every grandfather, every forefather was wise and fantastic. No, even as today is, even then it was. So let's not simply glorify the past and try to simply put down the present because this is the trend that I'm seeing. Where is this generation going?     But today if he's there, oh my God, he will internationally blabber all over the place on the social media, okay? That's right, that's right, there are a few of those, there are a few of those. Quite a few, believe me. So I'm saying the impact seems to be more simply because the means is high, you know? Everybody's empowered. So what I want everybody to remember, I'm right now in the process of nurturing this movement called Conscious Planet, we'll say you must become a part of this because what I'm seeing is, see many great beings have come upon this planet, no question. But when they spoke, hardly ten people could hear. Just look back and see Krishna. It's such a glorious spectacular being. When he speaks, after much waiting he speaks word to one man and that man has hundreds of questions. Shiva, you cannot think of another being like that, wisdom beyond all human capabilities. When he speaks to his beloved wife, she freaks him with thousands of questions. And like let's say Jesus, he tries to speak, all he gets is twelve people and one of them freaks on him anyway. All right? So I'm saying this has been the way of humanity in the past. Great beings have come, but hardly any impact in their times because means were not there. This is the first time in the history of humanity we can sit here. See I'm sitting in El Paso, you're in Johannesburg, we're talking to each other. When was this possible? So today we can sit here and talk to the entire world. Every human being on the planet you can address them. Once we have this power, if we do not transform humanity, this simply means that we don't care. So I don't want to go as a generation who does not care. We want to make sure the necessary transformation happens. Hmm. How do we do that? I did your inner engineering program. I have to tell you that there were parts where I really battled. There were several moments where I couldn't complete the process. Just, and I'll be honest with you, Satguru. First, it's interesting how the universe works because your team started having a conversation with me. At around the time I was making very, very big personal changes. Very big personal changes. Anything, we'll see, I want to tell you, anything personal is never too big. But I mean, it was things that were a part of me. And I don't know, if I'm to be honest, Satguru, I don't know how I got there. I don't know how I got to the point.  Yeah. I mean, it's hard when I'll be at your speck in the universe.  But I'm not sure when I got to the point where what I had accumulated became who I thought I was. Anyway, so I was making very, very big changes. Moving countries, getting in and out of certain business relationships, certain businesses that I've had forever, but I decided I just wasn't passionate about it anymore. I didn't want to do it anymore. I didn't see the point anymore. And going back to myself. And it was, so I go through your process and I go, oh man, they don't call it in the engineering for nothing. Like it's really, really, you've got to go inside, right? You just said something about how when the wise speck, they generally spoke to the few. There's a beautiful JZ verse. And JZ says, my homie said, oh, there aren't many of us. I told them less is more. There's plenty of us. And what I found in that process where I was going through this change, this metamorphosis was even the people I was able to surround myself with, the conversations I was able to have. The number of people grew thinner, but the conversations grew deeper. And I suppose the question I'm asking is, is that just the natural course of who we are as human beings? Does it follow that for you and I to have a real connection and for you and I to do work of real meaning, there must be fewer of us, fewer disciples, but depth of message. Can we truly transform the world by touching millions of lives and turning ordinary people into disciples of something great? I would say both have a certain element of reality in it. Without a few very committed people, you cannot do anything significant. At the same time, the few committed people, the purpose of few committed people coming together is to impact the larger humanity. I must tell you the journey of how I built this organization that we call as ISHA today. In the first twenty years of my activity, as a rule, there was no publicity of any kind. We did not print a brochure. We never put up a banner. We never took an advertisement.  This is the time I really built the organization that I made sure... This is a very strange thing for people, probably especially those of you who are in business. I made sure that we don't have money. Even if money came, immediately we, you know, spent it on some project or donated to something so that we don't have money. Because I was very clear that if there is... in the beginning, if there is a lot of money, then the kind of people who come to you is not the kind of people that I want to be with. So it was... We kept the foundation very bare minimum. Bare minimum means extremely bare minimum, where even daily food was a real struggle. I intentionally kept it this way so that the people who come are coming for the right reason. It is not for comfort. It is not for convenience. It is not because their life is...  I did not want such people. I wanted people who are fiery, who are willing to burn themselves up if necessary for what they see as the right thing to do. So I got hundreds of people of that kind. They are the people in many ways who are today the pillars of the foundation at various levels. Yeah, I don't even have to look at anything. If I just disappear for three years and come back, everything will be running fine because they are like that.  If you show them a mountain of gold, they will think what projects to do. They will not think how much to grab. Okay? Yes, that's the kind of people I have, which is fantastic, which is a... which is the best thing around me, all right, these people. So now we have that. Now we need people, we need to reach, we need money to reach people, all kinds of things, which we are making efforts to do on all levels. So I'm saying, taking stands like this, see, do not... do not try to structure your life on a slogan of any kind. This is it, that is it. There is no such thing. The way it works is it, all right? This is not it, that is not it. You must be on the ball every moment. One day it may work if you... if you're playing football, what do you... what, a cricket fan or a football fan? I'm a big football fan. Football fan. So one day when you score against a certain team, against a certain type of players, against a certain kind of goalkeeper, and maybe kicking it powerfully, the ball went in. If there's another set of very energetic defenders and goalkeeper, powerful kick may not go. A gentle lob may go into the goal. This is something you decide on the ball. You don't say, powerful kick will go in. Oh no, you may hit a wall all the time. So I'm saying action is not to be determined beforehand. If you use slogans to structure your life, you will determine your action beforehand, which means it's a prejudiced action. Action should never be prejudiced. You are open to the given situation. According to the situation you act, because people have such prejudiced set of actions in their head, they are unnecessarily suffering during this pandemic, all right? If those who have lost lives, you know, it's very unfortunate. And I must say, many, many people have lost lives because many of us who are alive have not been responsible, all right? So because we were doing things one way, we want to do it the same way.  Your life is not in your actions, you must understand. Your life is in the way you experience it. Action is according to the situation. Action is not even about you. It is about the world we live in. Today how the world is, that's how you must act. Tomorrow if the world is a different place, you act differently. But how you are is determined by how you experience life, not by how you act. See, right now I'm a Mr. Yogi Guru from India. I must be sitting like this somewhere and blessing people doing things. No, I'm driving a truck. People are looking at me and they wondering, whoa, this is Sadhguru driving. I'm driving a truck across America. Right now I am in El Paso, living in a truck, all right? Last, it's already been what, twelve days since I left and still there are many more days, nearly a month that I'm living in a truck, surviving by myself and driving across America. So is this the way a guru should live? No, this is the way he lives because there is pandemic, he doesn't want to enter hotels, he doesn't want to stay in anybody's homes. So he is staying in a small camp, cooking his own food and surviving. Of course you have to manage the truck and drive. Every day I'm doing like seven hundred, eight hundred miles per day and still doing all the webinars, all the interviews and the works.  You will come away with me. Absolutely, absolutely. I would gladly take time to do it. I wanted to ask you a question. I mean that's really good burning. This idea of happiness, this idea of really reaching lasting fulfillment, that's the word I'm looking for. First, what is happiness in your mind? Is happiness a construct of the self or a construct of the world? And to the people who I know will see this, certainly my audience is people who are constantly fighting, who are constantly fighting, fighting for the next job, the next relationship, the next business, the next meal, just the next. And we never stop to be happy. Is there such a thing as happiness? Can human beings ever reach lasting fulfillment? You know this happened. One day Shankaran Pillai met an old college friend. He's been 25 years. And this friend of his has done well for himself. He's been successful in the world. Shankaran Pillai has done okay. Of course old friends met and slowly after having a couple of beers, you know bragging match starts. Bragging match started and the friend said I started a tech company and I just sold it and I got six million dollars. And I'm really successful and wonderful. Well Shankaran Pillai had nothing to say to match this brag. Then he said, ah, six million dollars, what good is it? But I'm really a happy man. I'm fulfilled because I have… I just… six months ago I just had my sixth child. So I am fulfilled. The friend said, come on, six children is a lot of trouble and everything. You know what, I have a Ferrari. I have… I'm living in a large home. I have everything that I need. And you saying you having six children is better than that? So Shankaran Pillai took the repose of a wise sage and said, see, you may have six million dollars and of course you're hankering to have more and more. I have six children. I have no desire to have any more. Wow! Wow! So different people arrive at their fulfillment in different ways. So what is fulfillment? What is happiness? Is it the construct of your mind or is it in the world outside? See, let us not give names. The thing is just this. What is it that a human being wants? Let me ask you simple questions.  Pleasant. Pleasant. Your mind, do you want it pleasant or unpleasant? Pleasant. Your emotion, do you want it pleasant or unpleasant? Pleasant. Pleasant. Your life itself, do you want it pleasant or unpleasant? Pleasant. Your surroundings, do you want it pleasant or unpleasant? Pleasant. Pleasant. So you made your choices. You ask any human being in the world when he is sane, he or she is sane. Will all of them choose the same thing? This is all we want. We want pleasantness of body, mind, emotion, energy and world around us, situations. If you become pleasant in your body, we call this health. If you become very pleasant in your body, we call this pleasure. If your mind becomes pleasant, we call this peace. If it becomes very pleasant, we call it joy. If your emotion becomes pleasant, we call this love. If it becomes very pleasant, we call it compassion. If your very life energies become pleasant, we call this bliss. If it becomes very pleasant, we call it ecstasy. If your surroundings become pleasant, we call it success. Don't get things mixed up. To make your surroundings pleasant, right now you're at home, to make your surroundings pleasant, you need the cooperation of your wife, your children, people who work for you, otherwise life can become unpleasant. So creating pleasantness in the surroundings is a question of competence, is a question of being able to garner the cooperation of all the life and forces around us. There are various things, skills involved, but to bring pleasantness to your body, to your mind, to your emotions and energy is one hundred percent your business. There is nobody else involved in this, isn't it? Yes.  Essentially, this is all nothing. Essentially, you want a pleasant experience in the body, pleasant in the mind, pleasant in the emotion, pleasant in the energy. This you can do one hundred percent. This is what inner engineering is about. Now if you're feeling very pleasant, right now you're feeling wonderful, you stepped out of this webinar when there, let's say children are doing something that you don't like. Let us say they are hanging from the ceiling, risking their life or doing something, you know, kids can do many things, all right? But now you will deal with it differently. You are feeling unpleasant. They are doing something. You will go and create more unpleasantness out there, all right? More… This is what I see. Children are squealing and running all over, throwing things around.  This is even more unpleasant than what the children are doing. So I'm saying about creating pleasantness in the world around us. It is a continuous job. We have to do it continuously. There will always be people who will be throwing unpleasant things around you, but you need to constantly work because you want pleasantness around you, not for any other reason. You want to live in a pleasant world, so you keep doing that. But pleasantness of body, mind, emotion and energy is one hundred percent your business. If you do the necessary inner engineering which you gave up halfway, that can be achieved. Precipiteness of mind, body. I mean that's alignment, right? Is that possible? Can human beings ever really get aligned? Mind, body, spirit, everything? You think I'm a computer model or you think I'm real? I think you're real. I mean I know you're real. Then it's possible. But I tell you why I'm asking this. I mean it appears it seems to me that the world is built so that you have different conquests that strain different parts of being a human being, right? So right now I'm busy in an academic endeavor, which means my mind is being expanded. But I start every morning by going to the gym for an hour, 15 minutes, just to make sure that my body is at the very least keeping up with this expansion, this growth. But then it's, so where do I go to feed my spirit and my soul? And once I achieve it, how do I make sure that my life partner achieves it? How do I make sure that my partners in business achieve it? That this constant alignment, it seems to me, Satguru, and I would love to get your wisdom on this, that most conflicts, especially in close relationships, are just a function of misalignment actually, that you start off together for whatever reason.  It happens very often in business. And sometimes one of the things I've noticed is that the shift was always there, you just chose not to pay attention. They didn't share your values, you just chose not to see it. So I suppose what I'm asking is, is this idea of alignment achievable? And if it is, is it achievable for more than one person in a relationship? No. Oh, see, this is what I'm trying to separate in your perception. What is happening within us and what is happening around us are two realities. One is a social and global reality. Another is purely physiological and psychological and energetic reality within us. So how my thoughts happen, how my emotions happen, we are misunderstanding that as to how the world is happening. See, right now I can look at you and, you know, create pleasant emotions within myself. What do I have to do? I just have to think, oh, what a wonderful man.  So you do not misunderstand my pleasant emotions, my unpleasant emotions have nothing to do with you. Maybe you're not a wonderful man, maybe you're not a rogue, maybe you're none of the things that I'm thinking, all right? But this is my psychological reality. When I misunderstand my psychological reality as your condition, then I will be always making these blunders throughout my life. So this is the fundamental thing we need to set, that inner engineering means this, that you align yourself. See, do not talk about things which are not inexperienced. You said spirit, soul, whatever, there were a few more words. Anyway, let's leave that. The only things you know is you have a body, this for real, right? This for real, which is going to the gym every day, I would suggest something else more, better than that. But this, you have a body, you have thought, you have emotion. To make these things function, you have energy. These are the only four realities which are in your experience. Rest is all your imagination, including the world, including the world because right now you think you see me. No, no, you see me not here or there somewhere. You see me only in the firmament of your mind, isn't it? So how will you see me? You will see me depending upon the shape of the screen that you have. Accordingly, you will see if your screen is flat and smooth, you will see one way if your screen has distortions, you will see it another way, whatever it is. So you do not experience anything here in this world except yourself, except the way things happen within yourself. This is why inner engineering is fundamental and vital because you fix that. You fix how things happen within you. Once you fix that, it's not that you sit here, this is not a charm school where you sit here and look at everything and say, it's fantastic, fantastic, fantastic. No, not everything in the world is fantastic.  There are a lot of terrible things. There are a lot of horrendous things happening every moment in this world, all right? So seeing everything as it is. What is horrendous is horrendous. What is fantastic is fantastic. What is beautiful is beautiful.  Seeing it as it is, but you are in a state where neither the beautiful nor the ugly changes the way you are. You experience the beauty. You experience the ugliness, but it doesn't change who you are. Who you are is well-established, not on the basis of your identity, but on the basis of your perception. Right, right, right. Satgur, I had a question to you about comic energy. One of the things, I mean, for me, and I know it to be true for several other people, so I'm going to ask you this question. One of the things I've noticed is the minute I am crystal clear about something, the universe will serve me the opposite of it, like a temptation. The minutes ago, I want to have a body as amazing as Satgur's body. All of a sudden, the universe is going to serve me chocolates everywhere just to tempt me. I'm made of chocolate. Yes, you can't you see the color? I'm made of chocolate. And the question I suppose I'm asking is, is that real or is that just my own comic energy, am I putting it out there? See, because first thing is I want you to understand, I'm not saying this with any disrespect to anybody. The first thing is you have been brought up in a certain moral culture, moralistic culture. The first thing you always think of is what I should not do, because people have brainwashed people to believe that if you are firm on what you should not do, then what you do will become better. Because it all starts from, thou shall not do this, thou shall not do that, all right? See, let me do an experiment with you. Just close your eyes for five seconds and don't think about monkeys. No monkeys, only monkeys. So I'm saying whoever is telling you, thou shall not. They know nothing about the nature of human mind. If you say something, I do not want this, if you say that about something, that's the end of it, that something will rule your head all the time.  So this is the nature of human mind. In this mind, there is no subtraction and division, there is only addition and multiplication. Whatever you say, it'll only become one more and one more. Or if you try hard, it'll multiply. You can't take away something because you say, I don't want to do this. It is just that when you were a child, maybe lollipop was your highest ambition. Hello? When you are a probably a two-year-old child, the old desire is, how can I get that red color lollipop in my mouth? That's all. Now when people grow up, they change the shape and form and color of the lollipop, but still all they're looking for is a lollipop. So this has to change. This will only change when you are no more in pursuit of happiness. This is why I said being peaceful, being joyful, being loving, being blissful, when it is all yours, when you're blissful by your own nature, you are not in pursuit of happiness. Once you are not in pursuit of happiness, there is a clarity beyond the crystal clear that you're talking about. Anyway, crystal is always distorting, you know? That's true. Sadgur, I had a question to you about time. I'll tell you where this question comes from. I just turned 36 years old and my father was gunned down when he was 42 and when I was a little boy, I don't know why, but I'm not sure how it happened, but I always had this trigger in my head that 42 was the age and so I grew up and became personally very driven and very motivated and by God's grace, really, God's grace, I've been able to achieve a lot of things and my growth has been accelerated purely because I was chasing this time. As I've gotten older and the closer I've gotten to that time, I realized I'm not sure if that time is even real. I'm not sure that his experience on earth of 42 years may have gotten by experience on earth of 36 years. And then I look at, you spoke earlier when we started our conversation about social media and how instant things are and how we're getting things immediately. You want to buy something now. You go on your phone and you can buy an item from the opposite end of the world and it lands at your doorstep 24 hours later. And so there's been a distortion of this thing called time, but you know that the only true way to achieve mastery is to dedicate real time to something. You spoke about 20 years of your life that you committed to building the foundation, which makes sense because that's why the Insha Foundation is what it is. It's because you spend 20 years building the foundation. For those of us like myself who are still chasing time, how do we step outside of that? How do we live outside of that? How do we recognize the wisdom that you must have known when you started Insha Foundation about things existing beyond simply our physical understanding of time? Well, that's as many things, but let me not go into all those aspects now. To put it simply, oh see, the important thing is this. Say the unfortunate incident of you losing your father when he was 42. Well, those were times when lot of men below 42 also shot or killed or whatever else, all right? So do not take that as a way of the future, all right? But at the same time, if you strongly create an image of that in your mind, you may manifest it. Don't do that. It's very important you dislodge that image in your mind that you take that away. You must make the necessary effort. If it's a very strong image in your mind and it keeps coming back, your actions, this is what karma means. Your actions will be controlled by that image and unknowingly you will be doing actions which are driving you towards the image that you have created. So it's very, very important you break that image. There are many ways to do that. I will be always most willing to assist you in that. You must break that image otherwise you'll drive yourself towards that image. Please don't do that, okay? Having said that, about acceleration of time as we know it today in terms of our experience, not just about shopping, about everything. So the impatience is not because of time. The impatience is because of our mental condition. You know, I was flying a direct, this is many, I mean a year, two years ago, I was flying from India to United States in an Air India flight, which is direct flight. I know all the pilots and the crew and everybody, they want to talk to me, so they come and sit with me. So that pilot, they have two sets of pilots because it's 16-hour flight. So he says it's a very long flight, Satguru, it's really hard and all that. I said it looks like you have very short memory. Just 100 years ago, if we had to go to United States, it was a 90-day trip on a steamship, okay? And they served lousy food, I'm sure, and everything else. Today in 15 hours or 16 hours you're landing in United States, I'm not going to complain. Maybe tomorrow there'll be another plane which will take you there in four hours or five hours. They're claiming it's going to happen sometime soon. But I'm not going to complain because I have a long memory. I know how it was 100 years ago. I know how it was before that, that you wouldn't even ever think of going. Now we are getting there in 15 hours in a plane which is so stable, you do not know whether it's flying or sitting in a place, all right? And though I don't eat all the airline food, they keep coming and knocking, Satguru eat something, please Satguru that this is very nice, that is very nice. Well, this is like being in a restaurant. So I'm not going to complain. I said don't complain because you do not know the value of being born now in the time that we have. Every time, every, every what to say, historical time has its own significance. Ours has a certain significance where I don't know recently somebody brought one motorcycle to me and said, Satguru, you must autograph my motorcycle. I've been autographing motorcycles and the guys are selling it on the Facebook for a premium price. So I said to see, I wrote on this motorcycle which is a very fast one. I said, speed crushes time and space. Let it not be your bones, that's all, you know. So speed crushes time and space and it's important because for what potential a human being carries, the time that we are all at it, if it's hundred years of time, it is too little.  For one who does not explore this, one who makes themselves miserable and insufficient, life, these hundred years of life looks too long. How many thousands of people or hundreds and thousands of people a year are committing suicide because they find it's too long? It's too long for the misery that they are in. So we need to understand this. Time is a relative experience. Your impatience is not about time. Your impatience is a certain psychological condition of insufficiency. If you feel, you know, absolutely equanimous and stable within yourself, if you fly a jet which flies across the world in three hours, we are fine with it. Fine with it. If we have to walk, taking twelve, fifteen years to walk across the same distance, we are fine with it because it's not about time. It is not about distance. It is about our mental condition. That's good. It's been an incredible privilege. I've been an avid follower of your work and I can't tell you this has been truly for me a dream come true and I'm even more humble that you took the time given you're giving me a great track across the United States and what must be a very arduous program and I really, really appreciate it. Thank you. You see, make this happen for yourself. You are not driving towards 42, 112 is the number that you drive towards, okay?  Absolutely. I'm going to be in the state in the second half of the year, so I'm sure we'll catch up and I'm really, I'm really appreciative of your time and I'm looking forward to spending some time in the institute. Thank you. Namaskaram.


A fiery horse with a speed of light, a cloud of dust, and a hearty hyo silver, the Lone Ranger. With his faithful Indian companion, Toto, the daring and resourceful mask rider of the planes led the fight for law and order in the early western United States. Nowhere in the pages of history can one find a greater champion of justice. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear. From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the Great Horse Silver. The Lone Ranger rides again! Come on, silly! Let's go, big foe! I am silly! The 14-year-old nephew of the Lone Ranger was one of two passengers in the stagecoach that headed south toward the town of Bodleman. The other passenger was a girl of 19 or 20 who had introduced herself as Betty Culkins. There had been a third passenger, but he had left the lumbering vehicle at a crossroads 15 minutes earlier. Dan, are you going to visit friends in Bodleman? Yes, I'm going to call on an old school teacher. My friends were going to stay around Broken Bow for a few days, so it was a good chance for me to run down to Bodleman. I see.  Oh, yes. In fact, I was born there. My father helped build the railroad and established the town. Oh, he did? Golly, he was a real pioneer. Is he still there? No, Dan. He died five years ago. My brother and I have kept ours ever since. Is your brother with the railroad? Mm-hmm. He operates the telegraph office. I'd rather be an engineer. Would you, Dan? I'm going to marry an engineer. Oh, really? That's right. Jim Stevens, I... What's the matter? Driver! Driver, stop the stage! Well, Cully, what's up? Dan, I think I've been wrong. What's that you see, Miss? My bag. My handbag. It's gone. Gone? I'm sure I had it here with me. Well, you did. I remember seeing it. Gone now? That other passenger, the one who left the stage, he must have taken it. I didn't notice, ma'am. Neither did I. Who was he, do you know? No, I never saw him before. I can remember what he looked like. Well, come to think of it, he made up his mind to leave the stage, might he sudden? Was there anything valuable in that handbag, Miss? It was three days later when Tonto rode into a small camp near the town of Broken Bow. The Indian friend of the Lone Ranger had written hard to bring a message to the tall masked man. Oh, Scott, how's that? Easy, Scott. Easy. Kimusabi, me and townman's stage come from south. Did Dan send word that he'd reached bottlenecks safely? Ah, and him send letter. Me got it. What's wrong? Well, him tell about robbery. A stage robbery? Ah, fella leaves stage, take handbag, a girl. Dan tell what fella look like. Here, you read letter. Yes, let me see it. A girl's name, Betty Calkin. Yes. A girl and Dan, both sure, fella who leaves stage, take handbag. I'll describe the man as well as I can. You might see him if he shows up in Broken Bow. Tall and thin, very dark hair and a black mustache. Let me see fella who look like that. You did? Ah, him in cafe right now. Toto, I know of a man who answers this description. You'll know him? Sounds like dude Lofgren. He's wanted by the law in Arizona. I'll settle silver and ride into town with you. Have a look at this man. It was nearly dark when the lone ranger and Toto left their camp and started for town. A short time later when the darkness had become complete, a westbound train reached Broken Bow. Pete Calkins came out of the telegraph office swinging a signal lantern, while the engineer moved the train onto a siding. That'll do, Jim. That'll do. My last car in the siding? Yep, you're clear. Hold it. Right. Good enough, Jim. I ain't climbed down. Good. Thanks for far as a bit, will you, Bill? Right. I don't suppose you know how soon the eastbound's coming through, do you, Pete? Nope. If she's on schedule, you'll have a four or five hour wait. Seems like an awful waste of time to lay over on the siding and wait. Better to pull off on the siding and meet the eastbound head on. We shouldn't have double tracks. That's what we should have. Not that I'm mind-waiting here in Broken Bow. How's my girl? Betty, she's all right. You know, Pete, I could never figure out how a homie-glued like you could have a sister like Betty. What? Is she at home now? Nope. She took the stage down to bottleneck to visit our hands. I have all the dark gone. Look, I counted on seeing her this trip for sure. Too bad, Jim. Better luck next time. Didn't she know my train was due? Yeah, but we had word that Aunt Callie was sick. So Betty figured she'd better go and visit to see if she could be of any help. She said to tell you she was sorry she'd be looking for you on the next trip. Well, that being the case, I may as well go to the cafe, wash up, and spend a few hours with the boys. In town, Toto had gone to the cafe to make sure that the tall dark man was still on hand and then had crossed the road to join the lone ranger who was waiting in the shadows. We'll wait right here, Toto. When he leaves, we'll follow him. Lofgren works with a gang. That man is Dude Lofgren. He may lead us to a hideout. Time dragged slowly for the masked man and the Indian who waited in the darkness while they watched the batwing doors across the street. It was an hour before the tall dark man came out, close on the heels of another man, one who wore the cap and overalls of a locomotive engineer. Look, Toto, he seems to be following a real red man. And what we do, we'll go along, leave the horses where they are. Jim Stevens walked to the edge of town, then halted suddenly and turned. Say, listen, you, what's the idea? What's what idea? I saw you in the cafe. You were eyeing me mighty close. You're left when I did, and you've been following me. Yeah, you're right. Now keep your voice down. Oh, a gun, huh? Well, if this is a stick-up... It's not a stick-up. Isn't your name Jim Stevens? Yeah. What about it? You're the engineer on the westbound. Well? You put your train on the side until the eastbound goes through. Is that right? Yeah. You went on toward the west. What had happened? What do you think had happened if two trains run toward each other on the same track? It'd be a smash-up. Good. That's what I want.  I'll do nothing of the sort. Well, you'll make a deal with it. I'm not interested in a deal. My job is to take the train west and do it safe. Nothing you can offer will make me do what you want. Just a minute. You don't know what we're going to offer. I don't care what it is. I'm not interested. How about the train? I'm not interested. How about the life of your girl? What? Me and my pals have captured her, see? She's where she won't be found until we let her go. Her chances won't be worth much, Stevens. If you don't do what we want...  Won't be hardly. All you got to do is start out toward the west, that's all. You can jump clear the engine for the smash. You're trying to run a bluff. You haven't got the girl at all. Maybe you'd better go along with me and see some proof. There's plenty of time. You don't have to decide right away. I'll take you to our camp. I'll show you the proof that we got the girl. I'll give you a chance to think it over. Come on. All right. I'll go with you. Yes. Although we've got to change our plans. What do we do? You follow those two and find out where they go. I'm going to the telegraph office and try to prevent a wreck. Tuttle traveled on foot to follow the trail of Dude Lothgren and his prisoner. While the lone ranger mounted silver and hurried to the telegraph office. Oh, is this enemy club? Pete Hulkins was on duty. He looked up from his desk where he had been making out reports by the light of an oil lamp when he heard the horse stopping outside. Hey, what's this? Take it easy. That mask. If this is a stick up, mister, you've come to the wrong place. There's no cash on hand in this office. I'm not after cash and I'm not an outlaw. Well then, what do you want? Have you heard of Dude Lothgren? Lothgren? Why do you ask?  No. And what are you... Lothgren is planning a train wreck. You've got to prevent it. What? A train wreck, you say? Yes. He's captured Jim Stevens, the engineer on the westbound. He's going to try to make him take the train out before the eastbound comes through. Why, that'll mean he'll come together on the single track. That's just what Lothgren wants. Ah, Stevens wouldn't do it. Why, he'd be killed if he tried it. Not necessarily. He could slow down and open the throttle and jump clear before the train got up speed. Ah, you needn't be concerned about that, mister. He couldn't make Stevens do any such thing. He wouldn't sell out. Oh, maybe not for money. But Lothgren's men have captured his girl. They have.  Oh, no! We may be able to keep the train from leaving here. But just in case we can't, you'd better get on that telegraph and tell the station west to hold the eastbound at Grant's Pass. Wait now, why not get the Lothgren gang? Because it's quite unlikely they're holding the girl in their camp. They probably got her hidden somewhere. Yeah, yeah, that's so... Now open your key, clear the line and get to work. Maybe you're right. I'll try to get him to hold the eastbound at Grant's Pass. At least that'll prevent a smash-up. If Jim takes the westbound out in spite of anything we might try to do to stop him. In the meantime, Jim Stevens found himself in a camp with Dude Lothgren, a man called Lefty, and several others of the gang. Now Stevens, look this stuff over. You'll probably recognize some of it. This pin here, for example. Yes? If you want, I'll have the fire built up so as you can see better. I can see all right. These things belong to your girl, don't they? Yes, they do. And I guess you don't need any more proof that we've captured her. Where is she? What have you done to her? Ah, you needn't look around the camp. She's not here. But if you want to see her again, you'd better do as I say. Right two trains. There'll be some cash in it for you, Stevens, as well as a life of your girl. Lefty's right. There'll be plenty of gold aboard the eastbound. You won't have to worry about losing your job. Do you think I'd wreck those trains from money? All right, never mind the money. You wreck the train to save the life of your girl. Listen, Lothgren, if you're after that gold on the eastbound... That's what we're after. And we aim to get it without running any risk. I'll be easy picking after the train is wrecked. Hey, you! Thanks God, someone. What's up? I'll fix him. Hank, who's that? What'd you find? Give me a hand here.  All right. I was coming in to camp when I spotted someone hitting trees. It was just red skiing. Ah, snooping on it. He heard everything that was said. Now let him have it on the head with the Baron of God. Good work. Put him there with a fire. Then we decide what to do with it. The curtain falls on the first act of our Lone Ranger story. Before the next exciting scenes, please permit us to pause for just a few moments. Now to continue our story. While the Lone Ranger was in the telegraph office, Tuttle followed Jude Lofgren to the outlaw camp, where he was discovered and knocked unconscious with a barrel of Hank's pistol. It's a good thing I saw the red skin hiding amongst the trees, eh, dude? Yeah, it's a good thing you saw.  It wasn't gentle. He's out cold. You gotta do something about him. I wonder how much he heard. Whatever he heard, it's too much.  Ah, that won't do. I can't leave murdered men around to the law to find him. You gotta get rid of him? I've got an idea, dude. What is it, Lefty? Tie him up and put him on the train. He'll be killed in the craze. You can't do that. I won't have a hand in much.  But I won't do it. Stevens, you're taking orders. You're going to take the train west, and that's all. What else happens is none of your business. But it's murder. You want to see Betty Calkins alive, don't you? Why are you... How about it, dude? Should we put the red skin on the train? Yeah, that's what we'll do. Get some ropes on him. All right. If the law sees him rope when he's found dead, what'll be the same as finding him here with a bullet in his hide? As long as he's not found near where we're camped, I don't care what the law thinks. Now, you ready to meet our term, Stevens? All right. Don't you care about the life of your girl? If I could just see her for a minute. You can't. She's not around here. Now, what's your final answer? Yes or no? All right. I'll run the train. But I'll need a fireman. Hank'll stoke the fire for you. Hank, you go over the engine right now, and we'll start the fire. Right. We'll break camp so as we can ride ahead and be on hand soon after the wreck. The red skin. We'll bring him to the train when we've broken camp. Now, you get going and build steam pressure. Kino. Stevens? Hey there, boy. You stay here with us or we can keep an eye on you until it's time for you to go to work. The entire westbound train had been drawn up on the siding. The engine was some distance away from the small shack that housed the telegraph. Culkin sat before the clicking instrument with the lone ranger standing at his side. Was that the operator at Grants Pass? Yeah, yeah, it was. He said the eastbound hadn't passed there yet. Then there's a chance to stop the eastbound. But that won't do any good. There's no sign that Grants Pass. Even if the eastbound is stopped, it'll still be on the single tracks. If the westbound leaves here, it'll pile right into it head-on. We're going to try to keep the train from leaving here. Tell the Grants Pass operator to stop the train, remove any passengers. Hurry, man. There's a lot to be done after you've sent that message. I'll do it. The outlaw known as Hank had at one time been a railroad man. He knew enough to slip the coupling of the engine so it would travel without dragging a long line of empty cattle cars. Then he climbed to the cab and built up the fire beneath the boiler. The pressure of steam had risen considerably when Lough Grinn and the rest of his gang rode up in the darkness. Hey there Hank, how's she coming? Good enough. We got the red skin here. Reach down, we'll hand them up to you. Is he still unconscious? Yep. Here he is, Hank. Reach down and grab him. When I hit someone, they stay out for a while. You got him roofed up? Yeah. Here's the final word. You travel with Stevens to see that he doesn't try any tricks. You can travel slow until you see the headlight of the eastbound approaching. And make sure the Indians unconscious, even if you have to wrap them on the head again. Take off the ropes, and you and Stevens can jump after opening the throttle wide. Is that clear? Yep, that's easy. There won't be any bullet holes in the red skim, so maybe they'll all think he tried to steal a locomotive. Hi, Savvy. All right now, Stevens, get on board. Hank, you keep him covered. Come on, Stevens. All right.  All right, I need to shove. I'm getting on board. Get over there to the controls. We'll have enough pressure to get underway in just a couple of minutes. By the way, Stevens, you needn't worry about the regular fireman interfering. He's over in the cafe. You won't know the engine's pulled out until long after we're gone. We'll leave you now, Hank. Start riding west. Right. Hey, dude, look over yonder. What's the matter, lefty? There's a light in the telegraph office, and a horse pulled up outside. Someone must be in there with corkins. You'll find out what's going on. Easy, boy. Come on, boys. Get up there.  What are you sending, corkins? I'm telling the grants pass operator to stop the train, just like you said. Hey, leave that switch alone.  What's your game? What are you talking about? You know what I'm talking about. You weren't sending the right message. How do you know what I was saying, little? I haven't another code. What? You were going to send routine reports. Well, I... What's your game, corkins? Are you working with dude Lofkin? No, no. Then why didn't you send the message? I... I guess you win, mister. I'll send it. I'll see what you do and make it fast. I'll make it fast. You! Get away from there. Now, no one will send the message. I shouldn't have given you a chance to smash that instrument. You're going to pay for it, corkins.  If those trains are wrecked... I don't care what happens to me. I don't count. I feel the same as Jim Stevens does. The life of my sister is more important than anything else. The life of your sister? That's what I said. What does your sister have to do with this? Everything. She's Jim Stevens' girl. It was no news to me when you came here and said that she'd been captured. Lofkin had already called on me and told me his plans. He told me she'd be released after he'd gotten the gold that's coming through on the eastbound. Wait a minute, corkins. Your sister's name is Betty. That's right. She was on the southbound stage, going to visit her aunt and bottleneck. How do you know so much? A friend of mine was on that stage. And so was Dude Lofkin. Dude stole your sister's handbag, but he didn't capture the girl. What? She reached bottlenecks safely and so did my friend. If you doubt it, here's a letter from him. A letter? Betty, safe. But Lofkin showed me some of her things to prove he'd captured her. Of course he had some of her things. He stole her handbag. Oh, that journey lion. I've got to tell Jim. I've got to get to that engine before he takes her out.  But you... Hi, Tim. You're both covered. You too, corkins. You seem to have come at just the wrong time, Lofkin. It depends on the point of view. For me, it's just the right time. We heard what you were saying. I know the truth now, Lofkin. You didn't capture my sister at all. All you've got's her handbag. She's safe and sound in bottleneck. It's too bad you can't pass the word to Stevens. He's already on board the engine. About due to start-out. What do we do with these two, dude? Shoot him and leave him here? I don't like to do that. I'd rather handle them the same as we did to the Indian. The Indian? Yeah. Snoopin' red skin. We caught near camp. You two boys, come in here. All right, boys.  Put them on the train with the Indian. We'd better knock them up, first, boys. If corkins has a chance to tell what he's learned to Jim Stevens, Stevens won't go through with it. Hey, we're too late, dude. The engine's already underway. Take a look and make sure.  Yeah, it's done. It's already left the sighting. It's on the main line and heading west. All right. And we'll have to give it to these two right here. I don't mind drilling the mask, man. But I'm sorry for you, corkins. Doesn't matter now. Lofkin, you'll never get away with it. Oh, no. No. You're going to jail. You'll be there for a long time. You'll be able to do a lot of thinking, but you'll probably never know how Tonneau got off that train. Tonneau? Yes, the Indian you captured. Don't want to drop their guns. Tonneau says I know you're behind them.  The outlaws acted instinctively and turned to look behind their backs. In that split second, the masked man charged, throwing his weight against Jude Loughbren and locking the leader back against the others. Corkins closed in fast. Two of the outlaws stumbled and fell. And before they could regain their feet, their pals had been dropped by well-aimed blows. Lefty lying on the floor pulled the gun, but the masked man turned and fired from the head. Oh! I'll get the other. That did it. My arm, my arm's busted. Be your neck if anyone dies in that train wreck. Loughbren is still conscious. He's trying to get up. I'll help you, Loughbren. Up you come. Let's hang it! And down he goes. Corkins, you have a gun. Disarm these men. Then wash them till I get back. Where are you going? I've got to try to stop that train. He's a big fella. One silhouette! The engine and the tender were traveling west at slow speed. It was no great task for the lone ranger on the mighty stallion's silver to overtake the iron horse. As he came alongside, he saw Jim at the throttle, Toto on the floor of the cab, and a third man who held a gun. Jim, Jim, stop the train. It's all right. Your girl is safe. Jim's eyes went wide. He reached for the throttle, but Hank jabbed him with a barrel of his gun. Then swung the weapon toward the man who rode alongside. There were two shots.  Hank's shot had missed, but not the lone rangers. Hank spun from the impact of a heavy slug. He clutched at his shoulder, then fell to the floor. Stop the train! Stop the train, I tell you! That is safe! Toto was quickly freed and restored to consciousness. In a few words, the lone ranger told the truth to Jim. Then the engine was reversed and brought back to its place on the siding, coupled to the line of empty cattle cars. It was later. Jim and Colkins were alone in the telegraph office. I guess I repaired the damage I did to the telegraph. Pete, how long do you think those crooks will be in jail?  They won't even go on trial around here until after they've served their terms in other places. They'll be in jail from now on. That'll suit me first rate. Jim, you would have wrecked the train, wouldn't you? I thought that was the only way to save Betty's life. Were you going to jump clear? No. No, I wasn't, Pete. I was going to open that throttle wide and hit the eastbound as hard as I could, in the hope that I'd take one of those crooks with me when I was killed. I don't know what I'd have done afterwards, but I can tell you one thing. I'd have hated to go on living with myself. I guess we're both pretty lucky. Lucky that that masked man dealt himself a hand in the game. And lucky that he'd had a letter from that young friend of his who rode the stagecoach with Betty. I wonder who he is. Jim, here comes the eastbound. Yeah, right on stage. There she goes. And that engineer will never know what he escaped. That's my signal, Pete. Time for me to take out the westbound. Uh, what were you saying, Jim? I said it's time for me to take out the...  Something about the masked man. Oh, I said I wondered who he is. Well, I can tell you that, Jim. He's the lone ranger. This is a feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated, created and produced by George W. Trendle and directed by Charles D. Livingston. Tonight's story was written by Fran Stryker. The part of the Lone Ranger is played by Brace Beamer.


And Governor Sheema Kinde has hosted the Chief of Army staff, Lieutenant General Farouk Yahya, who paid the governor court'sy visit. The governor commended the Nigerian Army for their support and cooperation with the present administration. He also appealed to the Chief of Army staff to help your state improve on border towns where all your state shares boundaries with other states. Get notified about fresh news updates.