Good morning, John. I doubt anyone will be surprised to hear that right now I'm a little bit... Bluh. My worry, as you have put it eloquently, is omnidirectional. But, there are also pieces of this that I do find encouraging. So I feel like it's probably more productive to talk about that stuff right now. Here are five things that I'm finding encouraging right now. One, if there is ever a time in which we in America will recognize that having most people get their healthcare through their employer is arbitrary and cruel and ludicrous, this is the moment. Second, maybe we are realizing how much work goes into making the world function. I hope maybe after we're done with this that we will appreciate the work done by other people more whether we are currently being asked to live without it, like as is the case with many teachers and childcare workers, or if we have been asked to imagine what the world would be like without their work. And how much we very much do not want to live in that world. We are currently, at least for now, listening to expertise. A lot of people who found it like good marketing or politically useful to say that like a gut feeling of a regular person is equal to or superior to like decades worth of expertise are now suddenly very glad that the expertise exists. Number four, among the underappreciated institutions that are feeling really necessary right now is just government. And I'm not saying that like all governments have done this well. I'm saying that government is very necessary in this moment. And there are a lot of people who spend a lot of time trying to cut and cut and cut government who are suddenly very, very quiet. Government response is being bad isn't because government is bad. It's because government has been hobbled by years and years of people saying that it's not necessary and attacking it and also having this war on expertise that has forced people who are experts out of positions in public service. And last, right now, we are acting as a society. We tell a really individualist story about how things get done in America. Individualism is a good story. It's empowering and I think that it does a lot of good. It's not really a true story. As the saying goes, we live in a society and right now we know it. I kind of just realized this while I was making this video but I think we are in the middle of the largest collective intentional action that has ever been taken. I'm not saying this is good. This is bad. Not just the illness and the loss of life but the inequity of how it is hitting and will hit us. Not just the economic fallout but again, that's gonna hit very unevenly. And I'm worried that in a moment that calls for maybe even requires a lot of international cooperation this is gonna make us even more nationalistic. And again, I'm worried that we're trusting experts right now but a little bit down the road when we are dealing with the repercussions of this and people might be saying like, oh, it wasn't as bad as they said it was gonna be. Those messages will work. Even if right now these experts and their policies are saving thousands of lives a day because there's the thing about having strong opinions and no expertise. You always get to pretend that you're right because your advice never gets taken and so you can say that you were right, you were right, you were right because there's no one running the simulation where we did it your way and thank the Lord. My worries are in every direction but I do not have less faith in humanity now than I did three months ago and that's something. And with that in mind, like with the knowledge of my own need for it, I've decided to do a little project. It's a weekly, I think, 20 minute podcast called COVID Zucks, People Don't where I talk to some people who are trying to make this better. The first interview for example is with a guy who just this week got his first injection of an experimental COVID-19 vaccine. He's one of 45 people in the world in that trial and he is surprisingly chill about it. Links in the description. John, I'll see you on Tuesday.


Hey, Virgo, this is Kelly. Welcome back to my channel, House of Virgo. If you're new, please to hit like, share, and subscribe. Please remember this is a general love rating. Be mindful, the messages may or may not resonate. And if you would like to book a personal reading, there's a link in the description box below this video. Just click that link, okay? That will take you right to my booking site. Alright, Virgo, let's see what your love messages are going forward. Virgo, so the High Priestess is here. The Knight of Cups. Two of Pentacles. Three of Pentacles. Queen of Swords, right in the center. Two of Swords. Knight of Swords. Queen of Wands. And the two of Wands. Okay, bottom of the deck. The Four of Wands. Okay, I see commitment. I see family. I see returning home or a reunion with someone. There's been a lot of struggles and challenges to get home, it feels. Either to get home or for someone to come back to you. Somebody here feels defeated. Completely defeated, ready to make a change here with the world. Start a new cycle and chapter with you. A lot of remorse and grief. Perhaps some betrayal. A lot of competition or some struggles here. Okay, so let's take a look. See what your love messages are. Hi everybody. Hope you're doing well. Okay, let's see. What are Virgo's love messages? Okay, attraction. You attract romantic love by enjoying this moment fully. Wow, religious factors again. Keeps showing up. Unrequited love. Alright, Virgo, your person's been awfully quiet. Not saying anything. Not revealing anything. Right now, your person is thinking about proposing to you. Okay, and it feels mostly like with the two of Pentacles, figuring out how to do this. Now we do have Aries, Leo, Sagittarius, Libre Gemini Aquarius. I'm picking up some Cancer, some Pisces vibes and Virgo vibes. Okay, yeah. This person, here we have Aquarius again. The fool are freeing themselves from their silence. Someone is coming out of their silence at this time. And when the time is right, this person is going to offer their emotions, their cup of love to you and they're going to come riding in on their horse. Virgo, who is this person? Now for some of you, this is a past thing.  Okay, so be mindful of that. The energies, whatever is resonating with you the most, that's your reading. But I am going to do the singles. So if you're not interested in the past love, there will be a singles here after this reading. Okay, so this night of cups, I feel like this person, yep, they're freeing themselves from their silence from not communicating with you and not speaking to you to appendicles page of Hennacles when the time is right, they're going to communicate with you and reach out to you and tell you their plans or what they want or what they're hoping to achieve here with you to express to you their their ideas. Okay, it feels like this person has had or is just missing you. This is something to do with coming home or it's a challenge. It's been a real challenge for this person to return. But it feels like they're giving up on their silence. It feels like this the silence. I just heard what is that song? Enjoy the silence by Depeche Mode. I can't remember the words to it, but there's attraction. I feel like this person is incredibly attracted to you still. I don't feel like that's ever stopped. Okay, I don't feel like anything has changed. If anything, you've become more attractive to this person.  Yeah, 10 of cups frame themselves to be with you in an exclusive relationship, marriage commitment, what it might be, but it's definitely coming out of this dark, quiet, secretive place. And the three of Hennacles is here. So that is also a card about marriage. A lot of this challenge or struggle had to do with obstacles or differences between the two of you. Okay, maybe your religious beliefs, spiritual beliefs, your upbringing, quite different, quite different. I just saw someone lived on one side of the tracks or was raised on one side of the tracks and another person was raised on it on the opposite side.  There's a lot of differences here between the two of you could be racial, could be economic differences, geographical differences. Let's take a look at this three of pentacles. Okay, yeah. This person wants to build here because they're broke, broken the sense where they have this poverty mindset, what by themselves, they're nothing. With you, they see that something can be established, created, that you guys can work together to build a happy relationship with each other. There's massive change happening in this person's life that they're currently going through. And that silence of them not communicating with you has a lot to do with that. Okay, you might have just been communicating with this person like you may have never met them at all. It might just be an online thing that you guys have been doing back and forth for a certain amount of time. And you've never actually met in person. And it feels like the challenge for a lot of well for this person is the distance. This person's coming out of closing in on this distance, see, because it's kind of been online, there was a lot more silence than seeing each other. So I feel like this person, for a lot of you, it feels like a long distance relationship. But mostly where you haven't met before. So this person is coming in with the truth, the queen of sorts, the blunt, blunt truth that they've been in decision mode. I feel like that's communication.  It's just that the obstacles have been quite challenging to make this happen. I don't know if you guys just stopped talking. There was a lack of like there wasn't communication just ended. I'm not seeing ghosting here. It might have just been a situation where it just ended. Okay, and there's a loss here. This person missing you. Queen of Swords energy. Yeah, 10 of pentacles. They want to build that strong foundation marriage relationship. Look, here's a four of ones underneath. So they've been kind of, it feels to me like if they blocked if they were blocking or just going going silent and not communicating with you about what was going on with them. I feel like they didn't want to tell you that they saw a lot of obstacles. Or they may have told you there were obstacles, but didn't go into detail about what they were. And I feel like whatever the obstacles were in your specific situation, they just didn't want to pursue the relationship because of that because they felt it was too challenging. They couldn't see how it would work. Maybe there were other people involved or there was a lot of worrying about the he said she said thing. Oh, here's the lovers on the two swords. That's these are both decision cards. So that's the decision. They want to get married. They want you in a sacred union. They want to be in a sacred union with you. Gemini energy here for some. They're coming after you. They're coming in. They're ready to bridge the gap to come out of silence to communicate with you. And so this is for October. If you want if you're curious to know when this is going to be coming about. Let me see here. I feel like you're going to get either a text message. No, let me take that back. No, it's going. Hold on. Wait a minute. Let me hold off on that for a minute because I'm hearing a lot of different messages here. Okay, that's strange.  Something comes in like a piece of mail. You get a letter. I don't know who does that anymore, but there's a letter of some sort. For some of you, this person was incarcerated. They're coming out of jail. I'm not laughing at that. I'm laughing at that the message just came through like that. They're like at the end of their sentence. Seven of Swords. Look at this running away, but not running away from you running away from wherever they've been or that life. So this person does not want to be single. They have been single. They haven't been communicating with anybody else. They've been just working on their money. How is this person going to communicate with Virgo? How is this person going to communicate with Virgo because they feel like this relationship isn't going to be able to stand the test of time. They're worried that it's they're worried that you view you know what they're just telling me because this person told you that there were too many obstacles. They put obstacles in front of this relationship from it moving forward. And now they've had a change of heart. Now things can start moving forward. And yet they're concerned that you may not see it that way anymore because you believe that they're some of you Virgo said no, you're right. There are too many obstacles. Some of you just said no. I'm just not doing it anymore. Are you not you're not interested in but now I don't know what made this. Alright, two questions here. How is this person going to communicate with Virgo? Mental telepathy. It's like you already know some of you already can feel that this person's coming in in October for sure. You some of you are able to feel their stress and anxiety or you're feeling it's it's strange to you because you're fine. And then the next minute you have this overwhelming sense of grief or are you having these dreams so they're they're coming to you through your dreams. Okay, they're communicating to you through your dreams. And I know some of you know, here's a ton of swords again. Okay, surrender. This person is completely hit rock bottom when it comes to you and they were resisting. How is this person going to communicate with Virgo? Okay, they're giving me the eight of pentacles. Well, they just keep telling me your dreams. It's like night after night after night. You keep having these you're seeing them in your visions, your dreams. It's like you just know you guys are connected in that way. lovers is here. That's twin flame. They're going to tell you the truth about someone else that they were connected with. Okay, they might have been. Let's see. What is this other person? Who is this other person? Okay, the three somebody they were working with or they were in school with if they were attending school or some kind of training or something. Or someone they were in some kind of collaboration with I don't feel like there was anything romantic going on there. But I feel like you some of you had like a concern about this other person like why are they talking to them what's going on that kind of thing but I don't feel like anything else was going on I feel like this person has been completely single. And if there was an opportunity for something to occur with them and another person there wasn't enough attraction or chemistry for something to happen there. You are their love with the two of swords and the lovers. Yep, the sun, Leo energy, very positive. Yes, that's like spirit is agreeing, spirit saying yes. You too are twin flames. This is and that has a lot to do with the struggles and the difficulty in the relationship. The challenge is very challenging relationship. Virgo, I'm surprised you've held out as long as you have. Because I feel like this has been really, really hard for you. But you just know, you just know, you know, I mean it's like some of you, you know, like I see you kind of standing there on the shoreline and you see this big wave and it's way out there in the distance but you see the water down at your feet is just kind of pulling out to see so you know that this big wave is coming. You know that this thing is coming. You feel it, they feel it too.  Alright, let me take a look at this person's love messages here for you. You were the best thing in my life. Wow, I guess you guys were in separation. Maybe there was like an ending that happened in the past. I lost myself for a little while but I want you. Wow, Virgo. Just being near you is intoxicating. They want to be near you. It's interesting because for a lot of you, like I said, you hadn't actually, I don't feel like you met in the in the world, in the 3D, you know, physically, but the world card is here and I feel like that's going to change. Now, if you have met this person before but nothing happened, it didn't go anywhere. I feel like it's, you know, this is 2021 so definitely between now and the end of the year but mostly for October. This person is coming in. This is a card of travel as well and communicating online. The world, the world wide web kind of communication. The timing just wasn't right for us. Yeah, it was all about timing. You know, I don't know what these challenges were. I think this person needed to have some kind of a wake-up call in their own mind. Like nothing you did or said was going to change this person's mind except possibly leaving it and walking away. That that seems to may have been a trigger. I will wait for a sign from you while you're both giving each other signs in your dreams. This person is definitely dreaming of you. I feel like they're thinking of you. I bury myself in work to forget you. You don't know how hard it was to let you go but I couldn't let you get close to me. Yeah, because they weren't ready. I look for you everywhere though and I did hide who I really am from you. Yeah, because you're online and it's very easy to fake an online personality. I'm afraid to contact you.  Okay, long distance relationships are really tough. A lot of people have them for years before they actually meet and I wouldn't really classify those as relationships. I mean, unless you're just in a virtual world then I guess that would but it's even hard when you actually know each other and you have to split up and keep a long distance relationship going but some of you have held on and this person has held on because something about this long distance relationship where you know you see each other on FaceTime. You have video calls and stuff but you also communicate a lot. There's a lot of communication and talking. It actually brought a lot of you a lot closer and formed more of a bond because there really was no actual physical interaction. You know, maybe there was some online intimacy but no actual like being there together so that created an even stronger soul tie than if you both were together in real life and I feel like that bond has not broken and it was just a matter of like taking it from one level to the next to coming into union in real life to really seeing each other and moving forward with that and it feels like that's where your person is at right now. Like they're ready for this. Let's get your charms. Oh, there's that camera again. What did I say? FaceTiming, video calling, zooming. I don't know. How do you guys video call or talk to each other on the phone or what have you? Definitely. You might. Okay, there you go. I was saying dreams. That's what they were talking about. Like I don't know, maybe even nightmares but images, visual images would represent having video calling, that kind of thing. Photos, pictures going back and forth. A lot of you relied heavily on that. Okay, now this may not be for you. This reading seems quite specific so again it's not not all of you have had these online things going on. Not all of you have had, you know, a lot of you did meet in person and had an actual relationship in person. But for some of you, I do feel there's a message here that you could currently be talking to someone online. This is not your past person and this is an energy. I'm actually going to skip the singles now. This is an energy about someone that you could be currently speaking with or will be that wants to go from being on virtual, the wants to go from the virtual world to the real world. Okay, but there are a lot of differences between the two of you and like I said it could be geographical, it could be cultural, it could be racial, it could be financial differences, educational differences, spiritual religious differences but it feels to me like someone doesn't want to stay on the phone forever. Someone wants to have an actual relationship here. Okay, so now we have a heart. All right, Margot, so this is totally a love reading. They might be coming in or bringing you a gift, like a little heart, a little heart gift or a chain or a necklace or something or maybe a received one from this person in the past. All right, now we have a dash owned. Dash owned. Am I saying the right?  Hot dog doggy. Okay, so somebody here might have a little dash owned. Am I saying that right? I hope I am. Somebody might have a dash owned dog that you're sitting with right now or thinking about getting a little doggy like that. They're so cute. I love them. And then we've got an anchor. Okay, that is so symbolic of somebody wanting to anchor this relationship, secure it, anchor it, make it real. Okay, I was just feeling this person may have been talking to somebody else online while they were talking to you and that just didn't work out. Which I know some of you might not want to hear that but unfortunately it doesn't necessarily mean they were but if you feel like they were you were curious I feel like that is the case. Okay, now maybe somebody's a sailor or is in the Navy. I don't know what you call it in other countries but works on a ship or is always on the water. Okay, this person that could have a lot maybe there was military. It was like a military connection and it can only be done online or you know on the phone that kind of thing. Let's get your advice. This reading is going to be a little bit shorter, a weekend shorties. I'm going to try and make these weekend shorties because I have stuff to do this weekend and I know you guys do as well I'm sure. Let's take a look. Virgo's advice. Okay, Knight of Pentacles.  Plan carefully before taking action but then get going. Pay attention to all of the details. Wait for perfect timing. There's a guardian angel or someone who watches over you right now. This feels mostly like go slow. I feel like there's a solid offer coming in. There's a solid offer. There's three two cards on this table plus the high priestess. So this is an energetic reading about partnership for sure. This could be an earth sign coming in. Someone who's younger than you and I mean if you're 16 watching this and I guess whatever hopefully not but this is somebody who's making plans. Okay charting the map so they know which direction. You might be getting some type of communication or something like how do I get there? What are the directions? How do I get to your home or what town do you live? Where can I meet you? Where should we meet? Let's make plans. Okay and then oh three of Pentacles again. Now this is three times and this is my marriage card. This is a card of building and creating and collaboration working together. Carving away and removing all things that are no longer necessary to reveal the inner to reveal the true art of this relationship the true beauty of this relationship. Okay some of you might actually be creators. You may be getting paid for this. Maybe you're sculptors or you're creating something in your life right now. You're building a business which is great. Little side note there. You're working on like creating something here. Working up in your studio some of you. Painting, sculpting, crafting, construction, carpentry, doing some work. I feel like you're going to be surprised. This is going to come in right when you're in the middle of like not even paying attention and doing something here.  You know that wave might be this person might be it's definitely a reunion at your home for the two of you or just a union getting together. This person's missed you.  And it kind of feels like whatever their struggles or obstacles or challenges or things like that that are also going on in their own personal life this is coming to an end here and they're they're free. A lot of a lot of what this person has been going through they have not been able to bring their end into union with you and they've been kind of silent because they have a lot of challenges and things like that going on but this feels like permanency. Okay we have the king of swords here that's that's yeah so we have two a king and a queen okay remain objective and fair-minded communicate clearly with this person Virgo. You might need to say something to them like you know you can't deal with unemotional relationships or someone who's who's emotionally unavailable but there's an awakening here. Pisces and energy somebody here is seeing things in a whole new light with this relationship. It feels mostly like getting offline and getting on the ground with each other okay and then you have the five of wands and that's here yeah all these conflicts conflicts caused by opposition. The advice here is walk away from any drama unless the situation is really worth your time and then stand up for yourself very be very ambitious all right so that's a question for you Virgo. Is this something that you you know want to pursue or have someone pursue with you whether this is the past coming back it for some of you it is still a mercury retrograde so hey or somebody new that you've just been communicating with who wants to like you know maybe Virgo you've been busy with what you're doing in your life and you've been chatting online with people but not really trying to come into union quite yet or just weren't able to I feel like this is actually coming forward for you now somebody here wants to actually meet and start from there build from there not build from being online but like you know when you're online it's like well it's easy to kind of pretend it's different when you're you're because there's a lot of inflection that gets missed when you're with someone one on one you see people's quirks like you see things about them you see the good you see about you see everything you get the full embodied picture of the person you're connecting with and when you're just generally like on the phone like because you're not with them you don't see their everyday interactions you don't see how they are with like the delivery driver or the in their uber or how they are when they're out walking their dog you don't you know you don't see a lot of things you don't see that somebody you know leaves dishes in the sink or you don't see that they're very OCD and they like to they like so you know you don't have the full picture you have to have the full picture that's why this is very important here and a lot of you may have just skipped over taking the full picture and just said yes this is my person which is fine and it's not to say that if you meet in person then it then it all falls apart it's just that it's not fair to not have that and you have to see how each each of you are in your everyday lives because that is what relationships are about you know I always make a joke I always say okay you're meeting someone online you're talking on facetime or whatever and you just see their face and they seem like this great person but then like you don't know if this person is missing a leg if they don't tell you you don't know if they're in a wheelchair if you don't see that stuff you know it's not that it's a bad thing it's just that you both kind of have to like have the full picture right I'm old school I I had my whole entire dating life was married before internet was ever around and we had texting or any of that stuff it was very simple you know you meet someone you go on dates you're like there all the time there was never any long distance stuff going on so and it's not to say oh that that's the only way it'll work because sometimes even that doesn't work but it's just that if you've been on in an online thing a virtual relationship and unless it's don't over invest is what I'm saying don't get overly invested in that to actually or with the person okay because and even if it's only one or two times that's still not enough there's still more that you don't know and and this is strictly for those of you who have not met your person or who have but like it was like one time and then they were gone and then you still kept talking so I feel like this person though you know whether it's your past or your present I feel like this person does want to find out more the everyday stuff that who you are every day what you look like in the morning how you aren't like how long it takes you to be in the bathroom you know like in a shower like all these little nuances and these little caveats they this person I feel like wants to see all that about you and if that's something that you want to share and you want to you're ready to give that up and some of you might have like a peg leg and you need to tell your person you got to give them the truth and say hey listen by the way I'm a pirate and please don't take that wrong sometimes I say things and I don't it's the Virgo in me I can I can be kind of sarcastic I don't think that people with peg legs or pirates I'm just saw a pirate in my mind and it's Halloween so come on so you just want to see and this person wants to see how you are in your everyday life they want to see all of your natural beauty and your natural handsomeness and they want to see your flaws as well because that's what really makes the person that is what's the most that's what makes people real that this person and I feel like you too want the authenticity you want to see the real thing non filtered non made up the whole nine yards all right so I'm gonna leave you reading there Virgo I hope that you understood when I meant by the peg leg thing I got blasted yesterday because I said a comment and I didn't mean anything by it but I apologize because I'm not a narcissist so sometimes I have to apologize for things but anyway I love you guys I will see you all tomorrow and take care all right bye


Hi everybody, Joe for JaspysCaseBreaks.com with our team random. This fills archives number five. So basically we had a bunch of these teams remaining in the pick your team break that we had for archives. We took those out and then we're randomizing them to you, except we're just randomizing your names, not the team. So we order the teams in terms of highest price, lowest price, but you're guaranteed something. Now you can also win extra spots here as well. So if you bought a full spot, you got a chance to win a full spot. So let's take care of that first. The second dice roll will be matching up with the team. Now the first dice roll, let's roll it and randomize it. Six and a one, seven times, top four after seven. Good luck, one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven, and it's Aaron, Rick, Stephen K, and Jared. Congrats to you. After seven, you got some extra spots, like a little buy one, get one scenario here. And we'll put those little rooftops next to your name so you can differentiate that between your full spots and your other spots. Now let's gather all your names for the second and final dice roll and we'll match you up with the team after six and a one, seven times again. Good luck, one, two, three, four, five, six, and seventh and final time. After seven, we got Rick down to Aaron. After seven, and here's how it shakes out, look at that, Rick with the Yankees, Chad, got yourself the Rays, Jared with the Braves, Stephen K with the Tigers, Jared with the Orioles, David with the White Sox, Stephen K got my Dodgers, Jared with the Blue Jays, Aaron with the Diamondbacks, David with the Cubs, Aaron with the Reds, Rick with the Giants, Aaron with the Nats, John with the Brew Crew, and Aaron with the Rangers, Rockies, and Marlins. Thanks everybody. I'll see you in the next video for the break itself, jaspyscasebrakes.com.


Well, thank you, Beth, and thank you for being here this morning. I come from the field of law. And I'm sorry. OK. I come from the field of law. And I was asked to speak about the implications for law of evolutionary theory and behavioral research pursuing that theory, and to at least introduce that topic to you at this conference. There are several good examples of work in the law pursuing evolutionary theory and behavioral biology research. For example, there's been some very good work done around the incidence of child maltreatment. And the risk posed specifically by step parents, very rich literature developing in that area. Another area that has been developed is that of rape, and the idea that it is not simply about aggression and violence, as many legal theorists have posited. But rather, there is a sexual aspect to it that is significant and has implications for penalties and treatment in that area. And another, a third area that has been pursued quite extensively is that in the employment discrimination area and using evolutionary theory and coalition building and the policing of sexual boundaries to help courts and other legal decision-makers determine when discrimination is, and the magic words in the law because of sex. And so that has been enlightening in that area. So there are several good examples, but I struggle to fit what's going on in this field to what is the topic of this conference and wanted to talk, chose to talk about foster care, the foster care area, because frankly, first of all, that's the area I'm most familiar with and that I do my work in. But also because there is a health aspect to this work. In terms of what I'll be talking about, a lot about grandparent investment and you'll see why that's relevant to this. But grandparent investment studies that look at nutrition and mortality of children in the ancestral past and some in contemporary societies and that is relevant in this area. There's also certainly a legal aspect to the work in this area around foster care and specifically the federal law has strongly favored placement of children with kin. That is a strong trend over the last decade or two and the law, the federal law expressly incorporates that requiring child welfare agencies to seek out relatives of children being placed in foster care. First of all, and then to offer them opportunities and support to serve as foster parents. And so the law at the federal level has certainly done that and driven the states to do that too. And I can certainly give you concrete examples of legal provisions that do this, but I wanna move into kind of the research that supports or doesn't support that move. And just some background facts as we get into this and I'm gonna get into the theory and the research, but you should know that now in many large urban child welfare systems, over 50% of the placements of foster care placements are with kin. So it is something that has really taken over the field. And you should also realize as background that there are still a lot of doubts about this. If you talk to case workers in the field, they're very nervous about this trend. Because the idea is that look, we just took this child away from a dysfunctional family situation and now the law, the courts are placing this child right back into that situation. Yes, extended family, but still in the minds of many a dangerous situation posing a lot of risk. And you should also realize final background point that these decisions about foster care placement are made in a rather chaotic environment. Case workers have to move fast. There's a shortage of time and there's a shortage of resources. Oftentimes it boils down to, I've just got to find a bed for this child right now. And whatever is open that's minimally acceptable will work. And so the risk is high in this environment of exposing children to maltreatment and further damage. And so any tools that we can give to case workers in this situation are gonna be beneficial. Okay, so that's the background. Now let me start talking about or introduce you to kind of the evolutionary concepts and the behavioral biology research on kinship that is gaining attention from social work researchers in this field and legal scholars. The idea is that this research, this theoretical research may help generate knowledge that supports more sophisticated foster care placement policies and practices. So the concepts allow for the formulation of two testable hypotheses that may help alleviate concerns about and improve practice around kinship foster care placements. And the first hypothesis is that on average, children are likely to experience better treatment and outcomes in kinship foster care as opposed to non-kin foster care. And there are two basic behavioral biology concepts that allow for the formulation of this hypothesis that I just wanna describe briefly. The first is the concept of degree of relatedness. Now this is often described through the idea of shared genes that two individuals share genes and therefore there's this degree of relatedness. It's more accurate to talk about the probability of sharing a specific genetic segment or allele. And that's what degree of relatedness is really about. And I can chart the probabilities by degree of relatedness as shown here. For first degree kin, for instance, your child or your sibling, the probability is that you share 50, there's a 50% probability that you share a specific genetic segment with that individual. For second degree kin, as you can see grandparents or nieces and nephews, 25% probability. And you see it go down the list as you get further away in terms of degree of relatedness. Finally, with non-kin, unrelated individual virtually a 0% probability of a sharing of a specific genetic segment. Now related to that concept of degree of relatedness is the concept of inclusive fitness. And from an evolutionary perspective, individuals benefit not only from direct reproductive success, their own children, but also indirectly from the reproductive success of kin because of that probability of shared genetic material. So your child is likely to pass on, there's a high probability, 50%, that your child will pass on your genetic material in a specific segment. And you can use a simple equation to convey that concept. Here showing that for instance, a mutation for kinship altruism will spread if the reproductive cost for the altruist is less than the reproductive benefit for the recipient of the altruism discounted by the degree of relatedness. That probability of sharing a specific genetic segment. And it turns out that this condition often existed within the ancestral evolutionary environment. And the result has been a spread or was a spread of a trait for kinship altruism. This behavioral tendency to favor kin. Now both animal and human research has repeatedly found this differential kinship altruism. Individuals tend to favor close kin, especially with help related to evolutionary important matters such as food provision and from my talk most importantly childcare. The conceptual result here is that higher levels of parental investment, more childcare, more close supervision, less neglect, less abuse are expected from close kin and from more distant kin and certainly from non-kin. The empirical research addresses this first hypothesis specifically. Researchers have begun studies that compare kinship to non-kin foster care placements. In a comprehensive review published in 2004, revealed that despite kinship care homes receiving on average less financial support, less training, less services, they're just child welfare agencies just don't pay attention to kinship placements as much. There was despite that, there was no evidence of worst child wellbeing or adult outcomes. And several studies indicated that kinship foster homes are superior in one important area and that's placement stability. And placement stability is a proxy for good outcomes for children in foster care. And that is higher with kinship placements. One study showed children in kinship foster care three times less likely to have to move from that placement. And more recent studies have confirmed this benefit of kinship placements. Very interesting study done recently by Gretchen Perry and Martin Daly and those of you that are into the evolutionary psychology field will recognize the name Martin Daly or the leading researcher in the area. They used a data set from Ontario, Canada and found that genetic kin placements were significantly more stable than both non-genetic kin placements and non-kin placements. Now you may, if you're not in the field of child welfare you may wonder, what's a non-genetic kin placement? Well, because of the definition in the child welfare of kin to include both neighbors and friends that have a prior relationship with the child there are non-genetic kin placements. And these researchers being evolutionary psychologists drew the line for genetic kin placements versus non-genetic kin placements and non-kin placements generally and found that that line is the demarcation that really makes a difference in terms of placement stability. A Swedish study, a study using a data set from Sweden made similar findings previously. This research is a good start but we need to be more sophisticated studies based on evolutionary concepts and detailed child outcome data. Certainly more detailed than just placement stability which again is a proxy for good outcomes but not the outcomes themselves. Some recent research has begun to pursue this line of inquiry. For example, David Rubin and his colleagues in Philadelphia using the national study on child and adolescent well-being the NASCAR data set that many of you may know compared kinship placements with non-kin placements in terms of behavioral well-being measures and found that children placed in kinship care exhibited a higher level of mental health and well-being. Melissa Dolan and her colleagues also used the NASCAR data set and they compared parenting provided by grandmothers to that provided by non-kin foster parents and found that grandmothers had significantly better parenting scores. And we need to continue this type of examination and we need to examine the differences among types of kin is what the evolutionary theory would tell us. We need to move away from simple comparisons of this bimodal kind of comparison of all kin versus all non-kin and look within the kin category. Perry and Daly began this as I mentioned by separating genetic kin from non-genetic kin but there are distinctions to be made among genetic kin that need to be explored as I will explain. One study of note goes in this direction examining the degree of genetic relationship within kinship placements. And it was actually just to mention a by-product of a study that was looking at differences in terms of legal options for permanency. In other words, if a child is adopted or if there's a permanent guardianship or a permanent foster care placement, does that make a difference? The legal category that the child has put in. Mark Testa, the child welfare researcher who did this work also decided just to compare degrees of relatedness type of kin as kind of a side sort of inquiry. What he found is that there were no significant differences in terms of the legal options. Children in adoption did the same as children in guardianship and that kind of thing. No significant differences. The only significant differences in his study were by degree of relatedness. So as to intent to raise a child to adulthood, grandparents and aunts and uncles were significantly more likely than other relatives who were significantly more likely than non-relatives to raise the foster child to adulthood. So Testa's findings concerning the significant effects of the degree of relatedness on the caregiver-child relationship justify an inquiry concerning distinctions among genetic kin, not simply this bimodal inquiry again with kin versus non-kin. And Andrew Zen, a scholar at the University of Chicago's Chapin Hall Research Center on Child Welfare has begun this type of examination and it's been very interesting through sophisticated cluster analysis. He has identified four distinct types of kin placement with the degree to which the kinship parents are related to the foster child in their care being one of two primary indicators in kinship caregiver competence. The other one is the number and age of non-foster children in the home. But the degree of relationship is again one of these two primary indicators. And his first study using the four kinship types has found significant differences in terms of the timing and disposition of children's placement outcomes. So do they disrupt? Do they reunify with their parents? Do they get adopted? The differences among these groups are significant and again one of the key predictors is the degree of relationship. So it's starting to happen this research in this area but behavioral biology concepts suggest that more complex distinctions among kin exist and we could use this to further research in this area. Now evolutionary concepts allow one to formulate a second hypothesis based on what I've been talking about. And that mainly is that children in kinship foster care are likely to experience on average better treatment and outcomes when placed with some types of kin rather than others. And to be more specific, two additional behavioral biology concepts allow for the formulation of the second hypothesis in addition to degree of relatedness and inclusive fitness that I've already described. The first is the concept of paternity certainty or the laterality effect. The starting point here is that there is a difference in certainty of biological relationship to a child for men and women. Women being virtually 100% certain that the child they care for is their child, men not, that there is a degree of risk of providing care to a child who is not biologically related to them. Evolutionary researchers have done some interesting work on this and the finding is that back in the evolutionary environment the error rate, so to speak, was about 10 to 15%. Current cultural situation, it ranges from three to 7% if you look in the literature, but there is this degree of risk for men that women don't face. So the patrilineal line is less certain. And that has implications for extended kin relations. For example, Steve Gallin has said, and I've done a chart of rudimentaries, show my PowerPoint skills, but this captures what Steve Gallin says, and I'll quote from him, says that reduced paternity certainty decreases the probability of genetic relatedness in a way that compounds multiplicatively over kinship links through males. Thus, if under a given mating regime a man has a paternity certainty of 80%, he has a grand paternity certainty through his wife's sons of 64%, but a corresponding grand paternity certainty through his wife's daughters of 80%. And the conceptual result here is that a grandparent is expected to favor daughter's children over son's children, on average. There's just a more certain biological relationship there. And more generally, patrilineal kin are expected to receive less favorable treatment. This is the laterality effect. The second additional concept here in play for the second hypothesis that I showed is the sex effect. Behavioral tendencies related to childcare are expected to differ between men and women. Women have a higher biological stake in each child with a significant biological and time investment in contrast to men. Just take pregnancy, for example, a woman is committed for nine months, a man not. And so the theory here is that women have developed a tendency to invest more in their children. Men have a higher stake on the other hand in mating effort, that they have the option to move on quickly, unfettered, and they have developed a tendency to invest less in childcare more in mating effort. That's the evolutionary theory of the sex effect and the conceptual result. Because this also has impacts in terms of behavior of extended kin, is that women tend to invest more in kin than men. All right, now, I wanna talk about the empirical research that kinda puts these theories to test, this laterality effect, the sex effect. And there's been this very interesting, and this is the core of my talk here for this conference, interesting set of studies of grand parental investment. And there are two lines within this set. The first line I think is the most interesting here today, and that's the historical population studies using village registries from the past. And there are a series of studies that have focused on child nutrition and mortality. For example, there was a study done with a registry from a village in central Japan from 1671 to 1871, and the researcher studied the effects of grand parental presence on the probability of a child's death. In this society, a child was 35% less likely to die if maternal grandparent, maternal grandmother was present in the household. Presence of the paternal grandmother in both types of grandfather actually increased the likelihood of death. Another study was of a German village from 1720 to 1784. Here the researcher studied the effects of a grandparent being alive, simply alive at the child's birth on the probability of a child's death. And the researchers found that there was a 1.8 times greater risk of early child death if maternal grandmother is not alive at the child's birth. Other grandparents did not reduce the risk of death with the paternal grandmother actually increasing the risk during the first month of life. Another study from an English village in 1770 to 1861 found that children were 1.9 times more likely to die before age five if their maternal grandmother had died before they were born. Other grandparents had no effect on early death. A little more contemporary study looking at two villages in rural Gambia from 1950 to 1970 studied weight and height gain along with mortality during the first five years of life, finding that maternal grandmother was the only kin member to have a consistent positive effect. Other grandparents had no significant effect. And it's interesting to note in this study maternal grandmothers who were still reproductively active had a somewhat less positive effect.  And finally there that I'll talk about for examples is a contemporary study from rural Ethiopia that looked at the effect of kin on child survival and growth.  Well paternal grandmothers may elevate a male grandchild's risk of death. So grandsons had a higher risk of death with a paternal grandmother. As for growth in terms of height and weight maternal grandmothers have a positive effect for both. Well paternal grandmothers have a mixed effect positive for height but negative for weight of grandsons. Just as a side point it's interesting to note these findings may support some new research on the effect of the X chromosome which is passed only from grandmothers to granddaughters. It shows that the research in this area goes on new theory here. One of the strongest predictions of this new theory is that paternal grandmothers may harm grandsons in favor of granddaughters. And several recent studies have supported this theory. So again the research goes on. But two recent comprehensive reviews of these population studies have been completed. The first by researchers Ciaran Mace they conclude that 45 studies of whether the presence of kin affects child survival rates indicate that maternal grandmothers have a more variable effect or more indicate that maternal grandmothers have a consistent beneficial effect. Well paternal grandmothers have a more variable effect. They can be beneficial or harmful. Grandfathers do not appear to affect child survival across studies. In contrast, Strasman and Garard's meta analysis of 17 studies that was conducted in response to Ciaran Mace, their work finds support for both maternal grandparents both grandmother and grandfather having beneficial effects while both paternal grandparents had negative effects. The debate and the research in this area continues but in summary for our purposes here today, maternal grandmothers have a significant positive effect in terms of child nutrition and survival. There's no positive effect it seems from other grandparents are possibly negative. The mechanisms are unclear. These are looking at past data from again village registries. And what we need to do to take the next step I think is do some observational studies of grandparent-grandchild relations. But there is another line of research in the grandparent investment area that is interesting and it uses contemporary subjects. Who do they use at least at the start of this line of studies? Undergrad students, why? Because psychologists it seems always use undergrads. They're kind of captive and they're there and you know, invincible that kind of thing. And Decay did the first major study using U.S. undergraduates. You learn Weizel did the study using German young adults. Both studies asked participants to rate the involvement of each of their grandparents through age seven in four areas. Time invested, knowledge that they conveyed, gifts that they provided, and emotional closeness that they established. And the results here confirm the laterality effect. And you can see their results produce a rank listing of grandparents with maternal grandmothers expected to invest the most followed by maternal grandfathers, paternal grandmothers next and last paternal grandfathers with each category having a statistically significant difference in terms of investment. And these results have been replicated in subsequent studies. They're robust, even if you control for distance between grandparent and grandchild. Level of education of grandparent and many other factors, these results continue. And two recent studies of note have used especially extensive data sets moving well beyond the use of undergraduates. Daniels Baca used data from 13 European nations via the multinational survey of health, aging and retirement in Europe and found the same results. Pollut used a population of over 7,000 from the United Kingdom and found significant differences between maternal and paternal grandparents in terms of frequencies of contact with their newborn grandchildren while controlling for a wide range of other variables. They also found that maternal grandparents provided a significantly wider range of financial benefits. There have been other studies that have followed up on the grandparent studies that I'll just mention real briefly, study of aunts and uncles, again confirming the sex effect and the laterality effect.  And these results have been replicated in subsequent studies also. And finally, evolutionary researchers have been looking at cousins, which is a little different. The degree of relatedness is less here. We're talking third degree kin and we're talking at the same generation, but yet the laterality effect appears again from these results as you have more uncertain links through paternity uncertainty, you get less investment. So the summary in this area, the research identifies behavioral tendencies that are present in the absence of conscious awareness, understanding, or calculation of biological relatedness. I wanna be clear on that.  I'm not so sure if that's my grandchild. I think I'll invest more in my daughter's children. No, it's not going on consciously. It's a, again, through evolutionary time, this behavioral tendency has become, it's unconscious and it's become part of human behavior as the theory. And the research is backing that up. So it looks like from the research, there is this behavioral tendency to favor kin over non-kin in terms of altruistic behavior, namely childcare. And as to kin, women invest more than men, the sex effect. And matrilineal kin invests more than patrilineal kin, the laterality effect. Now, the research on discrimination among kin does allow one to develop a rank listing of second degree kin, which has been done in the literature. And this is the rank listing by putting all these effects that I've talked about and even some others together. You'd expect maternal grandmother to invest at the highest level among second degree kin. These are all second degree kin here with paternal grandfather expected to invest the least. And we can use this rank listing to establish a research agenda, which is starting to happen in this area. It provides the foundation for the formulation of useful testable hypotheses. For example, we could examine whether child well-being measures such as attachment, health, school performance, delinquency, and adult outcome measures such as level of education attained, employment, mental health, involvement in the criminal justice system, whether those outcomes are better on average for children placed with maternal grandmothers than for children placed with paternal grandmothers. And my colleagues and I at the University of Pittsburgh have conducted a pilot study using the Allegheny County, which is the Pittsburgh Area Department of Human Services data set. It's administrative data set. It's quite limited. But I just want to talk you through that research and then leave some time for questions. Our data set, a total data set comes as follows. We looked at all children born between 1985 and 1994 who had involvement in the child welfare system in our county. This was our data set. It was rather large, over 42,000 children. You can see the gender and race breakdown. We followed these children through June 2008 when their average age was 18.2 years. We used this total data set to create two data sets that we then did our analysis on. The first being the placement data set and we had over 7,000 children within our total data set that had been placed in foster and kinship care. You can see the race breakdown. By the way, interesting to note, look at the racial difference here from the previous group. You see that black children are placed, 44% up to 65%, at a much higher rate than other children. And that's true across the child welfare system. So just a side note. But in our data set, we had a non-KIN placement group over 4,000 children. These were children that were only in non-KIN foster placements. The KIN placement group, on the other hand, was almost 3,000 children who experienced at least one kinship placement. So that was our first data set that we developed. The second one is very small, but the second one is a kinship care agency data set. This is a small data set, 367 children, where we knew what kind of KIN they were placed with. We could determine that. It was the only, within our total data set, this was the only group we could do that. And you see most of them placed with second degree KIN, grandparents, aunts and uncles, siblings, but, and unfortunately, a small number in third degree KIN, and then another number in non-genetic KIN. And we use that to, again, test some of their hypotheses. Okay. The results were underwhelming, I'll tell you right now, and just ruin the story, but this data set was so limited that we didn't have many surprising, or results that helped us in testing these hypotheses. First of all, we only had four outcome measures in this administrative data set. When you do this work, you're limited by what you have. And we had mental health services, the level of mental health services, the level of drug and alcohol treatment services, whether the children were involved in the juvenile justice system, and whether they became involved in the adult criminal system. Those were our four outcomes. You can see that we had, let's see if I have enough. Okay. We only had significant differences with the Kinship Foster children having less mental health services. Thus, we took that as a proxy, less mental health problems. But on the other hand, they had more drug and alcohol services, so more problems in that area. Juvenile justice and criminal justice, no significant differences between the groups. And so, it doesn't really support the first hypothesis, although I should note, the Kinship children, the group that were in Kinship care, were at higher risk. When you measure the factors that show the level of risk children face, the Kinship group was at higher risk for a number of reasons, and I can explain that if you're interested later. But yet, they were coming out about equivalent. So, not full support for the first hypothesis, but some maybe. We then did some regression analysis on juvenile justice involvement, and we found that the non-Kin Foster care placement, Kin Foster placement distinction did not predict juvenile justice placement. Other things did. Race sure does, that's the strongest predictor, but not the placement. And we did the same for jail, same thing, the placement did not predict, but certainly involvement in juvenile justice predicts you're going into the criminal justice system. And these are all typical and consistent with prior research, but for our purposes, again, underwhelming. We also looked at just the number of placements, and we saw that actually the children were in Kinship placement early on, had more moves, it was less stable, that is inconsistent with the prior research I described. That kind of shows that our local county has a problem with their Kinship placement support and system, and that's another benefit of doing this research. We can tell the local authorities, look, you got a problem, and they were very interested in this, and so it was helpful to them that we found this out. Okay, so in the end, the findings fail to date, fail to fully support our first hypothesis. As I said, we had largely equivalent outcomes across the placement types, but we don't have much outcome data, and we certainly don't have data on parental investment levels, so more needs to be done. And the findings, as to the second hypothesis, we found no significant differences as to Kinship type, all about equivalent. So a real failure to support the second hypothesis. I think the problem there is we need a larger population. So we continue to pursue this research, and so what is our next step? Well, we wanna do a focused inquiry using large detailed national data set. So we're gonna use the national survey of child and adolescent wellbeing, which is a very rich data set. It has over 5,000 children who became involved in the child welfare system during 1999 to 2000, plus another 700 children that were in placement for at least 12 months at the start of the study, 30% of them being in Kinship placements. So this data set is quite extensive. It's also very rich in terms of parental investment measures and child outcome measures. And so we can use that data set, we hope, to compare maternal grandmothers to placements with paternal grandmothers. So we're gonna see if those two placements, how they compare. And the findings that we hope may support and justify primary data collection project designed to test these kinship care hypotheses that impact child health and wellbeing. And just to conclude, our ultimate goal here is to generate knowledge that may support more sophisticated foster care placement policies and practices, especially for caseworkers and judges who are caught in the trenches, like I said in this chaotic environment. And it's interesting to note that researchers from the field of behavioral biology are becoming engaged in this specific inquiry. Again, Martin Daley, again, the leading figure in the evolutionary theory area, has recently authored a paper calling for further research in this specific area of foster care placement. And so that adds, I think, intellectual energy and rigor to the inquiry. It's really an opportunity for sophisticated multidisciplinary research. So that's where we are with this. And so this is my case study of implications of behavioral biology research for the law, for guiding policy and law, in this case in the child welfare area. So I welcome your questions and thoughts, comments, and thank you for listening. Thank you very much. I'm a subscriber to this evolutionary psychology blog.  And as you were talking about, and I think you really hit the nail on the head, these are unconscious things that these people are doing. And when you talked about your objective in doing this study is really to help positively influence the placement of these kids and the practices by which they're done. And I was wondering whether we're sophisticated enough as a society where your results can be actually explained to the foster parent, whether they're paternal or maternal. So you have the deck stacked against you potentially as a paternal grandparent or vice versa. And this is something called inclusive fitness.  So, number one, can you actually educate these foster parents using your findings? And perhaps number two, with the doubts that a paternal grandfather may have, is there room for positive genetic testing that, yeah, this is my grand kid, 100% I know. Well, I don't know if that would help much because of the unconscious level of this, but yeah, that last point is interesting. Actually, the education point is a valid one. It's a very good concern to raise. My focus, frankly, has been on educating caseworkers and judges. And I don't even know if I'm that hopeful there, let alone foster parents. But the thought is, is that you're putting them on notice to kind of, it's playing the odds, right, the averages. It doesn't dictate that an individual is gonna behave this way. But on average, it's true. And so if a caseworker or a judge knows about this, we'll know if they're dealing with a paternal relative, maybe the level of, maybe not stop the placement, but the level of support ought to be a little higher because the risk is higher. If you can educate the field that much, and certainly if you can try to educate the extended family that were running maybe a higher risk, and that's why these services are being ordered for you, maybe that would be helpful. But I don't know if I need to lecture them on inclusive fitness theory, okay? But just that the risks are higher, okay? Yeah, yeah, sure. You're welcome to stay and ask questions as long as David's willing to entertain them, but I just wanted to give you the directions for lunch.  So, enjoy lunch. There are hopefully the stampede will not take place too soon. I'm familiar with this work, and I think it's great to understand the whole genetic structure, but I also think there's additional considerations that are just as evolutionary, and that has to do with cultural transmission. So clearly, mothers are going to have a stronger relationship with their own mothers than with the mothers of their husbands, and that's going to create a cultural transmission mechanism, which in many ways, I think, provides an alternative set of hypotheses, which are not mutually exclusive. They just have to be considered together. There's also quite a lot of research done by people like Deb Lieberman, for example, which show that the causal factor in whether you consider somebody akin is co-residence, and so the amount of time that you physically spend with someone is in a family, is going to be very consequential, regardless of what the actual genetic relatedness is, and so it seems to me that a more fully rounded program that takes evolution into account is going to have to include, but also go beyond these narrow genetic considerations, and I'll just leave my, you can say what you like about that. Well, thank you, David. I agree with you completely, and more sophisticated research is being done in this area. I mean, there's been some work in societies that do have a patrilineal makeup, and that is indicating what you're indicating, especially in rural Greek society, that the paternal grandfather is an important beneficial high investor figure. So I think the cultural transmission aspect is there, and so we do need to be careful. It does need to be well rounded. I completely agree with that. One practical consequences is that if you're gathering information, you can simply ask who is this given person that needs to be placed in fostered care, who had they spent time with? Yes, right. And that could be information that you could factor in along with just the genetic, you know, the shared genes. I agree, and that's where this non-genetic kin concept is not completely without merit at all, and I don't mean to indicate that, although Perry and Daley's research is indicating that that's a marker, but I think we do need to be more careful if we're gonna bring this into the field. But it's great work for this to be applied, so congratulations on what you're doing. Thank you, thank you very much. Actually, I know nothing about this field at all, but I was gonna ask a similar question, like you're citing data from 200 years ago when perhaps families were more localized and in modern days is like a different relationship more important, so. Yeah, no, and I think that more research needs to be done. As I said, the next step is to do some observational studies where we can see the grandparent-grandchild interaction. This is what we have, you're raising valid concerns as the project goes on, but hopefully we encourage that research, and I think at some point it can be helpful to us in the field, frankly, in a field that needs help because things are so chaotic and unguided. Whatever we can get to play the odds a little bit might be helpful, as long as it's carefully done. And that's what I'm driving at, so. And how do you fund research like this? Well, that's a good question. It's a lot of the reasons that you're using undergrad students for this work is because it's cheap, right? You don't need much. There isn't a lot that I'm aware of, a lot of funders. I come from the legal field and we're not largely scurrying for grants, so I can't say that I've personally tried to raise a lot of money for this, but the National Science Foundation has a law in social science division where we're hoping to apply to, but the story is yet untold, okay? Thanks. Yeah. During your talk, you didn't devote any time to talking about rape, which you had brought up previously, but you sort of assumed that you're familiar with Randy Thornhill's work and all that, and maybe if, what are some of the policy implications for understanding this rape as sort of a sexual strategy? Yeah, Owen Jones is a legal scholar that's used Thornhill's work heavily, and he's written a very good article on kind of raising the points that you're raising or addressing the points that you're raising. One thing that he notes in terms of penalties imposed that may be an alchemical castration is something that we ought to look at seriously because there is this sexual aspect to this. It's not just about violence, you know, that kind of thing. So that's one implication, but I really encourage you to read Owen Jones' work on rape if you really want to get the details on implications. Okay, yep, yep. Hi. Hi. Current research show, including my own research, that communal breeding is really important on the survivorship of children, particularly after about 12 years old. So not just the survivorship of infants, but the survivorship which would be important to inclusive fitness to get your kid to adulthood. And one of the important factors that's shown there is it's not just the presence of one of these relatives, but it's the cumulative effect of the number of relatives. I have an historic population where, in fact, survivorship of the completed family size is larger in communities where you simply have more relatives of the aunts, of the uncles, of the grandmas, of the grandpas. And in fact, very significant was the husband's, the dad's sister, because you have the women, again the cultural effect of cultural evolution where you have the women who hang out together. So even though this woman is not related to this woman, it's your husband's sister, but the children are related because they do so much together. That what you see is this very important role of these women hanging out together and the fact that there are other kind around. Yeah, and you're ready to raise the age issue. I mean, as children become older, that seems to be where the father's investment has the most effect. And also the extended family, as you're indicating in a broader sense. Yeah, I agree. And this field has lots of potential for research that has implications beyond what I gave you as an example here. So I agree. Okay, well, thank you.


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Hello, my name is Cesar Severo and I'm a technical marketing manager here at GitLab. In this short demo, I'm going to go over a feature introducing GitLab 13.11 called environment specific variables at the group level. Before this release, you could define environment variables that were at the group level, but they applied to all the environments of projects that were contained in that group. With this new feature, you can now target a variable to a specific environment. So let's see a specific example of this new feature. So here I have a group called apps. And as you can see, I have multiple microservices here. And what I would like is to create two variables that are targeted to one to stage in and one to production. So we're going to go to settings, CICD, we're going to add a variable called database connection URL or DB call URL is preceded by the prefix Kubernetes secret because we want this variable value or variable and its value to be passed to the running application once it's deployed to Kubernetes. And for this specific variable, we'll target this variable to production or this value of this variable to production. And then we'll create another variable again with the same name. So let's do this. But this time, this is going to go to staging and notice that the value is different in that the database name is app DB2. There you go. You can see the values here. You're going to see that although the variable name is the same, they have different values. In here, you have the app DB2 variable and the one, the value here is just app DB. And app DB is going to be targeted to production and app DB2 is going to be targeted to staging. That means that all these projects here will be able to see these variables or will inherit these variables. So let's go into Spring MVC JPA and let's go into the application itself. And here is how the application uses the variable that which is defined. It doesn't have the prefix and you can see here DB connection URL is going to be assigned to this Spring data source URL variable within the application. And that way, the application will be able to connect to the corresponding database. So now let's run the, but before we run anything, let's go to AWS console and see the databases. Indeed, there are two databases here, app DB and app DB2. And app DB here, this is app DB and app DB, the product table and the application as you will see in a minute is actually like an inventory application. There are three products already populated in the product table. And app DB2, which will be used in staging environment, there are none, there are no products populated in there. So now let's deploy the application or redeploy the application. Let's run the pipeline here. Let's wait until the pipeline finishes. Very good. Now the pipeline is finished. As you can tell, there was a build stage staging and production. And now the application is running in staging and production. So let's go check the environments and let's see the application running in staging. There you go. And as you can tell here, Pluto is logged on in the staging environment. And there are no products to be listed here. Remember earlier, we checked that the staging database has no products in there. So let's log out as Pluto. And now let's go to production and let's log back in as Pluto. And Pluto here is hitting a database that has three products in it. And that database is this other database that is even used in production, which has these three products in there. If we go back to the project itself and check the variables, you will see here that this database connection URL variables are actually defined, are inherited by this project, but have been defined in the apps group, which we did in the very beginning of this demo. Very good. So what this helps you with is the ability to manage variables at the group level. So in the case where you have, for example, a group that contains many microservices like here, you can define variables at this group level. And all of these microservices will inherit that variable. In the case of the Spring NBC JPA, it inherited the connection URL. And we targeted one to staging and another one to production. So all microservices, when running in staging, will hit a specific database. And in production, they will hit the production database. So this way, you can actually lower your risk by using a database that is not running in production, for example. And while in staging, you can check and validate your application, make sure that the connectivity to the database is fine. You can add data to the database if you want, and delete, and make sure that the application is behaving well before you roll it out to production. So this concludes the demo. I hope you find it useful. And thank you for watching. And until next time.