So lucky for everyone, I've got some more strabismus, but it's mixed in with a little bit more. So this is a 12-year-old male that I've been following for the past couple of years. He came in a couple of years ago just for his yearly eye exam. Mom was concerned that his right eye was drifting out even more than it had in the past. She was noticing this with and without his glasses. He wasn't so concerned though. His past ocular history was significant for excellent ocular albinism. And this was diagnosed by history. His brother had a similar diagnosis of nystagmus and poor vision, as well as his uncle. And if you looked at Mom's eye, just even using the direct ophthalmoscope, you could see that she had a few iris transillumination defects. His skin coloring was otherwise normal, and his only finding was this nystagmus and a little bit limited vision. He had a history of strabismus surgery in the past. He had had some esotropia as a young, young child, and had undergone surgery at two and a half years of age. And given the surgery, it sounds like it was a pretty big deviation. He had a three-muscle surgery, so they loosened both of those medorectis muscles and then also tightened his right lateral rectus muscle. His past medical history was a little bit interesting. He, when he was five years old, one evening was at home and playing around and grabbed the nightstand and said his vision had completely blacked out and that he couldn't walk. His vision came back after a minute or two. But I thought that was interesting because I always get these kids who come in with vision loss and they usually don't end up having much. But they took him to the ER, did an MRI, and noticed that he'd had a small pontine stroke, which they thought was related to recent infection with chickenpox. At the time, they did an MRI, found a large, sizable, extraactile arachnoid cyst, just as an incidental finding that five years later they redid an MRI and they could barely tell where that stroke had been and that cyst had gone largely reduced in size. So just kind of incidental history. On exam, he had limited vision. He had a left eye preference. His vision was 2060 in that eye and 2060 with both eyes. He did not have any stereo vision. His color vision was normal. He had a fairly significant horizontal pendulina stagmus. It was quite noticeable. He had some iris transillumination defects. He had the foveal hypoplasia you generally see and he had quite a bit of with the rule of stigmatism, which is something we sometimes see in these kids with albinism.  Testing in these kids can be a little bit tough because they've got pretty significant in a stagmus. So sometimes it's hard to know what the end point is. But he was pretty comatent. He also had a little bit of a left hypertropia and it looked a little bit more in that right gaze. He was pretty similar at distance and at near.  When I was testing him, when I put up a 25 prison diopter lens and put it base out, he said he got diplopic, which I thought was interesting and we'll talk about that a little bit later. Also interesting was that when I looked at him by Krimsky, I measured quite a bit more than I measured with the cover test, meaning when I just put a prism up and shined a light to center that reflex in the center of the pupil, I measured more with the Krimsky than I did with the cover test. So here are some pictures. Yes. Oh. Oh, sorry. It should be base in. No. It should be. No, it should be base out. It's base out. Sorry. It is base out. So I did this cover test. Sorry. I'm confusing myself now. When I did the cover test of 20 and I neutralized him and I thought he was a 20 prism diopter, esotropia. Exotropia. Sorry. It should be. You're right. It should be base in. I keep confusing myself. Yes. Correct. Correct. No, with it neutralized, he's not diplopic. With it one more, he was diplopic. When I put up a 20, he said, I'm confused that. When I put up a 25, he couldn't. The reason that's interesting is because he's at an albino and we're going to talk just about his binocularity. But yes, this is wrong. It should be base in. Sorry. And now I'm looking at his pictures here. He has a fairly large exotropia. Sorry. This is driving you crazy, right? Clip it on me. I'm driving Judith crazy in more ways than one. Okay. Just looking at this kid, he looks a lot more than the next T20 to me. Just based on that reflex. Reflex here in the center of this pupil. And it's not in the center here. And when I put up a 20 base in, it still looks XT. So I have to put up about a 40 to get that to neutralize. And when tech checking a little bit more about obliques again today, when I have him look this way, this eye seems to shoot way up here. And so he's got some left inferior oblique overaction. He also seems to have a V pattern. His XT is smaller here than it is up here. And that also goes with his numbers where he has a little bit of that left hyper that was worse in this gaze here. This little dot here is just from his previous surgery. Sometimes we see that after we do a meteorectis recession. He also seems to have a little bit of right inferior oblique overaction as well. And this eye seems to pull up a little bit more when he looks this way. It's a little bit harder to see in this picture here. And you can maybe see some underaction of this superior oblique. So I decided to do a strabismus surgery to try to fix that XT. And then also to try to fix some of that incompetence. I mean, arguably I could have gone after both of those obliques, but honestly he wasn't noticing that so much. And so I just decided to just go after that left inferior oblique and try to bring that down this way and try to help that V-pattern a little bit. I also decided to just operate for just that 20 because when I tried to treat him with a 25, he got the pulpic. However, he's still going to look XT because he's got this positive angle cap, meaning that his numbers are different based on Kribsky versus Alternate Prism Cover Test. So I did this lateral rectus recession. I did an inferior oblique recession as well and just put the, you know, put the inferior oblique four millimeters back and two millimeters over from that inferior rectus. When I saw him back two months later, he had persistent diplopia with this really small residual and he still looked a little XT by Kribsky. I was unable to relieve any of that diplopia. So even if I put up that six, I couldn't get him to get rid of that diplopia. If I tried to put him back where he was to begin with, I couldn't get rid of that diplopia. He just said it was there all the time. He could never get rid of it. He didn't describe any torsion, but he was pretty bothered by it and this is a, you know, a 12-year-old kid that just said I could never get rid of that other image. But pretty interesting considering that he was in a congenital ET. I mean, he was an ET young and then he had that surgery at two and a half that put him a little bit XT, but he's still diplopic. And he's also an albino, a binocularity. We have Dr. Creel here who's done a lot of work on their VEPs in kids with albinism and we know that the way that their optic radiations go is not normal. They usually have very reduced binocularity and so just kind of interesting. So I didn't know what to make of it and I just said this was two months post-op. I said let's just see you back in a month and see how you're doing. And a month later he was the same and he now I measured a little bit more ET at distance. As I said, it's kind of hard to measure him for these small numbers because he's got that pretty significant nystagmus. I measured him by torsion this time which he had some encyclotorgen. I don't really know what to make of that but still I was unable to relieve him with prism if I tried to put him back where he was again. He said he could never get rid of it and I said well, and dad said no, no, not a chance. He looks so much better.  I don't really know what else to do and kind of and he came back about eight months later, seven months later and it was finally gone and he said and generally felt like his vision was better after the surgery. He felt like things were a little bit clearer and that diplopia had finally gone away. And I just saw him back last week and he said his diplopia is gone. He still has this tiny bit of an ET by measurement and here are his pictures. As you can see, he still looks a little XT just by Krimsky. I'm sorry he's dilated but so it's a little bit tougher to tell but you can see he likes to fix it with this left eye. It's his better-seeing eye. That right eye, you know, is out a little bit. You know, definitely his incompetence in terms of when he's looking to the right that left inferior oblique over-action is better but these pictures make me think that I should have gone after that right oblique. You know, he's still got incompetence this way. He's not bothered by it at all and he still has this little bit of a V-pattern. But overall, a very good cosmetic result. I know and now, you know, now a good result now that we've gotten rid of the diplopia. Yes. He still has the little, yeah and I think that's a null point. Yep, I don't think it has so much to do with him but just some questions I had. I don't know if other people have seen. I've seen a lot of kids with albinism since I've been here. I had more than I had seen in training in Boston or in San Francisco but you know, there's interesting questions surrounding their binocular potential and I just thought it was interesting that he had to begin with. We know that they can have stereo in albinism but usually it's the people who have the really good vision and very small in the stagmus. I thought it was interesting that he had the post-op Diplopia given that he had kind of a history of infantile E.T. Do you have any thoughts on that Bob? Would you have gone after that at the beginning looking at those pictures from the beginning? Do you have anything to add to that Dr. Creel? No. Yes, Dr. Warner. No, I'm measuring an exo. He's just measuring if I neutralize that 20 that he measured. Oh, now, yes. Sorry, now he's an ESO. Correct. Yes. Yes. He will still move out.  And that's a positive angle kappa and we see those in albinism. So there's this article that Michael Brodke did and he looked at 21 patients with albinism and here's another kid with albinism who's actually ortho. But it's because of how, they don't know if it's because of how their phobias are formed Yes. Yes. Make it worse, yes. Correct, yeah. Which makes you think that this is some kind of chiasma, but yes, keep going. Yes. That's in ROP, but what Judith is saying is we don't know if that's why it is an albinism. We know they have abnormal phobias but we also know they have abnormal decussation of their fibers and so we don't know which reason this accounts for them in this and as you could tell from Judith pointing out I confused myself too with my prisons. Yeah, and the other thing that I was just going to bring up quickly is what Bob was talking about in terms of these kids do have stereo, some of them. You know, my kid didn't and he didn't have much of a potential, I don't think and I could tell that just by looking at him because his nystagmus was so bad and his vision was not great, but some of these kids but I don't know that and so the point that Dr. Hoffman was making is that we try to get stereo in these kids and sometimes we are surprised with with it. Yeah, that's it. Yes. I wasn't totally aware of that either but when I was reading about it it sounds like I mean I do have kids, some kids with this high but it can go with it and he and his brother both have like four or five diopters with the rule there but I've seen that before. Yes, Bob. The other population that Bob and I have talked about this before, maybe David too but I don't see those huge high with the rules or in like the Native American populations and I don't know why that is either if that's some evolutionary but but then they won't wear those glasses either which is also interesting. But yeah, those are two populations where we often see a lot of with the rule. Well thank you everybody for putting up with us.


It's Chris Pipe. My friends call me Big C. I'm back again guys today We're talking about freedom online. That's right We talked about it briefly last week where we introduced the concept and what it was and we had an amazing response And I appreciate that for those of you and I'll do this quick here that didn't catch the videos Freedom online is a website created by freedom that is devoted Specifically to Promoting and helping our freedom partners grow and we what we do is we take your content Wherever it's providing and it meets criteria and we post it to our website We post it on our big site and we try and get you views we put your videos in there We put your posts in there your descriptions all that good stuff check it out online dot freedom dot TM in the link below With that pre-amble out of the way guys a couple things we had happened last week that were Good and bad, but what happened really was our server crashed on the first day We had so many requests and so many people checked it out the server said nope can't do it and it tapped out That's awesome But we had to make a big change and we had to move from a regular server to a cloud hosted server Which we have done the migration is done and the site is running awesome. So check it out We can handle your request The first set of changes are posts when we get a post from you We get a submission you go to the submission field up there at the top and you submit your content You submit your link your YouTube channel your first name and all that good stuff Etc. We get it we get a form we get your video and then what we do on our side is we create a post now Instead of just putting your video and maybe a featured image on there with your write-up We've actually gone ahead now and decided that we're gonna do more We're gonna actually put in a call to action which is at the bottom there at the bottom of the screen there You're gonna see do you like these types of videos? Do you want to see more of these types of videos click here to check out your YouTube channel? We've decided to put that in there and on top of that We're also putting in links to your social network So if your content gets featured and it gets posted if you give us your Twitter account or your Facebook account or Whatever account we will put them in there and we will put clickable Links in there that link to your content further Also, we're doing daily videos as well talking about the content that we promote on our website So there's three huge new things there that are helping to promote our freedom partners Let's talk about the next set of changes All right the next thing we have are we have three new menu items when we started the website We had some generic items. We had gaming. We had I don't know we had Tutorials and we had stuff like that, but now we've got three more at the top there You're gonna see interesting facts So for the old you that do top 10s like you do top 10 scary videos of top 10 worst gaming moments in 2014 or whatever you do if you do interesting fact-type videos like that We have a category. We have a menu item for you We also have one for music if you create your own music or you mash up music or your DJ or whatever It is you do and you have the legal rights to post that music on your YouTube channel Well, we can carry it and we will promote it on the website We have that now the third and final item that we have are short films if you do short films that aren't necessarily sketch comedy for example because that's kind of its own unique style But if you do short films like short drama films or short scary films anything like that We also have a menu item for that as well So those three are new and if you do make content on that let us know we're good to go All right next topic. All right, the third topic is the description field This one is crucial the better your description field or post-body content for that matter You're looking at it from a post perspective the more likely you are to get promoted on freedom That's a guarantee if you have a good post description Perfect, but it's also you're also two or three or ten times more likely to be found by Google in YouTube It matters in the description field you get up to 5,000 characters in the description field And I can't recommend highly enough to take advantage of that but on Google and in Search engines that's pretty much the be all end all of getting your content found So please when you're writing out your descriptions, we get a lot of really really good ones But we also get a lot that are just like hey This is me and my brother playing a video game subscribe We're not gonna post that because that just isn't gonna get any views and that's no offense to anybody to you I do that with my old videos. I used to be like hey, there's big C playing World of Warcraft I've got a big sword and that was my description content But I never got any searches from it because I don't give a description So please give a long and well-thought-of description and if you guys are wondering hey I'm asking you to do something and what if your stuff doesn't get posted That's not the point in the YouTube description field like I said earlier put it in there anyways This is something you should be doing no matter what if we post it or don't post it But if you do it good description field good chances, we're gonna post your video. All right, so take advantage of that do that All right, let's get in the next topic. All right, the last topic is 10 poll content This is the most important topic and it's one that George of a news did a video on just a couple days ago 10 poll content for those of you that don't know what it is is basically doing YouTube videos on Topics that are current that are priority that are relevant that are happening right now or happening in the future Let me give you an example for when I used to play World of Warcraft I used to do dungeon runs from like three years ago. Those dungeons have been out since like I know I used to do like Let's do a cataclysm one. Well, okay, guess what that came out like in 2007 or something Nobody's searching for that really but if you do a topic on something that just came out today Let me give you an example battlefield hard line. Yeah, that game launches today There are millions of people searching for information on that game and you could check it out in the keyword tool planner If you want me to get really technical, but you know, that's a fact make a video on that If you bought that game play the hell out of it today make 10 videos on it upload them Submit them to freedom online We are going to give those videos priority because those videos are what people are searching for So do that if it's a if it's the new MacBook Pro that just 13-inch retina MacBook Pro game mode and it has a new force trackpad on it If you've got a copy of that copy of that if you broke your bank and you bought it do a review on it Submit that write some quality content get that into us We are actively monitoring for tentpole content and when it comes in we are going to post it And we have to put it at the front of the line. Now. This isn't being favorite to anybody I don't know who you are it doesn't matter who submits it It's the content that we're going to take and make favorite not a particular director And this is really really important because we're not playing favorites. We do want content for battlefield 4 We do want content for whatever that other big game out that just came out this week I forget the name of it But if you're doing it post that content get it to us and get it to us as fast as you can Because we can and we'll post it and we guarantee you it will get views. We're a big website We've got a good name and we got a good team here, and we want to get you more views Anyways guys, that's the latest on online.freedom.tm or freedom online. Please check out the submission button Please send us content. We're waiting for your call Bixie check it out


My next marvelous task is to bring you Juliette Eilperin who has, who is a environmental and science and politics reporter at the Washington Post where I used to work and she's one of our stars and she's also the author of Demon Fish, Travels Through the Hidden World of Sharks, which is an amazingly interesting book especially when you start reading all the stuff about her jumping off boats into a sea full of things with big teeth. Juliette tell me what sharks have to do with resilience. A lot, so basically what I found what was interesting about writing this book is I find myself having to make the case for sharks and their continued existence and so when you look at it you can start with you know basically you're not gonna make the warm and fuzzy argument they're not penguins they abandon their young in the case of certain species they in fact even eat their siblings in utero so it's like you can't you can't save them cuz you love because they're lovable and then you look at it and you know there certainly is a rational argument you can make for the role that they play in ecosystems and people just their eyes glaze over so I think one of the most effective and to me one of the most surprising arguments that I discovered in the course of reporting the book is the idea that their ability as killers and as the top predators in the sea actually provide engineering clues and solutions for human beings and so essentially when I went through it and kind of tried to talk to people about what are the you know the practical implications that you can get through this field of biomimicrate what you really see is that you know we can look at how they detect electrical currents and is there a way we could model car batteries on that could we look at their armored skin teeth and could we cover our ships with it to allow them to resist barnacles and move faster and so they're all these different ways where you can essentially look at how they have already adapted to the environment and while again sharks are a fantastic example there's just there's a team now working on a robot modeled on a jellyfish there people trying to make better helicopters based on how whales you know move and so really kind of your possibilities are endless and so that's that's how sharks can help her help us be resilient okay and in demon fish you talk about a journal article called quote a review of a last mo branch reproductive behavior with a case study on the nurse shark and you say it's one of the most fascinating things you've ever read which raises two questions first you get out much and second what does shark sex tell us about resilience well that's really interesting alright so right I mean basically let's be honest it's shark-borne it's fascinating you know it's it's it's basically an incredibly detailed description of shark mating and and particularly by a couple of folks including Jeff Carrier the lead author because nurse sharks are easier one of the things that's really difficult about learning about sharks is how elusive they are but nurse sharks in many ways are the most accessible they're the ones when a lot of people say you know I went snorkeling and I saw this shark and it freaked me out and it was lying on the bottom doing nothing that's a nurse shark and so when looking at how sharks have how sharks reproduction can provide clues to resilience I think there are a lot of different ways but one is frankly just how they have so many different ways that they engage in reproduction I mean both I mean and in fact the way that of course is often the most terrifying to males I'll be honest is that we have learned within the last few years that female sharks of multiple species can reproduce on their own so they have really cracked that night virgin birth exactly virgin birth the first one was called the Jesus shark even though it was a female and so what they've noticed is and this has happened because of Zeus that essentially we've kept sharks that did not reach reproductive age in captivity and lo and behold they can still have babies and so I think that that would be one of the you know again potentially terrifying but also inspiring ways to look at how sharks reproduction can show you that they are just I mean it's incredible how resilient they are under you know the worst of circumstances so resilience involves first we get rid of all the males just means that there aren't ones around you figure out what to do that's all we're saying right in demonfish you describe the island of Palmyra as such a shark paradise that everything else with the slightest vulnerability is quote eaten within seconds and quote so why are we talking about sharks and resilience what about all those other poor fish it's a good point what and they have many fascinating coping mechanisms of their own which are also things that we explore and of course sometimes you're looking at also is this question and I think you know obviously you know as that video just showed one of things that I think people are getting a better sense of is how to kind of pull back and look at a broader lens that you know yes and you do want to look at an individual creature and how it operates and see what it means for us as individuals but when you're really talking about resilience a lot of what you're talking about is how on the broadest level can you know ecosystems societies cities whatever you're using kind of your broad networks how did they respond to pressures and rebound and of course when you look at it in that broad lens for example sharks are very good for coral reefs even though some little critters would rather that they didn't exist so sharks are the cops on the beat absolutely the cops on the beat and what one thing that I love about about sharks in this way that you know that again it's a little I try and to play up other things aside from the murder aspect of sharks because that has its downside and so what I love is that they operate through fear as well the way police officers do and so they're great examples of how you can have seagrass beds that aren't overfed by certain certain you know creatures because essentially they're just freaked out that the sharks might come and so I like that that's the benevolent I think police you know police policing mechanism and wolves have done this and wolves are one of the you know the greatest examples of this and you know we've seen the reintroduction to Yellowstone and you know what's incredible is it basically they brought back wolves and again tons of people out West hate wolves but you know it brings back everything I mean it's incredible how it brings back the ashes and the willows and there's just now science being done about essentially it's bringing back rivers in a way they didn't expect because there's so many cascading effects from being freaked out by something that can eat you so it pays for humans to have competitor predators exactly even though it's a little tough to reconcile in demonfish you talk about how how would the ocean look if it was invested if we were invested in its resilience instead of plundering its depth what would that look like and more to the point how would you do that how would you get to investing in resilience so a couple different things I mean I think that it's so one I think you know you'd basically have an ocean that would look more similar although of course not identical to the way it did centuries before so essentially you would have a number of species rebounding you'd have you'd have more fish in it you would have you know coral reefs and kind of the hard structure the stony structure you know in the seafloor that would come back to some extent so you know that's and one of I think one of the really interesting questions that in fact that raises is that we don't exactly know what the sea looks bad looked like you know before human kind essentially like you can obviously do modeling and you can go to really remote areas like Palmyra and you can say oh look you know this is fascinating you actually have sharks that outnumber you know species lower down on the pyramid which is not something we thought about but part of it is that we have such a skewed baseline it's almost hard for us to imagine what that looks like but there are a few relatively pristine places and then in terms of how you go about doing that essentially you do a combination of things but part of it is frankly putting some places off limits that basically if you're you know if you're really serious about this and you really actually want the oceans to be more resilient part of what you're going to do is say that certain areas cannot be extracted the way they are part of it will be restoration which is going on right now and going on near here in terms of restoring eelgrass beds and you know marshes and a whole set of different you know replanting doing coral nurseries which they're doing so part of it is doing that but it's a combination of basically some activity and some frankly leaving it alone because and also some I would say some exploration to kind of find out what out is it is quote easy as that I mean you know you talk about how no self-respecting wedding in China can possibly occur without shark fin soup because it which doesn't taste like anything and doesn't and and yet you'd have to change vast amounts of culture human culture in order to achieve I mean that's is that can you do that I think it's doable I think it's difficult I mean I don't that I think particularly you know everything that involves restrictions is is hard and I think you know we're having a there's a really interesting debate that's going on right now in the United States connected to what you're mentioning which is that there's been this move to ban for example the sale trade and possession of shark fins which is one of the main reasons why sharks are being targeted there they're kind of dying for a couple reasons but in terms of targeting that's why they're they're being caught across the world and now so you have Hawaii California Oregon Washington all have outlawed it you have initiatives in New York Florida Maryland you know in other states actually even the Landlock State of Illinois seeking to ban shark fins and there's a whole debate are you are you declaring war on someone's culture now I would argue that you know we put huge restrictions on on wild caviar when we realized that sturgeon one of the most ancient fish was disappearing and people didn't say that's an attack on Russian culture you know they said look this species is in huge trouble and we're doing something about it but I think you know it essentially it's a it's a heavy lift but if you convince people that essentially they have a reason to be invested in the ocean in the first place it becomes a little easier well I mean talking about culture it's not just the Chinese right I mean there seems to be this connection between testosterone and hunting these primal demon fish right I mean so what are you gonna do outlaw testosterone no and in fact you know when I was aboard there's a there's a fisherman called Mark the shark who operates off Miami Beach who goes out with celebrities as well as just ordinary people and it completely happened as a coincidence when I was on the boat with him one time Rosie O'Donnell came up on her jet ski and boarded and later and which is something I write about the book and later actually did go out fishing with him and recently he posted these pictures and they were controversy so it's a kind of a machinist that is not necessarily related to testosterone and so but but I absolutely agree I mean I think that that's that's tough and then I think you also have the issue of just regular also regular fishing which you know again we have you know there are plenty of fishermen who think that it's their right to take as much as they can and so this is tough but I think that you know again you can actually talk to people and even ironically there's something that is so in some ways macho about sharks to begin with that there's a way that you could argue for their continued existence even to the people who are most invested in kind of defining themselves by catching I thought one of the most interesting things that you dealt with in in demonfish was the role of human myth about I mean we're not talking about catching cod right I mean we're catching door talking about great big teeth and I mean just the stuff of our dreams right so you say the most effective way to save the shark is to explode our cultural myths about them that they are manly to catch or they make good skin cream or they confer status on those who eat their fins again I mean what's the role of fetish or myth or fear or fascination and what does that have to say to resilience yeah I mean it's a huge it's a huge driver and that's what's so interesting that I find it interesting that this predicament for again this lethal predator that's out in the ocean is largely in our heads I mean that is a really you know I find that really interesting but I also think in fact that is what makes it doable that particularly I guess and you know I think part of what you know again Professor Bow was mentioning is that this idea that we're apart from nature is something that I think is really one of the things one gets to that it freaks people out to think that we are connected to sharks in some ways but again even evolutionarily you can argue that the you know the muscles that we use to chew and to talk come from sharks and so I and that again was something that I had no idea when I started reporting out this book so I think when you think about that and you draw those connections and give a sense of how our own resilience in some way stems from the fact that they are so resilient I think that's where you can begin to kind of pierce through those myths and so are you arguing that the first step in resilience is to is inside our own heads absolutely I think I think so and then and then it goes from there but I think that basically if you don't get people to rethink the shark then you're getting nowhere that would be my theory so we start with the sharks and then rethink everything else yeah and then I think you can go from there I mean because if again they're a fantastic place to just you know start because there are few things that are as cool as sharks do we have any questions yeah anybody I can go on about this forever I anybody okay no you say I have somebody Mike wait wait wait wait for the Mike and tell us who you are please George me highest from Phoenix partnership how would you include everything you told us in a curriculum in particular for high school children oh well I mean I could I could be incredibly self-interested and say just to sign my book but I think I mean I actually think that essentially what you really want high schoolers to read about and I think you can really do it at all ages and in fact you know one thing I found interestingly is it seems that fascination with sharks peaks among 11 year old boys so I'm a little worried that if you do high schoolers you might have missed that key moment but that said you know I think essentially you can share with them just the you know the whole complex way in which we are interconnected sharks and also the fact that we have such cutting it's shot science that's coming out right now about them and that to me is really one of the most compelling cases for why this is so important right now that essentially we are learning things with for example the same device that you use in the Nintendo Wii to track how sharks made underwater which is something that again has never been done and is being done by one academic at Montmorain lab in Sarasota and so you really can find these ways and you know frankly one of the great things about sharks is because they're globally distributed they really you know Pete there are ways in which even high schoolers can see sharks can interact with them and things like that this is not something that occurs in one isolated part of the world and therefore is really remote and so that's what I would say I do in fact if people want to go to WWW demonfishbook.com there is a very short video on there and there's also a way to contact me if you wanted to follow up do you have a video of the process of attaching a Wii to a shark you know oh you think this is easy oh this is the part is that's worth reading oh my god let's see who we got somebody who we haven't talked to you how about the guy with the shirt over there my name is Mike Hager thank you for the very interesting presentation I'm wondering given what you say about sharks do you have a comment on how sharks are displayed in aquariums and whether they there should be changes in the way we educate our citizens through those aquariums right well that that's actually a fascinating question and I've both spent time in a number of aquariums you know research meeting with people to research the book but I also have appeared in a number of aquariums so I've been able to see aquariums you know kind of across this country in the course of traveling for the book you know basically first of all I think it's an area where you need a little more research they're actually for two reasons I mean I think that there are plenty of places where there are easy ways to keep kind of lower level sharks like the leopard sharks the nurse sharks that you know epaulette those are you know those are ones that essentially are you know don't have the same needs as say a great white we're the only place it's been kept in captivity successfully in the United States is the Monterey Bay Aquarium which has done which has been controversial but I would argue has done a good job of keeping juvenile white sharks in captivity for short period tagging them and then releasing them into the wild what is interesting and one thing I've pressed people on and there's just research starting now is I basically want to know whether by visiting aquariums are you more inclined to actually care about ocean conservation and while this is something that's kind of accepted as fact I think there actually needs to be more research on it and so I think and there are literally there are a few people who are you know PhD candidates right now who are looking into that and so I think that's important but broadly speaking and so I mean I think it depends on the species I think seeing sharks physically is actually a very important thing and so well I would certainly say if you have the opportunity seeing them in the wild is the period where I think you know you kind of again it was the first time I got in the water is shark 11 year old boys over the boat and throw them in the but I mean I was cage-diving with a great white I was next to a nine-year-old Brazilian girl so now I'm not necessarily saying that all nine nine-year-olds might want to get in a cage with a great white but it can be done I can tell you ones that are you know better to get in the water with at that age and I do think it's the moment that basically again it challenges your preconceived notion of sharks and that's what happened to me I was surrounded by sharks in Bimini in the Bahamas praying that they wouldn't eat me and I really began to look at them and look at how beautifully they were designed really and how they were moving through the water and how I was an afterthought and that's really what got me to rethink right and you're all the time you were thinking I'm a reporter it doesn't really pay it's not in your interest to eat me exactly that was actually one of my exact anybody else yes ma'am did you find anything out about the impact of jaws right I mean the answer is it had a tremendous a tremendous impact and one one has to say a negative impact on people's perceptions I mean I think Peter Benchley and I always you know my disclaimer is Peter Benchley became a huge person who actually did work on behalf of sharks his widow Wendy Benchley does tremendous work to this day and I think that you know he really did recognize that what was interesting is he tapped into our deepest fears it's not like people weren't freaked out before but there was a way that he made it real and brought it home both through his book and his movie that you know that really you know had a tremendous effect and you can see I mean basically there are statistical studies that beach visits went down in the United States nationwide after it came out I have interviewed multiple marine biologists who told me that they stopped going in the water as kids but then ultimately one of the things is since a marine biologist in many ways is the hero of that you know of the book in the movie that then they particularly the movie more than the book they came to see it as a great profession so it's had a mix thing but there's no question that you saw shark fishing take off after that did I never thought of this did the jaws increase the the visibility of marine biology did you see a huge increase in marine biologists immediately after you know you would have to I mean basically I would again I would want the stats being a reporter but there's there's just no question that I have met particularly I have to say again men who happened to be 11 year old boys you know at the time that Jaws came out there is a key there are a number there are a number of people who have made their careers in shark research who were inspired by by Jaws in the back there hi my name is Russell mall I was sitting here trying to figure out a tagline or a tweet to send to you and the thing that kept popping in my head is just a takeaway of this and I was wondering if it kept popping my head like the Jeff Goldblum line from Jurassic Park you know life will find a way and that is that the resilient tagline learning takeaway piece that you'd like to leave with us I think that's a good tagline it's in fact I have to give credit to the fact that actually there's a fantastic researcher at Stony Brook University Damien Chapman who gave who said that line to me when he was the person who discovered that they could do asexual reproduction so I mean I think that that you know that in fact life will find a way is is one of is a pretty good summary and I but I guess part of what it is is it's the quest of figuring out how it finds a way that I find particularly fascinating not just that there is survival but how how does survival work let me take the last minute you do one last question and the one thing that makes me think in terms of resilience is that you say that I mean sharks have been around forever evolutionary I mean way before the dinosaurs and all that stuff and that as a result they're less resilient they're less adaptable what does that say for us I mean is a good that we're a new mongrel species you know it's interesting I still think it's bad news because basically what it meant is because they've been such a top predator they have not been pushed to change who they are and I think unfortunately that phenomenon applies almost as well to humans despite the fact that we're pikers in the evolutionary process great thank you very much Julia appreciate it


We are back again with another interesting episode of how to ace the hackathon. The purpose behind this talk show is basically for the first time aspirants to make the smart India hackathon process more simpler and finally concluding it to become a winner. This talk show specially curates a bunch of previous edition smart India hackathon winners which talks about their first hand experiences about the hackathon. So without further ado we welcome another previous edition Mr. Shivanan on the show, hi Shivanan and we hope you are as excited as we are. Yeah, hi Shivanan, hi hello everyone. Great, I hope you are doing fine and to start with for all the people who are listening and watching to this show right now, I would like to firstly congratulate you again to be a previous winner and I would like to start this discussion with you know a basic experience in a nutshell how was smart India hackathon for you as an experience was. So yeah, so first of all I want to convey that smart India hackathon is really a good platform for UG students to experience and display their innovative and creative ideas. So there has always been this talk about Indian education system that they do not serve practical implications of what they teach in the curriculum. So I think government has brought a great initiative called smart India hackathon whereas students can actually apart from the curriculum or learning step up to bring up their ideas, display them and go to be winners. Right, great rightly said. So Shivanan if I may ask what was the first time how was it that you heard about smart India hackathon? Yeah, actually I had been practicing participating in hackathons earlier also before participating in smart India hackathon I was a winner of other hackathons too. So I was very keen in participating hackathons and I knew already that some of my seniors who are winners of smart India hackathon too. So I knew through that basically through my seniors. Perfect, so basically the idea for us also was to you know create awareness and ecosystem among every institute at every corner of this country you know and to come up with innovative solution so that finally it in turns helps the nation in further development. So that's great. So as you told that your seniors are also participants of smart India hackathon so you were very much familiar with it. So we will go. Yeah in fact they were winners. Okay, great. So you have a legacy of you know smart India hackathon winners in your college. So that's something great, yeah, good, good. So Shivanan as you all also are aware that you know this talk show is basically for the first time aspirants who will be in turn the participants and finally maybe the winners as well. So let's talk in that context where something from your end can act as an input for these participants or aspirants and in turn help them during the entire process of smart India hackathon. So to start with the initial phase where you know the initially the idea has to be submitted against a particular problem statement. So what was your problem statement which ministry you were competing for and you know what was the initial experience for the initial idea submission. Yeah, that's a great question actually. So I'll break down your question and answer, question and answer accordingly. So first of all my ministry which I competed for was DRDO, Defense Research and Development Organizations. And my problem statement was detecting and identifying drones in sensitive establishments and tracking them and tell them whether they are approaching or exceeding this one. I gave a gist of the problem statement and coming to the second part important things that has to be done to you know go through the IDA submission phase to the next phase. So a very important thing is that first of all it's very important to have a good team. You know the team should comprise of expertise along all the domain. For example I am from electronics domain, one should be there who is from software domain who can code platforms well, one should be there who is really good at presentation. A person should be there who can manage the team well, that's the leader. So it's really important to have a good team and to the smart end hackathon is a very big hackathon, it's the largest hackathon. It has around 400 for our time it had around 400 software problem segments. So it's really important at the first stage itself which problem you choose because you know further you are going to implement it. So there should be a careful thought sitting with the team and going through all the problem segments and picking those which interests you, like which is the expertise of your team. There should be a cut feeling that you would win if you choose that problem statement. And one more trick is that you can actually see how many of them have submitted the solution on the SH platform. So make sure you pick the problem segments where the submissions are less. That's a trick I can tell. Rightly said Shivana. So basically a good team is very much required and on the top of it I think a good team leader who can you know entail the entire team and take them till the whole journey of the hackathon is very much important. Adding on to that I think a good mentor, there could be many chances where there could be many challenges that the team faces. So exactly there is a mentor which is very much important during this entire process. It could be an academician, it could be an industry expert. So that is I think would be and you will also agree to it. And rightly said as a third point that the trick that you gave that you know attend or submit your ideas against the problem statement where less number of solutions are there. But actually sometimes just giving you a insight of it sometimes the problem submissions, the idea submissions are really less. Sometimes those ministry is back out also. So it could be acting against you also. So in vice versa you know the idea is submit as many as ideas that you can do against a multiple problem statements that increases your chances to you know qualify the initial idea screening phase also. So that's pretty much said. Now I would like to ask you because there's a typical template where you have to put the idea in the initial phase. So is there any input that you would like to give that what that presentation that two important slides must contain while you submit the idea? So first of all I would agree with you that to submit to different solutions that's really I agree with. So coming to the next part what should be included in the presentation? That's actually very good question. So in my case what we usually do our team usually used to do was that we first used to write abstract of what we are doing actually and just in crux like not elongating on things to be brief and to the context and write crux of what you want the evaluators to pick up from your idea. So ideas should be very specific and very unique actually and the two things which I suggest would be to first to write abstract and then a gist of what your solution is what a unique solution you have proposed. That's what I would like to suggest. And also one more thing it's really important once you write these two things to get evaluated from your mentor. In my case I was very grateful to have industry like academic mentor. She was a PhD from IIT Delhi. Her name is Dr. Umma Muthengudi. I was really grateful to have her. I was actually a research scholar undergraduate researcher under her. So she used to verify our abstract and her inputs really helped us a lot. So as you said it's really important to have a mentor, good mentor. So viewers you just heard it from the horse's mouth. You know a good mentor is of course needed and also be very precise and very to the point when you're submitting your ideas because these ideas are evaluated by multiple industry experts. So these industry experts are really well versed professionals from the industry. So when they are looking at your idea they are looking what exactly you are thinking while you will be developing that prototype. So be very precise be to the point and talk about the technologies that you will be using while you will you know putting your ideas forward into the next step. So yeah. So Shivanan coming back to the next question. Once the ideas are submitted what kind of anxiety or curiosity does happen among the team and the team leader and the members. So yeah your experience. Yeah actually it's a great period I guess it would take around 20 days to get the results published after your idea phase. So that's a period where you can you know build upon your idea implement the first steps and yeah there would be curiosity there would be like you know the team would be selected or not those things would be there but if you are confident on your ideas then there should be no way it should get selected. So as you heard him be very calm. If you are selected well and good. If you are not selected then that's not the end there are many more additions and many more hackathons that will come up in the future course right Shivanan ok. So you know once you screen through the initial idea phase then there's a pretty much gap where you know you start building upon your ideas and parallelly there are some mentoring sessions also that happens for the shortlisted teams. So how about those period when you were you know shortlisted in the initial phase and what what were the things that you underwent during that process till the announcement of the nodal centres for the grand finale. Yeah good question actually. So it's really important to I have been selected and let's do in the last week what we can do and we'll see we'll go to the nodal centre and see what will happen it's not that you should build upon your idea the moment you get shortlisted for the idea phase you should really think upon it verify every stages of your pipeline or whatever your solution is check actually mentoring is what comes here. So mentors give their inputs you should actually rectify according to their inputs and go forward with your solution. So basically there was some in your case while you were shortlisted and those two I around I think there's a period of around 60 days 50 days where you finally end up for the grand finale. Whether any sessions that were organized from the ministries and or from the industry experts or any kind of additional inputs that were given to you during those training periods. Yeah I guess there were two to three YouTube live sessions that went in our case to how to approach the finale. How should one prepare how can one stand out in the finale with their solution. I think Abhay J.R.S.R. and then that YouTube live session twice and yeah we were also listening to those things. Great viewers you just heard it that during those periods once you're selected or shortlisted in the initial round there are a couple of training sessions that also happens from the industry partners or from the experts from the ministry or if not you know the vice chairman and the chief innovation officer Dr. Abhay J.R.S. himself takes out his valuable time to give insight about this hackathon and how what all pointers that you should keep in mind while you know while working on your prototype. So yeah be very calm start working from the day one once you are announced as a shortlisted candidate for the grand finale don't wait till the end otherwise you might lose out on many such good ideas. So yeah she won.  So were there any challenges initially I am also adding on to one more question here that because we keep a female student mandatory in each of the teams. So first question was there the female student there in your team and second question once the nodal center was announced any kind of challenges that you face and how did you overcome because you have to be physically present over there for 36 hours or more you know. So tell me about that. Yeah definitely there was that's a I think a criteria from smart in hackathon to have a female student in the team and yeah we had a female student in the team and come into the challenges part the biggest challenge is that the traveling part you need to arrange yourself in such a way that you don't get tired for the 36 hours long hackathon. I would suggest a very important thing here to sleep like at least 12 hours before you reach the nodal center because you would not have any sleep in those 36 hours trust me. So it's very important to have a sleep a night before you travel and travel to the nodal centers be cool become and yeah go for the 36 hours hackathon. So viewers don't get scared of you know though he has mentioned that have a good sleep but I think the energy itself is so high during those 36 hours with all the stakeholders being a part of it I don't think you know sleep would be a matter but of course health first. So as he mentioned take good care of health before the hackathon rest of course during the session during the events you do get time when you know you can intermittently your team can go and have a some resting period and then come back join your team so that is that is the whole thing. So Sivanand now that we have reached the grand finale nodal center what was your first strategy you know before starting the hackathon and how was the entire experience during all your mentoring session your evaluation session and the process flow of the hackathon if you can talk a bit about it and what are all tips that you can give to you know the first time aspirants for this yeah. Yeah sure so I would like to say that we didn't had our mentors coming to our nodal center there was only our team and coming to the nodal center parts it's very important to know that during our time we had three evaluation sessions so we knew that beforehand so whenever you know what's going to happen like how many evaluation sessions are going to happen in the span of two days it's very important to know that what you show in each of the evaluation sessions that matters a lot how your solution brings impact in each and every stage how do you pitch your solution differently in each stage because in every evaluation stage there will be different judges coming there will be different people who are coming that they're going to score you for which you would be again becoming the decided whether you will become a winner or not so it's really important to decide whenever the first step when you reach the nodal center it's important to decide what's your plan of action in each of the evaluation sessions that would be held in the two days long ahead so yeah viewers you heard it again have a very clear mindset on what exactly you want to show while you show your you are building your prototype what exactly is the scalability or what would be the impact of your prototype on the solution that you are proposing because again the evaluators are the industry experts so they know in and out very well so they are here to judge you or check whether whatever solution that you are proposing is actually in real time is applicable and for further stages is there a possibility of scalability of those projects so be very you know very sure about each evaluation round what you are up to you know that message should go clearly to the evaluators thank you so Shivannan if I would say that give a couple of master tips for these first time aspirants you know who is coming for the first time to these kind of hackathons what could it be and I think that should help yeah so that's a good question there are good questions actually so whenever you read whenever you come to the nodal center it's really important to you know to have in mind that there are four other teams who are actually thinking similar to you who want to beat you at every phase who want to be ahead of you at every phase so one master tip I want to give here is how is your idea standing out from this obviously you don't know what's their idea but the thing to know here is that everyone would be on the similar phase on on the same things that you are thinking they want to win the win the hackathon so how you stand out by you know being unique from the other side is what is the key and how well use your implementation that's a good part good thing actually how well you portray your implementation how well is your products scalable that's also important that judge actually is interested in so that's a tip from mine. Thanks Shivannan that was highly insightful for the first time aspirants who will be joining in this year edition and hopefully they turn out to be winner with your inputs thank you for taking out this wonderful time of yours and helping out these first timers and we wish you all the best for your future endeavors also thank you so much. Thank you so much. So viewers that was Shivannan for you who knows next time maybe I would be interviewing you so that's from our side prepare well participate well be confident and win the smart India hackathon for more interesting talk shows stay tuned to the channel how to ace the smart India hackathon till then have a good day.


Casis is a high-resolution color stereo camera in Mars orbit and is making remarkable images of the red planet. So what mysteries has it revealed today? Recently Casis observed some dark tracks on the Mars surface. Looks a little like giant worm tracks but for the moment we still haven't found life on Mars so it can't be that. So what has produced these tracks? These tracks are seen over many parts of Mars and especially where there's a lot of dust. Well you heard right there's a lot of dust on Mars and dust is a key to the puzzle of the red Martian sky. The Earth's sky is blue but dust in the atmosphere strongly influences the color and brightness distribution of the sky. So if you stand on the Martian surface and turn around you would see that the sky is actually red and varying in brightness much more strongly than on Earth and surprisingly near the Sun the sky will be blue. Hmm if there's dust in the atmosphere it should have been brought there by winds right? You've seen the Hollywood movie The Martian? Well you can imagine that maybe some stones were moved by these winds and left the tracks but let me surprise you here. The Martian atmospheric density is only about 1% of the Earth's atmospheric density so even a high-speed wind can't move anything except dust. To search for the answer let's go to the most dusty places on the earth. Let's look at this. Looks similar doesn't it? You might think that somebody decided to clean the ancient dust on the planet's surface but look at the scale of these casis images. The tracks can be several tens of meters in width. That's a very very big finger. But what if we combine dust and wind? Let's look for evidence in a dry desert region on Earth. Here the Sun warms up the air near a flat dry surface. The warm air rises quickly and begins spinning moving forward as more air is sucked in below. This spinning moving cell picks up dust and sand and leaves behind a clean surface. If we're right, casis should detect some of these revolving structures. And here we are. We seem to have captured our devil. To understand more let's implement the power of casis. The stereo capability of casis allows observation from two different directions separated in time by just 45 seconds. So we combine two stereo pictures together and... got it! This is a dust devil and it's moved a lot in 45 seconds. We can even calculate its speed as we know the distance. And hey presto! 8 meters per second. That's a little slower than the speed of the fastest Olympic champion Usain Bolt when he's running a hundred meters. And here is one more. Look at the shadow. It is huge! Just imagine that. Dust devils on Mars can reach 700 meters in diameter and several kilometers in height. It's extraordinary. It's several tens of times more than on Earth. Why is that? Well there are two keys here. One is the lower Martian gravity and the other is the rarefied atmosphere. Although Mars is definitely a different world, sometimes casis can show us things that are very familiar to us on Earth. Got it! What on Earth are you doing here worm? Look at that! I wonder what's making that change in brightness?


Do vzduh naleko... Do vzduh nekaj vzduh naleko z tem, da je bilo izvizdu,veda, da so inočne vzdušnji, da so inočne vzdušnji. Vzdušnjamo skupnje objezdu. Zelo je z Kadeža, nekaj, nekaj, nekaj, nekaj, nekaj, nekaj. kaj je z jazem v zelo, vseč je z vsečenih mediterranja, z Marokko, da? Tako, da se je tudi tudi, da smo vsečali, da smo vsečenih, zato vseči in vsečenih indikatorov na Markovene in Markovene Danahmi. Kadeža, da se prič. Počke. Počke. So, hej, vseč. Moje njiha je Kadeža Lennos in je z Markovene, Krimelk, Kisati, Universtiv. moročko. Prvo, da, zelo, da bo evoš jaz sem zaštah, da bi pomovil pristiti, da bo srednout mojjo vse svojo, to, da, ta svoja vso je vse turbo, tudi in inkrično, vse, ti, vse, ti, vse. Na srečke, ta srečke, pa je tudi, da, da, ta srečke, pa je tudi, da, to, ta srečke, pa je tudi, pa je tudi, pa je tudi, pa je, ta srečke, pa je tudi, pa je, ta, ta, As we know, today's society is often dabit to a communication society because of the importance of mass media and communication in our lives. Indeed, we can catch information on any topic from anywhere via our computers or even via our smartphones. So the most popular questions arises in the last 2 decades is what is information itself, and second one if we have a random variable ex that theories about probability distribution P. So how much information one can learn from CNX. Of course, the answer to these questions is given to us by information theory introduced by Clodch channel at 1940. So, if we look for an exact definition of information, we merely agree that it is a quantity expressed in bytes. And as I said, the authorship is attributed to Clodch channel at 1940. But along before him, Roland Eilmar Fischer treated the notion of information in his paper at 1922. And he said that it is a way of measuring the amount of information via estimating a parameter of the distribution that model is X. And after 20 years, of course, Clodch channel came with his famous formula, channel entropy, and he said that it is intuitively defines the rate of information, delivered information source as an electrical signal or even for a speed test of 5. However, in the early of 1980, so a group of researchers interested in information theory founded the following scenario. So, if the technological progress being made on the miniaturization of the device, devices used to transmit and process information were to continue, then in the near future we would be able to store information at atomic particle and microscopic scale. So, in this case, quantum scenario for transmission and processing information were to continue and of course leads to what we call quantum information theory as you know. So, one of the important concepts in quantum information theory is often quantum systems. But, let me start with a very brief definition of closed system. So, as we know, a closed system is a system that does not interchange information, which is matter or energy with other external systems. So, of course, the first quantum method describing the dynamics of closed quantum system is given by Schrodinger equation. But, this is not always the case. In general, case in a quantum system can interchange information with other systems and this gives a rise to open quantum systems, where in general this system, open quantum system is connected or is in interaction with its environment. So, now, if we assume that the coupling between the system and its environment is weak and the environment is memoryless, then in this case the dynamics is to be Markovian. If not, if the memory effects between the open quantum system and its environments are always taken into account, then in this case the dynamics is no Markovian and, of course, the reduced density operator for the open quantum system can be evolved in time using, for example, the linear blood master equation. So, another concept known in quantum information theory is what we call quantum speed in its time. So, it is originally known as the minimum evolution time between two distinguishable states and it is given by the maximum between three different quantities, which are given by this formula, where in general this pattern key norm is defined as this formula, where lambda 1 to lambda n are the singular values of this operator. So, in particular, where key is equal to 1, I mean, we are in this situation, then this norm is simply the choice plus norm. If key is equal to 2, then this norm defines the Wilbert Schmidt norm and if key, if we are in this situation, then this norm defines simply the so-called operator norm. However, this quantity describes the birth angle between the initial state and its target. So, another concept we use it in quantum information theory and quantum estimation theory is what we call quantum information theory and it is used to detect the precision of a parameter via estimating some parameters encoded in a quantum state. So, why we use quantum feature information? Because in general and in quantum information theory it isn't always possible to quantify directly parameters encoded in a quantum state. So, for this reason quantum feature information get away to solve this problem via estimating some parameters encoded in a quantum state. So, it is formally based on the symmetry kilogarismic derivative operator and it is given by this formula where epsilon is parameter to be estimated, rho epsilon is the state and L epsilon is the symmetry kilogarismic derivative operator which satisfies this solution. So, now if one can make the special decomposition for the density operator rho epsilon, then the quantum feature information can be written as this form where lambda e and psi e are the eigen values and eigen vectors of this state. And of course, we can also define the quantum feature information for any single cubic system and as we know the density operation for any single cubic system can be defined in terms of its rock vector and Pauli matrices. Then the quantum feature information for any single cubic system is defined as this form. So, based on this we mainly focus our attention to investigate the relation to make a comparative study between quantum speed limit time and quantum feature information actually for three different open quantum systems but I will present just two open quantum systems to examine the Markovianity and or the normal Markovianity of the dynamics of these systems. So, Pauli means start with the first proposed model. So, this model reflects the interaction between a single particle with a set of particles. So, this is the open quantum system and the rest of the particle represents the environment. Of course, the open quantum system is described by this measure equation where each is one is the Hamiltonian the self Hamiltonian of the atom which is given by this formula and the capital here denotes the decoherence rate. So, after some straightforward calculations and for any t greater than zero the reduced density operator of the first open quantum system is given by this formula where d is the decoherence function and it is given by this formula as you see here it depends basically on the time parameter t it depends on the decoherence rate and also it depends on this quantity which represents the difference between the center particle and the other particle. So, the second model is based on the interaction between a single QB system with a non-retronome learning cavity. So, of course, the interaction between these two systems is governed by Jean Skarmin's model and in the 18-wave approximation the total Hamiltonian is given as the sum between Hamiltonian of the atom plus the self Hamiltonian of the electromagnetic field plus the interaction Hamiltonian between these two systems. So, again, after some straightforward calculations and for any t greater than zero the reduced density operator of the second open quantum system is given by this formula where gamma denotes the decoherence function and it can be found in the plus transform the inverse of plus transform the Lorentzian distribution and so on so forth. So, as a result, we have here some analytical results. We have calculated quantum speed limit time for both open quantum systems. So, for example, for the first open quantum system we have calculated quantum speed limit time between the initial stage which is performed as this formula and is targeted and then we have calculated the quantum speed limit time again we have also calculated quantum speed limit time for the second open quantum system of the initial stage which is given by this formula and it's targeted and we have this formula. So, as you see here both quantities depend basically on the decoherence function for each open quantum system. We have also calculated quantum future information and again it is clear that both quantities also depend on the decoherence function of each system. So, here we have some plots we have calculated so, let me start with the first model so, we have plotted the amount of quantum speed limit time and quantum future information again is the parameter delta x so, I remember that delta x is the difference between multiple and the other particles so, we can have some negative equations of course so, we have for the first few here we have plotted the amount of quantum speed limit time so, a remarkable transition from no speed up phenomenon to speed up phenomenon is clearly appeared so, in the first region it is clear that the quantum speed limit time increases but really to reach the minimum value for delta x equal to zero and then increases to reach the maximum value for the particular values of delta x in the plot of quantum future information in the first region it is clear that the amount of quantum future information increases gradually to reach the maximum bound and then decreases fast to completely vanishes at delta x equal to zero and then we have a symmetric behavior in the second region and in general it is clear that for both quantities quantum speed limit time and quantum future information these two quantities increases at the rest of the time also increases so, how can we interpret this phenomenon? phenomena so, in the first region when quantum speed limit time increases and quantum future information decreases and quantum future information increases and then decreases we have interpreted this as so, the open quantum system provides the information to its environment so, at this critical point namely delta x equal to zero the open quantum system provides the maximum of information to its environment however, in the second region when the quantum speed limit time increases and quantum future information increases then we have interpreted this that there is a feedback of information from the environment to its system which means that the open quantum system becomes strongly capital to its environment which make accelerate the speed of the system so, since we have this exchange of information between the open quantum system and its environment in this case the dynamics is said to be long Markovian which is not the case for the second model namely a single qubit interacts with a non-detronomical in cavity so, similarly here we have posted the amount of quantum speed limit time and quantum future information but now again is the coupling with parameter so, it is clear that the quantum speed limit time behaves linearly and speed of phenomenon doesn't occur which means that only the open quantum system gives the information to its environment and there is no feedback of information from the environment to its system which can be also seen from the behavior of quantum future information where as you see here in this point the amount of quantum future information is completely vanished which means that the open system keeps its local information for the remaining values it is clear that the amount of quantum future information increases linearly which means again that only the open system provides the information and there is no feedback of information to the qubit which means that the dynamics is Markovian so, as a summary in the first model it is shown that the quantum speed limit time and quantum future information is looked with similarly between their maximum and minimum bounds we have concluded that the information is transmitted from the open quantum system to its environment and feeds back again to the system whereas for the non-disunely knowledge and cavity the quantum speed velocity limit time and quantum future information are always linear which means that the information flow trained is irreversible and the information cannot feed back to the qubit and then we have concluded that quantum speed limit time and quantum future information can be considered as a good indicator for Markovian or and non-Markovian climate so, I have not enough time to show you all the results we have also added a third quantum open quantum system in order to check our results and we have also added non-Markovianity measurement in order to prove our results and I think we have got an interesting result so, if you are interested you can check our paper and finally I would love to thank my collaborators my previous supervisor Prof. Rahim Galate from Markovian University, Morocco and also my collaborator Prof. Nasser Mithvalli from Markovian University and finally, thank you very much for your effort thank you very much for the talk, for being perfectly in time are there questions from the audience hi, thank you very much for a nice talk I wanted to ask if you could go back to the definition for the quantum speed limit time I wanted to ask you if you can clarify what kind of formula you are using for the speed limit time because I know so, for example, the one that I know is the speed limit time for unitary dynamics for closed system then there are generalization for Linbladian kind of evolution but I guess in this case you are using an even more general speed limit time because it has to be valid so for non Markovian ones so if you could clarify this yes, I agree with you quantum speed limit time first is defined for closed quantum system using the Mandishtam and left hand inequalities but for open quantum system they are used in order to define the quantum speed limit time for open quantum systems and it is given actually by this quantity which is the max between these quantities and we can use it for open quantum system the most important one is that you can use it the reduced density operator the derivative of your density operator and you can calculate these norms using this definition and then you can calculate the quantum speed limit time for any open quantum system ok, so thank you are there other questions? well then if not, let's thank Kadija again and we proceed we proceed to the