Friends, it's a pleasure to be here. Can everyone hear? All right with the microphone Okay, I'll introduce the panelists in just a minute first. I just want to sort of transition from what was a very very powerful presentation we heard by dr. Akavan He offered some very sober reflections and not only on the nature of humanity, but on the nature of inhumanity And I think that those reflections Should really help us understand the urgency of the work in which we're engaged as a community But even here in this forum at the Association for Bahá'í studies We're not really engaging in an academic exercise This panel. I hope you don't consider a mere academic exercise The topic of this panel as I hope you'll come to appreciate really is Has to do with some of the found putting some of the foundation stones in place For the humanity The Dr. Akavan referred to So to set up our discussion. I want to say first a few words about this Sort of new area endeavor the House of Justices is starting to help us anticipate entering that Pierre Eve referred to our participation in the prevalent discourses of society Those of us who had a chance to you know really study the Rizwan message have Become to recognize these sort of three broad areas of endeavor that we're beginning to understand Some of our work within our expansion and consolidation work our social action In our participation in the discourses of society And of course the House of Justice is urging us to strive for increasing coherence Among these different areas as we wade more deeply into them Coherence is enhanced By our ability to conceptualize our efforts So the House of Justice has been working with us Training us in the ability to conceptualize our efforts in the expansion and consolidation work Right we think of these efforts now in terms of two primary movements Four core activities that we're engaging in a framework for action within which all the highs can begin to take initiative cycles of expansion and consolidation and so forth these should be very familiar concepts to you because We've been learning to conceptualize our expansion and consolidation In these terms with this language The ability to conceptualize our experience is a key to advancing To generating knowledge to refining our practice The ability to conceptualize our experience is the key to me being able to consult and Take actions and reflect on those actions. This process We're all learning as we create this culture of learning So over time we can anticipate that the same will be true of our participation in the discourses of society As we gain more experience We'll need to be able to conceptualize what we're doing so that we can consult And engage in actions and reflect on our actions and refine our efforts and advance our knowledge in this area of endeavor This is a very important aspect of coherence but coherence also implies That we're learning lessons from one area of endeavor that give us insights in other areas of endeavor So for instance through our growing body of experience in the expansion and consolidation work We're learning about the importance of learning in action We're learning about the importance of building capacity among increasing numbers of people to contribute to the endeavor We're learning about the importance of systematizing our efforts We're learning about the importance of maintaining focus across time We're learning about the importance of developing a common vocabulary So that we can consult with one another about what we're doing and we're learning really to work together within this evolving conceptual framework To which we understand our efforts So let's think for a minute about how we might begin to conceptualize our participation in discourse Which is what this panel is about and how to approach this in a more coherent manner The way I tend to think about discourse and I think one of the simplest and most useful ways is discourse really refers to the ways that people think and talk about a given subject That's a discourse So for instance, there's a discourse on human rights Ways that people are thinking and talking about human rights of which dr. Akavan has been contributing Significantly at many different levels. That's it that constitutes a discourse And that constitutes the type of discourse the house of justice is pointing us towards which is connected to social practice So these are not just discourses that begin and end in words, but they're actually directly connected to the advancement of civilization Right discourses on the environment on governance on the advancement of women and and so forth These are all examples of ways that people are thinking and talking about the subject that's connected to the advancement of civilization Now if we analyze discourses We can start to see some features that actually might help us figure out how to engage how to participate more effectively So for instance That discourse can be framed in different ways the same subject can be framed in different ways Which lead to different understandings so in some of my own personal work, I've tried to look at the the sort of contrast between frames that are essentially frames of contestation in Which we think about a given, you know area of social practice through a sort of lands or a frame of a social contest as opposed to The frame that Bahá'u'lláh brought us which is the frame of oneness the frame of the social body Which is the analogy Bahá'u'lláh use those are two different frames that if we apply them to the same subject We end up seeing it very differently So this is like a feature of discourse that we can start reflecting on and maybe recognize part of our contribution in the long run as we work with others Will be actually to reframe discourses in profound ways That actually changed the way We think and talk about a given subject now as we approach this work and We look even more closely one thing we'll notice is that frames the way the way a discourse is framed It's internal framework so to speak right the way it's structured Frames are made up of many different elements in turn Which we can begin to try and analyze and think about and figure out how to engage One of the most important elements are the underlying assumptions of the framework So for for example assumptions about human nature Of which we'll be exploring and this entire conference is exploring You change the underlying assumptions the entire frame begins to change the problem is Sometimes in a given discourse the underlying assumptions are explicit. It's easy to identify people are talking about them But more often than not the underlying assumptions are implicit. They're hidden They're not openly talked about some sometimes people engaged in the discourse don't even recognize their own underlying assumptions So often when as we're participating in discourse will find that we need to probe We need to ask questions We need to try and drive down to those underlying assumptions if we got what we want to begin to affect a sort of reframing of These patterns of thought that are so important in the world This is the crucial point of engagement So assumptions about human nature matter in fact if there's any set of assumptions That is probably the lynch pin in so many important discourses It has to be those assumptions we make about the nature of the human being They inform patterns of thought They inform social practices and they inform social policies so As we're participating in discourses of society We'll do well to sort of continually probe these underlying Conceptions of human nature to seek to clarify them to seek to refine and advance them Now this is not to say that as Baha'is we have sort of all the answers to the question of human nature We don't we have certain insights and principles that we can draw from the revelation And mr. Dunbar on Thursday night Help ground this conference in many of those insights and principles by engaging the revelation in very direct manner We also have certain experiences Applying these insights and principles in our own lives in our families in our work in our communities that we can also draw on And we can contribute these insights with humility As we participate in the discourses of society in the process we can also learn with other like-minded people How to refine and advance our own understandings of human nature so with this Posture of learning in mind and this posture of humility Let's transition into the sort of specific business of this panel then now I've Invited four people with very different backgrounds to reflect on diverse conceptions of human nature in their own disciplines or professions In preparation for the panel I Asked them all to think a little about five questions, which will help to some extent structure some of their comments I want to share those questions with you because there are also questions that I hope you might all begin reflecting on Because in many ways this panel is not about you know Providing answers, but it's about raising questions, and I think stimulating Sort of paths of inquiry that will all be engaging in so these questions I posed were first What conceptions of human nature circulate most widely or exert the most influence? within the academic or professional discourses you are familiar with and I might add to that Also the popular discourses the discourses at the at the level of our neighborhood in our cluster How do these conceptions of human nature that are circulating widely? relate to the high conceptions of human nature as we understand them to what extent our dominant inherited conceptions of human nature limited partial or Sometimes entirely problematic To what extent are these dominant inherited conceptions of human nature being challenged by emerging alternatives? within those discourses That are more holistic and constructive And how can we Contribute to these discourses in ways that advance the emergence of these more holistic and constructive conceptions of human nature in partnership with others So with that introduction, let me now introduce the panelists and I'm going to introduce them in order in which they're going to offer opening comments themselves And I won't interject in between each one. We'll just go right down the table each Panelist has about 10 minutes to offer some of their their opening thoughts and then after that I'm going to pose some questions and we're going to have something of a conversation or what I like to think about as a consultative inquiry into this subject So sitting immediately next to me is Holly Hansen Holly is a professor of African history at Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts much of her teaching Focuses on the history of inequality and her research focuses on the social and economic history of southern Uganda Where she's explored issues regarding land use political accountability power and economic exchange among other things Next to Holly is Ryan Segal Who's completing a PhD in applied economics at Oregon State University? Ryan among his many interests has concerns about the discipline of economics Dominant conceptions of value of social organization and human nature And he's working to in his in his studies to advance a conception of human nature based on insights from science and religion That fosters individual and social advancement as he moves through the field Next to Ryan is Mary K. Radpur who's a clinical social worker and an adjunct professor of psychology at the University of Tennessee She's one of the founders of the authenticity project, which some of you are familiar with Which provides training and moral decision-making and is built upon the explication of Baha'i ethics in Dr. William Hatcher's work and Specifically his book love power and justice And finally at the far end of the table from me is Puea Esani Who's also completing a PhD in behave in health behavior and health education at the University of Michigan His research focuses on the psychological physiological and sociological basis for risk behaviors in youth He's previously worked as a youth health educator and a public health practitioner in Australia Asia Europe and the United States So without any further words of introduction I'll hand a microphone over to Holly and then we'll just proceed down the table. Maybe yeah, all right The first thing I'd like to say is that Michael's questions are very difficult But Let me try Historians don't think we have theories historians think that what we're doing is looking at the past and we're Finding legitimate valid sources about the past and from those sources. We're looking at what happened but implicit the implicit a Underline assumptions that about human nature that I see if I reflect on say, you know The last 50 years of historical Scholarship are these first Human beings are subject to powerful historical forces that overwhelm us So the the growth of capitalism The consequences of enslavement of Africans for the entire world The processes of consolidation that we call modernization or globalization Those things have been beyond human beings the consequences which some of them have been negative There wasn't anything people could do about them. We were powerless Also, and maybe this is slightly contradictory, but it's also there human beings are intelligent and we use our intelligence and creativity to get the best for ourselves and dominate others people will be in conflict and and That those conflicts will always have winners and losers Also human nature tends to deception So moments that we can look at in in history where we see things that might look like people Trying to pursue a passion for justice such as the end of slavery Can actually be explained by self-interest also So the entire Campaign that occurred in the middle and late 19th century in which people determined that slavery was abhorrent and it would end Which included really interesting Sort of PR like labeling sugar blood sugar all of that Was actually all of that actually Succeeded because it was in the interest of the British state to not have slavery anymore because slavery wasn't good for their competition So even where we see altruism and generosity What's actually going on underneath that altruism and generosity is self-interest and finally even if people acting with what might be seen to be higher motives that aren't self-interested they're naive and And and patronizing and don't really understand what they're doing which doesn't work anyway So my example for that is the the labor movements of the late 19th century Which did in fact change the conditions of industrial work around the world But if you look at historical scholarship about them that historical scholarship focuses not on the motivations or the vision but on the way that people's Perception of what they wanted what was grounded in a kind of limiting social reality okay Let me move on now sort of to Part of question 2 and part of question 3 which is I think if we if we if we imagined Historical scholarship as kind of a graph which of course historians would never do but if we did imagine historical scholarship as a graph with with The positive dimensions of human nature here and the negative dimensions of human nature here all the plot points on That graph of the history that people are writing are on the negative side Now as Baha'is we we would look and or or use it trying to understand the Conception of human nature that we find in the Baha'i revelation We would look at those plot points and not say no those things didn't happen But but that's not all what else what else was happening What social institutions did people create which reflected their love of God? Where were people acting on a vision of justice and a passion to implement it? When did people respond to others with generosity selflessness and love? Where do we see human intellect struggling to create meaning out of social conditions that don't exist? That don't make sense Where do we see people striving to maintain social relations and conditions that conform to what they believe God would want? All of those are important questions Which the thrust of historical scholarship is not it's not interested or it's not asking those questions But it's really not adequate to put up some positive plot points on a Landscape or a map oops. I changed metaphors there on a graph that that has a Thrust which is in a different direction partly because what historians are seeing is valid if we look at 500 years we see patterns of social processes Transforming in ways that bring the lower nature of humanity to the fore So it we're going to look naive and we are going to be naive and kind of Uninformed to say oh, but look at those guys They wanted something else the answer to that would be so what what we need in order to move forward in Expanding the sense of human nature that this this this field is looking at is is an idea with greater Explanatory value than human beings have higher qualities as well as lower ones And I think we find that in another aspect of Baha'i ideas about human nature Which is we don't believe just that human beings have the capacity to be good We believe that transformative processes of education that bring us in that that Enable us to regulate our lower nature and enable us to draw out Our higher capacities are essential for those to be realized You know, Baha'u'llah didn't say a man is a mind full of gems of inestimable valuable value And they're actually on the surface just pick them up um So What what the revelation offers to someone who wants to think about history is a different set of questions which would be What are I have these questions written down and it'll be more interesting if I actually read them to you What are those structures? What where in human history have people created those structures which really show The dynamic coherence of material and spiritual reality. How did those structures work? When they began to fail, what was it that made them fail? What were the systems of moral economy that structured the dynamic relationship of material and spiritual components? When they stopped functioning, how did they stop functioning? How did formal and informal practices of education serve or not serve to regulate the lower nature of human beings? And these are historical processes. We can track them over time in different societies in different ways and that there's some Recent historical scholarship that asks these kinds of questions a really fascinating book on slavery in Madagascar Which shows how people as slavery was introduced How people get drawn in and the kinds of moral questions they asked and the moral debates they had as Slavery began in that society also on slavery in Congo a scholar who shows that people thought of slavery as a disease and What the society needed to do was to inoculate themselves against the disease of enslavement by having everyone Together commit to neither accepting to own a slave or or to sell a slave The most cited essay in Historical scholarship of the last 50 years is E.P. Thompson's The Moral Economy of the English crowd And there's there's more There's a somewhat more that that we Scholarship that exists in the field of history that that we can cite or Site as an S S I T E in which we can place these kinds of questions if we wanted to ask them but basically I think the Potential that exists for us Is to take the statements about what is true religion? What the what? Structures are created by true religion in society How are those structures created? What do societies look like when they have them and how do societies lose them and if we ask those kinds of questions we can put ourselves into this landscape and Take it from where it is Into a place that includes a broader human nature in a way that Will make sense to the people we're trying to communicate with Thank you, Holly. Can you hear me? Yeah, okay so Like Holly, I also felt very challenged with these questions and it's very difficult especially as an economist because different people have different conceptions of what economics is and So I always feel compelled, you know, I'm doing my PhD I have to make sure that everybody's on the same page about what it is Oftentimes when I talk with people people are like, oh, you're studying economics. So tell me what should it? Where should I invest my stocks, you know? And I'm like, I'm sorry. I'm a resource environmental economist and they're like what's that? So I just want to start off with a little bit of context So we understand where I'm coming from and kind of the ideas that I'm sharing so economics is Is is it's a topic that's researched from a variety of angles and variety of disciplines with very different assumptions and very different Theoretical language with which to explore it the economics that I've been trained in is usually called neoclassical kind of mainstream economics and I feel has a pervasive influence on the social sciences overall for a variety of reasons and Even within this neoclassical tradition. There are many many applications of the theory For example, it's applied to finance like the stock market, but it's also applied to other issues such as environmental issues Resources even nowadays there's education economics, which looks at how do we optimize our educational systems? Even health economics where they're applying the same theoretical foundation To solve policy problems at that level So what what is economics the word economics means management of the household and so in this case? the household is usually a country or The world or whatever level we're talking about You'll see kind of different definitions, but I would summarize it into just two things Economics for me is the science of decision-making Economics tries to explain how people and institutions make decisions decisions and should make decisions and Also for the benefit of the whole It's actually very lofty the aim of economics So we have examples sometimes economists study markets So they want to decide they want to understand how do how do people make production decisions? How do firms decide what to produce how do individuals decide what to consume and what how does the market? Structure affect, you know this process whole economies are studied about wealth distribution and generation And then there are four aspects to the discipline that I want to highlight because at each of these levels It really influences the conversation at the core is the theory economic theory and the neoclassical sense is Explored using mathematics. It's the language of choice And then of course we need to translate that math into something we can all talk about so that we can make decisions So we do use words like I'm using right now And so you kind of go from a very abstract concept, which is mathematical and then you have to attach to that a Theoretical construct and it's very important to differentiate between those two things and sometimes those two are very quickly conflated and we reach conclusions a little too quickly Another level of influence is the methodological choice the tool of choice that economists use to explore reality is statistics And you might have heard the term econometrics and econometrics takes from theory to know what variables should it include in its analysis And it tries to understand how one or several variables affect another The to put it very simply and we use a lot of data to do that hopefully And then how does this carry into the world of action the tools and the instruments that economics has our policies such as taxes mandates Creating markets etc. And perhaps at the most subtle level, which is the level I'll be talking about mostly is how the thinking in economics Affects people's perspective of the world. How does it affect the other social sciences? How does it affect our description of the world and therefore our relationship with it? So Some of the things that I say might come across as a little hyper critical. I'll try to be measured But I think what I see over and over again in my conversations with people of different disciplines is I keep on seeing oh my gosh That's an economic concept like when I talk to my friends in conflict resolution or public health and And not just in disciplines, but in people's everyday conversations. It's really remarkable how these assumptions are Identical to some assumptions in economics So I'd like to start with this quote from Bahá'u'lláh where he says is not the object of every revelation to affect a transformation in the whole character of mankind a Transformation that shall manifest itself both outwardly and inwardly that shall affect both its inner life and external conditions And then we'll return to this quote as we reflect on some of these assumptions Two main assumptions that economics makes that there are a lot we could talk about a lot But is how how individuals are represented and how society is represented at a very simple level individuals are represented as maximizing utility, which is a very broad admittedly broad concept and Society is basically seen as an aggregation of individuals and these are simplifying assumptions that have helped Economists understand a variety of things and led to very helpful policies, but there are limitations one is that Interdependence of utility functions for example between individuals So if Holly is happy it doesn't affect my happiness in an economic framework Although there is an emerging literature on this idea But perhaps at the most subtle level which a lot of people are struggling to find a language to express from different angles often non-economists is that the model reduces the human experience to pure logic or to pure reason Which is a very profound concept with a lot of implications But a couple of them is that there's no difference in an economic framework between means and ends Even though from a human perspective we can feel a difference and in fact our conception for example of money as a means Versus money as an ends would actually change our behavior from an economics perspective There really is a conflation of these two concepts because the topology The structure of the mathematics that we choose to use doesn't really allow for that Another one is needs and wants which is very difficult to distinguish between but the writings shed light that we should actually Consider the difference between these two this social representation also gives rise to the notion that Really society since it's just an aggregate of opinions It's just this aggregate the sea of opinions that are incommensurate and there's no level of social Aggregation although there are emerging theories that are discussing this and so an implication of this is often that competition is the organizing principle so what this this really emerges from this atomistic conception of human nature and a lack of interdependence With both each other, but also institutions social cultural etc And at that level also is the invisibility of community Where's the community in the economic model? I'm one example that I'm reading about right now has to do with how The emergence of insurance which has an interesting history in the past when There was no insurance people would look out for each other and the community would raise, you know They're about barn raising we've all heard of this idea and what happened is that this was replaced with insurance Which was you know in the name of efficiency But what also ends up happening is that this barn raising was also a cultural institution And so then this was removed from the community in another and with another institution And I'm not I don't want to be all critical about that and I don't know really where these questions lead But it's interesting to note that every economic transaction is also a social transaction and Economics really separates the two and it almost makes the social invisible and There's there's a lot of writing about this so So not everything is bad with the economic framework. It does lend insight on things for example the importance of trust Even cooperation albeit from a self-interested perspective the importance of public goods And also highlights the importance of long-term resource management So there are a lot of really benefits that have come out of economic theory But it's worth noting the limitations so that we can practice it in a healthy way Probably though at the core is the conception of human nature as static and not dynamic We know in the writings that the purpose is to affect this kind of transformation and Transformation is not just a change in preferences, which is how an economist could depict it That's the maximum they could use that's the concept. They could use to depict the change But it's more than just a shift in preferences It has to do with the role of the improvement of character Which there is really very limited space for in economics There is no need for that and the independent interdependent nature of us with each other and society So how do we move forward? Few ideas one has to do with refining our theory Exploring the metaphor of humanity as a body Which is repeatedly referred to in the writings Also the way we even practice social sciences to what effect are we doing interdisciplinary work and a question that I have is How do we generate knowledge about society in a way that doesn't define it statically but spiritually evolution evolutionary So a dynamic conception that doesn't limit what we can become so those are some ideas My name is let's see. I don't know if you can hear me My name is Mary K. Rodpour I'm a clinical social worker from Chattanooga, Tennessee and Although occasionally I will teach at the university the vast majority of the time I spend my time in my office Realizing that the conversations I have at the university can't be had in my office One day I said to a lady I said I think you're feeling ambivalent and she said huh Okay So I'm very aware that the conversations I have in my day-to-day experience Have to plumb this question of what are people thinking? What is their idea of who they are? What is their idea of who they are going to become? And how what's my job? in connection with this and Actually some of this I was just reflecting on all of this how how I could convey some of this here today And I was reminded of a story about Mullah Nasreddin. I Know that in this audience there are a great many people who know about Mullah Nasreddin those of you who don't Need to know that he's a character in Iranian popular culture who is famous for the Slips in logic That he manifests is and one of the stories about Mullah Nasreddin is that he is a man walks into a room and He sees Mullah Nasreddin underneath the window walking back and forth looking at the floor and He says to Mullah Nasreddin. What are you doing? And he says I lost my wallet and And the man says well, perhaps I can help you so he goes and walks along the window And he looks at the floor and he doesn't see any wallet and he says finally to Mullah Nasreddin Are you sure that you lost it here? And Mullah Nasreddin says no I lost it over there And he says well if you lost it over there Why are you looking here?  There's more light here Now How does this story about Mullah Nasreddin relate to this issue of rethinking human nature? Well in my sense my sense of it is that sometimes we're not we're looking in the places where there's the most light But not in the places that require the most attention or that logically would would educate us the best and I believe that for many people the answer is in their own hearts The answer to the dilemmas in front of them Doesn't really require an academic education. It requires simple Listening paying attention to what's happening I saw a man recently Who told me that he had four teenage sons as a result of a marriage to somebody who already had two sons He had four sons between the ages of 15 and 17 and One of them had recently used his father's PayPal account to pay for twenty six hundred dollars worth of gaming on the internet and And this man came in to see me because he was having He was having dreams About a woman who had been his lover twenty years ago Hmm, and he was feeling disloyal to his wife because of these dreams And he felt conflicted because they were disturbing him But he didn't feel he could tell his wife because he felt that would distress her if she knew that he was dreaming About someone that he had known twenty years ago And of course he was asking me why am I dreaming about this woman that I knew twenty years ago And I said well if I had four teenage sons One of whom had stolen twenty six hundred dollars from me. I might be dreaming about somebody I knew twenty years ago too and he said really I said yeah, I said Strikes me that you're you know in your dream. There's an important wish being articulated So I feel you know, I work in this domain really where it's not so much theoretical propositions about reality about what a human being is it's actually experience and Reflection that opens the door to understanding reality some years ago I If you'll allow me to share a story It was one of those moments when out of the mouths of babes some comes an insight that then use you keep forever My daughter was talking with her then three-year-old About the fact that in their house when you wrote with magic markers on paper You needed to put down a big piece of paper underneath the paper because the magic marker linked leaked and it made marks on the floor and She said you see there's a mark on the floor and That's why we're going to do this and my granddaughter then looked at that mark on the floor and she said I didn't do it and Her mama who's a very wise mama said honey. It isn't I'm not talking about who did it I'm talking about what we're going to do tomorrow. We're going to put paper underneath that so that doesn't happen again And then Tara looked at it and she said oh Mommy I did it. I Got ink on the floor And her mama said that's alright. It was an accident. You didn't get ink on the floor on purpose So that's why we'll put paper underneath it But Tara she said I want to tell you how proud I am that you told me the truth and Then she said it's hard to tell the truth, isn't it and then Tara sighed Yes She said because when you see what you have done you are so sad and you wish it wasn't you Now what Tara was articulating is what I hope all the 55 year old men who sit in my office Reflecting on their actions would understand is that when you see What you have done you feel sad and you wish it wasn't you Now How do I wrap all this I'm gonna put this all together I promise There was in 1843 a man who was a foreman of a railroad crew by the name of Phineas Gage And if any of you have studied basic psychology, you may remember that Phineas Gage was using a tamping iron to place a charge in a hole in the ground when accidentally the charge went off and the tamping iron went up through the cheekbone and out through the top of Phineas Gage's head and Miracle of miracles he not only recovered, but he actually You know went about his life. He continued to go about his life But the example that was left about Phineas Gage has has promoted a lot of Very useful study and inquiry in the field of psychology Because one of the things that happened to Phineas Gage is that his capacity to learn Was profoundly disturbed by what had happened to his forebrain in the process of having this accident and one thing that had occurred is that He had lost the ability To love the right answer to a question and to hate the wrong answer He had lost what Tara had Which is the ability to look at what you've done and feel sad and then to know next time not to do it so the Contemporary psychologists and neurologists and like Antonio de Massio who's written a wonderful book really about the construction of the human mind he argues that this capacity to Love and hate which we have in popular Thinking about psychology have thought that the emotions were destructive that they led us to do irrational things And that cognition free of emotion was a good deal That actually has now become turned on its head by the thinking about the Circumstances of Phineas Gage that Phineas Gage in fact because he could not What is it animals know but human beings know that they know okay human beings feel But we also know that we feel and the process of knowing that we feel is One of the things that makes us distinctly human and without that capacity. We are hindered and hampered in the world Now it's my belief that he has one minute left to put this together When I was a youth I remember Hearing a young hosane danish give a talk at the Bahá'í Center in my community in which he quoted a Passage of the Bob which is in the Four Valleys. It's the one in which the Bob says Let them not be like those who have forgotten God Whom he hath therefore caused to forget their own selves and I remember the day I heard those words It was like a lock a key put in a lock in the door open. I thought oh my god That's why all the people I know who are struggling with their lives are in trouble Because they don't know who they are. I Guess that's a good place to finish Hello Okay, so I'll be speaking about perspectives of human nature from a public health approach and I'm just gonna walk you through The different ways I'm gonna cover this because public health is a more applied field So I'm gonna just pick and choose a few examples So the first way I'm gonna unpack the way public health approaches human nature is to look at how The public health community defines health The second way is By way of how the public health community writes and thinks about health behavior theory the third way is through approaches to regulation and policy and Finally is the way in which We conceive of the role of the individual within society and As we go through all of these We'll see that the public health community doesn't have a coherent way in which they think about human nature but rather there are a few freely floating patterns of thought and Sometimes these overlap and sometimes they don't But before we start, I'm just gonna tell you a little bit about what public health is Basically the core public health functions are to Assess and monitor the health of communities and populations To formulate policies that address health problems and to ensure that all people have access to health care and Preventative services, so that's basically what we do And it operates at the population level. Now the way I like to actually tell my family what public health is and might like my grandma Is that public health is everything we do Outside of the human body that keeps us healthy now There are obviously other things like vaccinations that we jab people with needles with but largely it's outside of the body So first things first, how does the what what is the mission of public health? The mission of public health is to fulfill Society's interests in assuring the conditions in which people can be healthy That's what we aim to do assure the conditions in which people can be healthy But depending on how you define health Then those conditions are going to be different, right? So as we heard in the indigenous panel yesterday What does it mean to be healthy? How do we define health does health? Incorporate a spiritual dimension These questions aren't answered The World Health Organization though defined health as a complete state of physical mental and social well-being and Not merely the absence of disease Now this definition has been debated a lot since it was proposed 50 years ago Because of exactly the question of what well-being really is Now what's interesting is that in 1998 the World Health Organization revised the definition and they said that health is a dynamic state of physical mental Spiritual and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity But this definition wasn't adopted by the countries of the world and It continues and and the debate on what health is Continues to occupy the minds of public health practitioners But only on the fringe of the discipline what I find fascinating is that we're all really busy trying to make people healthy But we actually don't agree Or actually find unity on what health is Now if we turn to the Disciplines within public health at a typical school of public health you'll find a range of of different disciplines You'll find epidemiology biostatistics health policy and health economics environmental health sciences and health behavior and health education and The least respected and the lowest in the hierarchy of all these is health behavior and health education and that's the work that I do Now it's very it's it's little respected for a number of reasons partly because it comes from a social science background But also to be perfectly honest the health education field hasn't had a great deal of success in promoting and advancing the health of the population and Part of the reason for this is because the health education models and theories that we employ don't encompass a comprehensive view of human reality and they've been as a result unable to consistently tap the roots of human motivation Broadly speaking health behavior theories approach human motivation in two ways You act because you're scared or you act because you're worried about what others Think of you Now this is actually valid because I do act sometimes because I'm scared and I also act sometimes because of what I think are like I don't normally wear ties for example, but today I thought I wondered what you would all think of me if I can so I Were a time so you see it does in fact impact the way we act There's no question that these are powerful human motivators, but not everything we do can be explained according to these two motivators And so there is one exception to this there is a widely used health behavior theory called social cognitive theory Which recognizes the human capacity for self-awareness Self-discipline and self-regulation Which we believe basically are the powers of the higher self Now I think that health behavior theory represents an area where a more complete perspective on human nature Could have profound implications for the way we practice public health and the majority of health behavior theories originate from fields other than health such as psychology or economics as was mentioned and an Interdisciplinary approach would enhance efforts to share the behind perspectives on human nature in the field So partly because health education efforts haven't been an overwhelming success The public health community employs the use of regulation and policy to good ends We might ban something or tax something here or subsidize something with the aim of creating the structures In which healthy choices can be made and This strategy has actually been used with remarkable success and some of the most prominent public health success stories come from the use of Regulation such as tobacco control or the reduction motor vehicle crashes. These are all through regulation and the high and in the Bahá'í writings we also see a role for regulation and structures that basically Constrain our choices or make us Basically, well, I'll leave it at that and we'll talk about that more later But unless we couple regulation With the belief that the human being has the capacity to develop and transform through education Which is what has been mentioned consistently Then there is a pitfall Which public health often falls into of thinking that human behavior and human character is entrenched and incorrigible and only responds to incentives and punishments Also, there are limits to how much you can regulate people's behavior, right? You can't have a policy for everything and regulation has to be coupled with individual and community empowerment Finally, I'm just going to cover the idea of how public health conceives the individual within society and This is an interesting view that the public health community has partly because of the nature of infectious diseases and The way they move through populations The field of public health has for a long time Operated on the premise that individuals in a community are connected Analogous to the world of humanity representing the cells of a single body more recently This recognition has been extended to the study of non-communicable diseases like heart disease and cancer and emerging disciplines and methods explicitly take into account the interconnectedness of people in time and place and The fact that humans can't be separated from their environments And this is another field where again insights from the Baha'i writings can be joined Where we could develop a more complete view of human nature and that's really all I have to say It's the first time a speaker has ever concluded on a two-minute warning in my entire academic experience Thank you, I think We've heard some very rich and diverse insights from many different perspectives that can Assist us as we begin to reflect on on how we can engage these assumptions and conceptions about human nature I'll pose a couple questions and we'll have time for some conversation, but first The program's running a little bit behind schedule and the program convener before I came up Said that we had some time to go maybe to about 1245 but The children who are being taken care of in the children's program We'll still need to be picked up at 1230 if that understanding is correctly is correct In if you have children in the children's program, you should use the next five minutes to slip out quietly Try not to maybe disrupt the Remainer of the program and pick up your children and we'll try and conclude around 1245. Is that sound right Kim? 1240 1240 okay, so I Woke up this morning with thought about how to sort of maybe structure some of the conversation and to do that I want to Read a sentence out of the RIS on 2010 message in which the house of justice Comments on conceptions of human nature that we encounter in the world around us and our response to them They're right in if you want to look this up in that you know in the future It's in the 16th paragraph where they're beginning to talk about the spiritual empowerment of junior youth and they say while global trends Project an image of this age group as problematic Lost in the throes of tumultuous physical and emotional change Unresponsive and self-consumed The Baha'i community in the language it employs And the approaches it adopts is moving decidedly in the opposite direction Seeing in junior youth instead altruism an acute sense of justice Eagerness to learn about the universe and a desire to contribute to the construction of a better world So in the first half of that sentence the house of justice is outlying Widely held conceptions about human nature in this case about the nature of humans of a specific age junior youth and in the second half of the sentence They're offering an alternative conception And they're articulating it so that if we're not yet clear We also need to become clear about this conception but then we need to find ways of introducing this conception In our discourses at the level of the neighborhood the cluster Not to mention even in our professions and so forth, especially those of us who are working in some way with junior youth So I want to use that example from there is on message To sort of bring this this discussion down to the level of our neighborhoods Which is where all of you can certainly share in with the reflection and draw direct connections And then if we have time we'll bring it back up a little bit to maybe that this our professional and academic discourses But so I just want to pose a question to the other panelists What other conceptions of human nature are we encountering in our Discussions and conversations in our neighborhoods in our communities Popular conceptions through the media perhaps that inform some of to to think a little bit about What are some of those prevalent conceptions and how might we engage those what might we Have to offer who might we collaborate with in our efforts to sort of help refine those conceptions Mary Kay, please I think a very dominant conception is that people are divided into good people and bad people and That If for example our Baha'i community is going to undertake its commitment to junior youth in the way that the House of Justice is calling for us to do The first Misconception that must be cleared away Is that we will find the good children? To participate in our junior youth activities, and we will somehow free ourselves from the bad ones and Therefore we will build up something amazing with the good ones This simply is not reality and how we have sustained this notion That there are good people and bad people and that we will just work with the good ones The only way we can sustain that is by lying about the one about the ones that we know well who are having trouble So really it you know what what we have to then Understand in a very powerful level is that working every pot every kind of problem That exists in the human community out out there is here and that the wisdom that we give to it here is The wisdom that will cure it there Yeah, I would say that The vast majority of people who I talked to and actually find this type of reasoning in my own mind as well is like We we often segregate The inherent good and bad qualities within us and and generalize so I you know when I talk to My peers and my and my colleagues The the prevalent notions at work are that everyone is self-interested and selfish and yet they will manifest you know kindness and generosity and sacrifice within certain contexts, so I think there is this some Conflicted or almost schizophrenic approach to notions of human nature that we all hold there is not a coherent idea that these are really Aspects of the single human reality and we have the potential to turn the mirror It's that now there is this little bit here and there's this little bit here Yeah, I would also say there's there's more of a discourse nowadays around especially with everything that's been happening with the economy More more people even like a martiaan sent for example are talking about the role of values in the establishment of markets And and their effective functioning and I think sometimes Just just like we are was saying is that some things are being done Which are in fact from a high perspective? Spiritual but they're not named that way and we don't develop a framework around it in the language That's inclusive of it and instead it's eclectic I think a fundamental assumption which I often see is the Maslow Maslow's Hierarchy of needs which economics really kind of Embraces it. I think because of its seeming value neutrality and But what ends up happening is that there's this assumption that there is no need to develop the higher nature in man that you Satisfy all the basic needs first and then you can do whatever you want and so Going from that conception of human nature which see and and not seeing the spiritual as an option But seeing it as a fundamental part of human existence and how it actually contributes to our health How it actually contributes to a healthier economy how it contributes to reduced conflict in a community Our discourses that people are engaging in and that we can encourage Sometimes just by saying oh so that it I mean, I don't know what words we use sometimes But oh that is a spiritual reality and and just teasing out sometimes the causal relationship for people and then people are like Oh, yeah, I guess so and then the subtle thing underlying this whole thing is how the reality of man is his thought And if we change the way we think about something all of a sudden our behavior starts to change And when I see this repeatedly in the experience with the empowerment program that when junior youth All of a sudden I was I was working with the junior youth and she was trying to say something and I said So you're talking about being patient and she I don't I don't know that she really tagged that word With the concept that was sort of emerging, you know, and when she finally did I could see kind of this relief like ah Yes, and I said that's a spiritual quality and then I I named that and then and then she saw that this was real It's not just a tendon a fleeting tendency, which is not is not is actually disconfirmed in a society which has a Fragmented perception of reality and if the junior youth empowerment program hadn't been there She would have lived her life with this thought that oh, it's just ephemeral Sometimes you feel like you're generous, but if you identify it as a spiritual quality, which we all develop it all of a sudden has a Very different normative structure in our in our behavior, and I'm sure from a more psychological perspective There's more to that, but I've seen that I Want to pick up on what Ryan said and point out a Theme that I saw emerge and in answer to your question I would have said powerlessness that people really believe and talk about how there's nothing they can do in in so many different realms and it I noticed and also I Learned this phrase yesterday from on Thursday from Nava about an architecture of choice And it seems to me that that everyone talked about choice or lack of choices. So part of what economists might do and is Help people Understand the choices that they have differently or make more choices and in terms of personal psychological health if people Recognize that they have choices which they deeply believe they don't have then they could take them and part of what public health is trying to do is to Limit or structure people's choices so that they choose healthy things and it seems to me that perhaps one of the ways that we can think of what the House of Justice is asking us to do and Inviting us to do with communities is to show people or give people a different architecture of choices So that junior youth who's who are power feel that they're powerless because they feel that their choices are going to the mall or You know playing games Their architecture of choice that architecture changes and they could also choose To do service and choose to develop in certain ways So that it's just a thought that it seemed to me carried all the way across Thank you We only have a few minutes left and so what I want to do is close a session with questions that I'm posing to all of you to take beyond this Session and maybe begin sort of expanding this conversations that we're having here Throughout the conference of course, but but also beyond and I want to sort of bring this back to what I started my introductory comments on which is the coherence that we're striving to achieve between the work we're going to begin to be doing in this You know participating in discourses of society and what were the insights and lessons were already learning through our accumulating experience in the expansion and consolidation work, so One question I think we need to ask ourselves is As we participate in the discourse of society, you know, for instance around these conceptions of human nature What sort of tone and posture do we bring to this? We've learned a lot in the field of expansion and consolidation about the failure of argumentation for instance as an effective method About the need to seek out a receptive souls to work with others Who are willing and like-minded Into erase the boundaries between the Baha'i community and all those others in the world who are work contributing to advancement of civilization alongside of us So I think in that area of learning about tone and posture and so forth Is a lot to be worked out in the area of discourse still But there is a kernel of essential insights we need to begin to apply. So how do we approach? participation in the discourse of society in our professions in academia In the United Nations through the external affairs work in our local clusters and communities and What are the what nature of our relationships and our tone and our engagement will we need to adopt? another thing, you know, we're learning in the area of expansion and consolidation is the essential importance of working in teams That teams are the unit really that contribute to the generation of knowledge and insight and practical learning Teams are the unit within which consultation action and reflection makes sense. How does one consult by themselves? In an action reflection cycle, but what will this concept of teams mean as we begin to participate in discourse? How do we work with others in other words? in Engaged processes of consultation action and reflection in a given space as we engage a particular discourse over time another area of insight that raises questions, I think Has to do with no one of the other elements of the conceptual framework We will need to begin to develop over time that structures are our contributions to discourse so if Conceptions of human nature are maybe one of those core concepts those core elements of A framework that will emerge. What are the other elements that will need to begin clarifying and articulating? Another important question of course has to do with our motives as we participate in discourse and the House of Justice Very specifically referred to this in the Rizwan message and warned us in no uncertain terms That we do not bring the same motives to this area of endeavor as we do to the expansion and consolidation work But there's a lot to be worked out still in terms of the relationships between these three areas in our minds a set of questions We need to begin grappling with so I would just want to close by by thanking the panelists who I think all offer very rich Insights there are many many of you in the audience who could just as easily have been on this Panel because we have among us a fabulous wealth of insights. I look forward to hopefully hearing more from you There is a follow-up session to this panel for those of you who are interested to expand the conversation and bring more of you into it This afternoon at 4 p.m. In the Georgia Bee room So People are welcomed to attend that if they want And I'll just the last thing I want to say then which gets to this last set of comments people were talking on If we think about conceptions of human nature What we find in so many fields is Our caricatures of human nature and I say caricatures because they're elements of truth to them, of course What characters do is they reduce Down to a set of features that they then exaggerate Right, that's a caricature. It's a reduction and an exaggeration of Features that are nonetheless real So as we engage in so many discourses and we begin to sort of probe and try and uncover the Conceptions and assumptions about human nature Sometimes what we'll find are these caricatures I think we need to be careful how we engage them first We don't want to dismiss the features that they are actually pointing to that are real Dr. Akavan, I think in his comments this morning reminded us in very sobering way of the reality of our inhumanity right of The play of power and self-interest of the depravity to which the human soul can lower itself So we need to acknowledge and not be naive as we engage others in discussions of human nature But we also need to recognize the limitations and the exaggerations of these caricatures And it's part of our job then is to fill in the right the missing lines To complete the picture to refine refine the conception and it happens at every level Even in the most basic everyday use of language Think about the expression. Oh That's just human nature What sort of behavior preceded that expression? It was a self-interested behavior a greedy behavior Some expression of the lower nature Which is in followed rationalized dismissed by the expression. Oh, that's just human nature So this these caricatures have instantiated themselves not only in our minds, but even in our language At a profound level and there's an enormous amount of work that we have in front of us then to Refine our conceptions refine our use of language in these ways as Part of a contribution to the advancement of civilization So we'll close on that note and I look forward to Conversations with many of you through the remainder of the conference and thank you again to our panelists


It was old, older than God, older than the hundred foot pines that towered above. It looked like a submarine hatch, sitting on a low concrete rise planted firmly in the forest floor. It wore a tight beard of pine needles over a rusted wheel handle with bolts the size of apples. It took both of us to get the handle the turn, metal groaned in protest, screamed as it shaved away the layer of rust that had welded it shut. Together we pulled the lid open. It was heavy, heavier than a house. Then it split back on its hinge with a sigh of stale air. Darkness seemed to spill out of the hatchway, like it had been bottled up for eons and was now ready to infect the world. It looked as though a great metal mouth had opened up in the forest floor.  We peered down. A surface ladder of rebar-like rungs descended the dark concrete bore into the great unknown. Hazy overcast sunlight fought the darkness and lost, penetrating a meager five feet before shadow claimed the hole for its own. Sammy found a rock that looked like a cat's head, negotiated it over the hatch and dropped it down. It whistled off into darkness. We waited. Two teenagers in the woods of Washington listening for a sound that never came, that rock hitting the bottom. I was spending a month of summer with my cousin Sammy at our grandma's place up in northern Washington. It was a gray, unsunny July. I'd only been there a day, but a kingdom of storm clouds had rolled in off the ocean and pitched camp over our corner of Washington, issuing unto it low, endless drizzle that left the world soggy and awful. But today the clouds had parted, pulling back in a blast of sunlight. With the weather cooperating, me and Sammy's daily dose of mischief had let us out through the trees behind grandma's house. The woods were a wide, primordial riot, not entirely claustrophobic, but dense enough that the massive pines would be warring for root space. We'd followed a thin vein of hiking trail, eventually breaking off on our own in search of someplace suitable.  We brushed away a thin skeleton of branches, a great bed of moss, a tangle of brush to finally unearth the thing that resembled something city workers in bright orange vest might descend to access a gas main, which was odd because it bore no markings to denote its origin, not even warnings with penal codes to dissuade would be vandals. It was anonymous and disconcerting, like its lack of designation meant it didn't belong, like it was an interloper. Sammy had asked me something. I looked up at her. What is it? She repeated, curious gaze pinned on the hatch. I don't know. I told her. I don't know what it is. I knew it was old, older than God, older than the hundred foot pines that towered above. The hatch was open and Sammy wanted to go down. Come on, Liam. She groaned. It'll be fun. We'll poke around to take some shots for our feeds.  I shot back. Social media is the death of rational thought. True, she grumbled, but what are we supposed to do? Hang out with grandma all day and watch rebel without a cause with commercials? I took a long pensive drag on the stale Winston, not wanting to admit that I was kind of terrified. Not only was I worried about the hatch lids slamming on us, trapping us in, but the thought of climbing down that shadowy ladder of disappearing into the earth's dark, quiet belly made me want to vomit. Luckily, I didn't have to make excuses. It started to rain. Shit, Sammy hissed as the first spray of drizzle fell in gray sheets. Help me close it. Don't want it to flood. The rain was a fine mist, nothing more than a sneeze. And I doubted very much if it would flood. But I was more than happy to help her seal off that dark orifice. We did together before heading back through the trees, leaving the hatch behind. We were soaked through by the time we made it back to grandma's. She fixed us up plates of hot lasagna and we all watched James Dean's effortless cool and rebel with the commercials. My grandma's house was not unimpressive. It was a two-story Victorian rising in a collage of faded red and white from a wide lot of crab grass. The open property hemmed by a wrought iron fence, all of it seemingly weighed down by 100 years of history. It looked like something out of a Tim Burton movie. A gothic manor surrounded by woods, a lone raft stranded in a sea of trees. I was staying in my dad's old digs, a mess of ancient band posters and records, breezy punk stuff like the gun club and the wipers. Despite all the vinyl, I was plugged into Spotify and Bowie was wailing Moon Age daydream when Sammy slipped in face bright with mischief. Come on, she said in an excited, breezy whisper, let's go. It was late, dark and late. I thought she'd gone to bed, but she claimed a spot on the edge of my bed charged with nervous energy. I lost my headphones and shifted to look at her, her eyes wide and excited. What? Go?  The thing, the hole in the ground, the mention of the hatch, the mouth, made my skin crawl. What? I said, no way, it's like midnight, it's atmospheric. She countered, it's pitch dark out. So? We'll vlog it or something, record it, I don't know, it'll be fun. I groaned, shook my head, no way, then I'll go without you, Sammy huffed, into the hole in the middle of the night. Yup, totally alone. So if I get molested by sub-dwelling mutants, it's on you, because you're the older cousin and all.  She smiled, a dimple forming beside her mouth, clearly amused at having manipulated me into a stalemate of mutually assured destruction. I was caught, either I go with her and keep her in check or I let her go alone and something might happen. She was 15, only a year younger than me, but impulsive and brash and it wouldn't surprise me if she got hurt. I could claim ignorance, but if something happened, I wouldn't be able to live with myself. Despite being just cousins, we'd always been close. Sammy could drive me up the wall, but I still loved her and I could see in her eyes that she wouldn't be swayed.  Ugh, let's get some flashlights, I said. I prayed for rain, I knew wouldn't come. The clouds had burned off in the moonlight, leaving the heavens bright and clear. We'd found a set of headlamps in grandma's junk drawer and navigated the low woods by the watery beams they provided. I had also taken an old Swiss army knife. It was made of rust and looked like it had survived the Great War, but I took it just in case. I was hoping I wouldn't need it, hoping we wouldn't thine the hatch, hoping it would be lost in the riot of trees. But something deep down, a high tickle in the deepest wrinkles of my soul, told me we would find it. And we did, almost immediately. It resolved out of the darkness, a small brutalist platform rising out of the still damp soil. Had it been so close before? It must have been, must have. The army was recording us with her phone, posting them on Instagram or something, who knows. My vision had whittled down to a dizzying pinprick, and all I could hear was the hot rush of blood pounding through my ears. I hoped her tug opened the hatch, vaguely heard myself ask if she really wanted to do this. Of course I do. She said with a tight smile as she pocketed her phone, it'll be exciting. Then she mounted the ladder and started off down the hatch. That sound only could have been made by the hatch lid slamming shut. We'd been climbing down the narrow bore for five minutes, each rung burning, with a hot metal freeze that nibbled through flesh and seemed to lick at the bone. When there had been a loud metallic report, thunk, we both froze on the ladder. Sammy just below me, panning like a tired dog. What was that? I whispered, hauling stale air through my aching lungs. Why are… Sammy started in her normal voice before dropping in an octave. Why are you whispering? What was that? I asked again. But I didn't have to ask. I already knew. She did too. I heard the growing scuffle of her climbing back up the ladder. I started too. One white hot rung after the next. My palms burning. My heart beating its angry fist against my ribs. The climb up was hard. My body seemed to weigh too much. Like each limb was encased in lead as I pulled myself up, up, nearing what I knew I'd find. And I was right. The hatch was closed. I pounded on it, screamed, knowing that the only ones to hear would be us. I chipped away at it with the army knife to no avail. We tried our phones, first mine then Sammy's, pressing the devices to the lid's rough rusted skin. No reception. Nothing but the mouth, I thought. No one but us. Two teenagers trapped in an awful ladder with nowhere to go but down. I don't like this. Sammy croaked.  I didn't like it either. It was wrong. It was so, so wrong. It was, it was a pyramid of rocks. The climb down the ladder had been impossible. Time fell away, shifting into a dull blur that didn't much matter. All that mattered was finding your footing as you lowered yourself down, down, rung after rung, step after step. It might have been an hour or 10, but a while later, a long, long while, we hit a wide concrete room. It was about the size of your average backyard. The ceiling low, unblemished spare the circular opening through which the ladder ran. Shadows shifted in danced and black relief as we played our headlights across the dark space. On the wall opposite the ladder stood a wide ruined opening. Nothing but darkness beyond it. The massive bank vault style door that had once filled it sat in a twisted broken heap nearby torn free of its hinges by something that was disturbing. It sent a sudden flood of hot dread filling my guts like boiling water. But what was worse was the pyramid. It stood in the center of the room like a shitty roadside art sculpture, a painstaking pyramid fashioned out of countless rocks. I knew where those stones had come from. Sammy did too. They'd been dropped from the above by people like us, hundreds of them, thousands sacrificed to the darkness of the earth. The mouth. I knew because topping the pyramid like a Christmas tree star was the rock Sammy had dropped earlier. The exact same one, no doubt about it, tucked carefully atop the mountain of stones placed there by someone. Something a high trembling sound like an animal in a snare filled the room as the reality of the situation hit Sammy. She'd started to cry. She was losing it unraveling at the seams, sitting on the floor knees to her chest rocking and sobbing and apologizing for bringing me down here. We had to move. My whole body was one big screaming ache. And if we let exhaustion ease its warm blanket over our shoulders, we'd never get going. I saw it air through my lungs and boiled it into authority. We have to go. I said, she sniffled what her voice was nasally. She raised a trembling finger to the cracked entryway across the room through the hair. I nodded struck one of the matches I still had from the cigarettes. The flame wavered, guttered as a breeze tugged at it. There's a breeze. I said air flow another way out. She sniffled shook her head. No, no way. I say we wait here. Wait for someone to open the hatch. No one knows we're down here. I reminded her. No one but what if she started looking at the pyramid of rocks. She lowered her voice a horse whisper. If that thing that made that is in there, where else would it be? I fought, but I didn't say that I needed her in motion. We have nowhere else to go. I said nowhere. She looked at me, her face pale and ghostly in the light of my headlamp. Her eyes were puffy, red, bright with terror. Then she summoned her courage like one would a lung full of air and nodded. I hauled her to her feet and we started off through the doorway. There's someone following us, Sammy said in a choked whisper. The entryway had fed us into an underground hospital. It was abandoned, left to rot beneath the earth. A maze of scarred linoleum hallways, moldering gurneys with thick leather straps, blown out doorways with padded rooms beyond. No, not a hospital, an asylum or a laboratory, a kind of psycho mixture of both. Its construction spoke of a time before technology and the advancement of human rights. Wood walls and popcorn ceilings were shredded, torn to ribbons, like a feral something had been set loose. Rusty smears of dried blood texture the white darkness here and there. It was awful. Each footfall, each pull of breath, all sound seemed to echo, clang, reverberate through the white walls of this underground labyrinth. It was like a nightmarish painting. It was the mouth. Up until then, we'd been negotiating slowly, rounding corners, finding more shadow-soaked hallways, passing an overturned reception desk, more padded cells, driven forth by terror and primal survival instinct. Then Sammy had whispered in my ear, her breath hot, her voice hoarse with terror, there's something following us. I froze, a cold inflection of goosebumps when sprouting up over my body. My lungs were tight, empty of air. My heart was pounding with icy fear. I turned slowly, not wanting to make a sound, afraid that if I did, it might make the someone real. She must have imagined it. There was no one. There was. Then I saw the eyes. Two dull, milky pinpricks hovering just outside the light of our headlamps. They were head-level, higher than head-level, unblinking, hovering, and watching, eyes. Sammy's body was right up against mine. She was wound up like an overtorked screw, terror-radiated from her. In hot waves, I could feel fear beating through her veins, kathump, kathump. The eyes moved so suddenly that both of us screamed. They surged forward without any warning, rushed at us, the thing, the something, the awful sub-dwelling mutant that would devour our hot intestines while we were still shrieking. I saw its crooked, emaciated silhouette lumbering and lurching towards us, a tall, broken thing, its arms stick-like and so impossibly thin.  Then the creature hit our pool of light, and the eyeballs popped out of thin air like the light had banished that thing, leaving only two marbles which clattered down hit the floor, bounced and rolled to our feet. They stared up at us, pale, seeing and somehow blasphemous. Sammy and I jerked back and bolted like the wind. My cousin screamed and yanked me back just as solid ground dropped out beneath me. We'd been in a blind rush, a blur of hallway scrolling by, passing padded cells with shadows that moved within them, when the floor had suddenly stopped being. Sammy grabbed my shirt and jerked me back just as I went tumbling out over the sudden chasm. After a gut-wrenching sound of uncertainty, I found myself on solid ground, looking down at the vast, empty, nothingness. There was a 20-foot canyon separating the side from the other, a thin, splintery plank board running across it. It looked like someone had shoveled out a massive, crude pit in the hallway of the underground nightmare. We peered down, hauling air through broken lungs, hearts pounding, not sure what we were seeing. A solid knot of arms and legs, inner-woven and laced together, filled out the bottom of the abyss. They were gray, broken, decayed, torn flesh hung from bone, massive boils filled with hot pus textured rotting skin. But this wasn't a shallow grave, and they weren't the departed. As soon as our light hit them, they slithered apart, breaking away like a hive of snakes under the burning heat of a magnifying glass. Solid full heads, pained and drawn in agony, recoiled from the light, broken human-like things, forcing themselves off into shadow to reclaim what little salvation they had. They hissed and moaned and chuckled with insane humor like condemned souls cast from heaven, forever banished to this pit of darkness for an existence of raw pain. Oh my god, Sammy croaked. Oh my god. But there was no god in this place. It was a great blasphemy born from the sin of the unrighteous. It was awesome and awful. It was a low sound came from behind us, tucked into the cacophony of torment. Sammy didn't hear it, too taken with a pit of the damned. I slowly turned, turned, my heart fluttering with icy dread, my stomach nodding in on itself. But the hallway behind us was empty. I blew a relieved sigh. The giant meat spider exploded out of the darkness with a throaty screech, a blur of limbs carrying it across the scuffed ceiling. But they weren't limbs, they were human arms and legs. It gasped as it rattled down the wall, hissing and pulsing with hideous life as it joined the floor and surged forward. It bubbled into the light. A nightmarish set of conjoined twins, two separate androgynous entities melded together, appendages beginning where others ended, scraps of face in all the wrong places, eyeballs and noses and mouths all scattered about its lumpy, fleshy form. It was a nightmare of terrible industry and its head, much like a spider's, was bulbous and truly heinous. Patches of hair textured its lumpy scalp above rows of eyeballs and a wide mouth of thick razor teeth. Sammy turned, screamed and stepped back. It was instinctive, a single misplaced move that sent her out over empty space. She reached out for me, her fingertips skimming my arm as she issued a surprised noise. Then she was gone, plummeting into the sea of souls swallowed by the mass of forgotten bodies. I heard her shriek, heard her wail in bright agony as those things tore her limb from limb, picking her apart like a mean kid with a stunned fly. Then I looked up and a fleshy mass of teeth and eyes and hatred was atop me. The meat spider tore me down into darkness. I awoke in a biblical spiderweb to the reek of death. It was a dark, sticky place, hot with a stench of dead things.  I looked around, my eyes adjusting to the gloomy haze, I'd lost my headlamp. Fibrous white nets resolved out of the darkness, stretching to and fro like an entropic masterpiece, all of it seemingly random, in oddly beautiful in its precision. An incredible tapestry of psycho nature, massive cocooned lumps textured the space scattered throughout the nest like sleeping beauties. They were prey. And so was I. I couldn't move. I was melded to a wall of webbing by a spray of fiber, not entirely cocooned, but imprisoned in a straight jacket of dreadful string. I tried to scream, but my mouth was gagged with a shred of webbing. I issued a low muffled shriek, the sound of despair. Then the entire formation began to tremble with a low vibration. I heard a tight hiss, saw a dark shape skitter by.  I heard congested slurping, things tearing, flesh and bone snapping apart. It was feeding, and it would come for me next. I slowly began to struggle, trying to work some slack into my binds, but they held firm. I felt something in my back pocket. I patted it desperately. The Swiss Army knife. I worked it out, popped the blade as the noise of feeding slowed as the awful meat spider shredded its fill from one of its victims. I eased the rusty blade through the webbing and began to saw. It was like cutting through canvas. The web behind me instantly began to slacken, splitting apart, losing its tension as, oh god. Oh no. The meat spider lunged, drenched in still hot blood, moving with that deliberate speed afforded only to creepy crawlies. It was coming for me. Arms and legs pumping, its misshapen form throbbing with terrible heat. I worked the Swiss Army knife harder, faster, hacking away blindly, hatcheting apart the web holding me captive, and I could smell it. Oh god, the reek of ancient rot of things dead and decayed and hate, and it was here. Oh god, it was here. The meat spider lunged. For a terrifying instant, all I saw were eyes and teeth. There was a horrible intelligence in those eyes, an awful cunning that reminded me so much of the dead-eyed stare of serial killers in court. Then the web split beneath me, and I fell. I was tumbling down, down, plummeting like a stone, the ground black and solid and rushing towards me.  It wasn't solid ground. It was an angry rush of water.  I snapped this way and that, barking my arms and legs and brain off lips of rock that seemed to bite out at me. Here that reeked of rotten gasoline and the thousands of dead things it had washed away flooded my mouth, filled my lungs. I choked and fought and tumbled downstream until blackness expanded. I awoke in a drainpipe to the first light of dawn. It painted strange shapes on the curved concrete bore in which I was delivered. I folded over and vomited a warm spray of water. A thin trickle ran from the darkness of the pipe, issuing through my hands hair, flushing me with sobriety. That darkness repulsed me, made my skin ache and crawl. I staggered towards the light, fought my way out into a rocky shore. Seagulls were honking angrily, fighting over a scrap of meat on the beach. Other seabirds twisted through the foggy air above gray waters. The ocean heaved at my feet. I looked up at the sky and cried. A trucker found me, limping along the highway like an abused dog. I didn't struggle when he dragged me to the car. I collapsed limply into his arms and let myself be taken. He rushed me to the nearest hospital. I found out I was eighty miles from Grammus.  I started this account, hoping it would bring me peace, hoping it would help me come to terms with the trauma I'd faced. It hasn't helped at all. The police are still looking for that hatch and for Sammy's body. It's been two days and they've found neither. I was hoping normality would return, would burn away the nightmares that have haunted me since I've been back, but it hasn't. When I shut my eyes, I see things, things I'd seen out of the corner of my eyes in those padded rooms, unspeakable horrors that belong not in this world, but in a place far beyond it. God save them. It's an empty platitude, but it's all I can offer. God save them. Hey everyone, remember to like and subscribe if you enjoyed the video, and a special thank you to the author The Crooked Boy for allowing me to narrate such a terrifying story. Make sure to check out more of the author's work, there's a link in the description. If you'd like to support me further, there's a link to my Patreon in the description. And remember, if you find a hatch in the middle of the woods, for the love of God, don't open it.


Two sides at opposite ends of the league. One table go head-to-head at the matroom stadium tonight as relegation Threatened late Noreant play host to promotion chasing Bradford City Cox gets it under control and manages to Fashion and effort goal would switch Jordan Pickford picks off rather easily promising signs though for the home side Still it's late more and making the early running here. It's a chance for Henselard It's off the underside of the crossbar Dagnall with the effort and somehow Bradford get it clear Looney's follow-up blocks, but it was Dagnall have the real chance Here's volley off the underside of the bar and down to safety over the top Hanson takes a touch and then fires the shot and what a shot James Hanson a Peach of a goal the big man shows the deftness of touch Yates his pass was pretty good, but how about this for a finish? exceptional 20 minutes gone Bradford get in front Once a lot comes in Manages to get his head to the ball first, but Pickford is there made to wait but now He can deliver and it's a really teasing ball and Hanson is there It's a double The big James Hanson and what a big goal it could be for Bradford As they chased down a spot in the league one playoffs And they're showing no signs of an FA Cup hangover here again Resolute defending from the Bansams Looking to take this two-goal lead in at the break Mooney though looking to halve the deficit before the break and cocks with the effort But it's always rising once a lot Dispossessed and Bradford quick into the challenge and they could be in here for a fan. It's Zocco and So it's that Max the save and then again to deny the follow-up from Billy Clark and Alex Issac Comes to late noise rescue not once but twice Another set piece another opportunity for late Naurian to threaten. It's gone right around the back claims Think from Bradford that they want a free kick in there, but still play goes on still It's late Naurian attacking cocks his effort is blocked So is Vance a lot and it's just not going to drop for Fabio Leverrani side is it? Still the red shirts poor Ford still Bradford holding firm low There's a bit more defending to do here as Mooney gets the shot away and Pickford falls on it Great for Luke have lost just twice since November coupled with their exploits in the FA Cup Here they come looking to wrap up the three points tonight and Sissac has to make another save This time to deny holiday steps over it And it goes from Lowry and Pickford pulls it away Pickford stays on his line Zocco's made a bit of a mess of it, and then it's off of the line in the end Dagnall was there to pounce But the frustration continues for the O's and the cross is delivered by Sawyer It's flicked in by Dagnall and Pickford is there again thou shalt not pass That will do it Phil Parkinson's side go to within a point of the league one playoffs For late in orient the opportunity to move out of the relegation places has been missed beaten tonight by two goals to nil Bradford March on


Recall in a job costing system, direct materials, direct labor, and applied, or estimated manufacturing overhead, are posted to individual job records. When the total of all the job records are added together, this represents work in process. The costs remain grouped in work and process by job until they are completed. Then they are transferred to finished goods inventory. When sold, the job costs are transferred to costs of goods sold. So job costing is very neat. We take materials, apply labor and overhead, and deliver completed products to our customers all wrapped up in a nice, neat package. Process costing, in contrast, is kind of messy. The concepts are still the same. Labor and overhead are applied to materials to create finished products, but there are significant differences. Process costing is a series of manufacturing processes where materials and conversion costs are added in each process. Costs in each process are accumulated and transferred to the next process once the first process is completed. Costs from new processes are added as products move through the production process. Each time having additional costs added as new processes are completed. Costs are transferred to finished goods inventory only from the whip inventory of the final manufacturing process. This cost is known as the cost of goods manufactured. Finally, when products are sold, costs are transferred out of finished goods inventory and into costs of goods sold. So this past summer I was in Hershey, Pennsylvania and took a tour of their chocolate production plant. Let's look at some of the footage and how it applies to process costing. You'll see over 10 processes with conversion costs being added all the time. All of the machinery that you see, well, that's overhead, that's conversion costs. Several of the processes, materials are added as well. So for the visual learners, I hope this helps you understand process costing and go ahead and enjoy my family home movies. Let's not get ahead of ourselves. It's true that milk is an important part of the process but let's start at the beginning. Clear at the Hershey factory where the cocoa beans arrive from profitable areas all over the world. From here, the beans are sorted as computers supervise the process sending the cocoa beans through cleaning machines like the one on the right. Any dried pods, stones, or other foreign matter are carefully removed. Hershey's quality standards are of utmost importance to us and only after the beans are cleaned and screened are they set on to our blending machines. Cocoa beans have different flavors depending on where they're grown. And blending machines, such as those on the left, combine the beans from various countries in just the right proportions to maintain that unique Hershey flavor. These blend, they're then set ahead to be roasted in large revolving roasters like this one. The roasted cocoa beans are then ready to move on to the next stage of the process. A process that will begin to transform plain cocoa beans into Hershey's milk chocolate. It begins right up ahead with a process known as breaking. With the beans now roasting, they arrive here at the breaking chamber where the shells are shattered into tiny fragments. What's left is called the nip the part of the bean actually used to make chocolate. The nips now pass through the blending machines as seen on the left. This grinding process generates extremely which melts the nip into a liquid called chocolate liquid. Of course, this liquid has no alcohol content. This is the liquid for which all chocolate is made. Next, this large press machine is used to squeeze cocoa butter from the chocolate liquid. This cocoa butter will be added back later in the process to make the chocolate smooth and clean. Well, now we've come to that all important element, milk, and who better to tell us about it than the experts themselves. The gals are right. Milk is how Hershey's chocolate gets its special flavor and the extra added nutritional value. As the gals say, it's nutritious. In fact, hundreds of farms around this region and thousands of cows supply over a quarter of a million gallons of milk each and every day. Now in central blending, it's the heart of the Hershey's chocolate making process. Here milk, sugar, and chocolate liquor are brought together and mixed in just the right proportions to create that special Hershey's taste. As the milk and sugar is combined with cocoa, it's mixed together until it becomes a smooth blend of milk chocolate. But we're not done yet. From here, the liquid chocolate leaves the large containers in this chamber where it will be dried once again. Yes, that's right. This liquid mixture is now conveyed to dryers such as the one you see on your left. The dryer removes excess moisture which results in chocolate crumb. The machine up ahead adds cocoa butter into the mix which transforms it into a smooth chocolate paste ready for refining. What's that wonderful smell? That's right. After all that shaking, breaking, baking, and flaking, we're finally coming up with Hershey's milk chocolate. But there's still a ways to go before it's finished. On your left is a series of roll refining machines. The refining process grinds the chocolate until it reaches a uniform and smooth consistency. Next, as seen on your left, the chocolate is further refined by a new process called conching. Beats heavy rollers refining chocolate for up to 72 hours until it reaches a silken, liquid texture. The material that leaves the conching process is called chocolate paste. This machine supplied production lines with over one million pounds of chocolate paste per day. Now, after all that ever is, we're finally ready to make our Hershey's chocolate bar. Here on your right, chocolate bars are leaving the molding line. They're then cooled and removed from the mold, the final step before being wrapped. And with our milk chocolate made to perfection, we then have peanuts, almonds, and other extras to create a world of wonderful chocolate treats. Here you see the completely automated wrapping machines putting the finishing touch on Hershey's world-famous chocolate and candy products.


SCP-017 is a shadow person, who can consume any item, which casts a shadow on it. And it is similar to SCP-017 have appeared globally, and civilians may be in mortal danger. You must follow safety orders to stay safe. You must not go outside at night, under any circumstances. At night the shadow people are at their most dangerous, and will consume anything close to them. If you must travel, do it in vain and make sure to stay in well it areas. The SCP Foundation is working on containing the entities, please do not interfere with Foundation operations. Rest assured that the situation will be resolved soon. The SCP Foundation. Secure. Contain. Protect.