Yes, so Toshiba joined the UPUCC so we could, as a supplier to the postal industry, understand which direction the UPU and the national posts or DOs are heading to. And then with that knowledge, we would like to put that into our products and then deliver it back to the postal community. While we've been in contact with many postal operators, there's many other postal operators we haven't been able to get in contact with. And so through the UPUCC, we hope to be able to get in touch with those postal operators. Another one is that we hope that we can collaborate with other private sector companies that are participating in the UPUCC. Dr. Mikuria of the WCO was mentioning in one of the questions and answers sessions that he understands that there could be a digital divide upon countries, but he doesn't believe in a data divide because the data is there. And Toshiba, as let's say a manufacturer in electronics, we have extensive knowledge in manufacturing hardware that collects data. And what we would like to do as a cyber-physical systems company is to use that data collected from our hardware to provide better services or improve existing operations.


My experience in the program has absolutely been phenomenal. I'd really like to hang out with my instructors, not really just in school setting, but outside of school because they know so much. And their experience has been absolutely relevant to what they've taught us, what they are teaching us. I've been able to make some good connections with people in our community so that I know that I can have a chance to give back when I'm well currently in school and when I'm done with the program. But I guess I just can't learn enough from the real life experience that our instructors are bringing to our program.


Can you explain to us what is happening here now? So we have a conference, we are a project with worldwide volunteers and we are together working on a free operating system and here we are actually meeting in person, so people from all over the world have come here and so we are meeting in person to work together on those things and it's very effective to work together because normally we talk together by the internet here you can actually put all the people in a room and we can discuss various things so that's very helpful and so basically we have a conference with talks where people talk about various things and then we have them in camp where we just sit together and work together on various things and we've done that for the fifth time now so we've had a conference in Norway last year we've been in Canada the year before and it has always been very efficient to get together and work on things and it's also very fun because usually we work together by the internet so we don't actually know those people and now we actually meet each other and go out for a beer so it's really good to meet people And why did you choose Brazil this time? Every year someone else organizes it and this year someone in Brazil said we're going to organize it and they did all of the work so they did a really good job and we try to always have the conference at a different place so it's always moving and because it's a good opportunity to visit another country and to get a good impression about other countries The fourth Debian Conf, a global conference of Debian and Gino Linux developers took place in Porto Alegre in Sesc The conference was held for the first time in Brazil the biggest developers of the Debian project in the world that during the events discussed not only codes and effective tools but also the responsibility that is put into the social context of the actions practiced by them The Debian project in Gino Linux is more than a number of thousands of people developing an operational system or tools like OVC in free license It's also a social movement I am not directly involved in social things as a part of Debian but as a part of my private life Being part of Debian gives me more technical meanings technical meet ways of creating things So, for example, one thing that I do using Debian structure is customizing Debian to create a software that can be used by civil society to work better All that table that you see there is people like me that want to bring their knowledge into Debian in creating something that can help small groups and political organizations in having better tools through their work both communications over the internet or work inside the organization It's quite interesting because if you want to work socially you have to respect the local aspects of the people who will work the software and you have a new way of working you are not a business anymore you are part of the social movement itself and there are new interesting challenges that come and identify and discover on the way So, now there is a lot of talking about civil society There is a lot of talking about information society Information society is all this involvement of computer technology information technology in the contemporary society It's changing the way we communicate, we get together Actually, I'm here in Porto Alegre I'm from Italy working together with people from all around the world We are talking globalization, we are talking communication infrastructure We work together, all these people work together every day over the internet So, we are in a kind of new smaller revolution or smaller big, we still don't know and this involves social changes When something involves social changes it's part of our freedom part of our freedom is the duty of being attentive of what happens and trying to make it become better So, that's why I think many people probably in Porto Alegre first because I know you are doing it since at least 1999 the fissile forum is going on but besides Porto Alegre all around the world people are getting aware of that and are trying to see how globalization and information society can be made better can be made good and bring on this So, we started personally I started working with local groups in the city trying to help small radios or fair trade shops in creating the infrastructure they needed and then we started working with civil society groups to teach them how to use free software with the idea that if you are creating a better world then you must start being a better world yourself and so starting being able to use the better world tools for computers as well Hello, my name is Samaya Rodrigo I'm from Spain, I'm one of the... I think I'm the only female devian developer in Europe and there's only other two girls in the world that are devian developers two, one of them I've met them I've met one of them and I'm going to try to speak about how I feel being a female in this world of men I think we have a little visibility and I'm sure there are many more women out there doing free software development but it's only that they're doing it in the dark I also think we have to put this stop to the masculine view of the world and the free software I think women have a lot to contribute to free software and not only pink desktops, I mean real things like for example there's an image viewer called Pern View it should be offensive to women what I'm trying to do is making women more visible in the free software world I'm trying to get more users interested in devian and Linux and free software too and in technology because there are very good tools for goals we all have as human beings either you're a woman or a man what I also am trying to do is get women involved in development so that they become more visible I think one key thing for me to become a devian developer is that I had a very role model that I could follow which was my aunt she was a computer user when I was little and it didn't shock me too much to see women involved with computers so that's what I'm trying to do get more visibility and make the problem be acknowledged there's no women in technology and eventually there will be but I want to make that as fast as possible or faster


from San Francisco, it's theCUBE. Covering RSA Conference 2020 San Francisco, brought to you by SiliconANGLE Media. Look, welcome back everyone. This is theCUBE's coverage from RSA Conference on Moscone South. I'm John Furrier, host of theCUBE. Cyber security is changing and the next technology is right around the corner and it's got to be invented somewhere. And of course, Accenture Labs is part of our next guest is Lisa O'Connor, global security R&D lead for Accenture Labs. Lisa's working on some of those hard problems all around the world. Thank you for joining me today. Thanks for coming on. Thank you for having me. So we always get the good scoop from Accenture because you have a lot of smart people in that company.  I know you got a huge analytics team. I talked to John Luke Shetlain before and I know you got a massive amount of deep bench of talent. But as you have to go do the applied R&D and maybe some of the crazy ideas, you got to start thinking about where the puck is going to be. You got to kind of understand that. Well, it's pretty clear to us that cloud is certainly there. Palo Alto Networks had a disappointing earnings yesterday because they're on premises, business is shifting to the cloud. You're seeing hybrid operating model and multi-cloud for the enterprise. But now you got global challenges. We absolutely do. Huge, so what's the, what are you guys working on that's coming? Tell us. So we're working on lots of exciting things and cloud is one of them. But some of the things I'm so passionate about and in labs, and I have the best job at Accenture, don't tell anyone, I do. So we are working on, like John Luke is working on applied intelligence. We are working on robust AI. So when we think about AI in the future, how do we feel that and know that it's okay? How do we put it out there? I know it's safe in production. We've done the right training. We've made our model resilient so it's out there. One of the things we see happening I love AI, love it. It has great potential and we get great insights out of it. But a lot of times we stop, we get the insights and we say, okay, it's in the box. We got a couple hits there. We're good, it's good. No, maybe not. And so really it's learning and creating the actually applied attacks on AI and then figuring out what the right defenses are. And depending on what type of machine learning you're using those defenses change. And so we're having a great time in our lab in Washington DC working on basically defending AI and building those techniques so that what we put out as extension is robust. You know, it's interesting. AI, you watch all the, some of the hardcore, social justice warriors out there going after Amazon, Google, because they're doing some pretty progressive things. Oh, facial recognition. You got AI, you got Alexa.  But at the end of the day, they also have some challenges at network security. So you have all this AI up and down the stack. And one thing I like about what's being talked about in the industry is the shared responsibility model. So I got to ask you, as AI becomes exciting but also balancing frightening to people, how do you get that shared responsibility model so we get it right? Do the experimentation without people freaking out. So it's kind of like this weird mode we're in now where I want to do more AI because I think it's benefit society. But everyone's freaking out. Yeah, so in our tech vision that we just launched, the tech vision 2020, there's a lot of talk about value and values, which is really important when we think about AI because we can get great value out of it, but there's a values piece of it and it's how we're using it, how we're getting those insights. Because the one thing we have this circle and it's between customer experience because the companies that do a customer experience well are going to excel. They're going to keep their clients, they're going to do amazing things, they're going to become sticky. But to do that well, you have to be a good custodian of their data and their information and curate experiences that they want and not the creepy ones, not the ones they don't want. And so we really look at that trust is necessary in that ecosystem and building that and keeping that with clients. So that's something that came out of our technology vision. And in fact, we're going to be talking at the executive women's forum, this is tomorrow, and we're going to be having a panel on AI and defending it, which will be very interesting. Make sure your people film that conference. We'd like to get a head of view of it on YouTube after. We love those conferences, really insightful. But I want to get back to what you were talking about, the fun side. You got a lot of new things on your, you guys are kicking the tires on, scratching the surface on. You have two operating labs, one in Washington DC and one in Israel. What city in Israel? Is it in Tel Aviv or? Hurts, Lia. Hurts, okay. Yeah, the technolistic just north of Tel Aviv. It's the hotspot. So Silicon Valley, DC and Israel, hotbeds of technology now. Yes. What's coming out of those labs? What's hot? There's so much exciting stuff coming out of our lab in Hurts, Lia. One of the things that we have, and it's something that's been long and coming, it's been brewing for a while, but it's really looking at creating a model of the enterprise security posture. And when I say a model of it, I'm talking about a cyber digital twin, because so much we can't do in our production networks. We don't have the capabilities, we can look around the room, we don't have the capabilities on the SOC team side to ingest all this stuff. We need a playground where we can ask the what-ifs, where we can run high performance analytics, and we do that through a temporal knowledge graph. And that's a hard thing to achieve, and it's a hard thing to do analytics at scale. So that's one of the big projects that we're doing out of our Israel lab. And you see digital twins as a framework for that? Yeah, so the knowledge graph, we can create digital twins around many things, because a digital twin is a model of processes, people, technologies, the statefulness of things, and configurations, whatever you want to pull in there. So when we start thinking about what would we take in to create the perfect enterprise security posture, what would give us all the insights? And then we can ask the questions about, okay, how would an adversary do lateral movement through this? I can't fix everything that's a 10, but I could fix the right ones to reduce the risk impactfully. That's real sci-fi stuff that's right around the corner. The simulation environment. What ifs? Oh my God, the company just got hacked, we're out of business. That's just simulation. You could get to, that's the goal, right? It absolutely is, to ask those good business questions about the data, and then to report on the risk of it. And the other thing is we moved to 5G, this problem's getting bigger and bigger, and we're now bringing in very disparate kinds of compute platforms computing at the edge. And what does that do to our nice little network model that we had that our traditional systems are used to defend? I mean, just the segmentation of the network and the edge opens up so much more aperture to the digital twin, or a knowledge graph. You brought up knowledge graph. I want to get your thoughts on this.  She's a PhD in computer science, talking about graphs, and I love riffing on graph databases. But the topic came up about databases in general because with the cloud, it's horizontally scalable. You've got all kinds of simulations, a lot of elasticity going on. There's a lot of software being written on this.  You got to make them all work together. This is kind of the unique challenge. And with security, leveraging the right database and the right construct is a super important thing. How do you guys look at that in the lab?  Oh, we think about it a lot. In fact, we've had a number of research projects over the last five years, and actually six years, where we've really pivoted hard in cyber security to graph databases. And the reason for that is the many to many relationships and what we can do in terms of navigating, asking the questions, pulling on a thread. Because in cyber hunting, that's what we're doing. In many of these use cases that we're trying to defend an enterprise, we're following the next new path based on the newest information of now what the challenge is or what the current configuration is. So that's really important. So graph databases enable that so well. Now there's still the architecture challenge of, okay, when I ask a query, what am I doing? Am I disrupting the whole Apple cart? Do I have to process everything over? Or is there a way to do that elegantly where I can ask my query and because of how I've structured it in storage, I can do it much better. And I can do it much more efficiently. And that I think is where the opportunities are. I got to say, I'm getting excited now on this whole database, because you think about the logic around what you just said. The graph database with that kind of complexity. When you factor in contextually different things happening at any given time, the database needs to be parsed and managed differently. That's a huge challenge. It is a great research challenge, which is why we're doing it. What is that? How far along are we going to be able to be, have this dynamic self-evolving, self-governing, self-healing data modeling? Is that coming soon or? Yeah, I hope so. We wrote it about it a couple of years ago. The self-healing enterprise, aspirational. But I think, I mean, we try to get to real time, right? And we try to get to real time. And again, refactoring, as we talk about what an adversary is going to do or lateral movement through a business process, we're talking about a lot of computational horsepower to recalculate all that, process it again, update it, and then again, present that back. So the number of things we're asking, how we're asking it becomes also very important. Zooming up a little bit high level, what we're really talking about here is value of the data. And when you get into the valuation of the nodes and the arcs and all that graph side and other databases, you got to know what to pay attention to. It's kind of like going into the hospital and hearing all these alarms going off. At some point, you don't know what's in here, flat line or whatever. Right, that's a bad one. I mean, that's obvious, but now sometimes, there's so many alerts. There's so many alarms. How do you understand at any given time what to pay attention to because obviously when someone's having a problem, you want to pay attention to it. If it's a security alert, that's prioritized. The devil is in the analytics, right? What's the question we're asking and the analytics that give us that prioritization? And that's non-trivial because there are a lot of other folks that are doing prioritization in a different manner to do it at scale and to do it, not just one hop out, but I want to go all the way to the crown jewels. I want that whole path navigated and I want to know where to cut along that path. That's a hard thing to do. And so we've actually developed and we've submitted patents for them, but we've developed new analytics that'll support that. Awesome, Lisa, I want to ask you, kind of, I'll give you a plug here. Just going to get it out, because I think it's important. Skills gaps are big things, so I want to give you a minute to explain or share what you're looking for in your hiring. Who are you looking for? What kind of the makeup of individuality? Maybe do you stray more academic paper kind of people or practitioners? When you look to hire, what are some of the priorities that you look for and who would thrive in an essential labs environment? Take a minute to share what you're looking for. Yeah, so we love people that think out of the box and those kinds of people come from very different backgrounds. And so part of that is some of them, we look for PhDs that have wonderful applied skills and applied is a key word there. White papers are great. I need to be able to prove something. I need to be able to demo something that has value. So having the applied skills to a business challenge is really important. So that's sort of ground, understanding the business, very important too. But our talent comes from many different areas. I mean, I kind of joke, my lab looks like the UN, it's wonderful. I have people from across the globe that are in our cybersecurity lab. I have an Washington DC lab or 50% women, which is also exciting because we want different experiences and we shoot for cognitive diversity, right? So we're looking for people that think differently about solving problems and are not encumbered by what they've seen in the past because we're trying to be tip of spear. And I'm sure you know that from Paul Doherty. We are trying to be three to five years over the horizon. You guys got a good narrative. I always love talking to them with censure. They have a good vision. So I got to ask you the next logical question is obviously in the news, you can see everyone talking about breaches. And this, you know, it's not a breach but the door's open. They're really walking in. Nothing was really breached. Yeah, it's a passive invitation. Come on in. Human error is a big part of it. Then breaches is obviously targeted, fishing and all that good stuff. But as those stories get told, there's a whole nother set of stories that aren't being told that are super important. So I'd love to get your thoughts on what are the most important stories that we should be talking about that aren't being talked about? Yeah, so I have two that are front of mind for me. One theme we come back to, and it's not sexy, it's hygiene. It is IT hygiene. And so many of the large companies and even medium small companies, we have legacy technology and keeping that adds complexity. It adds to the whole breadth and depth of what we have to manage and defend. Keeping that attack surface simple and small, cloud enabled, all those good things is a real asset and it makes it much easier to defend. So that's kind of the first non-sexy one, hygiene. The other one I'll say that I think is a challenge that we are not dealing with yet, quantum computing, right? And so we're on the way to getting our post-quantum cryptography in place, but there's another dimension to it and it's our histories. So all of the things that have passed on the wire, all the communications with the key exchanges, all that brilliant stuff is sitting somewhere. Once we get to that point where this becomes very routine and it's coming fast, we predicted eight years. Two years ago. So all that exhaust is somewhere pent up. It's somewhere that we have to think about how much data we're keeping as custodians, how we're managing it, and then we have to think about the exposure from our past and say, okay, what does that mean that that was out there? Is it aged enough that it doesn't have value? And I think there's a real triage that needs to be done. And certainly data management. I think you know the hygiene principle, good point, it reminds me of the story Andy Jassy was telling about the mainframe customer that they couldn't find who had the password. They had to find that a person was retired 10 years earlier to get the password. You don't forget things, but also there's a human component in all this. Humans and machines are working together. And that's a huge part of it. It's not just machines dominating it all. It's going to be a human component. It's a societal impact that we're seeing with information. And whether that's out in the open or behind closed doors, there's all kinds of things looming. There are. And I think one of the things in the companies that we're seeing who are embracing innovation well are doing a lot of retraining because the things that people are excellent at, AI is not good at. And the things that AI is good at are not at all what people are good at. So the good news is there's a beautiful teaming there. If we retool the skills or if we re-envision those roles so that people can get into those roles. And I think that's really important because I'd rather see AI do all the heavy lifting well and be trustworthy and robust and all those great things. And the people be doing the much smarter things that require a human. Does the process serve the purpose? Does the purpose serve the process? Same kind of question, right? Exactly. AI, you can have great AI that does nothing. That's right. So it has to be relevant. It absolutely does. Relevant is kind of a big thing. And we own that context, right? Humans own that context. Well, thanks for coming in and sharing the insight. I really appreciate it. Final question, it's always tough to pick your favorite child, but what is your most coolest thing you're working on right now? I'll tell you, the cyber-digital twin stuff is so cool. The what? The cyber-digital twin stuff is so cool. When you see the power of what that picture and the analytics can do, we'll show you. Do you have a demo of that now? We absolutely do. Is it online or is it more in person? You've got to see it. More in person. Folks can reach out. You don't have to get exclusive on that. We do. I love those simulations. I think it's very beneficial. It is. A lot of learning. I mean, who doesn't want practice? Well, and a picture is worth a million dollars. It's just incredible to look at it and it clicks, it clicks of all the potential things you could ask or do. And that's the exciting part now is we show this with customers and we coordinate with customers. They're coming up with a laundry list of questions. And this is a beautiful thing about cloud is that new capabilities are emerging every day. And you get used to good ones. Lisa O'Connor is here. Thank you very much for sharing your insights. Global security are in the lead for Accenture Labs. Cube coverage, getting all the signal here on the show floor, extracting that from all the noise. I'm John Furrier. Thanks for watching.


Listen to this if you want to build endurance and stamina, but you don't want to lose any muscle Our first caller is Ian from Maryland Ian. What's happening? How can we help you? Wow? This is Sal Adam and Justin, right? Okay, I want you guys every day you guys have been a huge inspiration and have really just changed my life in terms of fitness I just want to say thank you guys for that so much. You're welcome man. Thanks for listening Thanks for a compliment. All right, so I'm just gonna go ahead and dive into my question So I'm gonna give you a very slight back story then get into exactly what What I actually at call for today. So I started working out in October of 2020 and before that And I was in school. Well college. I didn't really work out a lot. I ran high school tracks Oh, that's when I worked out but this was my first time really hitting the gym and I was just doing a split routine and you know making steadily good progress, but not really, you know It was it was pretty decent was slow slow games, but it was perfectly fine And then around March is when I was introduced to you guys and you guys were just a Huge help, you know from the tips you guys gave to the full-body workouts every single thing I was single thing to do guys preach on a day-to-day basis Really changed up my whole the time a whole entire progress. So I was able to you know, not only increase strength gains by a lot I also gained a lot of muscle mass too because I was I think that you describe as an actual ectomorph I believe you say a lot So is that how you say it or when you were super skinny with a scoop small body type? Yeah ectomorph or or Wimpy like Adam. Yeah, so I Would I was an ectomorph super small one to gain muscle now is my priority and after listening you guys you guys You know definitely changed up that whole progress awesome So long story short, I'm at to where point where I'm at now We're I still want to see strength games still on the shirt plus still doing positive But I decided to switch up the workouts because something that I know Justin and you guys talk about consistently It's just doing that different plane working on different planes So I decided to go ahead and switch from my full-body workout routine Which is like a typical five-by-five to now actually dominant to mass performance, which has been great I'm at the end of it right now So now I decided to move on to that and go with some apps OCR Just a quick side note I did sign up for option option course run because you guys inspired me as the Spartan one But with that being said though I still want to be able to maintain my strength games and I know that OCR the way that it's programmed It's a lot of running involved. So I know that can sin compete in signal signal. So I was asking you guys What's the best way for me to structure maps OCR where I can maintain my strength games or what can I do? Maybe add in a day or something. I don't know how I should structure to make sure that just maintain my strength and my muscle mass And I lose lose it. Yeah, Ian That's a good question The best answer is the follow maps OCR is laid out so every program that we create the idea is to maximize performance for the specific goal that the program is created for and part of that is maximizing strength and muscle in relation to the context of the goal. So that means that in OCR training maximizing strength so long as it contributes to Your performance in OCR. So you got to remember something and strength is can be relatively specific. So A power lifter Is going to be stronger than a strongman lifter in specific lifts in a specific context But a strongman lifter is going to be stronger in a different context, right? And so this is true for all athletes So strength can be defined in many different ways I think you're absolutely fine. You're going to go on OCR. Will you lose some strength in your deadlift squat and bench? Probably But you'll gain it in different ways that'll maximize your performance in OCR and then you come back When you come back, you're just going to be more balanced And that's really the key right unless you're just looking to work out for a few months and then that's it But if you're looking at this long term You're going to see yourself move in and out of different adaptations and goals and overall They all contribute to each other to a more balanced functional strong Healthy body and physique. No, that's not to say that He can't manipulate OCR or do some sort of a blend Of OCR and like anabolic or performance, right? There's nothing that says you can't do that and The only thing excuse me the only thing that is going to happen though If you do that, right? So and what I'm hearing is is similar to like maybe the experience I had when I did like I did a Tough Mudder So I did something similar, right?  I just want to prove that I can do it Then there's nothing that says you can't take part of OCR Add in a couple of the runs here and there instead of running as much as we have you running in there Do some of the obstacle course like strength specific stuff for like your forums Which I think you should do because that's going to benefit you because a lot of the things In OCR is like requires good grip strength But then still kind of run an anabolic type of routine And basically what I would do is I would just kind of split the week in half and say, you know Half the week I'm doing like an anabolic full body routine and then the other half I'm kind of following OCR Now if you do that You're going to sacrifice how good you're going to be at OCR But if I'm hearing you correctly that may be less of a priority to you and your strength And maybe your physique is more important to you But what Sal is saying is absolutely true too nothing if you were to follow OCR to a T Let go the fact that you might lose a little bit of strength in your your deadlift and squat and all that hard work You put in and then know that when you get out of your OCR training and you get back to anabolic You get back to strong you get back to one of our other programs You're going to blow right back up and I guarantee you within that program You'll catch up and probably surpass your current pr numbers. So Both options are are completely okay. It really depends. What do you what do you want from this? Yeah, I think there's I mean, this is a very common fear. I think there's a lot of paranoia around losing the muscle that you work so hard to achieve but Not realizing that you know as you go back into that type of training, it's going to come back pretty quickly It's not something that You know, if you do lose a bit of strength gains just because you're focusing more on endurance I mean, this is a phase is a period where now we're hyper focusing on something that your body's trying to adapt towards That's you know in a different direction, but we'll you know benefit the overall so I honestly I think that if You know if you're comfortable with it to really dive into it and do it exactly how it's laid out And you're going to be just fine.  Yeah, you know one more thing Ian I'm going to make it more specific now specifically to you you sent us a question A written question. There's got more details on what you said on the podcast. Do you mind if I go through some of? Oh, no, that's perfectly fine. I just didn't want to hit all of you guys time. So yeah No, no, I'm going to read off a few things just for Doug. Doug appreciates that Ian. Just so you know Yeah, no I'm going to go through some of the stuff just for the the people listening or watching right now So in your written question, you had said that you have well, you already told us You have a background in track. Um, so that tells me that you've done a lot of running You're probably pretty damn good at it. You weigh 151 pounds And your bench is 245 your squat is 330 and your deadlift is 405, which are solid exceptional numbers for Somebody your size Because of your track background your body weight and your strength Uh, I don't think you're gonna have trouble with ocr training. Yeah, I think you're gonna be totally fine In fact, I think you could jump in it right now and you'll do better than most people With almost no training. Uh, just because of your background I mean your body weight to strength ratio is so high That, you know You know going across bars and stuff like that with your hands is not going to be as hard as somebody who weighs You know 200 plus pounds. So keep that in mind as well You know consider that you're you're you're in better You're in a better position than most people anyway Just because you're training background the biggest challenge people have with ocr Is the running and the stuff that has to do with the grip Those are the two most common complaints, uh, or you know concerns that people will have after they do An ocr race, but you already got the running down. I think you're probably gonna be fine with the running The hand stuff.  Maybe work on some stamina with that. So I wouldn't worry too much and then the last thing I'll say is this People are so worried After they gain muscle that if they lose it It's gonna take as long as it took them the first time to gain it back even easier It's super fast. Once you gain it like that's the hard part The first time is the first time you gain muscle is the hard part the second third fourth fifth time Way different. It's way different and way easier. So if you do lose Five pounds of muscle and maybe before it took you four or five months to gain it You'll gain it back in a few weeks. I mean don't trip selfishly You know if I was your coach, I would actually love to see you run ocr to a t and see with your background And already where your strength to weight ratio like a top Yeah, I think you could actually I think you could be a top guy that finishes in his first, you know first ocr race So there's a selfish part of me as a coach. I'd be like, let's see what we can let's see what we could do with your We're gonna hit with hunter mac and cat. Yeah, your abilities already. I bet we could make you Win this goddamn.  Go out there and see what you can do Maybe it's something you fall in love with and it becomes a new passion Well, I will thank you guys so much and I guess I know I'm only spending one but a quick question Which should I run after this? What should you run after this? Well, you done go back to strength for sure. Yeah, I would go. Have you done map strong strong? Yeah No, I haven't I was with that was my next one. I wanted to look into yeah We'll send that to you even if you don't have that I'll send that over to you Oh, thank you. Thank you guys so much. You got it man. Thanks for the thanks for listening to the show. Appreciate it Of course. Thank you. Thank you guys. Have a great day. You got Yeah, I get the by the way I want to be clear when I give advice or when all of us give advice on the podcast We're in trainer mode that doesn't mean that we don't feel the same way when it's our own selves I know what even now that's why I wanted to share that Totally because I I was exactly I can't say I was exactly like this because he's got a runner background And I don't I don't know what his motivation of OCR was but I was in a point It was literally this was we were playing video games my two best friends and myself We're playing video games.  So I did tough mutter and tough mutter I think is a little bit easier than spartans Spartans a little more running like tough mutter They do or excuse me not tough mutter. I'm sorry muddy buddy So they actually use split half running half biking And you have a partner and you kind of you go back and forth. So anyways, Doug later on google muddy buddy My point my point though of bringing that up so he knows is that I know as a coach I would want him to run through ocr stick to it. Just the way it is understand that when he gets out of that He's gonna be totally fine But I also his his probably his sentiment it resonates with me because because I didn't do that.  Yeah, no, I was like I I cared so much about what I had built And I didn't I didn't want to even if it was a short regression back and I know better I he was like, I don't need to I could but then I might but I'm I want to be very clear my goal wasn't to be the best ocr Right, so I just needed to beat my two fucking slept friends here. Like it's all I need to do Like I did not I hope they listen to the Now if I if I one of them does right if I wanted to be The best ocr racer. I would have absolutely committed to training like an ocr racer like what we wrote the program Yeah, I get it too. It's like, you know, I know if I lost five pounds of muscle It would be easy to gain it back that still doesn't mean I don't freak out if there's an opportunity to lose five pounds It still doesn't mean you don't want to either exactly I still I get it I totally get it but the advice that we're giving is is accurate even if we don't necessarily take it ourselves sometimes Hey, if you enjoyed that clip you can find the full episode here or you can find other clips over here and be sure to subscribe


Hello and welcome to the session in which we will discuss the taxability of gambling income and unemployment compensation. Starting with gambling income, what is gambling income? When you think of gambling income, think of a casino. Think of taking a chance, you're making a speculation and taking a chance. Well, what happened if you go to the casino or you gamble online or you gamble over sports or any sorts of gambling? Well, guess what? Gambling winnings would be included in the taxpayer gross income for the year in which they are earned. Now, that's the bad news. You might be saying, but I also, or if you want the lottery for that matters, any sorts of lottery, that's basically a form of gambling. But the question is, well, I did win $10,000, but I have a lot of losses. Maybe I have $30,000 and losses. Can't I offset my losses with my winning? Because usually gamblers, they only tell you about their winnings. They don't tell you about their losses. Well, guess what? Gambling losses may be deducted as an itemized deduction. So this is what you have to understand. You are going to report your winnings on schedule one, which we'll see schedule one in a moment. And that's income. Then if you have any winnings, it's going to be reported on schedule A. The losses will be reported on schedule A. Well, what if I don't itemize and use schedule A? What if I use my standard deduction? Then guess what? You don't use your losses. So you would only report your income. And your losses are only deductible up to your income. So what you can do, you can use your losses to reduce your income down to zero. Then what happened if you have additional losses? Any remaining non-deductible gambling losses may not be used to offset future learning, a future gambling winnings, or to reduce income from previous years. So any remaining too bad, you lost, you took a chance, don't gamble. Before we proceed any further, I have a public announcement about my company, farhatlectures.com. Farhat Accounting Lectures is a supplemental educational tool that's going to help you with your CPA exam preparation as well as your accounting courses. My CPA material is aligned with your CPA review course such as Becker, Roger, Wiley, Gleam, Myles. My accounting courses are aligned with your accounting courses broken down by chapter and topics. My resources consist of lectures, multiple choice questions, true-false questions, as well as exercises. Go ahead, start your free trial today, no obligation, no credit card required. So let's take a look at the form where you report those gambling. Well, if you look at schedule one, form 1040, and you look under 8B, there's a line called gambling winning. So this is, let's assume 10,000, you would report the 10,000 here. Then you will add up all your other income. And let's assume you only have $10,000 for that matter. So let's assume $10,000. Then this $10,000 would go to your other income, $10,000. We're assuming you have no losses. Well, that's not usually the case, but that's the point. So this is how you would report your winning. Then what happened if you have losses? Well, if you have losses, you can only use them if you prepare a schedule A, which is itemized deduction. So why did I say if? Because for any taxpayer, you have the option of a standard deduction, which is standard deduction could be any amount given by the government, for example, for this particular year, $12,554, a single, $25,100 for a married filing jointly, and those numbers will change. You could either use the standard deduction, or you can use the itemized deduction for schedule A, which is this schedule here where you add up all of your medical expenses, taxes paid, interest you paid, gift, casualty and theft losses, and other. Under other, you can include here your losses if you choose and as long as you itemized and your itemized deduction is greater than your standard, standard deduction, then you can do what? Then you can use the losses. Otherwise, if you don't itemize, then guess what? The $10,000 is reported as taxable income, and that's the end of it. So you did not take advantage of your losses. So the only way you can take advantage of your losses is if you itemize. Again, let's assume you have $30,000 in losses, the only amount you can use is $10,000 to bring your income down to zero, and the $20,000 losses you're going to have to take home with you. Basically, there's nothing you can do with it. And this is what you need to know about gambling losses. Think of hobby losses. We're going to talk about hobby loss later.  Well, you can use your expenses to offset your income down to zero, but you cannot have a loss from a hobby loss. You could always have a zero. Same concept in gambling income. You could bring your gambling income down to zero, but any additional losses, which is for hobby, it will be additional expenses or additional costs cannot be used. Let's talk about unemployment compensation. What is unemployment compensation? Assuming you lost your job in the US for reasons other than your own, then you get paid from the state government. Well, although you get paid from the state government, those programs are federally funded. So you get paid in case you lost your job due to a layoff, downsizing, whatever the reason is unemployment benefit paid under a federal or state program. Usually the state pays you, but sometime when there's a, for example, COVID, you might have also federal unemployment, but generally speaking, the state will pay you in which you were laid off. Any benefit paid to employees who are laid off or lost their job for something that was not their own fault should be included in their gross income. And what do we mean by not their own fault? For example, if you quit, you cannot get unemployment compensation. If you were fired, it depends. You can file, so on and so forth. But the point is it's not your fault. So if you leave a job, you just, you cannot collect unemployment. That's the point I am trying to make. Now, whoever pays you, let's assume the state of Pennsylvania, the state of New York, the state of New Jersey, the payer of unemployment compensation should send you, should send you what's called the 1099G.  And this amount is reported by the taxpayer. It used not to be taxable. Just know now it's taxable. Just historically, it was not taxable. Then they kind of, they taxed part of it partial. Now they tax the whole thing. Now it's taxed. So just know that that's the case. Now, what is it reported? What would you report this? Well, if you look at your schedule one, line 1040 under other income. And if you look at line 7, there's unemployment compensation, let's assume $5,000. Again, it gets added to your income. And it gets added to other income on your form 1040. So it's very important to see those where things go. What should you do now? What should you do?  Accounting is important. Invest in it. It's going to pay you dividend down the road. Good luck, study hard, and of course, stay safe.


Today I'm going to be explaining back rooms level 900 and after this explanation you'll probably be really uneasy about touching beds ever again inside the back rooms and especially going to sleep in those beds or not. It's really whatever you want. Anyways, thank you for clicking on this video. Let's dive right into it, shall we? Back rooms level 900 is the 901st level inside of the back rooms and it's been classified as a class 1 difficulty. It's listed as safe and secure with a minimal entity count, but in reality it's a little bit more dangerous than that. The first thing that the level document says is quote, there are currently two known exits on this level that are difficult but not impossible to reach, end quote. Yeah, the description starts like this. Level 990 is an absolutely huge mattress store. Now even though it's massive it is not infinite, which is actually a thing that goes on with a ton of back rooms levels. Most of the time it's because of the non-euclidean geometry that these levels have, but here on this level it's just a big old building. There's no non-euclidean geometry. The width of the building seems to be pretty normal, but the length is estimated to be somewhere around 500 miles from front to back. The layout of the level is full of beds obviously, but there's also nightstands and an occasional couch and shelves and that kind of thing as well. The 900 is also well lit with fluorescent lights in the ceiling. The ambience of the level is very calm, I mean how can it not be? But some of the people that have been here have reported the level smelling weird. Some say it smells like chamomile and lavender, others say it smells rotted and weird. It just depends on who goes I guess. There is little to no sound echoing through this level. It almost feels like it's a sound deprivation chamber, I mean there's literally nothing and it feels very liminal and empty. Of some of the beds lined up on the walls here there are dream catchers that have been nailed to the wall that are made out of different shapes and sizes and that kind of thing. These dream catchers are a very common attribute to the level, but as far as we know they don't really serve a purpose, but that could change. So no matter how you get sent to level 900 you'll spawn in the very middle of it. And since there's 500 miles in this entire level that means that either way you walk when you first get here you'll have to walk 250 miles to get to an exit, which will take about three days of straight walking at a very fast pace. Nice. The level's calm layout is not consistent through the entire thing though and I'll explain what I mean by that right now. When you get sent here at the very middle of this level the beds will look clean and will have new sheets and pillows and that sort of thing. Just like ones you'd see at a real life mattress store. In this beginning area there are those dream catchers on the wall and there's even an occasional stuffed animal on the beds. But it's as you walk further and further away from this middle area when you'll notice the beds starting to become more uncomfortable and old and decaying. They'll start to look older and unkempt and just in general the level becomes more gross the further away from the center that you walk. This is obviously a strange anomaly and it's actually a pretty common thing through a lot of backroom levels it seems. The further you get away from the spawn point the more unstable and dangerous the level gets. Anyways let's talk about some of the properties that actually make the place dangerous. So the level seems to possess the ability to make wanderers more and more lethargic and tired the more they walk in the level. And it's not just being you know regularly tired you'll start to feel extremely exhausted and all you want to do is get into one of the thousands of beds here to sleep. Especially if you've been walking for a couple days. But as you can see by the title of the video never ever get into a bed or even touch them. No matter how tired or fatigued you are never do it. The reason for this is because if you sleep in a bed on this level and then you'll wake up you'll find yourself back at the very center of the level again to start over. So you could have been walking for two or three days and hundreds of miles towards the exit at the front or the back of the level.  But the real problem is that the level will kind of trap you in a pattern of this. You know you'll be walking you'll get tired you'll sleep and you'll be sent to the middle to do it all over again and eventually you're gonna run out of food and water and you can't really help it unless you just don't give into the tiredness just keep walking that's the only way to counteract it. On top of the level itself making you tired there's also sometimes a soft lullaby type of music that's been playing deeper and deeper into the level and somehow this has an anomalous effect that will make you more tired than you are before. It's actually thought that the entity that lives on this level here is responsible for the music but we don't really know for sure and speaking of that the only entity here that's been seen so far is named Tucker and this is definitely a weird one so buckle up. Tucker has been cited just a few times like two or three and the description of Tucker goes like this it's supposedly a seven foot tall goat sheep hybrid humanoid thing with horns even though that sounds terrifying Tucker actually hasn't shown any aggressive behavior and kind of behaves like the kitty entity from Kitty's house it kind of just stands there and watches you but because it looks like it does it sort of kind of gives you a creepy feeling and it might unsettle people it's unknown if Tucker controls the level or controls how tired you get or controls the music or whatever we just don't know to enter this level you have to be sleep deprived on any level inside the back rooms and you probably get sent here but it's also thought that you can find a mattress store on level 11 and get sent here who knows now there are two exits on the level that I mentioned a little bit earlier in the video one of them is at the front and one is in the back and remember I said you spawn in the very middle of the level when you get here so you have to walk around 250 miles to get to either one of these exits while fighting the urge to go to sleep while possibly being stalked by the Tucker entity it just keeps getting worse but if somehow you manage to find yourself at the very front of this building and you walk out the front door you'll notice that the level outside is just a quiet empty city street it's lifeless there's no cars or anything the only thing there is one single coffee cart you'll also see some kind of mattress storefront from where you just came in from it changes depending on who comes to the level sometimes it's a brand we all know sometimes it's not it just depends on who comes here but the outside of the front is nothing too crazy just an empty city street but in order to actually escape the whole level you have to find that coffee cart and then pour a cup of coffee and drink it and you'll be sent out now the back exit of the level looks like a small back alleyway with a fence around it and in this alleyway there's a mattress on the floor and in order to leave the level you have to lay down on that mattress to be sent out so yeah quick summary speed runtime this level is a 500 mile long mattress store with anomalous effects that make anyone traveling here feel very tired and fatigued the further you walk to an exit but if you give into the tiredness and fall asleep on a mattress you'll be sent back to the starting point to travel it all over again essentially creating an endless paradox of sleeping walking sleeping walking sleeping walking and so on not very fun anyways that's it for the video thank you so much for watching if you want to be a part of the channel getting to one million subscribers I'd appreciate a fat subbie for your old boy but if not it's okay either way it works thanks for checking me out in this video I will see you all in the next video base


It's New Year. You want to transform your body? You work hard for two weeks three weeks But you're not looking like Dwayne Johnson though Now you quit because the image you're seeing in the mirror is not congruent with what you're seeing in your head What happened to the big event you should be looking like Dwayne, but you're not or maybe you're a striving entrepreneur You've read think grow rich. You've read the four-hour work week matter fact.  You see Nothing happens through quantum leaps things happen through consistent gradual Small actions that leveraged over time that might appear like a quantum leap down the line To those are unaware of the universe was a success Nothing happens on nowhere Things can reach a critical point and your results can explode But that doesn't mean that it happened out of nowhere things were building up It's kind of like if you have a scale And you have a heavy thing on one side and you're tipping sand on the left side Gradually Things will stop moving You reach a tipping point and emotions to happening back during the initial process looks like you're doing nothing But you are doing something you see there's a few things that are against us The human mind has a bad bad concept of time The human mind does not understand when I stand clock time when I stand logical time You understand your deadlines, but you don't understand the time Essence of time you understand how your small actions today leverage over time Understand how what you do today is gonna affect you one year down the line. We don't have that knowledge We're not omniscient We don't know what's gonna happen ten years down the line. So that's why when we're tasked with Doing something that seems small and mundane in the meantime that we know we should do a lot of times We take the part of least resistance. It's just the nature of the mind. We take the easy way out because let's face it These things are easy Reading a book for ten minutes is easy Meditating every day for 50 minutes is easy Say no to KFC once in a while is easy All these things are easy the things we know we should do but they're also easy to not do When you have a mind that's programmed to take the part of least resistance and a mind that doesn't understand the concept of time And how time leverages things You're gonna take The path of least resistance you're gonna not do it. You're gonna believe in the quantum leap ideology Look at this way. Here's another example of how small gradual things add up Have you ever seen the Grand Canyon? Now I love people have a hard time believing that that rock those Huge monuments in the earth were created by water the same water you see going down your driveway when you're cleaning your car created the Grand Canyon Just small persistent Water flows Leveraged over millions of years cracks rocks That's the power of time as a power the small mundane things. So the next time you approach success Understand that every little thing you do now is going to affect you down the line Understand that it's easy to do these things that are good for you, but it's easier to not do them But know what's at stake and do them anyway So are you gonna believe in the quantum leap?  Peace


Hi friends and subscribers, welcome back to my YouTube channel, my name is Daniel Rosil. This channel focuses on life on the ground in Jerusalem and Israel. Recently I've been sharing some videos about how Ireland has reacted to Israel's current escalation of its war against the Hamas terrorist organization based in the Gaza Strip. It's unclear exactly what's happening on the ground right now. The IDF's planned ground operation in Gaza hasn't started yet and all we can do is speculate as to why. Meanwhile Israel is trying to contain and stabilize the northern front with Lebanon. It's also attempting to find ways to separate the civilian population in Gaza from Hamas. So far it has tried to move civilians to a safe area in Gaza and provide a very basic level of humanitarian aid to prevent the situation from devolving into a total humanitarian catastrophe. During its time of crisis Israel has seen steadfast support from some nations like the US. Other less friendly ones like Ireland have also been reliable but in a different way. They've been reliably unfriendly. Shortly after the breakout of the conflict Ireland joined Denmark and Luxembourg in attempting to water down an EU resolution condemning the barbaric terrorist attack that took place the day before on October 7th. Ireland unsuccessfully attempted to interject language into the condemnation that would call for an avoidance of an escalation of violence which seems like it was code for asking Israel to not respond in kind. The broader community of EU stakeholders were having none of it however and the condemnation ended up just as a condemnation. Alongside the fact that EU Commissioner Ursula von der Leyen came out with a statement saying that the EU stands with Israel this combination of facts drove many amassed sympathizers in Ireland absolutely crazy. Ireland joined yet another minority of EU states a few days later when it seems to have successfully pushed the EU to backtrack on a plan to freeze funds to Gaza. In that move Ireland was joined only by Spain and Luxembourg. After Hamas shared videos showing it digging up EU funded water pipes in Gaza to use as rocket parts the EU seemed understandably worried that its contributions were being seized by Hamas and used to finance terrorism. Earlier this week however Ireland decided to move unilaterally to increase funding to Gazans. It announced a 13 million euro aid package consisting of what it called Humanitarian Assistance for Palestinians. 10 million euro of that aid would go to funding UNRWA and 3 million of that aid to another EU mission the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs or OCHA. In total Ireland has now sent 29 million euro to the Palestinians since the start of this year. This move has raised at least a few sets of eyebrows on social media and brought some to ask at a time when the international community is proving wary of sending additional aid to Palestinians and Ireland has chose to go it alone. Does this mean that Ireland is going to end up funding Hamas? Although the Irish contribution is relative pocket change compared to the 1 billion which Qatar has plowed into the territory since 2012, there is a very real chance that by backing UNRWA Ireland will end up directly abetting Hamas. Hamas has repeatedly stored rockets at UNRWA facilities in the Gaza Strip and also use them as launching areas for attacks against Israel. Of course UNRWA has formally condemned this but the organisation is staffed in major part by local Gazans, which means that it's extremely possible that Hamas supporters are staffing its mission and taking advantage of the diplomatic protection that UNRWA enjoys to make it a convenient launching area for attacks against Israel. And here's something even more absurd, UNRWA has previously handed over rockets stored in its schools to Hamas after they were found being stored there illegally. Yes you heard that right, they handed rockets stored illegally in their schools over to the authorities in Gaza which then as now consist of Hamas. So UNRWA has previously been complicit in rocket attacks against Israel. There are other reasons to be suspicious of the good intentions of UNRWA as an aid parter from an Israeli perspective ranging from the fact that they have previously been found to hire teachers propagating Hamas ideology through to the fact that the mission has a vested interest in perpetuating indefinitely the status of Palestinian refugees. But perhaps this set of facts is enough to convince you that this UN mission may not be the good faith institution dedicated to supporting the betterment of ordinary Gazans than many naively believe it to be. Which brings me back to the question here, by giving them 10 million euro during a time of active hostility with Israel could Ireland and the Irish taxpayer actually be actively funding Hamas? Want to get more videos from me? Please consider liking this video and subscribing to this YouTube channel.


So I think over the next year, you'll see quite a few extensions of our brand, some of which will stick around and many of which won't. Some of which will just be a one-time enjoyable experience for us to launch something new into the world. And others will become part of our core business and maybe a significant part of our core business. So an easy example of that being that we launched masks a couple weeks ago and it quickly became our number one selling product for the last three weeks. So I think we'll see that evolution and iteration happening quite a bit but you know within our playbook not in any sort of inauthentic way.  How long did it take you before as a team you were like okay we need to move in this direction and was there a problem in getting supplies with with everyone being interrupted because I heard a lot about supply chains being disrupted and things being put on hold just because not that they weren't available but because they were hard to get from point A to point B. Did you experience any of that in creation of the masks as a product? Yeah we experience I think all of that. You know we shut our stores down March 11th and I think summer on March 20th or so we kind of got word that this PPE shortage was happening. Our first instinct wasn't until well over a month later you know closer to a month and a half. We didn't think at all about selling we never thought we'd sell masks I mean even on March 20th when we kicked that off it was how many can we get to local Boston hospitals and we ended up putting a lot of our own money forward raising money from our customers and ended up donating over I think it ended up being 40,000 respirators and another 30,000 masks are on the way. It was only once we caught our breath and had delivered 40,000 masks that we even thought about selling the first one and realizing hey we still have a we you know we just built the supply chain overnight you know for donations. Now that the donations are starting to kind of be you know we're continuing to donate one you know one for every sellout sale. Is there an opportunity for us to make this part of our core business and go from there? That's exactly what happened you know we decided on March 11th not to furlough or fire anybody. We have 30 retail staff members at those six doors and for for their livelihood and for our economy we decided to keep them all fully on payroll and so we had to make sure we kind of took care of our business. As soon as we took care of our community our next thought had to be how do we make sure we sustain our business and that's where selling masks became an option. Hey everyone thanks for checking out that clip. If you enjoyed it be sure to hit the like button down below and if you're interested in hearing the full episode it's out right now on our YouTube channel. We've had a lot of great guests come on this show before and we've got a lot of great guests coming up in the future so hit subscribe so that you don't miss a single episode. In one final note we're always looking for new ideas and new companies to feature on the show so if you know of someone or know of a company write us a comment down below letting us know who they are and what they do and be happy to have them on the show. Until then I'll just be here waiting for your comments so uh see you later.


Jordanus Numerarius lived when Roman numerals were still in common use. So for example, Book 1, problem 1, separate 10 into two parts with difference 2. So the idea of using a letter to represent an unknown quantity is counterintuitive. Nevertheless, Jordanus did it. For example, in problem 3 of Denumerus Datus, Jordanus solves a familiar problem if a given number is separated into two parts with a given product, the parts can be found. Jordanus' solution, using his verbal algebra, let the given number ABC be separated into AB and C, whose product is D. Let the square root of the given number be E. Let F be 4 times D. Subtract from E, leaving G. The square root of G will be B, the difference between AB and C. Again, Jordanus' purely verbal algebra can be a little hard for modern readers to follow. So in modern notation, we have the following. We have a given number ABC, and we're separating that into two parts, AB and C. So what Jordanus is calling AB is one of our unknowns, we'll call that X, and C is the other unknown, we'll call that Y. And we also have the product, which Jordanus is calling D. So D is XY, the square of the given number, that's E, that's X plus Y squared, and we'll expand that 4 times D, that's 4 XY, and we'll subtract that from E. So E minus F gives us G. And note that G is actually X minus Y squared. So the square root of G will be B, that's the difference between AB and C. So as an example, Jordanus separated 10 into two numbers, whose product was 21. For ease of readability, we'll use our modern number system, instead of trying to write these in Roman numerals, which is what Jordanus did. So the square of our sum of our given number is 100. 4 times the product of the two numbers is 84. The difference is 16. The root is 4. And now we have the problem of separating 10 into two numbers with a difference of 4. But that was actually the first problem in de Numerous Datus, a given number is separated into two numbers with a given difference. So using the solution for problem one of de Numerous Datus, we subtract the difference from the sum to get 6, divide in half to get 3, the smaller number, add the difference to get 7, the larger number, and so the solution to our original problem is 3 and 7.


Okay, moving on let us look at how the same system is used in compressible flow, we have so far studied only the incompressible flow that is what we have studied. We know from our previous lectures that there is no hard and fast number at which the flow becomes compressible but typically we say that at Mach number 0.3 or lower you can assume that the flow is incompressible without much error, the errors would be only around 4 to 5% at Mach number 0.3, beyond Mach number 0.3 the error will become increasing and when you go to Mach number 0.7, 0.8 etc. error becomes very high. So, when you look at incompressible flow then you can apply this version of Bernoulli's principle and if you assume that the altitude is not changing if you are in level flight then the 2 heights are same. So, you can simply say that at a stagnation pressure the velocity is 0, so the difference is certainly the pressure divided by rho into 2 is the velocity, so this is the principle used by the pitostatic tube in incompressible flow which we have studied so far. Now we move on to the compressible flow and that too is subsonic and supersonic. So, in compressible flow the fluid is brought to rest. So, therefore the kinetic energy of the flow is completely absorbed to increase the stagnation pressure. So, if you have a pitostatic tube like this there is going to be a stagnation pressure right in the front. So, this conversion of energy takes place at the stagnation point so you get stagnation pressure there. So, the fluid regime can be incompressible subsonic compressible or supersonic it does not matter the working principle is the same. But the difference is that now you are using you are assuming you are assuming that it is isentropic. Remember now last time when I spoke to you I asked you to put on modal a proof that when you bring fluid to rest it is actually isentropic. No one has so far reported that no one has been able to put that answer. So, it still it is open I would like you to prove that in a standard pitostatic tube when the flow is accelerated and compressed from the free stream state that process is isentropic we have to prove it. So, what we do is the same thing p stagnation and p static are used to measure. So, it is the same principle, but the only difference is in how do we get the correlation between the stagnation and static pressure. In the in case of compressible flow the relationship is not simply root of 2 into delta p upon density you have this isentropic compression formula which is applicable. So, the ratio of p stagnation by p static is 1 plus mm minus 1 m infinity square gamma upper gamma minus 1 this we all know. So, using this you can get the velocity formula a bit different from what was there in the previous one. So, this kind of a compensation is has to be brought into the system when we are looking at a compressible flow. Now, let us look at supersonic flow. In supersonic flow what will happen is that the presence of this tube is going to create a shock. Now in the next capsule we are going to look at shock waves we are going to look at this in more detail. So, I had a choice either to discuss this portion at that point of time, but I thought let me just complete it here so that it is there at one place and we do not have to revisit that place once again. So, right now you have to assume what I am saying in the next session or in the next capsule I am going to elaborate this into more detail. So, essentially what happens in a supersonic flow is that there is going to be formation of something called as a shock wave and this shock wave if it is a blunt shaped body like this or a fairly rounded body like this not very sharp. This shock is going to be a detached shock it will be located ahead of the body and if you bring in a pitot tube there is going to be a detached shock in the front. So, the probe stagnation pressure is going to be more than that of the free stream because behind a shock there is going to be an increase in the pressure because of the shock. This is the phenomena of shock wave this is the feature of a shock wave that the stagnation pressure increases. So, that means the reading will be wrong because now you are not reading the free stream pressure you are reading the pressure behind the shock which will happen because the flow is supersonic. So, there is a Rayleigh-Pittot formula for supersonic flows through which we can get this expression. We are not going to either prove it or now we are going to derive this expression that is not a part of this course or introduction to flight. Just I want to tell you that the ratio of pressures is different in compressible flow, compressible flow without shocks and compressible flow in supersonic flow. So, let us see now you do not believe me I would like to show you a, but before that there is a question yes total pressure what happens to that it remains constant. Okay, so what will happen to the readings yeah you are right you are right you are right static pressure is going to increase. So, the pressure that the probe is facing will be different from what is the free stream pressure and that will lead to the errors. So, thank you for correcting my mistake you are right. Okay, let us see let us see a small video that shows the creation of a shock in a pitotastic stream. See as the flow becomes sonic there is this very beautiful pattern formed and hence the pressure sense by the tube is going to be behind itself it is not going to be the same. So, there is a shock right in the front there is a shock here here there is a shock here also what you get is not the correct pressure. So, these are some lines which tell you about the ratio in the pressure as a function of free stream Mach number the first one shows only when the Mach number is from 1 to 4 it is a zoomed in figure of this one which shows from Mach number 1 to 10. So, you can see that there is a substantial drop the pressure will be only 10 percent of the free stream if the Mach number is approximately 2.7 or 2.6 and if you go to Mach number 10 it is going to be very very small as a ratio. Okay, so this is a pitot rally pitot formula which is coded in the pitot tube. But I want you to see this is the kind of shape that you will see for a pitot static tube used on all aircraft which go faster than speed of sound in supersonic flow. So, there will be a central symmetry axis and there will be a bulbous nose in the front and there will also be something on the back. So, the question is why are the pitot tubes shaped like this in case of supersonic aircraft. The answer is that we need to compensate the position error or the error that is coming because of its position and also because of the presence of shocks. So, let us see how it works. So, basically what is position error? The position error is that the static pressure locally is not same as ambient and the difference between them is called as the loss in static pressure which leads to an error called as the position error. So, that means you have to give some kind of a aerodynamic compensation for the shape of the pitot static tube or the pitot tube so that it reads the correct value of pressure. So, this is that particular compensation region which is in the front. And on the back you also have another conical area which is again meant for the same kind of compensation. But now there is another interesting thing what you can do is you can mount some sensors in this area and in this area and the difference in the pressure that you record in the upper and the lower surface you can use it for finding the angle of attack of the aircraft or the angle at which the probe is mounted to the flow. So, this particular figure has been borrowed from a paper which has been published by a faculty member from a university in Pakistan. Professor Masood, he has done some CFD investigations and we have borrowed this particular figure from the paper. The journal is called as the engineering applications of computational fluid mechanics. And as you can see in the next slide, this is the mesh that was created across the pitot static tube and the angle of attack sensors mounted they measure the static difference between the top and the bottom surfaces. And with that, so as the angle of attack increases then there is an increase in the static pressure difference because of the angle of the pitot static tube. And that difference in static pressure can be communicated to the pilot as an indication of at what angle of attack the pitot's tube is facing. Now, this has to be corrected to the aircraft angle of attack that is a different matter. But you can use the pitot static tube to calculate at what angle the aircraft is pointing to the free frame. This is not possible in subsonic flow because in subsonic flow you do not get these kind of differences in static pressures at an change in the angle. It happens only in the supersonic flow because of the presence of the shock wave. So there will be a shock wave there at the corner. So this kind of pitot static tube or this kind of system is very commonly employed in supersonic fighter aircraft. So on the Moodle page, you can actually show us the photographs of such tubes for some typical fighter aircraft which fly at very high speeds just to increase our appreciation. So now the last thing I want to talk to you as far as the pneumatic measurement is concerned is the air data module. The air data module is essentially a system by which the pressure information measured by pneumatic instruments is converted into digital data so that the onboard systems like the flower wire system or any other system are able to use it. So basically what does ADM do? ADM converts the air pressure from a pitot tube or a static port into numerical information and this particular system is then connected together electronically by a data bus. So as you can see in this example, there are three pitot tubes, two are on the left hand side, pitot tube number 1 and 3 and one on the right hand side and you have three static ports on the left and three on the right and you will notice that all of them are coupled together so that the average value can be taken. So for on each of these particular probes, you have an ADM system attached which converts the pneumatic reading into digital reading and then it sends it to the display and navigation system in the center. But you can notice that there is a standby airspeed indicator and a standby altimeter which may not be connected to this particular system. This is just a backup system because in case electronics fail, then the manual backup for the pilot is needed for these two primary instruments. So it is a very flexible system, it is a modular system you can plug in and use it and this is very commonly found in most modern aircraft because most modern aircraft are using electronic system for the display and navigation of the aircraft. So yes, that is a very good question. I was waiting for it to be asked at that time but sometimes processing takes time. So he has been processing the information and now he comes up with this question. Can somebody answer this question? Okay, very good. I am happy to see that MTech students also think a lot, yes. Yes, what is it? Do you have any thought about it? So can anybody else try to answer this question? Only one tube is blocked. Why not the other? So for this, I would request you to actually spend some time and read the reports which are given online. There are crash investigation reports about this aircraft. As I said, this is one of the first time when we had such a fatal failure of an aircraft because of the blockages. So no need to guess your answer right now. We are not playing a guessing game. We will use modal page to educate ourselves. So I would encourage people to first of all, if somebody can download the crash report and upload it on the modal page, that will be great. If someone can go through the main observations and then answer this question, if one of the static ports is blocked, why should the whole system fail? Do you have a question? Yeah, I mean guesses are allowed but not welcome because see there are times when we want people to guess because an intelligent guess is also very interesting. But you know, we will simply keep guessing. Instead of that, this is a historical fact. Data is available, let us read it and let us educate ourselves.