Okay, so hello everyone. Thank you for being here. So my name is Estefania Alban. I'm from University of La República in Uruguay And I'm going to present the paper entitled why has technological change not close the gender wage? I want to thank also UN wider and the International Economic Association for the opportunity of presenting this So driving by technological advances labor market in high-income countries have experienced relevant structural changes One of the most documented consequences is a relocation of employment from routine work to non-routine tasks these two these Chops in which technology complements work a phenomenon that has been called routine bias technological change So this has led to a growing in the territory investigating the effects of technological change on inequality And extend to which labor markets are increasingly polarized However, we still know little about the effects of technological change on gender inequality Although these structural changes are in principle gender neutral They may result in gender bias impacts if men and women have different employment distribution At risk occupations that were differently affected by technological change And therefore this might have had relevant implications for the dynamics of the gender wage disparities So this paper there's a question of how have changes in wages and employment structure At risk occupations associated with the technological progress affected the gender wage cap So with the advancement of technology the occupations that love the most in terms of employment and wage returns Are those traditional male-industrial occupations which have a high content of routine tasks? So by looking at the employment structure recent work suggests that women have relatively Benefit from technological change and that they are more likely to be employed at cognitive high wage occupations Despite this the comrades in the gender wage cap staniated in the last decades in most of the developed countries has shown by Extensive literature put it in question the extent to which the impact of technological change on Occupational wages has been favorable to female workers So this paper comes to reconcile some way these two pieces of evidence by Investigating why is it that the large wage gains that are observed in those occupations in which women are increasingly employed in Detriment of traditional male-industrial occupations have not led to a further reduction in the gender wage cap So to answer this question this paper uses administrative panel data for Germany And investigate the effect of technological change on wage trajectories for men and women across occupations That were differently affected by technological change The German labor markets offers an interesting case to study this question first because it has one of the highest and most persistent gender gaps among developed countries and Also having a large industrial sector the effect of technological change on the employment structure has been Remarkable as shown by previous work So what I do I first estimate changes over time in the occupation specific wage premiums These are defined as the component of the workers potential wage that is common to all workers in a given occupation in a year after accounting for the effect of industrial selection of workers in After accounting for the effect of occupation specific return to individuals skills and for that I use the panel data approach of Cortez Which I correct for the industrial selections of workers into occupations. I consider five for all occupation groups distinguishing between tasks that Can be automated and tasks that require analyzing or interacting with others and where often the knowledge it complements work And then I analyze how those changes in the wage premiums for male and female workers Affect the gender wage gap distinguishing between a composition or sorting channel That is the gender differences in the employment distributions and the gender differences that take place within occupations so Well, this paper contributes to extensive literature on the causes of the gender inequalities in the labor market and Although the women have been upgrading their occupations the occupational structure is still a relevant factor in explaining the gender gaps and In particular there's a literature that focus on the effect of technological change On gender gaps and it does it by looking on the employment structure that is Investigating to what extent women shops are more or less subject to automation compared to those of males For example negate and petrongolo and Serena and co-authors find that the relocation of labors from good producing sectors To service industry favorite women by creating jobs that are less physically demanding and more intense in interactive skills Also by looking at the task content of shops some recent literature find that there was a rise in the use of interpersonal tasks in The US and the women have a comparative advantage in those increasingly value skills My paper is particularly related with this black and speed so in a which also focus on West Germany And they find that women have women's increases in non-routine analytical and interactive tasks within industry and occupation cells which they interpret as a positive effect of technological change on a women's job In this paper by looking not only at the employment, but mostly at the wage dynamics across occupations I contribute to this literature finding that although the Occupational structure has favored women a wage premiums for main workers grew more rapidly than those of females within the analytical and interactive non-routine occupation and this explains why although women have been less exposed to the Automation of work and increase their employment in these highly value skills Occupations and this did not lead to a further reduction in the gender wage gap So my paper uses the administrative social security records for Germany This is a sample of integrated labor market biographies Which is a 2% random sample of all mandatory notifications made by employers to social security agencies My sample is composed of male and female workers aged between 25 and 55 years old in West Germany for the period 1975 to 2010 Because there is no clear information on ours work. I restrict my main analysis to full-time workers So that wages are comparable although I do some robustness also with the part-time and Then I combine this data with the information on tasks coming from a representative labor forced cross-section Each covering around 30,000 Individuals and from this information what I use is the workers of reports on the task contents of their work The tasks are the activities that workers have to perform normally during their jobs I consider a classification of five dimension based on the task content of occupations based on the the one that is developed by speed trainer and Basically, there are five categories. The first is the analytical non-routine Which includes activities such as research and analyzing the second one interactive non-routine activities that require interacting with other people such as Managing or teaching these are high skill high pay occupations. Then we have cognitive routine activities such as calculating bookkeeping Manual routine. These are typical industrial occupations. These are like medium-grade occupations And finally we have the manual routine, which are basically non-skill service and repairing So I use this information on tasks from the qualification and career survey and then aggregated at the 3d sheet occupational level to classify my occupations in the administrative data So following previous literature I interpret changes along these tasks groups as being related to routine bias technological change So here are some descriptive so my sample here. The only thing I want to highlight is that So So that men are mostly employed in the manual routine Group while women are mostly employed in the interactive non-routine and then if we go to the high skill Jobs and men are more represented in the analytical routine while women in the interactive So here are the changes in employment shares by occupation groups and What we can see is that in line with the routine bias technological hypothesis There was a strong decrease in the manual routine groups for both men and women of around 15 percent For men this decline was explained was compensated by increases in both extreme of the wage distribution manual routine and analytical non-routine and for women workers There was a strong increase in the interactive non-routine group So to estimate the occupational wage premiums. I follow the panel data approach of Cortes 2016 assuming that productivity is locked linear in skills the potential wage in occupation J For an individual eye of a scale level set Can be defined as a wage premium occupation component that is common to all workers in occupation J at the empty Component that interacts the individual skills and the return occupation specific return to those skills In principle, I will assume that these skills are time invariance. So we can Call this second component gamma, which is an occupation spell fix effect Which varies for an individual across occupations, but it stands contents whenever the individual stays in the same occupation So I'm pretty golly the server wage depends in which occupation the individual is selected So there's a dummy that takes value one if the individual selects it into one of these five world occupation groups And the regression also includes year fix effects and controls the place of work at the federal state Experience where the individual is chairman or a foreigner They identify an assumption is that selection into occupations only depends on the occupation wage premiums and Indi-U.s workers ability that is the individuals will try to select in the Occupation which they can have the higher returns given these two factors so So Cortes developed this Empirical approach to analyze the effect of technological change for a sample of many workers in the US But as I want to analyze the gender effects of technological change I allow occupation wage premium to differ by gender so I do this by introducing an interaction term with with the occupation fix effects and Adami for female Occupation time fix effects and another me for female. So I estimate these details with our Which can be interpreted as the wage premium for male and female workers Because of the inclusion of the occupation spell fix effect the occupation time fix effects are identifying only from variation Over time within occupation spells. So this should be interpreted as a lot of difference That is they identify the changes over time in the occupational wage premiums relative to the Manual routine, which is the omitted category in the in the regression the manual routine for male So then I want to explain how these changes in the wage premiums contribute to the gender wage cap. I Consider the employment distribution across these five occupation groups and The two complementary channels which can explain how the changes in the occupation specific wage premiums affect the gender wage cap The first one is the composition or sorting across occupation That takes place if women are less likely to be employed at those occupations that most increase the gender wage premiums The the the wage premiums then the second one is the within occupation differences that take place If women obtain a smaller increase in those occupation premiums than men for the same occupation group So I follow the approach of card and routers who did something very similar to the composer's Film premiums, so I adapt this to the composite changes in the occupation premiums Using this wajaka blinders style the composition. So the first term is the within occupation which considers the differences in the Estimated coefficients considering either the fate the male or female distribution and then The gender the sort the second term is the sorting across occupations which considers the the differences in the distribution taking either the female or male coefficients So here the results this is considering The estimating for a sample of male and female or together So no gender differences in the coefficients and we can see that in line with the robustness by with the technology and spectral Technology so we can see that there's a strong decrease in the manual routine occupations and increase in the cognitive especially in the analytical non-routine and in the interactive non-routine so the manual routine is the The omitted categories. So all of them all of these are with respect to the manual non-routine And here are the results when estimating gender specific occupational premiums So what we can see again this are all with respect to Manual routine for men and what we can see is that there is Much strong dispersion in the changes in occupation premiums for male There is a strong increase in the in the cognitive Groups the analytical and routine and interacting non-routine while for women. There's some string Increase in the analytical and routine, which is much lower compared to to that of men and These two occupations which are like the ones that employ most of the women Evolved very similar to the manual routine for men, which is the omitted So then I go to see how these changes in the in the wage premiums affect the gaps considering the the employment distribution and What we can see is that if we take the mix by gender occupation premiums This will have been like favored to women but when we consider the gender specific occupational wage premiums the Variation for a females is negative while for male is positive 40% of variance so if Men and women Receive the same variation in the occupation premiums Then the gender wage cap will have decreased by 40% instead of the 20% to 21% that we observe then the composing the wage premiums gap between the two channels we can see that The fact that occupational wage premiums for men grow more rapidly than female premiums with a certain occupation groups Is the main explanatory factor of the average gender differences over time and the sorting across Occupations in fact contributes to decrease the the wage gaps So I think I'm going to skip the cohort analysis and the robustness checks I'm going to conclude so this paper uses administrative panel data for Germany to Investigate the effect of technological change on the dynamics of the gender wage Differentials the effect of gender differences in certain at risk of patients has mostly Benefit women Contributing to narrow the gender wage cap However, what I find is that wage gains for male workers within cognitive occupations Groom more rapidly than those of females and this effect is in stronger for young cohort of workers. So We should not expect that this effect is the Decreased like in near future So one possible lesson from the paper is that it can be misleading looking only at the show automation exposure Although lower exposition to the automation of work and occupational Grading women still face certain constraint that did not allow them to benefit from the increase of overall wage returns in the upper part of their skill distribution so Policies aim at reducing gender gaps are still very relevant and we should not expect that the Structural change by itself is going to decrease these differences So yeah, we can finish here and how some more time for question


If you use a Bluetooth presentation remote and you want to use it with another application, maybe the key mappings don't quite work with whatever it is you want to use it for, I'm gonna show you how you can quite easily remap those keys for the Mac in this video. Hello and welcome to Take One Tech, my name's Alec. And yeah, so in this video, we're talking about these little presentation remotes. They are great for obviously doing presentations with them, things like that. But you may find cases where you want to use it with some software where the keys for some reason don't work. And that is the key to thinking about this, is it is just a tiny little keyboard, really. Each one of these keys, these buttons represents a keystroke. And the default mapping for these presentation remotes is that the forwards and backwards arrows relate to the page up and page down buttons on your keyboard. So when you're in Microsoft PowerPoint or Apple's keynote, then if you press the page up and down button on your keyboard, it will advance or go to the previous slide. And so that's all you're basically doing with this. I know you can also use the arrow keys as well on the keyboard to move between slides in those applications. But that is the specific keystrokes that are being simulated by these little remotes. Now, this whole video is being made because the question was asked in the Ecamm Live Facebook group by Aaron LeBauer. Hope I pronounced that right. And what he was asking was if you're using a presentation PDF, for example, in Ecamm Live, how can you get this to control the slides or the PDF pages in Ecamm Live? Now I did a whole video about how you can use this with Ecamm Live, and I'll leave a link, obviously, to that up in the top corner. But the way that I was suggesting using it in there was just simply to advance between different scenes and to change scenes in Ecamm Live. And I suppose I should step back a bit. If you're not familiar with Ecamm Live, it is a live video production environment for either recording videos or going live out to the world through live streaming. And it's what I use to make all of these videos. And it's a great application for the Mac and I can highly recommend it.  But it is a really wonderful piece of software. And incidentally, I should also mention, if you are using Ecamm already and aren't familiar with the Ecamm Live Facebook group that I just mentioned, where this question was asked, then go to facebook.com slash groups slash Ecamm and there you'll be able to join a community full of wonderful people, just like you doing great things with their Ecamm Live software. So highly recommend that. But anyway, just coming back to the question, instead of going off on several different tangents, I've gone on so many tangents, I've come right back around to where I was. So let me just show you what we're talking about. And to do that, I'm going to go into demo mode on Ecamm Live so that you can see my whole screen now. Just giving it a little bit of a hint, actually one thing that I do want to mention before I go on to the explanation about this is if you do want to advance PDF slides in Ecamm Live, then you can go into the, and you're using Stream Deck, then it is actually built in as one of the Ecamm Live controls in there. So just go to Ecamm Live in the Stream Deck and come down here, you'll see there is a key command here for previous PDF page and next PDF page. So you can just add those in as buttons to your Stream Deck as well. But I'm getting a little bit ahead because what I wanted to show you was how you can actually add PDFs into Ecamm Live. So if I come over to here, I've created a new blank scene. And then what I'm going to do is I've got a PDF on my desktop. And if I just drag any PDF onto the window there, then that sort of embeds it into the scene. And then what you can do is you can use the left and right arrows to scroll through that PDF. So I can just use left and right to scroll through the PDF like that.  If I press the buttons on this remote, then what that will do is actually just move down through the scenes. So currently we're on this main scene, my next scene is a screen sharing scene. So if I just click on the little button like that, then you can see it just advances to the next scene. And if I come to my PDF that I've just created, this new scene, and I press the little button, then you can see it just changes the scene again. It doesn't actually move the pages of the PDF. So that is because, as I say, we are currently mapped to page up and page down in Ecamm Live moves between scenes. Whereas what we want is the left and right arrows because that is what changes the pages of the PDF. So the way that we do that is we're going to use an application. This isn't a free application, but I highly recommend it. I'm going to be doing a whole series of videos all about this app because it is one of my basically power apps that I use. One of the three core apps that is at the center of a lot of the sort of automation I do that's sort of third party. There is also, let me say there's five then. Automator by Apple, Apple Script by Apple. Soon to be shortcuts actually. So the six shortcuts, I use that on iOS, but that's coming to the Mac as well. But the three that I would say that I use quite heavily are Keyboard Maestro, which is this one I'm going to tell you. Also, I'm forgetting now, I've confused myself by adding three more to the list. Text, Expander and also Hazel. So I'll be doing videos about all of these, but I've just already mentioned the app, haven't I? It is worth my screen sharing on. This one, it's Keyboard Maestro. So I'll leave a link obviously down in the description. But if you go to keyboardmaestro.com that's where you can get it. And the cost of it is, let me just double check. I should have done this in advance, shouldn't I? Let me just go to buy now and I will see how much it is. $36 and it's money well spent when you look at all the different things that you can do from it. And there you go, it's from Stairways Software. But as I say, I'll leave a link in the description. There is a free trial of it, so you can have a look at that. And as I say, I'll be doing a whole series of videos all about it. So you'll be able to be able to judge for yourself how useful it is. It does actually pair really nicely with Stream Deck because you can set up all sorts of different macros in it and then you can link those all to Stream Deck. But I'm doing a lot of talking without having actually shown it to you, haven't I? So let's get on with that. Right, so here is the app. And I should just mention, once you've downloaded it, you will have to go through that process of enabling it in system preferences. So that's the usual thing where it'll say, take you through to the privacy section of system preferences and you'll need to unlock that with your password and then it will just ask you to go make sure you've given it access to because it is basically gonna take control of things like keyboard shortcuts and things like that. So that's just something to be aware of during the installation process. But once you've got it up, it's basically a way for you to program all sorts of different macros or keystrokes or things like that that are system-wide. And there's too many things to actually cover exactly what it can do all in one little demo. So as I say, I will be making a whole series of videos all about keyboard maestro and how I use it and some of the nice little tricks that you can use. But this sort of thing that we're gonna talk about now, this remapping of keystrokes, is something that's really useful and comes in handy in lots of different situations. But let's give you the example of the one that we're looking at. So down here on the left-hand side, you've got different groups of macros and things that you've programmed. So I have a lot of different sort of groupings for the macros that I've got. Once you're in a particular folder, you'll see all of the macros that you've programmed for that particular group in the list there. And then you'll also see something related to, so this is actually the name and things like that for the particular group that you're looking at. But let's go through the process. So let me call this one, I'm gonna call this one Ecamm demo. Ecamm demo, so there we go. We've given it a name. Now we want this to work, the things that we add in here, we want them to work just in Ecamm Live because we're gonna reprogram the keys for this little presentation remote for when you're using Ecamm Live, but we don't want them to actually affect when you're in other applications. So presumably when you're using PowerPoint or Microsoft Keynote, you still want these to work as intended. So we only want to affect Ecamm Live. So this group of applications here or this group of macros that we're gonna create, in fact there's only gonna be two in there, is for Ecamm Live. So we've want to have it enabled so that yes, it will be active and working. Now here you can select whether you want it to work in all applications or a specific application. So if I come down here and say, available in these applications, so you could say available in basically all except the specific applications available when these applications are running. So you can see we've got these different options. Well, we're just wanting to use it in these applications and then you get to add in all the applications that you want it to work in. So now we've got this little button and so we click here, go to Ecamm Live. So now basically this group is gonna work in Ecamm Live. You can also select if it's gonna work in certain windows or depending on what you're doing, but for us we'll just have available in all windows because it's just gonna be whenever the window is active basically and is it always activated or activated for one action when, so there's all different ways that you can define these. So, but fortunately, we're just keeping things simple at the moment. So I won't dig into all of these different options for this case. So we want it to basically this group of macros, these two macros for forwards and backwards to work in Ecamm Live. Now you can come down here to where it says macros and we're going to add in our first one and this we're gonna call this one PDF forward. So call it what you want but PDF page forward. Now, so there we can say triggered by any of the following when Ecamm Live is at the front. So we're gonna add a trigger in. Now the way you can add triggers is there are some sort of simple shortcuts to triggers built in but I could go into this little plus button at the bottom and that would bring up a whole window of triggers and there are lots of different categories of different types of triggers and things like that and for each one of these little groups there's all things related to files, browser control and so on but if I get all actions you can see different things that we can do but as I say, they are also listed as little shortcuts. So new trigger and it's the first one actually, hot key trigger. So that is gonna be triggered when a key is pressed basically and that is the one that we want in this case but as you can see there's lots of different things like gesture triggers, things like that, application triggers, clipboard, so on and so forth but we just want this key, hot key trigger and so now it's asking us for the hot key. Now this is the PDF forward button that we want to program and as I mentioned, the left and right arrows are basically page up and page down. So what we can do is we can just, the box is already highlighted so page down would be the forward. So if I click that, page down and then down here we don't want this by script and it says we'll execute the following action. So what action do we want it to do? Well we actually want it to basically just simulate the keystroke right arrow. So if I click on new action and then we can choose it from there but we can also, in fact, let me come down here and do type a keystroke, there we go and I can drag that across. So I've just taken the type a keystroke and dragged it across and then the keystroke that we want is if you click the little down arrow and then we say what do we want? We want the right arrow. So now basically what that's saying is if we just run through this sort of little logic again we've called this PDF forward. It's only gonna work in Ecamm Live and when the hotkey page down is pressed it is gonna simulate the keystroke of right arrow. Okay, so that is actually done now. What we're gonna do now is just quickly do that again for PDF previous like that. And then as I said before we just come to new hotkey trigger. This one now is gonna be the page up key and we want a new action is type a keystroke and this time we want the left arrow. So now we've got our two keys that have been mapped and we'll close that down and that is it but don't take my word for it. Let me actually just demonstrate this for a moment. So if I come out of here or rather come into my demo mode and then I'll come back to that screen that we had with our PDF, which was this one. So now with a bit of luck, in fact, what I need to do let me just quickly just so that you can see. Well, I just pause there for a moment to actually add an image into this scene so that you could see what I was doing with my little clicker in my presentation remote. So now what you'll notice is as I press these keys then it does actually move the pages of the PDF which was the question that was asked. And that is how that you remap your keystrokes from your presentation remote using keyboard maestro. If you found this useful then don't forget to like and subscribe to the channel and turn on notifications so that you get alerted the moment that I make any new videos. And as I say, I will be making a whole series of videos all about keyboard maestro. And if you think that keyboard maestro is powerful wait until you can pair it with Stream Deck as well. So I'll be doing a whole series about integrating it with Stream Deck as well. So that's all for this video but don't go anywhere because as always there's more great videos coming up next. When I've done the playlist by the way I'll add the playlist to the bottom for my keyboard maestro. Have a great day everyone.


what's up everybody and welcome to one take i'm gil and today we're talking about attack on titan season three episode 21 which is also known as episode 58 of the series this is going to be a full recap and review so it's going to be full of spoilers so if you haven't watched the episode yet check it out and then come back and watch this review i should also know i don't read the manga alone you don't you still don't read the manga right no don't read the manga all right so there won't be any spoilers from the manga or future episodes of the series but with that let's jump right into it the episode opens up back in flashback mode we've been seeing grisha erin's father in his past sort of learning his origin story where we see him now is with the owl in titan form basically killing all of the guards throwing it throwing them into the sea and then we hear grisha's narration so this is from his memoirs that erin and the others recently found and in his memoirs grisha says i suppose i should explain what the sea is and then a line in uh an episode we've had several episodes now full of revelations is finally revealed what the sea actually is it is a body of water that covers 70 percent of the earth's surface yeah that was shocking i know it's 70 percent it's unbelievable uh so then owl frees grisha and he reveals his real name erin kruger the same name is another major character in the series main character erin yager erin yager so grisha asks owl why did you save only me why didn't you save dina you know my wife who's also part of the royal bloodline and owl doesn't exactly answer just to quickly recap so grisha was being held prisoner on top of the wall on the island where erin and the rest of everybody we know lives all of grisha's friends were injected with a serum pushed over the wall turned into titans and at the last second before grisha was turned into a titan the owl turned into a titan killed all the guards and saved grisha so grisha was wondering why did you save me why didn't you save anyone else and owl doesn't exactly directly answer his question what what the owl does what erin does is explain his backstory he explains that his parents were part of the revolution and he watched his parents get burned alive which rightfully pissed him off and then he went on to pretend to be one of the marlians and as a spy he had to kill many of his fellow patriots he had to cut off a lot of people's fingers that's kind of their means of torture but he doesn't really say why he didn't try and why so here's a question for you one why didn't the owl transform into a titan five minutes earlier he could have saved grisha dina and everybody else in that wall but for some reason he waited until the last second and the only person he saved is grisha i don't know i thought about it the theory i have is that so after the owl explains his backstory he tells grisha that he's going to entrust him with the final task which is to take the owl's titan power and then go and retrieve the founding titans power so i think that the owl realizes this is a dangerous plan he doesn't want anyone to know about it so it was sort of a sacrifice where he had to wait he knew he was going to entrust grisha with this mission so he had to wait till the last second once everybody else was taken out turned into titans so grisha would be the only person who knows the plan i think that's what it comes down to but he doesn't explicitly say it he will go on to say a couple things which sheds some light on it but then another important piece of information is shared grisha asks the owl now why don't you do it yourself now why don't you just use your titan power to go get the founding titan and do you remember what the owl's answer is because he's about to be dead that's right he explains that when you inherit the power of the titan you die 13 years later and on how long has the owl had his power oh was it 12 years about 13 years so so he's he's on the brink of death and i should also say so he grisha's final task is to go get the power of the founding titan and it's easy to forget what is what is so special about the founding titan it's actually something that we learned about in part one of season three the founding titan can scream and control other titans in addition to that the founding titan can use that scream to erase people's memories that's why everybody in the walls believes that they're the only part of humanity left they don't remember anything outside the walls because uh the the king using the power of the founding titan chose to erase everyone's memory so that's why the founding titan is so important well so from there we cut back to present day erin's in a prison cell telling armin what he's remembering from these flashbacks so he tells armin that they have now both erin and armin have what's called the curse of ymir which is what what you call the fact that you die after 13 years when you have the power of the titan so that means armin's got 13 years left and erin's got less than eight years doesn't he hasn't he had the power for he's had it for five years now so he's had it for about five years and actually i know you and i both reacted when erin mentions his age here he's 15 years old yeah i could i really thought he was like 19 20 now at this point yeah because he starts out he's really young and over time they've kind of flashed forward and i yeah this show has a weird thing with age where erin's younger than you expect and the creators of the show have said uh yeah levi he's older than you think i mean i think he's probably around 30 yeah i would say yeah originally i probably thought mids upper 20s but after that comment it made me think he's at least 30 how old is our oldest brother he just turned 35 so i was gonna say that levi to me if i look at his face he kind of reminds me of our older brother so i'd put him right around 35 he's more athletic than our older brother though that's true that's he runs a lot but if you strap some odm gear on his back i don't know how well he'd do so uh mikasa has an interesting reaction when she hears armin and erin discussing the fact that they've essentially been diagnosed with a terminal illness called the curse of ymir mikasa says in a very emotionless way just says you're wrong this has to be a mistake it's wrong and no one really reacts to that too much erin just goes on and says if i die before or if one of us dies before passing on the power of the titan that power doesn't go away it will just transfer to another subject of ymir yet to be born so a random baby will be born and inherit the power and he comments it's as if we're all connected by something we can't see all the subjects of ymir so how how did you think of the way erin armin and mikasa took this news so armin and erin both just learned they have a guaranteed death sentence 13 years for armin less than eight years for erin mikasa just learned that her best friend armin and her brother got a death sentence well i'll say with erin and armin's reactions they they both should already be dead erin was eaten and the way back in was that season one or two uh season one early season one erin was eaten by a titan and they only survived because he discovered his titan powers and armin a couple episodes ago sacrificed himself burned alive got his skin burnt off miraculously survived that um so i think that they both kind of already accepted their fates the they understand they have a responsibility now to you know uh maybe pass this on right before they die i think the lot's going through their heads but i think they're both being pretty mature about the situation and then mikasa doesn't want to face reality she i mean it's kind of a ridiculous i mean the whole the whole concept is kind of ridiculous these titan well what's a titan anyway so i guess considering that there are things called titans in this world but i just want to point out i would die after 13 years isn't that ridiculous i just want to point out alun's watched 58 episodes of the series and he goes what's a titan you know i don't mean it like that i know it's just like we're talking about such a ridiculous concept and that we're like and then mikasa is like doesn't want to accept that a titan has 13 years to live right right yeah yeah now i think mikasa is uh sort of shell shocked because if you so one thing about mikasa is that she feels a little bit to me like an underdeveloped character in the sense that she's very one note everything she's done has been about protecting erin and on another show you might look at that that and say she's underwritten she's underdeveloped she's very one note but i think that's actually saying something about her character uh she watched her mother get killed and her mother's dying words were to protect erin and i think that she was always protective of him and that solidified it as something that she that's become her life's purpose and now she's faced with uh seeing erin's going to die and she can't protect him from it so i think she's sort of watching her purpose be stripped away from her and she can't really process it besides saying that can't be right you know you're wrong so i think i think you're right on erin and armin i think when you if you listen to interviews of people from from the military in real in real life they'll say that when you see people die when you have a near-death experience it totally changes your whole perception of death i think erin and armin have gone through that they have higher purposes to their life i don't think they're gonna take it too hard that they just received a death sentence they shouldn't even be alive like you said but i think this i think mikasa is taking this and will take it harder than the two of them have yeah did you say mikasa's mom told her to protect erin didn't she or am i forget my misremembering do you mean erin's mom oh mikasa that's right mikasa's adopted mother i forgot well and that's another reason why she's so committed to erin because erin's the one that saved her life that's right yeah that's right that's right and now she cannot return the favor because how how is mikasa going to break the curse of ymir maybe she'll find a way she might she might and also one other thing that when erin made the comment about how they're all connected by something we can't see it made me think about the supernatural element and i thought about how a lot of the explanations we're getting there's a mix of the supernatural and science so where did the power of the titans come from essentially they say somebody went to the devil and asked for it right the devil of all earth i think they said but how do you transform someone into a titan you inject them with titan's spinal fluid i'm curious if you if you have any reaction to i mean do you prefer a scientific explanation do you like the fact that it's kind of ambiguous it's a little sciency a little supernatural you could even make the assumption that that it's all science and the supernatural stuff is just unexplained and it's all kind of clouded by legend within this the attack on titan universe i would prefer a scientific explanation even if there are these supernatural stories amongst the people but i think ultimately i would like there to be a scientific reason behind all of it yeah and i think i think what we're gonna get and and i think i'm okay with it is they'll probably explain some of it through science as they have been and i think a portion of it will be left ambiguous i don't think they'll ever outright say there's something supernatural but they'll say you know everyone's connected by something we can't see and we can kind of fill in the blanks and say okay there could be a sciencey explanation for that we're not going to get it and there might be legends that say the devil gave us this power in reality we just don't know where it came from and i think i'm okay with that i think i'm so far okay with the ratio of science explanation to you know ambiguous potentially supernatural well we go back to flashback mode grish and grisha and owl are talking and there is a lot that's said here but a few important pieces of information that come out of it the owl recounts how one inheritor that means somebody at some point who received the power of the titan says that they actually saw kind of green streaks of light in the sky intersecting at one point which we surmise is the point where the founding titan resides so erin talks about how we're all connected and it seems like in certain circumstances you can actually witness that connection the owl also talks about how you know ymir the the founder of this whole titan civilization um some people saw her as having made a deal with the devil some people saw her you know the marlion saw her as a devil but we the subjects of ymir saw her as a god or somebody that was close to the gods and he basically says the only truth in this world is that there is no truth anyone can become a god or a devil all it takes is for people to believe it and i wanted to point that out because i think that is one of the key themes of the show or it's become a key theme over the last couple of seasons which is that in a way we all become slaves of the past we have these two civilizations that for thousands of years have been warring with each other and they continue to fight to this day really only because of tradition i mean who cares who started it let's all just stop you know stop fighting and there's all kinds of real world parallels to that where you have nations that fight and if you ask why there's no real reason for them to be in conflict today but they fought for thousands of years so they continue to fight and i think the owl is sort of explicitly saying that here from there we get a little more of a window into why the owl took the approach he did why did he let so many people get turned into titans specifically why did he let dina grisha's wife and uh a member of the royal bloodline why did he allow her to get turned into a titan and he basically said he did that because he couldn't allow the enemies the marlians to get a hold of her so that gives us a little bit more of a hint into why he let all that happen uh and then grisha says that he doesn't think he can do it so basically the owl is about to die it's been 13 years and he is tasking grisha with okay grisha you've got to turn it to a titan then you've got to eat me to take my power and then you've got to go find whoever has the founding titan and then you've got to eat them and he says he doesn't think he can do it in fact he looks down at his bloody hands where he's had his fingers removed and while he's looking at them he says if I had known this was the price of freedom I would not have paid it now do you think that when he says the price of freedom he means his fingers or or does he mean like the whole thing uh maybe he means his wife yeah that might be it yeah uh yeah so of course he didn't mean uh just his fingers he meant his wife he meant all the violence all the cruelty that he's going to have to be a part of he doesn't want to do it yeah so um the owl has to convince grisha to do it and the way he does that is he tries to rekindle the anger he saw in grisha way back when when grisha lost his sister because the marlians cruelly you know fed her to dogs uh when he saw his his parents you know have to basically tell the lie that you know they're these horrible people and the marlians are great he wanted to the owl wants to rekindle that anger in grisha so he tells him stand fight for the sake of restoring freedom and dignity to elvia stand and grisha says I can't and then the owl goes on look I brought this from your home and he holds up the portrait right the photograph of grisha with his family and then grisha says I can't look so the owl goes on he says you can't look can't stand can't fight and then do you remember what he says uh have you no balls did marli castrate you so he he just keeps trying to poke and prod at him eventually he gets him to look at the photo and and that gets him to stand up and without saying it you can tell grisha's accepted his fate he needs to go do this and then the owl gives us another revelation he tells grisha there are names given to each of the nine titans that includes the titan you will inherit no matter which era this titan has been found has found itself in it has pushed ever forward seeking out freedom for the sake of freedom it fights its name and then we cut to erin in the present day and he says what does he say the attack titan that's right and before we uh keep going with the air the erin storyline there to me this scene felt like we're basically closing out the flashbacks for grisha i don't know how many more flashbacks will see and the reason i say that is because from this point forward we sort of know what happens if you think back to season three part one we saw that grisha found the person who had the founding titan and he did defeat them so grisha inherited the power of the founding titan in addition to the power of the attack titan we saw that grisha went on to turn his own son erin into a titan who then swallowed grisha so erin now has the power of the attack titan and the founding titan so we kind of know what happens next we may have forgotten it and i had to do some research to to remember but we know what happens next so i think that we've kind of closed out the grisha flashbacks and having said that how do you feel about them overall last week i sort of felt like we were rushing through it it seemed like there was a lot of really interesting storyline and personally i would not have minded four or five episodes just slowly telling the story of of grisha and his uprising um i mean i think two episodes was actually all right um maybe there will be an ova that goes into more depth i doubt it but i i think this was enough but i wouldn't have minded a few more episodes yeah i think that's fair i guess the truth of it is if you're really interested in progressing the plot they showed us only what we needed to see any more than that is just because i want to see it i mean the the show is not about his father it's about him and the people in his circle right so i don't know if it would make sense to spend half a season on that's his dad's story that's true that's right i guess i would have been annoyed if it was all flashback and then the season ended and i had to wait however long until season four well but you're right it's perfect for an ova so creators of attack on titan if if word gets to you would not mind a grisha ova same level of quality as the uh Levi ova not the cooking contest one no no just enjoyable you know it was all it was all right but definitely not the best i wouldn't mind a second season of uh junior high attack on titan that was fun yeah i gotta i have to go back and watch that i haven't watched that season i've only watched one or two episodes of that it's fun uh another question though how do you feel about using this uh this whole memory thing as a plot device um it actually reminded me of uh another show game of thrones where without getting too spoilery they also had a character who was able to sort of unlock memories and that actually revealed things not just to us but revealed things to characters on the show well it seems like there's more of a purpose to it and attack on titan i i trust the creators of this show with that mechanic yeah and and the mechanic has been used for more than just revealing memories i feel like it's been it's been interwoven throughout the plot uh i mean the whole origin of their civilization is that the king used the power of the titans to erase their memories so memories have been an important theme they've been to me it didn't feel like a cheap plot device so yeah i think they're doing it well here um so back to erin this was uh hange has always been a source of humor on this show and and uh she i cracked up in this scene where erin so he's remembering all this and he says to himself the attack titan and then hange goes what are you doing the attack titan did you just do that why did you do that and uh levi um armin and the others try to cover for erin by convincing hange that this is just a phase he's going through he's only 15 and you know everyone at that age they just randomly yell things but she doesn't let it go though i mean there's a few back and forth she's like what are you talking about what phase it's just it it was a great moment of levity uh in the midst of a lot of darkness and a lot of um pretty horrible things happening then we get a little bit more mikasa uh so they're all let out of their cells basically levi gives them the news that they're supposed to be locked up for 10 more days they're locked in there for insubordination when they were arguing to save armin instead of erwin but they basically said that there's no reason to keep you locked up anymore so they let them go mikasa walks out looking like a zombie i mean she doesn't look good uh she looks totally just out of it her hair looks a little more combed that's true her hair's starting to reshape into its original form erin asks her did you lose some weight we had plenty to eat though and mikasa says you seem good so they want us to know that she's not eating even though she was able to so you assume that she's going through some kind of a depression and you know i think it's all linked to what i was saying before which is that she just had the rug pulled out from under her her purpose has been to protect erin she can no longer do that uh my hope for her is that having lost that purpose or realizing that cannot be her sole focus maybe she'll start to find some other ways to fulfill herself maybe she'll start to develop further as a character and be a little bit more selfish maybe she's out to do more than only protect erin but we'll see uh from there hanj and jean deliver a letter a letter to historia from ymir and it's uh it's basically a love letter if you remember ymir was the titan who took a liking to historia protected historia and uh there's really nothing to the letter except uh ymir saying she's going to die soon presumably because she's hitting her 13 year time limit and her one regret in life is that her and historia didn't marry so uh then historia touches the letter and you see a kind of lightning bolts and it appears to trigger some flashbacks for historia it seems like some memories were transferred from ymir to historia because we see ymir as a human getting turned into a titan and then we see her having lived as a titan for a while turning back into a human after eating another titan so she becomes an intelligent titan but anyway the important thing is ymir becomes human and she sees the lights in the sky she sees the the connections that intersect at the point of the founding titan the historia reacts to that hanj and jean ask her you know what what just happened she says oh it was nothing they ask her if there was any kind of coded message in that letter and she says no uh so i'll say i'm not really sure actually the point of that letter uh it could have been you could have read it as it's drawing closure to that storyline we had the romance between historia and ymir this kind of closes it out well it's seen more of a one way romance that's true it's kind of hard to tell because historia was always a strange character she didn't show a lot of emotion she was obviously had an extremely traumatic childhood if you remember one specific moment where she'd never had physical contact with her mother and at one point she tried to hug her mom and her mom like beats her but ymir was happy because her um historia was happy because she actually made contact yeah with her mom uh so yeah definitely was clear ymir was uh was interested in historia i always read it as as uh historia felt the same way but it's kind of hard for her to show it and it's hard to read her as a character yeah i thought she felt friendship toward ymir and ymir felt romance toward historia historia may have also been thrown off uh when she found out ymir was a titan yeah and not very attractive i was gonna say the weirdest looking titan if you read um on the uh the wikipedia for the anime which by the way pro tip i just learned if you go on the wikipedia for the anime it's all written only containing knowledge you can get from the anime so there's no manga spoilers you still have to be careful when you search because some google suggestions will come up which may be spoilers so let me so listeners or viewers let me take the bullet for you i will go out on the web and research this and protect you from spoilers um from there sasha eats an apple we see that for about two seconds i guess i just wanted this to know she's okay she's still eating she's got she's getting her appetite back so a small group convenes uh with historia the queen present in a room full of people to discuss grisha's memoirs and basically debrief on what they learned from grisha's books hanj kind of recaps it for us she explains that our true enemy in this world is the world basically the rest of the world wants all of us dead because we are subjects of ymir and they're afraid that at some point we may reign over the world become titans again and because of that they want us all dead um from there we go back into flashback mode owl explains to grisha that if marley gets the founding titan the eldians are done for grisha says the king would never let that happen but then the owl says that's not true because the king refuses to fight the king said hey if you attack us we're going to destroy everything but he just said that to kind of get people to back off in reality what he said to his own community is if once again eldia is driven to sin we will perish as it's meant to be i have made a vow renouncing war with the founding titan and there's uh so and there's also a nuance here so one thing we learned back in part one of season three is so so we said earlier that if you gain the power of the founding titan you can erase people's memories you can control other titans but you can only do that if you are part of the royal bloodline and the problem is if you inherit the power of the founding titan you also inherit the king's promise not to go to war so you could say all right i'm gonna get the power of the founding titan and defeat the marlians but as soon as you get the power you're like i don't want to do that anymore so uh hanj explains all that and then she also explains that grisha went on as we know to successfully get the founding titan power she explains that he gave that power to erin she explains that erin can't use that power because he's not part of the royal bloodline except if you remember a little while back we saw erin use the power he screamed and controlled the titans so hanj says maybe erin can use it and that triggers a flashback for erin he remembers that when he used that power he was making physical contact with the titan that killed his mom and then he makes the connection that that titan was dina grisha's wife who is part of the royal bloodline so he surmises that i feel like you need a whiteboard i know i'll tell you i watched this episode three times it's a long story short erin has the power of the founding titan he can't use that power but he thinks maybe he can use that power if he's making physical contact with a person of royal descent in titan form but but he doesn't want to reveal that because if he does he's afraid the military might experiment on his story they might try and turn her into a titan so erin can touch her and then use the power doesn't she control the military now well not exactly she's kind of the queen only in name ironically uh because she has a good story i don't want to say what that's a reference to because it's a spoiler but but you know what it is if you recognize it so if we go back into flashback mode here and this is the end of the episode owl and grisha are talking again and the owl tells grisha after you enter the walls build a family grisha says what are you talking about i have dina won't i forget the things you tell me just before i become a titan anyways the owl says that's not always the case and someone may see it later your wife your child your neighbors if need be love someone inside the walls if you can't do that it'll only repeat the same history the same mistakes over and over and then ready alone this is the mic drop moment the owl says to save mikasa armin and everyone else must see it through and then grisha says mikasa armin who is that and then the owl suddenly gets his look on his face like who knows i'm not sure whose memories are those and then and then the episode ends yeah so alon what the hell just happens well i'm gonna just theorize a little bit maybe there's some weird thing with time and memories where you can if you're a titan maybe you also inherit the future memories of people that inherit your titan ability after you i mean which it's the only logical explanation which would also you know what i'm going to stop spoiling other spoilering yeah i'm going to stop spoiling other shows i was also thinking about that show uh so i thought the same thing at first and i'm also going to point out that you and i have always talked about how cool it would be if there was a show with flashbacks where eventually the flashbacks suddenly referenced something in the present day and there's like a weird time thing happening so immediately i wanted to believe oh there's a time travel thing happening i don't think that's the case and the reason why is because they keep making references to history repeating itself uh that's happened many times throughout the series but a few recent examples uh zeke the beast titan he says a few episodes ago when erwin was leading the suicide charge against him the beast titan makes a sound like that's happened before he says all right here we go again there's gonna be another suicide run everyone's gonna die even just now the owl says you're going to repeat the same history the same mistakes over and over so i think there's something here about history repeating itself and maybe in the past there were people named mikasa and armin who played similar roles as the mikasa and armin we know today and maybe those memories survive subconsciously and inspire people to name their children after those characters from the past maybe grisha named his son erin it maybe he you know i don't know how this memory thing works when you turn into a titan maybe he doesn't even remember that the owl was named erin because he even he only just learned that name and he says here he might forget everything that happens before he turned in just before turning into a titan so the name erin may have come to him subconsciously so i'm not ruling out the possibility that this is a time travel thing because it definitely seemed like that was a very specific message to erin who's currently reliving these memories but my bet right now is that it's some kind of a cyclical history repeating itself thing it sounds more likely yeah anyways that closes out the episode and i have to say it's pretty incredible that they're giving us so many answers over the last few episodes but they still manage to find a way to end on it on another note of like whoa what so they're doing a great job uh and then i'll say i complained a little bit last episode that they were going through things a little bit too quickly it was kind of hard to keep up with the information download i still felt a little bit of that this episode but it definitely wasn't quite as bad the pacing felt a little bit more on point um but overall i mean still very much enjoyed this episode it's not hitting the emotional highs from two or three episodes ago where you had the suicide run where you had the debate over who to save erwin or armin but you can't always be at that level of intensity you need episodes like this so good episode not one of the best but definitely a pretty you know really good episode how about you any closing thoughts no i thought it was a very good episode as well and i i can't wait for some answers on this the whole armin mikasa history repeating itself right if we get answers because there is only one episode left this season and well it seems like uh they might be getting ready for uh to build up something that could last the whole another season so yeah so there so if they answer that question i'm sure they're gonna ask another question where we're gonna be waiting till next season to find out what happens next and i'll also say i feel like every previous episode for the last five episodes maybe we knew what was gonna happen next sort of like before the last episode we had a feeling okay the next episode we're gonna dive into grish's history we're gonna get some answers at the end of this one i really don't know what's gonna happen next there isn't any clear next step yeah i know i want another awesome battle but i don't know who they would fight this time yeah unless there's a surprise beast tighten attack who knows you know he'll be a lot more careful this time around right right or maybe uh hanj gets it gets from erin the truth about how his story might be the key you know maybe if they turn her into a titan and that that could be a way for erin to use his power and then we get an internal struggle over erin wanting to protect um his story uh you know who knows we'll see hopefully it's not too political yeah i know those are we don't love those episodes when it turns into all politics maybe we'll enjoy it more now though because i feel like we've got a pretty good handle on who's who you know i've done the research so i kind of understand the conflicts you have the tax and the string yeah if i turn this laptop you'll see picture is all taped up on my uh on my wall looks like a beautiful mind all right well needless to say we're both excited for the finale next week uh and thank you for watching if you enjoyed this this video make sure to subscribe to our channel and hit the bell icon so you get notifications whenever we release more videos like this one thanks for watching and we're back so gill you and i were right after we finished recording we had an interesting conversation right right yeah we were uh we were starting to think were there any signs about things to come in earlier seasons right and then you recalled something right we were actually we were sort of complaining saying that it feels like some of what we're seeing you know were they just making it up as they went along were there any actual signs earlier in the series and then suddenly I remembered something from episode one on season one season one episode one and not only that less than five minutes into the episode so on the topic of there being some kind of time travel element to the show where you can have memories of future events that trigger a memory for me back in episode one three minutes 45 seconds into the episode we see a smattering of images we see what looks like a titan and some blood splatter you see I think air and get lifted up you see some empty land which then flashes to a bunch of titans attacking you see a titan get slashed you see a uniform sitting by a fireplace you see a bedroom with some dolls including what looks like a winnie the poodle you see a bunch of dead scouts in the woods you see someone's eyeball I think Aaron's with a B on it but then most important of all you see Aaron's mom getting eaten by a titan and then Aaron wakes up so all of that was part of some dream that Aaron was having and that all happened before Aaron's mom got eaten by a titan and I remember back when we watched episode one we were like oh so does Aaron have some weird thing where he just gets glimpses of the future and then as episodes go by we just started to assume oh sort half forgot about it half assumed that the writers maybe wanted to do something with that but changed their minds or maybe it was just some artistic element that didn't really mean anything right right where they but it was just weird because they used actual footage of his mom getting eaten it was the same clip later in the episode as in this part of the episode uh right after Aaron wakes up he sees Mikasa standing over him he says huh Mikasa and then she says let's head back Aaron asks what am I doing here Mikasa says you're so out of it were you sound asleep Aaron replies no it's just I feel like I had a really long dream what was it about I can't remember Mikasa says Aaron why are you crying then it cuts so that in looking at this now now it seems to me for sure there's some element where when you have the power of the titan somehow you can get some glimpses into the future maybe it's only if you have the power of the founding titan uh but that actually wouldn't make sense because the owl didn't have that right but uh so I guess I'm I am changing my theory from the history repeating itself to there is some kind of time travel element maybe you can access memories from future titans there's something like that yeah anything to add to that theory or do we they're being encapsulated there well I don't know how much we want to theorize right now but if it's a memory from a future titan that inhabits his titan I'm trying to figure out who it might be maybe Mikasa eats Aaron in the future and then he is remembering her future memory I don't know but I'm very intrigued though I gotta I need to get my whiteboard back out because I don't yeah well I'm sure all of this will be answered next episode I wonder if uh if the final episode of the series will flash back to this moment in episode one where he wakes up because he said he had a really long dream that long dream was the series attack on titan and then he's going to return to this moment and and then he gets to relive the whole thing but this time he has the power of all the knowledge of the future events of the series maybe I guess we'll find out anyway I feel like it was important for us to come back and say that before one of the commenters pieces together before we do