It is the 9th of April, 2021. A very good morning to you. Thank you very much for keeping it Y254. My name is Ram Maguco. We are broadcasting live from the broadcasting house here in Nairobi, Kenya. It is Y254 TV. We appreciate your presence right here on this show. This is Power Talk, a conversation that we are having today is one that has interested so many people, organizations, government entities and individuals. Today we are talking about toxic relationships. That's right. Toxic relationships. That is what we shall be conversing today. Remember, according to statistics and research that has been done so far, we have data from the National Crime Research Center which shows that lifetime prevalence of sexually and gender-based violence for women stands at 38% against 20.9% for men as of now. This is what has been mostly aligned to toxic relationship, violence, hate. When we talk about toxic relationships, what do we mean? Today on Power Talk, we are having a conversation to help us with Pastor Ken Okoth. He is joining me today. He is a motivational speaker. He is a lecturer and a teacher. He is also a counselor who teaches at the African Nazarene University. Karibusana Pastor. Thank you so much. And it's a pleasure having you. You're also joining me today. I'm also joined by none other than Susan Nganga. He is a youth leader and founder of Prime Holiday Adventures. Karibusana Susan. Thank you. Thank you for having me. Sara Nganga, sorry. Yes. All right.  This is Power Talk. You can be part of this conversation right here. The hashtag is always a Power Talk show on Twitter. Head over to Twitter. Give us your thoughts in regards to these toxic relationships. Should we move on? When do we move on? That is a question. Give us your take on Facebook. Also Y254 is very confined as the hashtag is Power Talk show on Twitter, at Y254 channel, at Ram, at Google. Let's get this show going. We shall sample your feedback as we continue. Remember, we also ask our viewers to send in their thoughts if you're not going to be available on Twitter or Facebook. You can also send us a one minute clip of yourself telling us what you think about toxic relationships. When should we move on? OK, we shall sample those clips as we continue with this conversation this morning. Karibunisana. Asante. All right. Let me start with the first of all dispensing of this. We are talking about toxic relationships, but some of you may wonder, is my relationship toxic? How can I know that I am in a toxic relationship? Just from the definition, what is a toxic relationship in your view, Sarah? Toxic relationship. I mean, when maybe you're not happy and you feel like the relationship is not benefiting you, maybe as it's used to, or the intentions as to why you got into the relationships are not well-served. I think that's when you now get aware that I'm in a relationship. When you feel like whatever you wanted is not what you get. Yes. OK. I think a toxic relationship, first of all, maybe to define what a relationship must be defined within friendship. And in a friendship environment, people's interests and needs are always met within a friendship or a relationship. When somebody's interests are never taken into consideration, they feel hurt. To the point that there's some relationship that a partner may become kind of a jealous and therefore a dangerous person to be in a relationship with, that's when you know it is toxic. And just to dispense of it even further, if I want to leave the house and go to town, my partner says, no, you cannot do that. Does that qualify as one sign that I'm in a toxic relationship? Because you said not getting to be able to do what you want in that environment. Yes. Does that also qualify? It may seem so. Communication is a dynamic thing. The tone variation. The tone of the person who is speaking and how you perceive that kind of communication may be able to show you whether the person is really infringing on your rights or not. Because sometimes they may say no, but they are saying it in a friendly way and giving you some kind of advice and reasons for you not going to town at that moment. Some people just say no and they are adamant. Just hold your microphone closer to your mouth. Yes. And so they say no.  It shows that they are just in a situation in which they are commanding. They are having their way while your interests are not taken care of. OK. Let me come to you. When someone says that they are being abusive to you, how far and how deep can our relationship be toxic? What are the elements that shows that this thing is actually getting to a point of no return? When maybe your partner heats you or maybe you're having a difference when it comes to communication. Like our friend here is saying, I can be saying no to something just to hurt you, not because I want you maybe to go to town, but I want to tell you that don't go just for my selfishness or personal gains. So I think when maybe the communication, you lose the communication. And then the next time you're fighting, it gets physical. So if someone says, don't do this, then that relationship is toxic? Not really, but you should get the reasons as to why that person is saying no. Maybe you've asked for something, or maybe you really need something. Or maybe you're having a difference when it comes to interest. So that's when now maybe it becomes physical. Not really saying no, but the reasons as to why that person is disagreeing with you on certain issues. So they disagree with you without giving possible reasonable valid reasons. If I am to give different examples also. We have scenarios where husbands and wives may disagree at some point in the house. And the husband tells the wife, or the wife tells the husband, I would like you to stop interacting with the person X, Y, and Z, and stop going to place A, B, and C. Does that also give someone the lack of freedom? And someone will say that, hey, you can't force me to do what you want. Thereby making them go get into a disagreement. And that's what leads to domestic violence. To a given extent, yes. But you've got to realize that our backgrounds sometimes nurture us in a given environment to the point that when we express ourselves, our background comes into the picture. Sometimes the way we speak, the way we communicate, is a very key component of our relationship with the person that we do have before us, especially when it comes to marriage relationship. In the beginning, we were talking just about people relating. It may be just a relationship that is starting that has not really led to marriage. Especially now when people start to live together, that's when you realize who people really are. I always tell people that it is in marriage when the gifts of the Holy Spirit will be tested in your life. And so at that point, somebody will be who they are. In the beginning parts of relationship, the preliminary stages, people hide their feelings, they had what they. You may never really know what somebody loves and what they don't love. But in a relationship now that is in the confine of marriage, then you will always know a person for who they are. And when they say no to something, they may think that they have rights. But marriage, even marriage is based on friendship. Can you be able to predetermine someone's toxicity at the initial stages before even getting married to them? I think you can. You can when you get to interact with a person deeply. Deeply, and how deep is deep? You can't hide everything. And you'll always spot something that maybe doesn't make you happy. And it's better at that point you point it out. You know, I don't like this, I don't like that. So that your partner knows that she doesn't, when I go or I step at this point. And that's when now the respect comes in. So when you start living with a person, it becomes a little bit easier because now you know what the person wants. They might, I agree with you, some hide, especially maybe things that they think, you know, when this person realizes it, they realize that I'm like this, she's going to run away or he's going to leave me. So they hide, but there are some things that you can take and there are some things that you cannot take. So, and you better lay them. So how do you really rate? Pastor, you've done cancelling for many people. Yes, a lot of time. It includes also those... My everyday life. It's part of your life. Everyday life. As you cancel someone, can you be able to predetermine that this person is actually someone who has violent tendencies? You can. It's, I, as a counselor, can. And you know my role as a counselor is not to make decisions for people. But to give them an ability and capacity to make decisions in a godly way. For themselves. For themselves. And in many times, in our conversations, like maybe the first time when I'm cancelling somebody and they come, I sit with my wife and we sit with them and we ask them about their backgrounds so that we can be able to know their faith values that we may be able to know where they have come from. People's values are within their cultures. And so, yes, their culture. Culture carries a lot of things. And you know that culture is hidden in a language. So most of the time, our first language orient us to a given culture. You may be a luo, but born in a situation in which the environment does not give you an opportunity to really be a luo. So the culture of the surrounding will always come into play whenever you talk to people. And as you talk to people, you realize that sometimes they're not very compatible. You ask them simple questions like, how many children would you like to have? And then ladies would say four or two. And then this young man would say six. But in most of these conversations, men are always erratic. Because they want more children. In their view, their perception and their worldview makes them be erratic because they are not ready to dialogue. You realize the lady may say four, but they still have room to talk. And ladies are very cooperative. They are very cooperative, especially to a person who wants to reason with them. And even today, I always tell men in my church that all problems in marriage relationship begin with men. It's only that ladies work with a jerry can or petrol. When they realize that a situation is difficult, they don't know how to handle it, and they pour more petrol to it. So Pastor, you're saying most or in other words, all toxic relationships are to be blamed to the men. It's only that now the women fuel it up. They fuel it up. So it's the men who have that problem. Men always have a leadership role that God has given them. And so many times, they use that role knowingly or unknowingly to start a problem even without them knowing. Do you agree with that, Sarah? She doesn't want to know me. How do I let her know she doesn't want to know me? She doesn't want to know me. She doesn't want to know me. What do you think? Interestingly, but not in all cases. Yeah, not in all cases, because, you know, bottom line, it depends on the reason as to why you want to be in that person's life. So and for your own reasons, if you're malicious, then it works against you. So I don't agree that men are all causes of relationship marriages, issues around things. And I want to chip in. In many of my cases, situations, not real life, because as a pastor, I live with people.  Sometimes they are members of my church. Maybe one of them is a member of my church. So you realize that marriage will extend beyond that canceling room. And you live to see the aftermath of that relationship decision. In many cases, ladies can see telltale signs of somebody's misconduct or maybe a behavior problem. But sometimes it's like the politicians say that the train has left the station. So you realize they begin to pray, to ask God to confirm if this person is really the person or not. But at the back of their mind, they've already made a decision. OK, that is what they want. They know what they want, but they're just praying for God. That's why I tell you, mostly it is men who start off these problematic issues, toxic environment. But women are well-meaning. Now, let me get it further. When I'm in a toxic relationship, is it only when they beat me? When you start disagreeing and you can't come to a possible solution. I think that's when now you can't reason together, like Mr. Okwati is saying. You can't get your minds together to fix something. So I think when you lose in communication, conversations, now the relationship starts. Sarah, if it were you, let me put you on the spotlight.  Every time it's a cycle. How many times do you forgive them? I think there is some foolishness when there is a saying that says that, or people believe or a notion that if a man hits you, he loves you, and most people buy is that, actually. And for me, personally, it's you hit me once and that's the end of you hitting me You're trying to hit me? Even trying to hit me, I think it is.  I believe everyone needs to be loved, right?  Yeah, what if you... Any hitting, I mean... Ram, if you have maybe issues with maybe health and maybe you're not even aware, somebody hits you and you collapse, you die. You don't know when it's supposed to hit the other person. I mean, you're supposed to live peacefully. Even women slap men? Many times. Even women slap men? Many times. And I've seen men, even in movies, when they poke a coffee at their man, he's like... I don't think that's how people should resolve their issues.  It's not the right way to go. I always think that toxic relationship does not just mean violence. There are people who know how to get their way. They can... You know, like we always define a sin as a commission or omission of something. There are people who can even keep quiet. Even as there being... They don't talk to you. And that becomes toxic. They are supposed to talk, but they refuse to talk. Or they talk when it's not supposed to be the right time for you to talk. Master, let me cut you short there. I hope you don't lose your train of thought, but you're saying someone who keeps quiet has the ability to frustrate you. Yes. Let me give an example. You ask a woman, are you okay? She says, I'm fine. Yes. Are you sure you're okay? She says, I'm okay. But if you look at their face and their behavior, they're definitely okay. It shows another thing. Yes. Is that also a sign of someone being toxic? That is a toxic relationship. So women are toxic. Because a toxic relationship in essence is a kind of relationship in which you are chocked. You can't enjoy. I always think that a relationship should be a situation or an environment in which you are free. Like she is saying, although I don't agree with that 100%, you should be free. You should be free. Like in modern days, we take our daughters to school, we take our sons to school, and we spend so much money in educating them. And then at the end of the university, when a master's or a PhD, then they get married maybe to a person who is not as educated as them. And the person, because of their own inferiority syndrome, begins to chock them through behavior and through words and through actions that they never begin for at the beginning of the relationship. They may not be violent, but they may be making somebody not feel free to enjoy life. Because relationship is based on friendship. It is foundational. Friendship is foundational in any relationship. People start with the relationship. That's why many times at the point of people beginning a relationship, let's say between a man and a woman, it begins with attraction. Attraction is just physical, isn't it? It is physical. And when somebody is attracted to a lady, or a lady is attracted to a man physically, they don't mean any harm. But first of all, you blame the man. Many times. And you blame both sexes. Yeah. But the question is, between men and women, who are more toxic? Who are more violent? Well, how can you know during a toxic relationship? Make sure that you head over to Facebook and answer these questions that we are asking. Our Facebook page is also up and running. And we've posted this on our pages there on Facebook and on Twitter. And these are issues that we talk about them. We read about them. We've watched them on TV, on news stories. Some of us have even been or gone through them. Toxic relationships. These are the issues that we're talking about. And how destructive can they be? How painful can it be to be in a toxic relationship? Is it just physical? Can it be emotional? Can it be psychological? Let me just read a few of your thoughts on Facebook. I'm seeing Nicky Francona-Sema that you do not feel like you can openly express your opinion. You don't have to work like a detective. So just move on. Irene, Jennifer, Anna Sema, a man, that's my pastor there. Someone is... Yes, I'm a senior pastor at Rongai First Church with Nazarene. Rongai First Church? Yes, it's the first church as you enter Rongai Township. Oh, that's why it's called the First Church? Yes. And it's also a first Nazarene church that was built in that locality. And I wonder how is it with COVID-19? Yeah, we are closed, but the building is closed, but we have many ways to connect and we always continue to minister to people in different ways. Okay, sour. That is Irene, Jennifer, sour, sour. Anna Sema, Reverend Kennedy, I am ready with my pen and paper to take notes. All right, thank you so much for your thoughts. Nicky Francona, let me pick what Nick said. You do not feel like you can openly express your opinion. That's what you had said earlier.  I am aware that in your capacity, you are actually the founder of Prime Holiday Adventures. Thank you, sure. It means you interact with different people every day as you move around the country. When you interact with people, have you seen couples and they are dating, they are together, they come to prime adventures and they're moving around, but the way they behave, you feel like one person is suppressed in that relationship. Is it possible for an outsider to pick out that this relationship that I see there is actually toxic? Yes, definitely. Even if you're just walking in a shopping mall or something, you can spot two people who are together and you realize these people are not... How can you tell? How can you tell? Someone is taking the other out.  How can you tell?  So, or maybe they wanted to go on a holiday and suddenly they just cancel because maybe one feels like I don't want to go with you or maybe you did something that I just want to make you suffer. You paid for a holiday, but I want to be available. Or maybe you're wasting money or something they're just disagreeing. As you look at your church members, can you be able to pick out church members that are in a toxic relationship but they are not saying anything. They are quiet about it. You know, this is something that you can see and my role from where I sit, I need always to be proactive. So, the kind of engagement that I provide for the people that come to my church and especially those who get married from the church, we provide a proactive environment in which we dialogue with them. You know, we always have premarital counseling and then we also have post-marriage counseling. So, within post-marriage counseling, we find an opportunity to deal with things that can be able to make any relationship toxic. Most of the time, relationships become toxic when people don't find an opportunity to share. Let me give you an example. There was a young man who got married to a very beautiful girl. They were all learned, all graduates, people who, many people always assume that university graduates are well-bred, isn't it? But I've been at the university, I've taught and I know that many are not well-prepared sometimes for marriage. That if you are in university, then you are ready for marriage. Many people think that people who go to the university are mature, they are well-bred, they know how to take care of themselves, have come to realize it's not so. That is just an academic environment. Somebody may be very sharp academically, but not really so when it comes to social sense. So, this young man got married, they went for a honeymoon, a beautiful wedding, but then I was a young person. And then they went for honeymoon, I admired their wedding, and when they went out there, two days later, I saw the lady. After marriage? After marriage. Two days after the wedding? Yes, but you know, because I was a young man in the church, I couldn't ask. Later on, I came to realize they had a difference, the honeymoon, because of issues related to sex. Wow. The lady was very spiritual, was brought up in a Christian family. I know it's not easy to find such. She was not well-schooled when it comes to social issues and sex, blah, blah. And this young man was okay. So when they went there, their discussions and trying to begin life, their first night brought a problem to them and the lady came back, her own understanding. So some of these things can be out of lack of knowledge and therefore the church needs to come in to help people to understand some things. All right, let me, let me, let me pose you their questions. Yes. That's quite an interesting story there. And I would like, you will continue with that after this break. Yes. But it's all about toxic relationships. When do you live? When do you move on? How do you deal with it? Do you stay and fight as we were taught by our grandmothers? At the, at the, at the end of the Kuvomelie? Kuvomelie. Let's take a break. We'll be back in a bit. U-5-4, imagine. All right. Thank you so much for keeping it to I-2-5-4. It's always a pleasure. I'm seeing so many comments up, you know, coming up on Facebook. And let me just read but a few. Winnie Julie. I understand one should live when it threatens their lives and individuals should, individuals should never use children to remain in toxic relationships. Children also part because it also affects them. We can heal by getting counseling and knowing that they deserve better when someone beats you and that's it. Don't beat you, that's it. Don't look back. That's putting your life in danger. I support Sarah. There are better ways of solving conflicts than getting physical. And during the show from Nakuru support, I support the pastor, men are the causes of problems many times. Yes. Wow. Men. Yes.  Yes. I'm seeing Janet and some toxic relationships have red flags. Once your partner hits you or abuse you, leave. Don't wait for the worst to happen. I'm seeing one interesting one, by Elphas keep letting Kapsulu. This is interesting, hear this.  If not, at the point when you are murdered. Wow. Faith, maganga, and I say, Taira to colloquial love in the conversation. Keep tweeting, keep texting. The hashtag as always is why. It is a power talk show at Y254 channel on Twitter at Ramaguku, make sure that you tag me as you continue with this conversation. It's all about understanding toxic relationships. When do you move on? Make sure that you be part of this conversation. If at all you're joining us here, just in time for the next part of this conversation. And I would like to come to you, Pastor. Before we went on a break, you're giving us a story about this couple. Yes. Married, went for honeymoon. Yes. But now because of the difference in upbringing, the lady has no clue about sexual issues, but the man has every clue about it. Yes. So they disagreed. What happened next? They did disagree and it took the council of the pastors to talk to them, but it took a lot of time. They didn't separate? They didn't separate, later on they started living together. But you realize that their difference came because of difference in perception, their worldview. They were trained by this life differently. They came maybe from different communities. One of the challenges I find today is that there are people who are not wired for cross marriages, for cross cultural marriages. There are people who are not wired for that. Yet they try to enter into a marriage with people outside of their community. There are people who should just, there's some people who tell them, you just try to get a person from your community because you won't do with a person out of your community. It will be problematic. And so sometimes those differences in education, in income, differences in culture, language, parent coaching, sometimes makes us not to be compatible. Otherwise, with some help, we can be able to learn to be together. All right. Let me come to you, Sarah. Let me touch on sexual abuse because now this is where things also get nasty in relation to what he said. At what point should you be able to determine that this is now sexual abuse?  Is there a line that needs to be drawn when it comes to this matters? Yes, I agree. And I think from the beginning, from the beginning, and I concur with Pastor the way he's saying pre-marital and post-marital counseling, I think it works better because you're able to talk things at length so that you don't find yourself in a marriage that you feel especially men that you're being denied your conjugal rights. And that's when now it becomes even hard because moving out of marriage, it's different from just walking away from the relationship. But then they say that if your partner denies you your conjugal rights, then it's also a bad thing. So we've seen on social media something if then they cheat on you, don't blame them. You've seen that happening in church also? You know, sometimes it happens depending on the people involved in a relationship. But there is an issue of human rights. Human rights issues are not biblical. And they're also not African. When people get married, they will learn to get along. We assume so within African culture and we also assume so within the Christian culture. But when you say it's not biblical, you're saying that there are no scriptures and no biblical verses that support sexual issues. There are many, many. The challenge that I was having with the issue of a partner, when we talk about people denying one another conjugal rights, we always think it is women who may deny. Even a man can. A person of that kind is a very selfish person. And that can also lead to a toxic relationship. That's a byproduct of a toxic beginning. That's now the fruit. Most of the time, for somebody just to deny somebody conjugal rights is insane. Somebody that you love. It shows that now you stop loving them. There are many of you who always say that people love one another. That love is blind. Until you get married, then love goes out through the window. Those are abnormal cases that we cannot base our arguments on. Would you like to get a Bible? You have done some verses that... Yes. Did you carry a Bible? Yes, I carried my Bible. Just bring it. Yes, I have a big Bible. I will answer you indirectly. Just bring it. Just bring it. Give it to him. Thank you so much. We want to find out what we are talking about. I will read for you first of all the book called Genesis. Genesis is a book of the beginning. Genesis basically means beginning. Beginning of man, beginning of this creation, beginning of sin, beginning of sacrifice, beginning of offerings, beginning of everything that we see began in Genesis. That's why the book called Genesis is. Let's look at chapter 2. In chapter 2, we see where God created all people, the time of creation. Have you found it? Yes. As you look for it, let me come to you Sarah. When we are talking about sexual abuse in relationships, there is one issue that comes in my mind, rape. And most women or some women, let me just say most based on statistics, don't talk about it. They are quiet and they say that it is embarrassing if I would talk about it. What would you be opinion about that? Exactly. It's very embarrassing. One thing even, some even we have seen recently, a public figure just talking, just speaking out when they are able to, when they gain courage to. But you feel violated. Yes. You didn't be confident enough to speak out that this man did this and this. You try and you confide yourself and the process of healing and dealing with it at a personal level before now you speak out. So should you speak out? Yes. And the most affected are the young ladies. They don't know who to tell. And maybe you find in some instances that these are maybe close family members. Even maybe we have heard of maybe even stepdads. You know, dealing with the young girls. And I think at this point it's just we should encourage and maybe speak to our young girls. You know, for us to advocate and to deal with rape. This is just a monster. You should not rape anyone. It can happen whether regardless of your marital status of the single or married. Yes, even gender. There are other men who are raped and men actually I don't think they talk about it. And we should have the society and have freedom of speaking and not being judged. Because at the end of the day even men get raped but they are afraid because they feel as if I am a man. It's embarrassing for me. Very embarrassing, especially in African setting.  Okay. Yes, chapter 2 Genesis chapter 2. So you are saying everything has a beginning. Yes, everything has a beginning. So the Bible tells us let's begin from verses 20 I'll just read quickly because of time. So Adam gave names to all cattle to the birds of the air and to every beast of the field there was no found helper compatible to him. And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall on Adam and he slept. He took one of his ribs and closed up the flesh in its place. Then the rib which the Lord God had taken from the man he made into a woman. And he brought her to the man and Adam said this is now the bone of my bones and the flesh of my flesh. She shall be called woman because she was taken out of man. Therefore a man shall live. For that reason, you know I was reading now for that reason the kind of creation that God made a man shall live his father and mother and be joined together to his wife and they shall become one flesh and they were both naked. That is verse 25 and they were both naked. Adam and Eve were both naked man and his wife. And they were not ashamed. That's what the Bible says. It means that in a relationship a marriage relationship people cannot be ashamed of one another. They should be naked to each other. In terms of speaking even if you have a project and you are not sure your partner will support it your role is just to say it because you are you decided that you are not making a decision within marriage. The problem is you have been naked to your partner and you have been very fearful but they don't support you. They will support you one day you need to keep that hope alive and I am not of this idea that when that relationship becomes toxic you run where are you running to? Marriage is permanent. You will be here and look for opportunities to change that relationship it can work why should it not work? Alright quickly I hope you are learning something so what we did we asked our viewers to be able to send us a clip of themselves remember you can be part of this conversation every week all you have to do is send us a mini clip of yourself give us your opinion about this and your video are you right here on this show so let's start with the first clip to go on any round okay so we have Gagura Romero I hope he got her bring it up let's have that I had a partner who was a humanizer and very manipulative about it any attempt to confront him on the issue always resulted to me sounding like a jealous lover and an insecure girlfriend but what gave me the strength to finally walk out of the door was the realization that he was having unprotected sex with these women so not only was I risking a heartbreak I was also risking getting infected with STDs so that was the it for me that was the breaking point I had to leave talking about the toxic relationship I have been an instance of whereby I was dating a person who took my advantage of emotional attachment at that time whereby I was trying to unland things which I had done previously I was in an emotional entanglement if that's appropriate whereby you find that you are not so much well and my spouse used that advantage to give me the toxic relationship but the moment I made that move is the moment that I started to have a recovery of my own and I'm grateful for that that is just a few that you could be able to sample right now because of the interest of time one of our viewers was able to get a sexually transmitted infection disease in the process another one another one is saying that he was in he termed it as emotional entanglement I believe you've heard of it you've heard the clips what are your thoughts about it let me start with you sir that's a good point actually now to move away from that relationship you know that means that you can't trust that person again definitely he or she is going to harm you so I think that's the point you just walk away from those people is also cheating a part of being in a toxic relationship cheating yes because it's there is no reason as to why somebody should cheat on you that means they are not happy with you yeah that's the whole point of it you know I'm not happy with you I'm finding happiness should you forgive them for cheating I don't think you should forgive them never forgive even in a marriage setting you don't forgive a relationship cheating personally I don't end I have an experience are you able to share my uni I can share share share share what happened and was that a toxic relationship that you're in yes at one point when actually it had moved to where you're supposed now to now make things legal and you live together at any point I think you can call it quit because no it was at that point where by somebody engages you and you realize they are not faithful are you ready to walk into that that marriage and be with somebody that you don't you no longer trust so I felt it was the right decision to make for me to just move away from that person because I felt he's toxic and he gonna you know I'll have a toxic marriage at the end first let me give you a thought I think the first one was talking about getting getting sexually transmitted STD first of all you know was it getting STD when you are in a relationship before you got married or is it within the family setup you realize there are some steps when you take in this life and you miss a step towards where you want to go to you will always come back to that step there are some parts of the processes of life that you cannot do without you can't ignore them many times how you begin a relationship will always show us where you end up there are many relationships that were meant to be that are being distracted damaged destroyed by us as people because of the way we handled one another before marriage now there is this one of our viewers talked about emotional entanglement emotional entanglement all those things you realize I think he's reacting to a marriage a relationship outside marriage and he's expecting too much there are people who expect too much from a relationship and they want they always want to be free but maybe they want the lady not to be free and so in that kind of situation they don't want to say where they are going they don't want to say what they are doing they don't want to say where they are working they don't want to say how much they are earning a person in a relationship especially ladies they will always ask how much do you earn where do you work and some people may see that as somebody becoming too inquisitive they can look at it as an emotional entanglement they are entangled with somebody emotionally but should you share such details with your partner Sara, can you share every detail about your life with your partner should you do it does it mean that you love them when you share with them what does it mean that you are actually secretive to your partner you're not being transparent or naked with them I think when you start the relationship you're supposed to to have openness because why do you want to be in my life and you're concealing some things why should you hide anything from me is it being toxic when your partner wants to check your phone you just come from a conversation you look at the phone in the other room later you see more they take your phone snatched it, go through all the messages, is that toxic to some point yes to some extent but when you see somebody taking your phone and behaving like what you've just said is because they are losing trust you're hiding something yes and in a relationship you're supposed to be open because I think everyone who gets into a relationship they always wanted to end into marriage so why would you hide that why are you going and you should have openness because if I realize you're not hiding anything from me I won't be that inquisitive, you won't give me so much work of finding a lot about you that you're hiding would you share your passwords account details with your partner to some extent yes there's what you're supposed to share like phone, passwords and all that I believe it's supposed to I'll give you an example to support what she says where I live in Rongai there is a real case scenario in which somebody built a house in Rongai in Rongai and nobody knows the person dies, nobody knows the family members it has never been claimed it's a small house because that person was building for his own reasons he didn't say it maybe for a side chick or maybe wanted to surprise this person, we don't know but the reality is that he died and left that house I may think you are doing for good but it will harm people around you and it will come back to you let me go back to that issue of STD maybe I didn't answer him well as a man there are many men that have claimed that they have STD later on I realize it's there are some things that behave like STD some sicknesses that behave like STD which are not STD they may be infections but somebody when they are out of love when they don't love you and they get that kind of thing they blow the sailing they hit the sailing so sometimes you need to work with the spouse so that they can go to the hospital in fact if you go to the hospital they will ask you so that they can be able to help you both it may sometimes not be STD let me read more comments comments are plenty plenty easier doctor by the way how can you know that that is STD how can you know how did you know what I was saying is that you can even go to a toilet that is dirty and get an infection many ladies know that it may not be your partner it may even be a visitor but it is not STD what I mean that is not STD it's just an infection it's not happening there are many infections especially these toilets that we do use Isaac Nalyanya and then you wonder you got an infection from a washroom in town then you go home start quarreling with your partner you hit children you start pushing children you say they are like their mother for nothing it is out of anger it's toxic also very toxic let me read a few comments Isaac Nalyanya I think when you realise that your toxic relationship is better to end it and start something new than imprison yourself hoping for the impossible hoping for the impossible you said this Makaia Ninger is saying let me cut this you want to confirm that we are on air we are on air sending your thoughts on Facebook and on Twitter as you continue this conversation sometimes the signs are clear emotional physical abuse criticism lying cheating emotional starvation sometimes there is nothing outstanding because it doesn't feel right it did once but that ended a long time ago wow interesting tweets there I would like us to give you another example you said that someone can be able to pinpoint a toxic person a toxic individual for those who are not yet married the problem is normally with those who are married because of you but now for those who are not yet married the youths they want to get engaged with this partner what would you advocate do they stay together and we are on air they say so we need to take our ex what should they do for them to be able to predetermine how stable or the foundation of their relationship at the initial stage before they get into marriage what will happen what will happen what makes marriage impossible when you have a relationship when you start a relationship when you had some sexual mischief before your wedding any time you see your spouse talking to somebody and they are close you may think they want to do the same so you realize it does not help it is important to engage if you are engaged be engaged date, know one another meet in town go to different places places that do not involve exposure like swimming you go to town there is a lot of chips and chicken in town especially during the days growing up I grew up in Mombasa fish and chips and chicken those were the same thing you need to take time so that you talk you share what you like there are many things to talk about the only thing is people do not get that opportunity to talk we have immense ministry our main focus is to mentor young people it is called Bethel we try to hook up to young people that we realize are getting closer to marriage and we try to talk to them so that they are equipped when they get into marriage I also have a small program that we do on Saturdays it is more of a feeding program many children do not have all parents they come from single parents broken families the main thing that I have been doing is to nurture these children to start to talk to them so that they grow up with the capability that they become responsible when they come to times of relationship at the end of the day you don't advocate for people staying together staying together is one of the worst mistakes it is a bad step it comes to us when they start threatening you that they will kill you most of those threats come because of toxic toxic foundations that were made during the time that people are knowing one another thank you so much time has but thank you so much I was with Pastor he is a teacher he teaches at Africa Nazarene in university a motivational speaker a counselor and a pastor I also teach at Nazarene Bible College make sure that you link up with him I believe you are on Facebook right yes you can find me on my Facebook account Kennedy Occult or you can go to Rungai first church of Nazarene you can also come physically from Rungai church we will get off the lockdown you have to end the conversation there how can we find you you can find us on Facebook at Prime Holiday Adventures thank you so much this has been a power talk I hope that you have been empowered through this talk my name is Ramu may God bless you may God bless the work of your hands I would like to give one final comment on this my own view from people who treat you like you are sometimes that your time doesn't matter that your feelings are worthless that your soul is irreplaceable sometimes you need to give up on people, not because you don't care about them but because they just don't care about you may God bless you may God bless the work of your hands this is power talk


This lecture is about bimodal experiments and until now we have more or less just talked about a single modality that's neutron imaging or maybe we talked about x-rays as a comparison. There are a lot of books that you can read on this topic. I just want to give you a little list that's in general just image processing but there is there are a couple of books about data fusion, image fusion and image registration which are techniques that are very helpful when you work with more than one imaging modality. So this is the outline of this lecture. First a little bit motivation. We have some scientific goals, what we want to achieve. Then I switch over to image fusion and bivariate segmentation and that is the end of it. So we have our imaging modalities with neutron imaging. We do a lot of different experiments. So typically what we are doing is hydrology and soil and geology, color and heritage, metal pieces combined with organic material, also building materials and we also go into material science and usually you have some experimental challenges with the image acquisition in these different experiments. So it could be that it's hard to do the right segmentation, it could also be hard to estimate the water content. Some soil has the characteristic that it is swelling when water is coming in and going out. So I think actually the soil in Skåne has a pretty high clay content, is that right? So that is a soil that produces a lot of cracks and is swelling and well it's not easy to work with when you're doing an image experiment where you want to have all the solid material on the same spot. So if it's all of a sudden it's moving, you don't know anymore where you have what is water or what is structural change. So that is a problem when you start doing the segmentation also. And well you can have a lot of ambiguous readings, for example depending on the energy, neutron energy, it can be hard to distinguish between iron and copper. At thermal energies no doubt, but in a more cold spectrum all of a sudden they have almost the same attenuation coefficients and then you don't know really what is what. So what we want to do then is to select the right modality to see what we want to see. So some things to select a specific modality is you have good transmission, have good contrast of what you want to see, all the relevant things are visible and the materials that are distributed can be well identified. Of course on the negative side you can't come through the sample. At ICON for example more than five millimeters of water, it's black. You can also have low contrast so you don't really see what you want to see. Also that in some cases the features you want to see they're not visible and also ambiguous responses that you don't really know what it is you're seeing. And if we only use a single modality this can be a problem. So what we want to do is to add on a second modality or several modalities if you would like and the idea is to be able to extend the range of operations to better cover what you want to see. You may also want to extend the spatial and temporal coverage so with one modality you may be able to get 10 times higher resolution and that can help you to identify the structures and then afterwards you let the second modality do whatever it does but it delivers the functional information. So then you can limit it in within the boundaries given by the first modality. So with that you reduce the uncertainty in your measurements and you also then increase the reliability and also get a more robust system performance of the whole measurement. In an imaging experiment that's essentially already mentioned I believe in previous lectures you have four different components that you are working with. One thing is you have the top ball in this pyramid is the application that is the starting point for the experiment. You need to have an explanation and that application is based on some kind of physics. The physics is on one side what is happening within your sample or your process but also how this interacts with the beam you're working with. Then you have the acquisition which is essentially a sampling system and the question is how fast you can sample at what's the resolutions you can sample and to get the data into the computer. And finally you have the last step which is the processing because once you got data in your box you have data you have bits bytes but you can't really interpret it. So that is in a processing step where you start doing image analysis to get hopefully quantitative information out of the data. Some modalities that we in the neutron imaging community are talking about is the combination of neutrons and X-rays. X-rays of course well known you see them everywhere in the hospital in different lab sources etc etc and also sometimes as synchrotron. Neutrons are more rare as you already have heard but that's another modality and you can see here from this periodic table which I actually showed yesterday too that's the attenuation coefficients of neutrons and X-ray they look very differently and in some cases they are even complementary. So you can see here the hydrogen which is very dark with neutrons is very bright with X-rays and many of the metals down here they are completely black with the X-rays but you can see through several of them pretty easily with the neutrons. Combining this you can actually get a better picture of what you're seeing. So one example would be that you look at metallic implant in bones then you can see with X-rays you get horrible metal artifacts because the metal is attenuating the X-rays so hard that you get artifacts out of the reconstructed data. While for neutrons okay the bone itself may be pretty wet that is a problem but the screw can be almost transparent depending on what alloy it's made of. We had different types of screws some gave a good contrast other ones didn't so that makes it possible to go much closer to the screw and with the X-rays you may get a very nice picture of the screw itself while with the neutrons you can get how the bone structures are growing onto the screw. In medical imaging it's also pretty popular to combine different modalities and we are talking about MRI, X-rays, PET, SPECT and so on and then you can get a combination of structures which you get from the X-rays mainly but also you can get functional imaging how the flow of different signal substances in this case it's a brain but you can also see how well the flow is in a knee joint for example and with that you can then get more function but you can also see in these images that PET and SPECT they are pretty low-resolving data but if you don't combine and overlay them then you see that you can really nicely identify the boundaries wherein you have these different functions. Another one which is actually using the same kind of beam but you add more information is using grating interferometry and with that you don't only get the normal transmission image which you know but you can also get differential face contrast and you can get a dark field contrast and you can and they show different physical properties of the sample so if you combine all these three you could probably also learn a little bit more about the sample. The question is what you want to learn and how you motivate setting up your fusing rules but you could use this as a combination. Another one is I think you probably heard about this already but looking at different energies or wavelengths of the neutrons then you can get braggage spectra this is not really multimodal in that sense but you have very much data about the same sample under different conditions so different beam conditions and that can also be used in order to do better segmentation so looking at for example the segmentation the way you can find that in one region you have some texture and in another region you have a different texture you don't see these differences in the transmission image but if you combine all these energies then you can extract more information so by taking say 100 wavelength bins putting together with some nice fusion rule then you can get new information about where you have different regions in which you want to drill down into and look into more in detail. Then now until now I've only been talking about data from about the same dimension so you look at 2D or 3Ds together but you could also be single point measurements it could be temperature or temperature fields if you have a camera that can read register temperature variations it could be fluorescence information that you look at or you can have if you do a speedy experiment you may do a tomography in the beginning of the experiment and maybe one in the end and in between you do a lot of radiographs and how do you fuse this information together and with that you can then add information like temperature flow rates or pressures within the system so with that you can also do some fusion how you do it well that is a good question but you probably have a good idea if you're setting up an experiment where you want to look at this then you should also know a little bit about how you should combine this data. The next thing you need to do once you've got the data from these modalities is to fuse the data so in principle is data fusion or image fusion is a theory or set of tools and techniques that you use to combine data from different sources to provide a common format that you can have more information about so the aim is actually to improve the information quality of the images by doing this kind of fusion and hopefully the information you get out of the fusion is more than 1 plus 1 equal 2 but it should maybe be 2 and a half so you get actually you learn more about the sample thanks to the combination of two different modalities. Fusion approaches well in the beginning when I started there was always the question yeah do you have have the solution now how to do the data fusion there is no solution there is no golden recipe that solves all your fusion there are very many different strategies to work with so you can do kind of what I call here a multivariate fusion where each data set is combined on the same level so you're just more or less multiplying weighting them together using the same concept and then there is augmented fusion where you use one for example to do structural segmentation and the other one to see what is going on within the sample and then you combine them there are also approaches to do artifact reduction as I mentioned with this screw and in bones we had these artifacts from from the screw and with x-ray images and with the help of the neutron images you can see that okay this region shouldn't have all these stupid streaks it should be pretty homogeneous and then you can combine data from the neutrons to help the x-ray reconstruction and combine maybe also data from x-rays into the neutrons and in the end the goal is to get a nicer reconstruction without saying cheating because you're filling in the blank kind of using the other modality and then of course if you can do one why not combine them and do two three together and gain the most information in the end and exactly which strategy you're using it depends on if you're using on the sample composition what are the objectives of your experiment in the first place what you want to see and also to some extent it depends on the condition of the data do you have a combination of low signal to noise ratio and the bad resolution on one side and high resolution on the other side then you have to maybe choose a different approach than if you would have great fantastic images on both sides so it's the choice is how you combine the data comes up to the data you have in the end and what you are looking at so it's not not obvious directly and there are different levels of fusion so you can do the fusion having data in and getting the same kind of data out with a little bit more enhancement or segmentation or something and it can also be that you do the fusion that you have a lot of data coming in and outcomes say nice features so you can have like there you have you have say different bones of different structures that you identify with the help of the two sources then you can go one step higher and then you do a lot of analysis on the images reduce each image to some features and then you combine those features into some fusion rule and then getting even more abstract than you have features in the images and those result in decisions based on what you have in the two modalities and finally of course you have decisions versus decisions and if you're talking machine learning that would be something similar to a random forest in machine learning there's a technique called random tree which does a lot of decisions based on essentially decision making and going through a decision tree and each of these trees produce some result and the results of those are weighted together to get the best choice so that would be a decision decision choice more graphically you can also look at the workflow like this where you have first the image acquisition images coming in they may not even be in the same shape and the first step is to do a registration which I'll mention on the next slide then you do pixel-wise fusion so really pixel to pixel you may need to do some alignment and calibration to get the images on the same scale otherwise there will be maybe some saturations which you don't want to see or you may be biased or skewed because of you of no calibration then you can step on to the feature fusion doing different extracting different features and checking these features against each other if you have different properties in them and finally you have the decision where you do labeling of the objects and telling this object is a classic one talking about machine learning is saying it's a dog or cat but I don't think we're talking about dogs or cats here but maybe but maybe saying that this is a screw of that type this is a screw of the other type with these and these materials so that would be the kind of labeling you could do with the help of the fusion from the fusion you continue doing more work so it could be that you want to present it somehow so you have this flame it can use colorful renderings or something like that but you can also go toward statistics and modeling to really get the quantify models based on the fuse data then there is a term called catastrophic fusion and that is something that happens if you bring in data combining it and it performs worse than you have each individual method for itself if you get something like that you should start going back to the design board and think about what you're doing and redesign and get something new but it could be cast by you have a selection of the wrong variables you have you're fusing the wrong information or maybe you're fusing a two complex variation of different variables and maybe doing it completely wrong way or it could also be that the sensor information is cancelling each other so one is showing this and the other is showing that and when you combine them have a zero so stay away from the kitchen where you have too many chefs that's usually not resulting in a good soup image registration I mentioned before and image registration is a process that you need to do when you start doing fusion you have one image which you have fixed say let's say my hand here and then you have another image which maybe have a different scale which is rotated a little bit and then you want to fit them on the same scale and when you start that you see first you need to flip it okay and then we can move it together until they fit perfectly over each other so that you have the same pixel size and also the same rotation and the translation so that it really fit together and that is an optimization system where you try to minimize some cost function sometimes just a mean squared error or something like that registration is done sometimes on the same modality but if you have different modalities it can be difficult for the algorithms to find good metrics that actually combine the two modalities together because in some cases you see there is a lot of holes but these holes may appear as something very bright in the other modality so you have to have images with some sometimes you need to have some landmarks in the images in order to get a nice registration between them and in particular with when you combine complementary modalities it is very useful to start out with a good starting point so you already manually more or less rotate in more or less good position and then afterwards you start the optimization and get the final fitting because this is an optimization system with very many local minima that you can get stuck into there are tools for doing this and also libraries on the open source side there is a software called 3d slicer and that's an interactive tool which is very helpful it guides you through it's based on a library called itk inside toolkit which you can also implement in the form of c++ code or python scripts and the thing is that itk is not so user friendly and some people thought well let's do something specific for registration so they implemented a toolbox based on itk called elastics or simple elastics and that one is a popular one to work with when you do registration and this is really important first step to get the data in the right grid otherwise you can't do any comparison at all and well I think I said a lot about this already in this book there are a lot of metrics mentioned and well it's this book is about registration so if you want to learn more about how registration works this is the go to a book if you want to um then once we have the registration then we can work with here is an example done by my colleague David Mannes it's a sword found in a lake here in Switzerland and it was very well preserved but the problem and the archaeologists they wanted to make a reconstruction to understand how this sword was made so we started out and I think they even started doing a general material analysis and came to conclusion it contains iron of course it's a sword there was amalgam there was which includes a lot of mercury mercury is bad for x-rays and then there was wood which is well more or less transparent for the x-rays but with neutrons you can see it very well and then some other metals I think the cap on the top was also some other metal and it was also wood filled it came out but in the end what they did they used the combination of neutrons and x-rays to really combine out the amalgam dots which produce these horrible artifacts in in the x-ray images you could just see it looked like a lot of needles just streaking out from from the from the grip and with the neutrons it was pretty easily to confine them into these small globs that they actually were and we could also see nicely the annual rings of the wood and I think they tried to even date it based on these annual rings afterwards the final story of this sword was that the experimental archaeologist even made a replicate of this very sword afterwards based on the neutron images that were measured the segment oh sorry the segmentation this one was done in vg studio which is a commercial software so the whole work was done within vg studio which also includes registration algorithms and also partly automated segmentation and also manual segmentation guidance so if we want to do this kind of registration and and visualization together we start with some data we have here a snail shell done with neutrons and with x-rays you can even see that there are some I think there's some beam hardening within it but anyway these are the data we want to combine you can see that it was already registered because this rotated here so they are on the same scale and position right now and now we want to combine this in some different ways one way of doing it which is very helpful when you do the manual registration is to do a checkerboard visualization if you want to do some coding or use this code feel free to you can actually download this presentation as a uberton notebook so the examples that I have with code you can actually execute yourself and now we try this checkerboard with the images that we had we had a neutron image we have the x-ray image and then we mix the two modalities in these checkerboard squares and that's a very good way to see if you fit the data well during the segmentation if you have a good segmentation you can see nicely that it's okay perfect it fits nicely all the way around and you can also see the contrast differences between the two modalities is a quick way to get a qualitative view of what you are looking at and what the two modalities can provide you this is a tool that is available for example also in 3d slicer and then you can select also what's how big these squares should be and do this overlay together another way for visualization is doing color channel mixing and what is typically done what many are doing is to take modality A as a red channel modality B as a green channel and then the blue channels in the end is just the average of the two modalities and well you can do it like this but who says you need to use this permutation you can use any form of permutation so here I tried and played with different permutations that's image A got into the red image B got into the green looks pretty acid like then we can try the next one where we look at image B image A goes into the blue and image B goes into the green yeah I don't know if this color coding makes sense so much this color coding where image A goes into the red and image B goes into the blue is very useful in porous media examples where you have soil because this combination delivers if you have a neutrons on the blue and x-rays on the red then the soil turns into brownish which makes sense and the water turns into blue so it's a very nice color combination to use for soil and water examples or geology examples so in the end we want to do something more quantitative with the data and our first step is often that you want to do a segmentation and segmenting the data the typically way you do it is looking at the histogram of the modality in this case I have the histogram of some data with two classes foreground and background and they are very much overlapping you can see that it's very hard to set a threshold that makes sense in this data and you will also for that reason have a lot of misclassifications both saying that void is solid and solid is void and that's not very useful then we can see here also just to point that out we have modality A is blue and modality B is red and material A is blue and material B is red sorry then we look at a second modality and you can see that that was had low intensities in modality A has now got a high intensity in modality B but still it's the same bad separability between the classes you still have the same general histogram so it doesn't really help us now what happens if we look at the bivariate histogram is that you see that these histograms that were hard to distinguish between the two classes you have a great separability if you plot them up in a bivariate histogram so you have here on one side you have modality A and on this side you have modality B and when you plot them together you see very nicely that they are separated and if you would do a threshold between those two you wouldn't have very much of misclassifications compared to before so this is what we're aiming at and looking at the example with soil which is my favorite here you can see some roots that's are these white blobs around here and that one and those and you can see the roots very well in the neutron imaging they contain water and organic material so they're nicely visible if you look at an x-ray image of the same sample you see just a void you don't see that there is actually a root inside but you can see that here is a stone but that stone is like a hole in a neutron image there is really a nice example how complementary these two methods is for the soil and that makes it very useful if you look at soils with high clay content for example when you know that the soil is growing and moving around then you can use this technique to really capture how the soil is moving and how the water is moving and separate them and looking at the bivariate histogram of this data now I use a logarithmic scale here because there are so few roots there is a high class imbalance it's cold and it's very hard to really find it unless you use the logarithmic counts in principle what you will see is this peak and that peak and nothing else but anyway here you can see this is the background this is a soil this is the container and this are the roots it's very nicely separated within in this data even though it's relatively noisy but we can get a separation between the different classes that are present in this data and how to do the segmentation of this well there are some approaches just drawing regions around each one and use that as a segmentation map but there are also more numerical methods to do this and one way is to work with hypothesis testing and statistics so you would say that you have hypothesis one has some distribution hypothesis two so that would be for example backgrounds soil wall roots etc what is important to do this segmentation if you want to do this bivariate segmentation is for the first you have images of different modalities they have to be registered so you can do a pixel to pixel comparison and they have to be also ideally artifact corrected if we go back to let's see this one you can see that I didn't do a good job of correcting for the beam hardening in this image you can see it's very much brighter at the boundary than in the middle and that is always bad when you try to do segmentation by single thresholds and what we can do the methods that we can think about is a lot of different methods to work with multivariate data but if you go into different machine learning techniques you have methods called k-means which kind of average trying to find average the closest value to some centroids k's nearest neighbors then you have to do some training before you can also do regression methods you can use neural networks what i'm going to show now is Gaussian mixture models which is a method based on the statistical distributions of the gray levels and first just using our toy example what we are talking about is we have the probability map is the sum of different uh Gaussian distributions you have the centroid and you have some covariance matrix that describes the shape of each of these Gaussians and there is a weight how much you have of these so this is an example where you can see probably you can see by the directly that here is something going a little bit tilted in that direction and here is something tilted in that direction and now with the help of Gaussian mixture models we can say that we fit one class and of course then it finds something that is diagonal it doesn't really make sense you can see it directly then you can do with two classes well actually looks reasonable um but then if you increase the number of classes which you can of course do but then you are doing some kind of overfitting and trying to fit in more classes that are actually present within this data so that doesn't also not make sense so you have to do some kind of verification how much sense it is to choose different number of classes in your data once you have decided okay i want to work with two classes then you got also the parameters you get the centroid and you get the covariance matrix describing the shape of this Gaussian and then for the decision you use something called classification distance and yeah it's a lot of ugly equations sorry in principle the Euclidean distance is more or less you just take the distance from the centroid of your distribution and the value combination so the gray level combination you have for a pixel you have one neutron value and you have one x-ray value and the centroid also has the corresponding x-ray and neutron value and you compute the distance and you see between the classes that to one you have maybe distance say 10 and this is the other one you have distance 100 so the first one is the closest one so that is my class then there are more advanced methods where you involve also the covariance matrix of each distribution and to make it really horrible you can also include the local covariance of the dot that you measure and what that looks graphically is that with the Euclidean distance it's a very simple one then you just look at how close am i to these points and then you select the class that is given by that with a Mahanlubis distance then you also include a little bit more about the shape in the distribution and then you can see that okay here it was not really clear it's actually in the middle between the two of them so you can't really tell easily if you add the covariance matrix you see okay it's within the range in the neighborhood of this one not on that one so you'll have a better choice but the sharia is well that's probably too complicated in most cases but then it would be that you have two distributions that are overlapping you see which overlaps the most but I would say this one is already a pretty good choice and then I took my root histogram got some distributions around each of the classes and I computed the Euclidean decision space and you can see that there are lines cutting and everything in this green area is said to be a root everything in this blue area is said to be background and then we have the soil and we have the container now thanks to my beam hardening it is unfortunately that you get some roots are actually said to be container because we have in principle bad training data in our dataset and then on the outside also you can see maybe let's see if I can zoom it in a little bit let's see no yeah there you can go so you can see that there is like a skin effect on on the outside and that's a typical problem you have when you have multiple classes that you want to segment that you are somewhere if you have smooth edges at some point you are between two classes and you are wondering between you should actually go from that one to that one but you have to pass through this area here and for that reason you will get this brownish area let's see if we can go back again yeah something like that I think so this is something you have to watch out for when you do multi-class segmentation and maybe you have to look into how to handle this case better and another way which kind of is something that would be nice is to do bivariate estimation so if we go back to looking at the lambos law and spell out what you actually have in the attenuation coefficient you see that you have the density you have the atomic weight which is given for the different elements you have our goddess constant and you also have the microscopic cross-section which is the radiation interaction parameter and in principle from this you should be able to estimate for example the density in theory it's not very easy to do it I tried a couple of times but you need very clean and safe data but it's kind of a thought experiment that in principle it should be possible in theory but it's not easy to do in practice and then when you have started doing a modeling experiment or multimodal experiments the next thing is you saw that I have had a cylinder with soil and roots well when you're doing that usually you want to go the step next step and looking at the process how the water is going through the sample and then you go to the multimodal real-time experiments so then we start combining the bimodal data by model acquisition with also with time series acquisition this produces a lot of data I can guarantee you maybe not so much data as they do on a shrinker drone but for neutron imaging purposes a few days you can produce easily produce a couple of terabytes of data when you're doing this so what we do at ICON is that we have a setup and this setup has then afterwards also been replicated or similar setups have been replicated at ILL and that in Grenoble and NIST in the US so that you have one comb beam x-rayed beam line across the neutron beam line and then what we have done in one of our experiments is actually that we start spinning the sample going up at high speed like I think I didn't listen to Nikolaj's lecture but he probably talked about that that you go up spinning up the sample and then you start acquiring images at some given rate and then afterwards you can reconstruct time series data from that so this is what we are going in the direction we are going in many forest media experiments and well that was the end of my lecture and in principle what the idea is that with the help of multiple modalities you are able to get more information or more reliable information from about your sample and you can to get this information you need to do some kind of first you need to do a registration and then you have to fuse the data in some way to get to the different level of abstraction and get the quantitative information out of your experiment and well that was it


Do you really think this is a game? We haven't played games and we're panicking. The screen is full. We need to see a cam. We can't get it. It's full. The lady on the left is out there. This is just no Gangster P tags Tashuka. It's because I have to walk. I know. It's just to walk. Gangster P tags Tashuka. So, as you can see, our studio is a bit pira pira hapa and we are going to use this as our partition So, either me, I'm going to be on this side na nesha rako on this side So the game is whoever throws most balls, we are calling them balls on this side So, the other person's side under 30 seconds is the person who wins Under 30 seconds? Yes, chukwa simi ako utu taimi ya chanku patilishin 30 seconds, yes, each side has 10 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Spread all over, as far as I can Nymetwa viya tu, so that ni zekfanya Should I post them to your video, kifanya ye? No, no, no, they are already giving it If you want that exclusive video, kifanya, bitu zingin ya apajos, let me know and then we can talk business Ni tawatu wukumi wa rani tu mi na ntakus kumi Rebu peke ake Ehh, peke ake Una tata enta Peke ake When you say aka mahi tutorial kipigameka apia yun neza huza bizuri ni yang utu ya kukula lunch buwana Peke ake And then wukule peke ako Wao, unbelievable Nini nani video ni anani? Nani ako kwa video Hi, this is Juni Nani Abutshizagi mumika timer, 30 seconds Whoever throws most balls to the other person's side Please, put your mind here Yes, that is what I am trying 30 seconds When they playing the game Yes, gangsta points at jashuka As jashuka We are going to be in weird I am, so the phone is set Ah, ni kutap tu Why? Jua tu wile utaka, kila mutu nami pangbaya ke? Sindio? Ache Nani kano nata akuni chesa puwan Aya Aya, start timer Naku na kushkana miko nambili, it's one hand at a time You can't catch a tier team, Nini, it's one one No, nirusha kamaja kamaja Ehh, kamaja kamaja Set kushkana miko rukushkana miko rukushkana Sa So, in 3, 2, 1, start Chungo siarimu What is that?  Okay Don't throw it too far hame Nuna m dahini nata zikonblade m感iki first kido go through zaa so kuna mta rat chekile aap kuna mta kostu biya ratche ka tua na naniyana checka kamera lady over here ahya see first kido go so you have one two three four five six seven eight nine ten one two three four five six seven eight nine whatz you mean ab ukunangabhe 9. 9? Yes. Then use this one. Kwa mami bimi mi nondi meji bia. 10. My na 10. Okay, sawa. 30 seconds. Hai. First kidogo. See first miingi. Just like this. So, I suppose to use 1 arm. 1 arm. In any arm as long as 1 arm. Yes, 1 arm. See, we have long kwa na fagiya, zote. Fagiya, zote. Fagiya. Kwa zama ni maizuru sade ni kashanga. Kwa do kwa na mi kononga pia? Tali 7, tali 30. 2 kwaunana kwaunana 3 slipna waa. Kama kwa jama? Kwaunana kuwa? Kukuski ya? Kwaunana kwaunana... Kwaunana kwaunana... Kwaunana kwaunana 3 slipna waa. Perfost. Hurkunana karimu sobo. Sineisha samos. Kwaunana kwaunana. Kwaunana kwaunana... Kwaunana kwaunana... Okay Nisa wa tu Nisa wa tu Nijitete? Nimeva dress Nijitete? Nimeva dress Alafu Uku kuna uma Ubu kuji uku Uuninima gotivu na flow Less Nika ama kuna bilen lisa hao Up Okay


Now, what if suppose if I gave you two affine sets, suppose S1 is an affine set, S2 is an affine set. So, these are affine sets. What can you say about the intersection, S1 intersection S2? What can you say about the intersection S1 intersection S2? Think about it, think about it this way. Suppose we know this wall is an affine set, now say there is another, consider another wall perpendicular to it, so the wall behind that is also an affine set. When these, where do these two intersect? They intersect at that corner line there, just imagine that is extended from in both directions all the way till infinity, then now that intersection, is that an affine set? That is also an affine set, so the intersection, so if I take any two affine sets, this is also an affine, so if the intersection of two affine sets is affine, what about the intersection of, so the intersection of any number of affine sets is actually affine. So, now if I give you a set C, some sets C in Rn and then I look at the following quantity. The intersection of all sets S, such that S contain C and S is affine, so ranging over all affine sets that contain C, if I take the intersection, what can you say about this particular object, so you are taking some body like this, some body C that lies some set C like this and then you are taking all affine sets that contain C, so the thing that I have boxed here, that is itself an affine set, because it is an intersection of affine set, so this is itself an affine set and in fact, so since it is itself an affine set and it must contain C because all of the, all the S's also contain C, so it is an affine set that contains C, so it is in fact included in this list here, with the list when you run over all the affine sets that contain C, this intersection that is also one of them, so what does that mean, this intersection is actually the smallest affine set containing C. So, let us try to imagine what this sort of thing looks like, there is a name for it, let me tell you the name, this is what is called the affine hull of C, so what does this set look like, so suppose we were in R2, the way I have drawn it here, we were in R2 and this is my set C, what is the, give me one affine set that contains this set C, the plain R2 itself, that is one example of an affine set that contains C, is there any other affine set that contains C, if you think about it you, in R2 there is just not enough space to fit in another affine set, which is not R2 itself, so let me draw another figure for you just to make this easier, consider suppose just this little segment here, what is the affine hull of this, it is the line that passes through these points, so why would this be the affine hull, give me an example, can you tell me an affine sets that contain this segment, R2 itself is one of them, then this line is also one of them, that is also an affine set, so R2 itself and this line, so as you go about taking the intersection of all the affine sets that contain it, what you will be left with is just this line segment. Now suppose instead of having, instead of this being a line segment, this was not, it was not a line but say a pipe like this at some thickness, some slight thickness, so it is now actually a rectangle, now what is the affine hull of this, R2, the minute it acquire some thickness basically even however small, the only way you can contain it in an affine set is to put it into the is to contain the affine set as the full space, so in this case the affine hull would become the full space, so what is the affine hull capturing, the affine hull is capturing what the essential dimension of that particular object is, so you can take an object and immerse it into any high dimensional space by assigning it as many coordinates as you like, but really what is this true intrinsic dimension, you will know that only when you look at the smallest affine set that you need, so that the object lies in it, so the thin segment that I had first drawn, it had drawn it in R2 but it is actually a one dimensional object but that little square or rectangle that is actually a two dimensional object, I need an additional dimension in order to describe it, so the dimension of a set, because of this we can now talk of the dimension of a set, the dimension of C is simply the dimension of the affine hull of C which is the same as the dimension of the subspace, the subspace V that you would get by shifting the affine hull, by shifting that affine set, subspace V, we wrote this subspace V here which was by just simply shifting the space, shifting the affine set, that is the dimension of that subspace is the dimension, it can be taken as the dimension of the set C, this also let us define things like when does the set have an interior, so this relates to another concept called the relative interior, relative interior of a set C is defined this way, so we remember what the interior of a set C was defined as, what was the interior of a set C, hint of C or we denoted also by C with a circle on top, what was this, this was all points X, X in C such that you could find a radius R around that point such that if you took the ball of radius R around it, that ball completely lied in C, this was the interior of a set, it is also the same as taking the union of all open sets that contain that are contained in C, this was the definition of the interior of C, so by this definition if I took a little segment like this, this segment like this in R2, does this if I take this as my set C, does this segment have an interior, because if I take any point here on it and take a ball around it, however small I make the radius, the ball will always spill outside the outside the set, so this sort of segment does not have an interior in R2, but we can define what is called the relative interior, the relative interior of C is all those points in C such that there exists an R greater than 0, such that you do, you look at the ball of radius R, but intersect that ball with the affine hull of C, that ball, so you take the ball in the full space then intersect it with the affine hull, that will basically slice, that will slice through the ball and what you will get is you can say a lower dimensional disc or something like that, that must lie in C, so this is what is called the relative interior, so now let us look at this example, so take this point here again, take a ball around it, this point, so you take a ball around it, what is the affine hull of C, it was this line here, so I took the ball, I take the ball intersected with this line, what am I left with, a little segment, so this was my ball, intersected with this line, I am left with just a segment like this and that segment does lie in C, so what the relative interior is capturing is again as I said the, whether the object essentially has an interior irrespective of which, what kind of space you have immersed it in or what kind of space you have used to express it, so the ball is tied to the dimension of the ambient space which is the number of coordinates you have chosen, but it is possible that the object has an interior if you leave us, if you leave a few coordinates, if you express it only fewer coordinates and the fewest number of coordinates you need is captured by the affine hull of C, so this is important because many times you can, in optimization problems when you, it is possible that your optimization problem has an interior or does not have an interior, whether it has an interior or not depends on whether you have introduced additional variables for example, so when you introduce additional variables what you do is you are expressing the problem in a higher dimensional space than you need to, so it is possible that in a difference, in a larger, the higher dimensional space it does not have an interior, but if you, but in a lower dimensional space it does and then that structure can be exploited, so this is what is called the relative interior. So then the most important concept for us is what is the concept of a convex set, so S is said to be let us call it, this is a set in R n is said to be a convex set if for all x, y in S and for all alpha belonging to 0, 1 alpha x plus 1 minus alpha y belongs to S, so I am sure you have seen this at some point of time, so take any two points in the set, take the line segment joining the two points, the entire line segment must, then the set is said to be convex, so convex set for example, looks like this, this is an example of a convex set, take two points here, the entire segment lies in it, these two points, this entire segment lies in it and so on. So let me ask you a few simple things, is a convex, is an affine set a convex set? An affine set is always a convex set, because of course it contains not only the segment, but the entire line joining the, passing through the two points, so an affine set is a convex set, is it possible for a convex set to be say open for example? No, there is no problem at all, convex set can be open, convex set can be closed, so openness and closeness has nothing to do with whether it is convex or not, these are completely separate properties. What if I take the intersection of two convex sets, so suppose C 1, C 2 are convex, then what about C 1 intersection C 2, always convex, here is a convex set for example, I intersected with another convex set, the intersection is also convex. So if C is convex and I take and let X 1 till X k be points in C, then this thing here, again let us call this Y again, so alpha i X i, i ranging from 1 to k, where now alpha is sum to 1 as before, so this if I left it as summing to 1, then this would be an affine combination of points X 1 till X k. So now in this case I am going, they are going to sum to 1 and in addition to that I am also going to impose that alpha is are all greater than equal to 0, so these are non-negative and sum to 1. Then in this case this is called a convex combination, so if C is convex then what can you say about convex combinations of points in C, so you take some k points, take any convex combination of those k points, what can you say about the convex combination Y, also lie in C, so you can imagine it is not, so C is, so it is not very hard to imagine, let me just show you. So take two points here, say let us take three points for example, the convex combination of these two points, any convex combination which will make the segment that lies in C, this segment lies in C, this segment lies in C, all three of those segments lie in C, now I can do more, now that I know the center segment lies in C, I can take this sort of thing and take this sort of thing, eventually start taking any of these kind of segments and I would have covered the entire triangle. So the every possible convex combination of the three vertices of these triangles would be covered by this, so this is not very hard to see, what is more interesting is actually the following, so C is actually the same as C is equal to the set of all convex combinations of points in C. So if you take all possible convex combinations of points in C, of course they lie in C, but C does not contain any additional points on top of that, C is the set of all convex combination of points in C. So now since arbitrary intersections of convex sets are convex, we can again do what we did with an affine hull, so let us S be any set, let S be any set in Rn and now I will define this thing, this is the intersection of all sets C, C that contain S and C is convex, so this is the intersection of all convex sets that contain S. So what sort of set is this, this is itself a convex set, moreover it is a convex set that contains S, so it is also the smallest convex set that contains S. So this is actually equal to, this is the smallest convex set containing S and there is a name for this, this is what is called the convex hull of S. So can you describe for me the convex hull of a set in a different way, can you describe for me the convex hull of a set in a different way, one way is to take the intersection of all convex sets that contain that set. So you put together all the convex sets, keep taking the common whatever is the area that is common in it, that will give you a smallest convex set that contains the set that is that is one way of defining the convex hull is in S. So that is correct, so this is also the set of all convex combinations points in S. So which is another way of saying the same thing is this is the summation Xi alpha i, i ranging from 1, let me write this on the other side, the set of vectors like this summation alpha Xi i ranging from 1 till k. Now my alphas are, I need to make sure this is a convex combination, so my alphas sum to 1, i ranging from 1 to k, this sums to 1, my alphas are also non-negative, this ensures that I have a convex combination. Does this, is this it, does this define for me, yeah I need to also allow for choosing any Xi that belong to the set S. So X1 till Xk all belong to S, what else is that it, without saying that X1 till Xk if I belong to S, if I remove this, if I remove the constraint this requirement at X1 till Xk belong to S, then I will be looking at the all convex combinations of specific k point X1 till Xk, that is not what we are looking for, we want all possible convex combinations of any number of any point. So I need to allow for X1 to Xk to also vary, but is that all, if I stop at this, this would be in convex combinations of just k point, it will not include k plus 1 point, convex combination of k plus 1, k plus 3, etc, right. So I also need to let k be in it, yes, yeah it could be different. So there is another result actually what is called Carretholder's theorem, which gives you a bound on how many k do you need, so that we do not have time to discuss that, it turns out you do not need to take too many more than the dimension of this. So that is a separate result altogether, but prior if without any, without that result, I cannot say anything, see for one way to check this is to say if k is 2 for example, I will get convex individual segments, right. So just in the k, let us suppose if I took 3 points X1, X2, X3, I will get 3 segments like this, okay. But now if I took, but then you are, if you allow the excess to vary, then I can start generating of some additional segments. So it turns out so in, since we are in 2 dimensions here, 2 is enough, okay, you do not need to take 3 at a time. But then this is, this is, yeah it is much more complicated than, I mean it takes some, it requires a separate result altogether, okay.