Welcome everyone to this session. I'm Nicola Draghi. And together with my colleague, Mike Casanova-Simo, we are going to present this colonial statistics session first with this presentation and then with the exercises. So let's start with a review of the sector. You see here two pie charts. On the left side, we have void total energy supply. And on the right side, the void electricity generation, both for 2021. So here we want to highlight the relevance of coal compared to other sources. On the left side, we see that coal is the second largest source of energy, just behind oil and in front of natural gas. Whereas when we speak about electricity generation, we see that coal in 2021 was, by far, the largest source of electricity generation. Again, in front of natural gas, but natural gas had a much smaller share and then many other fuels. So coal is a major player in both energy supply and electricity generation, but the relative share is quite different between the two. Moving on to coal production and its evolution from country to country over time, you can see here this figure, this chart, that comes from our coal animal statistics published in the Coal Information 2023 report last summer. So let's look at more in detail, maybe with the help of a laser point. We see that in the 80s coal production increased, was flat in the 90s. Then please have a look also at China graph over here. And you see that the trend of coal production mimic very much the one of China. So the expansion in China production was very much the driver for this increase in the 2000s. And then the trend is more volatile in 2010s with the flat down and some increases and decreases we see here 2020 for the COVID pandemic and so on. So in time of main producers on the right side, we see that China is by far the biggest producer followed by the OECD as an aggregate, but in terms of single countries, we have India and Indonesia following. And they are also two of the fastest rising producers in relative terms, India in Indonesia. And we see that also very important in 2022 preliminary figures, we have a big increase in coal production following the one in 2021. In 2022 was about 8%. Moving to consumption, the trend is very similar. Now the graph is in energy terms in extra joules, but the trend is basically the same follows the one of production. And here I wanna focus directly on the main consumers. And we see that China counts for more than half of total coal consumption in the world. You see that in light blue, that this is all the chunk of consumption belonging to China. Then with India, which is the second biggest country, they amount to about two thirds of the overall consumption. And then we have United States and OECD as an aggregate again at the second place. Similarly to production, also consumption increased again in 2022, but just a little bit less, 3.7%. On the trade side, this time OECD as an aggregate is the main exporter and it's followed by Indonesia, which is then the biggest exporting country in the world. And then we have Australia and the Russian Federation. So OECD is at the top, mostly thanks to Australia and United States, whereas Indonesia has been growing very much in recent years and overcome Australia indeed recently. What you notice here is that similar to production and consumption, also for exports, we have a handful of countries that account for the vast majority of them. When talking about imports, China and India that are respectively in light and dark blue are again the two largest core imports in 2022. We saw that they are also very big consumers and very big producer. However, I wanna just show you the trend for 2022. Contrary to the year before in 2022, we see a reduction in China imports for now for the human life figures, and we see instead a bounce in India imports so that the gap between the two countries is less. We see an increase also in gray for the EU imports, of which Germany is the highest importing country and increased by 10% its imports. And OECD as an aggregate, it's the biggest importing region that say thanks this time to is Asian countries as Japan and Korea. Now let's move to some key concepts and we start with product classification. And this is because primary coal is a very heterogeneous product. And so in order to classify them, coal types here speaking about primary coal can be distinguished by their physical and chemical characteristics. We then determines their suitability for certain uses and their prices. On the left side, then you can see the classification according to the physical and chemical characteristics. And in general, the higher content of carbon, the higher the quality and higher rank coal have also less moisture and volatile matter and therefore better qualities for the metallurgical sector, for example. So on the left, we see hard coal over here, including cooking coal, anthracite, another B2 minus coal, and brown coal, including sub B2 minus coal and lignite. And for example, if we look at calorific value, we see that high coal have always a calorific value above 24,000 kilojoule per kilogram, whereas for brown coal, we go below that threshold. On the right side, we see that coal products can be classified also by their use. For example, we have metallurgical coal, so cooking coal that has such a high quality that makes it suitable for high quality and characteristics that make it suitable to be fed into cocoa beans. So for the metallurgical sector, then we have anthracite, other B2 minus coal, and sub B2 minus coal, which are used mostly for electricity production. So they're called steam coal, so to produce steam coal or thermocol, and lignite, which is excluded from this classification and has various uses among which also for electricity production. So until now, we mostly talked about coal, primary coal we saw before, but this whole section of energy statistics at the IA is called solid fossil fuels and manufactured gases because it includes more fuels, other fuels, so a broader concept, let's say, and these are all the 17 fuels that we collect in this section of energy statistics. They are indeed solid fossil fuels, and we have primary fuels that are the one that can be found in the nature, can be ironed, or just mined from the biosphere, whereas we have on the right side derived solid products and manufactured gases, which instead are the result of a transformation process. Here in this slide, even more, again divided on the left side, primary coal, in the middle you have, let me take it with a last pointer, here we go, in the middle you have derived solid products, and on the right side you have manufactured gases, so you can read obviously this atom, we have all the definition here online on the questionnaire reporting instruction, but what is very important here is that very often, actually always secondary products, so the products which are manufactured or comes from transformation, derived from primary products, so when you know the interrelationship between products, you can often guess whether there is an output or an input that has been reported correctly or not, or you can estimate one or the other. For example, if we look at the orange boxes and orange arrows, we can see that cooking coal, which is used in co-covens, has as a product of the transformation, co-coven-cook coal tar and co-coven-gas, and then co-coven-cook can be further used in the blast furnaces to produce blast furnace gas and sometime also other recovery gases, so it's very important to this slide to get the interconnection between products. Now let's move to the coal balance and let's look at it through a simplified flowchart going from left to right, we have production, which applies mostly into mines, surface or underground, but for secondary products, for derived coal products, we have production from transformation processes and then we can have also production from other sources, which is very peculiar processes or when the production happens from another fuel, so from another section of annual statistics and then the consumption of these products goes back into the coal and solid fossil fuels and manufacture gases section. Then we have import and export, so trade and stock draw and stock build, you see that the arrows sometime point to this line, sometime goes out because import and export have a different sign, so they can add quantities to the supply side or take out quantities from the supply side. Then we have transformation, where indeed we see all the processes where coal is transformed into another fuel, into another energy forms, for example, electricity, but also into another fuel, for example, at derived coal products. Energy industry on use, that is when coal products are used for energy purposes to provide energy to the above mentioned transformation processes or to the other energy industry uses, and then we have total final consumption that can be energy consumption or non-energy use, when for example coal is used as a feedstock. Finally, distribution losses, which happen during the distribution transmission of coal or for example for gases, if those are vented. Let's look at the most important flows, starting from production, which occurs in mines and the most common process is surface mining because that's less expensive than on the ground. Now, what is important here is that production includes, production accounts for the quantity of coal which is produced, but after any operation of removal of the ionized matter or anything else, so we are pointing production, the coal which is already clean and marketable, but also very importantly, production includes the quantity of coal which is consumed by the producer, for example, some quantity of coal is burnt to provide energy for the equipment running the mine, so that amount of coal is accounted on the supply side on production and on the demand side on energy industry use into the mine sector. Then we move to trade and indeed coal is a very tradable product because it's easily transported over long distances either by boat or train, and here it's very important to set boundaries to statistics, to coal statistics, so imports is coal which entered the country for domestic supply and demand, so for use within the country. Export instead is coal which has been produced domestically and that is living the country. And if we follow this definition, we see that transit trade is excluded, which is for example, that if a country imports a quantity of coal doesn't do anything with this coal but just export it right after, then this amount shouldn't be included into the trade records. So below you see for country A, B and C, some scenarios, there can be other things happening, other situation, so this reporting is not super easy, so we invite all the country from which we collect data to communicate with us and discuss with us if there is something not clear of there is a particular situation and we can sort it out together. Then going into the transformation side, there is a wide variety of transformation processes and plans, starting from the top, you see the most common one in orange and it's the transformation of coal products, primary and secondary into electricity and heat plants. Then we have the various transformation from a coal product, usually a primary product into a secondary product. So we see co-covens before, blast furnace is gas works gas, but there are also others for example, for BKB to create briquettes or for patent fuels and so on. And then we have also the possibility to move from coal and transform into other energy products as the case of oil products in coal liquefaction plants. Let me look at an example of transformation, a very common one, which is co-covens where cooking coal is subject to a process of carbonization, meaning simply that it's heated at high temperature in an oxygen-free atmosphere and I wanna, sorry, I wanted to zoom into here and show you that the input indeed is cooking coal and the main output is co-coven coke, so output number one, but there are also byproducts of this process and they are output number two, co-coven gas and coal tar, that can be further reused in some cases to provide energy to sustain the reaction into the co-covens. So it's very important then to calculate the efficiency of this reaction over here and obviously you have at the numerator or the output divided by the denominator where there are the inputs and it's very important to have both numerator and denominator in energy units and the efficiency of this process is usually between 70 and 90% and calculating this efficiency, you have also sort of quality checks of the data that you collected, whether they are correct or there is some part missing. Now let's look at the iron and steel sector because that's very relevant, many coal products are used in this sector but also many processes are involved and pertain to different flows in the coal balance. So it's very important to differentiate and classify them correctly. We have transformation flows where fuels, coal fuels are transformed into another energy form or another coal product at the right product. We have energy industry on used fuels, sorry, flows where fuels are consumed to support operation, this iron and steel is a very energy intensive industry and so a lot of energy is used to support the operation and sometimes it comes from the core products which are, for example, created and so on. And then we have final consumption that it's the fuel consumed in all the operation downstream to, for example, co-covens, blast furnaces and all this operation where we have final consumption of coal, they are listed into the international standard for industrial classification. So moving on, this is a simplified flowchart of the iron and steel industry. I will not go through all of it because it's long but you can see co-covens here, blast furnaces and then find that downstream other processes where mostly non-energy products, for example, pig iron are used. So if we already saw co-covens, so let's look maybe at the blast furnace and we see that co-coven-cook is an energy product and it's a transformation input, we see the blue arrow into the blast furnace, together sometime with the B2 minus coal which is used in pulverized coal injection to improve the efficiency of the transformation and also iron ore which is not an energy product so we will not collect that in coal statistics and the output in terms of energy products is blast furnace gas of this process and blast furnace gas can be further used in the blast furnace for energy industrial use or sometimes if co-coven-cook is also placed in the same complex also in co-covens and pig iron is the outcome of this transformation but it's not an energy products and therefore it's not collected by the statistics. So these are the energy products, they usually the efficiency of this transformation processes and for iron and steel industry, we have that all the flows pertaining to the IC group 241 then will be included into iron and steel final consumption. Moving on to data reporting, let's be quick on that, you would see also another questionnaire, we have several ways of collecting data and several sources for example surveys that can be done and interact with many players, mining companies on the supply side, enterprises like power plants operator, iron and steel companies and so on on the demand side as well as households, not very common for coal but that could be the case and then we have all the administrative data which are collected for administrative reasons from ministries, energy regulators, administrative offices among which for example, custom office which are usually a very good source of raw data for trade. Then we have direct measurements, calorific value, very important, we will see them later in this presentation and in the exercises are the sources as international organizations, coal association for example and then estimation and modeling when we are not able to collect the data first hand but we can collect activity data or added data as pig iron production from which we can estimate blast furnace gas production. Moving to the another questionnaire, this is the questionnaire that the IA we use to collect data from the countries that work with us and some of you obviously are familiar with that but for all the others I want to work you through it. So there are four tables starting from this one, the first one is the flow table, we will see that later in detail but it's supply and demand flows of the coal balance. Then imports and export table, imports by origin and export by destination and the calorific value table. In addition, we have one table for each product with the time series of each flow. So moving from the first one, now you see it a bit little, so let's try to zoom. We have products in the column dimension and flows in the row dimension. So basically every column is a commodity balance in physical units for a given product and we have first the supply block and then the transformation block and then energy sector industry and final consumption. And you see in yellow, the values, the new values, so all the new values for the new year or when there is a revision in our questionnaire the formatting will show a new value, will show a yellow value compared to the prefilled one. Then tables two and three, imports and exports. What I wanna show you here is the fact that if you don't know the country of origin of some imports or the country of destination of some exports, there is the possibility of put them in the not elsewhere specified row for both tables. And then very importantly the table on calorific value where you have calorific value collected by use and by product obviously in gross and net terms, very important they are collected also by use for seven flows because it's possible that for example a production of a certain type of coal differs for example in calorific value from imported quantities from another country and then in the uses downstream on the demand side they will be used accordingly. For example to the calorific value or chemical product properties or so on. Now moving towards the conclusion we still look at this is the product table of other binomial school. It's an example of one of the 17 product tables and basically here we have all first all the flows then the calorific value then imports and exports. So it's a concentrate of all the tables we saw before but for one product and with a time series. Remark's page at the end just to provide additional information about complicated or specific processes or situation for your country. And this is the main sheet where you can select the year to check the data for example. You can do here imports and exports in CFV but also check the data with this button over here and you select the year and you see some automatic arithmetical and consistency checks. So towards the end a conclusion about that is the fact that consistency is very important in the questionnaire with the questioner so inter-questioner within the questionnaire with other statistics in terms of within the questionnaire an example is between table one and table two all the imports by origin the sum should be the same as in table one of total imports or for example in table one we should have consistency in terms of efficiency for example for co-covens. The efficiency of a co-coven shouldn't be above under percent. Inter-questioner for example with electricity for the electricity and heat generation we have to report the same quantity in physical times but also in energy times. So it's very important also the calorific values collected in table four for main activity producer to be consistent with the one in the electricity and heat questionnaire. And finally if you wanna learn more about energy statistics you can click here and have the energy statistic manual from the IA available in 10 languages. Obviously that's consistent with the United Nation international recommendation for energy statistics which is the most important guideline for energy statistics. It was conceived by several international organizations among which the IA and then IA statistic website questionnaires and reporting instruction available on the website and many more other data services products, reports for which the data that we produce here and that we are presenting to you the methodology are the foundation tool the several reports within the agency. So thank you very much.


The signal oil program the whistler Yesterday the whistler visited the jack Benny program where mr. Benny sounded something like this. I am the fiddler As always mr. Benny theme by the real whistler Will sound like this at whistle is your signal for the signal oil program The whistler hey, I'm the whistler and I know many things for I walked by night I know many strange tales hidden in the hearts of men and women who have stepped into the shadows Yes, I know the nameless terrors of which they dare not speak Yes friends, it's time for the signal oil program the whistler Rated by independent research the most popular West Coast program in gasoline you know it takes extra quality to go farther and Signal is the famous go farther gasoline So look for the signal circle sign in yellow and black that identifies signal service stations from Canada to Mexico And now the whistler strange story Masquerade There was a strange tense silence in the room broken only Occasionally by the sound of the whirring roulette tables downstairs and the muffled cries of the croupiers Sam Baxter was serious this time deadly serious Irene could tell it by the nervous habit he had of blinking his eyes cold gray heartless eyes Stabbing at her now as she sat in the chair across the room It was like Sam she told herself to tackle it this way To sit there quietly for minutes on end and let the silence work for him She was almost ready to scream when he finally spoke Been Britain hitting it pretty lucky Irene. How much you win tonight? Go ask your cashier I hate to see that Hamilton awful vice. No one encouraged you. I made a pretty good living at it I got no complaints from now on you can make your living somewhere else What does that mean means you're barred from the casino It's from now on Is that why you called me up here? Yeah, I got a little advice for you, baby You better hit the road the town's no good for you no more if I want advice I'll go to a lawyer and you can save yourself the time. I'm giving it to you now for nothing I'm gonna treat you right Irene There's a set of railroad tickets with a little expense dough vacations on me That's a funny way to look at it Sam. I'm making money for you bringing in the suckers doing my job It's got nothing to do with it. What is it then?   What does Joe think of this? He likes it Okay, now that I explained it to him.  I Love the guy. I'm on the square. Yeah. Well forget it. He doesn't love you You've got a lot of cross Sam back sir. I'm gonna see what Joe has to say about this wait a minute I'll be surprised if Joe acts like he's cooled off a little he's done a little thinking this afternoon And remind him of a couple of things like what another dame like you Rumbling his hair with one hand and count these dough at the other are you low down cheap double Baby, I don't take that from nobody Go on go on over and see him. He'll tell you where to get off. You might be surprised and Irene yeah You forgot something You train tickets you can keep them better take them baby Vacation might even be good for your health Yes, Irene Sam hates you As you leave the casino and walk toward Joe's apartment the cool night air clears your head and you realize how afraid you really are How easy it would be for a man with Sam's power to snuff you out like a candle? Joe is alone in his apartment when you arrive and the minute you see his face you know Sam has put the The fear into him too Joe So darling, what's the answer? I? Don't know Irene.  I love you Joe. I Love you so much.  Oh Nobody's ever gonna keep us apart Irene Irene you don't know Sam. He's too big for us He gets what he wants there are guys working for him clear across the country can't be everywhere We'll leave the country anything so long as we're together.  Oh We've got to try Joe. We've got to try Joe Whose gun is this on the table? It's mine Irene. You see he's got you carrying a gun already. Oh Joe if you love me you've got to do it now Here Yeah, Joe sit down. What are you please? All right Here's a pen paper Go ahead Joe. I want you to write a note for me, but I read you please Thank you Dear Sam dear Sam I've thought it over Now decided I can't go on like this So I'm taking the only way out Irene and I are in love. I can't do it Irene. Why don't you not now? This isn't the time for it, baby Look, you go ahead like Sam says see I got some things to clear up here I can meet you later somewhere in a couple of months. Oh wait a minute Joe just a minute You love me, don't you? Oh, it's not that but like I said, there are a couple of things lying to me Joe Listen, I mean what Sam was talking about. No, you got it all wrong You're different now sure I don't count anymore forget Irene. There are plenty of other women around Just listen to brother Sam.  He's the only one who counts Everything's great till Sam gives the word then you sell me out for a dime It's always been like that. Hasn't it Joe? Hasn't it? And I've been too blind to see it. Oh now wait a minute, baby. You got it Sam So it is another day money anything. I don't know You never loved me. You just lied to me. Oh stop it. I mean All right Joe all right have it your way Irene put on that gun. I'll get out of here. I'll do with the both ones Doesn't matter anymore. No wait a minute Irene With the prologue of masquerade the signal oil company brings you another strange tale by the whistler Have you had a ride in one of the new? 1946 cars yet? Well, I did this evening when a friend gave me a lift down to the studio and man with he proud I Was especially interested to hear him brag about the engineering Improvements that not only gave faster pickup and smoother speed, but also better gasoline mileage Because you know friends. That's the same thing science did for today's signal gasoline when they upped its power The first thing you notice of course is signals quicker starting its faster pickup and it's quieter higher anti-knock But if you check your speedometer, you'll find today's signal gasoline also gives you a bonus of extra mileage For after all it stands to reason a gasoline that helps your motor perform more efficiently also helps you get more miles per gallon That's why signal says look to your speedometer for the best proof of gasoline quality It takes extra quality to go farther Good reason why so many drivers are switching to signal the famous go farther gasoline And now Back to the whistler. So it's over now Irene and it's decided once and for all Joe will stay and you will go That's all you can think of it first after the awful finality of the thing that you did begins to sink in It happened so quickly Irene First is fumbling excuses than the doubt a few seconds later the blinding flash of hysteria the gun in your hand the shot And Joe lying at your feet still in silent Then you start out of the apartment and your eye falls on the note on the desk I thought it over carefully and I decided I can't go on like this. I'm taking the only way out Irene and I are in love Sounds like a suicide note Like a suicide note quickly you pick up the gun wipe the fingerprints off of it with your handkerchief Press it into Joe's limp hand and let it fall to the floor again The handkerchief again now on the doorknob the fountain pen everything you touched Then quickly out of the apartment into the service elevator through the alleyway and into the street You remember now with immense relief that the night clerk was asleep when you came in But no one saw you leave The half hour later you walk into your apartment house the clerk looks up as you enter Mr. Cardi you have a visitor waiting upstairs what? You didn't let him into my room. Oh, it's a man. It's isn't a man miss It's a young lady an old friend of yours. She didn't leave her name. I Thought you were in Las Vegas. Nobody stays in Las Vegas forever just passing through. I don't know my stay a while You seem to be doing all right darling nice place. You got here Nothing like a job with Sam Baxter is there why you say that? Take it easy, baby.  What are you doing here? Mitzi just looking up an old friend? You know if this is Las Vegas, and I was you you know what I do missy. I'm sorry honey I'm just not enough for me a drink. How about it? All right Well, it'd be ginger ale or soda ginger ale thanks. I dropped in on Sam Baxter's afternoon. Oh Oh He tells me you're taking yourself a vacation We talked about it. Good idea. You need one Think so. I know a case of shakes when I see one and baby you got them Sam got anything to do with it No, Sam has nothing to do with it Here's your drink. Thanks. Yes. Do you darling? Oh? Oh, I forgot to tell you I'm staying here tonight. Oh now listen missy not another word darling No trouble at all. I'll sleep on the couch. You'll never know. I'm here. You can get a room at the hotel all fixed up I checked them an hour ago. Just be for tonight. So don't worry your little head. It's a darling I want to be alone tonight. I I I don't feel well I've got the shakes good liquor down the front of your desk. Oh, oh Wipe right off of the handkerchief got my handkerchief right here My handkerchief Where is it? I Love my handkerchief here. Here use mine. What's the matter with you, Irene? You look like a ghost Nothing nothing Nice handkerchief with my initials on it. I'll buy you one tomorrow Better. Let me put you to bed, baby. You got yourself a case of nerve Well Irene what about your handkerchief As you lie in bed you try and tell yourself you must have dropped it on the street That the chances are against anyone finding it where it would do you harm But every time you close your eyes you see it lying on the floor of Joe's apartment Where Sam is sure to find it It seems like hours later when the phone bells cut through the darkness like a night Yes, Irene Yes, like this two o'clock in the morning and everything. What do you want? I'm up at Joe's apartment. I got pretty worried when he didn't answer his phone Why are you calling me?  Oh listen damn. I'm sleepy. I don't want to play games Get him sooner or later Why'd you have to do it to him, baby? The beef was with me.  You're kidding. You know, I could almost believe you if I didn't know you better. Tell me what's this all about? What do you mean? I mean someone shot Joe tonight with his own gun Joe baby. Oh baby. You're great. You're terrific. You ought to be in the stage.  I'd call it a wonderful job. This is Sam. I had nothing to do You're gonna see him tonight. Well, I called it off. I told him later. I'll give it to you straight Irene I think you've got ways of finding out If I'm right, you won't have to worry about the police You listen think Joe committed suicide so I can take care of you myself Might happen in a taxi Maybe in a crowd on a street corner, maybe even in in bed some night when you're asleep But you won't have to worry because you'll never know what hit you Yeah All you can think of is the lost handkerchief and what will happen if Sam finds it you're wondering now Imagining things fighting the desire to run and then you discover you're cold and walk to the closet for your role As you throw it around your shoulders your eye falls on something white Sticking out of the lining of the fur coat you wore tonight. Just below the right pocket Here in my coat all the time You take one look at the bloodstain on the corner and decide to burn it right now Quickly through the side door into the kitchen. You touch a match to some papers in the incinerator and throw the handkerchief into the blaze I'm gradually feel better as you watch it go up and smoke and then a Door closes in the other room and you remember She's still asleep on the couch Or is she You wonder how she could have slept through that ringing phone If she was watching you as you burned the handkerchief 19 is nine getting laid darling gonna have breakfast. Oh, go ahead.  Will you what about you? I don't want any breakfast.  That's all four or five lines Just another suicide Nothing more but over and over again inside your mind. You hear something else playing like a phonograph record Maybe and you know how short your time really is that perhaps right now. He's making up his mind How it's going to happen You know now you're going to have to run for it Irene No matter how useless it might seem to try to run from Sam Baxter It's your only chance now Why yes miss of course we can dye that blonde hair any color you want it it just seems a shame black.  Oh hi miss. They run all the way up to four inches. That would add a couple of inches to your height Not so good if you got a short boy. I'll take a pair five five and a half. I never mind the boyfriend You're just a time lady right up here I hope you don't mind my sitting next to you miss it's nice to have someone to talk to Of course, I have my nitin, but even at that. It's a long trip. How far you going Montreal Montreal My that must be a lovely city Regular piece of France they say just cross the border This your first trip. Yes, it's my first trip. Well, isn't that nice? Well, we stop up here at Hanford for a minute and then we'll begin to get some real nice scenery Then there's a tunnel just beyond there, and then we get into the mountains. Please if you don't mind Hey, is that a friend of yours up here? Oh, I don't have any Well, isn't that funny she turned and looked at you just as if she'd just say well that girl crossed the car a few seats ahead The one with the yellow hat Mitzy Yes, Irene Mitzy is sitting up there on the other side of the car just a few seats ahead.  Hanford it only stops for a minute. Excuse me. Oh, no time to get off You still have a chance Irene Mitzy's not sure of you yet. Thanks to the disguise You move down the aisle to the car exit with the commuters start down the steps and in one glance you realize how hopeless it all is There on the station platform Carefully watching each passenger get off is a big hulking man With a telltale bulge of a shoulder holster under his left arm You turn back into the car just in time sick with fear knowing now that Sam was right. There's no running away Oh, you come back. I thought you just went back there for a little. Oh, it does get mighty stuffy in these cars Sometimes you can smell that smoker clean way back to the observant What's the matter see what you're looking at now? What do you suppose that tough-looking fellas doing up there? I don't know maybe one of them survey fellas asking questions looks like that's what he's doing with those folks up How do we get to that tunnel? You told me about where is it? Oh, that's a about a half mile beyond Hanford. We ought to hit it any minute now Well, I wonder what that fellas up to. I suspect he'll ask me what brand of prunes I'm using In your praying now that the train will plunge into the blackness of the tunnel before the man The same man you saw on the platform reaches your seat He's moving closer now almost to Mitzy stopping at each seat to look carefully at its occupant Then moving backward in the car a closer and then The train hits the tunnel and in that precious moment of darkness you struggle out of your seat and back into the next car The train leaves the tunnel and it's light again. You hurry down the aisle toward the end of the train and the observation car The sound of steps behind you make your turn. It's Mitzy Irene.   You hoped you wouldn't need All right, Mitzy He slumps to the floor and you turn toward the railing the trains moving too fast, but you're going to have to jump anyway No, you don't know you don't jump another train today It's a bright now, baby. You're all washed up The whistler will return in just a moment with a strange ending of tonight's story Meantime a word about the extra something you get when you have your car lubricated at a dealer owned signal gasoline station You see signal dealers being in business for themselves do go out of their way to give you the kind of job They're proud to stand back up It's why for instance they take no chances on memory when they lubricate your car Instead they check against signals factory recommended lubrication chart which shows every lubrication point on your car and they use nine specialized signal oils and greases so each part will have the exact type of protection it needs for long trouble-free service But do they stop there? No, sir just to make doubly sure not a single part has been overlooked they check each point again Which is why it's called signal double-check lubrication Now that's the kind of lube service you want when today's aging cars have to last until there are enough new ones to go around And that's the kind of lubrication you get from your friendly dealer owned signal service station And now back to the whistler Well Irene there's no use fighting anymore now. It's all over and Sam Baxter is one Suddenly you're weak and dizzy the sky turns a sickish green and the floor gives way underneath your feet When you open your eyes you find you're up forward in one of the coaches the train has stopped near a crossing and Some men in white uniforms are carrying mitzi into an ambulance. You try to lift your hand to your head and discover you can't It's a handcuff, baby New York police homicide detail the name stone No, I couldn't miss it everyone in the car saw through that window under the back platform. Oh, I I mean about Joe Joe who? Why did you come under this train? What did you follow me? We weren't following you lady. We were following that dame you knocked off mitzi roger And I'm afraid it's gonna go pretty tough on you still murder, you know What are you talking about mitzi was wanted for the murder of her ex-boyfriend at his office this afternoon Who was it? Oh a guy that was giving her the run around gambler, but the name of Sam Baxter Let that whistle be your signal for the signal oil program the whistler each Monday at 9 Brought to you by the signal oil company who have asked me to remind you to get the most driving pleasure Drive at sensible speeds be courteous and obey traffic regulation. It may save a life possibly your own The whistle was produced by George W. Allen based on a story by David Khan music by Wilbur hatch and was transmitted to our troops overseas by the armed forces radio service Marvin Miller speaking for the signal oil company This is CBS the Columbia broadcasting system


Welcome everyone on a perfect night for football with the floodlights leaning down. I'm Derek Ray and with me in the commentary position is the former Arsenal and England fullback Lee Dixon. I'm looking forward to bringing you action from the Premier League coming right up. It's Arsenal up against Tottenham Hotspur. Yeah, thanks Derek. Great atmosphere here. Two sides I'm sure will set a quick tempo in this game. We get to watch for free. The players are chomping at the bit. I can't wait. It was a heaven-sent opportunity to take the lead so early. First goal is so important Derek. Sometimes you're not ready. But you really must be ready this early in the game. And this is the Arsenal starting 11. Bant Leynow gets the Nord in goal. Danny Savaios plays with Granik Jaka in the centre of the pitch. And the starting role and attack is handed to Alex Lacazette. They chose one to go through. Harry Kane options around him. Clean through he was. But what a miss. Oh my, he won't be watching the highlights tonight of that one. Well Pierre Emmerich Obama Yang is a striker who knows how to go and a warm welcome on what is a glorious night for football. Perfect playing conditions. My name is Derek Ray and joining me for commentary as always is Lee Dixon. And looking forward to bringing you action from the Premier League coming right up. It's Arsenal up against Tottenham Hotspur. Well I'm excited about this one. Great atmosphere in here. Everybody looking forward to this game especially me and you. Here are the starters for Arsenal. Bant Leynow gets the Nord in goal. Granik Jaka plays alongside Danny Savaios in the centre of the park. And the starting role and attack is handed to Alex Lacazette. Well he's hit it with far too much height. He's quite a long way out and if you put power on the ball and just lean back slightly it's going to rise and that time over the bar. Introducing the Spurs starting 11. Lukas plays with Jungmin Son in the wide positions and the centrepiece of the attack today is Harry Kane. Now Harry Kane on the move. Careless in possession. We always love watching true entertainers and William does know how to entertain. What might we see from him in this game Lee? He's on the ball all the time and his ability on the ball is absolutely phenomenal. He doesn't pass the ball away, he lends it to his teammate.


QuickBooks desktop 2023. Adjust opening balances. Let's do it within two-inch QuickBooks desktop 2023. Here we are in QuickBooks desktop get great guitars practice file that we started up in a prior presentation going through the setup process we do every time maximizing the homepage to the gray area in the view drop-down noting we got the hide icon bar open windows lists checked off open windows open on the left-hand side going to the reports drop-down to open up the major two financial statements and the trial balance starting with the profit and loss the P and the L will run the date range from 0 1 0 1 2 2 to 12 31 2 2 and let's customize it to bringing the fonts and the numbers up changing the font to 12 you're not required to do this but I'm gonna do it so you could see it better then we're gonna go to the reports drop-down and look at the balance sheet this time the big balance sheet and do the changing of the ranging up top I'll say this is 0 1 0 1 2 2 to 12 31 2 2 and then fonts and the numbers changing the font size up to 12 again okay yes please and okay let's open up the trial balance to by going to the reports drop-down and going to the trusty TB the trial balance 0 1 0 1 2 2 to 12 31 2 2 and then customize that report with the font team and the numbering to change it team to 12 in and yes scene and okay in there we have it the project we have been working on is imagining that we had another accounting system before starting our quick books accounting system we took the ending balances as of the last day of the prior period this is our worksheet to do that from the prior accounting system as of 12 31 22 which only includes balance sheet accounts because we're just because the income statement accounts roll into the equity section and we're entering these as of our beginning balances and then we're gonna start entering new data into our system starting after the cutoff date of January 2023 now the process that we used to do this is instead of having one large journal entry to enter this transactions to enter each account one at a time allowing quick books to use whatever form appropriate to enter the transaction and also allow any other bookkeeping needs to be put in place including allowing the sub ledgers as well as allowing the process for us to complete any future transactions related to these balances the checking account for example being entered with a deposit or transfer form the accounts receivable being entered with an invoice allowing us to create sub ledgers by customer and allowing us to receive payments on the invoice in the normal accounting process inventory having the sub ledger account breaking out the inventory by item these two are pretty straightforward the accounts payable also having a sub ledger account entering with the format of a bill so that we can then pay the bill in the normal accounting process because we did it that way quick books put the other side to equity because every transaction has at least two accounts impacted the other side went to equity possibly in the format of just going to opening balance equity which is kind of like a holding account which is quick books telling us hey look we just dumped the other side into this equity account and so you should basically double check that at this point in time which is what we're going to do or they put it into the income statement for example with the invoice that was created when we put the accounts receivable and the bills which were put in place when we made the accounts payable but because we entered it as of the prior year those will still roll into equity in terms of the equity account and still be part of equity so everything's in equity all of our beginning balances are correct total equity is now correct but we want to adjust our equity account to be appropriate at this point in time to one account so let's see that over here we entered each of these transactions they look good and we checked them last time so they look good until we get down to here where we've got the equity accounts broken out now on the trial balance you can see both the income statement accounts and the balance sheet accounts so if I run this report for 2022 the prior year then you can see the whole thing and I can say okay well this the 72 396 plus 20,500 minus the 15,000 that gives us the 77 896 which is our equity here if I increase this to the current year that we're going to start entering data as of after the cutoff date January of 2023 010123 to 123123 then we see that those income statement accounts are gone and it rolled into this account which is an equity account and and therefore we still have the same balance of 72 396 plus the 5500 of the 778 which is the balance that we want now in our scenario I'm not worried about the income statement for the prior period because if I go back to the income statement here we could see that we have this amount in the prior year in uncategorized expenses and uncategorized income that doesn't really make sense we shouldn't have uncategorized income and expenses but it's in the prior year and if I want to look up the detail for those transactions I'm gonna look at my prior accounting system because I just want the beginning balances in place for January 1st going forward of 2023 so if I was to change the year here once again just to show just to make sure we understand this 1231 1231 23 there is nothing in the current year because it rolls into the balance sheet that's how the income statement is related to the balance sheet so I'm not worried about it if you were worried about it however I could I could say 010123 to 1231 23 I could make I'm sorry 22 to 1231 22 I could make a journal entry closing the 20,500 and the 15,000 out to the balance sheet account of opening balance equity if if if I chose to do that that's one way you can do it I'm not gonna do that because I'm not worried about it because it closes out to equity anyways and I'm only worried about what's happening after the cutoff date so you can see that here too because I got the net income if I run this as of 2023 but if I run this as I'm sorry if I run this as of 2022 if I bring it up one day to 2023 that income will now roll into the equity account which is owner's equity so so now everything looks good except that I have this opening balance equity which is ugly you don't really want to report opening balance equity to like external users because it indicates that that you haven't really cleaned things up it's kind of not really professional because QuickBooks is using that account as an account to tell you that that's where they dumped the other side of all the transactions instead of just put it into the equity so that you can double check it basically so what we would like to do is take the money out of there and put it into the equity account so that it looks proper more professional and just to get a recap on this remember that we have the assets and then the liabilities and equity right so you got assets liabilities and equity assets minus the liabilities equals the equity the equity represents then the book value of the company so it represents in other words the owner's ownership interest in the assets of the company as opposed to the third party often the banks ownership interest in the assets of the company right claims to the assets of the company it's the other half other side of the coin this is what we have this is who has claimed to what we have now the equity section if we only have one owner because it's a sole proprietorship for example then I should only have one account in the equity section unless you want to have another account for draws for example and owner investment but we only have accounts representing one owner and we could just use one equity account to do that if however you have a partnership then it's going to be more complex and because you're gonna have two or more partners and you can have at least one equity account per partner called a capital account and you'll have to break out the equity per partner which becomes a little bit more tedious especially since QuickBooks uses that income net income account kind of messes things up when you're trying to break out the income to the to each partner but you've got you've got that and so you have to consider that if your partnership partnerships are actually more complex on the equity side of things because each partner might have different partnership equity accounts corporations are actually in some ways easier than a partnership because the corporation then is just gonna have in essence one account called retained earnings and possibly a common stock account representing the investment from the owner and the company and then the retained earnings income that hasn't been given back to the to the shareholders in the form of dividends and then the ownership interest is not broken out by separate capital accounts as in a partnership but rather by who owns how many shares all the shares are equal units of ownership in theory so that's gonna be the idea we only have one owner a sole proprietorship so all I'm gonna do then to clean this up is to take that 72 I'm just gonna write it down 72 396 just so I have it here and do a journal entry out of owner's equity and put it into the equity I could do that my most natural response would be to open a journal entry to do that and do it with debits and credits here but I'm gonna try to use the registers whenever possible and and remember the general format whenever you're entering data into QuickBooks you you're gonna say usually I'm gonna go to the homepage I'm gonna use a form whenever I can use a form because as we saw when we entered the opening balances here the forms are often connected to things like the sub ledger as well as to making the data input on the customer center and vendor center tracking the transactions as easy as possible from the bookkeeping side of things as well as making the general ledger accounts correct if there is no form to enter the transaction the form will then typically be the journal entry debits and credits that we will then have to use but you don't have to use a journal entry to enter the transaction because we could use the register which is like in a plus and minus format so for example I could go to the list drop-down chart of accounts and I've got the checking account which were familiar with the register look on a checking account kind of because it looks like a checkbook but each of the balance sheet accounts have a register as well so if I go down to the to the equity accounts I might not be able to enter it into the to the owner's equity directly because owner's equity is kind of a special account because that's the account that net income rules into and whether you're a partnership or whether you're a corporation or sole proprietorship you want to understand which account the equity is rolling into and you can see out here because it doesn't have you know the balance in it because it's kind of it's changing with the income statement the income statement is rolling into the equity so I'm going to go into the to the opening balance equity account double-click on it here's the register and I'm just going to enter a journal entry as of 12 3122 and I'm just going to say there's 72,396 in it I want it to go down to zero so I'm going to decrease it in the decrease side notice the terms up here increase and decrease I'm going to take it down seven two three nine six and I'm going to say the other side is going to go into equity or what did I say what do they call it owner's equity owner's equity and this is going to be the beginning balance adjustment I'm going to call it so there it is so now the balance goes down to zero they moved it up here because everything's at 12 31 but there it is if I double-click on that I could have done it with a journal entry here's the actual journal entry that's the actual form that's being used I might put the adjustment here to on the memo so so there it is I put it into owner's draws that's not where I wanted to go I wanted to go to owner opening I wanted to go to owner's equity not owner's draws change that I changed it to equity save it and close it it says you have changed it I'm going to say yes and then it gives me this little little message and this is a warning telling me well it's rated you are about to post to retained earnings account owner's equity QuickBooks uses this account to track profits from earlier periods that have not yet been distributed meaning earnings that have been retained it's kind of like a retained earnings account that have not been distributed in the form of draws or dividends this is an automatically generated account and in most cases you should post to another equity account so generally we don't post to that account but we can we just got to make sure we know what we're doing so that's a good warning I'm gonna say okay I know I hear you but we're we know what we're doing here I'm gonna close it out and then go back to the balance sheet and say okay so now we have that one account because they have one owner of the 77 896 now again I might break out if I have an assault proprietorship another account for draws when I take money out of the company so I can track in a separate account the money that we took out we also might have another account for investments which is not as common but still could be useful for the money that I'm putting into the company for my personal checking account but the total equities is just one equity account in this case because it's just a sole proprietorship one owner and that's the general ideas so we should tie out there's the 77 896 and everything is in place we can see it here on the balance sheet and we can also see it here on the trial balance format let's go to trial balance so it looks good you could check your numbers and everything looks good going forward nothing's in the income statement and so when I go to the profit and loss next time and I go to the current year 0 1 0 1 2 3 0 and 12 31 2 3 we have nothing in it going forward and everything should be set up and we're ready to go and enter data for the for the following period which we'll do in future presentations


The Eagles were an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1971 by Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leiden and Randy Meisner. With five number-one singles, six Grammy Awards, five American Music Awards, and six number-one albums, The Eagles were one of the most successful musical acts of the 1970s. At the end of the 20th century, two of their albums, Their Greatest Hits, 1971-1975, and Hotel California, were ranked among the 20 best-selling albums in the United States according to the Recording Industry Association of America. Hotel California is ranked 37th in Rolling Stones list of the 500 greatest albums of all time and the band was ranked number 75 on the magazine's 2004 list of the 100 greatest artists of all time. The Eagles are one of the world's best-selling bands of all time, having sold more than 150 million records 100 million in the U.S. alone including 42 million copies of Their Greatest Hits, 1971-1975, and 32 million copies of Hotel California. Their Greatest Hits, 1971-1975, was the best-selling album of the 20th century in the U.S. They are the fifth highest-selling music act and the highest-selling American band in U.S. history. The band released their debut album, Eagles, in 1972, which spawned three top 40 singles, Take It Easy, Witchy Woman, and Peaceful Easy Feeling. Their next album, Desperado, 1973, was less successful than the first, only reaching number 41 on the charts, neither of its singles reached the top 40. However, the album contained two of the band's most popular tracks, Desperado and Tequila Sunrise. They released on the border in 1974, adding guitarist Don Felder as its fifth member midway through the recording of the album. The album generated two top 40 singles, already gone and their first number one, Best of My Love. Their 1975 album One of These Nights included three top 10 singles, One of These Nights, Lion Eyes, and Take It to the Limit, the first hitting the top of the charts. The Eagles continued that success and hit their commercial peak in late 1976 with the release of Hotel California, which would go on to sell more than 16 million copies in the U.S. alone and more than 32 million copies worldwide. The album yielded two number one singles, New Kid in Town and Hotel California. They released their last studio album for nearly 28 years in 1979 with The Long Run, which spawned three top 10 singles, Heartache Tonight, The Long Run, and I Can't Tell You Why, the lead single being another chart-topping hit. The Eagles disbanded in July 1980 but reunited in 1994 for the album Hell Freezes Over, a mix of live and new studio tracks. They toured consistently and were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998. In 2007, the Eagles released Long Road Out of Eden, their first full studio album in 28 years and their sixth number one album. The next year they launched the Long Road Out of Eden tour in support of the album. In 2013, they began the Extended History of the Eagles tour in conjunction with the band's documentary release, History of the Eagles. In March 2016, following the death of Frey and a tribute performance at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards, Henley told the BBC that the performance was a final farewell. In an interview with Rolling Stone on June 10, 2016, Henley confirmed the dissolution of the band. History. 1971–1973, Formation and Early Releases The Eagles began in early 1971, when Linda Ronstadt and then manager John Boylan recruited local musicians Glenn Frey and Don Henley for her band. Henley had moved to Los Angeles from Texas with his band Shiloh to record an album produced by Kenny Rogers, and Frey had come from Michigan and formed Longbranch Penna Whistle. They had met in 1970 at the Troubadour in Los Angeles and became acquainted through their mutual record label, Amos Records. Randy Meisner, who had been working with Ricky Nelson's backing band, the Stone Canyon band, and Bernie Leiden, a veteran of the Flying Burrito Brothers, also later joined Ronstadt's group of performers for her summer tour promoting the Silk Purse album. While on the tour, Frey and Henley decided to form a band together and informed Ronstadt of their intention. Frey later credited Ronstadt with suggesting Leiden for the band, and arranging for Leiden to play for her so Frey and Henley could approach him about forming a band together. They also pitched the idea to Meisner and brought him on board. These four played live together behind Ronstadt only once for a July concert at Disneyland but all four appeared on her eponymous album. It was later proposed that J. D. Souther should join the band, but Meisner objected. The four were signed in September 1971 to Asylum Records, the new label started by David Jeffen, who was introduced to Frey by Jackson Brown. Jeffen bought out Frey's and Henley's contracts with Amos Records, and sent the four to Aspen, Colorado to develop as a band. Having not settled on a band name yet, they performed their first show in October 1971 under the name of Teen King and the Emergencies at a club called The Gallery in Aspen. Don Felder credited Leiden with originating the name of Eagles for the band during a peyote and tequila influenced group outing in the Mojave Desert, when he recalled reading about the Hopi's reverence for the eagle. Accounts however vary, and J. D. Souther suggested that the idea came when Frey shouted out, Eagles, when they saw eagles flying above. Steve Martin, a friend of the band from their early days at the Trubiter, recounts in his autobiography that he suggested that they should be referred to as the eagles, but Frey insists that the group's name is simply eagles. Jeffen and partner Elliot Roberts initially managed the band, they were later replaced by Irving Ozoff while the eagles were recording their third album. The group's eponymous debut album was recorded in England in February 1972 with producer Glenn Johns.Johns was impressed by the harmony singing of the band, and he has been credited with shaping the band into the country rock band with those high-flying harmonies. Released on June 1, 1972, Eagles was a breakthrough success, yielding three top 40 singles. The first single and lead track, Take It Easy, was a song written by Frey with his then-neighbor and fellow country folk rocker Jackson Brown. Brown had written the first verse of the song, but got stalled on the second verse after the line I'm standing on a corner in Winslow, Arizona. Frey completed the verse with It's a girl, my lord, in a flatbed Ford, slowing down to take a look at me, and Brown carried on to finish the song.The song reached No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and propelled the Eagles to stardom. The single was followed by the bluesy witchy woman and the soft country rock ballad peaceful easy feeling, charting at No. 9 and No. 22 respectively. The group supported the album with a US tour as the opening act for Yes. Their second album, Desperado, took Old West outlaws for its theme, drawing comparisons between their lifestyles and modern rock stars. This album was the first to showcase the group's penchant for conceptual songwriter. It was during these recording sessions Henley and Frey first began writing together. They co-wrote eight of the album's 11 songs, including Tequila Sunrise and Desperado, two of the group's most popular songs. The Bluegrass Songs 21, Dulan Dalton, and the ballad Saturday Night showcase guitarist Bernie Leedon's abilities on the banjo, guitar and mandolin. The story of the notorious Wild West Dulan Dalton gang is the main thematic focus of the album, as seen in the songs Dulan Dalton, Desperado, Certain Kind of Fool, Outlaw Man and Bitter Creek. The album was less successful than the group's first, reaching only No. 41 on the US Billboard 200 and yielding two singles, Tequila Sunrise, which reached No. 61 on the Billboard Hot 100 and Outlaw Man, which peaked at No. 59. With Henley and Frey CEO writing the bulk of the album a pattern that would continue for years to come the album marked a significant change for the band. The pair also began to dominate in terms of leadership, the early assumption had been that Leedon and Meisner as veteran musicians would have a greater influence on the band. 1973-1975, on the border and one of these nights. For their next album, On the Border, Henley and Frey wanted the band to break away from the country rock style and move more towards hard rock. The Eagles initially started with Glenn Johns as the producer for this album, but he tended to emphasize the lush side of their double-edged music. After completing only two usable songs, the band turned to Bill Shymchuk to produce the rest of the album. Shymchuk wanted a harder-edged guitarist for the song Good Day in Hell and the band remembered Bernie Leedon's childhood friend Don Felder, a guitarist who had jammed backstage with the band in 1972 when they opened for Yes in Boston. Felder had been nicknamed Fingers at the Jam by Frey, a name that stuck due to his guitar proficiency. In January 1974, Frey called Felder to add slide guitar to the song Good Day in Hell and the band was so impressed that they invited him to join the group as the fifth Eagle the next day. He appeared on one other song on the album, the up-tempo break-up song Already Gone, on which he performed a guitar duet with Frey. Already Gone was released as the first single from the album and it reached No. 32 on the charts. On the border yielded a No. 1 Billboard single, Best of My Love, which hit the top of the charts on March 1, 1975. The song was the Eagles' first of five chart toppers. The album included a cover version of the Tom Waits song OL55 and the single James Dean, which reached No. 77 on the charts. The band played at the California Jam Festival in Ontario, California on April 6, 1974. Attracting more than 300,000 fans and billed as the Woodstock of the West Coast, the festival featured Black Sabbath, Emerson Lake and Palmer, Deep Purple, Earth, Wind and Fire, Seals and Crofts, Black Oak Arkansas, and Rare Earth. Portions of the show were telecast on ABC television in the United States, exposing the Eagles to a wider audience. Felder missed the show when he was called away to attend the birth of his son, Jackson Brown filled in for him on piano and acoustic guitar. The Eagles released their fourth studio album, One of These Nights, on June 10, 1975. A breakthrough album for the Eagles, making them international superstars, it was the first in a string of four consecutive No. 1 albums. The dominant songwriter partnership of Henley and Fre continued on this album. The first single was the title track, which became their second consecutive chart topper. Fre has said it is his all-time favourite Eagles' tune. The second single was Lion Eyes, which reached No. 2 on the charts and won the band their first Grammy 4 Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal. The final single, Take It to the Limit, was written by Meisner, Henley and Fre, and it is the only Eagles single to feature Meisner on lead vocals. The song reached No. 4 on the charts. The band launched a huge worldwide tour in support of the album, and the album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Album of the Year. The group was featured on the cover of the September 25, 1975 issue of Rolling Stone magazine and on September 28, the band joined Linda Ronstadt, Jackson Brown and Toots and the Maidals for a show in front of 55,000 people at Anaheim Stadium. One of these nights was their last album to feature founding member Bernie Leedon. Leedon wrote or CEO wrote three songs for the album, including I Wish You Peace, written with girlfriend Patty Davis, daughter of California Governor Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan, and the instrumental journey of the sorcerer, which would later be used as the theme music for the BBC's radio and television versions of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. Leedon was disillusioned with the direction the band's music was taking and his loss of creative control as their sound was moving from his preferred country to rock and roll. His dissatisfaction, principally with Fre, boiled over one night when Fre was talking animatidly about the direction they should take next, and Leedon poured a beer over Fre's head, and said, You need to chill out, man. On December 20, 1975, after months of denials, it was announced that Leedon had left the band. 1975 – 1977, major success with Hotel California. Leedon's replacement, officially announced on December 20, 1975, was guitarist, singer, and keyboardist Joe Walsh, who had been a friend of the band for some years. He had previously performed with the James Gang, Barnstorm, and as a solo artist, he was also managed by Ozoff and used Shymchick as his record producer. There was some initial concern as to Walsh's ability to fit in with the band, as he was considered too wild for the Eagles, especially by Henley. After the departure of Leedon, the Eagles' early country sound almost completely disappeared, with the band employing a harder sound with the addition of Felder and Walsh, however, Felder also had to play banjo, pedal steel and mandolin on future tours, something that had previously been Leedon's domain. In early 1976, the band released their first compilation album, Their Greatest Hits, 1971–1975. The album became the highest-selling album of the 20th century in the United States, and has since sold 29 million copies in the U.S. and 42 million copies worldwide. It stayed the biggest seller of all time until it was taken over by Michael Jackson's thriller following the artist's death in 2009. The album cemented the group's status as the most successful American band of the decade. The following album, Hotel California, released on December 8, 1976, was the band's fifth studio album and the first to feature Walsh. The album took a year and a half to complete, a process which, along with Turing, drained the band. The album's first single, New Kid in Town, became the Eagles' third number-one single. The second single was the title track, which topped the charts in May 1977 and became the Eagles' signature song. It features Henley on Leed vocals, with a guitar duet performed by Felder and Walsh. The song was written by Felder, Henley and Frey, with Felder writing all the music. The mysterious lyrics have been interpreted in many ways, some of them controversial. Rumors even started in certain quarters that the song was about Satanism. The rumor was dismissed by the band and later by Henley in the documentary film History of the Eagles. Henley told 60 Minutes in 2007 that it's basically a song about the dark underbelly of the American dream and about excess in America, which was something we knew about. With its hard rock sound, life in the fast lane was also a major success that established Walsh's position in the band. The third and final single from Hotel California, it reached number 11 on the charts. The ballad Wasted Time closes the first side of the album, while an instrumental reprise of it opens the second side. The album concludes with The Last Resort, a song that Frey once referred to as Henley's Opus, but which Henley described as fairly pedestrian and never fully realized, musically speaking. The run-out groove on side 2 has the words VOL. is five-piece live edged into the vinyl, which means that the instrumental track for the song Victim of Love was recorded live in the studio, with no overdubs. Henley confirms this in the liner notes of the very best of however, the song was a point of contention between Don Felder and the rest of the band. In the 2013 documentary, Felder claimed that he had been promised the lead vocal on Victim of Love, for which he had written most of the music. After many unproductive attempts to record Felder's vocal, band manager Irving Ozoff was delegated to take Felder out for a meal, removing him from the mix while Don Henley overdubbed his lead vocal. Joe Walsh said that Felder never forgave them for the snub. Felder denied any hurt feelings in his book. Hotel California has appeared on several lists of the best albums of all time, and is the band's best-selling studio album, with more than 16 million copies sold in the U.S. alone and more than 32 million copies worldwide. The album won Grammy's four record of the year, Hotel California, and Best Arrangement for Voices, New Kid in Town. Hotel California topped the charts and was nominated for album of the year at the 1978 Grammy Awards, but lost to Fleetwood Max Rumors.The huge worldwide tour in support of the album further drained the band members and strained their personal and creative relationships. Hotel California is the last album to feature founding member Randy Meisner, who abruptly left the band after the 1977 tour. The Eagles had been touring continuously for 11 months, the band was suffering from the strain of the tour, and Meisner's stomach ulcers had flared up by the time they arrived in Knoxville in June 1977. Meisner had been struggling to hit the crucial high notes in his signature song, Take It to the Limit, and was unwilling to perform the song, Frey. And Meisner then became engaged in arguments about Meisner's reluctance to perform.Meisner decided to not sing the song as an encore at the Knoxville concert because he had been up late and caught the flu. Frey and Meisner then got into an angry physical confrontation backstage, and Meisner left the venue. After the incident, Meisner was frozen out from the band and he decided to leave the group at the end of the tour and return to Nebraska to be with his family. His last performance was in East Troy, Wisconsin on September 3, 1977. The band replaced Meisner with the same musician who had succeeded him in Poco, Timothy B. Schmidt, after agreeing that Schmidt was the only candidate. In 1977, the group, minus Don Felder, performed instrumental work and backing vocals for Randy Newman's album Little Criminals, including Short People, which has back-up vocals by Frey and Schmidt. 1977–1980, The Long Run, Breakup. The Eagles went into the recording studio in 1977 to begin work on their next album, The Long Run. The album took two years to complete. It was originally intended to be a double album, but the band members were unable to write enough songs. The Long Run was released on September 24, 1979. Considered a disappointment by some critics for failing to live up to Hotel California, it proved a huge commercial hit nonetheless, the album topped the charts and sold 7 million copies. In addition, it included three top ten singles. Heartache Tonight became their last single to top the Hot 100, on November 10, 1979. The title track and I Can't Tell You Why both reached number 8. The band won their fourth Grammy for Heartache Tonight. In the city by Walsh and the Sad Cafe became live staples. The band also recorded two Christmas songs during these sessions, Funky New Year and Please Come Home For Christmas, which was released as a single in 1978 and reached number 18 on the charts. Frey, Henley and Schmidt contributed back-up vocals for the single release of Look What You've Done To Me by Boz Skaggs. A different version with female backing vocals appears on the Urban Cowboy soundtrack, along with the Eagles' 1975 hit Lion Eyes. On July 31, 1980, in Long Beach, California, tempers boiled over into what has been described as the Long Night at Wrong Beach. The animosity between Felder and Frey boiled over before the show began, when Felder said, �You�re welcome I guess� to California Senator Alan Cranston�s wife as the politician was thanking the band backstage for performing a benefit for his re-election. Frey and Felder spent the entire show telling each other about the beating each planned to administer backstage.   It appeared to be the end of the Eagles, but the band still had a commitment with Elektra Records to make a live record from the tour. Eagles Live, released in November 1980, was mixed on opposite coasts. Frey had already left the band and would remain in Los Angeles, while the other band members each worked on their parts in Miami. �We were fixing three-part harmonies courtesy of Federal Express,� said producer Bill Shymchuk. Frey refused to speak to the other Eagles, and he fired Irving Ozoff as his manager. With credits that listed five attorneys, the album�s liner notes simply said, �Thank you and good night.� A single released from the album Seven Bridges Road had been a live concert staple for the band. It was written by Steve Young in an arrangement created by Ion Matthews for his Valley High album in 1973. The song reached number 21 on the charts in 1980, becoming the Eagles� last top 40 single until 1994. 1980-1994, Hiatus After the Eagles broke up, the former members pursued solo careers. Elektra, the band�s long-time record label, owned the rights to solo albums created by members of the Eagles, though several of them moved to different labels in ensuing years. Walsh had established himself as a solo artist in the 1970s, before and during his time with the Eagles, but it was uncharted waters for the others. Walsh released a successful album in 1981, There Goes the Neighborhood, but subsequent albums throughout the 1980s, such as Got Any Gum, were less well-received. During this period Walsh performed as a session musician for Dan Fogelberg, Steve Winwood, John Entwistle, Richard Marks and Emerson, Lake and Palmer, among others, and produced and co-wrote Ringo Starr�s old wave album. Henley achieved arguably the greatest commercial solo success of any former Eagle. In 1981, he sang a duet with Stevie Nicks of Fleetwood Mac fame, Leather and Lace. In 1982, he released I Can�t Stand Still, featuring the hit Dirty Laundry. This album would pale in comparison to his next release, Building the Perfect Beast, 1984, which features the classic rock radio staples The Boys of Summer, a Billboard No. 5 hit, All She Wants to Do is Dance, No. 9, Not Enough Love in the World, No. 34, and Sunset Grill, No. 22. Henley�s next album, The End of the Innocence, 1989, was also a major success. It includes The End of the Innocence, The Last Worthless Evening and The Heart of the Matter. His solo career was cut short due to a contract dispute with his record company, which was finally resolved when the Eagles reunited in 1994. Frey also achieved solo success in the 1980s. In 1982, he released his first album, No Fun Allowed, which spawned the No. 15 hit, The One You Love. The All-Nighter, 1984, featured the No. 20 hit Sexy Girl. He reached No. 2 on the charts with The Heat Is On from the Beverly Hills Cop soundtrack. He had another No. 2 single in 1985 with You Belong to the City from the Miami Vice soundtrack, which featured another Frey song, Smugglers Blues. He appeared as Jimmy in the episode titled After the Song and contributed riffs to the episode�s soundtrack. He also contributed the song�s flip city to the Ghostbusters 2 soundtrack and Part of Me, Part of You to the soundtrack for Thelma and Louise. Former music writer turned filmmaker Cameron Crowe, an Eagles fan, had written articles about Poco and the Eagles during his journalism career. In 1982 his first screenplay was produced as the feature-length movie Fast Times at Ridgemont High. The film was co-produced by Eagles manager Ozoff, who also co-produced the soundtrack album, released by Elektra. Henley, Walsh, Schmidt and Felder all contributed solo songs to the film�s soundtrack. The band playing at the dance toward the end of the movie covers the Eagles song �Life in the Fast Lane.� Felder also released a solo album and contributed two songs to the soundtrack of the movie �Heavy Metal, Heavy Metal, Taquina Ride,� with Henley and Schmidt providing backing vocals, and all of you. He also had a minor hit called �Bad Girls� off his solo album Airborne. Schmidt had a prolific solo career after the band�s initial break-up. He had a hit song on the Fast Times at Ridgemont High soundtrack with �So Much in Love.� He contributed vocals to the Crosby, Stills and Nash album Daylight again on the song�s Southern Cross and wasted on the way when that band needed an extra vocalist due to David Crosby�s drug over indulgence. Schmidt sang backup vocals on Toto�s Toto 4 album, including the song �I Won�t Hold You Back� and appeared with the group on their 1982 European tour. He spent three years, 1983-1985, as a member of Jimmy Buffett�s choral reefer band and coined the term �parrot heads� for Buffett�s die-hard fans. He had a top 40 solo hit in 1987 with Boys Night Out and a top 30 adult contemporary hit with �Don�t Give Up,� both from his album Timothy B. Schmidt appeared with Meisner and Walsh on Richard Marks� debut single �Don�t Mean Nothing.� In 1992, Schmidt and Walsh toured as members of Ringo Starr�s All-Star Band and appeared on the live video from the Montrue Jazz Festival. Schmidt released two solo albums, �Play In It Cool� in 1984 and �Tell Me The Truth� in 1990. He was the only eagle to appear on the 1993 Eagles tribute album Common Thread, the songs of the Eagles, singing backing vocals on Vince Gill�s cover of �I Can�t Tell You Why.� Meisner hit the top 43 times, including the number 19 Hearts On Fire in 1981. 1994-2001, Reunion, Hell Freezes Over. An Eagles country tribute album, titled Common Thread, the songs of the Eagles, was released in 1993, 13 years after the break-up. Travis Tritt insisted on having the long-run-era Eagles in his video for Take It Easy and they agreed. Following years of public speculation, the band formally reunited the following year. The lineup comprised the five long-run-erum members Frey, Henley, Walsh, Felder and Schmidt supplemented by Scott Craigow, Drums, John Corey, keyboards, guitar, backing vocals, Timothy Drury, keyboards, guitar, backing vocals, and former Loggins and Messina Sideman Algarth, Sax, Violin, on stage. For the record, we never broke up, we just took a 14-year vacation, announced Henley at their first live performance in April 1994. The ensuing tour spawned a live album titled Hell Freezes Over, named for Henley�s recurring statement that the group would get back together when Hell Freezes Over, which debuted at number one on the Billboard album chart. It included four new studio songs, With Get Over It and Love Will Keep Us Alive both becoming top 40 hits. The album proved as successful as the tour, selling 6 million copies in the U.S. The tour was interrupted in September 1994 because of phrase �serious recurrence of diverticulitis�, but it resumed in 1995 and continued into 1996. In 1998, the Eagles were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. For the induction ceremony, all seven Eagles members, Frey, Henley, Felder, Walsh, Schmidt, Leiden and Meisner, played together for two songs, Take It Easy and Hotel California. Several subsequent reunion tours followed, without Leiden or Meisner, notable for their record-setting ticket prices. The Eagles performed at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas on December 28 and 29, 1999, followed by a concert at the Staples Center in Los Angeles on December 31. These concerts marked the last time Felder played with the band and the shows, including a planned video release, would later form a part of a lawsuit filed by Felder against his former bandmates. The concert recordings were released on CD as part of the four-disc Selected Works, 1972-1999 box set in November 2000. Along with the concert, this set included the band�s hit singles, album tracks and outtakes from the long-run sessions. Selected Works received platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America, RIAA, in 2002. The group resumed touring in 2001, with a lineup consisting of Frey, Henley, Walsh and Schmidt, along with Stoyart Smith, guitars, mandolin, keyboards, backing vocals, essentially taking over Felder�s role, Michael Thompson, keyboards, trombone, Will Hollis, keyboards, backing vocals, Scott Crago, drums, percussion, Bill Armstrong, horns, Al Garth, sax, violin, Christian Mosturt, sax, and Greg Smith, sax, percussion. 2001-2007, Don Felder sues, hiatus. On February 6, 2001, Don Felder was fired from the Eagles. He responded by filing two lawsuits against Eagles, Ltd., a California corporation, Don Henley, an individual, Glenn Frey, an individual, and does 150, alleging wrongful termination, breach of implied in-fact contract and breach of fiduciary duty, reportedly seeking $50 million in damages. Felder alleged that from the 1994 hell freezes over tour onward, Henley and Frey had, insisted that they each receive a higher percentage of the band�s profits, whereas the money had previously been split in five equal portions. Felder accused them of coercing him into signing an agreement under which Henley and Frey would receive three times as much of the selected works, 1972-1999 proceeds. On behalf of his clients, Henley and Frey, the attorney Daniel M. Petrocelli said, �Henley and Frey felt creatively, chemistry-wise and performance-wise that he should no longer be part of the band. They removed him, and they had every legal right to do so. This has been happening with rock and roll bands since day one.� Henley and Frey then countersued Felder for breach of contract, alleging that Felder had written a �Tell All� book, Heaven and Hell, My Life in the Eagles, 1974-2001. The initial U.S. release was cancelled after publisher Hyperion Books backed out in September 2001, when an entire print run of the book had to be recalled for cuts and changes. The American edition was published by John Wiley & Sons on April 28, 2008, with Felder embarking on a full publicity campaign surrounding its release. The book was published in the United Kingdom on November 1, 2007. On January 23, 2002, the Los Angeles County Court consolidated the two complaints, set a trial date for September 2006, and the single case was dismissed on May 8, 2007, after being settled out of court for an undisclosed amount. In 2003, The Eagles released a greatest hits album, the very best of. The two-disc compilation was the first that encompassed their entire career from Eagles to Hell freezes over. It debuted at number three on the Billboard charts and eventually gained triple platinum status. The album included a new single, the September 11 attacks-themed whole in the world. Also in 2003, Warren Zeven, a longtime Eagles friend, began work on his final album, The Wind, with the assistance of Henley, Walsh and Schmidt. On June 14, 2005, The Eagles released a new two DVD set, Farewell One Tour Live from Melbourne, featuring two new songs, phrase No More Cloudy Days and Walsh's One Day at a Time. A special edition 2006 release, exclusive to Walmart and affiliated stores, includes a bonus audio CD with three new songs, a studio version of No More Cloudy Days, Fast Company, and Do Something. 2007-2013, Long Road Out of Eden World Tour. In 2007, The Eagles consisted of Frey, Henley, Walsh and Schmidt. On August 20, 2007, How Long, written by JD Souther, was released as a single to radio with an accompanying online video at Yahoo Music. It debuted on television on country music television during the top 20 countdown on August 23, 2007. The band had performed the song as part of their live sets in the early-to-mid 1970s, but did not record it at the time because Souther wanted to reserve it for use on his first solo album. Souther had previously worked with The Eagles, CEO writing some of their biggest hits, including Best of My Love, Victim of Love, Heartache Tonight, and New Kid in Town. On October 30, 2007, The Eagles released Long Road Out of Eden, their first album of all new material since 1979. For the first year after the album's release, it was available in the US only via the band's website at Walmart and at Sam's Club Stores. It was commercially available through traditional retail outlets in other countries. The album debuted at number one in the US, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Netherlands and Norway. It became their third studio album and seventh release overall to be certified at least seven times platinum by the RIAA. Henley told CNN that this is probably the last Eagles album that will ever make. The Eagles made their awards show debut on November 7, 2007, when they performed How Long Live at the Country Music Association Awards. On January 28, 2008, the second single of Long Road Out of Eden was released. Busy Being Fabulous peaked at number 28 on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs Cartand at number 12 on the US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks Chart. The Eagles won their fifth Grammy in 2008, in the Category Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for How Long. On March 20, 2008, the Eagles launched their world tour in support of Long Road Out of Eden at the O2 Arena in London. The Long Road Out of Eden tour concluded the American portion of the tour at Rio Tinto Stadium in Sandy, Utah on May 9, 2009. It was the first concert ever held in the New Soccer Stadium. The tour traveled to Europe, with its final concert date on July 22, 2009, in Lisbon. The band spent the summer of 2010 touring North American stadiums with the Dixie Chicks and Keith Urban. The tour expanded to England as the headline act of the Hop Farm Festival on July 1, 2011. Asked in November 2010 whether the Eagles were planning a follow-up to Long Road Out of Eden, Schmidt replied, �My first reaction would be, no way. But I said that before the last one, so you never really know. Bands are a fragile entity and you never know what�s going to happen.� It took a long time to do that last album, over a span of years, really, and it took a lot out of us. We took a year off at one point. I�m not sure if we�re able to do that again. I wouldn�t close the door on it, but I don�t know. Walsh said in 2010 that there might be one more album before the band wraps it up. Frey later stated in a 2012 interview that the band has had discussions about releasing an EP of potentially four-six songs that may contain both original and cover material. 2013-2015, History of the Eagles Documentary and Tour In February 2013, the Eagles released a career-spanning documentary called History of the Eagles and began the supporting tour with 11 U.S. Arena dates from July 6 to 25. Henley said that the tour, which expanded internationally and continued until July 29, 2015, could very well be our last, we�re going to include at least one former band member in this tour and kind of go back to the roots, and how we created some of these songs. We�re going to break it down to the fundamentals and then take it up to where it is now. Original Eagles guitarist Bernie Leiden also appeared on the tour. Walsh stated, �Bernie�s brilliant, I never really got a chance to play with him, but we�ve been in contact. We see him from time to time, and I�m really glad he�s coming because it�s going to take the show up a notch, and I�m really looking forward to playing with him, finally. Former members Randy Meisner and Don Felder did not appear. Meisner had been invited but could not participate for health reasons, while Felder was never asked. Though his lawsuits against the Eagles were settled in 2007, Henley claimed that Felder continued to engage in legal action, of one kind or another against the band, but did not state what actions those are. Four of the Eagles, Frey, Henley, Walsh and Schmidt, were slated to receive Kennedy Center honors in 2015, but this was deferred to 2016 due to Frey�s medical problems. 2016, Frey�s death and the band�s end On January 18, 2016, founding member Glenn Frey died in the Washington Heights section of New York City at the age of 67, leaving Don Henley as the only remaining original member. According to the band�s website, the causes of his death were rheumatoid arthritis, acute ulcerative colitis, and pneumonia while recovering from intestinal surgery. At the 58th annual Grammy Awards in February, the Eagles, joined by Leedon, touring guitarist Stoyard Smith, and CEO writer Jackson Brown, performed Take It Easy in honor of Frey. On March 6, 2016, in an interview with BBC News, Henley described the Grammy tribute as the band�s final farewell and said �I don�t think you�ll see us performing again.� Henley was interviewed by Rolling Stone about the entire Eagles� catalog on June 10, 2016. When discussing the album Long Road Out of Eden and the status of the band, he stated the following. �In looking back at it now, that album contains several songs of foreboding and farewell, no more walks in the wood, I don�t want to hear any more, you are not alone, Long Road Out of Eden, last good time in town, center of the universe, and the eerily prescient �It�s your world now,� glends beautiful philosophical valediction to his wife and kids. It�s almost as if we knew that record would be our last. But our fans have been wonderful. They�ve been loyal to the end, and sadly, this is the end. But what a ride. What a crazy, wonderful ride. Musical style. Influenced by 1960s rhythm and blues, soul, bluegrass and rock bands such as the Burt�s and Buffalo Springfield, the Eagles� overall sound has been described as �California Rock.� Sal Mana, author of the CD-liner notes of the band�s 1994 album Hell Freezes Over, commented that �No one knew quite what California Rock meant except perhaps that, because in California anything was possible, music that came from that promising land was more free-spirited and free-ranging.� Rolling Stone described the Eagles� sound as �a combination of country-tinged vocal harmonies with hard rock guitars and lyrics.� The group�s sound has been described as �country rock soft rock and folk rock,� and in later years the band became associated with the album Rock and Arena Rock labels. The group�s first two albums combined traditional rock and roll, country and folk music styles, which gave the band a sound that brought them to the forefront of the 1970s country rock and folk rock movements. For their third album On the Border, the band widened their style to include a prominent hard rock sound, a genre the band had only touched upon previously. The 1975 follow-up album One of These Nights saw the group explore a softer sound, notably on the hit singles Take It to the Limit, and Lion Eyes, which combined rock, pop, country and folk styles.The band�s 2007 comeback album Long Road Out of Eden saw them recall the country rock sound of their early days.The Eagles also experimented with various other genres with their songs, including rhythm and blues blues rock, funk pop rock, disco and bluegrass.