thrilled to be here. I want to say a huge thank you as it is very exciting. You guys, it is sincerely, I mean this, I'm not just saying this, I really do mean it.  We have hit 80,000 subscribers. I never thought this would happen. When I started this channel, it was just a blow-off steam in the first year of my doctorate. I just, I enjoy it. I love it. And I just thought, hey, this is a fun idea. This is kind of this fully neutral platform. We have everybody a fair shot. We want atheists to come on the show and felt like they were treated well and got a fair shot. We want Christians to feel like they were treated well and got a fair shot. And Muslims, everybody, no matter what walk of life they are from, gay, straight, black, white, Trump supporters, Biden, backers, Bernie bros, you name it. We hope that you feel welcome. We hope that you have felt like you have had a fair shot at modern day debate so far. And when I say so far, I've got to tell you, we really mean that. As believe me, folks, 80,000 subscribers is exciting. It's absolutely, it's thrilling. And again, it's thanks to the guests that have come on. We've had fantastic guests. It's thanks to people like you who have given us questions for the Q&A as that's a fun segment that makes it kind of changes things up keeps it fresh during the stream, as well as, like I said, in the Creator Studio, I often see so many people do share our debates to different places, whether it be Reddit or Twitter groups or Facebook groups, Discord, you name it. Thank you so much for all of your support of modern day debate. It means more than you know. And with that, I've got to say, my dear friends, we actually have some big news in particular. We have actually finally kind of settled on the date for our modern day debate conference debate con part two. So this debate conference is scheduled for the first week of November on Saturday, November 5th, as well as Sunday, November 6th. This is going to be in Dallas, Texas. If you did not know that, believe me, you're gonna want to be there. It is going to be huge. This is our second one. We've already had a huge one. We had a two day conference in January, which was a huge success. We had a lot of new speakers. We had tons of new subscribers. It was a fantastic debate conference. This one's going to be even better. I am going to start kind of unrolling the different debates, kind of unveiling these different debates to let you know what we're going to have. As an example, we have confirmed it. Both sides are up for the debate. Inspiring philosophy and rationality rules have agreed to debate. So we are working on, we're going to basically same thing as last time. We are going to sell tickets through Eventbright for people who want to watch it in person as that helps us to actually be able to fly in the speaker. So for example, rationality rules coming from all the way across the Atlantic. This is going to be a really cool thing to have Steven in person with us, as well as Mike Jones. That's just one debate. And believe me, there are going to be many monstrous debates. Seriously, this is going to be epic. We're excited about that. And so my dear friends, debate con part two, first weekend of November, November 5th and 6th. That's a weekend. It is a bi weekend for the Dallas Cowboys.  Well, you can, because the Cowboys won't be playing that weekend. They have a bi week. And my dear friends, I desperately want to tell you about some of the other debates that are taking shape for that event. But I can't let out all too much at once. But I've got to tell you, Steven and Michael both agreed on that. That is going to be a huge debate as they are both very well read, well spoken debaters and very sincere. I got to tell you, I really do appreciate both of them as people. I haven't talked to Steven a lot. It's just by email, but I can tell you that Steven is very pleasant, very sincere. And I know personally from knowing Mike Jones for a number of years now, he's like, wow, it's like time flies. Modern day debate. This is actually, this is really close to our four year anniversary too for modern day debate. Isn't that crazy? We started with a like, I think it was like in the first year, like 10,000 new subscribers. So thank you.  Been here this whole time with since we were at 10,000. Do you remember we hit 10,000 subscribers? If I remember right, I think we hit that mark. When we were hosting Mike Jones and Matt Delaunty, and that huge in person debate, that was a huge milestone. And ever since then, it's just picked up to where it was 20,000 subscribers and then 30,000 subscribers. And so I'm going to tell you guys, thank you guys. It's all because of you for real. It's because of the speakers. It's because of people who have suggested topics. They're like, Hey, James, you've ever thought about this? Okay, that's a pretty interesting topic. Maybe we will do that. You guys have supported us in so many ways. And so seriously, when I say this, I really, I hope it doesn't in any way come off as cocky. It's not to say like 80,000 subscribers like wow, like it's not in any way supposed to be like that. It's more that I am excited that our vision is taking place that even though this is just the beginning of our story, we have already started to push and put into place this vision, namely where everybody, no matter what block of life they are from, would have their fair shot to make their case on a level playing field. And that's through the neutral debate platform known as modern day debate, because YouTube deserves a better class of debate channel. We're going to give it to them. So you guys, I got to tell you, we are thrilled about the future. Thank you guys for your support. Want to say hello to you there in the old chat, just like in the aftershows. I would love getting to say hello. And so keep an eye out though for debate con part two, we will be announcing more debates that are going to be taking place for that conference, which is in the first week of November. That's going to come quick, folks. That's less than two months away. That's been about a month and a half away. We got to move fast. So Winston's mom, thanks for coming by. I sit there in the live chat as well as Reverend Dr. Thomas. Thanks for being with us as well as Lord Colin B. Good to see you. Thanks for being here. And Reverend Dr. Thomas says greetings from Manila, everyone. Thank you for that. And I draw stuff. Thanks for coming by. He says, Hey there, you are hanging thief. Glad to have you as well as Iraq army and Amanda. Thanks for coming by. Amanda, who is in the live chat right now, has been helping us find venues for this conference as we are trying to keep. We want to make this conference affordable for real. The last one we're like, you know, we're basically it was a good deal on the venue. I don't want to put down on the place that we stayed at. It was I think it was a good deal, but we're looking for like a phenomenal deal. And the reason is if we can find a more economical venue, we can keep the prices as affordable as possible for you. That's our goal. We want it to be something where virtually anybody can say like, Yeah, okay, let's go to shot. And thanks for coming by Amanda. Thanks for your support though, and helping us make this conference possible. And Kanye, Twitty, thanks for coming by says, What's the topic? That's right, for rationality rules and Mike Jones, it would be on does God exist? The age old and classic question, the big one, it will be a phenomenal one. I'm seriously I'm pumped about that. So we have we're sorting out details. So it's not in stone yet. But I can tell you that both debaters have said, Hey, I'd be up for it. And so now it's a matter of sorting out travel details, all that. And so smoochie Christ, thanks for coming by, as well as Zeldrizo, does James sing the Golden Girls theme to us? I don't even know what it is. I wish I knew what it was. James W. Good to see you here. I think you're having a feedback. But thanks for coming in at Kanye, Twitty, let's see, says, Oh, yeah, it's a Jeremy Nolan. What's up? Good to see a Jeremy J Diaz. Thanks for coming by and hanging thief says, Hell yeah, boomerang them time. Amen to that James W says, free subway for all modern day subscribers. That's funny. I think it would be like a dollar. I don't even know if you get a cookie for a dollar. That would be less than a dollar per person. But that's a juicy idea. Maybe we you know, if we got maybe everybody can have like a fraction of a sub. But Chrissy, thanks for coming by says, James, I always knew this would happen. In fact, this is only the beginning. I believe that this is only the beginning of our story. Thank you, Chris. And I agree with you. It really is. We've got so many big things to do. And for really, you guys, we have some stuff in the worst right now. It's so big. I can't announce it because it's not confirmed yet. But it's like, we have some events coming up that seriously, they're big like they're going to shake the foundations of like the political debate world online. Like I worry about it almost because I'm like, this is going to be so big that I'm like, am I going to get in trouble? It's going to be huge, you guys. So keep an eye out for it because if this one happens, we almost had this one set up. It almost happened. And then just kind of barely fell through the cracks. We just kind of had a scheduling error, you could say. But believe me, it is going to be huge. You have to believe me. I can tell you the topic and it might, maybe it's a clue to you on who it would be in this debate, or at least one of the fellows. The topic would be whether or not there's a satanic elite. So juicy to say the least. It's going to be a good one. We're really close to booking it. We've been working on this one for months. Like we've been really working hard to make this possible. But big, bad mama, thanks for coming by. It says James, you have a great show and you're a nice guy. Thanks for your support. Seriously, that means a lot. And it's a great show because of the guests. It says, yo, congrats for the 80,000 subs. Thanks for your support. Seriously, it means a lot. It went in Frank's 92. Thanks so much. We appreciate that. It says, congrats, James. Hanging thief says, thanks Reddit. Frank's 92 says more debates. Amen. We will do that. Zeldrizo says, thanks for being a friend. James wants to take you down the road and back again. Good to see you Sideshow Nav says, congrats, James. Thank you for your support sideshow. Seriously, it means a lot. And Michael Williams, thanks for coming by. It says, is debate just people screaming at each other? Thanks for asking. It's true. And we actually, I'm working on making thumbnails, like more specific thumbnails where we actually, we four certain debates will put on a more civil little logo, little symbol that makes it clear that it's probably going to be a civil discourse. However, there are some debates that we're going to put a different logo. I don't know, maybe something like a blood splatter or something like that. And that will be indicative of an incoming blood sport debate, meaning things are going to get rowdy. I don't actually think that it's inherently bad that those debates happen. I think it's fine.  And I'm a pretty like old fashion guy. You know that.  I don't enjoy going around and like banging heads with people. But at the same time, like, you know, these sometimes these blood sport debates happen. I really think in a way it is what you make of it.  And you know, they jab each other like that. At the end of the debate, though, they're like, nah, you know, I'm over it. You know, we're friends. Like, not a problem. Let's not be all cold shoulder-y about it. Let's not kind of give each other, you know, that kind of the like, I don't really think that guy is very cool anymore.  Let's treat it like water under the bridge. And for them it is. And I would say in that case, like, I don't know if it's really that bad. So I've got to say, we will still host dialogues that are more friendly. We will still host blood sport debates. We're never going to push it in either direction. Thanks for your super chat. Deej says, blood sport three, modern day debate. That's funny. Yeah, blood sport. I've tried to remember. Blood, that's with Rob. That's with Van Damme. I can't remember. Is it right? I remember it's been a long time. But long story short, my thinking of kickboxer, there was a one with blood sport, right? But long story short, we want it to be organic. Because if I try to force into a cookie cutter shape every debate so that it's a civil discourse friendly dialogue, it feels like it's a little bit less spontaneous, a little less real and authentic and organic. We like when it's, if it's going to be a civil discourse, great. But let it be that way because it naturally came to be that way. And likewise, if it's going to be a blood sport, I'm not really compelled to like force it to be a gentle debate. I kind of prefer it be organic. And so now it's true. I do think that there is anything can go too far in any direction. So I would agree like our moderation, we are working on making it a little bit more firm because sometimes the train fully goes off the tracks and we don't want that. We just want like a train where you know the wheels on one side of the trainer at least still touching. But the whole thing hasn't toppled yet. That's kind of you know where it's a fun roller coaster for everybody. Like if it's going to be that way. But sometimes I agree we could be more firm. And I'll take that on me because I kind of set the tone with modern day debate having hosted it for a long time. And so if the other moderators, if you don't feel like they're firm enough, it's blame me. And I will echo that message to them though. And thanks for coming by. Saisho Nasus, congrats James. Fake human, good to see you. Thanks for your support as well. Tuss Beatbox, thanks for your support. And Tuss Beatbox and Melavia, thanks for your channel membership support. Seriously, that means a lot. Folks for this upcoming conference channel. So some of the debates I've got to give you a heads up. This way it's not surprising to anybody is that and if you can spread the word in chat too because some people will be confused about this. Like last time I think what we're going to do is probably have some debates that are fully free to the public. Like in other words, you're watching it for free and you didn't put in a dime. And that's just the way it is. And then there are some others we're going to say, hey, would you be willing to put in like $1.99 to watch this debate live? Because that helps us cover like the error because I'm not rich. Someone mentioned earlier before that James is like, well to do. And I'm like, I kind of grew up in like a, and I'm thankful for my home. Like it's kind of more of like a blue collar home. And I actually have like on and off lived in my car. Like I'm not a like a wealthy guy. The way that we can pay for these conferences and I'm not just going to feel sorry for me. I purposely lived in my car. It's weird. I like it. I just get off to things like that. Not sexually, but okay. The idea here is, but for real, don't feel bad for me. Like I'm okay. But we can pay for these conferences and flying in popular guests and you know giving them a hotel room. Through if, for example, somebody says, yeah, like $1.99 and it's less than a cup of coffee. You know, if they throw in $1.99, they're like $1.99 a debate. No, actually, it would just be $1.99 and you get to watch all of the debates. So probably be like four debates that are considered like paid debates where if you put in $1.99, you get to watch all four. So it's like 50 cents to watch each debate. If you watch all four of those kind of special debates. So, pretty affordable. That's one way that we can actually make it happen. And then we're going to do a crowdfund again. And that'll have certain perks. I don't know if we're going to have all the perks in terms of like sweatshirts and stuff. That's, it's actually pretty costly to have those. Or we're going to, we're played by year. We might, I'm not saying no, but I'm saying we're, we've got to work on coming up with our crowdfund as well. We haven't done that for about nine months. So we will have a crowdfund. And those things really do, they actually help us make it so that we can put on these debates. And last time, we basically broke even. I think we might have had a small loss, but then it might have eventually gone into the green where with ad revenue, like it's maybe like by a few bucks, you know, we came out ahead. But the purpose of these isn't to come out ahead and have like more money. It's, it's, and we want these conferences to either break even or if we do have extra funds that come in, hey, that's great. We can use them toward the next conference. It makes it easier because if we have slack funds, like let's say we had a few grand and we're like, hey, we can already cover the venue for the next conference. Like that's a great start. So that's pretty cool. But let's see here, some of you are far same. Thanks for coming by. Thanks for your super chat as well. So hi, James, reversing gears. What about is atheism bad for society? As a topic for change, religion doesn't have to be on the defense all the time. I am open to that. For real, I'm willing to set it up. So some of you are far saying, I actually have an idea of how that might work. So if you email me, we might be able to make that work. It'd have to be a tag team, just so you know. But it is true. I never, because so for example, it's true. We usually have like religion, is religion harmful for society rather than atheism and sometimes people might say, hey, you know, like it seems a little bit lopsided. We're not trying to do that. It's oftentimes just because what people request in terms of debate topics. And so that's one thing. Or likewise, we've had a lot of debates recently on like evolution on trial. And we are totally open to intelligent design on trial. And in fact, that's actually being set up. So we were also open to creation on trial, like totally cool. We're actually, you know, very up for it, is that what we've, yeah, we've had a number of is evolution on trial, which is, it's been a pretty popular topic. People have enjoyed that topic. And then Chris G says, come down or up left, right to Dallas. I'll be there. I'm excited to see Chris. And I got to meet Chris G who is in chat right now. I got to meet him in person last time I was in Dallas. It was awesome. JD as thanks for coming by. I see you there in the old live chat as well as Smokies Oaks. Thanks for coming by. I says, let's get some real spicy ones. We will. This conference is seriously going to be lit. It's going to be off the hook as the young people say. And Arcade Outpost, good to see you. James W. So Godless and Darth would agree on too much. That's juicy. I didn't know that. God's leg. Or is it God's LE? I don't know. But they say it's about time. It's late here. It's nine o'clock. You see, it's about time that rationality rules is on. I agree. It'll be exciting. This is a, it's a big deal. So it's going to be cool. Michael Stein, they should come by. And again, just, just to remind you so that there's no misunderstanding, please don't go to Mike Jones or Steven and say like, oh, I heard it's like booked, fully booked and confirmed. It's like, well, it's, it's confirmed in the sense that the speakers have said that they are up for it. But we do still have to like finalize their travel details, all that stuff where like theoretically someone could back out like, I don't think, I don't think it's going to be. I'm very serious about having Steven come here to where we're going to cover his travel costs. And same thing with Mike, but just so you know that it's like, it's not certain, but Springheal Jack says, this stream isn't showing on my subscriptions page. That's weird. I don't know why it isn't. The only thing I can possibly think of, oh, they said just popped up. Okay, good. Kyra Irving, good to see you, says inspiring philosophy is awesome. Yeah, Mike's a good debater. It would be a really good one. Thanks for your super chat. Clayton Hughes says, Destiny versus Jay Dyer on atheism. Hey, that might work. Let me Google or let me write that in. I don't know if Destiny is going to go. I feel like Destiny's already debated him, but I could have sworn they even maybe did that topic. I could be wrong. I'm not trying to like, I could be wrong, but they might have, but I will at least write it down to something to check out. So it is on my schedule. If it happens, it'll probably be mid to late October because I just punched it in there right now. And so I will seriously pursue it, although I can't guarantee it because I think Steven, last time I think I asked him, I can't remember who I asked him to debate. I think it was Ray Comfort or somebody. And I think Steven, I think he said, he wanted topics that were more, it's a way they should go. He wanted topics that were more relevant in the moment. And so for example, back in 2000, what was that? 2011, that would have been really, people would have jumped all over it. But nowadays, Christianity versus Atheism has kind of fallen on the back burner. Marker113 says, great content cheers y'all. Thank you for your support and Malavia, thanks for your support. JamesW says, I got here around 20,000 subs. That's pretty crazy. Cameron Hall, good to see you. Thanks for dropping in. I see you there in the old live chat. You old pervert. And Flora Shirts, thanks for coming by. Thanks for your support. So congrats. And Michael Sine says, James Ackbar. Thank you. And then, let's see. Karag Nightwolf says, I remember when you were debating Pascal's wager. That's true. Yeah, you've been around here maybe the longest, man. Mina, thanks for coming by. Glad you were here. Tussbeatbox says, let's go James. A level plane says Marker113. And Malavia says, show the newbies the subway tat. I can't show it now, but I will be on a guest show next week. And I may show it. So I'll keep you updated about that. But Nick Rig, thanks for coming by. Let's see here. Flora Shirts, thanks for coming by. Says DebateCon in Dallas again. That's right. In Dallas. It's going to be tremendous. The nice thing about Dallas is it's a central location, which means it's a relatively short flight for someone coming from anywhere in the country pretty much. Like, yeah, technically like Alaska or Maine, it's pretty far. But like New York to Dallas, Los Angeles to Dallas, pretty short. Likewise, if you're coming from the mean streets of Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where I grew up, pretty short flight, not too far. So that's one nice thing about it. It's also warm. I'm really big on the warm weather in the winter. Like in the winter, I'm not, I'm like kind of like, ehh. After New Year's, I'm like, all right, I've had enough. I'm ready for the warm weather. I live up in Colorado, so it gets chilly. CryDaddy029 says, let the guests read the super chats all the super chats. That's a juicy idea. And Neenayag Specialist says, thanks. My pleasure. Deej, thanks for coming by. Thank you for your support of the channel through your channel membership, which by the way, if you have a channel membership or if you're a Patreon member of any tier for the Patreon, you get to watch those debates from the conference for free. Because remember, some of them will be for free for the public, for everybody. And then some of them are going to be the types where if you're either a channel member supporter or a Patreon supporter, then you get to watch it for free. Winston's mom says, thanks James, and because mom's gonna mom, will everyone please hit that like button if you haven't? Thanks. This tells YouTube we support the channel and modern day debates. Thanks for your support. Seriously, that really does mean a lot. Lots of stuff. I'd like to see a debate between modern day debate subscriber versus a non subscriber debating the topic. Should you subscribe to modern day debate? That's a juicy debate. It really is. Because like half of our viewers actually don't. They're not subscribed. They may be forgot or they may be just for whatever reason. It's interesting that many, many people who view the channel actually are not subscribed. Isn't that crazy? I think who knows why. But Matter Form, thanks for coming by. I says, congrats James. Good to see you, Matter Form. Really happy to have you here. Did you guys know Matter Form made that? Oh, you know what? I should link you in the description for every debate because we use that intro video from you, Matter Form, on every debate now. The ones that I host at least, I always put that intro video at the start. So thank you for doing that. That was Matter Form folks. And he is on YouTube. You can see his avatar there. And so seriously, thanks. Human Girl, thanks for coming by. I says, hey James. And Fluffy says, James we need you and Discord more. All the members and all the staff would be very pleased to have you around. Thank you Fluffy. That's really kind of you to invite me. I really, it's just that, like I love hanging out with people like in these aftershows like this. And I have tried to go in the Discord before and I just couldn't get it to work. I just feel like it's kind of hard to figure out Discord for me. I'm a boomer. It's hard to teach old dogs new tricks. So you've got to be patient with me. I don't know if I'm going to get in there. I appreciate the support. I invite you to the after show of the show. I cordially invite you. And then Human Girls says, do some stuff about 9-11. Smokey's Oaks says, Alex Jones. Spring Heels Jack says, Alex Jones. Maybe. This one. Moses Rocko says, I want to debate James. I would be willing to debate you on whether or not Human Girl is a beta. Which I mean, but you might not want to take that because I mean, if I take the yes position, there's no way you can win. But Graham says, I don't check notification. Thank you for doing what you do here, James. I've learned so much because of your platform, kudos for the embracing diversity in ideas. It's commendable. Thank you. I appreciate that, Graham. Seriously. And that's a great way to put it. I like that. Is it's not just about embracing diversity when it comes to conventional or kind of the usual, the default demographics like race, sex, sexual orientation. Like, yeah, we welcome all in terms of those different forms of diversity, but we also go the extra mile. The thing that many people don't do is welcome diversity of thoughts. And so that's important to us. Thank you for saying that. Human Girl says, remember infrared going off on destiny? I do. That's why destiny won't debate him anymore. But that one went off the rails fully. JOK says, maybe something like blood splatter. Ha ha, so subtle. That's right. Ed Gonzalez says, James, that beard is looking spicy. May I have a seat? No. This one from Moses Rocco says, James, debate me over your beard. Hanging Thief says, James, debate Moses Rocco. Coward. Nob Girathas says, James wins every debate. That's funny. Thank you. Muhammad Adams. Thanks for coming by. Fake human, beta human. Thanks for coming by. And fake human. I can't remember.   Deej, thanks for your super chat. Said blood, blood sport three. And then thanks for your super chat coming in from Wesley Tarte says, excellent channel and content. Thanks, James. Thanks, Wesley. Seriously, that means a lot. This is a true celebration. Seriously, that really does mean a lot. I am excited, you guys. And we really are. We are determined to expand modern day debate. We think it's a good thing. We think it's a good thing that as it expands outward, its boundaries continue to push out. It's a good thing as modern day debate is the premier debate platform on YouTube. Because we want to give everybody a fair shot. We're very serious about that. We don't have aftershows that come out and say all those liberals and their arguments are so bad. We don't have aftershows that say, oh, those conservatives, their arguments are so bad. We don't do that. We want to give everybody a fair shot. So I want to say thanks for coming by. King Reichenberger, glad to have you with us. And Spring Heel Jack, thanks for dropping in. So stop putting T jump on. I can't just take it. Although I got to admit it's true. James, T jump has been naughty lately. So I've got to talk to him about that. Very naughty. But let's see. Travis says, will you invite Nick Funtas to more debates anytime soon? Yes, Travis for real. We are actually planning on inviting Nick for a debate next Monday on whether or not J6 was a big deal. So I hope that Nick is willing to join us. We would be excited to host that debate and have Nick on. And thank the Most High Gods, thank, or Most High God says, James thinks we are spinning infinity through space. I don't know that. But thanks for being here as well as Baby Squirrels. Thanks for coming by. And Nick Sayers, thanks for dropping in. Says, line me up another JKB Bible debate. Was that you, Nick, from the past when we hosted that topic? We don't really do theology as much. I'm not closed, but I got to say that we don't really do it anymore. I don't think there's anything wrong with it. It's just that it really doesn't engage our audience as much as it used to. Abu Abbas says, James, look behind you. And lots of stuff says, can we have a debate on how to pronounce aluminum? Because Americans say it weird. You serious? I didn't know that. Thanks for your super chat. From Mr. Monster says, this channel is the best I always like sending in the best questions for you guys to answer. Thanks for your support. Seriously, that really does mean a lot. I appreciate that, Mr. Monster. As well as, I got to tell you, you guys got some based and red-pilled stuff coming up in terms of topics and guests. Mr. Plamps says, love and truth to all. Thank you for that. Jordan XX says, love you. Thanks so much for your support. And Human Girl says, need some jelly beans for Energy James. That's true. I'm trying to remember what movie was it where jelly beans. Oh, yeah, yeah. The Three Ninjas. Do you guys remember that movie? And the Three Ninjas kick back. And then they put the jelly beans in the bad guy's mouth at the end. So they can be quite lethal. Baby Squirrel says, a good debate would be Destiny and Jay Dyer and Slavery, which is supported by the Bible. I'm open to that. And Bubblegum Gun says, I'm willing to debate defending creationism on trial. That might work, Bubblegum Gun. Have we banned you? I feel like we banned you from debating. But let me know. And I'm open to it. Now let me put this for slavery in the Bible. I'm willing to do that. So Mr. Vennrick, thanks for coming by. I says, when's the next panel show? That, I don't know. Panels we're like trying to reorganize and make them as good as possible. So I'll let you know. We'll have them again, for sure. But tomorrow's just a one-on-one debate with Daniel Hikikachu and Vosh, which by the way, that's seriously good. That's going to be a big one. And let's see here. Travis says, oh yeah, we got it. Tyred says, it's Malachi. Hope all as well. Thanks, Malachi, for saying hi and coming by. And thanks for your kind support. The game 3925 says, is Darth Vader still mad at you? I think so. But Maximo Manteros says, do a debate on Marxism. Leninism. That's how I'm open to that. And then Human Girls says, lots of stuff. Brilliant idea. There she goes, being sassy. She lost her phone. Isn't that embarrassing? But authentically superficial. Thanks for coming by. Snap trap. Thanks for coming by. Says being subscribed is kind of a commitment. That's true. You're right. People are commitmentophobes nowadays. So maybe that's it. The game says, read this comment. And Jeremy Nolan says, as always, thank you, James. And then, ooh, I gotta go. It's getting late, you guys. I gotta get a good night of sleep. Last night, I did not get a good night of sleep. Here at Rodriguez says, which personality brings the most views in your debates? That's a good question. It's hard to know. In terms of strictly views, Matt Dillahunty debates have always gotten the most views. Almost always. Sometimes there are other ones that sneak up and do really well. But most of them. Redeemed team. Yeah, buddy. Thanks for coming by. And then, Human Girl says, maybe you tease. And yeah, she lost her phone. I sent her all of these messages. These lewd and lascivious mess. They're not really lewd and lascivious. But they're licentious. I sent her all these licentious messages. But she lost her phone. And so she misses out. But that's all right. But spooky bed hair says, James is the boomerist. Thank you. I appreciate that. But I appreciate that. I really do. Let's see. Human Girl says, I've been here for years, bro. Always by your side. Bait up. I know. I also made up the licentious messages just to make fun of you. So yes, keep dreaming. But this one from Tim Durand says, James debating, if you should say thank you. I really am. Maximo Manchurro says, have more philosophical debates. And then, oh, Samir. Sorry, I missed your message. Samir asked, are you really having, like he said, he experienced some people pressuring not to have religious debates anymore. I have a little bit like, I think some people don't like the Muslim debates. Honestly, I'm not trying to throw anybody in the mud because I will myself admit, there are good Muslim debaters and there are bad ones, just like for every side. They're really, like it's true.  Believe me, I can introduce you to people on your side that are not good debaters. And I think sometimes Muslim folks, they're very competitive. Not all, not all, not all. But I think sometimes Muslim folks are kind of like, hey, James, I don't like it when you put on a bad Muslim debater and, you know, stop it. You know, that's lame when you do that. Sometimes they say you do it a lot because there are only so many Daniel Huck, he could choose. So there are some, I don't know if that's who it was, if that's what you're referring to, Samir. Boodles, thanks for coming by. This is James. Thanks for all you do, James. You're the man. Thank you. That means a lot. Turbo, thanks for coming by. As well as, I'm almost caught up in chat. And then I'm going to move to go home soon. Humongous is, yeah, we are on a planet, big news. Assorted lunatics. Thanks for coming by. This is Ayo James. How long have you been lifting since I was 15? Which means it's been 20 years for real. Is that crazy? And I didn't lift today though, because I think I have COVID for a third time. Is that crazy? I'm not joking. I've had COVID twice before with positive tests. So it wasn't just me guessing. And this time, the symptoms match up. And I recently was near somebody who had COVID. And I'm like, I think I got COVID again just two months after I had it last time. I think that it'll be a really easy, you know, it'll go by really fast this time. Because of Benix, you know, I just had it two months ago. But that's why I got to go to sleep early tonight, you guys. I got to get some rest. Modern day debate. Please make a debate on why France is the best country from Manorite. Thank you for that idea. Sounds juicy to say the least. And then, here it says, which debater brings the most views to your videos? I think I read that one. The growling, lots of stuff says James go to bed. Raven, Corbretians, makes you come and buy. Here to Rodriguez says, which debater brings the view. I've read that. Manorite says, I hope you find Muslim debaters. Speaking of Muslim debaters, Samir Farsane, thanks for your super chat. Says, can you arrange a live debate in Dinosaur land with Kent? He's got a good venue that should save you some cost. He might even offer some beds.  I was like, not as a, I don't think it's okay to cheat on your taxes, but I don't, I was still willing to platform him, but due to his most recent allegations until those clear, if, if he like is shown to be innocent, I would be willing to have him on again. But if that's not the case, I'm kind of like, I'm not probably going to have him on again. Sorry about that, Samir. If you haven't read the accusations, I'd highly encourage you to Google. You'll see that Kent Hovind has been accused of some things that are, I would consider worse than cheating on taxes. Clayton Hughes says, how is it that you're going to be able to cheat on your taxes? Clayton Hughes says, how is the unlimited subway sandwiches? It's really good to be honest. Thank you for asking. And the reason is I got a 50% pass. Basically what that means is for this month only I paid 15 bucks so that I can get a half off foot long every day so that doubles the value of what I have. So it's pretty cool. It's pretty, pretty sweet. So, but let's see. Thanks for your support. Big bad mama says, best beard ever, James. Thank you for your support. Seriously, that really means a lot. And the happy DA says, James, when you're coming back to Dallas for another convention or conference, got another Mexican burger for you waiting. It was some hot chocolate. Oh, thanks man.  I remember. Thanks for doing that to happy DA. Seriously, that was like the kindest thing. I was like so touched by that. I was just like, wow, like people really care. Like, so thank you. And it is probably going to be November 5th. So we are finalizing it, but it's pretty finalized. So Ahmad says, congrats bro. I'm really proud of this channel. Thank you, Ahmad. Seriously. And we also really do for real. We are working on that conference. Human Girl says, you need more HAKE of the HAKE report. That might, that might be. Dave Hill says, you need to get debaters to agree to wear shock collars controlled by the moderator. Big ratings plus a zap for bad behavior. That actually seriously would be really good ratings. Like, people really would enjoy that.  Keep them coming.  I agree. I don't agree because it's a little bit forceful, but I agree that it's fun. It's fun when we do have some like lily debates like that. I like the calm ones. I like the juicy ones. You name it. I like them all, but want to say thank you guys for your support seriously. And like I said, we are going to ask no promises, but if you are a fan of Nick, as we oftentimes have Nick fans here in the live chat who will say, hey, why are you not having Nick on? We are going to invite Nick for a debate on next Monday on whether or not J6 was bad. And we also are working on setting up a debate that like I said, it would be so big, it would shake the foundations of the political debate world.  That's how crazy it will be. So this one coming in from baseball tomorrow says, are there any leftists willing to debate Sean Last on systematic racism? That I don't know, but we are also scheduling a Sean Last debate for next week. So that's going to be a fun one on the 27th. So want to say thanks guys, I love you. Seriously, thanks for all your support. And really, it really is. It's you guys. It's the speakers.  And I see that happens a lot. I can see that in the Creator Studio. All of those things, the questions for the Q&A is it helps us to have a Q&A, which kind of keeps the show fresh and brings in a new segment. All of those things really do make a big difference. So it's kind of like this mosaic of all these different little pieces that come together and then have made modern day debate just bloom and grow the way it has to where it is exciting. My dear friends, as I mentioned, this is only the beginning as modern day debate will continue to grow as we strive to bring to fruition and bring into reality a neutral platform that gives everybody a fair shot at making their case on a level playing field. So I want to say thank you guys so much for your support of that vision. We're excited about the future as our story is just beginning. And as I mentioned, YouTube deserves a better class of debate channel. And we're going to give it to them. So thanks for all of your support, you guys. This is just the beginning of our story. And we'll see you at the next debate, which is tomorrow night, Bosh versus Daniel Hukikachu on Is Porn Bad? You don't want to miss it. If you haven't yet, hit that subscribe button. Join the movement because it is growing continually and it's only going to get bigger. Thanks for your support. And we'll see you next time.


I'm Corbin. I'm Rick. Me calls it Instagram and Twitter I want to see Condemn Angro some patreon phones to the counter in the middle of the case She me to penance Rick is now doing reactions to other foreign countries Cinema and Indian national cinema. Yeah, I just made carrot. Hello. Oh, yeah, if you don't want to check that out Yeah anyways Today we're acting to a trailer Just came out the new Amazon trailer. Yeah, hopefully they don't block it. Yeah, Amazon's gotten weird lately They got so weird With pata look.   Yeah, so I don't know who's now in charge of Amazon. Hopefully they don't like this video I know but anyways, we are we you do realize that by talking about your films We're promoting your stuff for you. Yeah, and you don't need money Amazon Anyways, this is for a trailer for Amazon. It's called a V. Just V V. I hope it's as fun as I Maybe they're gonna make an alphabet like a full-on alphabet. Yeah, that's it IV. It's something about blood It's does have babu in it. We've seen him. He's a massive massive star But I don't know anything else. Let me see if I have a little synopt If you combine those two films in eager, it's the IV for a fly and it's a talugu film just like I You know, why do you have so many that are just Easier, why not? That's true Now here we go. Hello. Hello. Hello. Mike testing one two, three one Yeah, but just as a re-entertaining a chair in the policy General silent cycle of popular to cause I don't want to just don't say business Silas main business The line is cycle going to be a little bit of a police officer lovely talent. Okay, good. That's what I'm sort of earthen And you're gonna let the fun begin This looks like you could have a good fight While in cinema and dish to my micro And we've got the movie for you That finish shadow mission can match a little mark. It's almost here That looks like a fun action romp. Yeah Yeah, it definitely looks like one of those films, I'm trying to figure out what we've seen in Indie that I've, that anything that we've seen, like a really good fight scene from, because this just looks like it's gonna have, I'm hoping, some great fight scenes.  And really beautifully shot. Some of those things were the same. They did credit the editor. Yeah, they credited the editor and I love so many times with films that come out of India and I'm sure it's this way with other countries, the way they promote things are so different. So, you very rarely see technical credits when an American trailer comes out. You see the actors and maybe the writer-director if you know the name. You don't see, first of all, it would be the cinematographer. You wouldn't see DOP. No. A few people here even know that DOP means director of photography. And that is straight up set terminology. If you're looking for the DOP, they don't say, where's the cinematographer? I've noticed that in a lot of the credits and they do give credit to the editor, production design in their trailers. I like that. Yeah, it's really cool because obviously they're the unsung heroes. Unsung heroes. They're probably more important than the people that do get credited. Yeah. So an action thriller. I'm trying to see if it has a, it looked good. I'm exciting that it has Amit Trivedi doing that composition. Yeah, doing the music. Because we know he's great. Yeah, this one looks like one of those pop the popcorn. I'm just ready for things to get blown up. Yeah, and I think that's what they're going for. Or else they wouldn't of like, because I believe the main guy was narrating it. And he's like, do you like action films? So if you say that in the film, that's obviously what you're gonna go and expect it. Obviously, if you're seeing a Dwayne The Rock Johnson film, pretty sure it's gonna be an action film. And that you hope it's just gonna be a lot of fun action. A lot of fun. Pop the popcorn.  Enjoy the ride. I don't like him. Why don't you like Dwayne Johnson? Because he's a bad actor. That's why. Same reason I don't like Sylvester Stallone. Except in Rocky. That's basically it, because he fits that. I love Dwayne Johnson. I think he's a brilliant businessman. And I think he does a phenomenal job, obviously, at getting what he wants. And he doesn't do a bad job on his TV series. Have you ever watched his show? Billions, no. No, no. Not Billions. Billions is the one with a baller, she's talking about a baller. Yes, ballers. Yeah, he's not getting nominated for anything, but he's not bad. I don't know. He's not bad. I think that he's at his best, just like I think Tom Cruise at his best when they're not taking themselves seriously. Tom Cruise, Tropic Thunder. I think one of the funnest characters I've ever seen. And also his best that I've ever seen. Disagree. But I think Dwayne The Brock Johnson is good in same situations. Jumanji. Which obviously was a huge surprise that it was actually good. It's also because they didn't remake Jumanji. Right, they just made their own fair. They basically just made their own fair. All right, this is a completely new film. It's called Jumanji. That is a perfect example of what you would expect from this. I guess I'm gonna have a lot of fun. I'm gonna escape for two hours. Yeah, if it's really well done action and some suspense and obviously a bunch of great fight scenes, which is what it looks like, I'd be interested in it. Obviously, if they try to do any more, I don't know. Yeah. But I don't think they're, like they literally sat in it. You like action movies? That's like if On Your Art Kashiya came on screen and was like, do you like dramas that are really well written and acted? Yep, that's what you're gonna get.  Because this is one of those films. It looks big enough that you'd want to see. Sights and sounds are good for the cinema. I have like a 55 inch television with some nice sound, but it's still not the same as going to the theater. But let us know what you thought about the trailer down below. Let us know what you need to know about it. And also let us know what the next Tolugu film we should watch. So we're due for another Tolugu film. And I want an artsy-fartsy film. Yeah, where does art fart? Art fart, meaning there's gonna be penises in it. At least one. If you have a seat, you have an alert of nevermind.


Hey guys, welcome back to come again. We're all geek culture collides. I'm Shannon and this week on our pop review We're gonna be taking a look at the pop movies Marvel spider-man homecoming number 220 Spider-man vinyl bobblehead. So stay tuned All right guys as I said welcome back to come again, I'm Shannon and This week we're taking a look at the Funko pop Spider-man homecoming number 220 Spider-man vinyl bobblehead So as you can see here, this is from the uh movie by Sony and Marvel Studios This is his darkmaid costume We got spider-man on the front here Pop it should be pop movies, I believe but they left that part out Marvel spider-man homecoming 220 spider-man vinyl bobblehead Got him peeking up there on the top Nice little display side here On the back we've got 220 is spider-man 222 is spider-man in the homemade suit 224 is peter parker 226 is tony stark and 227 is the vulture This is my daughter Marissa's figure Uh that I got for while we were in st. Louis So let's go ahead and open this box up and take a look at spider-man inside So here he is guys spider-man in a stark made costume See he's got the nice little web shooters there Got the nice design It looks like they tried to stay as true as possible To the movie spider-man Symbol Which the legs aren't attached to the spider They got the nice little detail in the lenses Very nice and The eyes it does feel like they're raised up a bit The webs are sculpted in Actually It actually kind of feels almost rubbery. I know it's not rubber, but It actually kind of feels rubbery the paint on it And as I said, this is the final bobble head So But it looks like all the webs on the suit are sculpted in there. There is not just paint Very nice detail It's even got the detail in the blue. I don't know how well you guys can see that But it's very nice Spider-man's doing his The whip motion The whip Get it on camera the whip Um, not a bad figure. Uh, I took the kids and the wife to see spider-man On for marissa's birthday. She turned 14 this year Since she's a big spider-man fan We went and saw spider-man homecoming and I really enjoyed it. It wasn't a bad movie It was actually probably one of the best interpretations of spider-man I think the actor who played spider-man did a great job I think it would have been better if he would have portrayed peter parker More like toby maguire did He did a great job as spider-man. He looked the part of peter parker Uh, I just kind of wish they would have He would have maybe kind of portrayed peter a little bit nerdier like toby maguire's But that's for another Uh review I'll probably be reviewing the movie after I get a chance to watch it a second time There you have it guys Funko pop review for this week the pop marvel spider-man homecoming 220 Spider-man vinyl bobblehead I'll see you again next tuesday for another pop review. Take care


I enrolled in the study to see if I couldn't make the opening joke as funny as possible, but unfortunately I think we're in the control group. If you have some sort of accident or illness and have to go to the hospital for treatment, there's some amount of leeway your doctor has in choosing what sort of treatment you'll receive, but there are some well-defined checkboxes that they must tick, a standard of care which you must receive before you leave their charge, lest they be guilty of malpractice. Most of these items are totally obvious. If you're bleeding, they have to stop you from bleeding.  If you have some sort of infection, they have to give you antibiotics. It's pretty clear in these cases what's wrong and what should be done to fix it, but in some instances, the standard of care mandates treatment that isn't particularly well justified. For example, in pediatric cavernous sinus thrombosis, it's mandatory for doctors to give their patients heparin. In every hospital, if a kid comes in with a clot in their brain, every single time they get heparin. We do have some good evidence showing that that's the right move for adults, but for kids, we have no idea if anticoagulants, drugs meant to prevent clotting, like heparin, are helpful. No clue. We don't know if every time we hook them up to an IV bag full of heparin, we're putting them at increased risk of bleeding for no good reason. If we're increasing costs for hospitals and adding an unnecessary step for already overworked nurses, without the least indication as to whether we're achieving anything, yet we keep doing it, and it's highly unlikely that we'll ever stop doing it. That seems a little bonkers. It's 2018. We have 50 years of history illustrating the effectiveness of evidence-based medicine. How can there be mandatory medical treatments without the backing of randomized controlled trials demonstrating their efficacy? How is it even possible that physicians are prescribing treatments without any clue as to whether or not they work? Well, we're caught in a bit of a trap here, one with both legal and ethical ramifications that make it nearly impossible to escape. Legally, if the doctor chooses not to give the patient heparin, they're no longer protected by the rubric of the standard of care, and can't claim to have done everything they should have done. If anything happens to that patient, if they suddenly have some complication or their condition worsens, even if there's no demonstrable causal relationship between the doctor's decision and those symptoms, there's no legal leg to stand on against accusations of malpractice. Essentially, a doctor would have to volunteer responsibility for any negative outcome the patient suffers in their care from that point forward, even if they have a reason to suspect that the heparin isn't really doing anything for them. Ethically, it's even hairier. If you have any familiarity with medical science, your first instinct might be the forehead-slappingly obvious one. Do a randomized double-blind trial. We have some medicine and we don't know if it works or not. This is the whole reason randomized double-blind trials were invented in the first place. Just do that. Well, unfortunately, if there's any suspicion that a treatment might be doing patients some good, you could imagine how it's morally dicey to start handing out a placebo instead, even in the service of confirming its efficacy. In order to perform a double-blind trial, you're going to have to deny some patients a substance that has been verified to have a few minor drawbacks, but is suspected of increasing their chances at surviving a dangerous medical issue. That's a little like holding some defibrillator paddles while someone's having a heart attack and saying, well, hang on a sec, let's see if they get better on their own. Still, placebo-controlled trials are the golden standard for establishing the effectiveness of medical treatment. In order to perform such experiments ethically, researchers must demonstrate that their experimental subjects fall into at least one of four situations, which give them adequate moral grounds for denying their patient's medication that might work. Again, it might not, but it might work. First, if there's nothing that has the slightest chance of treating the disease. Right now, there's no known prophylaxis for Alzheimer's dementia. Exercise and diet definitely help, but there's no pill that has the slightest suggestion of preventing its onset. If a medical researcher has even a small hunch that there might be an intervention that might help, they're in the clear to run a placebo trial on it, because, hey, we've got nothing. Second, if there are no serious ramifications for holding off on the standard treatment or skipping it entirely. If you're already bald, trying some long shot medication for reversing male pattern baldness for a few months wouldn't be the end of the world, and you might discover something better than the current best option. Third, if you've got really solid reasons for needing a placebo control in your study, and you're not likely to hurt anyone by depriving them of some existing treatment. Antidepressants alter brain chemistry in severe ways, so you generally want to ensure that any potential new antidepressants are at least somewhat effective before allowing their use in the general population, which means running a placebo controlled study. The effectiveness of existing antidepressants varies wildly from patient to patient, and some only have a slightly better track record than placebos anyways, so running a trial of some new antidepressant on some volunteers probably won't put them in any worse opposition. And finally, if you can do your placebo trial without interfering with any existing interventions and have good reasons for needing to establish the effectiveness of a treatment. Giving the antiretroviral medication AZT to the children of HIV positive mothers during childbirth in order to possibly prevent the spread of the disease doesn't interfere with any of the other stuff that we normally do in that situation. But AZT isn't a drug that you just want to administer willy-nilly just for the hell of it. It has some nasty side effects and contributes to antiviral resistance. There are good reasons to establish whether or not it's really effective. Those are really the only cases where medical ethicists have found sufficient justification for potentially short-changing patients. Dr. Heparin in the event of cavernous sinus thrombosis doesn't fit in any of those criteria. It works in adults, so we have reasons to suspect that it might work in children. If it does work, skipping out on it could have deadly consequences, and although there are several known drawbacks associated with its use, there isn't really enough at stake to say that we really need to know if it's effective or not, to the point of potentially endangering the life of a patient. Although it would certainly be cool to know the results of such a trial, we just don't have the ethical grounds to do a study and find out for sure. But if you think about it, there's nothing really limiting this rubric to the practice of medical science. Any scientific study investigating phenomena which have direct import for human welfare – education, governmental policy, humanitarian relief efforts, or economic practices – has the same potential moral quandary. If we have any suspicion that something might be helpful, might make someone's life easier, or ease some amount of suffering, how can we justify withholding it, even for the purposes of scientifically verifying that it does help? Take something as seemingly trivial as A-B testing of website interfaces. Software developers routinely implement randomized trials of various potential website designs, comparing user feedback for an A-version and a B-version of the website to see which they prefer. It seems totally kosher, right? But let's run that practice through those tests for medical research and see if there's any cause for concern. First, if the A-B test is for a totally new feature that you have no clue how to make functional, you're probably justified in testing a few different versions of it to find your footing in a new space. But if you're tinkering with some part of your website that your users already rely on to see if it could be better, it may be difficult to justify subjecting some of them to a potentially crappy new version. Second, if the A-B test is for some feature that isn't time critical, even if some version of the site is totally broken and unusable, it's not unreasonable to ask your more frustrated users to leave and come back after the trial is over. On the other hand, if it's a feature that they need to access quickly and reliably, maybe screwing around with it, even with the best of intentions, isn't the best plan. In that vein, if establishing the most effective version of some web feature is important and justifies the short-term inconvenience of A-B testing without substantial risk for the users, it can be a reasonable subject for a test. If a website's authentication methods aren't frustrating hackers as much as they probably should, giving some users the option of using a new security measure, like two-factor authentication, and seeing how it plays out, isn't the worst idea in the world. Abandoning passwords altogether and using some completely new and untested authentication mechanism for some users, on the other hand, that's probably the worst idea in the world, right up there. Fourth, if you can run an A-B test alongside the default webpage, allowing users to opt out of the test if they don't like either new design, you're probably in the clear. You get your numbers of what users prefer which version. They get to use the site however they want to. Locking them into a test they might not want to participate in isn't just morally dodgy, it's a good way to lose them to Facebook. Now, these criteria obviously aren't the end-all of research ethics for medicine or anything else. There are volumes of morally relevant factors to consider in every experiment, and the potential benefits of research often push us to weigh those factors carefully and rigorously. But it can be distressingly easy to overlook the possibility of causing harm with the simple act of creating a control group. We've learned that good science always controls for whatever it can, and who doesn't want to do good science? Even if confirming these hypotheses beyond any reasonable doubt would be intensely satisfying for our curiosity, sometimes ethics demands that we just keep doing what we've always done in the past, never knowing if it really helps, but comforting ourselves with a possibility that it might. Can you think of a scenario where merely creating a randomized controlled trial would violate ethics? Please leave a comment below and let me know what you think. Thank you very much for watching. Don't forget to blah, blah, subscribe, blah, share, and don't stop dunking.


Hello everyone, welcome back to a new session in dentistry and more. Today's session is about dentine. So we will be covering this under a few sessions. So the first session is about dentine, its formation, its structure and little details about the dentinal reviews. And second part is about various types of dentine and the last session will be covering about the theories relating the dentine transmission of nerve impulses. So let us see one by one. So dentine as we all know it is a tooth layer basically the second layer of tooth which provides the bulk and general form of the tooth and it begins to form slightly before the enamel. It determines the shape of crown including the cusp and ridges and also the number and size of the roots. So let us get into the details of dentine. So dentine the hard structure of tooth just like enamel which is physically and chemically it closely resembles bone and it is said to be a living tissue then enamel is not a living tissue it is mostly a vascular, a cellular. But dentine is a living tissue since tubules present in it contains processes of specialized cell which are odentoblast ok so odentoblast. So since it has odentoblast which is known as living tissue we can say that it is a living tissue unlike enamel. The main morphological difference between bone and dentine is that some of the osteoblast osteoblasts are the bone cells exist on the surface of the bone and when one of the cells become enclosed within its matrix it is called an osteocyte ok. But the odentoblast cell bodies remain external to dentine ok but their processes exist within the tubules in dentine but the cell bodies remain external to dentine the osteocyte is not there in odentoblast there is no odentocyte in osteocyte it is nothing but when the cell becomes enclosed within its matrix ok. But these odentoblast cell bodies remain external to dentine that is the basic difference between bone and dentine or we can say osteoblast and odentoblast we have osteocyte in bone which is enclosed within the matrix and stages of tooth development we have studied in detail the stages of tooth development in enamel it is almost same nothing is different only thing is the odentoblast which is giving rise to dentine first the inner enamel epithelium it influences the pulp to differentiate the odentoblast to form the first layer of dentine then dentine forms when dentine forms it in turn differentiate the amyloblast the inner enamel epithelium into amyloblast. So once this dentine pre-dentine is formed the nutritional supply to the inner enamel epithelium is cut and the nutritional will be taken from the dental sac. So this is the dentine which forms pre-dentine forms so it forms in the coronal part and even the root part so we have two types of dentine the coronal dentine and root dentine and this is a cervical loop so there will be proliferation at this area this will results in root formation and this is giving rise to hardwicks epithelial root sheath so all this we have covered in detail in the development of tooth and also in enamel chapter. So coronal part I mentioned in enamel chapter in detail so the root dentine when the root formation proceeds the epithelial cells from the the cervical loop which proliferates apically and influences the differentiation of odentoblast from the dental papillae as well as cementoblast from the follicle okay this is a follicle this is dental papillae so we differentiate the dental papillae to form the root dentine and it will differentiate the cells from the dental sac to form cementum so there will be deposition of root dentine and cementum. So that is about formation of odentoblast or dentine so the structure of dentine basically the dental matrix of collagen fibers are arranged in network so it is arranged in a network and as this dentine calcifies calcifies the hydroxyapatite crystal mass the collagen fibers so the bodies of odentoblast they are arranged in layer on the pulpal surface of the dentine okay so bodies are arranged in so these are arranged this is a pulpal surface so this is a pulp this red color so bodies are arranged this is a pulpal surface okay this is a pulpal surface so the body the odentoblast odentoblast will be like with a projection and will be like this so this is a tail and this is a head part so the bodies of odentoblast arranged in a layer on the pulpal surface so this will be arranged in the layer on the pulpal surface on the dentine and only their cytoplasmic processes are included in the tubules in the mineral matrix okay so each cell give rise to one process which travels the predentine and calcified dentine within one tubule and terminates in a branching network to the DEJ or CEJ so it goes starts from the pulpal surface and terminates here this is the enamel the outermost covering and it's it terminates at the DEJ or CEJ which is the root portion where cementum and dentine meets which is known as cemento dentinal junction in crown it meets with enamel which is known as dentino enamel junction okay now let's learn something about dental tubules which is basically the course of these tubules follow a gentle curve okay so the gentle curve so it is a double curvature and this is known as a S shaped curve so we have a S shaped curve this is like this S shaped curve and it starts at right ankle at the pulpal surface okay so this is a pulpal surface it starts at right ankle to the pulpal surface just like enamel it starts from right ankle to the dental surface so it starts right ankle at the pulpal surface and first convexity of this doubly curved course is directed towards apex of tooth okay so it will be like this so the first convexity towards the apex okay this is first convexity and this is second convexity so first convexity towards the apex of tooth and these tubules are perpendicular to DEJ and CEJ okay so DEJ will be on the crown and CEJ C not CEJ C DEJ that is cemento dental junction this will be in root and DEJ will be in crown and this is double curvature double convex and it has a shaped pattern so dental tubules are almost straight near the root tip at the root tip which will be almost straight and also straight at the incisal edges and cusps so dentin thickness ranges from 3 to 10 millimeter and the ratio between outer to inner dentin has 5 is to 1 that is outer has 5 tubules compared to the inner tubules ratio between outer to inner number of tubules 5 to 1 the more tubules are present in the outer portion of dentin that is which is closer to the enamel and number of tubules per square millimeter varies from 15,000 at DEJ but the number of tubules is lesser at DEJ and more at pulp that is around 15,000 at DEJ but 65,000 near the pulp surface so 5 is to 1 was the outer and inner dental surface ratio okay 5 is to 1 but this is number of tubules per square millimeter so number of tubules per square millimeter is very low or less than 50,000 or around 15,000 at DEJ but it is 65,000 at pulp whereas the outer and inner surface of dentin is about 5 is to 1 okay so outer dentin has 5 with respect to inner dentin 5 times bigger outer dentin compared to the inner dentin and next we have dental tubules and it has lateral branches throughout the dentin which is termed as canalicule or micro tubules and this enamel spindle we have learned in chapter enamel that is the odentoblast process okay so the odentoblastic processes which extends through the DEJ into enamel several millimeters which is known as enamel spindle actually enamel spindle is not an enamel structure which is actually a odentoblastic that is a related dentin which which transfers or which enter into this DEJ for few millimeter at it terminates in enamel that is why it is known as enamel spindle this is the odentoblast which extends from DEJ extends through DEJ into enamel okay so that is known as enamel spindle so next we have various types of dentin in next session we will be learning about types of dentin such as peritubular dentin, inter tubular dentin, pre dentin and odentoblastic processes primary dentin, secondary dentin, tertiary dentin so all will be dealt in next session okay thank you hello everyone let's continue our dentin sessions so today's video is about types of dentin so i'll be explaining all the types using this picture and we have some special features of dentin such as incremental lines of von Ebbner's lines and contour lines of oven and tombs granularly so let's get into details of all the types of dentin and other features so let's start with peritubular dentin so all these questions are very very important because these are commonly asked short notes in university exam so let it be peritubular dentin, inter tubular, pre dentin, odentoblastic process primary dentin, secondary dentin, tertiary dentin, mantel dentin, circum pulpal dentin, inter globular dentin and we have contour lines of oven, von Ebbner's lines and tombs granular layer so all our short notes and it's quite easy to understand from this picture so always try to understand the concept with a picture in your mind so it will be easy to reproduce the same into your answer sheets so let's start with peritubular dentin so peritubular dentin the dentin that immediately surrounds the dentinal tubules so hope you can see this brown color which immediately surrounds this is the dentinal tubule and this is the odentoblast this is a dentinal tubule odentoblastic the processes and the tube the dentin which is immediately surrounds the dentinal tubules this brown color dentin is known as peritubular dentin which is highly mineralized than the inter tubular dentin okay inter tubular dentin is between the tubules as the name suggests it is between the tubules it is more mineralized than the inter tubular dentin and it is twice as thick in the outer dentin than the inner dentin and this calcified tubules wall has an inner organic lining which is known as lamina limitants okay lamina limitants which is the lamina limitants which is the inner organic lining of peritubular dentin calcified tubule okay so that is peritubular dentin now we have the second one that is inter tubular dentin so inter tubular dentin which is located between the dentinal tubules okay so between the dentinal tubules we have inter tubular dentin which is less mineralized than the peritubular dentin which is just adjacent or just surrounding the tubules so one half of its volume is organic matrix especially collagen fibers and this is seen between the zones of peritubular dentin so we know we have peritubular dentin here and here this is just two odentoblastic processes we have many odentoblastic process so between peritubular dentin we have odentoblastic sorry inter tubular dentin this violet color I mentioned the inter tubular sorry inter tubular dentin lots of confusing dentin is there so I am talking about inter tubular dentin which is between the peritubular dentin okay and the fibers the collagen fibers ranges from 0.5 to 0.2 micrometer and diameter so hydroxy apatite crystals are formed along the fibers with their long axis oriented parallel to the collagen fibers so that is how hydroxy apatite crystals are formed through this fibers so it is well mineralized but not up to peritubular dentin and it provides tensile strength to so strength to dentin that is its function now we have pre-dentin okay so next is pre-dentin this is pre-dentin so we finished peritubular dentin and inter tubular dentin now we have pre-dentin pre-dentin we know which is the first dentin to be formed which is located adjacent to pulp where the dental papilla or the future pulp will be giving rise to the first layer of dentin which is known as pre-dentin and which is not mineralized and these the collagen fibers which undergo mineralization at the pre-dentin and the pre-dentin then becomes dentin and a new layer of pre-dentin forms circum pulpily okay so pre-dentin once it is mineralized it becomes dentin and then at the same time there will be new layer of dentin that is pre-dentin will be formed so pre-dentin is not mineralized one it is the first formed dentin which is adjacent to dental pulp okay so that is pre-dentin now we have odentoblastic processes so odentoblastic process is the cytoplasmic extension of odentoblast this is the odentoblastic process so we know odentoblastic process which is entering into enamel which was known as enamel spindle hope you remember what is enamel spindle so enamel spindle is odentoblastic process which cross the DEJ and which end ups in enamel so this is a enamel part okay yes because this is a DEJ so that is enamel spindle we learned in last session and laminalimentons was a organic layer of peritubular dentin so the odentoblast which resides in the peripheral pulp at the pulp pre-dentin border and their process extends into dental tubules okay so the process extends into dental tubules these odentoblast reside in the peripheral pulp and pulp pre-dentin border so we have pulp here so hope you can understand the concept we have pulp here this is the pulp okay this is enamel this portion is enamel so odentoblastic is between pulp and pre-dentin border and this process is cytoplasmic extension and the process are largest in diameter near the pulp here it is the largest and it goes thinner as it moves towards the dentin and the cell bodies are 7 micrometer in diameter and 40 micrometer in length so that was about odentoblastic process the next one is primary dentin which is a dentin that is formed prior to eruption of tooth and which is secreted at relatively higher rate and which constitute major part of dentin in the tooth and mantel dentin is the first formed dentin in the crown underlying DEJ that is dentino enamel junction which is regular in structure dentin tubules form S shaped as a result of directional movement of odentoblast whereas the circum pulp dentin forms a remaining primary dentin or bulk of the tooth okay so mantel dentin and circum pulp dentin so the fibres are much smaller in diameter and are more closely packed together and the slightly more mineral content than in mantel dentin for circum pulp dentin okay so whereas a secondary dentin secondary dentin is formed after root completion and there is narrow band of dentin bordering the pulp which contain fewer tubules and primary dentin and there is usually a bend in the tubules where the primary and secondary dentin interface so since it is formed after eruption the odentoblast slightly changed directions which contributes to the bending of dentinal tubules so primary dentin is before primary dentin is before the eruption of tooth whereas a secondary dentin after completion of root okay now we have tertiary dentin tertiary dentin is what we are inducing dentin formation when there is a pathological cavity which is very close to pulp where the normal restoration is not possible so what we do is we place a medicament on the dentin surface which is very close to pulp so after two or three weeks there will be dentin formation which we are inducing from the underlying pulp the mesenchymal cells which induce cells the cells of this mesenchymal cells which produces odentoblast and dentin and there will be a layer of dentin formed a new dentin formed which seals off or which keep a boundary between the outer surface from the pulp so such type of dentin is known as tertiary or repetitive dentin okay so when pathologic process or operative procedures when these odentoblasts are cut these undergo survival or sometimes these odentoblasts will die depending upon the extent of injury so if they survive this dentin is produced which are known as reactionary or regenerated dentin so killed odentoblasts are replaced by migration of undifferentiated cells arising in the deeper layer of pulp to the dentin interface so newly differentiated odentoblasts then begin deposition of repetitive dentin to seal off the zone of injury as a healing process initiated by pulp so there will be sealing of the ensuring so that is why it is known as repetitive dentin and now we have mantel dentin okay so already we've seen mantel dentin it is a first layer of primary dentin to be deposited and which is that is why it is the oldest dentin and produced adjacent to enamel in the crown which can be recognized by characteristic thick fan shaped collagen fibers and these fibers run perpendicular to dj okay whereas a circum-pulpile dentin which is formed after the layer of mantel dentin has been deposited and which constitute major part of primary and secondary dentin the hydroxyapatite crystals are deposited on the surface within the fibrils and continue to grow as mineralization proceeds which results in increased mineral content of dentin now we have incremental lines of worn ebner so the incremental lines of worn ebner or imbrications line appear as fine lines or striations in dentin so similar lines we have seen in enamel which are they the incremental lines of red cs okay so the similar line in dentin is known as worn ebner's line so these lines reflect the daily rhythmic recurrent deposition of dentin matrix as well as the hesitation and the daily formative process so this is the incremental lines the deposition when this mineralization happens there will be minerals deposited as additive method it cannot grow itself there should be come continuous addition of minerals so those lines is known as worn ebner's line so this is in the dentin whereas in incremental lines of red cs in enamel okay so the course of these lines indicate the growth pattern of dentin and some of these incremental lines are accentuated because of the disturbance in the matrix and remanelization process such lines are known as contour lines of oven so these lines represent hypo calcified bands so why it is different from worn ebner's this is a accentuated accentuated because of the disturbance in the matrix and remanelization process so accentuated incremental lines are known as contour lines of oven and we have another structure which is neonatal line where this is seen the deciduous teeth when the first permanent molar the prenatal and postnatal dentin is separated by an accentuated contour line which is known as neonatal line okay so with that we have seen in dentin also when the separation between the prenatal and postnatal enamel the similarly prenatal and postnatal dentin is separated by neonatal line this line reflects the abrupt change in environment that occurs at birth okay so the dentin matrix formed prior to birth is usually better quality than that formed after birth and now we have inter globular dentin okay inter globular dentin so before we have seen inter tubular dentin now we have inter globular dentin so inter globular dentin sometimes mineralization of dentin begins in small globular areas that failed to fuse into homogeneous mass so this results in zone of hypo mineralization between the globules so these zones are called as inter globular dentin which is forms in crowns of teeth in the circum pulpal dentin just below the mantel dentin okay just below the mantel dentin we can see inter globular dentin so this is a circum pulpal dentin this is a mantel dentin just below the mantel dentin we can see in circum pulpal dentin the inter globular dentin which is seen just below mantel dentin next we have tom's granular layer which is different from tom's process tom's process was seen in enamel formation the ameloblastic processes which is involved in the production of tooth enamel but this is tom's granular layer so there is a zone which is adjacent to cementum that appears granular okay so near to cementum okay so when in the root dentin when it is near to cementum we have a granular layer which is known as tom's granular layer which is likely increases in amount from cemento enamel junction to the root apex okay so it changes it increases from cemento enamel junction from the seizure to root apex it is caused by coalescing and looping of the terminal portions of terminal portions of dental tubules that is tom's granular layer don't get confused tom's process in enamel tom's granular layer in dentin so that is all about various structures various types of dentin so we have covered peritubular dentin which is adjacent to tubules inter tubular dentin between the peritubular dentin pre-dentin which is first formed dentin and under the plastic process which is cytoplasmic extension primary dentin and secondary dentin which is the mandrel dentin secondary dentin and the tertiary dentin which is repetitive dentin on process pathological or operative procedures mandel and circumpulpal dentin mandrel dentin is adjacent to dg and the remaining portion as it is circumpulpal dentin because it has towards a pulpal site okay and inter tubular dentin and we have incremental lines which is similar to incremental lines of radius in enamel contour lines of oven which is accentuated lines of incremental lines and tom's granular layer which is adjacent to cement there will be a granular layer so that's all about the various types of dentin next we have a few theories of the innovation of dentin and some of the physical and chemical properties and innovation part of dentin i'll come up with so i'll come up with innovations and physical and other properties of dentin in my next video thank you hello everyone let's continue our sessions in dentin so this third part will be covering more about physical and chemical properties and organic and inorganic content of dentin and the innovation various theories of innovation and the functional changes that is age and functional changes which are detracts sclerotic or transparent dentin and affected and infected dentin so let's see the details of these theories innovation and functional changes dentin is light yellowish color and it becomes darker with age which is harder than bond but considerably softer than enamel which has lower content of mineral salts which renders it more radio lucent than enamel okay radio lucent it appears more blacker okay radiopec means more whiter in radiography so it appears more radio lucent than enamel because of the lower content of mineral salt now it is a chemical composition which has 70 percentage of inorganic content whereas in enamel it was 96 percentage and the 20 percentage is organic matter and the remaining 10 percentage is water in organic substance it has basically type 1 collagenous fibers and minor amount of type 5 collagenous fibers non-collagenous proteins includes dentin phosphor proteins dentin matrix protein dentin silo protein bone silo protein osteopontin osteocalcin etc and other proteoglycans phospholipids and some of the growth factors inorganic substance basically calcium hydroxyapatite crystals so type 1 collagen is a principal type of collagen found in dentin and inorganic crystals are plate shaped and are much similar than hydroxy apatite crystals in enamel and dentin also contains small amounts of phosphates carbonates and sulfonates okay now we are moving on to the innovation part so this is the part of dentin which has nerve endings so nerve fibers were shown to accompany 30 to 70 percentage of the odendoblastic processes and these are referred to as intra tubular nerves so it has intra tubular nerves so which carries the sensation okay so intra tubular nerves so these nerves and the terminals are found in close association with odendoblast process within the tubule so we have various theories of pain transmission through dentin so this is the theories of pain transmission the first one is direct neural stimulation transduction theory modulation theory gait control or vibration theory and hydrodynamic theory so let's see one by one the first one is direct neural stimulation this is according to which nerves in the dentin get stimulated but the main drawbacks is the nerves in dentin tubules are not commonly seen and even if they are present they do not extend beyond the inner dentin so topical application of local anesthetic agents do not abolish sensitivity hence this theory is not accepted okay so the direct neural stimulation is not well accepted theory as per this theory they say is the nerves are present on the dentin so if it is present on the dentin that topical application of local anesthetic agents should abolish sensitivity but it is not happening so it is not well accepted next one is transduction theory which is the odendoblast process is the primary structure excited by the stimulus this is the odendoblastic process and that the impulses transmitted to the nerve endings in inner dentin okay so drawbacks is the non-neurotransmitter vesicles in the odendoblast process to facilitate the synapse or synaptic specialization so according to transduction theory there is no presence of any type of neurotransmitter vesicles in the odendoblast so that theory also not well accepted now we have the third theory that is modulation theory so according to which nerve impulses in the pulp are modulated through the liberation of polypeptides from the odendoblast when injury or something happens so these substances may selectively alter the permeability of odendoblastic cell membrane through hyperpolarization so that the pulp neurons are more prone to discharge upon receipt of subsequent stimuli that is a modulation theory when it gets modulated okay that is also not well accepted the next one is gate control or vibration theory this theory states that the pain is a function of balance between information traveling into the spinal cord through large nerve fiber and information traveling through small nerve fiber so large nerve fiber carry non-nose-subtive information and small fibers carries nose-subtive information okay that is a gate control or vibration theory it is between the large and small nerve fibers so according to this theory a beta fibers which transmit information from vibration receptors which stimulate inhibitory neurons in the spinal cord which in turn act to reduce the amount of pain signal transmitted from a delta and c fibers across the midline of spinal cord and from there to bring there is a gate control vibration it is basically the types of fibers it is highlighting a beta a delta and c fibers so whereas the modulation is different one modulation is the permeability change in odendoblastic cell membrane by hyperpolarization transduction is different one it is odendoblast process which is excited by the stimulus and the last one which is the most accepted theory which is the hydrodynamic theory so various stimuli such as heat cold air blast or mechanical or osmotic pressure which affects the fluid movements and the dental tubules okay so hydrodynamics so hydromines water dynamics is changed so the fluid moments is the most accepted concept of pain transmission so this is a fluid moment either inward or outward stimulate the pain mechanism in the tubules by mechanical disturbance of the nerve closely associated with odendoblast and its process so it is all about moment of the fluid inward and outward the odendoblastic process so these endings may act as a mechanoreceptors as they are affected by mechanical displacement of tubular fluid so this is all highlighting about the moment of fluid and it is the most accepted one okay so age and functional changes we are moving to the last part which is age and functional changes so the vitality of dentine due to physiological and pathological stimuli there will be always a change in vitality of dentine and secondary dentine will be continuously deposited and the pulpal layer as a dentine is removed so removed by the changes and such as dental caries abrasion attrition and such process there will be formation of structures like dead tracks, sclerosis and in addition to the secondary dentine or reparative dentine okay so reparative dentine we already seen in our session 2 now let's see what is dead tracks so dead tracks is nothing but odendoblastic processes which disintegrate and empty tubules are filled with air so it disintegrates and it fills with air okay so the it looks like black or dead tracks which is very black in color when transmitted light and white in reflected light okay so dead tracks appear as black in transmitted light and white in reflected light so this degeneration is often observed in areas of narrow pulp on because of crowding of odendoblast and these empty areas demonstrate decreased sensitivity and dead tracks are probably the initial step in the formation of sclerotic dentine okay so this is the track which is giving sclerotic or transparent dentine this sclerotic or transparent dentine when caries attrition abrasion erosion or cavity preparation causes collagen fibers and appetite crystals to begin appear in the dentinal tubules so this blocking of tubules may be considered as a defensive reaction of dentine so these appetite crystals are initially only sporadic in dental tubule but gradually fill it with a fine mesh work of crystals so that is transparent dentine so as this continues the tubule human is obliterated with minerals which appears very much like peritubular dentine it looks like peritubular dentine so the refractive indices of dentine in such areas become transparent and transparent and transmitted and dark in reflected light so there is decreased permeability of dentine okay so that is why these caries attrition abrasion in such cases the collagen fibers and appetite crystals to begin appear in the dentinal tubules so the dentinal tubules will be blocked and the refractive index of this dentine will be similar as the adjacent peritubular dentine and it will look like transparent and and transmitted and dark in reflected light so the last one is affected and infected dentine so the infected dentine is that part of dentine which is contaminated and contains microorganisms and the toxins and demineralized dentine whereas the affected dentine is not occupied by microorganism it just contains the toxins produced by microorganism of infected dentine and also there is demineralization okay so the collagen fibers are D natural D natural in infected dentine while in affected dentine the collagen fibers demonstrated cross banding and is physiologically remineralizable so that's all about dentine we have finished dentine so we have finished in three sessions the first part was the basic dentine formation and the second part was various structures and the third part we mainly focused on the theories of innovation okay so the lots of questions will be asked lots of short notes we had seen primary dentine secondary dentine tertiary dentine then the one-abness lines then we have detracts sclerotic or transparent dentine oven lines of oven and the mandrel dentine circumpal dentine peritubular inter tubular inter globular dentine predentine so everything might be asked as short note so I'll come up with a pulp in my next session thank you


And many people have said to me, oh wow, it's a really good show this year, but people say that every year. I mean, it is a really good show this year. I've made four wind instruments, kind of like clarinets but not quite. Designed them, learnt how to play them and written music for them and the idea is that because they're made of glass that they reveal something of the relationship between a body and instrument and the sound that comes out. The variety of the work, the diversity of the students and their approaches makes it almost impossible to compare. So behind me is the life jacket graveyard and that's just basically a dumping site for the life jackets that have washed up on the beaches from the refugees that are arriving in Lesbos from Turkey. We are the only art school in this country that can offer the range of disciplines we offer. It really, really shows that and that's really something that's so notable and on the rise.


Speaking of policies, the war on drugs, is it working? Is it racist? Is it wrecking our inner cities? What's your view? Well, I think the war on drugs was racist. I don't think it's the same now. People are starting to see that drug addiction can affect any and everybody. There was an article in The New York Times last week about how now that the scourge of heroin addiction has entered the suburbs and majority white communities, they're starting to understand what it's all about and the futility in just using incarceration to try to cure the problem. We have to do a better job at teaching people about their self-worth. And we have to do a better job at giving opportunity to people who, if they don't sell drugs, they can't participate in any economy. The drug-selling economy is the only one that they can participate in. That's a recipe for failure. Would you decriminalize and, in essence, stop the war on drugs? I don't think you can completely decriminalize it, but you have to understand that there is something that we want to rescue from this situation, and that's people's lives. I think people's lives should be given the priority in how to solve this problem, getting people off of these things and understanding that it's very detrimental to their future.